Essentials: The Science of Learning & Speaking Languages | Dr. Eddie Chang
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
欢迎来到 Huberman Lab Essentials，在这里我们回顾过去的剧集，寻找针对心理健康、身体健康和表现的最有效、最可操作的基于科学的工具。
I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。
And now for my discussion with Dr. Eddie Chang.
现在我与 Eddie Chang 博士进行了讨论。
Eddie, welcome.
艾迪，欢迎。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Hi, Andrew.
嗨，安德鲁。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Great to be here with you.
很高兴和你在一起。
Your main focus these days is the neurobiology of speech and language.
您最近的主要关注点是言语和语言的神经生物学。
So for those that aren't familiar, could you please distinguish for us speech versus language in terms of whether or not different brain areas control them?
那么对于那些不熟悉的人，您能否为我们区分语音和语言是否由不同的大脑区域控制？
When I think about language, I think about words and just talking.
当我想到语言时，我想到的是文字和说话。
If I sit down to do a long podcast or I think about asking you a question, I don't even think about the words I want to say very much.
如果我坐下来做一个很长的播客或者我想问你一个问题，我什至不会想太多我想说的话。
I have to think about them a little bit, one would hope, but I don't think about individual syllables unless I'm trying to accent something, or it's a word that I have a particular difficulty saying, or I want to change the cadence, et cetera.
我必须稍微考虑一下它们，人们希望如此，但我不会考虑单个音节，除非我想强调某些东西，或者这是一个我在说时特别困难的单词，或者我想改变节奏，等等。
So what in the world is contained in these brain areas?
那么这些大脑区域到底包含着什么呢？
What is represented, to me, is perhaps one of the most interesting questions, and I know this lands square in your wheelhouse.
对我来说，所代表的内容可能是最有趣的问题之一，我知道这在你的驾驶室中是正确的。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Sure.
当然。
Let's get into this, Andrew, because this is one of the most exciting stuff that's happening right now, is understanding how the brain processes these exact questions.
让我们开始吧，安德鲁，因为这是现在发生的最令人兴奋的事情之一，就是了解大脑如何处理这些确切的问题。
And speech corresponds to the communication signal.
而语音则对应着通信信号。
It corresponds to me moving my mouth and my vocal tract to generate words, and you're hearing these as an auditory signal.
它对应于我移动我的嘴和声道来生成单词，并且您将这些作为听觉信号听到。
Language is something much broader.
语言是更广泛的东西。
So it refers to what you're extracting from the words that I'm saying.
所以它指的是你从我所说的话中提取的内容。
We call that pragmatics, and sort of are you getting the gist of what I'm saying?
我们称之为实用主义，你明白我所说的要点了吗？
There's another aspect of it that we call semantics.
它还有另一个方面，我们称之为语义。
Do you understand the meaning of these words and the sentences?
你明白这些单词和句子的意思吗？
There's another part that we call syntax, which refers to how the words are assembled in a grammatical form.
还有另一部分我们称之为语法，它指的是单词如何以语法形式组装。
So those are all really critical parts of language, and speech is just one form of language.
所以这些都是语言真正关键的部分，而言语只是语言的一种形式。
There's many other forms like sign language, reading.
还有许多其他形式，例如手语、阅读。
Those are all important modalities for reading.
这些都是重要的阅读方式。
Our research really focuses on this area that we're calling speech.
我们的研究真正集中在我们称之为语音的这个领域。
Again, the production of this audio signal, which you can't see, but your microphones are picking up.
同样，该音频信号的产生，您看不到，但您的麦克风正在拾取。
There are these vibrations in the air that are created by my vocal tract that are picked up by the microphone in the case of this recording, but also picked up by the sensors in your ear.
空气中的这些振动是由我的声道产生的，在这段录音中，麦克风会拾取这些振动，但你耳朵中的传感器也会拾取这些振动。
The very tiny vibrations in your ear are picking that up and translating that into electrical activity.
你耳朵里非常微小的振动会接收到这些信号并将其转化为电活动。
It's such a complex feat.
这是一项非常复杂的壮举。
Some people would say it's the most complex motor thing that we do as a species is just speaking.
有些人会说，作为一个物种，我们所做的最复杂的运动就是说话。
Not the extreme feats of acrobatics or athleticism, but just speaking.
不是杂技或运动的极限技艺，而只是说话。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
And especially when one observes opera or people who, freestyle rappers.
尤其是当人们观察歌剧或自由式说唱歌手时。
And of course, it's not just the lips, it's the tongue.
当然，不仅仅是嘴唇，还有舌头。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yeah.
是的。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
And you've mentioned two other structures, pharynx and larynx are the main ones.
你还提到了另外两个结构，咽和喉是主要的。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yeah.
是的。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Can you tell us, just educate us at a superficial level, what the pharynx and larynx do differentially?
您能否简单地告诉我们，咽和喉的作用有何不同？
Because I think most people aren't going to be familiar with that.
因为我认为大多数人不会熟悉这一点。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Okay, sure.
好吧，当然。
I'll talk primarily about the larynx here for a second, which is that if you think about when we're speaking, really what we're doing is we're shaping the breath.
我将在这里主要谈谈喉部，如果你想想我们说话时，我们实际上所做的是塑造呼吸。
So even before you get to the larynx, you got to start with the expiration.
因此，即使在到达喉部之前，您也必须从呼气开始。
We fill up our lungs, and then we push the air out.
我们充满肺部，然后将空气排出。
That's a normal part of breathing.
这是呼吸的正常部分。
What is really amazing about speech and language is that we evolved to take advantage of that normal physiologic thing, add a larynx, and what the larynx does is that when you're exhaling, it brings the vocal folds together.
言语和语言真正令人惊奇的是，我们进化到利用正常的生理机制，增加了喉部，而喉部的作用是，当你呼气时，它会将声带聚集在一起。
Some people call them vocal cords.
有些人称它们为声带。
They're not really cords, they're really vocal folds.
它们实际上并不是声带，而是声带。
They're two pieces of tissue that come together, and a muscle brings them together.
