Essentials: The Biology of Aggression, Mating & Arousal | Dr. David Anderson
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
欢迎来到 Huberman Lab Essentials，在这里我们回顾过去的剧集，寻找针对心理健康、身体健康和表现的最有效、最可操作的基于科学的工具。
I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。
And now for my discussion with Dr. David Anderson.
现在我与大卫·安德森博士进行讨论。
David, great to be here, and great to finally sit down and chat with you.
大卫，很高兴来到这里，也很高兴终于坐下来和你聊天。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Great to be here too.
也很高兴来到这里。
Thank you so much.
太感谢了。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
I want to start with something fairly basic, and that's the difference between emotions and states.
我想从一些相当基本的东西开始，这就是情绪和状态之间的区别。
How should we think about them, and why might states be at least as useful a thing to think about, if not more useful?
我们应该如何思考它们？为什么国家至少是同样有用的事情，甚至更有用？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
The short answer to your question is that I see emotions as a type of internal state, in the sense that arousal is also a type of internal state.
对你的问题的简短回答是，我将情绪视为一种内部状态，从某种意义上说，唤醒也是一种内部状态。
Motivation's a type of internal state.
动机是一种内部状态。
Sleep is a type of internal state.
睡眠是一种内部状态。
They change the input-to-output transformation of the brain.
它们改变了大脑的输入到输出的转换。
When you're asleep, you don't hear something that you would hear if you were awake.
当您睡着时，您听不到清醒时会听到的声音。
So from that broad perspective, I see emotion as a class of state that controls behavior.
因此，从广泛的角度来看，我将情绪视为控制行为的一类状态。
The reason I think it's useful to think about it as a state is it puts the focus on it as a neurobiological process rather than as a psychological process.
我认为将其视为一种状态是有用的，因为它将重点放在神经生物学过程而不是心理过程上。
Many people equate emotion with feeling, which is a subjective sense that we can only study in humans, because to find out what someone's feeling, you have to ask them, and people are the only animals that can talk that we can understand.
许多人将情感等同于感觉，这是一种主观感觉，我们只能在人类身上研究，因为要了解某人的感觉，你必须询问他们，而人是唯一我们能理解的会说话的动物。
That's how I think about emotion.
这就是我对情感的看法。
If you think of an iceberg, it's the part of the iceberg that's below the surface of the water.
如果您想到冰山，它就是冰山位于水面以下的部分。
The feeling part is the tip.
感觉部分是尖端。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
What are some of the other features of states that represent below the tip of the iceberg?
冰山一角以下的国家还有哪些其他特征？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Right.
对。
There have been people who have thought of emotions as having just really two dimensions, an arousal dimension and a valence dimension.
有些人认为情绪实际上只有两个维度：唤醒维度和效价维度。
Ralph Adolphs and I have tried to expand that a little bit to think about components of emotion, particularly those that distinguish emotion states from motivational states, because they are very closely related.
拉尔夫·阿道夫和我试图稍微扩展一下这一点，以思考情绪的组成部分，特别是那些区分情绪状态和动机状态的成分，因为它们非常密切相关。
One of those important properties is persistence.
这些重要的特性之一就是持久性。
This is something that distinguishes state-driven behaviors from simple reflexes.
这是状态驱动行为与简单反射的区别。
Reflexes tend to terminate when the stimulus turns off, like the doctor hitting your knee with a hammer.
当刺激消失时，反射往往会终止，就像医生用锤子敲击你的膝盖一样。
It initiates with the stimulus onset, and it terminates with the stimulus offset.
它随着刺激开始而开始，随着刺激抵消而终止。
Emotions tend to outlast, often, the stimulus that evoke them.
情绪往往比引发情绪的刺激更持久。
If you're walking along a trail here in Southern California, you hear a rattlesnake rattling, you're going to jump in the air, your heart is going to continue to beat, and your palms sweat for a while after it's slithered off in the bush, and you're going to be hypervigilant.
如果你在南加州的一条小路上行走，听到响尾蛇的嘎嘎声，你会跳到空中，你的心脏会继续跳动，当它滑入灌木丛后，你的手掌会出汗一段时间，你会变得高度警惕。
If you see something that even remotely looks snake-like, a stick, you're going to stop.
如果你看到一些看起来像蛇的东西，比如一根棍子，你就会停下来。
Not all states have persistence.
并非所有国家都有毅力。
So for example, you think about hunger.
举例来说，你想到饥饿。
Once you've eaten, the state is gone.
一旦你吃完饭，状态就消失了。
You're not hungry anymore.
你不再饿了。
But if you're really angry and you get into a fight with somebody, even after the fight is over, you may remain riled up for a long time, and it takes you a while to calm down.
但如果你真的很生气，和某人打架，即使打架结束了，你也可能会愤怒很长时间，需要一段时间才能平静下来。
And then generalization is an important component of emotion states that make them, if they have been triggered in one situation, they can apply to another situation.
