The Effects of Cannabis (Marijuana) on the Brain & Body

Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.

欢迎来到休伯曼实验室播客，我们在这里讨论科学和基于科学的日常生活工具。

I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。

Today we are discussing cannabis, also referred to as marijuana.

今天我们讨论的是大麻，也称为大麻。

Cannabis includes many different compounds that have a profound impact on the brain and body.

大麻包含许多不同的化合物，对大脑和身体产生深远的影响。

So while many of you have probably heard of THC, there are also compounds in cannabis such as CBD, and of course, there are different types or strains of cannabis, including sativa strains and indica strains and hybrid strains.

因此，虽然你们中的许多人可能听说过 THC，但大麻中也含有 CBD 等化合物，当然，大麻也有不同类型或品系，包括苜蓿品系、籼稻品系和杂交品系。

And believe it or not, nowadays there is also an entire literature, meaning a scientific and medicinal literature, about type one, type two, and type three strains.

不管你相信与否，现在还有一整本关于一型、二型和三型菌株的文献，即科学和医学文献。

I'll explain what all of that is and how they work.

我将解释这一切是什么以及它们是如何工作的。

I'll talk about some of the medicinal applications of different strains of cannabis and combinations of cannabis strains, as well as some of the potential health hazards of cannabis use.

我将讨论不同大麻品种和大麻品种组合的一些药用用途，以及使用大麻对健康的一些潜在危害。

I want to emphasize that any discussion about cannabis has to be framed within the context that the legality of cannabis varies tremendously depending on where you are in the world.

我想强调的是，任何有关大麻的讨论都必须在这样的背景下进行：大麻的合法性因所在地区的不同而有很大差异。

So depending on which country you're in, and even which state you're in or which area within a country, possessing and using, and certainly selling cannabis can be either highly illegal or entirely legal or decriminalized or largely overlooked.

因此，根据您所在的国家/地区，甚至您所在的州/地区或国家/地区的哪个地区，拥有和使用（当然还有销售大麻）可能是高度非法的，或完全合法的，或非刑事化的或在很大程度上被忽视的。

You, of course, are obligated to know what those local laws are for you, where you live, and where you travel.

当然，您有义务了解这些当地法律对您的适用情况、您的居住地和旅行地点。

With that said, today's discussion really will include a full picture as to where cannabis and the various and even very specific compounds within cannabis can be extremely useful in the treatment of some ailments, and where certain compounds in cannabis can be extremely dangerous for certain individuals to use, in particular, individuals that have preexisting genetic propensity for psychosis.

话虽如此，今天的讨论实际上将全面介绍大麻以及大麻中的各种甚至非常具体的化合物在哪些方面对治疗某些疾病非常有用，以及大麻中的某些化合物对某些个人来说使用起来可能极其危险，特别是那些预先存在精神病遗传倾向的个人。

That theme is going to come up again and again, but we are also going to talk about the role of cannabis in anxiety and depression, both positive and negative effects.

这个主题将一次又一次地出现，但我们还将讨论大麻在焦虑和抑郁中的作用，包括积极和消极的影响。

We'll talk about sex differences in terms of women versus men and how they react differently to cannabis.

我们将讨论女性与男性的性别差异以及他们对大麻的不同反应。

And I would be entirely remiss if I didn't include a conversation about cannabis, meaning THC, CBD, hybrid strains, et cetera, in creativity and different modes of thinking.

如果我不包括关于大麻的对话，即 THC、CBD、混合菌株等，在创造力和不同的思维模式中，我将完全失职。

Because as many of you probably know or at least have heard about, cannabis can impact the way that we think, the types of memory systems we can access, and what's called convergent and divergent thinking, which is one way of conceptualizing what is commonly referred to as creativity.

因为你们中的许多人可能知道或至少听说过，大麻可以影响我们的思维方式、我们可以访问的记忆系统的类型，以及所谓的聚合和发散思维，这是概念化通常所说的创造力的一种方式。

So today's discussion is going to include a lot of information, but I promise to make it clear and accessible to all of you, regardless of whether or not you have a background in biology or not.

所以今天的讨论将包括很多信息，但我保证让你们所有人都清楚并容易理解，无论你们是否有生物学背景。

And today's discussion will also be quite nuanced.

今天的讨论也将非常微妙。

You'll find me routinely reading directly from specific research papers, something that, of course, we always do on this podcast.

你会发现我经常直接阅读特定的研究论文，当然，我们总是在这个播客上这样做。

But today, I'm really going to dig into some of the finer points of the methodology in papers and some of the statistics that were used and the specific populations of people that were studied, because as it turns out, there are instances that we will discuss in which the use of cannabis can be immensely beneficial to one group and yet can be entirely detrimental to another group, even at equivalent dosages, and depending on a number of different factors.

但今天，我真的要深入探讨论文中方法论的一些细节、所使用的一些统计数据以及所研究的特定人群，因为事实证明，我们将讨论在某些情况下，使用大麻可能对一个群体非常有益，但可能对另一个群体完全有害，即使剂量相同，并且取决于许多不同的因素。

So we will discuss what those factors are.

所以我们将讨论这些因素是什么。

Just to give you a brief overview of the kind of structure I'm going to put on today's episode, we will review, of course, cannabis in its various forms.

只是为了向您简要概述我将在今天的节目中采用的结构，我们当然将回顾各种形式的大麻。

I'll talk about some of the biology, but we are going to really drill into how dosage, that is the concentration of THC relative to CBD, impacts whether or not cannabis is going to have one effect or another.

我将讨论一些生物学问题，但我们将真正深入研究剂量（即 THC 相对于 CBD 的浓度）如何影响大麻是否会产生一种或另一种效果。

We will also talk about the frequency of use, daily use, multiple times per day use, weekly use, or monthly or occasional use.

我们还将讨论使用频率、每天使用、每天多次使用、每周使用、每月或偶尔使用。

We will also talk about different professions and how some people may have a little bit more leeway in terms of whether or not they decide to use cannabis or any of its various component chemical constituents, that is CBD or THC, et cetera.

我们还将讨论不同的职业，以及一些人在是否决定使用大麻或其任何各种化学成分（即 CBD 或 THC 等）方面可能有更多的余地。

And for other professions, it might be entirely inappropriate because of the particular kinds of cognitive tasks those professions demand.

对于其他职业来说，这可能完全不合适，因为这些职业需要特定类型的认知任务。

We will also talk about genetic predisposition, again, sex differences, hormone effects, and I will also touch on what I think is the most important variable in determining whether or not cannabis is right or wrong for you, and that is your age at which you are considering starting or continuing use or ceasing use.

我们还将再次讨论遗传倾向、性别差异、激素影响，我还将谈到我认为决定大麻对您是否正确或错误的最重要变量，即您考虑开始或继续使用或停止使用的年龄。

What I can assure you is that by the end of today's podcast, you will have a quite thorough understanding of cannabis, how it works, what it does, what its potential benefits can be, what its potential hazards are, and whether or not it's right for you and the people that you know.

我可以向您保证，在今天的播客结束时，您将对大麻有一个相当透彻的了解，它是如何工作的，它有什么作用，它的潜在好处是什么，它的潜在危害是什么，以及它是否适合您和您认识的人。

Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

在开始之前，我想强调一下，这个播客与我在斯坦福大学的教学和研究角色是分开的。

It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.

然而，我的愿望和努力的一部分是向公众提供有关科学和科学相关工具的零成本消费者信息。

In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.

为了与这个主题保持一致，我要感谢今天播客的赞助商。

Let's talk about cannabis, and when we refer to cannabis, we are indeed referring to marijuana or the marijuana plant.

让我们谈谈大麻，当我们提到大麻时，我们实际上指的是大麻或大麻植物。

Now, cannabis plants come in different strains or different varieties, and those different strains are indeed different genetic strains.

现在，大麻植物有不同的品系或不同的品种，这些不同的品系确实是不同的遗传品系。

So just as animals and humans have different genetic backgrounds and they can be crossed to one another to yield further genetic variation in the offspring, plants can be hybridized to one another in various ways through grafting or through the use of different types of seed combinations, et cetera, in order to generate different strains.

因此，正如动物和人类具有不同的遗传背景，它们可以相互杂交以在后代中产生进一步的遗传变异一样，植物也可以通过嫁接或通过使用不同类型的种子组合等以各种方式相互杂交，以产生不同的品系。

There are also naturally occurring differences in the strains of plants, and the cannabis plant is no exception.

植物品种之间也存在自然差异，大麻植物也不例外。

So for instance, in the context of a discussion about cannabis and its medicinal uses and recreational uses, we need to distinguish between the sativa variety, the indica variety A variety called ruderalis that's not often discussed, and hybrids of sativa, indica, and ruderalis.

例如，在讨论大麻及其药用和娱乐用途时，我们需要区分苜蓿品种、籼稻品种（一种不常讨论的称为 ruderalis 的品种），以及苜蓿、籼稻和 ruderalis 的杂交种。

Before diving into the different strains of cannabis and how they impact the brain and body both similarly and differently, I want to emphasize that the cannabis plant contains a number of different psychoactive compounds.

在深入研究不同的大麻品种以及它们如何以相似和不同的方式影响大脑和身体之前，我想强调大麻植物含有许多不同的精神活性化合物。

Now, the most powerful of those compounds is THC.

现在，这些化合物中最强大的是 THC。

The technical name for it is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

它的技术名称是δ-9-四氢大麻酚。

But THC, as I'll refer to it, is just one of the psychoactive and biologically active compounds within cannabis plants.

但正如我所提到的，四氢大麻酚只是大麻植物中具有精神活性和生物活性的化合物之一。

There is also CBD, which is technically referred to as cannabidiol, and cannabidiol, CBD, is known to be used for things like pain management, anxiety management, and other medicinal purposes.

还有 CBD，技术上称为大麻二酚，而大麻二酚 CBD 已知可用于疼痛管理、焦虑管理和其他医学用途。

We will talk about the efficacy of CBD for those purposes, as well as some of, believe it or not, some of the dangers of CBD, depending on where it's sourced and the dosage, et cetera.

我们将讨论 CBD 对于这些目的的功效，以及 CBD 的一些危险，无论您是否相信，这取决于它的来源和剂量等。

So we've got THC, CBD, and also CBN or cannabinol.

所以我们有 THC、CBD，还有 CBN 或大麻酚。

CBN is less often discussed.

CBN 很少被讨论。

You're going to hear a lot less about CBN-containing products out there, CBN-containing medicines, but it is relevant to today's discussion, so it will come up a bit.

您将会很少听到有关含立方氮化硼产品、含立方氮化硼药品的信息，但它与今天的讨论相关，因此会出现一些。

Now, I will be sure to provide more specificity to what I'm about to say, but very broadly speaking, THC is largely responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis.

现在，我一定会对我要说的内容提供更多具体信息，但从广义上讲，四氢大麻酚在很大程度上对大麻的精神作用负有责任。

That is the changes in mood, the changes in bodily state and sensation, et cetera.

那就是情绪的变化，身体状态和感觉的变化等等。

Whereas CBD, and to some extent CBN, have profound effects on the brain and body, but they don't tend to give people the sensation of altered perception, altered mood, et cetera.

尽管 CBD 以及某种程度上的 CBN 对大脑和身体具有深远的影响，但它们往往不会给人带来感知改变、情绪改变等感觉。

Some people might say they are not the component of cannabis that "gets you high," although today we will really drill into what the high itself represents in terms of chemical systems in the brain and body.

有些人可能会说它们不是大麻中“让人兴奋”的成分，尽管今天我们将真正深入探讨兴奋本身在大脑和身体化学系统方面所代表的含义。

And what we will soon learn is that what we think of as being high actually includes a number of different changes in the brain and body, some of which can be best explained by CBD, not by THC, which runs counter to what most people out there know and believe.

我们很快就会了解到，我们所认为的兴奋实际上包括大脑和身体的许多不同变化，其中一些变化可以用 CBD 来最好地解释，而不是 THC，这与大多数人所知道和相信的相反。

So broadly speaking, we have THC, CBD, and CBN, but I want to point out that the cannabis plant has over 70, seven zero, 70 different psychoactive compounds, many of which still have not been studied in isolation and in detail.

从广义上讲，我们有 THC、CBD 和 CBN，但我想指出的是，大麻植物有超过 70 种、七零种、70 种不同的精神活性化合物，其中许多化合物尚未得到单独和详细的研究。

So there's a big future of research for cannabis and for THC and THC-related psychoactive compounds, as well as for CBD and CBN.

因此，大麻、THC 和 THC 相关精神活性化合物以及 CBD 和 CBN 的研究前景广阔。

Today, we're mainly going to focus on THC and CBD, as I mentioned before.

正如我之前提到的，今天我们主要关注 THC 和 CBD。

I should also point out that the cannabis plant has over 400 biologically active compounds.

我还应该指出，大麻植物含有 400 多种生物活性化合物。

So these are biologically active compounds that may or may not have psychoactive properties, that may or may not be useful for pain relief, et cetera.

因此，这些是生物活性化合物，可能具有也可能不具有精神活性，可能有助于也可能没有缓解疼痛等作用。

Again, there is a vast landscape for exploration of the cannabis plant and of hemp for what they include that could be beneficial to us or detrimental to us.

同样，大麻植物和大麻的探索领域广阔，因为它们所含的成分可能对我们有益，也可能对我们有害。

So again, a lot more work to do.

再说一遍，还有很多工作要做。

Today, we're going to really try and stay on target with what we already know and where there are certain exciting mysteries or intriguing mysteries about what we ought to explore more.

今天，我们将真正尝试并坚持我们已经知道的目标，以及我们应该进一步探索的某些令人兴奋的奥秘或有趣的奥秘。

I will certainly highlight those.

我一定会强调这些。

Let's go back to the different strains of the cannabis plant, sativa, indica, and ruderalis, and explore how each of those differentially impacts the brain and body.

让我们回到大麻植物的不同品种（苜蓿、籼稻和鲁德拉利斯），并探讨每种大麻对大脑和身体的不同影响。

Because therein, I think we can start to learn a lot about this incredible plant that is the cannabis plant.

因为在那里，我认为我们可以开始更多地了解这种令人难以置信的植物，即大麻植物。

And whether or not you are a user of cannabis or whether or not you are entirely opposed to cannabis use, understanding how cannabis works in the brain and body itself is absolutely fascinating and can teach you a lot about how your brain and body work at a basic level, and can tell you a lot about how your brain and body will react to different life events, and how your mood is established and stabilized, and how your appetite is established and stabilized, and so on.

无论你是否是大麻使用者，或者你是否完全反对使用大麻，了解大麻本身如何在大脑和身体中发挥作用绝对是令人着迷的，它可以教会你很多关于你的大脑和身体在基本层面上如何工作的知识，并且可以告诉你很多关于你的大脑和身体将如何对不同的生活事件做出反应，以及你的情绪如何建立和稳定，以及你的食欲如何建立和稳定，等等。

So we have the three major strains of cannabis, sativa, indica, and ruderalis.

因此，我们有大麻、苜蓿、籼稻和鲁德拉利斯这三种主要品种。

And for sake of today's conversation, we can pretty much cross off ruderalis.

为了今天的谈话，我们几乎可以把 ruderalis 划掉。

It's not often consumed, and components of ruderalis are not often consumed for medicinal or recreational purposes.

它不经常被食用，而且 ruderalis 的成分也不常被用于药用或娱乐目的。

Let's focus on sativa and indica.

让我们关注苜蓿和籼稻。

People will consume the sativa variety of cannabis either by edible or by smoking cannabis, or they will consume the indica variety of cannabis, again, by edible or by smoking cannabis, or sometimes they will take it in a transdermal form or a sublingual form.

人们将通过食用或吸食大麻来消费苜蓿品种的大麻，或者他们将再次通过食用或吸食大麻来消费籼稻品种的大麻，或者有时他们会以透皮形式或舌下形式服用。

There are a bunch of different ways to get the cannabis into the body.

有很多不同的方法可以让大麻进入体内。

But there is a clear distinction between sativa and indica that actually shows up first in the structure of the plant.

但苜蓿和籼稻之间存在明显的区别，这实际上首先体现在植物的结构中。

At their extremes, meaning in a pure strain of sativa, it tends to be a taller plant, a longer stalk, believe it or not, and actually the length of the leaves is quite a bit longer.

在极端情况下，即在纯苜蓿品种中，无论你相信与否，它往往是一种更高的植物，更长的茎，而且实际上叶子的长度要长得多。

Whereas the indica plant tends to be more short and stout, and for those aficionados out there, I'm sure you know a lot of the other specific features of sativa versus indica.

而籼稻植物往往更短、更粗壮，对于那些爱好者来说，我相信您知道苜蓿与籼稻的许多其他具体特征。

But already what we're talking about is the same plant, cannabis, with two very different morphologies or shapes.

但我们现在谈论的是同一种植物大麻，但具有两种截然不同的形态或形状。

You might say, "Well, why is this interesting or important to how it affects me or affects other people for medicinal or recreational purposes?" Well, it turns out that even though they are the same plant, these two different genetic varieties, because of the way that they grow and the way they capture sunlight, and the way, believe it or not, that the different plants within that strain interact with one another, because believe it or not, plants are interacting with one another.

你可能会说，“好吧，为什么这对于它如何影响我或出于医疗或娱乐目的影响其他人来说很有趣或重要？”好吧，事实证明，尽管它们是同一种植物，但这两种不同的基因品种，因为它们的生长方式和捕捉阳光的方式，以及无论你相信与否，该品系中不同植物之间相互作用的方式，因为不管你相信与否，植物之间正在相互作用。

They actually bring different elements of the psychoactive compound to different components within the leaves and the so-called buds.

它们实际上将精神活性化合物的不同元素带到叶子和所谓的芽内的不同成分中。

The takeaway is that when consumed, and when I say consumed, I want to be very clear, I don't necessarily just mean oral consumption or eating cannabis sativa by edible.

要点是，当消费时，当我说消费时，我想非常清楚，我不一定只是指口服消费或食用大麻。

I also mean smoking it, and that could be people will just like with tobacco, the way that they bring the psychoactive components into their bloodstream and into their brain and body is to essentially heat the dried leaves of the cannabis plant.

我还指的是吸食它，这可能是人们会喜欢烟草，他们将精神活性成分带入血液、大脑和身体的方式本质上是加热大麻植物的干叶子。

Then the heat liberates some of the psychoactive components that when inhaled into the lungs, because the lungs include a lot of vasculature, a lot of basically blood vessels and capillaries, that the psychoactive components are actually directly absorbed from the lungs into the bloodstream, and then can cross into the bloodstream and permeate throughout the body and cross the so-called blood-brain barrier.

然后热量将一些精神活性成分释放出来，吸入肺部后，因为肺部有很多脉管系统，基本上是血管和毛细血管，精神活性成分实际上是直接从肺部吸收到血液中，然后可以进入血液渗透到全身，穿过所谓的血脑屏障。

So in other words, burning the plant liberates the smoke that contains the psychoactive compounds, and those are inhaled into the lungs and then get into the brain and body and act on the brain and body.

换句话说，燃烧植物会释放出含有精神活性化合物的烟雾，这些烟雾被吸入肺部，然后进入大脑和身体，作用于大脑和身体。

And the major effect of sativa varieties are to create a high, if you will, and I'm putting this in air quotes for those of you that are listening, but to also act as a stimulant.

如果你愿意的话，苜蓿品种的主要作用是创造一种快感，我将其放在空气中引述给那些正在倾听的人，但也可以起到兴奋剂的作用。

The sativa varieties tend to make people feel kind of invigorated, somewhat alert.

苜蓿品种往往让人感觉精力充沛，有些警觉。

It doesn't tend to be as much of a sedative as some of the other varieties.

它不像其他一些品种那样具有镇静作用。

Some people report heightened sense of focus or heightened sense of creativity.

有些人表示注意力集中或创造力增强。

We'll talk a little bit later on as to whether or not they actually are achieving heightened levels of focus and creativity, or whether or not they just perceive themselves to have heightened levels of focus and creativity.

稍后我们将讨论他们是否真的提高了注意力和创造力，或者他们是否只是认为自己的注意力和创造力提高了。

The sativa varieties tend to make people feel a little bit less susceptible to pain and noxious stimuli, which are basically stimuli that you don't like.

苜蓿品种往往会让人们感觉不太容易受到疼痛和有害刺激的影响，这些刺激基本上都是你不喜欢的刺激。

So the sativa varieties are often prescribed or are used in the recreational context for pain management and relief.

因此，苜蓿品种经常被处方或用于娱乐环境中以控制和缓解疼痛。

Basically, the sativa variety is known to include a sort of head-biased effect.

基本上，苜蓿品种具有一种偏向头部的效应。

So here we're talking about subjective effects, and of course, these will vary from one individual to the next.

所以这里我们谈论的是主观效果，当然，这些效果会因人而异。

Some people will smoke cannabis sativa or ingest cannabis sativa orally and will feel an entirely different array of effects.

有些人会吸食大麻或口服大麻，并会感受到一系列完全不同的效果。

But most people, the majority of people, experience a sort of head-centered high alertness, focus, and a sense that they're more creative.

但大多数人，大多数人，都会体验到一种以头脑为中心的高度警觉性、专注力，以及一种自己更有创造力的感觉。

Contrast that with the indica varieties of cannabis, and when people smoke or eat or ingest indica varieties, the psychoactive components of indica, and again, this is pure indica, so not hybridized with sativa at all, but just pure indica, tend to lead to more full-bodied effects.

与籼稻品种的大麻相比，当人们吸烟或食用或摄取籼稻品种时，籼稻的精神活性成分，而且这是纯籼稻，因此根本不与苜蓿杂交，而只是纯籼稻，往往会产生更浓郁的效果。

People report feeling more complete full body relaxation, more of a sedative effect.

人们报告感觉全身更加完全放松，更有镇静作用。

Indica cannabis is often prescribed and/or used recreationally in order to achieve a state of sleep or to help relieve anxiety, so less of a stimulant effect.

籼稻大麻通常被开处方和/或娱乐性使用，以达到睡眠状态或帮助缓解焦虑，因此刺激作用较小。

And we will talk about why, literally the underlying neural circuits that lead to the sativa variety causing more of a elevated mood and a head high, if you will, and the indica varieties being more full-body relaxation.

我们将讨论为什么，从字面上看，潜在的神经回路导致苜蓿品种引起更多的情绪高涨和抬头，如果你愿意的话，而籼稻品种则更全身放松。

One of the ways to remember the distinction between the effects of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica was relayed to me by a friend who actually was a chronic, meaning every day, all day, consumer of marijuana.

一位朋友向我转述了记住大麻和印度大麻功效之间区别的方法之一，他实际上是一名慢性大麻患者，即每天、整天吸食大麻。

He basically smoked marijuana for 20 years before quitting about four or five years ago.

他基本上吸食了20年大麻，大约四五年前戒掉了。

And he said that indica is often referred to as indica couch, meaning laid back in the couch.

他说，indica 通常被称为 indica couch，意思是躺在沙发上。

And that can help you remember that the indica varieties of cannabis do tend to be more sedative in their effects.

这可以帮助您记住，籼稻品种的大麻确实具有更强的镇静作用。

Okay, so there's sativa and there's indica, and then now there are hybrid strains.

好的，有苜蓿和籼稻，现在还有杂交品种。

So marijuana growers and people who specialize in creating novel varieties of the cannabis plant, again, I'm using the words cannabis and marijuana more or less interchangeably here, they are very good at creating new strains of plant that might be 25% sativa and 75% indica or vice versa, or 50/50, or 90/10.

因此，大麻种植者和专门创造大麻植物新品种的人，我在这里或多或少地互换使用大麻和大麻这两个词，他们非常擅长创造新的植物品种，可能是 25% 苜蓿和 75% 籼稻，反之亦然，或 50/50，或 90/10。

Essentially what's happening nowadays is that through plant biology, plant genetics, I should say, growers are getting quite efficient at creating a variety of different strains of the marijuana plant that give rise to very nuanced and distinct effects on brain and body.

我应该说，现在发生的事情本质上是，通过植物生物学、植物遗传学，种植者在培育各种不同的大麻植物品系方面变得非常有效，这些品系对大脑和身体产生了非常微妙和独特的影响。

In fact, so much so that there's now a new nomenclature, a new language emerging around cannabis and the development of novel strains of cannabis for medicinal and/or recreational purposes.

事实上，现在围绕大麻出现了一种新的命名法、一种新的语言，以及用于药用和/或娱乐目的的新型大麻品种的开发。

And while this might sound a little bit medical or a little bit clinical to some people, believe it or not, this is the nomenclature that's now typically used.

虽然这对某些人来说可能听起来有点医学或有点临床，但不管你信不信，这是现在通常使用的术语。

People still refer to the sativa, indica, and hybrid strains, but there's now also a description of so-called type one, type two, and type three strains for any given sativa, indica, or hybrid strain.

人们仍然提到苜蓿、籼稻和杂交菌株，但现在对于任何给定的苜蓿、籼稻或杂交菌株也有所谓的第一型、第二型和第三型菌株的描述。

Okay?

好的？

So just to put this clearly in your mind, you've got sativa varieties, that is pure sativa varieties, you have indica varieties, again, pure indica, and then you have hybrid varieties, and beneath each of those you have type one, type two, and type three strains of indica, sativa, or hybrid varieties.

所以，为了让你清楚地记住这一点，你有苜蓿品种，即纯苜蓿品种，你有籼稻品种，同样，纯籼稻，然后你有杂交品种，在每一个品种之下，你有籼稻、苜蓿或杂交品种的第一型、第二型和第三型菌株。

What are type one, type two, and type three?

什么是类型一、类型二、类型三？

Well, type one, type two, and type three strains are strains that have varying amounts or ratios of THC to CBD.

嗯，一型、二型和三型菌株是 THC 与 CBD 含量或比例不同的菌株。

So for instance, type one strain.

例如，输入一种菌株。

So for instance, you could have a pure sativa type one, or a type one pure sativa, or a type one indica Those are going to have the greatest amount of THC relative to CBD, and I really want to emphasize this.

例如，你可以有一种纯苜蓿一型，或一型纯苜蓿，或一型籼稻，相对于 CBD，它们的 THC 含量最高，我真的想强调这一点。

Understanding the ratio of THC to CBD can help explain a lot or even predict a lot about how a given strain of cannabis will impact somebody.

了解 THC 与 CBD 的比例可以帮助解释甚至预测特定大麻品种将如何影响某人。

For instance, because THC is largely responsible for the typical psychoactive components of cannabis.

例如，因为四氢大麻酚是大麻中典型精神活性成分的主要来源。

So what I mean here is if somebody's ingesting sativa and it routinely makes them feel more energized, elevates their mood, it gives them a heightened sense of creativity.

所以我在这里的意思是，如果有人摄入苜蓿，它通常会让他们感觉更有活力，提升他们的情绪，这会给他们带来更高的创造力。

If that's what they experience and they're taking a type one version of that, that means that it's quite rich in THC and very little CBD.

如果这就是他们所经历的，并且他们正在服用其中的一类版本，那就意味着它的 THC 含量非常丰富，而 CBD 含量却很少。

However, if they were to take a type one version of sativa and it feels far too strong, like too much energy, or they felt like they were too much in their head, nowadays, there are strains of sativa that have been genetically engineered.

然而，如果他们服用一种类型的苜蓿，并且感觉太强烈，就像能量太多，或者他们觉得自己脑子里太多了，那么现在，有一些经过基因工程改造的苜蓿品种。

And I don't mean by an engineer tinkering away with gene engineering in a kind of CRISPR creating mutants, but literally by hybridizing, crossing different plants to one another.

我并不是说工程师在某种 CRISPR 中修改基因工程来创造突变体，而是真正通过杂交，使不同的植物彼此杂交。

Okay?

好的？

Creating in a natural context, the same way plants in the outside world would sometimes hybridize to one another.

在自然环境中进行创作，就像外界的植物有时会相互杂交一样。

Creating a variety that's perhaps type two, which is going to have less THC and more CBD, or a type three, which is going to be very high CBD and very little THC.

创建一个可能是第二类的品种，它含有较少的 THC 和更多的 CBD，或者是第三类品种，它的 CBD 含量非常高，THC 含量非常少。

And the same is also true for the indica varieties.

籼稻品种也是如此。

So I want to make sure that everyone understands this because it becomes very important for understanding the biology of cannabis and predicting positive versus negative effects of cannabis.

所以我想确保每个人都理解这一点，因为这对于了解大麻的生物学和预测大麻的积极与消极影响非常重要。

Sativa has this kind of stimulant-like effect and tends to be more of a head high, if you will.

苜蓿有这种类似兴奋剂的作用，如果你愿意的话，它往往会让人更加兴奋。

Indica tends to be more full-bodied, then lead to more indica couch, as I referred to it before, pun intended, deep relaxation, reduced insomnia, et cetera.

籼稻往往更浓郁，然后导致更多的籼沙发，正如我之前提到的，双关语，深度放松，减少失眠等等。

Now within each of those, sativa and indica, you have type one, type two, and type three, and that has everything to do with how much THC, which is the dominant psychoactive compound, versus CBD, which has other effects mainly on the body, but not so much on the brain and modes of thinking and mood, et cetera.

