Why Am I Left-Handed?
Kristina Armitage/ Quanta Magazine
克里斯蒂娜·阿米蒂奇/广达杂志
W hen I was first learning to write, my letters and words ran from right to left, reversed as if in a mirror.
当我第一次学习写字时，我的字母和单词是从右向左排列的，就像在镜子里一样颠倒过来。
Being left-handed, I was imitating the hand strokes of my right-handed teachers instead of reversing their strokes to replicate the letters.
作为左撇子，我模仿右手老师的笔画，而不是颠倒他们的笔画来复制字母。
I gradually got the hang of writing in the correct direction, but it still feels natural for me to mirror-write.
我逐渐掌握了正确方向的写作技巧，但镜像写作对我来说仍然感觉很自然。
I have a mirror-written childhood diary.
我有一本用镜子写的童年日记。
Leonardo da Vinci, another lefty, did that too.
另一位左撇子莱昂纳多·达·芬奇也这么做了。
Columnist Natalie Wolchover tracks the secret of left-handedness through developmental biology, genetics, evolution, and culture.
专栏作家娜塔莉·沃尔乔弗通过发育生物学、遗传学、进化论和文化来追踪左撇子的秘密。
Being left-handed is mostly no big deal.
左撇子大多没什么大不了的。
It is annoying how ink smudges under my hand.
墨水弄脏了我的手，这很烦人。
And I did once have to jump out of the way of a circular saw that I was holding backward; indeed, left-handers have more accidents while operating machinery.
有一次，我确实不得不跳开，让开我向后拿着的圆锯。事实上，左撇子在操作机器时发生的事故更多。
That aside, overall, I enjoy being left-handed.
除此之外，总的来说，我喜欢左撇子。
It grants entry into a smug little club, whose members — 10% of the human population — carry the secret knowledge that we are overrepresented among U.S. presidents, famous artists and musicians, and top athletes.
它允许进入一个自鸣得意的小俱乐部，其成员（占人口的 10%）拥有秘密知识，即我们在美国总统、著名艺术家和音乐家以及顶级运动员中所占的比例过高。
But our difference hasn’t always been welcome.
但我们的差异并不总是受到欢迎。
My 91-year-old Texan grandmother remembers starting out left-handed (she, too, has examples of mirror-writing from early childhood) before being forced to switch, a common practice in much of the world until about the 1970s.
我 91 岁的德克萨斯祖母记得，她一开始是左撇子（她从小也有过镜像书写的例子），后来被迫改用左撇子，直到 20 世纪 70 年代左右，这种做法在世界大部分地区都很常见。
The deep-seated disdain for left hands runs through our very language.
对左手根深蒂固的蔑视贯穿于我们的语言中。
“Left” comes from Old English lyft , meaning weak, foolish, worthless, or useless, while “right” means correct or proper.
“左”来自古英语 lyft ，意思是软弱、愚蠢、无价值或无用，而“右”则意味着正确或适当。
In other languages, the word for “left” can also mean awkward, unlucky, clumsy, suspicious, or sinister.
在其他语言中，“左”这个词也可以表示尴尬、不幸、笨拙、可疑或险恶。
In college, I decided to spend a semester in Ghana, unaware that left-handedness is still stigmatized across much of Africa.
在大学里，我决定在加纳度过一个学期，却没有意识到左撇子在非洲大部分地区仍然受到耻辱。
Upon arrival, I kept accidentally offending people by eating or paying with my left hand, because, traditionally, the left is reserved for dirty tasks and the right for social interactions.
到达后，我总是不小心用左手吃饭或付钱，从而冒犯了别人，因为传统上，左手是用来做脏活的，右手是用来社交互动的。
When my Twi language instructor, Professor Kofi Agyekum , demonstrated how ceremonial robes are draped around the left shoulder and arm, leaving a chief’s right arm bare and free, I asked what happens if the chief is left-handed.
当我的契维语老师科菲·阿吉库姆 (Kofi Agyekum) 教授演示如何将礼仪长袍披在左肩和手臂上，让酋长的右臂裸露在外时，我问如果酋长是左撇子，会发生什么。
“Oh no, no, we don’t go in for that,” he said.