泛化是情绪状态的重要组成部分，如果它们在一种情况下被触发，它们就可以适用于另一种情况。
My favorite example of that is you come home from work and your kid is screaming.
我最喜欢的例子是，你下班回家，你的孩子在尖叫。
If you had a good day at work, you might pick it up and soothe it.
如果你工作了一天，你可能会拿起它并舒缓它。
And if you had a bad day at work, you might react very differently to it.
如果你今天工作很糟糕，你的反应可能会大不相同。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
I'd like to talk a bit about aggression, the beautiful work of Dayu Lin and others in your lab.
我想谈谈攻击性、林大宇和你们实验室其他人的出色工作。
What are your thoughts on aggression, how it's generated, the neural circuit mechanisms, and some of the variation in what we call aggression?
您对攻击性、攻击性是如何产生的、神经回路机制以及我们所说的攻击性的一些变化有什么看法？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
First of all, the word aggression, in my mind, refers more to a description of behavior than it does to an internal state.
首先，在我看来，攻击性这个词更多地指的是对行为的描述，而不是内部状态。
Aggression could reflect an internal state that we would call anger in humans, or could reflect fear, or it could reflect hunger if it's predatory aggression.
攻击性可以反映一种我们称之为人类愤怒的内部状态，或者可以反映恐惧，或者如果是掠夺性攻击，则可以反映饥饿。
The work that Dayu did when she was in my lab, she found a way to evoke aggression in mice using optogenetics to activate specific neurons in a region of the hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH.
Dayu 在我的实验室所做的工作中，她找到了一种方法，利用光遗传学激活下丘脑腹内侧下丘脑 (VMH) 区域的特定神经元，从而激发小鼠的攻击性。
Following first the famous Nobel Prize-winning work of Walter Hess.
首先是沃尔特·赫斯的著名诺贝尔奖获奖作品。
In Hess's original experiments, he describes two types of aggression that he evokes from cats, depending on where in the hypothalamus he puts his electrode.
在赫斯最初的实验中，他描述了他从猫身上引起的两种攻击行为，这取决于他将电极放置在下丘脑的位置。
One of which he calls defensive rage.
其中之一他称之为防御性愤怒。
That's the ears laid back, teeth bared, and hissing.
那是耳朵向后仰，露出牙齿，发出嘶嘶声。
And the other one is predatory aggression, where the cat has its ears forward, and it's batting with its paw at a mouse-like object like it wants to catch it and eat it.
另一种是掠夺性攻击，猫将耳朵向前，用爪子击打类似老鼠的物体，就像它想抓住它并吃掉它一样。
If you think of ventromedial hypothalamus like a pear sitting on the ground, the fat part of the pear near the ground is where the aggression neurons are, but the upper part of the pear has fear neurons.
如果你把下丘脑腹内侧想象成一个坐在地上的梨，梨靠近地面的脂肪部分就是攻击性神经元所在的地方，但梨的上部有恐惧神经元。
Fast-forward from that, from a lot of work from Dayu, now on her own at NYU, and with her postdoc, Annegret Falkner, there's evidence that the type of fighting that we elicit when we stimulate VMH is offensive aggression that is actually rewarding to male mice.
从这一点快进，从现在在纽约大学独自一人的 Dayu 以及她的博士后 Annegret Falkner 的大量工作来看，有证据表明，当我们刺激 VMH 时，我们引发的战斗类型是进攻性攻击，这实际上对雄性老鼠有利。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
They like it.
他们喜欢它。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
They like it.
他们喜欢它。
Male mice will learn to poke their nose or press a bar to get the opportunity to beat up a subordinate male mouse.
雄性老鼠会学会戳鼻子或按杠，以获得殴打下级雄性老鼠的机会。
It has a positive valence.
它具有正价。
So it's become clear that if you want to call it the state of aggressiveness, is multifaceted, it depends on the type of aggression, and it involves different sorts of circuits.
所以很明显，如果你想称其为攻击性状态，它是多方面的，它取决于攻击性的类型，并且涉及不同类型的回路。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
I would like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, BetterHelp.
我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商 BetterHelp。
BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.
BetterHelp 提供由持证治疗师完全在线进行的专业治疗。
Now, I've been doing therapy for a long time, and I can tell you that it's a lot like physical workouts.
现在，我已经做了很长时间的治疗，我可以告诉你，这很像体育锻炼。
There are days when I want to do it, and there are days when I don't want to do it.
有想做的日子，也有不想做的日子。
But when I finish a therapy session, every single time, I come away feeling better, knowing the time was well spent, and that's because typically, I come away with a valuable insight or new perspective that I hadn't considered before.
但是，当我每次完成治疗课程时，我都会感觉更好，知道时间花得很值，这是因为通常情况下，我会得到以前没有考虑过的宝贵见解或新观点。
With BetterHelp, they make it very easy to find an expert therapist who can help provide the benefits that come from effective therapy.
通过 BetterHelp，他们可以很容易地找到可以帮助提供有效治疗带来的好处的专家治疗师。
They have a short questionnaire to help match you to a therapist.