现在，在苜蓿和籼稻中，每一种都有第一型、第二型和第三型，这与 THC 的含量有关，THC 是主要的精神活性化合物，而 CBD 则主要对身体有其他影响，但对大脑、思维模式和情绪等影响不大。

How much THC versus CBD is present.

THC 与 CBD 的含量有多少。

And again, type one is THC dominant, type two kind of equal ratios, if you will, of THC and CBD, and type three tend to be high CBD.

再说一次，第一类是 THC 占主导地位，第二类是 THC 和 CBD 的等比例，第三类往往是高 CBD。

Okay, so already we've got some categorization here that hopefully isn't overwhelming to you, but this turns out to be extremely important if you want to understand how cannabis works and predict the effects of cannabis.

好的，我们已经在这里进行了一些分类，希望不会让您感到不知所措，但如果您想了解大麻的工作原理并预测大麻的影响，那么这将非常重要。

Okay, so somewhat surprisingly, we're going to set aside cannabis.

好吧，有点令人惊讶的是，我们将把大麻放在一边。

We're going to take what we know about sativa, indica, type one, type two, type three, CBD, et cetera, and we're just going to set that aside for a moment.

我们将利用我们对苜蓿、籼稻、一型、二型、三型、CBD 等的了解，我们暂时将其放在一边。

Why would we do that?

我们为什么要这么做？

Well, we have to ask ourselves why would any of these plants, why would any of these compounds, THC, CBD, sativa, indica, et cetera, why would any of that have any effect on us at all?

好吧，我们必须问自己为什么这些植物，为什么这些化合物，THC，CBD，苜蓿，籼稻等等，为什么它们会对我们产生任何影响？

And this discussion that we're about to have very much resembles the discussion that we had on a previous episode about nicotine, because as many of you know, nicotine is a commonly used substance.

我们即将进行的讨论非常类似于我们在上一集中关于尼古丁的讨论，因为正如你们许多人所知，尼古丁是一种常用的物质。

In fact, if we were to look at the three most commonly used drugs, alcohol would be at the top of the list.

事实上，如果我们看看三种最常用的药物，酒精将位居榜首。

Many billions of people regularly use alcohol or occasionally use alcohol.

数十亿人经常饮酒或偶尔饮酒。

Many billions of people also use nicotine.

数十亿人也使用尼古丁。

It's the second most consumed drug.

它是第二大消费药物。

So more than one billion and probably closer to two billion people consume nicotine.

因此，超过 10 亿、可能接近 20 亿的人消费尼古丁。

And then the third most consumed drug is cannabis in one form or another.

第三大消费最多的药物是某种形式的大麻。

And many of you are probably shouting, "What about caffeine?

你们中的许多人可能会大喊：“咖啡因怎么样？

What about caffeine?" Well, in the context of drugs, and in particular addictive drugs, caffeine doesn't quite rise to the list.

咖啡因呢？”嗯，在毒品，特别是成瘾性毒品的背景下，咖啡因并没有出现在名单上。

But if we were to look at caffeine and include in that list, caffeine would be above all of those.

但如果我们要看看咖啡因并将其包含在该列表中，那么咖啡因将排在所有这些之上。

Okay?

好的？

But the most commonly used drugs are alcohol, second after that is nicotine, and then cannabis.

但最常用的药物是酒精，其次是尼古丁，然后是大麻。

Nicotine, as some of you may know if you listened to the episode on nicotine, but even if you didn't, nicotine comes from the tobacco plant, and there are a few other plants that include nicotine, and typically it's brought into the brain and body by smoking tobacco, dipping tobacco, snuffing tobacco, or vaping nicotine.

尼古丁，如果您听过关于尼古丁的节目，你们中的一些人可能会知道，但即使您没有听过，尼古丁也来自烟草植物，还有一些其他植物也含有尼古丁，通常通过吸烟草、浸烟草、吸烟草或吸尼古丁将尼古丁带入大脑和身体。

Nicotine exists in the outside world in these plants, the tobacco plants, but the reason it has an effect on the body is that there are so-called nicotinic receptors in the body.

尼古丁存在于外界的这些植物中，即烟草植物中，但它之所以对身体产生作用，是因为体内有所谓的烟碱受体。

Now, those nicotinic receptors were named after nicotine the compound, but they existed in the brain and body not because of the existence of a tobacco plant, but because there are other chemicals in the body that naturally occur, namely acetylcholine, that bind the nicotine receptor.

现在，这些烟碱受体以尼古丁化合物命名，但它们存在于大脑和身体中并不是因为烟草植物的存在，而是因为体内自然存在其他化学物质，即乙酰胆碱，可以与尼古丁受体结合。

Those chemicals, such as acetylcholine, that bind the nicotinic receptor in your brain and body, create enhanced sense of focus, et cetera.

这些化学物质（例如乙酰胆碱）可以与大脑和身体中的烟碱受体结合，从而增强注意力等等。

But nicotine from tobacco binds that same receptor, but with much greater affinity, and therefore also creates a state of focus, but a much greater one than we can achieve without nicotine.

但烟草中的尼古丁与相同的受体结合，但亲和力要大得多，因此也会产生一种专注状态，但比没有尼古丁时我们所能达到的专注状态要好得多。

Okay, so you can see the nicotine episode if you want to learn more about that.

好的，如果您想了解更多信息，可以查看尼古丁章节。

In a very similar way, all of our brains and bodies from the time that we are conceived, believe it or not, very shortly after conception if we want to be accurate, very early conception, when you were in the womb, and still now, if you're listening to this, you have what are called cannabinoid receptors because you also have endogenous cannabinoids.

以非常相似的方式，无论你相信与否，我们所有的大脑和身体从我们受孕时起，就在受孕后不久，如果我们想要准确的话，非常早的受孕，当你在子宫里时，现在，如果你正在听这个，你就有所谓的大麻素受体，因为你也有内源性大麻素。

What do we mean by that?

我们这么说是什么意思？

You have receptors which are like little parking spots that are present on cells in your brain and body, and what we call a ligand, which is basically just a chemical that's released, parks in that receptor and causes a number of different biological effects.

受体就像存在于大脑和身体细胞上的小停车位，而我们所说的配体，基本上只是一种释放的化学物质，停放在该受体中并引起许多不同的生物效应。

Cannabis contains compounds that also bind to those receptors.

大麻含有也与这些受体结合的化合物。

But here I want to make a really clear distinction.

但在这里我想做出一个非常明确的区分。

We have what are called endogenous ligands.

我们有所谓的内源配体。

Those just mean chemicals from within us that we make naturally, even if we never go near the cannabis plant or any other source of cannabis, we have chemicals that are created in us That park in those receptors and cause biological effects on mood, on perception, on the immune system, on hunger, et cetera.

这些只是指我们体内自然产生的化学物质，即使我们从未靠近大麻植物或任何其他大麻来源，我们体内也会产生化学物质，这些化学物质会驻留在这些受体中，并对情绪、感知、免疫系统、饥饿等产生生物影响。

Again, without ever going anywhere near cannabis.

再说一遍，从来没有接近过大麻。

We have these endogenous cannabinoids.

我们有这些内源性大麻素。

So endogenous cannabinoids are floating around in us, or I should say they are released in us in particular ways, bind to these receptors, and cause changes in mood, appetite, et cetera.

因此，内源性大麻素漂浮在我们体内，或者我应该说它们以特定的方式在我们体内释放，与这些受体结合，并引起情绪、食欲等的变化。

They have many different effects on the brain and body, and we'll talk about those.

它们对大脑和身体有许多不同的影响，我们将讨论这些。

But just like with nicotine, there are substances in the outside world, in this case, cannabis contains these substances, so things like THC and like CBD, that when ingested by smoking or vaping or by ingesting edibles, also will park in those same receptors, the cannabinoid receptors, and lead to biological effects.

但就像尼古丁一样，外面的世界也有一些物质，在这种情况下，大麻含有这些物质，所以像 THC 和 CBD 这样的东西，当通过吸烟或电子烟或摄入食物摄入时，也会停在那些相同的受体，即大麻素受体中，并导致生物效应。

Now it's a little bit misleading because we call them cannabinoid receptors as if they were there to bind cannabis, or just like we call the nicotine receptors nicotinic receptors, it makes it seem as if they were there in order to bind nicotine from tobacco.

现在这有点误导，因为我们称它们为大麻素受体，就好像它们是为了结合大麻一样，或者就像我们将尼古丁受体称为烟碱受体一样，这使得它们看起来好像它们的存在是为了结合烟草中的尼古丁。

But that's not the way our brains and bodies evolved.

但这并不是我们的大脑和身体进化的方式。

Our brains and bodies evolved for these receptors to make use of chemicals that exist within us called, again, endogenous chemicals, and those endogenous chemicals lead to certain effects, as I mentioned before.

我们的大脑和身体在进化过程中让这些受体能够利用我们体内存在的化学物质，即内源性化学物质，而这些内源性化学物质会产生某些影响，正如我之前提到的。

The key thing here, if you haven't understood anything I've said up until now, please understand this.

这里的关键是，如果到目前为止你还没有理解我所说的内容，请理解这一点。

The key thing is that THC and CBD and the other components of cannabis bind to those receptors, those endogenous cannabinoid receptors, the ones that we naturally make, with much greater affinity and exert a vastly greater potency and effect on mood and perception, et cetera, than do our endogenous cannabinoids.

关键是 THC 和 CBD 以及大麻的其他成分与这些受体（我们自然产生的内源性大麻素受体）结合，比我们的内源性大麻素具有更大的亲和力，并对情绪和感知等产生更大的效力和影响。

Another analogy that one could take in order to understand this would be hormones like testosterone and estrogen.

为了理解这一点，人们可以用另一种类比来比喻睾酮和雌激素等激素。

Many people, I would say all people, make testosterone and estrogen to varying degrees.

许多人，我想说的是所有人，都会不同程度地产生睾酮和雌激素。

It's going to depend on whether or not you're male or female, your age, whether or not you've gone through puberty, et cetera.

这取决于你是男性还是女性、你的年龄、你是否已经过了青春期等等。

But let's just take testosterone, for example.

但我们就以睾酮为例。

There's testosterone circulating in your body.

你体内有睾丸激素循环。

That's true if you're male or female.

无论你是男性还是女性，都是如此。

And there are receptors called androgen receptors.

还有一种受体称为雄激素受体。

We could even call them testosterone receptors.

我们甚至可以称它们为睾酮受体。

And the testosterone binds to those receptors and has effects on cells.

睾酮与这些受体结合并对细胞产生影响。

It causes hair growth, changes the voice, it can affect libido.

它会导致毛发生长、改变声音、影响性欲。

It affects all sorts of things in the brain and body, depending on which organ and tissue you're talking about.

它会影响大脑和身体中的各种事物，具体取决于您所谈论的是哪个器官和组织。

But of course, there are people that take synthetic testosterone or derivatives of testosterone.

当然，有些人服用合成睾酮或睾酮衍生物。

And some of those derivatives, for instance, in the bodybuilding community and the sports community, they will take things like Dianabol.

其中一些衍生品，例如在健美界和体育界，他们会采取大力补之类的东西。

These are modified versions of testosterone that can bind to the testosterone receptor with much greater affinity, or I should say the androgen receptor, with much greater affinity, and have supraphysiological effects, effects that would essentially never be seen from testosterone that was endogenously released within the body.

这些是睾酮的修饰版本，可以以更大的亲和力与睾酮受体结合，或者我应该说雄激素受体，以更大的亲和力结合，并具有超生理效应，这些效应基本上从体内内源释放的睾酮中看不到。

We could say the same thing for estrogen.

对于雌激素我们也可以说同样的事情。

There are estrogen receptors.

有雌激素受体。

They bind estrogen, okay?

它们会结合雌激素，好吗？

But if someone were to take synthetic estrogen or to ingest a plant compound that contains various estrogenic compounds, and those plants certainly exist out there, they can have supraphysiological effects on those receptors.

但是，如果有人服用合成雌激素或摄入含有各种雌激素化合物的植物化合物（而这些植物确实存在），它们会对这些受体产生超生理作用。

Why am I telling you this?

我为什么要告诉你这个？

Well, many people believe that because cannabis, marijuana, is a plant and plants grow out of the ground and they're naturally occurring, and because we have receptors in our body that are there without the need to engineer them from some external source, they're in our genome, programmed for it, and we're born with these things, and we keep these things our entire life.

嗯，很多人相信，因为大麻是一种植物，而植物是从地里长出来的，它们是自然存在的，而且因为我们体内有受体，不需要从外部来源改造它们，它们就在我们的基因组中，为它编程，我们生来就有这些东西，我们一生都保留着这些东西。

Many people mistakenly think, "Ah, these plant compounds are safer for us or better for us or are somehow appropriate for us to ingest." But that's simply not true.

许多人错误地认为：“啊，这些植物化合物对我们来说更安全，或者对我们更好，或者在某种程度上适合我们摄入。”但事实并非如此。

And here I'm not saying that cannabis is always a bad idea for people.

在这里，我并不是说大麻对人们来说总是一个坏主意。

There are certain populations and certain people for which it can be relatively safe recreationally.

对于某些人群和某些人来说，娱乐是相对安全的。

That's the truth.

这是事实。

And there are other populations for which it can be downright dangerous, recreationally or medicinally.

对于其他人群来说，无论是娱乐性的还是医疗性的，它都可能是完全危险的。

And of course, there are medicinal purposes that are being explored, and we'll talk more about that.

当然，还有一些正在探索的药用用途，我们将详细讨论这一点。

But this is vital to understand because I think that when we hear, "Oh, it's from a plant, it's natural," and then you also have a receptor for these, endogenous cannabinoid receptors, and therefore the marriage of those two, the coming together of the chemical, THC or CBD or both, with these receptors is somehow supposed to happen, as if this was a purpose of having these receptors.

但这对于理解这一点至关重要，因为我认为当我们听到“哦，它来自植物，它是天然的”，然后你也有这些内源性大麻素受体的受体，因此这两者的结合，化学物质，THC或CBD或两者的结合，与这些受体的结合在某种程度上应该发生，就好像这是拥有这些受体的目的一样。

But it's simply not the case.

但事实并非如此。

In the same way that the nicotinic receptors are not there because nicotine is good for us.

就像烟碱受体不存在一样，因为尼古丁对我们有好处。

They're there because there are compounds that exist within us that are good to bind to those receptors from time to time.

它们之所以存在，是因为我们体内存在一些化合物，可以时不时地与这些受体结合。

Now, here's the key thing about-- I guess today I'm saying there are a lot of key things, but here's another key thing about understanding cannabis and the way that it works, which is that THC and CBD, when they're brought into the brain and body by smoking or edible, et cetera, they bind to those receptors, those endogenous cannabinoid receptors, and they tap into the same systems that your endogenous cannabinoids would tap into, the ones that affect mood and energy and creativity and relaxation, et cetera.

现在，这是关键的事情 - 我想今天我说有很多关键的事情，但是关于理解大麻及其工作方式的另一个关键事情是 THC 和 CBD，当它们通过吸烟或食用等进入大脑和身体时，它们与这些受体，那些内源性大麻素受体结合，并且它们利用内源性大麻素将利用的相同系统，这些系统影响情绪和能量、创造力和放松等等。

But they do so with thousandfold greater potency.

但他们这样做的效力要大千倍。

And as a consequence of that, your endogenous cannabinoids are outcompeted.

结果，您的内源性大麻素在竞争中被击败。

They really get no opportunity to interact with those receptors.

他们确实没有机会与这些受体相互作用。

And understanding that can lead to a very clear understanding of why, for instance, when people use cannabis to relieve anxiety, or they use cannabis to enter a certain brain state for creativity or to enter sleep, why a dependence on cannabis starts to emerge.

理解这一点可以让我们非常清楚地理解为什么，例如，当人们使用大麻来缓解焦虑，或者他们使用大麻进入某种大脑状态以发挥创造力或进入睡眠时，为什么会开始出现对大麻的依赖。

Because if they don't ingest cannabis, and again, ingest could mean smoke To bring THC in or CBD in, or ingest orally, or even transdermal or tincture or one of the other varieties.

因为如果他们不摄入大麻，那么摄入可能意味着吸入 THC 或 CBD，或口服摄入，甚至透皮或酊剂或其他品种之一。

If they don't do that, then what happens is not only are the receptors not stimulated to the same degree or with the same potency that they normally are, but the endogenous cannabinoids can no longer have their effect.

如果他们不这样做，那么不仅受体不会受到与正常情况相同程度或相同效力的刺激，而且内源性大麻素也不再发挥作用。

So people experience heightened levels of anxiety, disrupted mood, disrupted brain state, and so on.

因此，人们会经历高度的焦虑、情绪紊乱、大脑状态紊乱等等。

Now, again, I want to be very clear that I'm not trying to paint a picture of cannabis as all bad or even partially bad.

现在，我想再次明确表示，我并不是试图将大麻描绘成全部不好甚至部分不好。

What I want to do today is give you as much information I can as to how cannabis works, how its different component parts work, how the different types of cannabis work, and point to some of the valid medicinal uses and some of the recreational uses, and then lay out the landscape for you as to who is really most at risk in terms of psychoactive components, immune components, and so on and so forth, so that you can make the most informed choice for you.

今天我想做的是向您提供尽可能多的信息，包括大麻如何发挥作用，其不同组成部分如何发挥作用，不同类型的大麻如何发挥作用，并指出一些有效的药用用途和一些娱乐用途，然后为您展示谁在精神活性成分、免疫成分等方面真正面临最大的风险，以便您可以做出最明智的选择。

I am not here to tell you what to do or what not to do.

我来这里不是为了告诉你该做什么或不该做什么。

As I like to say, do as you wish, right?

正如我常说的，随心所欲吧？

Don't do as you wish if it harms other people or yourself, but do as you wish, but know what you're doing.

如果你想做的事会伤害别人或你自己，就不要做，而是做你想做的事，但要知道你在做什么。

So that's really my goal here.

这确实是我的目标。

So as we begin to dive further into the biology, I think you'll start to get a clearer picture of why cannabis is so effective in some contexts, but also why it can create such massive suffering in other contexts because of the way that it outcompetes your own natural endogenous cannabinoid systems.

因此，当我们开始进一步深入研究生物学时，我认为您将开始更清楚地了解为什么大麻在某些情况下如此有效，但也为什么它会在其他情况下造成如此巨大的痛苦，因为它超越了您自己的天然内源性大麻素系统。

So let's talk about those endogenous cannabinoid systems, what they are and how they work, because that will give us a lens into what the higher potency, sort of maximum impact of the various cannabis plant varieties and strains and THC and CBD and so forth, how and why those work.

因此，让我们谈谈这些内源性大麻素系统，它们是什么以及它们如何工作，因为这将使我们了解各种大麻植物品种和菌株以及 THC 和 CBD 等的更高效力、最大影响，以及它们如何以及为何起作用。

So what are the endogenous cannabinoids, these chemical substances that everybody makes?

那么，每个人都会产生的内源性大麻素化学物质是什么？

You make them, I make them.

你制造它们，我制造它们。

You've been making them basically from the time that you were conceived, and you are going to make them until the time that you die.

基本上从你受孕的那一刻起你就一直在制造它们，并且你会一直制造它们直到你死的时候。

Whether or not they have the impact and the biological functions that I'm about to describe will depend a lot on whether or not you are using your own endogenous cannabinoids to park in those receptors that you also have from birth until death, or whether or not you are tickling those receptors or strongly activating those receptors using some external source like cannabis, THC, et cetera.

它们是否具有我将要描述的影响和生物功能在很大程度上取决于你是否使用自己的内源性大麻素来停泊在你从出生到死亡都有的那些受体中，或者你是否使用大麻、THC 等外部来源来刺激这些受体或强烈激活这些受体。

The two main endogenous cannabinoids that we want to consider are anandamide, which we will refer to as EAE, so anandamide, and another one, which is arachidonoyl glycerol, which we will abbreviate 2-AG.

我们要考虑的两种主要内源性大麻素是 anandamide，我们将其称为 EAE，即 anandamide，另一种是花生四烯酰甘油，我们将其缩写为 2-AG。

So let's just take EAE and 2-AG, lump them together, and talk about the endogenous cannabinoids just to make it simple.

因此，为了简单起见，我们将 EAE 和 2-AG 放在一起，并讨论内源性大麻素。

But if you want to do the deep dive on anandamide versus 2-AG, please be my guest.

但如果您想深入了解 anandamide 与 2-AG，请成为我的客人。

The endogenous cannabinoids are released from neurons.

内源性大麻素从神经元中释放出来。

What are neurons?

什么是神经元？

Neurons are nerve cells, and nerve cells should be conceptualized like this.

神经元就是神经细胞，神经细胞应该这样概念化。

You have presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons.

你有突触前神经元和突触后神经元。

Presynaptic neurons basically contain little vesicles, little bubbles full of neurotransmitter, which are chemicals.

突触前神经元基本上含有小囊泡，充满神经递质的小气泡，这些神经递质是化学物质。

And when neurons are stimulated electrically, and that could be from a thought, it could be from the desire to move, it could be because of a drug, it could be because you're hungry, the relevant neurons will vomit out or will fuse, as we say, those little packets, those little bubbles of neurotransmitter into the gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron.

当神经元受到电刺激时，这可能是由于一个想法，可能是由于想要移动，可能是因为药物，可能是因为你饿了，相关的神经元会呕吐出来，或者会融合，正如我们所说，那些小包，那些小气泡的神经递质进入突触前神经元和突触后神经元之间的间隙。

We call that a synaptic cleft or the synapse.

我们称之为突触间隙或突触。

It's a little gap, a little space, and the neurotransmitter flows across that synapse, and some of it will park in little parking spots that we call receptors on the postsynaptic neuron side.

这是一个小间隙，一个小空间，神经递质流过突触，其中一些会停在我们称之为突触后神经元一侧受体的小停车位上。

Depending on which neurotransmitter it is and a bunch of other things not worth going into right now, the parking of that chemical and those neurotransmitter receptors will either cause that neuron on the postsynaptic side to itself release neurotransmitter elsewhere, or it will quiet it down, so-called excitation and inhibition.

根据它是哪种神经递质以及许多其他现在不值得讨论的事情，该化学物质和那些神经递质受体的停放要么会导致突触后侧的神经元在其他地方释放神经递质，要么会让它安静下来，即所谓的兴奋和抑制。

That's kind of neurotransmission in a nutshell.

简而言之，这就是一种神经传递。

If you don't understand it, no big deal.

如果你不明白，也没有什么大不了的。

It's not going to prevent you from understanding today's discussion.

这不会妨碍您理解今天的讨论。

If you understand even a small fraction of what I've just said, then it's going to allow you to understand not just today's discussion, but a lot of neuroscience with a lot more nuance and depth of understanding.

如果你理解我刚才所说的哪怕一小部分，那么它不仅能让你理解今天的讨论，还能理解很多神经科学，有更多的细微差别和更深入的理解。

The key thing to know about the endogenous cannabinoids is that unlike most neurotransmitters, they are released from the postsynaptic side.

关于内源性大麻素的关键是，与大多数神经递质不同，它们是从突触后侧释放的。

So what happens is neurotransmitter goes from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron, but under certain conditions, the postsynaptic neuron itself releases a chemical, and that chemical goes backward, what we call retrogradely, to the presynaptic neuron, binds to receptors there, and changes the probability that the presynaptic neuron will release neurotransmitter.

因此，神经递质从突触前神经元流向突触后神经元，但在某些条件下，突触后神经元本身会释放一种化学物质，而该化学物质会向后（我们称之为逆行）到达突触前神经元，与那里的受体结合，并改变突触前神经元释放神经递质的概率。

Put simply, endogenous cannabinoids tend to decrease the probability that a neuron will release neurotransmitter.

简而言之，内源性大麻素往往会降低神经元释放神经递质的可能性。

They are sort of a break on the system.

它们是对系统的一种破坏。

They are a way of shutting down the communication between neurons, regulating it.

它们是一种关闭神经元之间的通讯并对其进行调节的方法。

Not to make it completely quiet, but to adjust the levels with a lot of nuance.

并不是要让它完全安静，而是要调整很多细微差别的级别。

Now, the other thing that the endogenous cannabinoids do is sort of a mind bender because we're talking about cannabis, and a commonly known feature of cannabis and marijuana consumption is disruptions in short-term memory, and there is essentially zero debate as to whether or not that occurs, and we'll talk about the mechanisms a little bit later.

现在，内源性大麻素所做的另一件事是有点令人费解，因为我们谈论的是大麻，而大麻和大麻消费的一个众所周知的特征是短期记忆的破坏，对于这种情况是否会发生基本上没有争论，我们稍后会讨论其机制。

And yet, endogenous cannabinoids, the chemicals that you naturally release from these postsynaptic neurons that travel retrogradely back to the presynaptic neuron, actually can lead to strengthening of connections between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.

然而，内源性大麻素，即从这些突触后神经元自然释放的化学物质，逆行回到突触前神经元，实际上可以增强突触前神经元和突触后神经元之间的连接。

Through a process called long-term potentiation, or LTP.

通过一个称为长时程增强（LTP）的过程。

They can also cause what's called depression of communication between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron.

它们还会导致突触前神经元和突触后神经元之间的通讯抑制。

Long-term depression has nothing to do with depression as a psychological state or as an illness.

长期抑郁与抑郁作为一种心理状态或一种疾病无关。

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression simply refer to the probability that one neuron will be able to stimulate and activate another neuron.

长时程增强和长期抑制只是指一个神经元能够刺激和激活另一个神经元的概率。

And as I just told you, the endogenous cannabinoids can either turn up the dial or turn down the dial.

正如我刚才告诉你的，内源性大麻素可以调高或调低表盘。

They can either increase the probability or decrease the probability that a given connection between neurons will function more or will function less.

它们可以增加或减少神经元之间的给定连接发挥更大或更少作用的概率。

So if you think about the communication between neurons as a crosstalk, as a conversation, well, the endogenous cannabinoids can dictate whether or not that conversation is likely to occur or not to occur.

因此，如果您将神经元之间的通信视为串扰，即对话，那么内源性大麻素可以决定该对话是否可能发生。

Think of them as either putting someone at the top of your text chain in your phone, which would be long-term potentiation, or essentially blocking their number, which would essentially be long-term depression.

可以将它们视为将某人置于手机短信链的顶部（这将是长期增强），或者基本上阻止他们的号码（这本质上是长期抑制）。

So if you're getting the impression that the endogenous cannabinoids are working in a number of different ways and it's not very straightforward, you're right.

因此，如果您的印象是内源性大麻素以多种不同的方式发挥作用，而且不是很简单，那么您是对的。

In fact, that's the message that I'd like you to take away.

事实上，这就是我希望你带走的信息。

The endogenous cannabinoids are sometimes increasing neuronal communication.

内源性大麻素有时会增加神经元通讯。

This can lead to increases in mood or increases in the likelihood that someone will talk a certain way or behave a certain way or feel a certain way.

这可能会导致情绪增加或某人以某种方式说话、以某种方式行事或以某种方式感受的可能性增加。

They can also lead to decreases in synaptic transmission, that is communication between neurons, in ways that will make somebody's mood lower or will make them less hungry or more hungry.

它们还可能导致突触传递（即神经元之间的交流）减少，从而使人情绪低落，或者使他们不那么饥饿或更饥饿。

And here's the really key thing.

这是真正关键的事情。

There are two kinds of endogenous cannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1 and CB2, and we can say with confidence that CB1 is highly enriched in the nervous system and especially within the brain.

有两种内源性大麻素受体，称为 CB1 和 CB2，我们可以自信地说，CB1 在神经系统，尤其是大脑中高度丰富。

It's found not everywhere, but almost everywhere in the brain and elsewhere in the nervous system, so spinal cord and other aspects of the nervous system.

它并非无处不在，但几乎无处不在，存在于大脑和神经系统的其他部位，包括脊髓和神经系统的其他方面。

CB2, the cannabinoid receptor, CB2 is largely located in the tissues of the body, including the immune system, the liver, even the genitals, et cetera.

CB2，大麻素受体，CB2主要位于身体的组织中，包括免疫系统、肝脏，甚至生殖器等。

So what this means is that the endogenous cannabinoids are having these sorts of effects on neurons that I talked about, but they are also having effects on immune cells, on reproductive organs, on liver, on digestion, on hunger, et cetera, through mechanisms that are divorced from the function of the nervous system of neurons.

这意味着内源性大麻素对我谈到的神经元产生这些影响，但它们也通过与神经元神经系统功能分离的机制对免疫细胞、生殖器官、肝脏、消化、饥饿等产生影响。

Now, in reality, no system of the brain and body is divorced from the nervous system because the nervous system is controlling everything.

现在，实际上，大脑和身体的任何系统都没有脱离神经系统，因为神经系统控制着一切。

It is really the master controller, and everything's feeding back to the nervous system, so it's a two-way street.

它实际上是主控制器，一切都反馈到神经系统，所以这是一条双向路。

But the simple way to think about it is CB1 receptors are mainly in the nervous system, and CB2 receptors are mainly in the body, and endogenous cannabinoids, again, EAE, anandamide, and 2-AG, arachidonoyl glycerol, are impacting CB1 and CB2 receptors.