“哦，不，不，我们不会这么做，”他说。
I n philosophy, “qualia” refers to the subjective qualities of our experience: what it’s like for Alice to see blue or for Bob to feel delighted.
在哲学中，“感受性”指的是我们体验的主观品质：爱丽丝看到蓝色或鲍勃感到高兴是什么感觉。
Qualia are “the ways things seem to us,” as the late philosopher Daniel Dennett put it.
正如已故哲学家丹尼尔·丹尼特所说，感受性是“事物在我们看来的方式”。
In these essays, our columnists follow their curiosity, and explore important but not necessarily answerable scientific questions.
在这些文章中，我们的专栏作家追随他们的好奇心，探索重要但不一定可以回答的科学问题。
Fortunately, our brains are plastic.
幸运的是，我们的大脑是可塑的。
My grandma developed beautiful handwriting as a right-hander.
我的祖母是一名右撇子，写出了漂亮的字。
I easily changed my habits in Ghana.
我很容易就改变了在加纳的习惯。
And as a kid I learned to use scissors right-handed.
当我还是个孩子的时候，我就学会了用右手使用剪刀。
Today, given a choice, I don’t think I’d be able to cut with my left.
今天，如果有选择的话，我认为我无法用左手切球。
That we can fully retrain our hands (and brains) reinforces how little it matters which hand naturally dominates.
我们可以完全重新训练我们的手（和大脑），这进一步证明了哪只手自然占主导地位是多么的无关紧要。
And that’s part of what makes the circumstance so mysterious.
这也是事情变得如此神秘的部分原因。
If it makes no material difference, then why am I left-handed?
如果没有什么实质区别，那为什么我是左撇子呢？
Or perhaps more pertinently: Why are 90% of people right-handed?
或者也许更中肯：为什么 90% 的人都是右利手？
An astronomical amount of research has gone into trying to find out.
为了找出答案，人们进行了大量的研究。
Geneticists, developmental biologists, behavioral and cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists, and evolutionary biologists all seek explanations.
遗传学家、发育生物学家、行为和认知心理学家、神经科学家和进化生物学家都在寻求解释。
No one has put all the pieces together yet, but over the last few years, some major new clues have emerged.
目前还没有人把所有的碎片拼凑在一起，但在过去几年里，一些重要的新线索已经出现。
First, some key facts.
首先，一些关键事实。
Crucially, left-handers aren’t mirror-image people.
至关重要的是，左撇子不是镜像人。
My heart is on the left where it belongs, and my liver is on the right.
我的心脏在它所属的左边，我的肝脏在右边。
Whatever causes left-handedness isn’t related to situs inversus, a much rarer condition where a person’s internal organs mirror the usual arrangement.
无论是什么原因导致左利手，都与内脏逆位无关，这是一种更为罕见的情况，即一个人的内脏器官反映了通常的排列。
My brain might be more or less normal, too.
我的大脑也可能或多或少是正常的。
Or maybe not.
或者也许不是。
I probably process language in the left hemisphere of my brain the way almost all right-handers do, but there’s a 20% to 30% chance that I process language on the right or that I split the task between the sides.
我可能像几乎所有右撇子一样用左脑处理语言，但有 20% 到 30% 的可能性我在右脑处理语言，或者我将任务分配给两侧。
That’s one puzzle about left-handedness: As a group we have more diverse patterns of brain hemisphere specialization.
这是关于左利手的一个谜题：作为一个群体，我们的大脑半球专业化模式更加多样化。
Left-handedness does not seem to be purely genetic.
左撇子似乎并不纯粹是遗传的。
Two left-handed parents have a left-handed child only 25% to 30% of the time.
两个左撇子父母的孩子只有 25% 到 30% 的情况下是左撇子。
If one identical twin is left-handed, there’s only a 20% to 30% chance the other is too.
如果同卵双胞胎中的一个是左撇子，那么另一个也是左撇子的可能性只有 20% 到 30%。
This suggests a genetic component alongside some developmental randomness.
这表明遗传因素和一些发育随机性有关。
Also, the rightward bias of human handedness is unique.
此外，人类惯用手的向右偏向是独一无二的。
Some other mammals can be right-footed or left-pawed, but there’s no statistical imbalance toward left or right across the species, except for our extreme 10-90 split.