他们有一份简短的调查问卷来帮助您与治疗师匹配。
And while BetterHelp has an industry-leading match rate, if you aren't happy with your match, you can switch to a different therapist at any time.
虽然 BetterHelp 拥有行业领先的匹配率，但如果您对匹配不满意，您可以随时更换为其他治疗师。
And it works.
它有效。
BetterHelp has an average rating of 4.9 out of 5 for its live sessions based on over 1.7 million client reviews.
根据超过 170 万条客户评论，BetterHelp 的现场会议平均评分为 4.9 分（满分 5 分）。
If you'd like to try BetterHelp, go to betterhelp.com/huberman to get 10% off your first month.
如果您想尝试 BetterHelp，请访问 betterhelp.com/huberman，第一个月可享受 10% 的折扣。
Again, that's betterhelp.com/huberman.
再说一次，这是 betterhelp.com/huberman。
Why do you think there would be such a close positioning of neurons that can elicit such divergent states and behaviors?
您认为为什么神经元的位置如此紧密，会引发如此不同的状态和行为？
You're talking about this pear-shaped structure where the neurons that generate fear are cheek to jowl with the neurons that generate offensive aggression.
你谈论的是这种梨形结构，其中产生恐惧的神经元与产生攻击性攻击的神经元紧密相连。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
If you think from an evolutionary perspective, it might have been the case that defensive behaviors and fear arose before offensive aggression, because animals first and foremost have to defend themselves from predation by other animals.
如果你从进化的角度思考，可能是防御行为和恐惧出现在进攻性攻击之前，因为动物首先必须保护自己免受其他动物的捕食。
And maybe it's only when they're comfortable with having warded off predation and made themselves safe that they can start to think about who's going to be the alpha male in my group here.
也许只有当它们对抵御捕食并确保自己安全感到满意时，它们才能开始考虑谁将成为我这里的雄性领袖。
And so it could be that if you think that brain regions and cell populations evolve by duplication and modification of preexisting cell populations, that might be the way that those regions wound up next to each other.
因此，如果你认为大脑区域和细胞群是通过先前存在的细胞群的复制和修改而进化的，那么这可能就是这些区域彼此相邻的方式。
But I think there must be a functional part as well.
但我认为也必须有一个功能部分。
So one thing we know about offensive aggression is that strong fear shuts it down, whereas defensive aggression, at least in rats, is actually enhanced by fear.
因此，关于进攻性攻击，我们知道的一件事是，强烈的恐惧会阻止它，而防御性攻击，至少在老鼠身上，实际上会因恐惧而增强。
It's one of the big differences between defensive aggression and offensive aggression, and maybe these two regions are close to each other to facilitate inhibition of aggression by the fear neurons.
这是防御性攻击和进攻性攻击之间的巨大差异之一，也许这两个区域彼此靠近，有利于恐惧神经元抑制攻击性。
We know for a fact that if we deliberately stimulate those fear neurons at the top of the pair, when two animals are involved in a fight, it just stops the fight dead in its tracks, and they go off into the corner and freeze.
我们知道一个事实，如果我们故意刺激配对顶部的恐惧神经元，那么当两只动物卷入一场战斗时，它只会让战斗停止，然后它们就会躲到角落里并僵住。
So at least hierarchically, it seems like fear is the dominant behavior over offensive aggression.
因此，至少从等级上来看，恐惧似乎是相对于进攻性攻击的主导行为。
I think that's the way I tend to think about why these neurons are all mixed up together.
我想这就是我思考为什么这些神经元全部混合在一起的方式。
And it's not just fight and flight, there are also metabolic neurons that are mixed together in VMH as well.
不仅仅是战斗和逃跑，VMH 中也有混合在一起的代谢神经元。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
One of the concepts that you've raised in your lectures before is this idea of a sort of hydraulic pressure.
您之前在讲座中提出的概念之一是液压的概念。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Mm-hmm.
嗯嗯。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
Or maybe it was Konrad Lorenz-
或者也许是康拉德·洛伦兹——
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Mm-hmm
嗯嗯
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
...
...
pardon, who talked about a kind of hydraulic pressure towards behavior.
请原谅，他谈到了一种对行为的液压。
What's really driving hydraulic pressure toward a given state?
是什么真正推动液压达到给定状态？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
One way that is helpful, at least for me, to break this question apart and think about it, is to distinguish homeostatic behaviors, that is need-based behaviors, where the pressure is built up because of a need, like, "I'm hungry, I need to eat.
至少对我来说，分解这个问题并思考它的一种有帮助的方法是区分稳态行为，即基于需求的行为，其中压力是由于需求而积累的，例如，“我饿了，我需要吃东西。
I'm thirsty, I need to drink.
我渴了，我需要喝水。
I'm hot, I need to get to a cold place." It's basically the thermostat model of your brain.