但简单的思考方式是，CB1 受体主要存在于神经系统中，CB2 受体主要存在于体内，而内源性大麻素、EAE、anandamide 和 2-AG（花生四烯酰甘油）正在影响 CB1 和 CB2 受体。

Today, we're mainly going to talk about CB1 receptors because they are the ones that are responsible for most of the familiar effects of cannabis.

今天，我们主要讨论 CB1 受体，因为它们是大麻大部分常见作用的原因。

But the key takeaway at this point is to really understand that the major effects of your endogenous cannabinoids on these receptors, in this particular CB1, are very nuanced.

但此时的关键要点是真正了解内源性大麻素对这些受体（在这个特定的 CB1 中）的主要影响是非常微妙的。

It depends on context.

这取决于上下文。

It depends on which neurons.

这取决于哪些神经元。

It's sometimes increasing communication between neurons, sometimes decreasing it.

它有时会增加神经元之间的交流，有时会减少它。

And then along comes cannabis, and that cannabis, again, can arrive by smoking, by vaping, by edible, and cannabis contains THC and CBD that potently bind the CB1 receptor.

然后是大麻，大麻可以通过吸烟、电子烟、食用来达到，大麻含有 THC 和 CBD，可以有效结合 CB1 受体。

And now the effects of the CB1 receptor being occupied by THC or being occupied by CBD are not very nuanced.

现在 CB1 受体被 THC 占据或被 CBD 占据的影响并不是很微妙。

In fact, they are very predictable.

事实上，它们是非常有预见性的。

And especially important is to understand that they are so strong and they park in that receptor with such affinity, with such force and precision and stubbornness and refusal to leave that receptor, that they completely outcompete the endogenous cannabinoid system.

尤其重要的是要了解它们是如此强大，并且以如此亲和力、如此精确、如此顽固和拒绝离开该受体而驻留在该受体中，以至于它们完全击败了内源性大麻素系统。

In fact, they leave the endogenous cannabinoid system essentially dysfunctional, which in some cases may be a good thing, but in most cases is going to lead to problems of various kinds.

事实上，它们使内源性大麻素系统基本上功能失调，这在某些情况下可能是一件好事，但在大多数情况下会导致各种问题。

And we'll talk about what sorts of problems.

我们将讨论什么样的问题。

And again, I feel obligated to say this is not me saying don't ingest cannabis or THC or CBD.

再说一次，我觉得有义务说，这不是我说不要摄入大麻、四氢大麻酚或 CBD。

That's not what I'm saying.

我不是这个意思。

What I'm saying is if you evaluate the potency, that is in technical terms, it would be the affinity with which these compounds, THC and CBD and CBN, bind to these endogenous receptors, that would be like a howitzer gun, like a cannon going off, as compared to endogenous cannabinoid, whether or not it's EAE or 2-AG, which is more like a cap gun level of activation, at least in this analogy.

我想说的是，如果你评估效力，用技术术语来说，就是这些化合物（THC、CBD和CBN）与这些内源性受体结合的亲和力，与内源性大麻素（无论是EAE还是2-AG）相比，这就像榴弹炮，就像大炮发射一样，这更像是枪的激活水平，至少在这个类比中。

So now you have what at least I would like to think is a fairly complete understanding of the different varieties of cannabis, at least at a broad sweep, and the different biological effects that they can have, at least in terms of the major receptors and in retrograde signaling, et cetera.

因此，现在您至少对大麻的不同品种（至少在广泛范围内）以及它们可能具有的不同生物效应（至少在主要受体和逆行信号传导等方面）有了相当完整的了解。

Now let's take a step back into the real world and evaluate or think about what happens when somebody smokes cannabis or ingests cannabis by way of edible or tincture or something of that sort.

现在让我们回到现实世界，评估或思考当有人吸食大麻或通过食用大麻、酊剂或类似的方式摄入大麻时会发生什么。

Cannabis is very fast to enter the bloodstream.

大麻进入血液的速度非常快。

In fact, within 30 seconds, it's going to enter the brain and permeate throughout the brain and body.

事实上，30秒之内，它就会进入大脑并渗透到整个大脑和身体。

That's very, very fast.

这非常非常快。

I mean, when you contrast that with something like alcohol or even nicotine, depending on how the nicotine is delivered, that is a very fast delivery of the psychoactive and biologically active compound, which in this case is THC and CBD and probably some other things as well.

我的意思是，当你将其与酒精甚至尼古丁之类的东西进行对比时，根据尼古丁的传递方式，这是一种非常快速的精神活性和生物活性化合物的传递，在这种情况下是 THC 和 CBD ，可能还有其他一些东西。

So within 30 seconds, it reaches the brain and bodily tissues, and within 30 to 60 minutes, it's going to reach its peak concentrations and have its peak biological effects.

因此，它会在 30 秒内到达大脑和身体组织，并在 30 至 60 分钟内达到峰值浓度并产生峰值生物效应。

Those aren't always the same thing, but in the case of cannabis, again, here I'm using cannabis as a kind of umbrella term for THC and CBD, the effects are going to peak at about 30 to 60 minutes after bringing those compounds into the body in some way or another.

这些并不总是同一件事，但就大麻而言，我再次使用大麻作为 THC 和 CBD 的总称，在以某种方式将这些化合物带入体内后，效果将在大约 30 到 60 分钟内达到峰值。

And the effects tend to last anywhere from three to four hours, although there's some variation on that depending on individual metabolism, whether or not somebody is familiar with the compound, believe it or not, psychologically familiar, but also biologically familiar, or whether or not it's a first-time use or occasional use and so on.

效果往往会持续三到四个小时，尽管根据个人新陈代谢的不同，无论某人是否熟悉该化合物，不管你信不信，在心理上熟悉，但也在生物学上熟悉，或者是否是第一次使用或偶尔使用等等，效果会有所不同。

THC and CBD and other components of cannabis are highly what we call lipophilic.

THC 和 CBD 以及大麻的其他成分具有我们所说的高度亲脂性。

That is, they have an affinity toward, and they can actually pass through fatty tissues.

也就是说，它们对脂肪组织有亲和力，并且实际上可以穿过脂肪组织。

Now every cell in your body, but especially neurons, have a double layer of fat on their outside, and of course, when people hear fat, they always think, "Ooh, fat's bad." Most of the world seems to want to lose fat or bodily fat.

现在你体内的每个细胞，尤其是神经元，外面都有双层脂肪，当然，当人们听到脂肪时，他们总是会想，“哦，脂肪不好。”世界上大多数人似乎都想减掉脂肪或身体脂肪。

Here we're talking about the fatty membrane, the barrier around each tissue.

这里我们讨论的是脂肪膜，即每个组织周围的屏障。

In this case, we're talking particularly about neurons.

在这种情况下，我们特别讨论神经元。

And THC and CBD and the other components of cannabis are highly lipophilic, so they can get into essentially all cells just simply by flowing into them.

THC 和 CBD 以及大麻的其他成分具有高度亲脂性，因此它们只需流入细胞即可进入基本上所有细胞。

They will also remain in those cells for a long time.

它们也将在这些细胞中停留很长时间。

So I know that a number of people, depending on whether or not they get tested for work or for sport or otherwise for cannabis or CBD and THC, don't take this as a strict number, but typically, if one ingests CBD or THC, smokes cannabis, ingests by orally, etc., doesn't matter, it's going to stay in that fatty tissue and can be detected for at least as long as 80 days after ingestion.

所以我知道，根据他们是否接受工作、运动或其他方式的大麻或 CBD 和 THC 测试，很多人并不认为这是一个严格的数字，但通常情况下，如果一个人摄入 CBD 或 THC、吸大麻、口服摄入等，没关系，它会留在脂肪组织中，并且在摄入后至少 80 天可以被检测到。

And there's a whole industry as to how to accelerate the clearance, and I should just tell you that just losing bodily fat isn't going to eliminate it from your system.

关于如何加速清除，有一个完整的行业，我应该告诉你，仅仅减少身体脂肪并不能将其从你的系统中消除。

Maybe partially in those fat cells, but certainly in visceral fat and other fatty tissue that's in and around the brain and body is going to harbor that THC molecule and the CBD molecule for quite a long while, at least 80 days.

也许部分存在于这些脂肪细胞中，但肯定存在于大脑和身体内部和周围的内脏脂肪和其他脂肪组织中，THC 分子和 CBD 分子将在相当长的一段时间内（至少 80 天）存在。

Okay, so if someone smokes cannabis or they ingest cannabis, very rapidly gets into the bloodstream, and the components that are psychoactive get into the bloodstream and are immediately able to access neurons and other cells and start having these effects of parking at those endogenous cannabinoid receptors and impacting the signaling between neurons, which leads to the subjective effects of cannabis, including THC and CBD.

好吧，如果有人吸食大麻或摄入大麻，它会很快进入血液，而精神活性成分进入血液，立即能够进入神经元和其他细胞，并开​​始产生停放在内源性大麻素受体上的影响，影响神经元之间的信号传导，从而导致大麻的主观影响，包括 THC 和 CBD。

So let's talk about what those different subjective effects are.

那么让我们来谈谈这些不同的主观效果是什么。

Again, this is going to vary depending on whether or not people are ingesting sativa varieties of cannabis.

同样，这将根据人们是否摄入苜蓿品种的大麻而有所不同。

Just to remind you, those tend to be elevated mood, alertness, talkativeness.

只是提醒你一下，这些往往是情绪高涨、警觉、健谈。

People who take sativa varieties tend to talk a lot more than they would otherwise.

服用苜蓿品种的人往往比其他品种的人说话更多。

Again, there are exceptions to this.

同样，也有例外。

Of course, there are exceptions.

当然，也有例外。

I'm sure there are people out there shouting, although I guess if you're the quiet people who don't talk too much, you're probably not shouting, or if you're not, you're not doing on sativa.

我确信有人在外面大喊大叫，尽管我猜如果你是那些沉默寡言、话不多的人，你可能不会大喊大叫，或者如果你没有大喊大叫，那么你就没有在苜蓿上做事。

Joke intended, but in any event, there are exceptions, but there are also general rules.

开玩笑的意思，但无论如何，都有例外，但也有一般规则。

And the sativas tend to make people sort of mood elevated, energetic, again, the sort of head high, and indica varieties tend to do the opposite, more of a sedative, relaxant, etc. Why and how would they do that?

苜蓿往往使人情绪高涨、精力充沛，又让人昂首挺胸，而籼稻品种则相反，更多的是镇静、放松等。他们为什么以及如何这样做？

Okay, well, without going into an extensive deep dive into the different neurotransmitter systems of the brain and body, what we know for sure is that CB1 receptors are present on an enormous number of different neurons and brain structures and neural circuits, so that the sativa varieties that act as sort of a stimulant, making people feel happy, because in general, they do tend to elevate mood, at least at certain dosages, talkative, tend to make people feel like they have ideas that are interesting that they might want to share, tend to narrow their context, so tend to increase focus.

好吧，好吧，不用深入研究大脑和身体的不同神经递质系统，我们可以肯定的是，CB1受体存在于大量不同的神经元、大脑结构和神经回路上，因此苜蓿品种就像一种兴奋剂，让人们感到快乐，因为一般来说，它们确实倾向于提升情绪，至少在一定剂量下，健谈，倾向于让人们觉得他们有一些有趣的想法，他们可能想分享，倾向于缩小他们的背景，因此倾向于增加焦点。

This is something that's not often discussed about cannabis, but it can, especially the sativa varieties, can increase people's level of focus to particular things, something they're watching or something they're doing, or music allows them to narrow their sense of focus.

关于大麻，人们不经常讨论这一点，但它可以，尤其是苜蓿品种，可以提高人们对特定事物的注意力，比如他们正在看的东西或他们正在做的事情，或者音乐可以让他们缩小注意力范围。

That's going to occur by activation of CB1 receptors in the so-called prefrontal cortex, which is just behind the forehead.

这是通过激活所谓的前额皮质（位于前额后面）的 CB1 受体来实现的。

And the prefrontal cortex acts as a strong modulator of so-called limbic circuitry and other circuitry that is more stress-oriented.

前额叶皮层充当所谓的边缘回路和其他更注重压力的回路的强大调节器。

The way to think about the stress and limbic circuitry, such as the amygdala, which many people have heard about, is that they aren't really circuits for fear and stress.

思考压力和边缘回路（例如很多人都听说过的杏仁核）的方法是，它们并不是真正的恐惧和压力回路。

They are circuits that are constantly evaluating one's own internal state, heart rate, etc., and what's happening externally.

它们是不断评估自己的内部状态、心率等以及外部发生的情况的电路。

And sorry to say, but the default of those systems is to detect danger, the sort of threat detection systems.

遗憾的是，这些系统的默认设置是检测危险，即威胁检测系统。

And then the prefrontal cortex largely acts as a brake on those systems, sort of like the reins pulling back on a steed of horses that would otherwise just kind of take off.

然后，前额叶皮层在很大程度上充当了这些系统的制动器，有点像缰绳拉回一匹马上就会起飞的马。

And so the sativa varieties tend to increase CB1 activation in the prefrontal cortex and in other circuitry that then leads to a kind of overall reduction in stress because of the way that prefrontal circuitry can reduce activation of the amygdala.

因此，苜蓿品种往往会增加前额叶皮层和其他电路中 CB1 的激活，从而导致压力的整体减轻，因为前额叶电路可以减少杏仁核的激活。

Now that, of course, does not explain why some people become very stressed and very paranoid when they smoke sativa varieties or other varieties of cannabis or ingest other varieties of cannabis.

当然，这并不能解释为什么有些人在吸食苜蓿品种或其他品种的大麻或摄入其他品种的大麻时会变得非常有压力和非常偏执。

We will talk about the paranoid effect and why that occurs and who might predict that would occur to them in a little bit.

我们将讨论偏执效应以及为什么会发生这种效应，以及谁可能预测这种效应会发生在他们身上。

But just want to give you a sense of how this is working because, as I mentioned before, THC and/or CBD are going to bind that CB1 receptor, let's say in prefrontal cortex, and neurons of prefrontal cortex is going to bind there, and then there will be a retrograde signaling back to the presynaptic neuron.

但只是想让你了解这是如何运作的，因为正如我之前提到的，THC 和/或 CBD 将结合 CB1 受体，比如说在前额皮质，前额皮质的神经元将在那里结合，然后会有一个逆行信号返回到突触前神经元。

And in the case of prefrontal cortex, what's happening is it's increasing transmission, increasing the release of neurotransmitter in prefrontal cortex.

就前额叶皮层而言，正在发生的事情是它增加了传输，增加了前额叶皮层神经递质的释放。

However, at the same time The very same THC and CBD that was brought into the system is binding the very same type of receptors, CB1 receptors, in other brain structures such as the amygdala, and causing retrograde signaling back to the presynaptic neurons in the amygdala, but it's quieting the activation of those neurons.

然而，与此同时，进入系统的相同 THC 和 CBD 正在与杏仁核等其他大脑结构中相同类型的受体 CB1 受体结合，并导致逆行信号传回杏仁核中的突触前神经元，但它会抑制这些神经元的激活。

So this is interesting, right?

所以这很有趣，对吧？

We have the same compounds, THC and/or CBD, brought into the body and brain, binding the same receptors, in this case, the CB1 receptors.

我们有相同的化合物，THC 和/或 CBD，被带入身体和大脑，结合相同的受体，在这种情况下是 CB1 受体。

But depending on where those receptors are located and which brain areas we're referring to, they are either causing heightened levels of alertness and activation of systems that are designed to make you talkative and alertness and mood, et cetera, focus, or they are causing suppression of those circuitries.

但根据这些受体的位置以及我们所指的大脑区域，它们要么会导致警觉性提高，并激活旨在使您变得健谈、警觉性和情绪等的系统，要么会导致这些电路受到抑制。

So we have kind of a seesaw effect here, where the same compound is increasing mood and alertness and focus in the prefrontal cortex and is decreasing stress and threat detection in the amygdala, and that's one of the reasons why, especially the sativa varieties of cannabis, allow people to enter these states of focus.

因此，我们在这里有一种跷跷板效应，其中相同的化合物可以增加前额皮质的情绪、警觉性和注意力，并减少杏仁核的压力和威胁检测，这就是为什么大麻（尤其是苜蓿品种）允许人们进入这些注意力状态的原因之一。

Some might even say flow, although I don't want to go into what flow states really are.

有些人甚至可能会说心流，尽管我不想深入探讨心流状态到底是什么。

That's for a different discussion, and it's very poorly defined as it is.

这是一个不同的讨论，而且它的定义非常糟糕。

And I certainly don't want to give people the impression that cannabis increases flow states because that's not always the case, and certainly, most often is not going to be the case.

我当然不想给人们留下大麻增加心流状态的印象，因为情况并非总是如此，当然，大多数情况下也不会如此。

But the idea here is that this molecule comes into our brain and is shifting everything towards a state of focus, elevated mood, of heightened sense of importance about whatever it is that we happen to be doing.

但这里的想法是，这种分子进入我们的大脑，正在将一切转变为一种专注的状态，情绪高涨，对我们碰巧正在做的事情有更高的重要性感。

And now, of course, whatever we could happen to be doing could be writing a song, writing poetry, communicating with somebody, but it could also be something as trivial as watching cartoons or watching a movie, which is not trivial in its own right, but in terms of thinking about the creative aspects or the creativity-stimulating aspects of cannabis, not sort of productivity oriented.

当然，现在，无论我们碰巧在做什么，都可以是写歌、写诗、与人交流，但它也可能是像看卡通或看电影这样微不足道的事情，这本身并不微不足道，但就思考大麻的创造性方面或创造力刺激方面而言，而不是以生产力为导向。

So narrowed focus, elevated mood, more relaxed and yet energetic.

注意力如此集中，情绪高涨，更加放松，但又充满活力。

That's the major effects of the sativa varieties, except, and this is a really big, boldface, triple underline except, except in some individuals, depending on dosage, but also depending on preexisting neural circuitry and propensity for anxiety, some people ingest or smoke sativa varieties, and regardless of whether or not it's a Type I, Type II, or Type III variety, okay?

这是苜蓿品种的主要影响，除了，这是一个非常大的、粗体的、三重下划线，除了，除了在某些个体中，取决于剂量，而且还取决于预先存在的神经回路和焦虑倾向，有些人摄入或吸食苜蓿品种，无论它是 I 型、II 型还是 III 型品种，好吗？

Regardless of the ratio between THC and CBD, people will experience intense anxiety and paranoia.

无论 THC 和 CBD 的比例如何，人们都会经历强烈的焦虑和偏执。

Now, how do you predict who will experience intense anxiety and paranoia and who will experience intense relaxation, focus, and sense of creativity from ingesting or smoking a Type I, Type II, or Type III sativa?

现在，您如何预测谁会因摄入或吸食 I 型、II 型或 III 型苜蓿而经历强烈的焦虑和偏执，以及谁会经历强烈的放松、专注和创造力？

Well, there is no way to predict that.

好吧，没有办法预测这一点。

And there's a lot of kind of what I would call street lore or dorm room lore, or kind of peer, not peer-reviewed, but sort of peer discussed, I mean, among friends and people and acquaintances lore out there that what one needs to do is simply smoke more, right?

有很多我称之为街头传说或宿舍传说的东西，或者某种同行，不是经过同行评审，而是某种同行讨论的东西，我的意思是，在朋友、人和熟人之间的传说中，一个人需要做的就是多抽烟，对吗？

Or just ingest more.

或者只是摄入更多。

You hear that, "Oh, well, listen, if it makes you paranoid, you simply need to use more." That is absolutely categorically false.

你会听到这样的话：“哦，好吧，听着，如果这让你变得偏执，你只需要使用更多。”这绝对是错误的。

Everything we know about the way that THC and CBD work is that they tend to potentiate, that is increase the effects of these different systems at given synapses and in different areas of the brain and body.

我们对 THC 和 CBD 工作方式的了解是，它们往往会增强，即增加这些不同系统对特定突触以及大脑和身体不同区域的影响。

That is, if someone experiences paranoia or anxiety from a given strain of the marijuana plant or from ingesting an edible in a particular way or a particular kind of edible, that person is very likely to experience the same effect every time they ingest that strain or variety.

也就是说，如果某人因大麻植物的特定菌株或以特定方式或特定种类的食物摄入而经历偏执或焦虑，则该人每次摄入该菌株或品种时很可能会经历相同的效果。

This is part of what's led to this enormous industry.

这是导致这个巨大行业的部分原因。

I mean, there are a number of different reasons, but this is part of what's led to this enormous industry of highly customized cannabis, where people will spend some time really seeking out the different strains of cannabis and hybrids of cannabis that work best for them and work best for them in particular contexts.

我的意思是，有很多不同的原因，但这是导致高度定制大麻这个巨大产业的部分原因，人们会花一些时间真正寻找最适合他们并在特定情况下最适合他们的不同大麻品种和大麻混合物。

I wish I could tell you that if you are a person who is between five foot seven and six feet tall and you have blue eyes or brown eyes, that the sativa varieties are going to be right for you or that the sativa varieties are going to give you panic attacks.

我希望我能告诉你，如果你是一个身高在五英尺七到六英尺之间的人，并且你有蓝眼睛或棕色眼睛，那么苜蓿品种将适合你，或者苜蓿品种会让你惊恐发作。

I can't do that.

我不能那样做。

The only way to determine it would be to actually experience ingesting those or smoking those, which is certainly also not what I'm suggesting, right?

确定它的唯一方法是实际体验摄入或吸烟，这当然也不是我所建议的，对吧？

That's up to you.

这取决于你。

I'm not telling you what to do or what not to do.

我不是告诉你该做什么或不该做什么。

But there are no good predictors.

但没有好的预测因素。

In fact, if you look in the literature, it is not at all clear that people who have a heightened level of anxiety when they do not smoke cannabis will experience cannabis as less paranoia inducing or more relaxing.

事实上，如果你看一下文献，你会发现，那些不吸大麻时焦虑程度较高的人是否会体验到大麻会减少偏执或更放松，这一点根本不清楚。

That's simply not the case.

事实并非如此。

Now, what we can say for sure is that general categories of effects, such as increased focus and reduced anxiety, are largely due to activation of areas like the prefrontal cortex.

现在，我们可以肯定地说，一般类别的效果，例如注意力增强和焦虑减少，很大程度上是由于前额皮质等区域的激活。

Now, unlike other compounds like nicotine or alcohol or neurotransmitter systems like dopamine, when we talk about the cannabinoid system, and I say effects, biological effects, psychoactive effects, I want you to keep in mind always, please, please, please keep in mind that those effects can be varied and often opposite in direction.

现在，与尼古丁或酒精等其他化合物或多巴胺等神经递质系统不同，当我们谈论大麻素系统时，我说的是效应、生物效应、精神作用，我希望你永远记住，请记住，请记住，这些效应可能是多种多样的，而且往往是相反的方向。

So let's just give an example of that.

让我们举一个例子。

I just mentioned that when people smoke or eat sativa, that it tends to lead to one specific set of, or generally leads to one specific set of effects, heightened focus, mood, et cetera.

我刚刚提到，当人们吸烟或吃苜蓿时，它往往会导致一组特定的效果，或者通常会导致一组特定的效果，例如高度集中注意力、情绪等等。

Whereas when they ingest or smoke indica and its components, right?

而当他们摄入或吸食籼稻及其成分时，对吗？

Again, we're still talking about THC and CBD in varying ratios, but now indica cannabis And you say, well, why would it improve the transition time to sleep?

再说一遍，我们仍在谈论不同比例的 THC 和 CBD，但现在籼稻大麻，你说，好吧，为什么它会改善睡眠过渡时间？

Or at least give people the impression that it improved the transition time to sleep.

或者至少给人一种这样的印象：它改善了睡眠的过渡时间。

We'll talk about what indica actually does for sleep in a little bit.

我们稍后会讨论籼稻对睡眠的实际作用。

But indica also tends to suppress activation of the amygdala and threat detection centers in the brain, again, binding the same CB1 receptors and those retrograde signaling mechanisms I talked about before.

但籼稻也往往会抑制杏仁核和大脑中威胁检测中心的激活，再次结合相同的 CB1 受体和我之前谈到的那些逆行信号机制。

But it also tends to shut down the hippocampus, an area of the brain associated with memory, which is why indica varieties lead to pronounced, or I should say, profound defects in short-term memory and sometimes in long-term memory as well if it's consumed over long periods of time.

但它也往往会关闭海马体，这是大脑中与记忆相关的区域，这就是为什么籼稻品种会导致短期记忆的明显缺陷，或者我应该说，短期记忆的严重缺陷，有时如果长期食用的话也会导致长期记忆缺陷。

We'll talk about short, medium, and long-term consumption, occasional consumption going forward.

我们将讨论短期、中期和长期消费，以及未来的偶尔消费。

So what I'd like you to take away from this component of the discussion is, first of all, the mechanism of action by which cannabis impacts the brain and body, but in particular the brain, is going to be through CB1 receptors, and those CB1 receptors can lead to either an acceleration or a break on particular biological mechanisms, and there are going to be a constellation of different accelerations and braking of different neural systems in the brain and body, depending on whether or not people ingest sativa or indica or some hybrid strain.

因此，我希望您从讨论的这一部分中得到的结论是，首先，大麻影响大脑和身体的作用机制，特别是大脑，将通过 CB1 受体来实现，而这些 CB1 受体可以导致特定生物机制的加速或中断，并且大脑和身体中的不同神经系统将出现一系列不同的加速和制动，具体取决于人们是否摄入苜蓿、籼稻或某种混合大麻。应变。

And perhaps most importantly, even if you didn't understand anything that I've said about the biology of these different strains and the receptors, please do understand that there is no way to predict what the effect of a given strain will be on an individual.

也许最重要的是，即使您不了解我所说的有关这些不同菌株和受体的生物学的任何内容，请务必理解，无法预测给定菌株对个体的影响。

There has been extensive exploration as to whether or not people who are so-called mellower or more anxious or any number of different personality dimensions will respond in one way or the other, but in fact, there is no way to tell.

人们已经广泛探索过所谓的“成熟”或“焦虑”或任何不同性格维度的人是否会以一种或另一种方式做出反应，但事实上，没有办法判断。

Layer on top of that the fact that dosing THC and CBD can be fairly straightforward in the form of edibles.

最重要的是，以食物的形式添加 THC 和 CBD 可以相当简单。

Because there can be, at least if it's a controlled source, a defined number of milligrams of THC, a defined number of milligrams of CBD.

因为至少在受控来源的情况下，可能存在规定数量的 THC、规定毫克数的 CBD。

That's true for ingestibles.

对于可摄入食品来说也是如此。

It's much harder to gauge that from the smokable forms of cannabis, especially if those smokable forms of cannabis are obtained through sources where there isn't a lot of clear information about the total amount of THC in that product.

从可吸食的大麻中判断这一点要困难得多，特别是如果这些可吸食的大麻是通过没有大量关于该产品中 THC 总量的明确信息的来源获得的。

Now, this is all changing quite a lot nowadays because of the commercialization of THC in CBD products and cannabis in a number of different areas, including in the United States.

现在，由于 CBD 产品和大麻中的 THC 在许多不同地区（包括美国）的商业化，这一切都发生了很大变化。

But still, many people are ingesting cannabis THC CBD through sources where they don't really know how much they're bringing into their system.

但是，许多人仍然通过来源摄入大麻 THC CBD，但他们并不真正知道自己将多少大麻带入系统。

And so whether or not someone gets incredible anxiety relief, enhanced sense of mood and focus and wellbeing, pain relief, et cetera, or whether or not they have full-blown panic attacks, et cetera, is very hard to predict based on dosage information alone.

因此，仅根据剂量信息很难预测某人是否会获得令人难以置信的焦虑缓解、情绪、注意力和幸福感增强、疼痛缓解等，或者他们是否会出现全面的恐慌发作等。

Now, of course, we can create broad categories, and we are going to talk about studies that create broad categories of low dose, moderate dose, and high dose, frequent use and infrequent use.

当然，现在我们可以创建广泛的类别，我们将讨论创建低剂量、中等剂量和高剂量、频繁使用和不经常使用的广泛类别的研究。

But unlike alcohol, unlike nicotine, we can't really point to specificity of X amount of alcohol, grams of alcohol per week, which is safe, or X amount of alcohol, which is not safe.

但与酒精、尼古丁不同，我们不能真正指出 X 量的酒精、每周的酒精克数（安全）或 X 量的酒精（不安全）的特异性。

And so I know a lot of people out there are wondering, how often can they smoke cannabis, or how often can they eat cannabis or THC or CBD in any number of its different forms and products safely?

所以我知道很多人都想知道，他们多久可以吸食大麻，或者他们多久可以安全地食用各种不同形式和产品的大麻或 THC 或 CBD？

Well, we have to really define what safely means, and we have to really acknowledge that there's a pretty loose set of controls over what one is bringing into their brain and body as they ingest THC and CBD.

好吧，我们必须真正定义什么是安全，我们必须真正承认，当人们摄入 THC 和 CBD 时，对进入大脑和身体的物质有一套相当宽松的控制。

But even under conditions in which it's very controlled, it's very hard to predict what those effects will be.