其他一些哺乳动物可能是右脚或左爪，但除了我们极端的 10-90 分裂之外，整个物种之间不存在统计上的左或右不平衡。
Is there a theory of left-handedness that fits all these facts?
是否存在适合所有这些事实的左撇子理论？
Scientists (and I) long assumed that handedness must originate in the brain.
科学家（和我）长期以来认为惯用手一定起源于大脑。
After all, my left hand is more dexterous than my right because of the more richly interconnected neurons that map to it, on the right side of my motor cortex.
毕竟，我的左手比右手更灵巧，因为我的运动皮层右侧有更丰富的互连神经元映射到左手。
It’s a reasonable guess that the causal arrow leads from brain to hand.
因果箭头从大脑指向手是一个合理的猜测。
In fact, remarkably, it seems to be just the opposite.
事实上，值得注意的是，情况似乎恰恰相反。
Our hands sculpt asymmetry in our brains.
我们的手在我们的大脑中塑造了不对称性。
Left-handed people carry the secret knowledge that we are overrepresented among U.S. presidents, famous artists and musicians, and top athletes.
左撇子隐秘地知道，我们在美国总统、著名艺术家和音乐家以及顶级运动员中所占的比例过高。
Ultrasound studies indicate that a fetus’s dominant hand is decided before its brain even connects to its limbs.
超声波研究表明，胎儿的惯用手在其大脑与四肢连接之前就已决定。
We start flailing one arm around much more than the other starting about 10 weeks post-conception, as a fishlike fetus the size of a kidney bean.
受孕后大约 10 周开始，我们开始用一只手臂比另一只手臂挥动得更多，胎儿像鱼一样大小，只有芸豆大小。
The movements are entirely reflexive, yet the arm that flails more predicts future handedness with a high level of accuracy.
这些动作完全是反射性的，但挥舞更多的手臂可以高度准确地预测未来的利手习惯。
A 2017 study in eLife reported evidence that this asymmetry originates in the spinal cord.
eLife 2017 年的一项研究报告了这种不对称起源于脊髓的证据。
The authors analyzed tissue from fetuses between 8 and 12 weeks post-conception (the window when arm-movement asymmetries become detectable) and found extreme differences in gene expression, or the building of new proteins based on genetic instructions, between the left and right sides of the spinal cord.
作者分析了受孕后 8 至 12 周（可检测到手臂运动不对称的时间段）胎儿的组织，发现脊髓左侧和右侧之间的基因表达或基于遗传指令构建新蛋白质的极端差异。
This asymmetric expression could rig up motor circuitry, such as an abundance of neurons with long, signal-carrying fibers, that leads to more involuntary movement on one side than the other.
这种不对称表达可以装配运动电路，例如大量具有长信号携带纤维的神经元，从而导致一侧比另一侧出现更多的不自主运动。
Only after this does the brain get involved, as sensory feedback reaches the developing motor cortex, strengthening the neural representation of that limb.
只有在此之后，大脑才会参与进来，因为感觉反馈到达正在发育的运动皮层，从而加强了该肢体的神经表征。
That could explain how handedness happens.
这可以解释惯用手是如何发生的。
However, it doesn’t account for why the right side wins nine times out of 10, or why there is the occasional veer to left.
然而，它并没有解释为什么右侧十次获胜九次，或者为什么偶尔会转向左侧。
Researchers in the 1970s talked about a mythical left-handedness gene, but none exists.
20 世纪 70 年代的研究人员曾谈论过一种神秘的左撇子基因，但实际上并不存在。
The genetic connection is more diffuse.
遗传联系更为分散。
Recent large-scale studies have identified variants of about 40 genes that each slightly elevate the chances of left-handedness.
最近的大规模研究已经发现了大约 40 个基因的变异，每个基因都会略微提高左撇子的几率。
The more of these gene variants a person has, the more likely they are to be a southpaw.
一个人拥有的这些基因变异越多，他成为左撇子的可能性就越大。
The big surprise is that most are tubulin genes, which form some of the structural components of cells.
令人惊讶的是，大多数是微管蛋白基因，它们构成了细胞的一些结构成分。
“I don’t think I had this [gene family] on my list 10 years ago, to be honest,” said Sebastian Ocklenburg , a behavioral psychologist who co-authored both the 2017 eLife paper and a 2025 review paper in Trends in Genetics on the tubulin findings.