我很热，我需要去一个冷的地方。”它基本上是你大脑的恒温器模型。
You have a set point, and then if the temperature gets too hot, you turn on the AC, and if the temperature gets too cold, you turn on the heater, and you put yourself back to the set point.
你有一个设定点，如果温度太热，你就打开空调，如果温度太冷，你就打开加热器，然后你就把自己恢复到设定点。
You can think of this accumulated hydraulic pressure either being based on something that you were deprived of, creating an accumulating need, or something that you want to do, building up a drive or a pressure to do that.
你可以认为这种累积的液压要么是基于你被剥夺的东西，创造了累积的需求，要么是你想做的事情，建立了这样做的动力或压力。
And the natural way to think about that, at least for me, is as gradual increases in neural activity in a particular region of the brain.
至少对我来说，自然的思考方式是大脑特定区域的神经活动逐渐增加。
So for example, in the area of the hypothalamus that controls feeding, Scott Sternson and others have shown that the hungrier you get, the higher the level of activity in that region in the brain, and then when you eat, boom, the activity goes right back down again.
例如，在控制进食的下丘脑区域，斯科特·斯特恩森和其他人发现，你越饿，大脑中该区域的活动水平就越高，然后当你吃东西时，活动就会再次下降。
And I think in the case of aggression, our data and others show that the more strongly you drive this region of the brain optogenetically, the more of just a hair trigger you need to set the animal off to get it to fight.
我认为，在攻击性的情况下，我们的数据和其他数据表明，你对大脑的这个区域的光遗传学驱动越强，你就越需要一个毛发触发装置来触发动物让它进行战斗。
VMH projects to about 30 different regions in the brain And it gets input from about 30 different regions.
VMH 投射到大脑中大约 30 个不同的区域，并从大约 30 个不同的区域获取输入。
So I kind of see it as both an antenna and a broadcasting center.
所以我认为它既是天线又是广播中心。
It's like a satellite dish that takes in information from different sensory modalities, smell, maybe vision, mechanical sensation, and then it sort of synthesizes and integrates that into a fairly low dimensional, as the computational people call it, representation of this pressure to attack, and it broadcasts that all over the brain to trigger all these systems that have to be brought into play if the animal is going to engage in aggression.
它就像一个卫星天线，从不同的感官模式、嗅觉、视觉、机械感觉中获取信息，然后将其合成并整合到一个相当低的维度中，正如计算人员所说的那样，代表这种攻击压力，并将其广播到整个大脑，以触发所有这些系统，如果动物要进行攻击，这些系统就必须发挥作用。
Because aggression is a very risky thing for an animal to engage in.
因为攻击对于动物来说是一件非常危险的事情。
It could wind up losing, and it could wind up getting killed.
它可能最终会失败，也可能最终被杀死。
And so its brain constantly has to make a cost-benefit analysis of whether to continue on that path or to back off.
因此，它的大脑必须不断地进行成本效益分析，以决定是继续走这条路还是后退。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
As we're talking about aggression and mating behavior, I think hormones.
当我们谈论攻击性和交配行为时，我想到了荷尔蒙。
One of the common myths that's out there, and I think that persists, is that testosterone makes animals and humans aggressive, and estrogen makes animals placid and kind or emotional.
常见的误解之一（我认为这种说法仍然存在）是，睾丸激素使动物和人类具有攻击性，而雌激素使动物变得平静、友善或情绪化。
And as we both know, nothing could be further from the truth.
我们都知道，事实并非如此。
The specific hormones that are involved in generating aggression via VMH are things other than testosterone.
通过 VMH 产生攻击性的特定激素不是睾酮。
Can you tell us a little bit more about that?
您能告诉我们更多相关信息吗？
Because there's some interesting surprises in there.
因为那里有一些有趣的惊喜。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
When we finally identified the neurons in VMH that control aggression with a molecular marker, we found out that that marker was the estrogen receptor.
当我们最终用分子标记识别出 VMH 中控制攻击行为的神经元时，我们发现该标记就是雌激素受体。
Other labs have shown that the estrogen receptor in adult male mice is necessary for aggression.
其他实验室已经表明，成年雄性小鼠的雌激素受体对于攻击性是必需的。
If you knock out the gene in VMH, they don't fight.
如果你敲除 VMH 中的基因，它们就不会打架。
And it's been shown, and a lot of this is work from your colleague, Nirao Shah at Stanford, who is one of my former PhD students, that if you castrate a mouse, and it loses the ability to fight, not only can you rescue fighting with a testosterone implant, but you can rescue it with an estrogen implant.
事实证明，这在很大程度上是你在斯坦福大学的同事尼拉奥·沙阿（Nirao Shah）的工作，他是我以前的博士生之一，如果你阉割了一只老鼠，它失去了战斗能力，你不仅可以用睾酮植入来挽救它的战斗能力，还可以用雌激素植入来挽救它。
So you can bypass completely the requirement for testosterone to restore aggressiveness to the mice.
因此，您可以完全绕过睾丸激素的要求来恢复小鼠的攻击性。
And as you say, it's because many of the effects of testosterone, although not all, many of them are mediated by its conversion to estrogen by a process called aromatization.