但即使在它受到严格控制的情况下，也很难预测这些影响将会是什么。

So before moving into specifics of taking cannabis or not taking cannabis, who should, who shouldn't, what the medicinal purposes are and what some of the newer exciting data point to, I just briefly want to make a list, and I promise very briefly.

因此，在详细讨论服用或不服用大麻、谁应该服用大麻、谁不应该服用大麻、大麻的药用目的是什么以及一些令人兴奋的新数据表明什么之前，我只想简单地列出一个清单，并且我保证非常简短。

I know I'm not often concise, but I do try to be thorough for your sake.

我知道我并不经常简洁，但为了您的缘故，我确实尽力做到彻底。

I want to make a very brief list of the different brain areas that are impacted by THC and CBD, and why THC and CBD have the various effects they do.

我想列出一个非常简短的列表，列出受 THC 和 CBD 影响的不同大脑区域，以及为什么 THC 和 CBD 具有各种作用。

When somebody smokes or ingests cannabis, doesn't matter what the THC or CBD ratio is, if they experience deficits in memory, and that's almost always present, that's going to be because of reductions in electrical activity within this brain region we call the hippocampus.

当有人吸烟或摄入大麻时，无论 THC 或 CBD 的比例是多少，如果他们经历记忆缺陷，而且这种情况几乎总是存在，那将是因为我们称为海马体的大脑区域内的电活动减少。

Hippocampus means seahorse.

海马的意思是海马。

It's shaped like a seahorse.

它的形状像海马。

Anatomists like to name things after what things look like.

解剖学家喜欢根据事物的外观来命名。

But hippocampus memory, memory is reduced, in particular, short-term memory.

但海马体的记忆力、记忆力下降，尤其是短期记忆。

That's true regardless of whether or not one is using sativa, indica, or some hybrid.

无论人们是否使用苜蓿、籼稻或某种杂交品种，情况都是如此。

In general, the prefrontal cortex is going to be activated by the sativa varieties, which is going to increase thinking and narrowly constrain focus to some activity, and that's more commonly associated with the sativa varieties.

一般来说，前额叶皮层将被苜蓿品种激活，这将增加思维并将注意力集中在某些活动上，这通常与苜蓿品种相关。

The indica varieties, as I mentioned before, tend to lead to a suppression of activity in prefrontal cortex, believe it or not, and turn off thinking and planning.

正如我之前提到的，籼稻品种往往会导致前额皮质活动受到抑制，无论你相信与否，并关闭思考和计划。

This is why indica varieties are often used for relaxation and for promoting sleep.

这就是为什么籼稻品种经常被用来放松和促进睡眠。

Regardless of whether or not sativa or indica variety, and again, regardless of the ratio of THC to CBD, there is a general suppression of neural circuits within the so-called basal ganglia and cerebellum.

无论是苜蓿还是籼稻品种，同样，无论 THC 与 CBD 的比例如何，所谓的基底神经节和小脑内的神经回路都会受到普遍抑制。

Basal ganglia and cerebellum are areas of the brain that are involved in action planning and withholding action, so that would be the basal ganglia, so-called go, no-go circuitry, and the cerebellum, which is involved in balance, but also motor planning and motor sequencing.

基底神经节和小脑是大脑中参与行动计划和抑制行动的区域，因此这将是基底神经节，即所谓的“走、不走”电路，而小脑则参与平衡，但也参与运动规划和运动排序。

This is why people who smoke marijuana Regardless of the strain, will tend to be less physically mobile.

这就是为什么吸食大麻的人无论压力如何，身体活动能力都会较差。

Other common effects are reddening of the eyes, dryness of the mouth.

其他常见的影响是眼睛发红、口干。

That's actually caused by the same general mechanism, which is a reduction in the secretion of saliva and of sort of tears and lubrication of the eyes from the lacrimal glands of the eyes because of the presence of largely CB2, but also CB1 receptors in the mouth and on the eyes.

这实际上是由相同的一般机制引起的，即唾液和眼泪的分泌减少，以及眼睛泪腺对眼睛的润滑减少，因为口腔和眼睛中存在大量 CB2 受体，但也存在 CB1 受体。

And there tends to be, especially with certain strains of cannabis, increase in appetite, the so-called munchies.

尤其是某些大麻品种，往往会增加食欲，即所谓的零食。

And that has everything to do with very, very high density of CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus, and in particular areas of the hypothalamus like the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, other areas as well, of course, that have tons of CB1 receptors, bind THC and CBD, and activate the neurons that strongly stimulate appetite through two mechanisms.

这与下丘脑中非常非常高的 CB1 受体密度有关，尤其是下丘脑的弓状核等下丘脑的特定区域，当然其他区域也有大量的 CB1 受体，结合 THC 和 CBD，并通过两种机制激活强烈刺激食欲的神经元。

One is a cognitive mechanism of creating a preoccupation with food and anticipation of taste, as well as the experience of taste.

一种是产生对食物的关注和对味觉的预期以及味觉体验的认知机制。

So the narrowing of focus to what you want to go eat.

因此，将注意力集中在你想吃什么上。

You really crave, I don't know, pizza.

我不知道，你真的很想吃披萨。

It seems to be high fat, high carbohydrate foods, but really crave pizza, and narrowing of focus so that you're not thinking about anything else, but also signaling from the hypothalamus to the gut to neurons within the stomach itself that regulate blood sugar.

它似乎是高脂肪、高碳水化合物的食物，但实际上很想吃披萨，并且缩小注意力，这样你就不会考虑其他任何事情，而且还从下丘脑到肠道再到胃本身调节血糖的神经元发出信号。

So there are strong effects on blood sugar of THC and CBD that generally lead to increases in appetite.

因此，THC 和 CBD 对血糖有强烈影响，通常会导致食欲增加。

So two parallel mechanisms, one within the brain, one within the body, increasing appetite.

因此有两种平行的机制，一种在大脑内，一种在身体内，增加食欲。

So there's an array of different effects.

所以会有一系列不同的效果。

And as I mentioned before, CB1 receptors are present all over the nervous system in the brain, the spinal cord.

正如我之前提到的，CB1 受体遍布大脑和脊髓的神经系统。

In fact, the presence of CB1 receptors in the spinal cord largely explains the fact that THC and CBD, to some extent, although it's not very well studied, can provide some pain relief.

事实上，脊髓中CB1受体的存在很大程度上解释了THC和CBD在某种程度上可以提供一定的疼痛缓解作用，虽然还没有得到很好的研究。

I say some because a lot of people perceive or believe that they experience more pain relief from cannabis than they actually do.

我说一些是因为很多人认为或相信他们从大麻中获得的疼痛缓解效果比实际效果更好。

It actually has a lot to do with a perceptual shift to basically focusing on other things.

实际上，这与基本上关注其他事物的知觉转变有很大关系。

But there does seem to be some antinociceptive, meaning anti-pain effects of cannabis, THC in particular, and that is exerted largely through effects on CB1 receptors in neurons of the spinal cord.

但似乎确实有一些镇痛作用，即大麻（尤其是 THC）的抗痛作用，这主要是通过对脊髓神经元中的 CB1 受体的影响来发挥作用的。

So a broad array of effects are taking place regardless of what strain you take and whether or not you eat the cannabis or you smoke the cannabis.

因此，无论您服用哪种大麻，无论您是否吃大麻或吸大麻，都会发生一系列广泛的影响。

And the broad array of effects can be explained by the fact that that retrograde signaling can lead to activation or suppression of activity in various neurons.

逆行信号传导可以导致各种神经元活动的激活或抑制，这一事实可以解释广泛的影响。

So now I'd like to take a step back from the biology of cannabis and THC and CBD and all the signaling and receptors, et cetera, and really just focus on cannabis use.

所以现在我想从大麻、THC、CBD 以及所有信号传导和受体等的生物学中退一步，真正专注于大麻的使用。

And wherever possible, I will point to the specific strains that have been studied and the ratios of THC to CBD.

只要有可能，我将指出已研究的具体菌株以及 THC 与 CBD 的比例。

But I have to say that unfortunately, most studies of marijuana, of cannabis, while they have been very careful to detail the amount of THC, low dose, medium dose, or high dose, and actually getting very specific, right down to the number of milligrams or even how much circulating THC is present after somebody smokes a joint or ingests cannabis, most studies have not distinguished between sativa and indica strains.

但我不得不说，不幸的是，大多数关于大麻的研究，虽然他们非常仔细地详细说明 THC 的含量，低剂量、中剂量或高剂量，而且实际上非常具体，精确到毫克数，甚至有人吸食大麻或摄入大麻后循环中存在多少 THC，但大多数研究没有区分苜蓿和籼稻菌株。

And that's unfortunate because in the real world, people are distinguishing between sativa and indica strains in their patterns of use and what they prefer and what they don't prefer, even what they prefer to smoke during the day or ingest during the day versus night.

这是不幸的，因为在现实世界中，人们会根据使用模式以及他们喜欢什么和不喜欢什么来区分苜蓿和籼稻菌株，甚至他们喜欢在白天吸烟或在白天与晚上摄入什么。

Believe it or not, there are people who are using certain strains during the day and other strains at night.

不管你相信与否，有些人在白天使用某些菌株，在晚上使用其他菌株。

But the science has yet to catch up to that, or I should say more accurately, the general public and the themes that are emerging and the practices that are emerging around cannabis, especially in states where it's decriminalized or legalized, are occurring at such a rapid rate that there's absolutely no way that the science could keep up.

但科学还没有跟上这一点，或者我应该更准确地说，公众以及围绕大麻正在出现的主题和做法，特别是在大麻非刑罪化或合法化的州，发生的速度如此之快，以至于科学绝对无法跟上。

This is a naturally occurring experiment.

This is a naturally occurring experiment.

Not to say that it's natural, like people should do it, but it's an experiment that's happening in real time in the real world much faster than controlled studies within university laboratories and other laboratories can keep up.

并不是说这是自然的，就像人们应该做的那样，但这是一个在现实世界中实时发生的实验，其速度比大学实验室和其他实验室内的对照研究要快得多。

So at this point, I think it's appropriate to ask ourselves, why do people even use cannabis?

因此，在这一点上，我认为应该问自己，为什么人们甚至使用大麻？

I mean, what are they trying to achieve?

I mean, what are they trying to achieve?

Is it always about not feeling pain?

Is it always about not feeling pain?

Is it always about reducing anxiety?

Is it always about reducing anxiety?

Well, sometimes it is, but oftentimes people are using cannabis in order to achieve a particular state.

嗯，有时确实如此，但人们常常使用大麻来达到某种特定的状态。

And we could use a broad brush and say, well, they just like being high.

我们可以笼统地说，他们就是喜欢高调。

But while that may be true in a lot of circumstances, and I have to believe it actually is true in a lot of circumstances, there are a lot of people who use cannabis in a very directed way, or they get "high" in order to achieve states that to them are particularly attractive.

但是，虽然在很多情况下这可能是正确的，而且我必须相信在很多情况下确实如此，但有很多人以非常直接的方式使用大麻，或者他们变得“兴奋”以达到对他们特别有吸引力的状态。

And one such state is a state of creativity.

And one such state is a state of creativity.

And this brings us to a broader theme, which is, does cannabis increase creativity?

这给我们带来了一个更广泛的主题，即大麻会增加创造力吗？

And if so, is it the THC, the CBD?

And if so, is it the THC, the CBD?

What's the appropriate ratio or the best ratio for accessing creativity?

获得创造力的适当比例或最佳比例是多少？

This is an interesting and important discussion, I believe, because creativity is one of the more sought-after and more elusive states that humans can experience.

我认为，这是一个有趣且重要的讨论，因为创造力是人类可以体验到的更受追捧、更难以捉摸的状态之一。

And yet, if you look at human evolution, you look at our progression in terms of technology development and culture and music and poetry, et cetera, we really can look to creativity as the state that fostered so much of that evolution.

然而，如果你看看人类的进化，看看我们在技术发展、文化、音乐和诗歌等方面的进步，我们确实可以将创造力视为促进如此多进化的状态。

So whether or not you're into technology or you're into art or music, whether or not you're just somebody who wants to expand their understanding or their experience of life in some way, creativity is a fundamentally important state to try and access and to try and access regularly and to try and tap into in order to eventually produce something, in order to create something of meaning that exists not just in that creative state, but to yourself after that creative state has gone away.

因此，无论你是否热衷于技术、艺术或音乐，无论你是否只是想以某种方式扩展自己的理解或生活体验，创造力都是一种至关重要的状态，需要尝试和定期地尝试和利用，并尝试和挖掘以最终产生一些东西，以便创造出一些有意义的东西，这些东西不仅存在于创造性状态中，而且在创造性状态消失后对你自己也存在意义。

So the painting that you paint in the creative state hopefully is a painting that still inspires and has impact after you exit that creative state, and that will inspire others.

因此，希望你在创作状态下画的画在你退出创作状态后仍然能激发灵感并产生影响，并能启发他人。

And this could be true for any number of different things, not just painting.

这对于许多不同的事物都是如此，而不仅仅是绘画。

So does cannabis increase creativity?

So does cannabis increase creativity?

The short answer is, it depends.

简短的回答是，这取决于。

First of all, we need to define creativity, right?

首先，我们需要定义创造力，对吗？

Here we are thinking as scientists, if not already scientists.

在这里，我们正在以科学家的身份思考，如果还不是科学家的话。

And there are basically two modes of thinking that are associated with creativity, and they don't completely explain creativity, but if you look in the research, the psychology research and the neuroscience research, you'll hear about convergent thinking and divergent thinking.

基本上有两种思维模式与创造力相关，它们并不能完全解释创造力，但如果你看看心理学研究和神经科学研究，你会听到聚合思维和发散思维。

Convergent thinking is taking loose ideas and kind of braiding them together, finding a common thread, synthesizing and organizing those different ideas into some common or specific framework in order to get or create some specific outcome.

聚合思维是将松散的想法编织在一起，找到共同的线索，将这些不同的想法综合并组织到一些共同或特定的框架中，以获得或创造一些特定的结果。

So convergent thinking is basically the person in the room who's listening to all the ideas and taking them all in.

因此，聚合思维基本上就是房间里的人倾听所有想法并将其全部吸收。

Maybe it's a panel of how should we get a certain product out to market?

也许这是一个关于我们应该如何将某种产品推向市场的小组？

Or, what are the different motifs that we should include in a piece of music?

或者，我们应该在一首音乐中包含哪些不同的主题？

Or, what should we do in terms of re-architecting a given physical space?

或者，在重新构建给定的物理空间方面我们应该做什么？

Taking in those different opinions, those different ideas from different people, and then synthesizing them and coming up with one or a small subset of coherent ideas that incorporate some or all of the ones that they heard.

吸收来自不同人的不同意见、不同想法，然后将它们综合起来，并提出一个或一小部分连贯的想法，其中包含了他们听到的部分或全部想法。

Okay, so that's convergent thinking.

Okay, so that's convergent thinking.

It doesn't have to involve a panel of people talking to you.

它不一定需要一群人与您交谈。

I use that as an example of what goes on inside your own head when you are engaging in convergent thinking.

我用它作为一个例子，说明当你进行聚合思维时，你自己的头脑中会发生什么。

You're thinking, well, so and so said this, and I think that, and you're kind of braiding them through and trying to get some common theme, some common vector to emerge from that.

你在想，嗯，某某说这个，我想那个，然后你将它们编织起来，并试图从中找出一些共同的主题，一些共同的向量。

Divergent thinking, on the other hand, is best described as brainstorming.

另一方面，发散性思维最好被描述为头脑风暴。

It's exploring ideas and continuing to move into the variation and the vastness of ideas in hopes of eventually being able to converge on some novel idea or framework.

它正在探索想法并继续进入想法的变化和浩瀚，希望最终能够收敛到一些新颖的想法或框架。

Okay?

好的？

So these are similar and related, but typically, the creativity process involves first brainstorming and divergent thinking, and then in order to arrive at something, to actually create something, right, the verb create, not just thinking about what you might create, which occurs during divergent thinking, but actually creating something, a specific painting, a specific song, a specific body of literature, a specific scientific project or experiment, and so on.

所以这些是相似和相关的，但通常，创造力过程首先涉及集思广益和发散性思维，然后为了达到某种目的，实际创造一些东西，对，动词创造，不仅仅是思考你可能创造什么，这发生在发散性思维过程中，而是实际创造一些东西，一幅特定的绘画，一首特定的歌曲，特定的文学作品，特定的科学项目或实验，等等。

That usually involves convergent thinking.

That usually involves convergent thinking.

Now, these can be explored in the laboratory, and they can be explored in the laboratories through sets of different types of questionnaires or even tasks that you can give human subjects, and this has been done extensively.

现在，这些可以在实验室中进行探索，可以通过一组不同类型的问卷甚至可以给人类受试者的任务来探索它们，并且这已经被广泛完成。

And across the entire body of data, and by that I mean literally hundreds of studies that have explored the relationship between particular neural circuits and neurochemicals, convergent and divergent thinking, we can arrive at a principle.

通过整个数据体，我的意思是数百项研究，这些研究探索了特定神经回路和神经化学物质、聚合思维和发散思维之间的关系，我们可以得出一个原则。

And the principle involves a molecule that many of you have heard about before, which is dopamine.

这个原理涉及到一个你们很多人以前都听说过的分子，那就是多巴胺。

Dopamine is a neuromodulator.

多巴胺是一种神经调节剂。

It's involved in motivation, and it tends to direct our attention to things outside of us, but it's also closely related to convergent thinking and divergent thinking and to the creative process.

它与动机有关，它倾向于将我们的注意力引向外部事物，但它也与聚合思维和发散思维以及创造性过程密切相关。

And therefore, it should come as no surprise that diseases of the nervous system, excuse me, such as bipolar disorder, of which we've done an episode all about bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia, or mood disorders that impact the levels of dopamine, either make it way too high or way too low, strongly impact whether or not people will be creative.

因此，神经系统疾病，例如双相情感障碍，我们已经做了一集关于双相情感障碍的内容，或者精神分裂症，或者影响多巴胺水平的情绪障碍，这应该不足为奇，要么让它太高要么太低，强烈影响人们是否有创造力。

And I think the short takeaway that makes the most sense in terms of framing this, and we cover this on the episode on bipolar disorder, sometimes called bipolar depression, is that in professions where there's a lot of creativity required in order to succeed, so again, musicians, composers, artists, et cetera, you tend to find more manic depression.

我认为在框架方面最有意义的简短要点是，在双相情感障碍（有时称为双相抑郁症）的一集中，在需要大量创造力才能成功的职业中，同样，音乐家、作曲家、艺术家等，你往往会发现更多的躁狂抑郁症。

And manic depression, at least in the manic states, the hyperactive states, are correlated with elevated levels of dopamine.

躁狂抑郁症，至少在躁狂状态、过度活跃状态下，与多巴胺水平升高相关。

Likewise, it has been seen over and over throughout history that individuals that have mild forms of schizophrenia or even full-blown schizophrenia, many famous painters, for instance, or musicians, they are known to have elevated levels of dopamine, and they are quite creative.

同样，历史上我们也多次看到，患有轻度精神分裂症甚至完全精神分裂症的人，例如许多著名画家或音乐家，众所周知，他们的多巴胺水平较高，而且非常有创造力。

Now, that doesn't mean everybody who's creative has elevated levels of dopamine, although it's likely that their levels of dopamine are at least not diminished.

现在，这并不意味着每个有创造力的人的多巴胺水平都升高，尽管他们的多巴胺水平可能至少没有降低。

And it doesn't mean that non-creative people have low levels of dopamine, so don't get carried away with the interpretation here.

这并不意味着缺乏创造力的人多巴胺水平较低，所以不要被这里的解释冲昏头脑。

But the point is this.

但重点是这个。

Dopamine levels strongly relate to the probability that you can engage in convergent and divergent thinking, and they do so in the following way.

多巴胺水平与您进行聚合和发散思维的可能性密切相关，它们是通过以下方式实现的。

When dopamine levels are high, divergent thinking is more likely.

当多巴胺水平很高时，发散思维的可能性就更大。

That is, when people have a lot of dopamine circulating in their system, they tend to be very expansive with their ideas.

也就是说，当人们体内循环大量多巴胺时，他们的想法往往会非常广泛。

They tend to brainstorm a lot.

They tend to brainstorm a lot.

They tend to be comfortable and even want to or reflexively throw out a lot of ideas that sometimes even seem a little disconnected.

他们往往会感到舒服，甚至想要或条件反射地抛出很多有时甚至看起来有点脱节的想法。

Some people might think of this as kind of attention deficit, but it's not.

有些人可能认为这是注意力缺陷，但事实并非如此。

It's really the idea of throwing out disparate ideas, right?

这确实是抛弃不同想法的想法，对吗？

You hear sometimes you throw things against the wall and see what sticks.

你听说有时你把东西扔到墙上，看看什么能粘住。

Well, these people, that's obviously an analogy, but people are throwing lots of things against the wall and seeing what stick, and then seeing how the things that stick fit together.

嗯，这些人，这显然是一个类比，但是人们把很多东西扔到墙上，看看什么粘在一起，然后看看这些东西如何粘在一起。

That's divergent thinking, and elevations in dopamine tend to increase divergent thinking.

这就是发散性思维，而多巴胺的升高往往会增加发散性思维。

However, they tend to do this in a kind of an inverted U shape way.

然而，他们倾向于以一种倒U形的方式做到这一点。

For those of you that are watching on YouTube, I'm just drawing kind of a hump, obviously.

对于那些在 YouTube 上观看的人来说，显然我只是画了一个驼峰。

And for those of you listening, just imagine a U, the shape of a letter U, and then just flip it upside down so it looks like a bump.

对于那些正在听的人来说，想象一个 U，字母 U 的形状，然后将其翻转过来，使其看起来像一个凸起。

Turns out that when dopamine levels are very low, there's a low probability of divergent thinking.

事实证明，当多巴胺水平非常低时，出现发散思维的可能性很小。

When dopamine levels are high, as I mentioned before, there's a high level or probability of divergent thinking.

正如我之前提到的，当多巴胺水平很高时，发散思维的水平或可能性就很高。

But when dopamine levels go very high, then there's again a reduction in divergent thinking.

但当多巴胺水平非常高时，发散性思维就会再次减少。

In other words, there's a kind of a sweet spot of elevated dopamine for divergent thinking.

换句话说，多巴胺升高有一种发散思维的最佳状态。

And again, divergent thinking is critical for the creativity process because Creativity by definition is taking a novel set of ideas and arranging them in a particular way, or taking existing ideas and arranging them in a novel way that then you eventually converge on some new product, new idea, new song, etcetera.

再说一次，发散性思维对于创造力过程至关重要，因为创造力的定义是采用一组新颖的想法并以特定的方式排列它们，或者采用现有的想法并以新颖的方式排列它们，然后你最终会集中在一些新产品、新想法、新歌曲等上。

Now, convergent thinking follows a very different pattern.

现在，聚合思维遵循一种截然不同的模式。

When dopamine levels are high, convergent thinking is not very likely, and when dopamine levels are low, convergent thinking is very likely.

当多巴胺水平高时，不太可能出现趋同性思维，而当多巴胺水平较低时，则很可能出现趋同性思维。

So here, using arguably a very reductionist view, we're looking at all of this thing of we're calling creativity through a very neuroscience-y reductionist lens, we can say this.

所以在这里，可以说，使用一种非常还原论的观点，我们通过一个非常神经科学的还原论镜头来看待我们称之为创造力的所有这些东西，我们可以这样说。

The creative process involves going into a state where you're willing to consider a lot of options, many of which seem distantly or not even connected to one another.

创作过程涉及到进入一种状态，在这种状态下，你愿意考虑很多选择，其中许多选择看起来很遥远，甚至彼此没有联系。

And dopamine facilitates that divergent thinking state in which you are perfectly happy and in fact, experience a kind of a joy, a relation, a comfort, and a pleasure in organizing all these different ideas that to anyone else might seem not that related.

多巴胺会促进发散性思维状态，在这种状态下，你会感到非常快乐，事实上，在组织所有这些不同的想法时，你会体验到一种快乐、一种关系、一种舒适和一种乐趣，而这些想法在其他人看来可能并不相关。

But when your dopamine levels are elevated, these all seem like great ideas and that maybe there are connections there, right?

但当你的多巴胺水平升高时，这些看起来都是很棒的想法，而且也许其中存在联系，对吗？

You're not accepting all of them as true and valid and interesting and combining them, but there's this idea that it's worth entertaining the possibility, at least for moments.

你不会接受所有这些都是真实的、有效的和有趣的，并将它们结合起来，但有这样的想法，即值得考虑这种可能性，至少暂时是这样。

And then as dopamine levels drop, there is the process of convergent thinking, which is taking options down off the wall, saying, "No, no, that doesn't fit with that.

然后，随着多巴胺水平下降，就会出现趋同思维的过程，即从墙上取下选项，说：“不，不，这不符合这个要求。

That doesn't fit with that.

That doesn't fit with that.

But ah, that fits with that, and that can work.

But ah, that fits with that, and that can work.

That feels right or sounds right or looks right." That's the creativity process.

这感觉不错，或者听起来不错，或者看起来不错。” That's the creativity process.

And so I think this is not just important for understanding cannabis, which we'll get back to in a moment, but it's important for understanding creativity and brain states in general.

所以我认为这不仅对于理解大麻很重要（我们稍后会讨论），而且对于理解一般的创造力和大脑状态也很重要。

Brain states are not, as we would say, a square wave function.

正如我们所说，大脑状态并不是方波函数。

You don't just drop into a trench of creativity.

You don't just drop into a trench of creativity.

Creativity is not an event, it's a process.

Creativity is not an event, it's a process.

And what I'm telling you is that it's a process that involves divergent thinking and consideration of a lot of different ideas.

我要告诉你的是，这是一个涉及发散性思维和考虑许多不同想法的过程。

That's correlated with high, but not too high dopamine.

这与高但不太高的多巴胺相关。

And then one has to transition into a state of convergent thinking, which is really homing in on the ideas that seem to have validity or that could have validity and getting rid of everything else, and that's associated with low dopamine.

然后，人们必须转变为一种聚合思维的状态，这种状态实际上是专注于那些似乎有效或可能有效的想法，并摆脱其他一切，这与低多巴胺有关。

It's more about logical implementation and consideration as opposed to thinking about and considering everything.

更多的是逻辑的实现和考虑，而不是思考和考虑一切。

So let's now return to the question of whether or not cannabis and its different components increase creativity.

现在让我们回到大麻及其不同成分是否能提高创造力的问题。

And when you look at the literature on this, you find studies that very clearly point to a yes, it increases creativity.

当你查看这方面的文献时，你会发现研究非常清楚地表明，是的，它可以提高创造力。

And it's not surprising, therefore, that cannabis can increase dopamine transmission, that is dopamine levels, in certain brain areas, in particular brain areas involved in thinking and planning.

因此，大麻可以增加某些大脑区域，特别是涉及思考和计划的大脑区域的多巴胺传输，即多巴胺水平，这并不奇怪。

Okay, so cannabis increases dopamine in these areas, elevated dopamine increases divergent thinking, and divergent thinking is associated with creativity, and there are studies that support the idea that cannabis can increase creativity.

好吧，所以大麻会增加这些区域的多巴胺，升高的多巴胺会增加发散性思维，而发散性思维与创造力有关，并且有研究支持大麻可以提高创造力的观点。

However, there are at least as many studies that say that cannabis does not increase creativity, that cannabis increases consideration of multiple ideas, perhaps through elevation of dopamine and related systems, but that ultimately the ideas that converge from that are not truly creative ideas.

然而，至少有同样多的研究表明，大麻不会增加创造力，大麻可能会通过提高多巴胺和相关系统来增加对多种想法的考虑，但最终从中汇聚的想法并不是真正的创造性想法。

At least they don't meet the criteria for creative brainstorming and extraction of ideas that are truly novel.

至少它们不符合创造性头脑风暴和提取真正新颖的想法的标准。

So it doesn't increase creativity.

So it doesn't increase creativity.

So which one is it?

那么是哪一个呢？

Well, fortunately, there's an entirely distinct set of literature that has taken all the other literature into consideration, and here's where we arrive.

好吧，幸运的是，有一套完全不同的文献，它考虑了所有其他文献，这就是我们到达的地方。

So there's a really nice study that explored creativity in cannabis users, and we will provide a link to this study.

因此，有一项非常好的研究探索了大麻使用者的创造力，我们将提供该研究的链接。

First author is Emily LaFrance, and the title of the paper, it's somewhat amusing in its own right, which is it starts with a question, Inspired by Mary Jane?

第一作者是 Emily LaFrance，论文的标题本身就有点有趣，它是从一个问题开始的，灵感来自玛丽·简？

Of course, Mary Jane being one of the kind of old school versions of, or ways of talking about cannabis or marijuana.

当然，玛丽·简是一种老式版本的大麻或大麻的谈论方式之一。

Nowadays, people refer to it mainly as pot.

现在人们主要称其为锅。

It has other names too, of course.

当然，它还有其他名称。

And the title of the paper is Inspired by Mary Jane?

论文的标题是《玛丽·简的灵感》？

Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Creativity in Cannabis Users.