它们是结合在一起的两块组织，并且肌肉将它们连接在一起。
And then what happens is when the air comes through the vocal folds, when they're together, they vibrate at really high frequencies, like 100 to 200 hertz.
然后发生的事情是，当空气穿过声带时，当它们在一起时，它们会以非常高的频率振动，比如 100 到 200 赫兹。
And the reason why men and women generally have different voice qualities is it has to do with the size of the larynx and the shape of it.
而男性和女性之所以有不同的音质，与喉部的大小和形状有关。
Okay, so in general, men have a larger voice box or larynx, and the vibrating frequency, the resonance frequency of the vocal folds when the air comes through them is about 100 hertz for men and about 200 for women.
好吧，一般来说，男性的声带或喉部较大，振动频率，即空气通过声带时的共振频率，男性约为 100 赫兹，女性约为 200 赫兹。
So you take a breath in.
所以你深吸一口气。
As the air is coming out, the vocal folds come together and the air goes through.
当空气排出时，声带会聚在一起，空气就会通过。
That creates the sound of the voice that we call voicing.
这就产生了我们称之为发声的声音。
It's not just your voice characteristic, it's the energy of your voice.
这不仅仅是你的声音特征，更是你声音的能量。
It's coming from the larynx there.
它是从那里的喉部发出的。
It's a noise.
这是一个噪音。
And then it's the source of the voice.
然后就是声音的来源。
And then what happens is that energy, that sound, goes up through the parts of the vocal tract, like the pharynx, into the oral cavity, which is your mouth, and your tongue, and your lips.
然后发生的事情是，能量，声音，通过声道的各个部分，比如咽部，进入口腔，也就是你的嘴、你的舌头和你的嘴唇。
And what those things are doing is that they're shaping the air in particular ways that create consonants and vowels.
这些东西的作用是，它们以特定的方式塑造空气，从而产生辅音和元音。
That's what I mean by shaping the breath.
这就是我所说的塑造呼吸的意思。
It just starts with this exhalation.
它只是从这个呼气开始。
You generate the voice in the larynx, and then everything above the larynx is moving around, just like the way my mouth is doing right now, to shape that air into particular patterns that you can hear as words.
你在喉部发出声音，然后喉部上方的所有东西都在移动，就像我的嘴现在所做的那样，将空气塑造成特定的模式，你可以像单词一样听到。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Immediately makes me wonder about more primitive or non-learned vocalizations, like crying or laughter.
立即让我想知道更原始或非习得的发声，例如哭泣或笑声。
Are those produced by the language areas, or do they have their own unique neural structures?
那些是由语言区域产生的，还是它们有自己独特的神经结构？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
We call those vocalizations.
我们称之为发声。
A vocalization is basically where someone can create a sound, like a cry or a moan, that kind of sound.
发声基本上是指某人可以发出声音，例如哭泣或呻吟之类的声音。
And It also involves the exhalation of air.
它还涉及空气的呼出。
It also involves some phonation at the level of the larynx, where the vocal folds come together to create that audible sound.
它还涉及喉部的一些发声，声带聚集在一起产生可听见的声音。
But it turns out that those are actually different areas.
但事实证明，这些实际上是不同的领域。
So people who have injuries in the speech and language areas oftentimes can still moan.
因此，言语和语言区域受伤的人通常仍然会呻吟。
They can still vocalize.
他们仍然可以发声。
And it is a different part of the brain, I would say an area that even non-human primates have that can be specialized for vocalization.
它是大脑的不同部分，我想说，即使是非人类灵长类动物也有专门用于发声的区域。
It's a different form of communication than words, for example.
例如，这是一种与语言不同的交流形式。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商 Function。
Function provides over 160 advanced lab tests to give you a clear snapshot of your bodily health.
功能提供超过 160 项高级实验室测试，让您清晰了解自己的身体健康状况。
This snapshot gives you insights into your heart health, your hormone health, autoimmune function, nutrient levels, and much more.
通过此快照，您可以深入了解心脏健康状况、激素健康状况、自身免疫功能、营养水平等。
They've also recently added access to advanced MRI and CT scans.
他们最近还增加了先进的 MRI 和 CT 扫描的访问权限。
Function not only provides testing of over 160 biomarkers key to your physical and mental health, it also analyzes these results and provides recommendations for improving your health from top doctors.
Function 不仅提供对您身心健康至关重要的 160 多种生物标记物的测试，还分析这些结果并提供顶级医生改善您健康的建议。
For example, in a recent test with Function, I learned that some of my blood lipids were slightly out of range.
例如，在最近的一次 Function 测试中，我发现我的一些血脂稍微超出了范围。
As a result, I decided to start supplementing with nattokinase, which can naturally help reduce LDL cholesterol.
因此，我决定开始补充纳豆激酶，它自然可以帮助降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。
And it did.
确实如此。
In a follow-up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
在后续测试中，我可以确认这个策略是有效的。
My blood lipids are now back exactly where I want them.
我的血脂现在完全回到了我想要的水平。
Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is just so important for health.
Function 提供的全面实验室测试对于健康非常重要。
How else are you going to know what's going on under the hood?
否则你怎么知道幕后发生了什么？
And while I've been doing blood work for years, it used to be time-consuming, complicated, and expensive.
虽然我从事血液检查已有多年，但它过去非常耗时、复杂且昂贵。
In fact, I used to spend thousands of dollars per year trying to get this kind of data, and the data, frankly, were not all that good.
事实上，我曾经每年花费数千美元试图获得此类数据，但坦率地说，这些数据并不那么好。
But now with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
但现在有了 Function，它变得非常简单且经济实惠。
A Function membership is only a dollar a day, $365 a year.
Function 会员每天仅需 1 美元，每年 365 美元。
And if you think about the information it provides, and the health challenges it helps you avoid, and the proactive things that it can do for you to enhance your health, I truly look at it as a savings.
如果您考虑一下它提供的信息，它可以帮助您避免的健康挑战，以及它可以为您增强健康所做的积极主动的事情，我确实将其视为一种节省。
To learn more, visit functionhealth.com/huberman and use the code Huberman for a $50 credit towards your membership.
要了解更多信息，请访问 functionhealth.com/huberman 并使用代码 Huberman 获得 50 美元的会员积分。
Again, that's functionhealth.com/huberman.