正如你所说，这是因为睾酮的许多作用（尽管不是全部）是由睾酮通过芳香化过程转化为雌激素来介导的。
It's carried out by an enzyme called aromatase.
它是由一种叫做芳香酶的酶完成的。
In fact, most of your listeners may have heard of aromatase because aromatase inhibitors are widely used in female humans as adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
事实上，大多数听众可能听说过芳香酶，因为芳香酶抑制剂广泛用于女性人类作为乳腺癌的辅助化疗。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
What's involved in female aggression that's unique from the pathways that generate male aggression?
女性攻击性的产生途径与男性攻击性的产生途径有何不同？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
So, we and other labs have studied this in both mice and also in fruit flies.
因此，我们和其他实验室在小鼠和果蝇中研究了这一点。
One thing in mice that distinguishes aggression in females from males is that male mice are pretty much ready to fight at the drop of a hat.
雌性小鼠与雄性小鼠的攻击性区别在于，雄性小鼠几乎随时准备好进行战斗。
Female mice only fight when they are nurturing and nursing their pups after they've delivered a litter, and there is a window there where they become hyper-aggressive.
雌性老鼠只有在生完一窝幼崽后，才会在养育和护理幼崽时才会打架，而且有一个窗口期，它们会变得过度攻击性。
After their pups are weaned, that aggressiveness goes away.
当幼崽断奶后，这种攻击性就会消失。
So this is pretty remarkable that you take a virgin female mouse and expose it to a male, and her response is to become sexually receptive and to mate with him.
所以这是非常值得注意的，你把一只处女雌性老鼠暴露给一只雄性老鼠，她的反应是变得有性接受能力并与他交配。
And now you let her have her pups, and you put the same male or another male mouse in the cage with her, and instead of trying to mate with him, she attacks him.
现在你让她生下幼崽，然后把同一只雄性或另一只雄性老鼠和她一起关在笼子里，她没有试图与他交配，而是攻击他。
We recently showed in a paper, this is work from one of my students, Mengyu Liu, that within VMH in females, there are two clearly divisible subsets of estrogen receptor neurons, and she showed that one of those subsets controls fighting and the other one controls mating.
我们最近在一篇论文中表明，这是我的学生孟宇刘 (Mengyu Liu) 的工作，在女性的 VMH 中，雌激素受体神经元有两个明显可分的子集，她表明其中一个子集控制战斗，另一个控制交配。
This gets into the whole issue of neurons that are present in females but not in males.
这涉及到女性中存在但男性中不存在的神经元的整个问题。
So this is already showing you some complexity.
所以这已经向您展示了一些复杂性。
The male mouse VMH has both male-specific aggression neurons and generic aggression neurons.
雄性小鼠 VMH 具有雄性特异性攻击神经元和通用攻击神经元。
And then the female VMH, the mating cells, are only found in females.
然后，雌性 VMH（交配细胞）仅存在于雌性体内。
They are female specific and not found in the male brain.
它们是女性特有的，在男性大脑中找不到。
And so we're trying to find out what these sex-specific populations of neurons are doing, but that indicates that that is some of the mechanism by which different sexes show different behaviors.
因此，我们试图找出这些特定性别的神经元群体正在做什么，但这表明这是不同性别表现出不同行为的一些机制。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
你们很多人都知道，我服用 AG1 已有近 15 年了。
I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and I've been taking it every day since.
我早在 2012 年就发现了它，那时我还没有播客，从那时起我就每天都在听它。
The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional supplements on the market.
我开始服用它的原因，以及我仍然服用它的原因，是因为据我所知，AG1是市场上质量最高、最全面的基础营养补充剂。
It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
它将维生素、矿物质、益生元、益生菌和适应原结合到一勺中，易于饮用，味道极佳。
It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy, and it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your daily nutrition.
它旨在支持肠道健康、免疫健康和整体能量等，并通过帮助填补您日常营养中可能存在的任何缺口来实现这一目标。
Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
当然，现在每个人都应该努力吃有营养的天然食品。
I certainly do that every day.
我当然每天都这样做。
But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement be?
但我经常被问到，如果您只能服用一种补充剂，那么该补充剂会是什么？
And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
我的答案始终是 AG1，因为它对于支持我的身体健康、心理健康和表现的各个方面都非常重要。
I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from other people who use AG1 daily.
我从自己使用 AG1 的经验中了解到这一点，并且我不断从其他每天使用 AG1 的人那里听到这一点。
If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1.com/huberman to get a special offer.
如果您想尝试 AG1，可以访问 Drinkag1.com/huberman 以获得特别优惠。
For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and a bottle of vitamin D3+K2 with your subscription.
限时订阅后，AG1 将赠送 6 个免费 AG1 旅行包和一瓶维生素 D3+K2。
Again, that's drinkag1, with the numeral one, .com/huberman to get six free travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3+K2 with your subscription.