大麻使用者创造力增强的机制。

And I really like this study for a couple of reasons.

我真的很喜欢这项研究，原因有几个。

First of all, they looked at people who did not use cannabis as well as people who used cannabis, so they had two different groups, but they did not evaluate creativity of the cannabis users while they were under the influence of cannabis.

首先，他们研究了不使用大麻的人和使用大麻的人，因此他们有两个不同的群体，但他们没有评估大麻使用者在大麻影响下的创造力。

They looked at the level of creativity in these cannabis users when they were not under the influence of cannabis and asked whether or not their ability to be creative was enhanced by cannabis.

他们研究了这些大麻使用者在不受大麻影响时的创造力水平，并询问大麻是否增强了他们的创造力。

Now, we're going to compare this to studies in which people come into the laboratory and actually use cannabis, and then they evaluate creativity under that context.

现在，我们将把它与人们进入实验室并实际使用大麻的研究进行比较，然后他们在这种背景下评估创造力。

But this study has some unique takeaways that I think are really interesting.

但这项研究有一些我认为非常有趣的独特结论。

First of all, they did, yes, see evidence for enhanced creativity.

首先，是的，他们确实看到了创造力增强的证据。

And when I say enhanced creativity, I mean within the context of this divergent thinking thing that I talked about a moment ago.

当我说增强创造力时，我的意思是在我刚才谈到的发散思维的背景下。

And when I say enhanced, I mean significantly greater than in non-users, so people that don't use cannabis.

当我说增强时，我的意思是明显高于非使用者，即不使用大麻的人。

So right now, I can imagine that all the cannabis users are cheering, "Yes, cannabis increases creativity, makes people more creative than they would be otherwise." Well, this is interesting.

所以现在，我可以想象所有大麻使用者都在欢呼，“是的，大麻增加了创造力，使人们比其他情况下更有创造力。”嗯，这很有趣。

We have to ask ourselves how that was accomplished.

我们必须问自己这是如何实现的。

And it turns out that one of the major ways in which it was accomplished is that cannabis users, even if they are not under the influence of cannabis, are far more open to novel ideas, and they have a more explorative and sort of reduced anxiety, or I should say lower anxiety mode of thinking when they explore novel ideas, which is essential for divergent thinking.

事实证明，实现这一目标的主要方式之一是大麻使用者，即使他们没有受到大麻的影响，对新奇的想法也更加持开放态度，他们更具探索性，并且在某种程度上减少了焦虑，或者我应该说，当他们探索新奇的想法时，他们的焦虑程度较低，这对于发散性思维至关重要。

So they observe both enhanced divergent and convergent creative type thinking in cannabis users.

因此，他们观察到大麻使用者的发散型和聚合型创造性思维都增强了。

And the source of that They conclude is, and here I'll just quote, "Cannabis users' higher levels of openness to experience are responsible for their enhanced self-reported creativity and convergent thinking test performance."

他们的结论的来源是，在这里我只想引用，“大麻使用者对体验的更高水平的开放性是他们增强的自我报告创造力和聚合思维测试表现的原因。”

So it's not necessarily that cannabis is increasing the capacity of the brain areas that are associated with creativity, but rather cannabis appears to be increasing an openness and probably doing that in part through lowering anxiety in particular people.

因此，大麻并不一定会增加与创造力相关的大脑区域的能力，而是大麻似乎会增加开放性，并且可能部分通过降低特定人群的焦虑来实现这一点。

And that openness is leading to inclusion of more ideas during the divergent thinking process, right?

这种开放性会导致在发散性思维过程中包含更多想法，对吗？

They're willing to consider throwing up more things on the wall to see if they stick, so to speak.

可以这么说，他们愿意考虑在墙上扔更多的东西，看看它们是否能粘住。

So in their conclusions, they have a really nice statement.

所以在他们的结论中，他们有一个非常好的陈述。

Again, I'll just read from the paper because they said it better than I ever could.

再说一遍，我只会阅读报纸，因为他们说得比我更好。

Quote, "While mainstream media has propagated the idea that cannabis expands the mind and enhances creativity, our results show the link between cannabis and creativity is largely a spurious correlation," meaning that it's not the case that cannabis increases creativity.

引用：“虽然主流媒体宣传大麻可以拓展思维并增强创造力，但我们的研究结果表明大麻和创造力之间的联系很大程度上是一种虚假的相关性”，这意味着大麻并不能提高创造力。

But, and I inserted the but in this quote, "But driven by differences in personality that are related to cannabis use.

但是，我在这句话中插入了“但是”，“但是受到与大麻使用相关的性格差异的驱动。

For example, openness to experience that are related to both cannabis use and augmented creativity." This is a real chicken egg argument.

例如，对与大麻使用和增强创造力相关的体验持开放态度。”这真是鸡生蛋蛋生鸡的争论。

What do I mean by that?

我这么说是什么意思？

What I mean is this paper finds that people who are more open to experience are more likely to use cannabis, and people who use cannabis are going to be more open to new experiences.

我的意思是，这篇论文发现，对体验更加开放的人更有可能使用大麻，而使用大麻的人也会对新体验更加开放。

And that combination of features, openness to experience and what that openness to new experiences brings, enhances the convergent and divergent thinking that is characteristic of the creative process.

这种特征、对经验的开放性以及对新体验的开放性带来的东西的结合，增强了创意过程特征的聚合和发散思维。

So in short, cannabis increases creativity, but through changes in personality that tap into the creative process rather than directly impacting the neural circuits that, for instance, turn on creativity.

简而言之，大麻可以提高创造力，但通过改变性格来发挥创造力，而不是直接影响神经回路，例如开启创造力。

And I have to say, this study is really important because by exploring cannabis users not while under the influence of cannabis, they were able to tap into this very important, what I believe to be fact.

我不得不说，这项研究非常重要，因为通过探索大麻使用者而不是在大麻的影响下，他们能够利用这一非常重要的东西，我认为这是事实。

Because if you think about a study in which you would have one group using cannabis and another group not using cannabis, and then you give them some task that taps into creativity, you will see effects, and very likely you'll see effects where cannabis might even increase divergent, convergent thinking and creativity.

因为如果你考虑一项研究，其中一组使用大麻，另一组不使用大麻，然后你给他们一些激发创造力的任务，你会看到效果，而且很可能你会看到大麻甚至可能增加发散性、聚合性思维和创造力的效果。

Those results have actually been published many times before.

这些结果实际上之前已经发表过很多次了。

But given the varied effects of cannabis and THC that we talked about earlier through all that complex signaling stuff, you can imagine that there will also be other studies, and in fact there are, where divergent and convergent thinking and creativity is not assisted by cannabis and might even be reduced by ingesting cannabis.

但考虑到我们之前通过所有复杂的信号物质讨论过的大麻和四氢大麻酚的不同影响，你可以想象还会有其他研究，事实上也有，大麻不会帮助发散和趋同的思维和创造力，甚至可能会因摄入大麻而减少。

However, if one considers that divergent thinking is absolutely crucial to the creativity process, and the range of things that one will explore will be enhanced by openness and by reduced levels of anxiety, so a willingness to explore different options, some of which might seem completely crazy, and cannabis increases the personality types and reduces the anxiety that create that sense of openness, well, then it makes perfect sense why cannabis would increase creativity in certain individuals, but not directly.

然而，如果人们认为发散性思维对于创造力过程绝对至关重要，并且人们将探索的事物范围将通过开放性和焦虑水平的降低而增强，因此愿意探索不同的选择，其中一些可能看起来完全疯狂，而大麻增加了人格类型并减少了创造开放感的焦虑，那么大麻会增加某些人的创造力，但不是直接增加，那就完全有道理了。

And this study, the one I just referred to, which I should say was published in the journal Consciousness and Cognition, again, we'll provide a link to it, did a wonderful job of teasing out this impact of cannabis on personality, which then impacts creativity.

我刚才提到的这项研究，我应该说它发表在《意识与认知》杂志上，我们将再次提供它的链接，它出色地阐明了大麻对人格的影响，进而影响创造力。

So if somebody asks you, or if you're wondering, or if you feel like cannabis increases creativity, in some sense the answer is yes, but the answer is yes because of the ways that it shapes openness to new ideas, and can, I should say can, because not in everybody, but can in some individuals reduce anxiety.

因此，如果有人问你，或者你想知道，或者你觉得大麻可以增加创造力，从某种意义上来说，答案是肯定的，但答案是肯定的，因为它塑造了对新想法的开放性，并且可以，我应该说可以，因为不是每个人都能减少焦虑，但可以在某些人身上减少焦虑。

What this means is that if you are somebody who experiences anxiety or increased levels of focus from cannabis, regardless of the strain, and here I have to imagine people are exploring different strains if they're exploring them at all, exploring different modes of delivery, smoking or ingestible, et cetera.

这意味着，如果你是一个因大麻而感到焦虑或注意力集中的人，无论大麻的种类如何，我都必须想象人们正在探索不同的大麻品种，如果他们正在探索它们，探索不同的输送方式、吸烟或摄入等。

If you're somebody who experiences anxiety, it's very likely that you won't have the increased openness to experience and divergent ideas that will facilitate creativity.

如果你是一个经历过焦虑的人，那么你很可能不会更加开放地接受有助于创造力的经历和发散的想法。

However, if you are somebody who achieves heightened levels of relaxation and reduced levels of anxiety from cannabis, regardless of which strain we happen to be talking about, well, then yes, it will position you to be in a heightened state of creativity, at least as defined by convergent and divergent thinking.

然而，如果你是一个通过大麻获得高度放松和降低焦虑水平的人，无论我们碰巧谈论的是哪种压力，那么，是的，它会让你处于高度的创造力状态，至少从聚合和发散思维的定义来看是这样。

One of the more characteristic, or I should say stereotype qualities of people that smoke a lot of marijuana or ingest cannabis through other means, is their changed patterns of speech.

吸食大量大麻或通过其他方式摄入大麻的人的更典型的特征之一，或者我应该说是刻板印象，是他们的言语模式发生了变化。

In fact, there's a kind of a lore in the clinical realm that you can predict or get some strong indication as to whether or not somebody is a cannabis user, a pot smoker based on their voice, and their particular tone of voice, and their lack of inflection.

事实上，在临床领域有一种传说，你可以根据某人的声音、特定的语气以及语调的缺乏来预测或得到一些强有力的迹象来判断某人是否是大麻使用者、吸食大麻者。

There's a lot of speculation here, but fortunately, it's been studied.

这里有很多猜测，但幸运的是，它已经被研究过。

So I'd like to discuss now whether or not cannabis can impact patterns of speech, both acutely, meaning while under the influence of cannabis, and over time in chronic cannabis users.

因此，我现在想讨论大麻是否会严重影响言语模式，即在大麻的影响下，以及随着时间的推移，长期吸食大麻的人的言语模式。

And when I say chronic cannabis use, I want to be very specific what I mean.

当我说长期使用大麻时，我想非常具体地表达我的意思。

Chronic cannabis use does not necessarily mean that people are smoking cannabis or ingesting cannabis every day.

长期使用大麻并不一定意味着人们每天都吸食大麻或摄入大麻。

Although certainly if they are, that qualifies as chronic use.

当然，如果确实如此，那就属于长期使用。

Chronic use is regular use over time of anywhere from twice a week or more.

长期使用是指每周两次或以上定期使用。

So using cannabis once a month would not be considered chronic use, even if it's for many, many years.

因此，每月使用一次大麻不会被视为长期使用，即使是很多年。

Using cannabis or ingesting cannabis in some way or form twice a week would be considered chronic use.

每周两次使用大麻或以某种方式或形式摄入大麻将被视为长期使用。

And then of course, some of you out there are going to ask me to split hairs and say, "Well, what if somebody uses it twice a month?"

当然，你们中的一些人会要求我吹毛求疵地说，“好吧，如果有人每月使用两次怎么办？”

Well, listen, the clinical literature and the scientific literature don't get that specific, and of course, there are an infinite number of ways to arrange one's cannabis use.

好吧，听着，临床文献和科学文献并没有那么具体，当然，安排大麻使用的方法有无数种。

Everything from zero, none at all, to constantly every day, all day, and everywhere in between.

一切从零、完全没有，到每天、全天、以及介于两者之间的任何地方。

But think of chronic use as twice a week or more, think of occasional use as less than that, and realize that within the realm of chronic use, excuse me, that or more can be anywhere from twice a week to every day to just in the evenings, et cetera.

但是，将长期使用视为每周两次或以上，将偶尔使用视为每周两次或以上，并意识到在长期使用范围内，请原谅，该或更多可以是每周两次，每天，甚至只是在晚上，等等。

The effects of chronic use of cannabis, as I just defined it, on speech, have been studied because of this characteristic drawing out of certain syllables, a slowing of speech, and in many cases, a total change or alteration in the way that people speak and use language, both when under the influence of cannabis and when not under the influence of cannabis, if they are chronic users.

正如我刚才所定义的，长期使用大麻对言语的影响已经被研究，因为这种特征会拉出某些音节，减慢言语速度，并且在许多情况下，人们说话和使用语言的方式会发生彻底的改变或改变，无论是在大麻的影响下还是在没有大麻的影响下，如果他们是长期使用者的话。

And here we really want to distinguish between THC and CBD and just make it really simple and say that CBD is not responsible for most of the psychoactive effects of cannabis, whereas THC is.

在这里，我们真的想区分 THC 和 CBD 并使其变得非常简单，并说 CBD 不负责大麻的大部分精神作用，而 THC 负责。

And again, the ratio of CBD to THC is going to be relevant there.

同样，CBD 与 THC 的比例也与此相关。

But let's just think about cannabis and THC as one and the same for this portion of the discussion, realizing that, of course, they are not exactly the same thing.

但是，在这部分讨论中，让我们将大麻和 THC 视为一个整体，并意识到它们当然并不完全相同。

There's an excellent study entitled "Adults with History of Recreational Cannabis Use Have Altered Speech Production," and we will provide a link to that.

有一项出色的研究，题为“有娱乐性大麻使用史的成年人改变了言语产生”，我们将提供该研究的链接。

First author, Adam Vogel.

第一作者，亚当·沃格尔。

Really like this paper.

真的很喜欢这张纸。

It was published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

它发表在《药物和酒精依赖》杂志上。

We will provide a link to it for you if you'd like to peruse it in more detail.

如果您想更详细地阅读它，我们将为您提供一个链接。

The title itself, "Adults with a History of Recreational Cannabis Use Have Altered Speech Production," tells you pretty much everything you need to know, except there's some important nuance in here because, as I mentioned earlier, people who smoke sativa varieties of cannabis oftentimes will become more talkative, much more talkative.

标题本身，“有娱乐性大麻使用历史的成年人改变了言语产生”，告诉了你几乎所有你需要知道的事情，除了这里有一些重要的细微差别，因为，正如我之前提到的，经常吸食苜蓿品种大麻的人会变得更加健谈，更加健谈。

However, whether or not people tend to rely on sativa cannabis use or indica cannabis use, there is a very consistent finding that people who are chronic users, again, twice a week or more, recreational use or medicinal use, undergo pretty profound changes in the way that they speak, but in a very specific set of ways.

然而，无论人们是否倾向于依赖苜蓿大麻或籼稻大麻的使用，有一个非常一致的发现，即每周两次或两次以上、娱乐性使用或药用大麻长期使用者的人，他们的说话方式会经历相当深刻的变化，但是以一组非常具体的方式。

Now, first of all, the changes in speech shouldn't surprise us at all because both sativa varieties of cannabis and indica varieties of cannabis impact those brain centers involved in movement, the basal ganglia.

现在，首先，言语的变化根本不应该让我们感到惊讶，因为苜蓿品种的大麻和籼稻品种的大麻都会影响那些参与运动的大脑中枢，即基底神经节。

Remember the go, no-go circuitry?

还记得走、不走电路吗？

The circuitry that makes you want to do things, and the circuitry that makes you want to withhold action, and it tends to shift the body and brain toward more inaction.

让你想要做事的电路，以及让你想要抑制行动的电路，它往往会使身体和大脑变得更加无所作为。

And cannabis impacts CB1 receptors in the cerebellum, which is involved in motor planning, execution, and balance.

大麻会影响小脑中的 CB1 受体，而小脑参与运动规划、执行和平衡。

So regardless of whether or not people are using cannabis of the sativa or the indica variety, there are disruptions in motor circuitry.

因此，无论人们是否使用苜蓿或籼稻品种的大麻，运动电路都会受到干扰。

And as you may have heard if you listened to our episode with Rockefeller professor Dr. Eric Jarvis, who works on speech and movement, speech is movement, right?

如果您听过洛克菲勒教授埃里克·贾维斯博士（他研究言语和运动）的节目，您可能已经听说过，言语就是运动，对吗？

The movements of the mouth, the movements of the hands, those are intimately related in terms of our speech.

嘴的动作、手的动作，这些都与我们的言语密切相关。

In fact, the centers of the brain involved in hand movements are part of the speech areas and vice versa.

事实上，涉及手部运动的大脑中心是言语区域的一部分，反之亦然。

Eric actually pointed out that if you put your hands behind your back, provided you normally do have use of your hands, it actually will reduce your fluidity of speech, and so I'm going to put them back in front of me now.

Eric实际上指出，如果你把手放在背后，只要你平时确实会使用双手，实际上会降低你言语的流畅性，所以我现在要把它们放回我的面前。

The point is, smoking marijuana or consuming marijuana by edible changes one's speech and does it in a very specific way.

关键是，吸食大麻或通过食用大麻来改变一个人的言语，并且以一种非常特定的方式进行。

And in this study by Adam Vogel and colleagues, they explored a huge different variety of aspects of speech.

在 Adam Vogel 及其同事的这项研究中，他们探索了言语的各个方面。

And this can be done using spectral processing, which is fancy nerd speak for looking at how much inflection there is or looking at how long people hold vowels or consonants, et cetera.

这可以通过使用频谱处理来完成，这是一种奇特的书呆子所说的，用于查看有多少变形或查看人们持有元音或辅音的时间，等等。

And again, these are people not under the influence of cannabis, but rather people who tend to be under the influence of cannabis when not participating in the study.

再说一次，这些人没有受到大麻的影响，而是在不参加研究时往往受到大麻影响的人。

In other words, chronic recreational cannabis users.

换句话说，就是长期吸食娱乐性大麻的人。

So what are the two major shifts that cannabis causes on our patterns of speech?

那么大麻对我们的言语模式造成的两个主要转变是什么？

Well, the first one is a change in what's called spectral tilt.

嗯，第一个是所谓的光谱倾斜的变化。

Again, that's fancy nerd speak for vocal effort and intensity.

再说一次，这是一个花哨的书呆子所说的声音努力和强度。

So I'm not a pot smoker, I confess, but if I were to say the sentence, "Vocal effort and intensity are important components of speech," that's the way I would say that sentence if I was striving to enunciate very carefully and to accent certain words and syllables.

所以我承认，我不是一个吸大麻的人，但如果我要说这句话，“声音的力度和强度是言语的重要组成部分”，如果我努力非常仔细地发音并强调某些单词和音节，我就会这么说。

A pot smoker or somebody who uses recreational cannabis fairly often would have reduced spectral tilt, AKA vocal effort intensity, and might say, "Spectral tilt is vocal effort and intensity, and it differed between groups and appeared to change in line with the duration of abstinence from cannabis use." That, I think, is not a far cry from the change in spectral tilt that they observed here.

吸食大麻的人或经常使用休闲大麻的人会减少频谱倾斜，又名声音努力强度，并且可能会说，“频谱倾斜是声音努力和强度，并且它在群体之间有所不同，并且似乎随着大麻使用禁欲的持续时间而变化。”我认为，这与他们在这里观察到的光谱倾斜变化相差不远。

In addition, there are changes in verbal timing.

此外，言语时间也有变化。

That is pronunciation of words and accenting particular syllables of words in people that consume cannabis or smoke cannabis.

这是消费大麻或吸食大麻的人的单词发音和单词特定音节的重音。

So rather than emphasize particular words within a sentence, so again, I'll just use a sentence from the paper so that you can gain more knowledge from the paper.

因此，我不会强调句子中的特定单词，而是再次使用论文中的一个句子，以便您可以从论文中获得更多知识。

"Cannabis," and I'll say it the way that I would say it, since I'm not a cannabis user.

“大麻”，我会按照我的方式说，因为我不是大麻使用者。

"Cannabis, marijuana, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the world, with approximately 4% of adults aged 15 to 64 years reporting recent use."

“大麻是世界上最常用的非法药物，大约 4% 的 15 至 64 岁成年人报告最近使用过。”

And the citation is from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2019.

引文来自联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室 2019 年。

So that would be the way that I would typically read that sentence.

这就是我通常读这句话的方式。

And having gone into the data on this paper, and of course evaluated references therein, and listened to some of the spectral analysis that they include as data, you can literally go into these papers online and hear recordings of people who are cannabis users or non-cannabis users.

在研究了本文中的数据之后，当然还评估了其中的参考文献，并听取了其中作为数据包含的一些光谱分析，您实际上可以在线访问这些论文并听到大麻使用者或非大麻使用者的录音。

And I'll try and give you a clear sense, without picking an extreme example, of how somebody who's a fairly consistent or even occasional cannabis user might read that very same sentence.

我将尝试让您清楚地了解，在不选择极端例子的情况下，那些相当稳定甚至偶尔吸食大麻的人可能会如何阅读同一句话。

"Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the world, with approximately 4% of adults age 15 to 64 years reporting recent use." And the citation comes from the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime 2019.

“大麻是世界上最常用的非法药物，大约 4% 的 15 至 64 岁成年人报告最近使用过大麻。”该引文来自联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室 2019。

Now you'll notice that wasn't a dramatic difference, and of course, I could have taken the liberty to pick an extreme example of the sort that they did occasionally observe in evaluating subjects for this paper.

现在你会注意到这并不是一个巨大的差异，当然，我可以冒昧地挑选一个他们在评估本文主题时偶尔观察到的极端例子。

I could have said something like, "Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug," but frankly, that would have been selecting an outlier example, and I don't want to do that.

我本来可以说“大麻是最常用的非法药物”，但坦率地说，这会选择一个异常的例子，我不想这样做。

I don't want to skew the data, as they say.

正如他们所说，我不想歪曲数据。

Rather, if you heard the first time I read the sentence and the second time I read the sentence, what's mainly different is the difference in the amount of enunciation and accenting of particular words and symbols within a sentence.

相反，如果你听到我第一次读这个句子和第二次读这个句子，主要的不同之处在于句子中特定单词和符号的发音和重音数量的差异。

So the total content that's delivered is exactly the same, and while I wasn't measuring my pace, the overall rate of communication is essentially the same, but there's less sort of lilting and falling of the voice and less accenting.

因此，所传递的总内容是完全相同的，虽然我没有测量我的速度，但总体交流速度基本上是相同的，但声音的轻快和下降以及口音较少。

That's the major consistent effect of cannabis use.

这是使用大麻的主要持续影响。

Now of course, there are examples of people who are using a lot of cannabis, and it impacts brain centers involved in movement and speech, so much so that they really do have the really drawn out kind of nah.

当然，现在有一些人使用大量大麻的例子，它会影响涉及运动和言语的大脑中枢，以至于他们确实有一种非常漫长的“不”的感觉。

And oftentimes this will be detected in the laugh.

通常，这可以在笑声中被发现。

There's this sort of stereotypical stoner laugh as it's sometimes called, rather than say, or that's a fake laugh obviously.

有一种典型的吸毒者笑，有时被称为，而不是说，或者这显然是假笑。

It's hard to make myself laugh if something's not actually funny.

如果事情实际上不好笑，就很难让自己笑。

I have to think of something funny.

我必须想出一些有趣的事情。

When people say like that's a bit more of the way I might laugh, like sort of the inspiratory laugh, or the which is expiratory laugh.

当人们这样说时，我可能会笑，比如吸气式笑，或者呼气式笑。

People who use cannabis chronically will often do the right?

长期吸食大麻的人会经常这样做吗？

Which is sort of the back of the throat, it's neither inspiratory nor expiratory laugh.

这是一种喉咙后部的笑声，既不是吸气笑，也不是呼气笑。

And believe it or not, there's an entire literature on inspiratory, inhaling versus expiratory laughs, and there's also a literature on cannabis altering the pattern of inspiratory and expiratory laughs.

不管你相信与否，有一整套关于吸气、吸气和呼气笑的文献，还有关于大麻改变吸气和呼气笑模式的文献。

It almost sounds like a sarcastic laugh, when in fact they may not be feeling sarcastic at all.

这听起来几乎像是讽刺的笑声，而事实上他们可能根本没有感到讽刺。

And I have a very close friend and colleague who's a phenomenal neurosurgeon and neuroscientist by the name of Dr.

我有一位非常亲密的朋友和同事，他是一位杰出的神经外科医生和神经科学家，名叫 Dr.

Eddie Chang.

艾迪·张.

He's the chair of neurosurgery at UCSF, and his lab and him are expert in the study of neuroscience controlling language and speech.

他是加州大学旧金山分校的神经外科主任，他和他的实验室是控制语言和言语的神经科学研究的专家。

And he often tells me that he can predict with almost certainty whether or not somebody is a regular cannabis user based not just on the patterns of speech that they use, but even just by recording specific neurons in their brain that underlie the laugh reflex and certain patterns of speech.

他经常告诉我，他几乎可以肯定地预测某人是否是经常使用大麻的人，不仅基于他们使用的言语模式，而且甚至仅仅通过记录他们大脑中构成笑反射和某些言语模式的特定神经元。

So this idea that cannabis use changes your ability to speak and enunciate clearly does appear to be true, and the stereotype that cannabis use tends to create more of a drawl or kind of a, if you will, a laziness in the laugh and some of the reflexive enunciation that people use does also appear to be true.

因此，大麻的使用会改变你清晰地说话和发音的能力的观点似乎是正确的，而且大麻的使用往往会造成更多的拖拖拉拉或一种（如果你愿意的话）笑声中的懒惰和人们使用的一些反射性发音的刻板印象也似乎是正确的。

And I say all that of course with the caveat that many people out there will know individuals, or perhaps you yourselves are individuals that may use cannabis, but that have incredible articulation, probably better than mine and better than other people out there who speak for a living.

当然，我说这一切的前提是，很多人都认识个人，或者也许你们自己就是可能使用大麻的人，但他们的表达能力令人难以置信，可能比我更好，也比其他以发言为生的人更好。

So I'm not saying that 100% of people that use cannabis regularly can't speak well or clearly.

所以我并不是说 100% 经常吸食大麻的人都不能很好或清晰地说话。

That's simply not what I'm saying, and I don't want to communicate that idea at all.

这根本不是我要说的，我根本不想传达这个想法。

But it is the case that people who are regular cannabis users are impacting the neural circuits involved in movement.

但事实是，经常吸食大麻的人正在影响与运动有关的神经回路。

Movement also controls speech, and therefore cannabis is impacting speech.

运动也控制言语，因此大麻正在影响言语。

Now I'd like to turn our attention to whether or not cannabis can increase sexual activity, sexual desire, and/or sexual function.

现在我想把我们的注意力转向大麻是否可以增加性活动、性欲和/或性功能。

So we're going to be talking about libido, about sexual desire, and about effects of cannabis on hormones.

所以我们将讨论性欲、性欲以及大麻对激素的影响。

And while this might sound like a discussion that's purely oriented towards recreational use of cannabis, that is people using cannabis to heighten or increase their sense of arousal for sexual activity, it actually ventures into the clinical realm too, meaning there have been excellent peer-reviewed studies that I'll describe to you in a moment, exploring the use of cannabis, or THC more specifically, for something called hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which refers to a persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and thoughts and/or desire for or receptivity to sexual activity.

虽然这听起来像是纯粹针对娱乐性使用大麻的讨论，即人们使用大麻来增强或增加性活动的唤起感，但它实际上也涉足了临床领域，这意味着我稍后将向您介绍已经有出色的同行评审研究，探索大麻或更具体地说 THC 的用途，用于治疗所谓的性欲减退症，这是指持续或反复缺乏或缺乏性幻想、想法和/或欲望或对性活动的接受度。

This is a disorder that is fairly common, anywhere from 6 to 9% of people, both males and females.

这是一种相当常见的疾病，有 6% 到 9% 的人患有这种疾病，无论男性还是女性。

It used to be considered higher prevalence in females than in males, but now those numbers seem to be evening out.

过去人们认为女性的患病率高于男性，但现在这些数字似乎已经趋于平衡。

So basically, there are anywhere from 6 to 9% of people out there who have very diminished sexual desire, and so a number of those people are interested in figuring out ways to increase their amount of sexual desire.

基本上，有 6% 到 9% 的人性欲非常低，因此其中许多人有兴趣找出增加性欲的方法。

And of course, there are people in the general population who may not have hypoactive sexual desire disorder, who are interested in using cannabis recreationally in order to increase their desire for or their experience of sexual activity.

当然，普通人群中也有人可能没有性欲减退症，他们有兴趣使用大麻来娱乐性地增加性活动的欲望或体验。

Now first we have to acknowledge that sexual desire and activity is a complex set of processes, meaning it's not just one event, sex, the verb.