同样，这是 functionhealth.com/huberman。
Speaking of storage of an ability to speak, you are doing some amazing work and have achieved some pretty incredible, well-deserved recognition for your work in bringing language out of paralyzed people.
说到说话能力的存储，您正在做一些令人惊叹的工作，并且在使瘫痪者恢复语言方面取得了一些令人难以置信的、当之无愧的认可。
Essentially allowing people who are locked into a paralyzed state or otherwise unable to articulate speech using brain machine interface, essentially translating the neural activity of areas of the brain that would produce speech into hardware, artificial, non-biological tools in order to allow paralyzed people to communicate.
本质上是让陷入瘫痪状态或无法用脑机接口表达语音的人，本质上是将大脑中产生语音的区域的神经活动转化为硬件、人工、非生物工具，以便让瘫痪的人能够进行交流。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
So there are a series of conditions.
所以就有了一系列的条件。
They include things like brainstem stroke.
其中包括脑干中风等疾病。
The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the cerebrum, which is the top part, does our thinking and a lot of the motor control, speech, language, everything.
脑干是大脑中连接大脑的部分，位于顶部，负责我们的思考以及许多运动控制、言语、语言等等。
And the brainstem is what connects that to the spinal cord and the nerves that go out to the face and vocal tract.
脑干将其与脊髓以及通向面部和声道的神经连接起来。
So if you have a stroke there, you could be thinking all the wild, creative, intelligent thoughts you have in the mind, in the cerebrum, but you can't get them out into words, or you can't get them out to your hand to write them down.
所以，如果你中风了，你可能会在头脑中、大脑中思考所有疯狂的、创造性的、聪明的想法，但你不能把它们变成文字，或者你不能把它们写到你的手上。
So that's a very severe form of paralysis called brainstem stroke.
这是一种非常严重的瘫痪形式，称为脑干中风。
There's another kind of conditions that we call neurodegenerative, where the nerve cells die, basically, or atrophy in a condition called ALS.
还有另一种疾病，我们称之为神经退行性疾病，神经细胞基本上会死亡，或者萎缩，称为 ALS。
That's a very severe form of paralysis.
这是一种非常严重的瘫痪形式。
In its extreme form, people essentially lose all voluntary movement.
在极端情况下，人们基本上失去了所有自愿运动。
The muscles to their diaphragm and their lungs essentially give out as well.
他们的横膈膜和肺部的肌肉基本上也会衰竭。
They get weakness there, and then they can't breathe anymore.
他们那里变得虚弱，然后就无法呼吸了。
In our field, these are the most devastating things that can happen.
在我们的领域，这些是可能发生的最具破坏性的事情。
This condition of what we call being locked in refers to this idea that you can have completely intact cognition and awareness but have no way to express that.
我们所说的被锁定的这种状态是指你可以拥有完整完整的认知和意识，但无法表达出来。
No voluntary movement, no ability to speak, and that is devastating because psychologically and socially, you're completely isolated.
没有自主运动，没有说话的能力，这是毁灭性的，因为在心理和社交上，你完全被孤立了。
That's what we call locked-in syndrome.
这就是我们所说的锁定综合症。
And it's devastating.
这是毁灭性的。
So we've been studying this patterning of electrical activity for consonants and vowels, and essentially, once we figured out a lot of these codes for the individual phonetic elements, part of the lab started to focus on this very specific question.
因此，我们一直在研究辅音和元音的电活动模式，本质上，一旦我们弄清楚了各个语音元素的大量代码，实验室的一部分就开始关注这个非常具体的问题。
For people who have these kind of paralysis, could we intercept those signals from the brain, the cerebral cortex, as someone is trying to say those words, and then can we intercept them and then have them taken out of the brain through wires to a computer that are going to interpret those signals and translate them into words?
对于患有这种瘫痪的人来说，当有人试图说出这些单词时，我们是否可以拦截来自大脑、大脑皮层的信号，然后我们可以拦截它们，然后通过电线将它们从大脑中取出到计算机，计算机将解释这些信号并将其翻译成单词？
So we started a clinical trial.
所以我们开始了临床试验。
It's called the BRAVO trial.
这就是所谓的 BRAVO 审判。
It's still underway.
目前仍在进行中。
And the first participant in the BRAVO trial was a man who had been paralyzed for 15 years.
BRAVO 试验的第一位参与者是一名瘫痪 15 年的男子。
He was in a car accident.
他出了车祸。
He actually walked out of the hospital day after that car accident, but the next day had a complication related to it where he had a very large stroke in the brainstem, and that turned out to be devastating.
事实上，他在车祸发生后的第二天就走出了医院，但第二天就出现了与此相关的并发症，脑干发生了严重的中风，结果是毁灭性的。
He didn't wake up from that stroke for about a week.
他大约一周没有从中风中醒来。
He was in a coma for about a week, and when he woke up from that coma, he realized that he couldn't speak or move his arms or legs.
他昏迷了大约一周，当他从昏迷中醒来时，他意识到自己无法说话，也无法移动手臂或腿。
As he told me or communicated to us, that was absolutely devastating.
正如他告诉我或与我们交流的那样，这绝对是毁灭性的。
He wanted really to die at that time.
那个时候他真的很想死。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Could he blink his eyes or move his mouth in any way?
他可以眨眼睛或以任何方式动动嘴吗？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
He could blink his eyes.
他可以眨眼睛。
He had some limited mouth movements but couldn't produce any intelligible speech.
他的嘴部动作有限，但无法发出任何可理解的言语。
It was completely slurred and incomprehensible.
完全是含糊不清、无法理解的。
He survived this injury.
他在这次受伤中幸存下来。
A lot of people who have that kind of stroke just don't survive.
很多患有这种中风的人都无法生存。
The way he actually communicates, because he has a little bit of residual neck movements, is that He improvised and had his friends basically put a stick attached to his baseball cap.
他实际交流的方式，因为他有一点残留的颈部运动，是他即兴创作的，让他的朋友基本上在他的棒球帽上绑了一根棍子。
And because he could move his neck, he would essentially type out letters on a keyboard screen to get out words.