再次强调，这是 Drinkag1，通过数字 1 .com/huberman 订阅即可获得六个免费旅行包和一瓶维生素 D3+K2。
If one observes the mating behaviors of different animals, we know that there's a tremendous range of mating behaviors in humans.
如果观察不同动物的交配行为，我们就会知道人类的交配行为种类繁多。
There can be no aggressive component, there could be aggressive component.
不能有攻击性成分，也可以有攻击性成分。
Humans have all sorts of kinks and fetishes and behaviors, and most of which probably has never been documented because most of this happens in private.
人类有各种各样的怪癖、迷恋和行为，其中大部分可能从未被记录下来，因为大部分都是在私下发生的。
With that said, when you look at mating behavior of various animals, you see an aggressive component sometimes, but not always.
话虽如此，当你观察各种动物的交配行为时，你有时会看到攻击性的成分，但并非总是如此。
Is it species specific?
它有特定的物种吗？
Is it context specific?
它是特定于上下文的吗？
And more generally, do you think that there is crosstalk between these different neuronal populations and the animal itself might be kind of confused about what's going on?
更一般地说，您是否认为这些不同的神经元群体之间存在串扰，并且动物本身可能对正在发生的事情感到困惑？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
I can't really speak to the issue of whether this is species specific because I'm not a naturalist or a zoologist.
我无法真正谈论这是否是物种特异性的问题，因为我不是博物学家或动物学家。
I've seen, like you have, in the wild, for example, lions when they mate.
和你一样，我在野外也见过狮子交配。
I've seen them in Africa.
我在非洲见过他们。
There's often a biting component of that as well.
通常也有令人痛苦的成分。
One of the things that surprised us when we identified neurons in VMH VL that control aggression in males is that within that population, there is a subset of neurons that is activated by females during male-female mating encounters.
当我们发现 VMH VL 中控制雄性攻击性的神经元时，令我们惊讶的一件事是，在该群体中，有一个神经元子集在雌雄交配过程中被雌性激活。
There's some evidence that those female selective neurons in VMH are part of the mating behavior.
有一些证据表明 VMH 中的雌性选择性神经元是交配行为的一部分。
If you shut them down, the animals don't mate as effectively as they otherwise would.
如果你关闭它们，动物的交配效率就会降低。
What happens when you stimulate them, we don't yet know because we don't have a way to specifically do that without activating the male aggression neurons.
当你刺激它们时会发生什么，我们还不知道，因为我们没有办法在不激活雄性攻击神经元的情况下专门做到这一点。
But I think they must be there for a reason, because VMH is not traditionally the brain region to which male sexual behavior has been assigned.
但我认为它们的存在一定是有原因的，因为 VMH 传统上并不是负责男性性行为的大脑区域。
That's another area called the medial preoptic area, and there we have shown that there are neurons that definitely stimulate mating behavior.
这是另一个称为内侧视前区的区域，我们已经证明那里的神经元肯定会刺激交配行为。
In fact, if we activate those mating neurons in a male while it's in the middle of attacking another male, it will stop fighting, start singing to that male, and start to try to mount that male until we shut those neurons off.
事实上，如果我们在雄性攻击另一只雄性的过程中激活它们的交配神经元，它就会停止战斗，开始向那只雄性唱歌，并开始尝试骑乘那只雄性，直到我们关闭这些神经元。
So those are the make love, not war neurons, and VMH are the make war, not love neurons.
所以这些是做爱神经元，而不是战争神经元，VMH 是制造战争神经元，而不是爱情神经元。
And there are dense interconnections between these two nuclei, which are very close to each other in the brain.
这两个核之间存在着密集的互连，它们在大脑中彼此非常接近。
But it's also possible that there are some cooperative interactions between those structures, as well as antagonistic interactions, and the balance of whether it's the cooperative or antagonistic interactions that are firing at any given moment in a mating encounter, as you suggest, may determine whether a moment of coital bliss among two lions may suddenly turn into a snap or a growl and a baring of fangs.
但也有可能这些结构之间存在一些合作性相互作用，以及对抗性相互作用，并且正如您所建议的，在交配过程中的任何特定时刻触发的合作性相互作用还是对抗性相互作用的平衡，可能会决定两只狮子之间的性交幸福时刻是否会突然变成突然的响声或咆哮和露出尖牙。
We don't know that, but certainly the substrate, the wiring is there for that to happen.
我们不知道这一点，但可以肯定的是，基板和布线是为了实现这一点。
When we made that discovery initially, it raised the question in my mind whether some people that are serial rapists, for example, and engage in sexual violence might, in some level, have their wires crossed in some way, that these states that are supposed to be pretty much separated and mutually antagonistic are not and are actually more rewarding and reinforcing.
当我们最初发现这一发现时，我心中提出了一个问题，例如，一些连环强奸犯并从事性暴力的人是否可能在某种程度上以某种方式交叉了他们的界限，这些本应几乎分离和相互对立的状态实际上并非如此，而且实际上更具回报和强化作用。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
I'd love to talk about this structure because it seems to be involved in everything, which is the PAG, the periaqueductal gray.