现在首先我们必须承认性欲和性活动是一组复杂的过程，这意味着它不仅仅是一个事件，性，动词。

It involves arousal, it involves sex, the verb, and it involves a whole set of mindsets and emotional states that vary tremendously between individuals.

它涉及性唤起，涉及性，涉及动词，还涉及一整套因人而异的心态和情绪状态。

But once again, we can distill out a few basic principles and I should emphasize these are by no means the only chemicals and neural circuits involved in the sexual arc, as we'll call it, desire, the act of sex, et cetera, but they are central to it.

但我们可以再次提炼出一些基本原则，我应该强调，这些绝不是涉及性弧（我们称之为欲望、性行为等）的唯一化学物质和神经回路，但它们是性弧的核心。

They are vital to it.

他们对此至关重要。

They would be considered what I would call necessary but not sufficient.

我认为它们是必要的，但还不够。

Okay?

好的？

So there'll be other chemicals involved too, but the main chemicals in neural circuits are those involved in dopamine, so the so-called mesolimbic reward pathway, in particular, a brain structure called nucleus accumbens, which we'll talk about more in a moment, is vital to all motivated behaviors and to the seeking out of all particular types of pleasurable experiences, and sex is no exception.

因此，还会涉及其他化学物质，但神经回路中的主要化学物质是那些与多巴胺有关的化学物质，因此所谓的中脑边缘奖励通路，特别是称为伏隔核的大脑结构（我们稍后将详细讨论）对于所有动机行为和寻求所有特定类型的愉悦体验至关重要，性也不例外。

So when we hear that the nucleus accumbens is activated, that almost always means that dopamine has been released in that area and other areas of the brain and body, and we can consider dopamine central to the desire for, pursuit of, and act of sex.

因此，当我们听到伏核被激活时，几乎总是意味着该区域以及大脑和身体的其他区域已经释放了多巴胺，我们可以认为多巴胺对于性欲、追求和性行为至关重要。

In addition to that, there are molecules like oxytocin, which are involved in pair bonding, and they're going to be neural circuit specific to the oxytocin circuitry.

除此之外，还有像催产素这样的分子，它们参与成对结合，它们将成为催产素回路特有的神经回路。

But in terms of sexual arousal and sexual behavior, it's really the dopamine pathway and this nucleus accumbens which are especially vital.

但就性唤起和性行为而言，确实是多巴胺通路和伏核特别重要。

That allows us to address the question, does cannabis increase, decrease, or have no effect on sexual desire and/or the ability to have sex?

这使我们能够解决这个问题，大麻是否会增加、减少或对性欲和/或性能力没有影响？

And therein we will find some very interesting answers because once again, it will point to the fact that the effects of cannabis on different individuals can be highly divergent, meaning in one set of individuals, cannabis will make them far less anxious, and in another set of individuals, the same strain of cannabis at the same dosage will make them extremely anxious.

其中我们会找到一些非常有趣的答案，因为它将再次指出大麻对不同个体的影响可能存在很大差异，这意味着在一组个体中，大麻将使他们的焦虑程度大大降低，而在另一组个体中，相同剂量的同一品种的大麻将使他们极度焦虑。

The same can be said also of sexual activity.

性活动也是如此。

And this was beautifully illustrated in the context of sexual desire in the journal Psychopharmacology, in a paper published in 2017.

《精神药理学》杂志 2017 年发表的一篇论文在性欲的背景下完美地说明了这一点。

The title of this paper is "Individual Prolactin Reactivity Modulates Response of Nucleus Accumbens to Erotic Stimuli During Acute Cannabis Intoxication: An fMRI Pilot Study." So I'll give a little bit of definition to some of the terms in the title that will make it easier for you to understand the paper, but then I'll just march through the results because they are very straightforward and easy to understand and very interesting.

本文的标题是“急性大麻中毒期间个体催乳素反应调节伏核对色情刺激的反应：功能磁共振成像初步研究”。因此，我将对标题中的一些术语给出一些定义，以便您更容易理解本文，但随后我将直接浏览结果，因为它们非常简单、易于理解且非常有趣。

fMRI is just functional magnetic resonance imaging, so basically, subjects in this experiment came into the laboratory.

fMRI只是功能性磁共振成像，所以基本上，这个实验的受试者进入了实验室。

They were either people who had not used cannabis before or who had used cannabis before.

他们要么是以前没有使用过大麻的人，要么是以前使用过大麻的人。

They were placed into a brain scanner, one of these fMRI devices.

他们被放入脑部扫描仪中，这是功能磁共振成像设备之一。

It looks like a tube that people are backed up into, and then they can view images in there, and their brain can be imaged without having to remove any skull or drill into the skull.

它看起来就像一个管子，人们被倒进里面，然后他们可以在里面查看图像，并且可以对他们的大脑进行成像，而无需移除任何头骨或钻入头骨。

No neurosurgery.

没有神经外科。

The participants in this study were grouped according to whether or not they had experienced any aphrodisiac effects during the intoxication with cannabis.

这项研究的参与者根据他们在大麻中毒期间是否经历过任何催情作用进行分组。

So that would be the first group, group A.

这将是第一组，A 组。

They literally called it group A for aphrodisiac.

他们字面上将其称为 A 组，意为春药。

And then the second group, and this is the only thing I don't like about this study, is rather than call it group B, they called them group non-A, which just gets a little confusing.

然后第二组，这是我对这项研究唯一不喜欢的地方，他们没有将其称为 B 组，而是将其称为非 A 组，这有点令人困惑。

So I'll try and simplify all this.

所以我会尝试简化这一切。

There are two groups, and one group experiences sexual arousal when under the influence of cannabis, THC specifically.

有两组，一组在大麻（特别是四氢大麻酚）的影响下经历性唤起。

The other group does not.

另一组则不然。

And it turns out this is a very commonly observed divergence of effects of cannabis.

事实证明，这是一种非常常见的大麻效应差异。

Some people experience a lot of sexual arousal from cannabis, and THC in particular, and some people do not.

有些人会因大麻（尤其是四氢大麻酚）而产生强烈的性唤起，而有些人则不会。

In fact, they experience suppression of sexual desire.

事实上，他们经历了性欲的抑制。

And it's always been a little bit mysterious as to why that is.

至于为什么会这样，一直有点神秘。

Well, in this study, they showed people in both groups erotic images, and they measured sexual arousal through a number of different measures.

嗯，在这项研究中，他们向两组人展示了色情图片，并通过许多不同的措施来测量性唤起。

We won't go into all that.

我们不会讨论所有这些。

It was largely subjective.

这在很大程度上是主观的。

There have been other studies where they've actually measured things like erections in males and vaginal lubrication in females, the sort of so-called autonomic responses that people can't lie about , so to speak, and that tap into other aspects of the so-called sexual arousal process.

还有其他研究，他们实际上测量了男性的勃起和女性的阴道润滑等指标，可以说，这是一种人们无法撒谎的所谓自主反应，并且利用了所谓的性唤起过程的其他方面。

In this study, they also took blood samples to look at the concentration of things like cannabinoids.

在这项研究中，他们还采集了血液样本来观察大麻素等物质的浓度。

So this is a really nice study in that they actually measured how much THC was in the bloodstream in different individuals who reacted to these erotic stimuli in different ways.

所以这是一项非常好的研究，因为他们实际上测量了以不同方式对这些色情刺激做出反应的不同个体的血液中 THC 的含量。

And they measured hormones, namely cortisol, which is a stress hormone, which tends to negatively correlate with sexual arousal, and prolactin.

他们还测量了激素，即皮质醇（一种压力激素，往往与性唤起呈负相关）和催乳素。

And the interesting takeaway from the study was that for people, and it didn't matter if it was males or females, because they looked at both, for people that experienced elevated prolactin levels under cannabis intoxication, that's how they referred to it.

这项研究的有趣之处在于，对于人们来说，无论是男性还是女性并不重要，因为他们同时考虑了两者，对于在大麻中毒后经历催乳素水平升高的人来说，这就是他们的说法。

People take cannabis.

人们服用大麻。

They measured prolactin.

他们测量了催乳素。

Some people had elevated prolactin, some people did not.

有些人的催乳素升高，有些人则没有。

Okay?

好的？

For the people that had elevated levels of prolactin, they did not observe activation of brain areas associated with sexual arousal, in this case, the right nucleus accumbens.

对于催乳素水平升高的人来说，他们没有观察到与性唤起相关的大脑区域的激活，在这种情况下，是右侧伏核。

So you have two nucleus accumbi, I guess they'd be called, one on each side of the brain, and the activation of that brain area is strongly associated with dopamine and with arousal, and sexual arousal in particular in this study.

所以你有两个伏核，我想它们会被称为，大脑的每一侧都有一个，并且该大脑区域的激活与多巴胺和性唤起密切相关，特别是在这项研究中。

And if people had elevated prolactin, they did not experience activation of nucleus accumbens, and they did not report feeling sexually aroused to those pictures, at least not to the same degree as the other group.

如果人们的催乳素升高，他们就不会经历伏隔核的激活，也不会报告对这些照片感到性唤起，至少不会达到与其他组相同的程度。

So some people's prolactin levels go up when they ingest cannabis, and those people do not achieve elevated levels of sexual arousal when under the influence of cannabis, even if they're looking at erotic stimuli.

因此，有些人在摄入大麻时，催乳素水平会上升，而这些人在大麻的影响下，即使看到色情刺激，性唤起水平也不会升高。

That makes sense because prolactin is mutually inhibitory, as we would say.

这是有道理的，因为正如我们所说，催乳素是相互抑制的。

It's kind of in a push-pull with dopamine.

这有点像多巴胺的推拉作用。

When dopamine levels are high, prolactin levels tend to be low, and when prolactin levels are high, dopamine levels tend to be low.

当多巴胺水平高时，催乳素水平往往较低，而当催乳素水平高时，多巴胺水平往往较低。

The other group, so-called group A, that experienced elevated levels of sexual arousal when under the influence of cannabis and viewing erotic stimuli That group did not show elevated levels of prolactin in response to cannabis.

另一组，即所谓的 A 组，在大麻的影响下并观看色情刺激时，性唤起水平升高。该组并没有表现出对大麻的反应催乳素水平升高。

So this, I believe, resolves a longstanding controversy in the field, which is does cannabis increase sexual arousal?

因此，我相信这解决了该领域长期存在的争议，即大麻是否会增加性唤起？

Well, it depends.

嗯，这取决于。

If you fall into the category of person who has elevated levels of prolactin in response to cannabis, then no, actually cannabis will suppress your sexual response and desire.

如果您属于因大麻而催乳素水平升高的人，那么不会，实际上大麻会抑制您的性反应和性欲。

If, however, you are in the category of person that does not have elevated levels of prolactin in response to cannabis, well then erotic stimuli can potentially, and in fact do, increase sexual arousal in the majority of individuals.

然而，如果您属于催乳素水平不会因大麻而升高的人，那么性刺激可能会并且事实上确实会增加大多数人的性唤起。

Now many of you are probably hearing this and wondering whether or not you fall into one category of individual or another.

现在，你们中的许多人可能听到这句话，想知道自己是否属于某一类人或另一类人。

And the key thing here to understand is that levels of prolactin heading into the study did not predict, did not predict whether or not people would respond to cannabis with elevated or non-elevated or even reduced levels of sexual arousal.

这里要理解的关键一点是，进入研究的催乳素水平并没有预测，也没有预测人们是否会对大麻产生性唤起水平升高或不升高甚至降低的反应。

It was whether or not people's prolactin levels went up or did not go up that predicted whether or not their levels of arousal would go up or not.

人们的催乳素水平是否升高可以预测他们的性唤起水平是否会升高。

So if you are somebody who, yes, does experience elevated levels of sexual arousal and function when under the influence of cannabis, well, then it's very likely that cannabis does not increase your prolactin levels, at least not to a significant degree while you're taking it.

因此，如果您在大麻的影响下确实经历了性唤起和性功能升高的情况，那么大麻很可能不会增加您的催乳素水平，至少在您服用大麻时不会显着增加。

And if you are somebody who does not experience increases in sexual arousal or function or even diminished sexual arousal and function when under the influence of cannabis, it's very likely the cannabis is increasing your levels of prolactin.

如果您在大麻的影响下没有出现性唤起或性功能增加，甚至性唤起和性功能减弱，那么大麻很可能会增加您的催乳素水平。

Unfortunately, there's no way to know or predict based on some other measure.

不幸的是，没有办法根据其他措施来了解或预测。

I think the outcome measure, that is increased or not increased or even reduced sexual arousal, is really the litmus test by which one can figure that out.

我认为结果衡量标准，即性唤起增加或不增加，甚至减少，实际上是人们可以弄清楚这一点的试金石。

While we are on the topic of the effects of cannabis on sexual function and hormones like prolactin, it's probably worth mentioning that cannabis has been studied extensively for its impact on other hormones, and we can summarize those literature in the following way.

虽然我们讨论的是大麻对性功能和催乳素等激素的影响，但可能值得一提的是，大麻对其他激素的影响已被广泛研究，我们可以通过以下方式总结这些文献。

And here I'm referring to studies only on adults.

在这里我指的是仅针对成年人的研究。

We'll talk about the developing brain and body in a little bit.

我们稍后会讨论大脑和身体的发育。

But it is very clear that smoking cannabis increases prolactin levels.

但很明显，吸食大麻会增加催乳素水平。

Very, very clear.

非常非常清楚。

Now you might say, "Didn't you just describe a study about a set of individuals whose prolactin didn't increase, and as a consequence, their level of sexual desire went up?"

现在你可能会说，“你刚才不是描述了一项关于一组催乳素没有增加的个体的研究吗？因此，他们的性欲水平上升了？”

Yes, there are a subset of individuals for which that's true, but people who smoke cannabis do experience increases in prolactin, and that's especially pronounced in people that smoke cannabis more than twice a week.

是的，对于一部分人来说确实如此，但是吸食大麻的人确实会出现催乳素增加的情况，这对于每周吸食大麻两次以上的人来说尤其明显。

So this is important.

所以这很重要。

Prolactin, as I referred to earlier, is reciprocal or mutually inhibitory with dopamine.

正如我之前提到的，催乳素与多巴胺是相互作用或相互抑制的。

One way to think about this is in the context of the normal sexual arousal arc, whereby dopamine is increased when people are sexually aroused, but then after orgasm, both in males and females, prolactin levels skyrocket.

思考这个问题的一种方法是在正常的性唤起弧的背景下，当人们受到性唤起时，多巴胺会增加，但在性高潮之后，无论男性还是女性，催乳素水平都会飙升。

This is actually what creates the so-called refractory period for males, during which they cannot achieve erection again for some period of time.

这实际上就是男性所谓的不应期的原因，在此期间他们在一段时间内无法再次勃起。

That relates directly to how long the prolactin increase lasts.

这与催乳素增加的持续时间直接相关。

Okay?

好的？

Prolactin is also increased in new parents of all species, including humans, which at least partially explains some of the reported or typical reductions in sexual desire and activity in new parents.

所有物种（包括人类）的新父母的催乳素也会增加，这至少部分解释了新父母性欲和性活动的一些报道或典型减少。

Now, there are other reasons for that too, sleep deprivation, but nature is smart and has arranged a set of hormones and circuits in the brain and body such that when tending to a newborn is the most important thing, it relegates, it reduces the importance of producing more children and sexual activity in those moments and days and weeks, sometimes longer.

现在，还有其他原因，睡眠不足，但大自然很聪明，在大脑和身体中安排了一套激素和回路，因此，当照顾新生儿是最重要的事情时，它会降低生产更多孩子和性活动的重要性，在那些时刻、几天和几周，有时甚至更长。

So when prolactin levels are up, dopamine levels are down.

因此，当催乳素水平升高时，多巴胺水平就会下降。

Smoking marijuana more than twice a week significantly increases prolactin.

每周吸食大麻两次以上会显着增加催乳素。

There are fewer studies exploring whether or not edible marijuana has the same effect, although the preliminary evidence suggests that it does not.

尽管初步证据表明并非如此，但探索食用大麻是否具有相同效果的研究较少。

I get into this in a lot more detail in a future episode all about hormones with Dr. Kyle Gillett, who's been on this podcast before.

我将在以后与凯尔·吉列博士一起讨论荷尔蒙的节目中更详细地讨论这一点，他以前曾参加过这个播客。

But he verified that, and my read of the literature is that the edible forms of marijuana, cannabis probably, again, let's put an asterisk next to this, but it appears do not have as much of a prolactin elevating effect and therefore not as much of a dopamine suppressive effect, and therefore not as much of a testosterone suppressing effect.

但他证实了这一点，我读到的文献是，大麻的食用形式，大麻可能，再次，让我们在这旁边放一个星号，但它似乎没有那么多的催乳素升高作用，因此没有那么多的多巴胺抑制作用，因此没有那么多的睾丸激素抑制作用。

And that gets to the issue of testosterone.

这就涉及到睾丸激素的问题。

Does cannabis, marijuana suppress testosterone?

大麻会抑制睾酮吗？

And this is a very controversial literature, and here's why.

这是一部非常有争议的文献，原因如下。

Some studies say, yes, it suppresses testosterone in males and females.

一些研究表明，是的，它会抑制男性和女性的睾酮激素。

And keep in mind that testosterone in females is vital for libido and cognitive function, cellular repair, et cetera, so it's not just important in males, of course.

请记住，女性的睾酮对于性欲、认知功能、细胞修复等至关重要，所以它当然不仅仅对男性很重要。

However, other studies say that cannabis does not decrease testosterone, and it seems to depend on whether or not the cannabis is brought into the system by way of smoking or edible, and it seems to depend on whether or not the cannabis is used chronically by an individual or acutely.

然而，其他研究表明，大麻不会降低睾丸激素，这似乎取决于大麻是否通过吸烟或食用的方式进入系统，并且似乎取决于个人是否长期或急性使用大麻。

And here I just want to zoom out and say that studies on cannabis or drugs of any kind in humans are really complicated.

在这里，我只想缩小范围并说，对人类大麻或任何类型药物的研究确实很复杂。

If you think about it, someone has to come into the laboratory, and let's say you want to study chronic cannabis use.

如果你想一想，就必须有人进入实验室，假设你想研究慢性大麻使用。

Well, you can't keep them in the laboratory all the time, so you have to rely on their self-report of how often they use cannabis and in what form, and you can't really control from one individual to the next of how much cannabis and THC they're bringing into their system.

嗯，你不能一直把他们关在实验室里，所以你必须依赖他们的自我报告，了解他们使用大麻的频率和形式，而且你无法真正控制从一个人到另一个人他们将多少大麻和 THC 引入他们的系统。

One person might smoke cannabis out of a bong and take big, deep lungs full bong inhalations or such.

一个人可能会用烟枪吸大麻，然后用大而深的肺部充满烟枪吸入等等。

Other people might smoke joints.

其他人可能会抽烟。

Other people might use edibles.

其他人可能会使用食物。

It becomes very complicated to know what people have done and that they're reporting it accurately.

了解人们做了什么以及他们是否准确地报告了这些事情变得非常复杂。

And no joke here, especially if marijuana is impacting the short-term memory systems.

这里不是开玩笑，特别是如果大麻影响短期记忆系统。

They might not actually remember.

他们可能实际上并不记得。

They might not be tracking it that well.

他们可能没有那么好地追踪它。

Contrast that with studies of the acute use of cannabis and THC, where people who are not regular users come into the laboratory, and now suddenly, with institutional guidelines and safety protocols, are under the influence of THC and cannabis.

与对大麻和四氢大麻酚的急性使用的研究形成鲜明对比的是，那些不经常使用的人进入实验室，现在突然之间，有了机构指导方针和安全协议，就受到了四氢大麻酚和大麻的影响。

Well, now you're dealing with a person who may not have experience with the elevated heart rate and blood pressure that's characteristic of cannabis because it is a stimulant, at least when initially brought into the system, even if it might eventually lead to relaxation.

好吧，现在你面对的人可能没有经历过大麻特有的心率和血压升高的情况，因为它是一种兴奋剂，至少在最初进入系统时是这样，即使它最终可能会导致放松。

So now you've got someone who's anxious or somebody who's not anxious, who's deeply relaxed, and you're trying to study these effects.

所以现在你有一个焦虑的人，或者一个不焦虑、深度放松的人，你正在尝试研究这些影响。

So it's a moving target of sorts.

所以它是一个移动的目标。

It's very complicated to study marijuana and cannabis and its various derivatives in this way.

以这种方式研究大麻和大麻及其各种衍生物是非常复杂的。

Now you can probably appreciate better as to why there's so little nuanced data about sativa versus indica versus different ratios of CBD and THC.

现在您可能可以更好地理解为什么关于苜蓿与籼稻以及 CBD 和 THC 不同比例的细致数据如此之少。

It's really difficult to do these studies in the first place.

首先进行这些研究确实很困难。

That said, the general rules are smoking marijuana increases prolactin in men and women, which will reduce dopamine and testosterone.

也就是说，一般规则是吸食大麻会增加男性和女性的催乳素，从而减少多巴胺和睾酮。

Smoking marijuana chronically, meaning more than twice a week, does appear to reduce testosterone significantly and elevate so-called aromatase enzymes, which are the enzymes that convert testosterone into estrogen.

长期吸食大麻，即每周吸食两次以上，确实会显着降低睾酮水平，并提高所谓的芳香酶水平，芳香酶是将睾酮转化为雌激素的酶。

This might partially explain the effect that occurs in about 35% of males, which is gynecomastia, which is a development of breast tissue in males, in particular young males who have elevated levels of testosterone or who are taking exogenous testosterone for testosterone replacement therapy, or if they're taking high doses anabolic steroids.

这可能部分解释了约 35% 男性中发生的效应，即男性乳房发育症，这是男性乳腺组织的发育，特别是睾酮水平升高或正在服用外源睾酮进行睾酮替代治疗的年轻男性，或者正在服用高剂量合成代谢类固醇的男性。

Or in females, the increase in breast size, which is due to additional estrogen from testosterone converted to estrogen.

或者对于女性来说，乳房增大，这是由于睾酮转化为雌激素而产生的额外雌激素。

So it does appear that marijuana and cannabis increase estrogen, reduce testosterone, increase prolactin, especially in chronic users.

因此，大麻和大麻确实会增加雌激素，减少睾酮，增加催乳素，特别是对于长期吸食大麻的人来说。

Now, I'm sure that some people out there will say, well, their testosterone levels are exceedingly high, or they are fine, meaning the constellation of symptoms associated with low testosterone and elevated estrogen are not present in them.

现在，我确信有些人会说，好吧，他们的睾酮水平非常高，或者他们很好，这意味着他们不存在与低睾酮和升高雌激素相关的一系列症状。

That probably means one of two things, or both.

这可能意味着两件事之一，或两者兼而有之。

They either had elevated levels of testosterone to begin with, so their ceiling was higher, so bringing it down didn't have that much of effect, or that they have very low levels of aromatase in their system.

他们要么一开始睾酮水平就升高，所以他们的上限更高，所以降低睾酮水平并没有那么大的效果，或者他们系统中的芳香酶水平非常低。

There are some anecdotal evidence that smoking particular parts of the marijuana plant, in particular the seeds, can increase aromatase and the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

有一些轶事证据表明，吸食大麻植物的特定部分，特别是种子，可以增加芳香酶和睾酮向雌激素的转化。

I think in the old days, the lore was the seeds make you sterile, and I think that was related to what I just told you, this increase in conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

我想在过去，传说是种子会让你不育，我认为这与我刚才告诉你的有关，睾酮向雌激素转化的增加。

There's a vast literature on the effects of cannabis on fertility.

关于大麻对生育能力的影响有大量文献。

It does seem, yes, it does seem to alter sperm motility and sperm health and function when taken chronically more than twice per week, in particular, high doses of high-potency THC.

是的，当每周长期服用两次以上时，尤其是高剂量的高效 THC，它似乎确实会改变精子活力、精子健康和功能。

This is something we will cover in far more detail on a future episode all about fertility.

我们将在未来有关生育的剧集中更详细地介绍这一点。

And in females, there's an increase in estrogen as a consequence of smoking marijuana and increasing prolactin and estrogen in parallel.

在女性中，吸食大麻会导致雌激素增加，同时催乳素和雌激素也会增加。

Whether or not that's detrimental isn't clear, although I point out that elevated estrogen and prolactin can be associated, again, can be associated, not necessarily and certainly not causative, but can be associated with elevated levels of or frequency of breast cancer detection.

这是否有害尚不清楚，尽管我指出雌激素和催乳素升高可能与此相关，但可能与乳腺癌检测水平或频率升高有关，但不一定且肯定不是因果关系。

So cannabis and its effects on hormones are not without consequence.

因此，大麻及其对激素的影响并非没有后果。

There are effects of cannabis on cortisol.

大麻对皮质醇有影响。

In some individuals, it greatly increases cortisol due to the anxiety and paranoia it can create, and in other individuals, it reduces cortisol.

在某些人中，由于它会产生焦虑和偏执，它会大大增加皮质醇，而在其他人中，它会减少皮质醇。

Again, we have these divergent effects.

同样，我们有这些不同的影响。

But I want to be very clear.

但我想说得很清楚。

The effects on prolactin, meaning elevated prolactin, the effects on testosterone, meaning at least most studies point to reduced levels of testosterone and increased estrogen, that seems to be true for most all individuals that chronically use cannabis.

对催乳素的影响，意味着催乳素升高，对睾酮的影响，意味着至少大多数研究指出睾酮水平降低和雌激素增加，这对于大多数长期使用大麻的人来说似乎都是如此。

Whereas the effects on cortisol tend to be divergent.

然而对皮质醇的影响往往是不同的。

Cannabis increases cortisol in some individuals and decreases cortisol in others.

大麻会增加某些人的皮质醇，而降低另一些人的皮质醇。

In general, increases in cortisol that are ongoing are not healthy for us and so on.

一般来说，皮质醇持续增加对我们来说并不健康，等等。

And then, of course, there are other effects on hormones, and I'll just briefly summarize those, that THC in particular, not CBD, but THC in particular is known to be strongly inhibitory for something called gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

当然，还有其他对激素的影响，我将简要总结一下，特别是 THC，而不是 CBD，但 THC 特别是已知对促性腺激素释放激素具有强烈抑制作用。

This is a hormone that's released from the brain, from the hypothalamus, that then feeds onto, or I should say, signals to the pituitary gland, which is also near the roof of your mouth.

这是一种从大脑、下丘脑释放的激素，然后向垂体发出信号，或者我应该说，向垂体发出信号，垂体也位于口腔顶部附近。

A lot of stuff happening near the roof of your mouth, it turns out, biologically.

事实证明，从生物学角度来看，很多事情都发生在你的上颚附近。

And reduced levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone caused by cannabis use, reduced levels of LH, luteinizing hormone, and FSH, which reduce levels of testosterone and sperm production in males, and egg health and ovulation and menstrual function in females.

使用大麻导致促性腺激素释放激素水平降低，黄体生成素、黄体生成素和 FSH 水平降低，从而降低男性睾酮和精子生成水平，以及女性卵子健康、排卵和月经功能。

Now, I'm sure there are a number of women out there who will say they have perfectly normal menstrual cycles despite using cannabis.

现在，我确信有很多女性会说，尽管使用大麻，她们的月经周期却完全正常。

I'm certainly not going to dispute that.

我当然不会对此提出异议。

But if you are somebody who's trying to maximize fertility or regulate or balance hormones, marijuana and cannabis reduces GnRH, that is the gonadotropin released from the hypothalamus, and thereby reduces luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are released from the pituitary and travel in the bloodstream to support normal ovarian function and health and normal testicular function and health in females and males, respectively.

但是，如果您想要最大限度地提高生育能力或调节或平衡激素，那么大麻和大麻会减少 GnRH（下丘脑释放的促性腺激素），从而减少黄体生成素和卵泡刺激素，这些激素从垂体释放并在血液中流动，分别支持女性和男性正常的卵巢功能和健康以及正常的睾丸功能和健康。

Up until now, I've been discussing the biological and psychological effects of cannabis.

到目前为止，我一直在讨论大麻的生物和心理影响。

Now I'd like to shift our attention to some of the negative health effects of cannabis and shine light on some of the individuals or groups out there that need to be especially wary of, and probably avoid cannabis use entirely, including ingestion of cannabis by way of edible.

现在，我想将我们的注意力转移到大麻对健康的一些负面影响上，并提醒一些需要特别警惕、甚至可能完全避免使用大麻的个人或团体，包括通过食用方式摄入大麻。

And I frame things that way because I think there is an increasingly large number of people out there that appreciate that smoking tobacco or smoking cannabis, vaping tobacco, yes vaping tobacco, or vaping cannabis, each and all have negative health consequences on the lungs and on the so-called endothelial cells of the body, the cells that make up the vasculature, the capillaries and blood vessels.

我这样描述事情是因为我认为越来越多的人认识到吸烟或吸大麻、吸电子烟，是的，吸电子烟或吸大麻，每一种都会对肺部和所谓的身体内皮细胞（构成脉管系统、毛细血管和血管的细胞）产生负面健康影响。

If you don't already know this, I'll make it very clear and I'll make it very brief.