因为他可以移动脖子，所以他基本上可以在键盘屏幕上输入字母来输出单词。
In fact, this is how he communicated, was through a device that he would essentially peck out letters one by one by moving his neck to control this stick attached to his baseball cap.
事实上，这就是他的交流方式，通过一种装置，他通过移动脖子来控制附在棒球帽上的棍子，将字母逐个啄出。
He hadn't really spoken for about 15 years.
他大约有15年没有真正说过话了。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Oh, goodness.
哦，天哪。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yeah.
是的。
So it was part of a clinical trial.
所以这是临床试验的一部分。
It was something that our hospital and also the FDA had to approve and looked at very carefully.
这是我们医院和 FDA 必须批准并仔细研究的事情。
But given a lot of the work that we had done, there was some basis for why this might work.
但考虑到我们所做的大量工作，我们有一些基础可以解释为什么这可能有效。
And so we did a surgery where we implanted electrodes onto these areas that control the vocal tract, the areas that control the larynx, the areas that control the lips and tongue and jaw movements when we normally speak.
因此，我们进行了一项手术，将电极植入到这些控制声道的区域、控制喉部的区域、控制我们正常说话时嘴唇、舌头和下巴运动的区域。
These are areas that presumably may be active.
这些领域可能很活跃。
That was our hope.
那是我们的希望。
And he underwent a surgery, a brain surgery, where we put an electrode array, and we connected it to a port that was screwed to his skull, and the port actually goes through his scalp, and he's lived with this now for the last three years.
他接受了一次脑部手术，我们放置了一个电极阵列，并将其连接到一个用螺丝固定在他头骨上的端口，该端口实际上穿过他的头皮，在过去的三年里，他一直忍受着这种情况。
So he has an electrode array that's implanted over the part of his brain that's important for speech.
因此，他在大脑中对言语很重要的部分植入了一个电极阵列。
It's connected to a port.
它连接到一个端口。
And then we connect a wire to that port that translates those, what we call analog brainwaves, and converts them into digital signals.
然后我们将一根电线连接到该端口，将这些信号（我们称之为模拟脑电波）转换为数字信号。
We put them through a machine learning or artificial intelligence algorithm that can pick up these very, very subtle patterns, you can't actually see them with your eye in the brain activity, and translate those into words.
我们让它们通过机器学习或人工智能算法，可以拾取这些非常非常微妙的模式，你实际上无法用眼睛在大脑活动中看到它们，并将它们翻译成文字。
And this is something that took weeks to train the algorithm to interpret it correctly.
为了正确解释它，需要花费数周的时间来训练算法。
But what was incredible about it was to see how he reacted.
但令人难以置信的是看到他的反应。
He would be prompted to say a given word, like "outside," for example, and then he would think about it, try to say it, and finally those words would appear on the screen.
系统会提示他说出一个给定的单词，例如“外面”，然后他会思考它，尝试说出来，最后这些单词就会出现在屏幕上。
And what was really amazing about it was you could really tell that he got a kick out of it because his body was shaking away, and his head was shaking away, that he would start to giggle.
真正令人惊奇的是，你真的可以看出他被踢了，因为他的身体在摇晃，他的头在摇晃，他会开始咯咯地笑。
That was cool to see.
很高兴看到。
But then I also realized that when he was giggling, it kind of screwed up the next words' decoding.
但后来我也意识到，当他咯咯地笑时，它有点搞砸了接下来的单词的解码。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Is that a bug you've since fixed?
这是一个你已经修复的错误吗？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
No, we haven't fixed that.
不，我们还没有解决这个问题。
It's easier just to tell him to stop giggling.
告诉他别咯咯笑就更容易了。
The way this worked was we trained this computer to recognize 50 words.
我们的工作方式是训练这台计算机识别 50 个单词。
We started with a very small vocabulary that's expanding as we speak.
我们从很小的词汇开始，随着我们说话，词汇量不断扩大。
I think that this is just a matter of time before these vocabularies become much, much larger.
我认为这些词汇量变得越来越大只是时间问题。
But we started with a 50 set of words.
但我们从 50 组单词开始。
We created essentially all the possible sentences that you could generate from those 50 words.
我们基本上创建了您可以从这 50 个单词生成的所有可能的句子。
Why that was important was you can use all those possible sentences to create a computational model, computer model, of all the different word combinations to give different sentences given those 50 words.
为什么这很重要，因为你可以使用所有这些可能的句子来创建一个计算模型，即所有不同单词组合的计算机模型，根据这 50 个单词给出不同的句子。
And then you can essentially do what we call autocorrect.
然后你基本上可以做我们所说的自动更正。
It's the same kind of thing that we do when you're texting, for example.
例如，当您发短信时，我们会做同样的事情。
You get the wrong letter in there, your phone actually knows because of its context what to correct it.
你在那里收到了错误的字母，你的手机实际上根据其上下文知道如何纠正它。
So because the decoding's not 100% correct all the time, in fact, it's far from that, it's really helpful to have these other features like autocorrect, the stuff that we use routinely now with texting that makes it correct and then updates it.
因此，因为解码并不是始终 100% 正确，事实上，远非如此，拥有自动更正等其他功能确实很有帮助，我们现在在短信中经常使用这些功能，使其正确，然后更新。
So it's a combination of a lot of things.
所以这是很多事情的结合。
It's the AI that is translating those brain activity patterns, but it's also things that we've learned from speech and speech technologies that you put all together and then all of a sudden it starts to work.
人工智能正在翻译这些大脑活动模式，但它也是我们从语音和语音技术中学到的东西，你把它们放在一起，然后突然开始工作。
That was the first time that someone was paralyzed and could create words and sentences that was just decoded from the brain activity.
这是第一次有人在瘫痪的情况下能够创造出刚刚从大脑活动中解码的单词和句子。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, BetterHelp.
我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商 BetterHelp。
BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.
BetterHelp 提供由持证治疗师完全在线进行的专业治疗。
Now, I've been doing therapy for a long time, and I can tell you that it's a lot like physical workouts.