“老实说，我认为 10 年前我的名单上还没有这个（基因家族），”行为心理学家 Sebastian Ocklenburg 说，他是 2017 年 eLife 论文和 2025 年《遗传学趋势》中关于微管蛋白研究结果的评论论文的合著者。
Some of these same genes are also linked to neurological disorders including schizophrenia, dyslexia, and autism.
其中一些相同的基因也与神经系统疾病有关，包括精神分裂症、阅读障碍和自闭症。
People with these conditions are more likely than the general population to be left-handed or mixed-handed.
患有这些疾病的人比一般人群更有可能是左撇子或混合利手。
Tubulin genes encode proteins that form “microtubules,” long filaments that act both as the skeletons of cells and as highway networks within them.
微管蛋白基因编码形成“微管”的蛋白质，微管是长丝，既充当细胞的骨架，又充当细胞内的高速公路网络。
It’s possible that some process involving microtubules unfolds in the neural progenitor cells that give rise to neurons of the spinal cord in a way that functionally “leans right.”
神经祖细胞中可能存在一些涉及微管的过程，这些过程以功能上“向右倾斜”的方式产生脊髓神经元。
We know that proteins attach to the surfaces of microtubules and move along them to transport molecular cargo from place to place inside cells, and thus that the structure of microtubules helps determine where many molecules accumulate within cells.
我们知道蛋白质附着在微管表面并沿着微管移动，将分子货物从细胞内的一个地方运输到另一个地方，因此微管的结构有助于确定许多分子在细胞内积累的位置。
So perhaps a certain signaling molecule preferentially accumulates more on one side of a neural progenitor cell than the other.
因此，也许某种信号分子优先在神经祖细胞的一侧积累比另一侧更多的积累。
When the cell divides, one daughter cell might then inherit slightly more of the signaling molecule than the other.
当细胞分裂时，一个子细胞可能会比另一个子细胞继承略多的信号分子。
Over many rounds of cell division, the imbalance could create a discrepancy between the left and right sides of the developing spinal cord.
经过多轮细胞分裂，这种不平衡可能会导致发育中的脊髓左右两侧出现差异。
Feedback loops would amplify the difference, strengthening gene expression on one side of the spinal cord and suppressing it on the other.
反馈回路会放大差异，加强脊髓一侧的基因表达，并抑制另一侧的基因表达。
Two different modes of neural development result in an asymmetry — structurally favoring the right most of the time.
两种不同的神经发育模式会导致不对称——结构上大多数时候偏向右侧。
The gene variants associated with left-handedness might cause proteins to lock onto the microtubules in a slightly different way, so that more of the relevant signaling molecules accumulate on the opposite side of a neural progenitor cell.
与左撇子相关的基因变异可能会导致蛋白质以稍微不同的方式锁定微管，从而使更多的相关信号分子积聚在神经祖细胞的另一侧。
Or perhaps the initial rightward bias is so weak (and further weakened by the gene variants) that sometimes chance fluctuations give the left side the upper hand.
或者也许最初的右倾偏见太弱（并且被基因变异进一步削弱），以至于有时偶然的波动使左侧占上风。
This fits the observation that handedness is somewhat heritable, heavily biased to the right, and also quite random.
这符合这样的观察：惯用手在一定程度上具有遗传性，严重偏向右侧，而且相当随机。
The details remain mysterious, but this provides at least a plausible origin story for handedness.
细节仍然神秘，但这至少为惯用手提供了一个可信的起源故事。
And yet this is only one aspect of the causal explanation I’m looking for.
然而，这只是我正在寻找的因果解释的一个方面。
Why would evolution build in a bias?
为什么进化会产生偏见？
A coin flip during fetal development lands on one side 90% of the time.
胎儿发育过程中抛硬币的情况 90% 都会落在一侧。
This suggests that right-handedness is advantageous for some reason, but if so — and here I feel a slight sense of defensiveness kicking in — why are the left-leaning tubulin gene variants still around?
这表明出于某种原因，右手习惯是有利的，但如果是这样的话——我在这里感到了轻微的防御感——为什么左倾微管蛋白基因变体仍然存在？
Chris Venditti , an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading, isn’t a lefty, but he points out that the proportion of left-handers has been consistent across time and continents.