我很想谈谈这个结构，因为它似乎参与了一切，这就是 PAG，导水管周围灰质。
It's been studied in the context of pain.
人们已经在疼痛的背景下对其进行了研究。
It's been studied in the context of the so-called lordosis response, the receptivity or arching of the back of the female to receive intromission and mating from the male.
人们在所谓的脊柱前凸反应的背景下进行了研究，即雌性背部接受雄性插入和交配的接受性或拱形。
In particular, I want to know, is there some mechanism of pain modulation and control during fighting and/or mating?
特别是，我想知道，在战斗和/或交配过程中是否存在某种疼痛调节和控制机制？
And the reason I ask is that while I'm not a combat sports person, years ago, I did a little bit of martial arts, and it always was impressive to me how little it hurt to get punched during a fight and how much it hurt afterwards, right?
我问这个问题的原因是，虽然我不是格斗运动爱好者，但几年前，我学过一点武术，给我留下了深刻的印象，在打架时被拳打到很轻，而打架后又很痛，对吗？
So there clearly is some endogenous pain control-
所以显然存在一些内源性疼痛控制——
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yep
是的
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
...
...
that then wears off, and then you feel beat up.
然后这种感觉就会消失，然后你就会感到被打败了。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Yep.
是的。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
What's PAG doing vis-à-vis pain, and what's pain doing vis-à-vis these other behaviors?
PAG 对疼痛有何作用？疼痛对这些其他行为有何作用？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
So I think of PAG like an old-fashioned telephone switchboard.
所以我认为 PAG 就像一个老式的电话总机。
There are calls coming in, and then the cables have to be punched into the right hole to get the information to be routed to the right recipient on the other end of it.
有电话打进来，然后必须将电缆打入正确的孔中，以便将信息路由到另一端的正确接收者。
Because pretty much every type of innate behavior you can think of has had the PAG implicated.
因为几乎所有你能想到的先天行为都与 PAG 有关。
In cross-section, the PAG kind of looks like the water in a toilet when you're standing over an open toilet bowl.
从横截面来看，PAG 看起来有点像站在打开的马桶旁边时马桶中的水。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
Mm-hmm.
嗯嗯。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
And if you imagine a clock face projected onto that, it's like the PAG has sectors from one to 12, maybe even more of them, and in each of those sectors, you find different neurons from the hypothalamus are projecting.
如果你想象一个钟面投射到上面，就像 PAG 有从 1 到 12 的扇区，甚至可能更多，在每个扇区中，你会发现来自下丘脑的不同神经元正在投射。
So it could turn out that there is a topographic arrangement along the dorsal ventral axis of the PAG and the medial lateral axis of the PAG that determines the type of behavior that will be emitted when neurons in that region are stimulated.
因此，沿着 PAG 的背腹轴和 PAG 的内侧轴可能存在地形排列，决定了该区域的神经元受到刺激时将发出的行为类型。
And I think sort of all of the evidence is pointing in that direction, but by no means has it been mapped out.
我认为所有的证据都指向这个方向，但它还没有被规划出来。
Now, the thing that you mentioned about it not hurting when you got beat up during martial arts, there is a well-known phenomenon called fear-induced analgesia, where when an animal is in a high state of fear, like if it's trying to defend itself, there is a suppression Of pain responses.
现在，你提到的当你在武术中被殴打时不会受伤的事情，有一种众所周知的现象，称为恐惧引起的镇痛，当动物处于高度恐惧状态时，就像它试图保护自己一样，疼痛反应会受到抑制。
And I'm not sure completely about the mechanisms and how well that's understood, but, for example, the adrenal gland has a peptide in it that is released from the adrenal medulla, which controls the fight or flight responses, and that peptide has analgesic activities.
我不完全确定其机制以及对它的理解程度，但是，例如，肾上腺中有一种从肾上腺髓质释放的肽，它控制战斗或逃跑反应，并且该肽具有镇痛活性。
Now, whether-
现在，无论是——
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
May I ask what that peptide is?
请问那个肽是什么？
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
It's called bovine adrenal medullary peptide of 22 amino acid residues.
它被称为牛肾上腺髓质肽，由22个氨基酸残基组成。
And I only know about it because it activates a receptor that we discovered many years ago that's involved in pain, and we thought it promoted pain, but it turns out that this actually inhibits pain.
我之所以知道它，是因为它激活了我们多年前发现的一种与疼痛有关的受体，我们认为它会促进疼痛，但事实证明这实际上会抑制疼痛。
It's like an endogenous analgesic.
它就像一种内源性镇痛剂。
Whether this type of analgesia is happening when an animal is engaged in offensive aggression or in mating behavior, I don't know, but it certainly is possible.
我不知道当动物进行进攻性攻击或交配行为时是否会发生这种类型的镇痛，但这肯定是可能的。
And I don't know whether these analgesic mechanisms are happening in the PAG.