现在，我已经做了很长时间的治疗，我可以告诉你，这很像体育锻炼。
There are times when I want to do it, and there are times when I don't want to do it.
有想做的时候，也有不想做的时候。
But whenever I finish a therapy session, I come away feeling better, and I have specific actionable items that hadn't occurred to me that when I implement, improve various aspects of my life.
但每当我完成治疗课程时，我都会感觉更好，并且我有一些我没有想到的具体可操作的项目，当我实施时，可以改善我生活的各个方面。
The data tell us that there are just so many benefits that come through effective therapy.
数据告诉我们，有效的治疗可以带来很多好处。
And effective therapy involves having a good rapport with your therapist, getting insights from them and with them, and coming away with specific actionable tools that you can apply outside of therapy.
有效的治疗包括与治疗师保持良好的关系，从他们那里获得见解并与他们一起获得见解，并得出可以在治疗之外应用的具体可行的工具。
With BetterHelp, they make it very easy to find an expert therapist who can help provide those benefits that come through effective therapy.
通过 BetterHelp，他们可以很容易地找到一位专家治疗师，他可以帮助提供通过有效治疗带来的好处。
And the data say it works.
数据表明它有效。
BetterHelp has an average rating of 4.9 out of 5 for its live sessions based on over 1.7 million client reviews.
根据超过 170 万条客户评论，BetterHelp 的现场会议平均评分为 4.9 分（满分 5 分）。
Also, because BetterHelp is done entirely online, it's extremely efficient.
此外，由于 BetterHelp 完全在线完成，因此效率极高。
There's no driving to a therapist's office, looking for parking, or anything like that.
无需开车去治疗师办公室、寻找停车位或类似的事情。
You simply log on and do your session wherever you happen to be.
无论您身在何处，您只需登录并进行会话即可。
If you would like to try BetterHelp, go to betterhelp.com/huberman to get 10% off your first month.
如果您想尝试 BetterHelp，请访问 betterhelp.com/huberman，第一个月可享受 10% 的折扣。
Again, that's betterhelp.com/huberman.
再说一次，这是 betterhelp.com/huberman。
These days, we hear a lot about Neuralink, Elon Musk's company.
这些天，我们听到了很多关于埃隆·马斯克 (Elon Musk) 公司 Neuralink 的消息。
While brain machine interface of the sort that you do and that other laboratories do has been going on for a long time, there's been some press around Neuralink about the promise of what brain machine interface could do.
虽然您和其他实验室所做的那种脑机接口已经持续了很长时间，但 Neuralink 周围已经有一些关于脑机接口的承诺的媒体报道。
What are your thoughts about manipulating neural circuitry to achieve superhuman or super physiological functions?
您对操纵神经回路以实现超人或超生理功能有何看法？
And here we don't even have to think about Neuralink in particular.
在这里，我们甚至不必特别考虑 Neuralink。
It's just but one example of companies and people in laboratories that are quite understandably considering all this.
这只是公司和实验室人员考虑这一切的一个例子，这是可以理解的。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
It's a really interesting time right now.
现在真是一个有趣的时刻。
The science has been going on for decades.
这门科学已经持续了几十年。
The work that we've done in this field that you call brain machine interface has been going on for a while, and A lot of the early work was just trying to restore things like arm movement or having people or monkeys control a computer cursor, for example, on the screen.
我们在这个被称为脑机接口的领域所做的工作已经进行了一段时间，很多早期的工作只是试图恢复诸如手臂运动或让人或猴子控制计算机光标（例如在屏幕上）之类的东西。
That's been going on for decades.
这种情况已经持续了几十年。
What's been really new is that industry is now involved, and some of this is now becoming commercialized, and we're starting to see us now cross over to this field where it's no longer just research, that we're talking about medical products that are designed to be surgically implanted in some cases.
真正新鲜的是，工业界现在参与其中，其中一些现在已经商业化，我们开始看到我们现在跨入这个领域，它不再只是研究，我们正在谈论在某些情况下设计用于手术植入的医疗产品。
There's people doing this kind of work non-invasively as well, that don't require surgery.
有人也以非侵入性方式进行此类工作，不需要手术。
The specific question that you are asking about is an area that we call augmentation.
您所问的具体问题是我们称之为增强的领域。
So can you build a device that essentially enhances someone's ability beyond supernormal, super memory, super communication speeds beyond speech, for example, superior precision, athletic abilities?
那么你能制造出一种设备，从本质上增强某人的能力，超越超常、超强记忆力、超越语言的超强沟通速度，例如卓越的精确度、运动能力吗？
I think that these are very serious kind of questions to be asking now because, as you mentioned, the pathway so far is really to focus on these medical applications.
我认为现在要问这些是非常严肃的问题，因为正如您所提到的，到目前为止的途径实际上是专注于这些医疗应用。
I personally don't think that we've thought enough actually about what these kind of scenarios are going to look like, and I don't think we've thought through all the ethical implications of what this means for augmentation in particular.
我个人认为，我们实际上并没有充分考虑到这些场景将会是什么样子，而且我认为我们还没有充分考虑到这对于增强来说意味着什么的所有伦理含义。
There's part of this that is not new at all.
其中有一部分根本不是什么新鲜事。
Humans throughout history have been doing things to augment our function.
纵观历史，人类一直在做一些事情来增强我们的功能。
Coffee, nicotine, all kinds of medications that cross over from medical to consumer.
咖啡、尼古丁以及从医疗到消费者的各种药物。
That is everywhere.
那无处不在。
So the pursuit of augmentation or performance or enhancement is really not a new thing.
因此，追求增强或性能或增强实际上并不是什么新鲜事。
The questions really, as they relate to neurotechnologies, for example, have to do with the invasive nature.
例如，这些问题实际上与神经技术有关，与侵入性有关。
For example, if these technologies require surgery, for example, to do something that is not for a medical application.
例如，如果这些技术需要手术，例如，来做一些不用于医疗应用的事情。
Again, there, that is not exactly new territory either.
再说一次，这也不完全是新领域。
People do that routinely for cosmetic kind of procedures, for physical appearance, not necessarily cognitive.