雷丁大学的进化生物学家克里斯·文迪蒂（Chris Venditti）不是左撇子，但他指出，左撇子的比例在不同时间和不同大陆上都是一致的。
“Usually in evolution when that happens there’s a reason for it,” he told me.
“通常在进化过程中，这种情况发生时都是有原因的，”他告诉我。
In an April 2026 study in PLOS Biology , Venditti and co-authors Thomas Püschel and Rachel Hurwitz of the University of Oxford looked at any and all data on the handedness preferences of primates, such as which hand a baboon uses to reach into a tube to retrieve food.
在 2026 年 4 月发表在 PLOS Biology 上的一项研究中，Venditti 与合著者、牛津大学的 Thomas Püschel 和 Rachel Hurwitz 研究了有关灵长类动物惯用手偏好的所有数据，例如狒狒用哪只手伸入管子中取食物。
They found that many individual primates have hand preferences, and that these preferences are stronger in species with bigger brains.
他们发现许多灵长类动物都有手部偏好，并且这些偏好在大脑较大的物种中更强烈。
But across species, left- and right-favoring individuals usually balance out.
但在不同物种中，偏左和偏右的个体通常会保持平衡。
Only humans exhibit an extreme population-wide bias.
只有人类表现出极端的群体偏见。
If one identical twin is left-handed, there’s only a 20% to 30% chance the other is too.
如果同卵双胞胎中的一个是左撇子，那么另一个也是左撇子的可能性只有 20% 到 30%。
By analyzing evolutionary relationships among species, the authors concluded that our strong preference to use one hand over the other (before any species-wide rightward bias emerged) began roughly 7 million years ago, around the time our ancestors became bipedal and developed big brains.
通过分析物种之间的进化关系，作者得出结论，我们对使用一只手的强烈偏好（在任何物种范围内的向右偏向出现之前）开始于大约 700 万年前，大约在我们的祖先成为两足动物并发育出大大脑的时候。
We had to stand upright before we could start deploying our hands asymmetrically, and it was more efficient for our growing brains to distribute key functions to different sides, only devoting resources for fine motor skills to one hand (while remaining plastic enough to wire up the other hand if necessary).
在开始不对称地部署双手之前，我们必须站直，而且对于我们不断发育的大脑来说，将关键功能分配到不同的一侧会更有效，只将精细运动技能的资源分配给一只手（同时保持足够的可塑性，以便在必要时连接另一只手）。
But then, the authors estimate, sometime after the emergence of the genus Homo , 2.8 million years ago, evolution coded a preference for right over left.
但随后，作者估计，在 280 万年前人属出现后的某个时间，进化编码了对右翼而非左翼的偏好。
Of the various speculative theories for the emergence of this extreme preference, one that seems plausible to me points to our unprecedented capacity for violence.
在关于这种极端偏好出现的各种推测理论中，我认为似乎合理的一个理论指出了我们前所未有的暴力能力。
In 1996, psychologists proposed the “fighting” hypothesis, which posits that left-handers persist at low levels in the population because, so long as they are relatively rare, they have an advantage in hand-to-hand combat; their opponents are likely to be unfamiliar with left-handed attacks.
1996年，心理学家提出了“格斗”假说，认为左撇子在人口中持续保持较低水平，因为只要他们相对稀少，他们在肉搏战中就具有优势；他们的对手可能不熟悉左手攻击。
It’s not a bad theory; indeed, the element of surprise probably accounts for lefties’ success in sports.
这并不是一个坏理论。事实上，出人意料的因素可能是左撇子在体育运动中取得成功的原因。
But that doesn’t explain why right-handedness prevailed in the first place.
但这并不能解释为什么右手习惯首先盛行。
Then, in 2023, psychologists advanced the “modified fighting” hypothesis , which says righties have a more basic advantage dictated by the position of the heart on the left side of the body.
然后，在 2023 年，心理学家提出了“改良战斗”假说，该假说认为，右撇子拥有更基本的优势，这是由心脏在身体左侧的位置决定的。
Since they wield weapons in their right hands, their most effective and potentially fatal blows can be delivered to the left side of their opponents, where the heart is.