如果你还不知道这一点，我会说得非常清楚并且非常简短。

Whether or not you smoke or vape tobacco or cannabis, you are severely impairing the function of endothelial cells that make up the capillaries and blood vessels of your brain and body.

无论您是否吸食烟草或大麻，都会严重损害构成大脑和身体毛细血管和血管的内皮细胞的功能。

And that is known to decrease cognitive capacity over time, increase probability of strokes, severely impact lung function, and also lead to things like peripheral neuropathies.

众所周知，随着时间的推移，认知能力会下降，中风的可能性会增加，严重影响肺功能，还会导致周围神经病变等疾病。

It leads to sexual dysfunction because of lack of blood flow to the genitals.

由于生殖器血流不足，它会导致性功能障碍。

It can lead to other aspects of reproductive damage, including to the ovaries and testes.

它可能导致生殖损伤的其他方面，包括卵巢和睾丸。

Essentially, there is no other way to state it except that smoking and vaping have negative health consequences that are independent of the substances that people are trying to get into their bloodstream by smoking or vaping.

从本质上讲，除了吸烟和电子烟对健康产生负面影响之外，没有其他方法可以说明这一点，这些影响与人们试图通过吸烟或电子烟进入血液的物质无关。

So people smoke and vape tobacco, and people smoke and vape cannabis, and in both cases, if we just set aside the direct effects of tobacco and the direct effects of cannabis, we can confidently say that the process of smoking, of inhaling smoke into the lungs, and yes, also vaping, bringing the chemicals that transport nicotine, or in this case cannabis, into the lungs by way of vaping, are both severely detrimental to endothelial cells.

因此，人们吸烟和吸电子烟，人们吸电子烟和吸大麻，在这两种情况下，如果我们只考虑烟草和大麻的直接影响，我们可以自信地说，吸烟的过程，将烟雾吸入肺部，是的，还有吸电子烟，通过吸电子烟将尼古丁（或在本例中为大麻）输送到肺部的化学物质都严重损害内皮细胞。

I think a few years ago when vaping wasn't as prominent, there was this question and this idea that maybe vaping was going to be far healthier or at least not as bad as smoking.

我认为几年前，当电子烟还没有那么突出时，有人提出了这样的问题和想法：也许电子烟会更健康，或者至少不会像吸烟那么糟糕。

But now we can see a huge number of negative health effects of vaping, some of which are distinct from the effects of smoking.

但现在我们可以看到电子烟对健康产生大量负面影响，其中一些与吸烟的影响截然不同。

So if you'd like more information on smoking versus vaping, please see the episode that I did on nicotine.

因此，如果您想了解有关吸烟与电子烟的更多信息，请参阅我关于尼古丁的剧集。

We will also do an entire episode all about vaping in the future.

未来我们还将制作一整集关于电子烟的内容。

But there's really no way to slice it and dice it or candy coat it.

但确实没有办法把它切片、切块或裹上糖衣。

The fact of the matter is that smoking has clear and severe negative health consequences, regardless of whether or not you're smoking tobacco or cannabis, THC.

事实是，无论您是否吸食烟草或大麻、四氢大麻酚，吸烟都会对健康产生明显而严重的负面影响。

And vaping has negative health consequences, whether or not you're using the vape to bring in nicotine or THC or some combination of THC and CBD.

无论您是否使用电子烟吸入尼古丁或 THC 或 THC 和 CBD 的某种组合，电子烟都会对健康产生负面影响。

That's simply the way it is.

就是这样。

With that said, now I'd like to focus our attention on the direct effects that cannabis has, either by way of THC action or by way of CBD action, in terms of positive or negative health effects on the brain and body.

话虽如此，现在我想将我们的注意力集中在大麻通过 THC 作用或 CBD 作用对大脑和身体健康产生积极或消极影响方面的直接影响上。

And we're going to explore that first as a function of age.

我们将首先将其作为年龄的函数进行探索。

And the reason we're going to do that is related to a fact that I mentioned at the beginning of the episode, which is that the CB1 and the CB2 receptors, the two receptors for cannabis to which THC and CBD and CBN and all other psychoactive compounds in cannabis bind to to have their actions, are present throughout development.

我们这样做的原因与我在本集开头提到的一个事实有关，即 CB1 和 CB2 受体（THC、CBD 和 CBN 以及大麻中所有其他精神活性化合物与大麻的两种受体结合并发挥作用）存在于整个发育过程中。

Believe it or not, they are present very soon after conception, and the CB1 and CB2 receptors actually play a critical role in the development of the fetus.

不管你相信与否，它们在受孕后不久就出现了，CB1 和 CB2 受体实际上在胎儿的发育中发挥着关键作用。

Now you might wonder why that is, because of course, the developing fetus doesn't necessarily expect to see cannabis or to be exposed to cannabis and THC and CBD.

现在您可能想知道为什么会这样，因为当然，发育中的胎儿不一定期望看到大麻或接触大麻、THC 和 CBD。

But as you recall, endogenous cannabinoids are present in the adult brain and body, and endogenous cannabinoids, it turns out, are also present in the developing fetus.

但正如您所记得的那样，内源性大麻素存在于成人的大脑和身体中，事实证明，内源性大麻素也存在于发育中的胎儿中。

In fact, endogenous cannabinoids are present at much greater levels in the developing fetus than they are after a child is born.

事实上，内源性大麻素在发育中的胎儿中的含量比孩子出生后的含量要高得多。

And levels of endogenous cannabinoids actually go down across development.

内源性大麻素的水平实际上会随着发育而下降。

I find this really interesting.

我觉得这真的很有趣。

What this means is that endogenous cannabinoids and activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors are an integral part of neural development, and this is going to become especially relevant in considering whether or not pregnant mothers should or should not use cannabis or CBD.

这意味着内源性大麻素以及 CB1 和 CB2 受体的激活是神经发育不可或缺的一部分，这在考虑怀孕母亲是否应该使用大麻或 CBD 时尤其重要。

And it also points to some very interesting biology in terms of how the brain develops and how the body develops.

它还指出了一些关于大脑如何发育和身体如何发育的非常有趣的生物学。

Now the development of the brain and nervous system and body is a fascinating and vast literature, certainly far too vast to cover in today's episode, especially at this late hour, as it were.

现在，大脑、神经系统和身体的发育是一部引人入胜且庞大的文献，当然太大了，无法在今天的节目中涵盖，尤其是在这么晚的时候。

But we will have a future episode all about brain development.

但我们未来会有一集关于大脑发育的内容。

In terms of the effects of cannabis, it's sufficient to say that cannabinoid receptors are present and active in the developing fetus.

就大麻的作用而言，只要说大麻素受体在发育中的胎儿中存在并且活跃即可。

They are present and active in the newborn.

它们在新生儿中存在并活跃。

They are present and active in adolescence.

它们在青春期就存在并活跃。

And across that time, from conception until adolescence, endogenous cannabinoids are mainly responsible for the actions of those cannabinoid receptors.

在这段时间内，从受孕到青春期，内源性大麻素主要负责这些大麻素受体的作用。

During that time, the cannabinoid receptors are having very specific effects that are distinct from their effects later in life, and those effects can largely be explained in terms of neural development.

在此期间，大麻素受体产生非常特殊的作用，这些作用不同于它们在以后的生活中的作用，这些作用在很大程度上可以用神经发育来解释。

Again, we don't have time for an entire lecture on this now, but during development, your body was a collection of a bunch of cells.

再说一次，我们现在没有时间对此进行完整的讲座，但在发育过程中，您的身体是一堆细胞的集合。

It's actually called a blastula, which means a ball of cells.

它实际上被称为囊胚，意思是细胞球。

And then those cells actually have to grow out connections and duplicate themselves, and this is a very interesting process by which neurons initially are situated far apart, and then they grow out connections and make contacts with one another.

然后这些细胞实际上必须长出连接并自我复制，这是一个非常有趣的过程，神经元最初距离很远，然后它们长出连接并相互接触。

They remove certain connections, depending on what kind of life events you're exposed to.

它们会消除某些联系，具体取决于您遇到的生活事件类型。

If you have a wonderful event early in life or a traumatic early life, those connections change, et cetera.

如果你早年经历过一件美好的事情，或者早年经历过痛苦的经历，这些联系就会改变，等等。

The important point for today's discussion is that the CB1 receptor, in particular, is expressed on every neuron in the developing brain and has been shown to be important for every aspect of neural development, from the proliferation of cells, meaning getting enough cells to create a brain, to the outgrowth of the so-called axons, the little wires that connect up neurons with one another, to the steering, the direction that which those axons go in development, which is essential, and even so far as to explain the connections that form between neurons, the so-called synapses, and then how those synapses work.

今天讨论的重点是，CB1 受体在发育中的大脑中的每个神经元上都有表达，并且已被证明对神经发育的各个方面都很重要，从细胞增殖（意味着获得足够的细胞来形成大脑）到所谓轴突（将神经元彼此连接起来的小电线）的生长，再到转向（这些轴突在发育过程中的方向，这是至关重要的），甚至可以解释轴突之间形成的连接。神经元，即所谓的突触，以及这些突触如何工作。

So the basic statement here is that endogenous cannabinoids and CB1 receptor activation are critical for every aspect of brain wiring and development.

因此，这里的基本说法是，内源性大麻素和 CB1 受体激活对于大脑连接和发育的各个方面都至关重要。

With that in mind, the statement I'm about to make is absolutely terrifying, at least to me, and frankly, it should be terrifying to you as well.

考虑到这一点，我即将发表的声明绝对是令人恐惧的，至少对我来说是这样，坦率地说，它也应该让你感到恐惧。

And the statement is, the current statistics on cannabis use in pregnant mothers is absolutely shocking.

声明称，目前有关怀孕母亲使用大麻的统计数据绝对令人震惊。

The most recent survey of pregnant mothers in the United States show that 15%, 1-5, 15% of pregnant mothers report using cannabis in some form or another, either smoking it or more likely ingestion of an edible because they are aware of the negative effects of smoking on the developing fetus.

对美国孕妇的最新调查显示，15%、1-5、15% 的孕妇报告以某种形式使用大麻，要么吸食大麻，要么更可能摄入可食用的大麻，因为她们意识到吸烟对发育中的胎儿的负面影响。

Ingestion of an edible to increase THC and/or CBD during pregnancy, which to me, I have to say as a developmental neurobiologist is frankly, it's scary.

在怀孕期间摄入可增加 THC 和/或 CBD 的食物，对我来说，作为一名发育神经生物学家，坦率地说，这很可怕。

It's absolutely scary because that CB1 receptor is not just a minor player in neural development, it is absolutely central to every critical aspect of brain wiring and development.

这绝对是可怕的，因为 CB1 受体不仅仅是神经发育中的次要角色，它绝对是大脑连接和发育的每个关键方面的核心。

Now, the long-term implications or even the short-term implications of this 15% of mothers self-reporting the use of cannabis at some point during pregnancy are not yet known.

现在，这 15% 的母亲自我报告在怀孕期间的某个时刻使用过大麻的长期影响甚至短期影响尚不清楚。

This is, as we would say, an experiment that's ongoing.

正如我们所说，这是一项正在进行的实验。

But I'd be remiss if I didn't point out these data and just implore you, please, please, please, if you are pregnant or considering getting pregnant, you're a cannabis user, whether or not you're using edibles, if you're a CBD user, please do whatever is necessary to not ingest cannabis or smoke cannabis or ingest CBD during pregnancy.

但如果我没有指出这些数据，只是恳求你，拜托，拜托，拜托，如果你怀孕了或考虑怀孕，你是大麻使用者，无论你是否使用食品，如果你是 CBD 使用者，请采取一切必要措施，不要在怀孕期间摄入大麻或吸食大麻或摄入 CBD。

Now, there may be certain clinical indications by which your physician and your OBGYN and the pediatrician that will eventually be the pediatrician for your child will prescribe CBD, although it's hard to imagine what those are.

现在，可能存在某些临床迹象，您的医生、您的妇产科医生以及最终将成为您孩子的儿科医生的儿科医生会开出 CBD 处方，尽管很难想象这些是什么。

I contacted a number of different pediatricians and OBGYNs, and not a single one said they would ever suggest, and in fact, would strongly discourage their patients from using cannabis during pregnancy.

我联系了许多不同的儿科医生和妇产科医生，没有一个人表示他们会建议，事实上，会强烈劝阻他们的患者在怀孕期间使用大麻。

But I think that the advent of edible forms of cannabis and the combination of THC and CBD in certain products, and the fact that most people view CBD as safer because it does not include as or does not have, I should say, the psychoactive effects that THC does, has led to a situation where you have 15% of pregnant mothers using cannabis at some point during pregnancy and maybe even frequently throughout pregnancy, and the effects on the developing fetus are completely unknown.

但我认为，食用大麻形式的出现以及 THC 和 CBD 在某些产品中的组合，以及大多数人认为 CBD 更安全的事实，因为它不包括或不具有 THC 所具有的精神作用，导致了这样一种情况：15％的怀孕母亲在怀孕期间的某个时候甚至整个怀孕期间经常使用大麻，并且对发育中的胎儿的影响完全未知。

But recall that cannabis and THC and CBD out-compete, meaning they park in the receptor for endogenous cannabinoids and prevent endogenous cannabinoids from having their normal level and pattern of action.

但请记住，大麻与 THC 和 CBD 是竞争性的，这意味着它们驻留在内源性大麻素的受体中，并阻止内源性大麻素达到正常水平和作用模式。

So this is absolutely critical.

所以这绝对是至关重要的。

I cannot encourage you enough, or rather I should say, I cannot discourage enough the use of cannabis and any related compounds in cannabis, edible or smoked, certainly not smoked, but even edible during pregnancy.

我无法充分鼓励您，或者更确切地说，我应该说，我无法充分阻止使用大麻和大麻中的任何相关化合物，无论是食用还是吸食，当然不是吸食，甚至在怀孕期间都可以食用。

And certainly in breastfeeding, lactating mothers, the same is also true.

当然，对于母乳喂养、哺乳期母亲来说，也是如此。

Recall that cannabis and THC and CBD are incredibly lipophilic.

回想一下，大麻、THC 和 CBD 具有令人难以置信的亲脂性。

They are fat soluble, and they get into cells very readily, and they cross the blood-brain barrier, they cross the blood-placental barrier.

它们是脂溶性的，很容易进入细胞，并且可以穿过血脑屏障、血胎盘屏障。

So when I encountered this statistic, I had to kind of wipe my eyes a few times.

所以当我遇到这个统计数据时，我不得不擦几次眼睛。

I could not believe it.

我简直不敢相信。

And yet I cross-checked that number with a few other studies.

但我还是将这个数字与其他一些研究进行了交叉核对。

A few others have come in a little bit lower at somewhere like 13% to 14%, and a few have come in a little bit higher, but the average of 15% is both striking and shocking.

其他一些人的比例要低一些，比如 13% 到 14%，还有一些人的比例要高一些，但 15% 的平均水平既引人注目又令人震惊。

So I don't know how to make the message more clear.

所以我不知道如何让消息更清楚。

I hope that is clear.

我希望这是清楚的。

Please do not use any cannabis, THC, or related things, including CBD, smoked or edible if you're pregnant, lactating, et cetera.

如果您怀孕、哺乳期等，请不要使用任何大麻、THC 或相关物质，包括 CBD、烟熏或食用。

Now we are at the point where we need to consider some of the negative health effects of cannabis that have been well-documented in peer-reviewed studies.

现在，我们需要考虑大麻对健康的一些负面影响，这些影响已在同行评审的研究中得到充分记录。

And before I do this, I want to return to a point that I made earlier, which is that nothing I am about to say relates directly to issues of legality.

在我这样做之前，我想回到我之前提出的一点，那就是我要说的一切都与合法性问题没有直接关系。

If we consider alcohol, for instance, alcohol is legal in most areas of the world, it's certainly legal in the US, and yet there's an age limit for its use.

例如，如果我们考虑酒精，酒精在世界大多数地区是合法的，在美国当然也是合法的，但饮酒有年龄限制。

Typically, it's not available to people until they're 21 or older.

通常，21 岁或以上的人才能使用此服务。

It's not to say that certain people don't use it before age 21, but it's not legal.

这并不是说某些人 21 岁之前不使用它，但这是不合法的。

It is illegal to buy or possess alcohol, consume alcohol before age 21, and I think with good reason because the brain is still developing.

购买或持有酒精、21 岁​​之前饮酒都是违法的，我认为这是有充分理由的，因为大脑仍在发育。

Likewise, we can have an informed discussion about cannabis and its various components that can fully acknowledge the reality, which is that one of the major harms of cannabis in the past has been the legal ramifications of cannabis being illegal.

同样，我们可以对大麻及其各种成分进行知情讨论，充分承认现实，即过去大麻的主要危害之一是大麻非法的法律后果。

That's a statement that is no longer controversial, and this is not a discussion about legalization or non-legalization.

这是一个不再有争议的说法，这也不是合法化或不合法化的讨论。

If you look to the scientific literature, the epidemiological literature There are wonderful data out of Carleton University and elsewhere in Canada showing that many of the negative effects of marijuana and THC are due to the criminal justice system itself.

如果您查看科学文献、流行病学文献，卡尔顿大学和加拿大其他地方的精彩数据表明，大麻和四氢大麻酚的许多负面影响是由刑事司法系统本身造成的。

That is the creation of illicit drug businesses, the creation of organized crime, the creation of a number of different features related to the illegality of cannabis.

这就是非法毒品生意的产生，有组织犯罪的产生，以及与大麻非法性相关的许多不同特征的产生。

And again, this isn't the topic of today's episode, but that should be acknowledged.

再说一次，这不是今天这一集的主题，但应该承认这一点。

And at the same time, we need to acknowledge that when a compound, a drug, or whatever you want to call it, becomes legal, there's a tendency to assume that it's safe and safe for everybody.

与此同时，我们需要承认，当一种化合物、一种药物或任何你想称之为的东西变得合法时，人们就会倾向于认为它对每个人来说都是安全的。

And with respect to cannabis and THC, and perhaps even CBD, but certainly for THC and cannabis that's smoked or vaped or consumed in edible form, that is simply not the case.

对于大麻和 THC，甚至可能是 CBD，但对于以可食用形式吸食或吸食的 THC 和大麻来说，情况根本不是这样。

There are clear data pointing to negative health effects of cannabis use and THC use.

有明确的数据表明使用大麻和四氢大麻酚对健康产生负面影响。

Which, again, is not to say that there are not positive effects on mood, anxiety, pain relief, et cetera.

再说一次，这并不是说它对情绪、焦虑、疼痛缓解等没有积极的影响。

Those are out there, and they exist, and we will mention some of those, of course, and we've talked about some of those, creativity, for instance, et cetera.

这些都在那里，它们存在，当然，我们会提到其中的一些，我们已经讨论了其中的一些，例如创造力等等。

But if we do not acknowledge the negative health effects that are documented in the literature, then we are overlooking some very important data, especially as it relates to the development of psychosis in certain individuals.

但是，如果我们不承认文献中记载的对健康的负面影响，那么我们就会忽略一些非常重要的数据，特别是因为它与某些个体的精神病发展有关。

So, with that said, there are very strong data, and I will provide links to these resources, pointing to the fact that for people who are chronic users of cannabis, that is using it twice a week or more, that over time their levels of anxiety actually increase.

因此，话虽如此，有非常有力的数据，我将提供这些资源的链接，指出这样一个事实：对于长期吸食大麻的人来说，即每周使用两次或更多，随着时间的推移，他们的焦虑程度实际上会增加。

And this is true even for individuals that are using strains of cannabis that while under the influence of cannabis, reduce anxiety.

即使对于使用大麻品种的人来说也是如此，在大麻的影响下，可以减少焦虑。

Over time, meaning over the course of 12 or more months, there is a well-documented effect of the anxiety relief that cannabis and THC initially brought being less and less potent.

随着时间的推移，即在 12 个月或更长时间的过程中，大麻和 THC 最初带来的焦虑缓解效果越来越弱，这是有据可查的。

That is, people need to smoke more of it or ingest more THC in order to achieve the same level of anxiety relief, and in some cases, a switch from anxiety relief to increase in anxiety.

也就是说，人们需要吸更多的烟或摄入更多的 THC 才能达到相同水平的焦虑缓解，并且在某些情况下，从缓解焦虑转变为增加焦虑。

And again, that's increase in anxiety not just when the drug is not being consumed, but also while under the influence of the drug.

再说一遍，不仅在不服用药物时，而且在药物的影响下，焦虑也会增加。

Why would that be?

为什么会这样呢？

We have to go back to our understanding of the CB1 receptor and the potency with which THC binds to that CB1 receptor.

我们必须回到对 CB1 受体以及 THC 与 CB1 受体结合的效力的理解。

When THC is brought into the system over and over again, meaning twice a week or more, the binding of THC to that CB1 receptor eventually causes a sort of habituation or attenuation of the entire process of binding the receptor and creating the psychoactive effects.

当 THC 一遍又一遍地进入系统时，即每周两次或更多次，THC 与 CB1 受体的结合最终会导致结合受体并产生精神作用的整个过程的某种习惯或减弱。

So initially it creates anxiety relief, but over time, the affinity for the receptor doesn't change, meaning it can still park in that slot with a lot of affinity, a lot of strength, but there are fewer receptors available, and then the signaling that's downstream of those receptors becomes less and less robust.

因此，最初它会缓解焦虑，但随着时间的推移，对受体的亲和力不会改变，这意味着它仍然可以以很大的亲和力、很大的强度停在那个位置上，但可用的受体越来越少，然后这些受体下游的信号传导变得越来越弱。

Now this is a topic we didn't get into in too much detail today because I didn't want to include even more biological detail, but the CB1 receptor is a so-called G protein-coupled receptor.

今天我们没有详细讨论这个话题，因为我不想包括更多的生物学细节，但 CB1 受体是所谓的 G 蛋白偶联受体。

That's a mouthful, but a G protein-coupled receptor basically is like a bucket brigade.

虽然听起来很拗口，但 G 蛋白偶联受体基本上就像一个水桶旅。

So while some receptors in the brain and body are such that when something, a chemical binds to them, that receptor has a direct action, like it opens and allows stuff to rush into the cell, increases the excitability of the cell, so-called fast effects.

因此，虽然大脑和身体中的某些受体是这样的，当某种化学物质与它们结合时，该受体会产生直接作用，例如它打开并允许物质冲入细胞，增加细胞的兴奋性，即所谓的快速效应。

These G protein-coupled receptors, and CB1 is a G protein-coupled receptor, they are more like a bucket brigade, where they kick off a process through one molecule that then is handed off to another molecule, that then is handed off to another molecule.

这些G蛋白偶联受体，CB1是G蛋白偶联受体，它们更像是一个水桶旅，它们通过一个分子启动一个过程，然后传递给另一个分子，然后传递给另一个分子。

It's a long chain or cascade of events.

这是一连串或一连串的事件。

Those long chains or cascades of events have a lot of opportunity for regulation, for adjustment.

这些长链或级联事件有很多调节和调整的机会。

Receptor systems in the brain and body, especially receptor systems like the cannabinoid system that are used to being kind of tickled, not punched, tickled by endogenous cannabinoids.

大脑和身体的受体系统，特别是像大麻素系统这样的受体系统，习惯于被内源性大麻素搔痒，而不是拳打脚踢。

Every once in a while, some binds, has an effect, but certainly not bound with incredible potency and over and over again as they are when THC is coming into the system.

每隔一段时间，就会有一些结合，产生效果，但肯定不会像 THC 进入系统时那样以令人难以置信的效力一遍又一遍地结合。

Well, those systems eventually over time, they adjust themselves so that the body and those cells can achieve so-called homeostasis.

好吧，随着时间的推移，这些系统最终会自我调整，以便身体和这些细胞能够实现所谓的体内平衡。

So when people are using THC more than twice a week, what ends up happening is those G protein-coupled receptors in the downstream signaling mechanism start to adjust themselves, and it requires more and more drug, so either higher dosages or more frequent use.

因此，当人们每周使用THC超过两次时，最终发生的情况是下游信号机制中的那些G蛋白偶联受体开始自我调整，并且需要越来越多的药物，因此要么更高剂量要么更频繁使用。

And a lot of the positive effects, the so-called decrease in anxiety, increased focus, increased creativity, some of that starts to wane.

许多积极的影响，即所谓的焦虑减少、注意力增强、创造力增加，其中一些开始减弱。

It starts to dissipate, and people wonder why they have to use so much cannabis just to achieve a fraction of the effect that they used to be able to achieve with even a lower dose.

它开始消散，人们想知道为什么他们必须使用这么多大麻才能达到以前用较低剂量就能达到的效果的一小部分。

So anxiety is getting worse over time, and that's anxiety during the drug use and outside of the drug use.

因此，随着时间的推移，焦虑会变得越来越严重，这就是吸毒期间和吸毒之外的焦虑。

Some people work around that or try to work around that by using varying strains of cannabis or changing the pattern of delivery from smoking to vaping or from vaping to edible and from edible to transdermal.

有些人通过使用不同品种的大麻或改变从吸食到电子烟或从电子烟到食用以及从食用到透皮的输送方式来解决这个问题或尝试解决这个问题。

Anyway, they go through a lot of gymnastics and writhing and seeking, but nonetheless, anxiety increases over time.

不管怎样，他们经历了很多体操、扭动和寻找，但尽管如此，焦虑随着时间的推移而增加。

Also, it's very clear that depression increases over time, and especially, this is surprising to me, but especially for individuals that were not depressed at the outset of their use.

此外，很明显，抑郁症会随着时间的推移而增加，尤其是，这让我感到惊讶，尤其是对于那些在使用之初并不抑郁的人来说。

In other words, they didn't start using cannabis because they were depressed, but rather the depression starts to emerge as a consequence of the cannabis and THC use.

换句话说，他们并不是因为抑郁而开始使用大麻，而是因为使用大麻和 THC 而开始出现抑郁症。

So that's serious.

所以这很严重。

In fact We now know based on really solid epidemiological evidence that depression is not a strong predictor of seeking out cannabis.

事实上，我们现在根据确实可靠的流行病学证据知道，抑郁症并不是寻找大麻的有力预测因素。

It doesn't drive terribly many people to seek out cannabis use.

它并没有促使很多人去寻求大麻的使用。

But cannabis use itself makes people four times likelier to develop a chronic major depression.

但吸食大麻本身会使人们罹患慢性重度抑郁症的可能性增加四倍。

So anxiety is increasing, depression is increasing, and this turns out to be especially relevant and important to young people.

因此，焦虑正在增加，抑郁正在增加，这对年轻人来说尤其相关和重要。

Why do I say that?

我为什么这么说呢？

Well, if you look at the data, and again, I think some of the strongest data are data to come out of the Canadian system.

好吧，如果你看一下数据，我认为一些最有力的数据是来自加拿大系统的数据。

They've done some really beautiful controlled studies.

他们做了一些非常漂亮的对照研究。

I really hope to invite some of the people who arranged and ran those studies as guests onto the Huberman Lab podcast.

我真的希望邀请一些安排和进行这些研究的人作为嘉宾参加休伯曼实验室播客。

But if you look at the data out of Canada, or you look at some of the data out of Northern Europe and the US, what you find is that the probability that somebody will use cannabis and then go on to use it chronically correlates very strongly with age.

但如果你查看加拿大的数据，或者查看北欧和美国的一些数据，你会发现，某人使用大麻并继续长期使用的可能性与年龄密切相关。

So for instance, some of the highest degree of cannabis use is among individuals 16 to 24 years old.

例如，大麻使用率最高的人群是 16 至 24 岁的人群。

In fact, in individuals who are 16 to 24 years old, and in particular in students and people who are working, surprising, more than in unemployed populations, being young, 16 to 24, at least to me that's young, and being a student or working doubles the likelihood that somebody is going to use cannabis on a regular basis twice or more per week.

事实上，在 16 至 24 岁的个体中，特别是在学生和工作人员中，令人惊讶的是，比失业人群更令人惊讶的是，16 至 24 岁的年轻人，至少对我来说是年轻的，并且作为学生或工作人员，每周定期使用大麻两次或两次以上的可能性增加了一倍。

The typical age of initiating cannabis use nowadays is about 19 years old, so 18.7, and about 20% of people in that age bracket of 16 to 24 years old are using cannabis daily, either by vaping, by smoking, or by edible.

如今开始吸食大麻的典型年龄约为 19 岁，即 18.7 岁，在 16 至 24 岁年龄段的人中，约有 20% 每天通过吸食、吸食或食用大麻的方式吸食大麻。

That's an enormous number.

这是一个巨大的数字。

At least by my read, it's an enormous number, and here's why it's of really serious concern.

至少根据我的阅读，这是一个巨大的数字，这就是为什么它值得真正严重关注的原因。

During the ages of 16 to 24, the cannabinoid receptors are still available.

在16至24岁期间，大麻素受体仍然可用。

They are not being as strongly driven by endogenous cannabinoids, but by ingestion of THC and/or CBD, there are downstream effects on the signaling within those cells that all the data point to creating a much, much higher likelihood of developing major depression, severe anxiety, or psychosis at later ages.