人们通常这样做是为了美容，为了外表，而不一定是为了认知。
So I do think that provided the technology continues to emerge the way that it does, that it's going to be around the corner, and it probably is not going to be in ways that are super obvious.
所以我确实认为，只要这项技术继续以现在的方式出现，它就会指日可待，而且可能不会以非常明显的方式出现。
I don't think it's going to be like, can we easily memorize every fact in the world?
我不认为我们能轻易记住世界上的每一个事实吗？
But in forms that are going to be much more incremental and maybe more subtle.
但形式将更加渐进，也许更加微妙。
In many ways, we already have that now.
在很多方面，我们现在已经做到了。
Like, for example, you don't have to have a neural interface embedded in your brain to get information, essentially access to all information in the world.
例如，您不必在大脑中嵌入神经接口来获取信息，本质上是访问世界上的所有信息。
You just have to have your iPhone.
你只需要拥有你的 iPhone 即可。
Whether you could do it faster through a brain interface, I definitely wouldn't rule that out.
无论你是否可以通过大脑接口更快地做到这一点，我绝对不会排除这种可能性。
But think about this, that the systems that we have already to speak and to communicate have evolved over thousands and millions of years, and they're supported by neural structures that have bandwidth of millions of neurons.
但想一想，我们已经能够说话和交流的系统已经进化了数千年和数百万年，并且它们得到了具有数百万个神经元带宽的神经结构的支持。
There's no technology that exists right now that people are thinking about that are in commercial form, certainly, not even in research labs, that come anywhere close to what has been evolved for those natural purposes.
目前，人们正在考虑的技术还没有以商业形式存在，当然，即使是在研究实验室中，也没有任何技术可以接近为这些自然目的而进化的技术。
So I'm essentially saying two sides of this, which is we're already getting into this now.
所以我本质上是说这个问题的两个方面，那就是我们现在已经开始讨论这个问题了。
This is not new territory, this topic of augmentation, both physical and cognitive.
这并不是一个新领域，这个主题是身体和认知方面的增强。
We've already surpassed that.
我们已经超越了。
That's part of what humans do in general.
这是人类一般行为的一部分。
But we are entering this area of enhanced cognition, these areas that I think the technology is going to be the rate limiting step in how far it can go, and we have not had the full conversations about number one, is this what we actually want?
但我们正在进入这个增强认知的领域，我认为这些领域的技术将成为其发展速度的限制步骤，而我们还没有就第一个问题进行完整的对话，这是我们真正想要的吗？
Is this going to be good for society?
这对社会有好处吗？
Who gets access to this technology?
谁可以获得这项技术？
These are all things that are going to become real-world problems.
这些都将成为现实世界的问题。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Could you tell us what you're doing in terms of merging the brain machine interface with extraction of speech signals from people who are locked in, like Pancho, with facial expressions?
您能告诉我们您正在做什么，将脑机接口与从潘乔等被锁定的人身上提取语音信号与面部表情相结合吗？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Sure, yeah.
当然，是的。
I'm here with you in person.
我亲自和你在一起。
We could have done this virtually, probably.
也许我们实际上可以做到这一点。
It's pretty easy to do that.
这很容易做到。
We could have recorded this really separate.
我们本来可以单独记录这一点。
But there is something about being able to actually see your expressions and to understand other forms of communication.
但能够真正看到你的表情并理解其他形式的交流是有好处的。
So another really important one is non-verbal, the expressions that you're making.
因此，另一个非常重要的因素是非语言，即你所做的表达。
For example, if you have a quizzical look on your face, if I'm saying something not clear, that's a sign to me that I need to rephrase it or to say it in a different way or to slow down.
例如，如果你脸上露出疑惑的表情，如果我说了什么不清楚的话，这对我来说就是一个信号，表明我需要重新措辞或以不同的方式说或放慢速度。
Facial expressions actually are a really important part of the way we speak, and there's two things.
面部表情实际上是我们说话方式中非常重要的一部分，有两件事。
It's not just the expressions of how you're feeling and perceiving what I'm saying, but it's also seeing my mouth move and your eyes actually see my mouth move and my jaw move in a particular way that actually allows you to hear those sounds better.
这不仅仅是表达你的感受和感知我所说的话，而且还看到我的嘴在移动，你的眼睛实际上看到我的嘴在移动，我的下巴以一种特定的方式移动，这实际上可以让你更好地听到这些声音。
So having both the visual information but also the sounds go into your brain is going to improve the intelligibility, also make it more natural.
因此，让视觉信息和声音同时进入你的大脑将提高清晰度，也使其更加自然。
And the reason why we're also very interested in this idea of not just having text on a screen, but essentially a fully computer-animated face, like an avatar of the person's speech movements and their facial expressions, is going to be a more complete form of expression.
我们之所以对这个想法非常感兴趣，不仅是在屏幕上显示文本，而且本质上是一个完全由计算机动画的面孔，就像人的言语动作和面部表情的化身一样，这将是一种更完整的表达形式。
Now, you can imagine right now, that might just be someone looking at a computer screen interpreting these signals.
现在，您现在可以想象，可能只是有人看着计算机屏幕来解释这些信号。
But I think the way things are going in the next couple of years, a lot more of our social interactions, more than even now, are going to move into this digital virtual space.
但我认为未来几年事情的发展方式，我们更多的社交互动，甚至比现在更多，将进入这个数字虚拟空间。
Of course, most people are thinking about what that means for most consumers But it also has really important implications for people who are disabled, and how are they going to participate in that.
当然，大多数人都在思考这对大多数消费者意味着什么，但它对残疾人也有非常重要的影响，以及他们将如何参与其中。
And so we're thinking really about for people like Pancho and other people who are paralyzed, what other forms of BCI can we do in order to help improve their ability to communicate?
因此，我们真正思考的是，对于像潘乔这样的人以及其他瘫痪的人，我们可以采取哪些其他形式的脑机接口来帮助提高他们的沟通能力？
So one is essentially building out more holistic avatars.
因此，人们本质上是在构建更全面的化身。
Things that can essentially decode their expressions or the movements associated with their mouth and jaw when they actually speak to improve that communication.