由于他们右手挥舞武器，因此他们最有效且可能致命的打击可以传递到对手的左侧，即心脏所在的地方。
At the same time, right-handed attackers lead with their right — protecting the more vulnerable side.
与此同时，惯用右手的攻击者用右手引导——保护更脆弱的一侧。
In 2026, the scientists behind the modified fighting hypothesis supported their case with a review of the literature on sharp-force injury.
2026 年，修正战斗假说背后的科学家通过回顾有关锐器伤害的文献来支持他们的观点。
They found that people are stabbed significantly more often on their left sides, and these attacks are more often fatal.
他们发现，人们的左侧被刺伤的频率明显更高，而且这些袭击往往是致命的。
This would, the hypothesis goes, offer a general survival benefit to the gene variants that favor right-handedness, while still allowing just some left-handers to benefit from their surprise combat advantage, “particularly in fights that do not involve sharp weapons,” the authors noted.
作者指出，这一假设认为，这将为有利于右手习惯的基因变体提供普遍的生存益处，同时仍然允许一些左撇子从他们的出人意料的战斗优势中受益，“特别是在不涉及锋利武器的战斗中”。
According to Venditti, this aligns well with his finding that right-handedness is unique to the genus Homo .
根据文迪蒂的说法，这与他的发现非常吻合，即右手是人属所独有的。
“Humans are pretty violent creatures,” he said.
“人类是相当暴力的生物，”他说。
“In most animals, fighting is not to kill your opponent.
“对于大多数动物来说，战斗并不是为了杀死对手。
That’s not what anyone involved in the fight wants.”
这不是任何参与战斗的人想要的。”
On the other hand, it’s unclear whether subtle combat dynamics could fully explain the consistency and persistence of the 10-90 left-right split.
另一方面，尚不清楚微妙的战斗动态是否能够充分解释 10-90 左右分裂的一致性和持久性。
I can’t help wondering if the stigma of the kind I experienced in Ghana and my grandmother faced as a child played any role.
我不禁想知道我在加纳经历的那种耻辱和我祖母小时候所面临的耻辱是否起了作用。
Perhaps a small surplus of right-handers emerged early in hominin evolution because of the modified fighting hypothesis, and this fueled cultural norms that reinforced the genetic disparity over many thousands of years.
也许在古人类进化的早期，由于战斗假说的修改，出现了少量的右撇子，这助长了文化规范，强化了数千年来的遗传差异。
Some scholars I spoke to dismissed the stigma as a recent phenomenon — a “flash in the pan” on evolutionary timescales, in Venditti’s estimation.
与我交谈过的一些学者将这种耻辱视为一种新现象——根据文迪蒂的估计，这是进化时间尺度上的“昙花一现”。
But to me, the widespread linguistic association of “right” and “left” with good and bad suggests that the stigma may be older and more profound.
但对我来说，“右”和“左”与好与坏的广泛语言联系表明这种耻辱可能更古老、更深刻。
Ocklenburg further pointed out that the socially mandated division of labor between hands still observed in Ghana and many other places today — right for eating, left for hygiene — would have offered a major survival benefit in helping people avoid spreading germs and contaminating food.
奥克伦堡进一步指出，当今加纳和许多其他地方仍然存在社会强制的双手分工——右手负责吃饭，左手负责卫生——这将在帮助人们避免传播细菌和污染食物方面提供重大的生存益处。
“It’s seen as discrimination, but it’s actually a genius way to keep people from poisoning themselves and dying,” he said, noting that the taboo has surely saved countless lives.
“这被视为歧视，但实际上这是防止人们中毒和死亡的天才方法，”他说，并指出这一禁忌确实拯救了无数生命。
There may never be a certain, or simple, answer to the question of why I am left-handed.
为什么我是左撇子这个问题可能永远不会有一个确定的或简单的答案。
Or why humanity is so right-handed.
或者说为什么人类如此右撇子。
Or why left-handed people are overrepresented in some fields and slightly more likely to have certain health conditions.
或者为什么左撇子在某些领域所占比例过高，并且患有某些健康问题的可能性略高。
But as I’ve followed the clues through developmental biology, genetics, evolution, and culture, I now see that our peculiar handedness is inextricable from our humanity.
但当我追寻发育生物学、遗传学、进化论和文化的线索时，我现在发现我们独特的惯用手与我们的人性密不可分。
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