它们并不是受到内源性大麻素的强烈驱动，而是通过摄入 THC 和/或 CBD，对这些细胞内的信号传导产生下游影响，所有数据都表明，这些细胞在以后的年龄中患重度抑郁症、严重焦虑症或精神病的可能性要高得多。

So to be very clear, cannabis use between the ages of 16 to 24 in both males and females is increasing anxiety, increasing depression in the immediate years and within the one year's time or so, so much so that people are using cannabis ongoing in an attempt to reduce that anxiety and reduce that depression.

因此，需要非常明确的是，无论是男性还是女性，16 至 24 岁之间吸食大麻都会加剧焦虑，在最近几年和一年左右的时间内增加抑郁，以至于人们持续吸食大麻，试图减少焦虑和抑郁。

But in addition to that, the cannabis use, and because of the signaling mechanisms involved, are predisposing those individuals to psychosis later in life.

但除此之外，大麻的使用以及所涉及的信号机制使这些人在以后的生活中容易患上精神病。

If you look at individuals who start using cannabis even younger, age 14, or even as young as 12, the probability of psychosis later in life, in particular schizophrenic or schizophrenic-like episodes, more than doubles.

如果你观察那些更年轻（14 岁，甚至 12 岁）就开始吸食大麻的人，那么他们在以后的生活中患精神病（特别是精神分裂症或类似精神分裂症的发作）的可能性会增加一倍以上。

So this is of really serious concern, and this is completely aside from any so-called positive effects or beneficial effects of cannabis that people might derive from occasional use as adults, meaning people older than 25.

因此，这是一个非常严重的问题，而且这完全不包括人们在成年后（即 25 岁以上的人）偶尔使用大麻可能产生的任何所谓的积极作用或有益作用。

So for the person who's older than 25, who eats an edible every once in a while, or who smokes cannabis every once in a while, and people love to make the argument, "It's not as bad as alcohol," which frankly is a terrible argument, because if you saw our episode on alcohol, alcohol is pretty bad.

因此，对于 25 岁以上、偶尔吃点东西或偶尔吸食大麻的人来说，人们喜欢说“它不如酒精那么糟糕”，坦率地说，这是一个可怕的论点，因为如果你看过我们关于酒精的剧集，就会发现酒精非常糟糕。

But even so, it's just not a good argument.

但即便如此，这也不是一个好的论据。

Saying that something is good because it's not as bad as something else is simply just not a good or valid argument, at least not biologically speaking.

说某事物是好的，因为它不像其他事物那么糟糕，这根本不是一个好的或有效的论点，至少从生物学角度来说不是。

The use of cannabis in young populations is very strongly predisposing people to psychotic episodes.

年轻人吸食大麻极易导致精神病发作。

And we know the mechanism by which this occurs.

我们知道这种情况发生的机制。

This occurs by a thinning of the so-called gray matter, and it's called gray matter because with neurons, nerve cells, they have a so-called cell body.

这是由于所谓的灰质变薄而发生的，它之所以被称为灰质，是因为神经元、神经细胞有一个所谓的细胞体。

That's the part that contains the DNA and manufactures all the neurotransmitters, et cetera.

那是包含 DNA 并制造所有神经递质等的部分。

And those are shipped out to the other parts of the neuron that include the axon, the wires between axons.

这些被运送到神经元的其他部分，包括轴突，轴突之间的电线。

And those axons under the microscope, because they have a lot of fatty tissue around them, and this is healthy fatty tissue that allows electrical transmission to be fast.

还有显微镜下的那些轴突，因为它们周围有很多脂肪组织，而这是健康的脂肪组织，可以让电传输很快。

That fatty tissue, those portions of the cells are called white matter.

脂肪组织、细胞的那些部分被称为白质。

So you have gray matter and white matter.

所以你有灰质和白质。

Gray matter are the so-called cell bodies where the DNA and all the stuff is manufactured.

灰质是所谓的细胞体，DNA 和所有物质都是在其中制造的。

White matter are the axons or the wires through which all the key components are shipped out to the synapse, et cetera.

白质是轴突或电线，所有关键部件都通过它们被运送到突触等。

Wonderful data, and I do say wonderful because as part of a large-scale consortium, and we will provide a link to the paper, this was published in Translational Psychiatry just this year, point to the fact that adolescent cannabis use accelerates the thinning of the prefrontal cortex and the gray matter in particular.

很棒的数据，我确实说很棒，因为作为一个大型联盟的一部分，我们将提供该论文的链接，该论文今年刚刚在《转化精神病学》上发表，指出青少年使用大麻会加速前额叶皮层，尤其是灰质的变薄。

So what this means is, while during normal development, the gray matter, the prefrontal cortex, and all the cells there are indeed intended.

所以这意味着，在正常发育过程中，灰质、前额皮质和那里的所有细胞确实是有意的。

It's a normal process for it to thicken and then thin a little bit as connections are adjusted and people learn and mature and grow up.

随着联系的调整以及人们学习、成熟和成长，它会变厚然后变薄，这是一个正常的过程。

This is part of the normal, healthy maturational process, independent of cannabis use.

这是正常、健康的成熟过程的一部分，与大麻的使用无关。

When kids, because these really are kids, use cannabis, and it doesn't matter the mode of cannabis delivery, whether or not it's vaping or smoking or edible, that gray matter thins at a much, much greater rate.

当孩子们，因为他们确实是孩子，使用大麻时，无论大麻的输送方式如何，无论是电子烟、吸烟还是食用，灰质都会以非常非常快的速度变薄。

And the reason I like this paper published in Translational Psychiatry this year so much is that they link the amount of cannabis use, heavy, moderate, light, or no cannabis use, to the rate of prefrontal cortical thinning, and it's absolutely clear from these data that the more often Young people, meaning individuals between the age of 14 and 25, the more often they consume or smoke or vape cannabis, the faster and the more extreme that cortical thinning is.

我非常喜欢今年发表在《Translational Psychiatry》上的这篇论文，因为他们将大麻使用量（重度、中度、轻度或不使用大麻）与前额皮质变薄的速度联系起来，从这些数据中可以清楚地看出，年轻人，即 14 岁至 25 岁之间的人，吸食或吸食大麻的次数越多，皮质变薄的速度就越快、越极端。

And the cortical thinning is occurring in exactly the area of the brain that's involved in planning, in control over one's emotions, in reflexes, in organizing one's life in a number of different ways, anywhere from cleaning one's room, literally, knowing what goes where, to making plans that extend out through the day, through the week, through a year.

皮质变薄正是发生在大脑中参与计划、控制情绪、反射、以多种不同方式组织生活的区域，从打扫房间（字面意思是知道什么要去哪里）到制定贯穿一天、一周、一年的计划。

Essentially becoming a functional human being involves using your prefrontal cortex in a variety of different contexts and different time domains, the time domain of an hour, the time domain of a day.

从本质上讲，成为一个有功能的人需要在各种不同的环境和不同的时域（一小时的时域，一天的时域）中使用你的前额皮质。

Making plans and being able to execute plans is fundamental to being a healthy human being, and it's absolutely clear from these data that the more cannabis one uses, the more impaired those neural circuits are.

制定计划并能够执行计划是成为一个健康人的基础，从这些数据中可以清楚地看出，一个人使用大麻越多，这些神经回路就越受损。

There's simply no other way to view these data.

根本没有其他方法可以查看这些数据。

In fact, so much so that even small amounts of cannabis use are associated with rates of cortical thinning and degrees of cortical thinning that are really detrimental and concerning for normal cognitive processes.

事实上，即使是少量的大麻使用也与皮质变薄的速度和皮质变薄的程度有关，这对正常的认知过程确实有害且令人担忧。

If you were somebody who smoked marijuana or consumed cannabis in any form or another during adolescence, does that mean that your prefrontal cortex can never be rescued, that it can't come back?

如果你是一个在青春期吸食大麻或以任何形式消费大麻的人，这是否意味着你的前额皮质永远无法被拯救，它无法恢复？

Well, the short answer is it probably can be rescued to some degree.

嗯，简短的回答是它可能可以在某种程度上得到拯救。

It will depend on how much cannabis you were using and how often and what strains of cannabis, et cetera.

这将取决于您使用大麻的量、使用频率以及大麻品种等。

There's really no traveling back in time, as my graduate advisor used to say.

正如我的研究生导师常说的那样，真的没有办法回到过去。

Time machines are broken.

时间机器坏了。

At least for now, we don't have time machines, so all you can really do is try and emphasize, first of all, quitting cannabis in any form, and focusing on behaviors that emphasize endothelial cell blood flow health to the brain, so that would be cardiovascular exercise, adequate nutrition, not smoking nicotine, and there are a number of other things that one can do.

至少现在，我们没有时间机器，所以你真正能做的就是尝试并强调，首先，戒掉任何形式的大麻，并专注于强调大脑内皮细胞血流健康的行为，比如心血管锻炼、充足的营养、不吸尼古丁，还有很多其他的事情可以做。

We will do an entire episode all about trying to reverse the effects of cannabis and other drug use during adolescence.

我们将制作一整集，讲述试图扭转青春期大麻和其他药物使用的影响。

We don't have time to do a deep dive on that right now, but all the things that standardize and promote health, adequate sleep, good social connection, regular cardiovascular and weight training exercise, healthy nutrition, and what that represents to you, healthy metabolic function and weight, et cetera.

我们现在没有时间深入探讨这一点，但是所有标准化和促进健康的事情、充足的睡眠、良好的社交关系、定期的心血管和重量训练、健康的营养，以及对你来说代表什么，健康的代谢功能和体重等等。

Those are all going to facilitate some recovery of brain function, in particular prefrontal cortical function, by way of all the positive effects that those behaviors and choices have.

通过这些行为和选择所产生的所有积极影响，这些都将促进大脑功能的恢复，特别是前额皮质功能。

But with that said, if you are in the age bracket that I've been referring to, this 14 to 25-year-old age bracket, and you are a occasional even or chronic cannabis user, you should be very careful and concerned about the long-term effects that could potentially have.

但话虽如此，如果您处于我提到的 14 至 25 岁年龄段，并且您是偶尔或长期吸食大麻的人，那么您应该非常小心并担心可能产生的长期影响。

That statement is bolstered by another statistic, which is that unlike a lot of other drugs, the rate of cannabis use is strongly related to how dangerous people perceive cannabis to be.

这一说法得到了另一项统计数据的支持，该统计数据表明，与许多其他药物不同，大麻的使用率与人们认为大麻的危险程度密切相关。

Now, that might seem obvious on the one hand.

现在，一方面，这似乎是显而易见的。

If you think something is very dangerous, you would expect that the probability that somebody would use it would be very low, and if they think something is safe, the probability would be high.

如果你认为某件事非常危险，你会期望有人使用它的概率会非常低，而如果他们认为某件事是安全的，那么概率就会很高。

But that isn't necessarily the case.

但事实并非一定如此。

If you think about it, cannabis is a unique instance in which nowadays we are hearing, yes, it's becoming legal in a number of areas, and we talked earlier about why that's probably a good thing in most circumstances, but that we aren't just hearing that cannabis is safe, or it's not just being implied that cannabis is safer, but many more people are talking about the positive effects of cannabis without a lot of discussion about the negative effects of cannabis.

如果你想一想，大麻是一个独特的例子，现在我们听到，是的，它在许多领域变得合法，我们之前讨论过为什么这在大多数情况下可能是一件好事，但我们不仅仅是听说大麻是安全的，或者不仅仅是暗示大麻更安全，而是更多的人在谈论大麻的积极作用，而没有大量讨论大麻的消极影响。

And I realize that saying this is going to upset some people out there because I know that there are a number of people who fought very hard for the legalization process, and I want to acknowledge that.

我意识到这样说会让一些人感到不安，因为我知道有很多人为合法化进程进行了非常艰苦的斗争，我想承认这一点。

I also want to acknowledge the many known positive effects of cannabis in adults with very occasional use, provided it is delivered safely and in the safe context and setting and with legality.

我还想承认大麻对偶尔使用的成年人有许多已知的积极影响，只要大麻是在安全的环境和环境下安全地、合法地提供的。

That is entirely distinct from the issue of whether or not cannabis is safe for the developing brain and body.

这与大麻对发育中的大脑和身体是否安全的问题完全不同。

Again, I'm not demonizing anybody for using cannabis, but I want to make the point very simply and very directly.

再说一次，我并不是妖魔化任何人使用大麻，但我想非常简单、非常直接地阐明这一点。

It is far and away a different circumstance for the brain for an individual to be 25 years or older and using cannabis in whatever form occasionally or maybe even frequently than it is for a young person aged 14 to 25 to be using cannabis, either by smoking or vaping or by edible or any other form on the brain and body.

对于 25 岁或以上的人来说，偶尔甚至频繁地以任何形式使用大麻，与 14 至 25 岁的年轻人通过吸烟或电子烟、通过食用或任何其他形式对大脑和身体使用大麻的大脑情况截然不同。

It's absolutely clear that the brain continues to develop at least until age 25, and that a huge number of systems related to mood regulation, so-called executive function, the ability to organize one's thoughts, plan, and execute plans, essentially to become a functional human being.

很明显，大脑至少持续发育到 25 岁，大量系统与情绪调节相关，即所谓的执行功能，组织思想、计划和执行计划的能力，本质上是成为一个有功能的人。

That's one portion of becoming a functional human being, but certainly an essential one.

这是成为一个有功能的人的一部分，但肯定是必不可少的一部分。

All of that relies on the fine-tuning of this neural circuitry that we've been talking about up until now.

所有这一切都依赖于我们迄今为止一直在讨论的神经回路的微调。

And it's abundantly clear that cannabis, and THC in particular, dramatically disrupt those processes.

很明显，大麻，尤其是四氢大麻酚，会极大地破坏这些过程。

So if this isn't clear enough just from my statements, I'd like to point to a particular paper.

因此，如果仅凭我的陈述还不够清楚，我想指出一篇特定的论文。

This is one of the more impactful papers in this area in recent years.

这是近年来该领域最具影响力的论文之一。

This is a paper published in "Lancet Psychiatry" in 2022.

这是2022年发表在《柳叶刀精神病学》上的论文。

Title is "Association of Cannabis Potency with Mental Ill Health and Addiction: A Systematic Review." There are a number of very important points in this very fine paper.

标题是“大麻效力与精神疾病和成瘾的关联：系统回顾”。这篇非常精彩的论文中有许多非常重要的观点。

"Lancet Psychiatry" is one of the premier medical journals out there.

《柳叶刀精神病学》是最重要的医学期刊之一。

And they evaluated a huge number of studies.

他们评估了大量的研究。

They actually looked at more than 4,000 studies.

他们实际上研究了 4,000 多项研究。

They selected the ones that were only the most rigorous in terms of study design and analysis and rigor of conclusions, and they looked at how early use of cannabis impacted later probability of development of psychosis and other psychiatric conditions.

他们选择了在研究设计和分析以及结论严谨性方面最严格的研究，并研究了早期使用大麻如何影响后来患精神病和其他精神疾病的可能性。

And the takeaways from this study are very clear.

这项研究的结论非常明确。

First of all, chronic cannabis use, so more than twice per week, has consistently been associated with mental health disorders.

首先，长期使用大麻（每周两次以上）一直与精神健康障碍有关。

I'm pulling some phrases directly from the paper.

我直接从纸上摘录一些短语。

Heavy cannabis use, meaning cannabis use more frequent than twice per week, has been associated with four times the risk of psychosis later in life, in particular, schizophrenia and bipolar-like episodes.

大量使用大麻，意味着每周使用大麻的频率超过两次，与晚年患精神病的风险增加四倍相关，特别是精神分裂症和躁郁症样发作。

Now, we've done an episode on bipolar disorder, so-called bipolar depression.

现在，我们制作了一集关于双相情感障碍，即所谓的双相抑郁症的节目。

We have not yet done one on schizophrenia, but both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have a very strong genetic component.

我们还没有对精神分裂症进行研究，但双相情感障碍和精神分裂症都有很强的遗传成分。

There's a 30, three zero, 30 times greater likelihood that you'll have bipolar disorder if you have a first relative who has bipolar disorder.

如果您的第一个亲戚患有双相情感障碍，那么您患有双相情感障碍的可能性会增加 30、三零、30 倍。

And then it's also the case that using cannabis, especially during adolescence and the teen years and up until age 25, create a four times greater risk of psychosis for those that have a predisposition to bipolar disorder and/or schizophrenia.

此外，对于那些有双相情感障碍和/或精神分裂症倾向的人来说，吸食大麻，尤其是在青春期和青少年时期，直至 25 岁，患精神病的风险会增加四倍。

Now, I don't hear very much about this in the media.

现在，我在媒体上很少听到这件事。

This paper got some attention and then it sort of got swept away.

这篇论文引起了一些关注，然后就被扫地出门了。

I don't think that was an intentional sweeping way.

我不认为这是一种故意的扫荡方式。

There's just a lot of events in the world, as you well know.

正如你所知，世界上有很多事件。

But I think it's a particularly important set of findings because obviously in looking at so many studies, it distills out the strongest findings that are out there and really pulls the consistent messages that are arriving from all these different studies.

但我认为这是一组特别重要的发现，因为显然在研究如此多的研究时，它提炼出了现有的最有力的发现，并真正从所有这些不同的研究中得出了一致的信息。

And as they point out, and again, I'm paraphrasing here, this is the first systematic review of the association of cannabis potency.

正如他们所指出的，我在这里再次解释，这是对大麻效力关联的第一次系统评价。

And all of the data point to a very clear conclusion, which is the more potent the THC concentration, the higher probability of developing psychosis or a major depressive episode or a major anxiety disorder later in life.

所有数据都指向一个非常明确的结论，即 THC 浓度越强，在以后的生活中患精神病或严重抑郁症或严重焦虑症的可能性就越高。

That should be of particular concern because we know, we are absolutely clear about the fact that with the advent of all these new strains of cannabis and with the engineering and availability of cannabis at much higher potency, meaning THC potency, the risk of psychosis is going up and up and is likely to continue going up unless something is done to reduce the frequency of cannabis use to zero, ideally, or to very low frequency, very low potency in adolescents and teens and people age 25 or younger.

这应该引起特别关注，因为我们知道，我们绝对清楚这样一个事实：随着所有这些新大麻品种的出现，以及大麻的设计和可用性，即 THC 效力，精神病的风险正在上升，并且很可能继续上升，除非采取措施将大麻的使用频率减少到零（理想情况下），或减少到非常低的频率，青少年和 25 岁或以下人群的效力非常低。

I know a lot of people don't want to hear this message because first of all, it's alarming.

我知道很多人不想听到这个消息，因为首先，它令人震惊。

And second of all, as I mentioned earlier, the statistics tell us that the greatest number of people that are starting to use cannabis are in the age bracket of 16 to 24.

其次，正如我之前提到的，统计数据告诉我们，开始使用大麻的人数最多的年龄段是 16 至 24 岁。

Many of them are functional in other areas of life.

其中许多在生活的其他领域发挥着作用。

They are students, they are employed, et cetera.

他们是学生，他们有工作，等等。

But when you couple that with the fact that the most frequent adopters of cannabis use are in this age bracket of 16 to 24, they're twice as likely to use as other individuals or to start using cannabis as are other individuals.

但如果你考虑到最常吸食大麻的人是在 16 至 24 岁这个年龄段，那么他们吸食或开始吸食大麻的可能性是其他人的两倍。

Plus the general perception out there because of the way that cannabis is discussed in the media and by sports figures and by celebrities and by politicians, et cetera, that it's not as bad as alcohol and maybe not that bad and maybe even has health benefits, then you're essentially setting up a system where young people are far more likely to adopt and continue cannabis use without realizing these serious health consequences that await them later.

再加上媒体、体育明星、名人和政客等对大麻的普遍看法，即大麻不像酒精那么糟糕，也许没那么糟糕，甚至可能对健康有益，那么你实际上是在建立一个系统，在这个系统中，年轻人更有可能采用并继续使用大麻，而没有意识到这些严重的健康后果等待着他们。

With all of that said, I, of course, again want to acknowledge that there have been well-demonstrated effects of cannabis for reducing pain, in particular in chemotherapy and in the context of reducing nausea in people suffering from cancer or chemotherapy.

话虽如此，我当然要再次承认，大麻在减轻疼痛方面已得到充分证明，特别是在化疗中以及在减少癌症或化疗患者的恶心方面。

There is a well-known effect that one can generally point to as positive using cannabis for things like glaucoma, for lowering intraocular pressure and offsetting the loss of neurons that would lead to blindness.

人们普遍认为大麻对治疗青光眼等疾病有一种众所周知的效果，可以降低眼压并抵消可能导致失明的神经元损失。

Although there are other tools, of course, that don't involve cannabis use that can accomplish that as well, so-called intraocular pressure-lowering drugs or drops.

当然，尽管还有其他不涉及大麻使用的工具也可以实现这一目标，即所谓的降眼压药物或滴剂。

There is a list of probably a dozen or more psychological and bodily ailments that can be aided by cannabis use, in particular edible cannabis use of particular strains.

有一份清单列出了可能有十几种或更多的心理和身体疾病，可以通过使用大麻来缓解，特别是使用特定品种的食用大麻。

I, of course, am going to address each and every one of those in episodes where I'm talking, for instance, about eye disease or about chronic pain.

当然，我将在我所谈论的剧集中逐一讨论，例如，关于眼病或慢性疼痛的问题。

I am in no way, shape, or form trying to rob the incredible efforts of the laboratories and people that have worked very hard to study and establish the valid uses of cannabis for treating various ailments and that continue to study cannabis in order to try and ameliorate the symptoms of different ailments.

我绝不是想剥夺实验室和人们的难以置信的努力，他们非常努力地研究和建立大麻治疗各种疾病的有效用途，并继续研究大麻以尝试改善不同疾病的症状。

But today, I really wanted to emphasize the biology of cannabis.

但今天，我真的想强调大麻的生物学。

Some of the often discussed effects, I guess one could call them positive effects, things like enhanced creativity, and really point to the nuance and actually the divergence of people who take cannabis, and some experience heightened levels of creativity, and some do not.

我想人们可以将一些经常讨论的效果称为积极效果，例如增强创造力，并且真正指出了服用大麻的人的细微差别和实际上的分歧，有些人的创造力水平提高了，有些人则没有。

Some people experience heightened levels of sexual arousal, and some people experience the exact opposite, and so on and so forth, rather than focus on all the potential positive and sort of emerging positive data about cannabis in different medical contexts.

有些人的性唤起水平较高，有些人的经历完全相反，等等，而不是关注不同医疗背景下有关大麻的所有潜在积极和新兴积极数据。

And at the same time, I strongly feel that it's important to acknowledge the shocking Because there's really no other way to describe it, the shocking effects of cannabis use on the developing fetus and the fact that so many pregnant and lactating mothers are using cannabis.

与此同时，我强烈认为，重要的是要承认大麻的使用对发育中的胎儿造成的令人震惊的影响，以及如此多的孕妇和哺乳期母亲正在使用大麻这一事实，因为确实没有其他方法可以描述它。

I mean, that number 15% still has me dizzy with disbelief, and yet we need to acknowledge this and address this immediately.

我的意思是，15% 这个数字仍然让我难以置信，但我们需要承认这一点并立即解决这个问题。

And I think it's vital to understand that cannabis use through any delivery mechanism, smoking or vaping or edible or otherwise, is very concerning, in fact, dangerous to the developing brain, certainly for the fetal brain and for the baby brain, but also for the adolescent brain and for the teen and young adult brain.

我认为重要的是要了解，通过任何传递机制（吸烟、电子烟、食用或其他方式）使用大麻都是非常令人担忧的，事实上，它对发育中的大脑非常危险，尤其是对胎儿大脑和婴儿大脑，而且对青少年大脑、青少年和年轻人的大脑也有危险。

Not just because of the effects that it can have in the immediate term, those slow creeping increases in anxiety and depression brought on by cannabis use, but also the time release, if you will, on the development of psychosis and other types of major psychiatric disorders later in life.

不仅因为它可能在短期内产生影响，即因使用大麻而导致的焦虑和抑郁缓慢增加，而且还因为它可以释放时间，如果你愿意的话，可以为以后生活中精神病和其他类型的主要精神疾病的发展提供时间释放。

I acknowledge we've covered a lot of ground today, and yet there's still far more ground that we could have covered and that we will indeed cover in future episodes.

我承认我们今天已经涵盖了很多内容，但我们还可以涵盖更多内容，并且我们确实会在未来的剧集中涵盖更多内容。

Nevertheless, if you are learning from and are enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel.

尽管如此，如果您正在学习并喜欢这个播客，请订阅我们的 YouTube 频道。

That's a terrific zero-cost way to support us.

这是支持我们的绝佳零成本方式。

In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on both Spotify and Apple.

此外，请在 Spotify 和 Apple 上订阅该播客。

And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review.

在 Spotify 和 Apple 上，您都可以给我们五星级的评价。

If you have questions for us or comments or feedback of any kind, please put that in the comment section on YouTube.

如果您对我们有任何疑问或任何类型的评论或反馈，请将其放入 YouTube 的评论部分。

We do read all the comments.

我们确实阅读了所有评论。

Please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning of today's episode.

另请查看今天节目开头提到的赞助商。

That's the best way to support this podcast.

这是支持这个播客的最佳方式。

As mentioned earlier, the Huberman Lab podcast now has a premium channel.

如前所述，Huberman Lab 播客现在有一个付费频道。

You can subscribe to that by going to hubermanlab.com/premium.

您可以访问 hubermanlab.com/premium 订阅该内容。

There, for $10 a month or $100 for the entire year, you can get access to all of the monthly AMAs, and you'll be supporting peer-reviewed research to develop further protocols for mental, physical health, and performance.

在那里，每月 10 美元或全年 100 美元，您就可以访问所有每月的 AMA，并且您将支持同行评审的研究，以制定有关心理、身体健康和表现的进一步方案。

Again, that's hubermanlab.com/premium.

再说一次，这是 hubermanlab.com/premium。

Not so much today, but in many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab podcast, we talk about supplements.

今天不多，但在 Huberman Lab 播客的许多之前的剧集中，我们谈论了补充剂。

While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them for things like enhancing sleep and focus and hormone optimization.

虽然补充剂并不是每个人都需要的，但许多人从它们中获得了巨大的好处，例如增强睡眠、注意力和荷尔蒙优化。

The Huberman Lab podcast has partnered with Momentous Supplements.

Huberman Lab 播客与 Momentous Supplements 合作。

If you'd like to see the supplements that the Huberman Lab podcast has partnered with Momentous on, you can go to Live Momentous, spelled O-U-S, so livemomentous.com/huberman, and there you'll see a number of the supplements that we talk about regularly on the podcast.

如果您想查看 Huberman Lab 播客与 Momentous 合作的补充品，您可以访问 Live Momentous，拼写为 O-U-S，即 livemomentous.com/huberman，在那里您会看到我们在播客上经常讨论的一些补充品。

I should just mention that that catalog of supplements is constantly being updated.

我只想提一下，补充剂目录正在不断更新。

If you haven't already signed up for the Neural Network Newsletter, this is a monthly Huberman Lab podcast newsletter in which you get some brief show note summaries, as well as a lot of actionable tools in summary form.

如果您还没有订阅神经网络时事通讯，这是 Huberman Lab 播客时事通讯月刊，您可以在其中获得一些简短的显示说明摘要，以及摘要形式的许多可操作工具。

Many people find these very useful for distilling out the vast amount of information that we cover on the podcast.

许多人发现这些对于提炼出我们在播客中涵盖的大量信息非常有用。

So for instance, if you go to hubermanlab.com, you can click on the menu, click to Neural Network Newsletter or simply Newsletter, and you can sign up.

例如，如果您访问 hubermanlab.com，您可以单击菜单，单击神经网络新闻通讯或简单的新闻通讯，然后就可以注册。

Just give us your email.

只需给我们您的电子邮件即可。

We do not share your email with anybody, and again, it's completely zero cost.

我们不会与任何人分享您的电子邮件，而且这完全是零成本。

We also have examples of previous newsletters that you can download immediately without having to sign up for anything and decide whether or not you want to sign up.

我们还提供了以前的时事通讯示例，您可以立即下载，无需注册任何内容并决定是否要注册。

Again, that's the Neural Network Newsletter at hubermanlab.com.

同样，这是 hubermanlab.com 上的神经网络通讯。

If you're not already following us on social media, we are Huberman Lab on Instagram, on Twitter, on Facebook, and on LinkedIn.

如果您还没有在社交媒体上关注我们，我们在 Instagram、Twitter、Facebook 和 LinkedIn 上是 Huberman Lab。

And especially on Instagram and on Twitter, I cover many of the tools that are discussed on the Huberman Lab podcast, but also a lot of science and science-based tools not covered on the Huberman Lab podcast.

特别是在 Instagram 和 Twitter 上，我介绍了 Huberman Lab 播客中讨论的许多工具，但也介绍了 Huberman Lab 播客中未涵盖的许多科学和基于科学的工具。

Again, it's Huberman Lab on all platforms.

同样，所有平台上都是 Huberman Lab。

So once again, thank you for joining me for today's discussion all about cannabis, and as always, thank you for your interest in science.

再次感谢您参加今天有关大麻的讨论，并一如既往地感谢您对科学的兴趣。