当他们真正说话时，这些东西可以本质上解码他们的表情或与他们的嘴和下巴相关的动作，以改善沟通。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
So do you envision a time not too long from now where instead of tweeting out something in text, I'll type it out, but my avatar will just say it?
那么你是否设想在不久的将来，我将不再以文本方式在推特上发布某些内容，而是将其打印出来，但我的头像只会说出来？
It'll be an image of my avatar saying whatever it is I happen to be tweeting at that moment.
这将是我的头像的图像，上面写着我当时碰巧发推文的内容。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
That's what we're working on.
这就是我们正在努力的方向。
That is going to happen, and it's going to happen soon, and there's a lot of progress in that.
这将会发生，而且很快就会发生，而且这方面已经取得了很多进展。
And again, we're just trying to enrich the field of communication expression to make it more normal.
再说一遍，我们只是想丰富传播表达的领域，让它变得更加常态。
And we actually think that having that kind of avatar is a way of getting feedback to people learning how to speak through a speech neuroprosthetic.
事实上，我们认为拥有这种化身是为人们通过语音神经假体学习如何说话提供反馈的一种方式。
That's the device that we call it.
这就是我们所说的设备。
It's a speech neuroprosthetic.
这是一个言语神经假体。
That is going to be the way that can help people learn how to do it the quickest, not necessarily trying to say words and having it come on a screen, but actually have people embody, feel like it's part of themselves, or that they are directly controlling that illustration or animation.
这将是帮助人们学习如何最快地做到这一点的方式，不一定是试图说出单词并将其显示在屏幕上，而是实际上让人们体现出来，感觉它是他们自己的一部分，或者他们正在直接控制该插图或动画。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
你们很多人都知道，我服用 AG1 已有近 15 年了。
I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I had a podcast, and I've been taking it every day since.
我早在 2012 年就发现了它，那时我还没有播客，从那时起我就每天都在听它。
AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional supplements on the market.
据我所知，AG1 是市场上质量最高、最全面的基础营养补充剂。
It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single scoop that's easy to drink and tastes great.
它将维生素、矿物质、益生元、益生菌和适应原结合到一勺中，易于饮用且味道极佳。
It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy, and it does so by helping to fill any gaps that you might have in your daily nutrition.
它旨在支持肠道健康、免疫健康和整体能量等，并通过帮助填补您日常营养中可能存在的任何缺口来实现这一目标。
And of course, we should all eat high-quality whole foods, but most of us are probably not getting enough prebiotics, vitamins, and minerals, and AG1 ensures that those gaps are filled.
当然，我们都应该吃高质量的天然食品，但我们大多数人可能没有摄入足够的益生元、维生素和矿物质，而 AG1 可确保填补这些空白。
If you'd like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1.com/huberman to get a special offer.
如果您想尝试 AG1，可以访问 Drinkag1.com/huberman 以获得特别优惠。
For a limited time, AG1 is giving away a week's supply of AGZ, which is their sleep supplement, and a free bottle of vitamin D3+K2 with your subscription.
在有限的时间内，AG1 将赠送一周的 AGZ（这是他们的睡眠补充剂），以及一瓶免费的维生素 D3+K2。
AGZ is something that I helped design.
AGZ是我帮忙设计的。
It tastes great, and it's the only sleep supplement I take.
味道很好，也是我唯一服用的睡眠补充剂。
It has a collection of different things in it that has dramatically improved my sleep, both my slow-wave deep sleep and my rapid eye movement sleep, and I absolutely love it.
它里面有一系列不同的东西，极大地改善了我的睡眠，包括我的慢波深度睡眠和快速眼动睡眠，我非常喜欢它。
Again, that's drinkag1.com/huberman to get a week's supply of AGZ and a bottle of D3+K2 with your subscription.
再次强调，通过 Drinkag1.com/huberman 订阅即可获得一周的 AGZ 和一瓶 D3+K2。
I get a lot of questions about stutter.
我收到很多关于口吃的问题。
What can people with stutter do if they'd like to relieve their stutter?
口吃患者想要缓解口吃问题可以做什么？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Stutter is a condition where the words can't come out fluently.
口吃是指言语不能流利地说出来的情况。
So you have all the ideas, you've got the language intact.
所以你有了所有的想法，你就拥有了完整的语言。
Remember, we talked about this distinction between language and speech.
请记住，我们讨论过语言和言语之间的区别。
Stuttering is a problem of speech.
口吃是一个言语问题。
So the ideas, the meanings, the grammar, it's all there in people's stutter, but they can't get the words out fluently.
所以思想、意义、语法，这些都存在于人们的口吃中，但他们无法流利地把单词说出来。
So that's a speech condition, and in particular, it's a condition that affects articulation, specifically about controlling the production of words in this really coordinated kind of movements that have to happen in the vocal tract to produce fluent speech.
这是一种言语条件，特别是一种影响发音的条件，特别是在这种真正协调的运动中控制单词的产生，这些运动必须发生在声道中才能产生流利的语音。
And stuttering is a condition where people have a predisposition to it.
口吃是人们有口吃倾向的一种情况。
So there's an aspect of stuttering, you are a stutterer or you're not a stutterer, but people who stutter don't stutter all the time either.
所以口吃有一个方面，你是一个口吃者，或者你不是一个口吃者，但是口吃的人也不会一直口吃。
So you could be a stutterer who stutters at some times, but not others.
因此，您可能是一个口吃者，有时会口吃，但有时却不会。
And really the main link between stuttering and anxiety is that anxiety can provoke it and make it worse.
实际上，口吃和焦虑之间的主要联系是，焦虑会引发口吃并使情况变得更糟。
That's certainly true, but it's not necessarily caused by anxiety.
这当然是事实，但这不一定是由焦虑引起的。
It can essentially trigger it or make it worse, but it's not the cause of it, per se.
它本质上可以触发它或使情况变得更糟，但它本身并不是它的原因。
So the cause of it is still really not clear, but it does have to do with these kind of brain functions that we've been talking about earlier, which is that in order to produce normal fluent speech, we're not even conscious of what is going on in our mouths, in our larynx.
所以其原因仍然不清楚，但它确实与我们之前讨论过的大脑功能有关，即为了产生正常流利的言语，我们甚至没有意识到我们的嘴里、我们的喉部正在发生什么。
We're not conscious, and if we were, we'd not be able to speak because it's too complex.
我们没有意识，如果有的话，我们就无法说话，因为它太复杂了。
It's too precise.
太精确了。
It's something that we have really developed the abilities to do, and we do it naturally.
这是我们真正具备做的能力的事情，而且我们很自然地去做。
It's part of our programming and part of what we learn inherently, and it's just through exposure.
这是我们编程的一部分，也是我们固有学习的一部分，而这只是通过接触来实现的。
So stuttering is essentially a breakdown at certain times in that machinery being able to work in a really coordinated way.
因此，口吃本质上是机器在某些时候无法以真正协调的方式工作的故障。
You can think about the operations of these areas that are controlling the vocal tract.
你可以想想这些控制声道的区域的运作。
Let's say speech is like a symphony.
假设演讲就像一首交响乐。
In order for it to come out normally, you've got to have not just one part, the larynx, but the lips, the jaw.
为了让它正常出来，你不仅要有喉部这一部分，还要有嘴唇和下巴。
They can't be doing their own thing.
他们不能做自己的事。
They have to be very, very precisely activated and very, very precisely controlled in a way to actually create words.
它们必须被非常非常精确地激活和非常非常精确地控制，才能真正创造出单词。
And so in stuttering, there's a breakdown of that coordination.
因此，在口吃的过程中，协调性就会被破坏。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
If somebody has a stutter, is it better to address that early in life when there's still neuroplasticity that is very robust?
如果有人有口吃，那么在生命早期就解决这个问题是否更好，因为神经可塑性仍然非常强大？
And if so, what's the typical route for treatment?
如果是这样，典型的治疗途径是什么？
I have to imagine it's not brain surgery typically.
我必须想象这不是典型的脑部手术。
I'm guessing there are speech therapists that people can talk to, and they can help them work out where they're getting stuck in the relationship to anxiety.
我猜人们可以与言语治疗师交谈，他们可以帮助他们找出与焦虑的关系中陷入困境的地方。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yeah, exactly.
是的，完全正确。
Part of it is about that anxiety, but a lot of it really has to do With therapy to sort of work through and think of tricks, basically, sometimes to create conditions where you can actually get the words to come out.
部分原因是这种焦虑，但很大程度上确实与治疗有关，基本上，有时是为了创造条件，让你能够真正说出话来。
A lot of some forms of stuttering are really initiation problems.
许多形式的口吃实际上都是启蒙问题。
Just getting started itself is very hard.
刚开始本身就非常困难。
You want to start with the initial vowel or consonant, but it won't emit.
您想从初始元音或辅音开始，但它不会发出。
So a lot of the therapy is really just focusing on how do you create the conditions for that to happen?
所以很多治疗实际上只是关注如何为这种情况的发生创造条件？
There's another aspect to it that I find very interesting, is that the feedback, essentially, what we hear ourselves say, for example.
我觉得还有一个非常有趣的方面，那就是反馈，本质上是我们听到自己说的话。
Every time that I say a word, I'm also hearing what I'm saying, so that's what we call auditory feedback.
每次我说一个词时，我也会听到我在说什么，这就是我们所说的听觉反馈。
That turns out to be very important, and sometimes when you change that, it can actually change the amount someone stutters, for better or for worse.
事实证明这一点非常重要，有时当你改变这一点时，它实际上可以改变某人口吃的程度，无论好坏。
And it's giving us a clue that the brain is not just focused on sending the commands out, but it's also possibly interacting with the part that is hearing the sounds, and there's something might be going on in that connection that breaks down when stuttering occurs.
它给我们提供了一个线索，即大脑不仅专注于发送命令，而且还可能与听到声音的部分进行交互，并且当口吃发生时，这种联系可能会发生一些变化。
So there are individuals that are stutterers, but they don't stutter all the time.
所以有些人是口吃的，但他们并不是一直口吃。
In those instances, there's something happening in those particular moments where this very, very precise coordination needs to happen in the brain in order to get the words out fluently.
在这些情况下，在特定时刻会发生一些事情，大脑中需要进行非常非常精确的协调，才能流畅地说出单词。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Eddie, I have to say, from the first time we became friends, 38 years ago?
艾迪，我不得不说，从我们第一次成为朋友开始，38年前？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Something like that.
类似的事情。
Dr. Eddie Chang:
张艾迪博士：
Something like that.
类似的事情。
To be sitting here with you today, for me, is an absolute thrill.
今天能和大家坐在一起，对我来说绝对是令人兴奋的。
Not just because we've been friends for that long, or that we got reacquainted through literally the halls of medicine and science, but because I really do see what you're doing as really representing that front, absolute cutting edge of exploration and application.
不仅仅是因为我们已经是这么久的朋友，或者我们通过医学和科学的殿堂重新认识，而是因为我确实看到你所做的事情真正代表了探索和应用的前沿、绝对前沿。
The story of Pancho is but one of your many patients that has derived tremendous benefit from your work.
潘乔的故事只是您从您的工作中获得巨大益处的众多患者之一。
And now as a chair of a department, you of course work alongside individuals who are also doing incredible work in the spinal cord, et cetera.
现在，作为一个部门的主席，您当然会与在脊髓等领域做出令人难以置信的工作的人一起工作。
So on behalf of myself and everyone listening, I just really want to thank you for joining us today to share this information, but also just for the work you do.
因此，我谨代表我自己和所有听众，衷心感谢您今天加入我们分享此信息，同时也感谢您所做的工作。
It's truly spectacular.
真是太壮观了。
So thank you ever so much.
所以非常感谢你。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Thanks.
谢谢。
Speaker 3:
演讲者3：
You matched on Hinge.
您在铰链上匹配。
You're vibing.
你很有活力。
Then her energy completely changes.
然后她的能量就彻底改变了。
What do you do?
你做什么工作？
I'm Raven Smith, and I wrote and read a real love story about this exact sitch.
我是雷文·史密斯，我写过并读过一个关于这个故事的真实爱情故事。
Listen to the free audiobook now.
立即收听免费有声读物。