我不知道这些镇痛机制是否发生在 PAG 中。
They could also be happening a little further down in the spinal cord.
它们也可能发生在脊髓的更深处。
The PAG is really continuous with the spinal cord.
PAG 与脊髓确实是连续的。
If you just follow it down towards the tail of an animal, you will wind up in the spinal cord.
如果你只是顺着它朝动物的尾巴走去，你最终会进入脊髓。
And so it could be that there are influences acting at many levels on pain in the PAG and in the spinal cord as well.
因此，PAG 和脊髓的疼痛可能在多个层面上都有影响。
And it may well be known, I just don't know it.
这可能是众所周知的，只是我不知道而已。
I want to distinguish clearly between things that are not known, that I know are unknown, which is in a fairly small area where I have expertise, from things that may be known, but I'm ignorant of them because I just don't have a broad enough knowledge base to know that.
我想清楚地区分未知的事物、我知道未知的事物（这是我拥有专业知识的相当小的领域）和可能已知的事物，但我对它们一无所知，因为我没有足够广泛的知识基础来了解它们。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商 Function。
Function provides over 160 advanced lab tests to give you a clear snapshot of your bodily health.
功能提供超过 160 项高级实验室测试，让您清晰了解自己的身体健康状况。
This snapshot gives insights into your heart health, hormone health, autoimmune function, nutrient levels, and much more.
此快照可深入了解您的心脏健康、激素健康、自身免疫功能、营养水平等。
They've also recently added access to advanced MRI and CT scans.
他们最近还增加了先进的 MRI 和 CT 扫描的访问权限。
Function not only provides testing of over 160 biomarkers key to your physical and mental health, it also analyzes these results and provides recommendations for improving your health from top doctors.
Function 不仅提供对您身心健康至关重要的 160 多种生物标记物的测试，还分析这些结果并提供顶级医生改善您健康的建议。
For example, in a recent test with Function, I learned that some of my blood lipids were slightly out of range.
例如，在最近的一次 Function 测试中，我发现我的一些血脂稍微超出了范围。
As a result, I decided to start supplementing with nattokinase, which can naturally help reduce LDL cholesterol, and it did.
因此，我决定开始补充纳豆激酶，它自然可以帮助降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，而且确实如此。
In a follow-up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
在后续测试中，我可以确认这个策略是有效的。
My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
我的血脂现在回到了我想要的范围内。
Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
Function 提供的全面实验室测试对于健康非常重要。
And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
虽然我已经这样做了很多年，但它总是过于复杂和昂贵。
But now with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
但现在有了 Function，它变得非常简单且经济实惠。
To learn more, visit functionhealth.com/huberman and use the code Huberman for a $50 credit towards your membership.
要了解更多信息，请访问 functionhealth.com/huberman 并使用代码 Huberman 获得 50 美元的会员积分。
Tell us about tachykinin.
告诉我们有关速激肽的信息。
I've talked about this a couple of times on different podcast episodes because of its relationship to social isolation.
由于它与社交隔离的关系，我在不同的播客节目中多次讨论过这个问题。
My understanding is that tachykinin is present in flies, in mice, and in humans, and may do similar things in those species.
我的理解是，速激肽存在于苍蝇、小鼠和人类体内，并且可能在这些物种中发挥类似的作用。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
So tachykinin refers to a family of related neuropeptides.
所以速激肽是指一类相关的神经肽。
So these are brain chemicals.
所以这些是大脑化学物质。
They're different from dopamine and serotonin in that they're not small organic molecules, they're actually short pieces of protein that are directly encoded by genes that are active in specific neurons and not in others.
它们与多巴胺和血清素的不同之处在于它们不是有机小分子，它们实际上是蛋白质的短片段，由在特定神经元中活跃的基因直接编码，而在其他神经元中不活跃。
And when those neurons are active, those neuropeptides are released together with classical transmitters like glutamate, whatever.
当这些神经元活跃时，这些神经肽会与谷氨酸等经典递质一起释放。
Tachykinins have been famously implicated in pain, particularly tachykinin-1, which is called substance P, one of the original pain modulating.
众所周知，速激肽与疼痛有关，尤其是速激肽-1，它被称为 P 物质，是最初的疼痛调节剂之一。
This is something that promotes inflammatory pain.
这会促进炎症性疼痛。
And so we did an unbiased screen of peptides and found indeed that one of the tachykinins, Drosophila tachykinin, those neurons, when you activate them, strongly promote aggression, and it depends on the release of tachykinin.
因此，我们对肽进行了公正的筛选，确实发现速激肽之一，果蝇速激肽，这些神经元，当你激活它们时，会强烈促进攻击性，这取决于速激肽的释放。
Now, the interesting thing is that in flies, just like in people and practically any other social animal that shows aggression, social isolation increases aggressiveness.
现在，有趣的是，对于苍蝇来说，就像人类和几乎任何其他表现出攻击性的群居动物一样，社会孤立会增加攻击性。
So putting a violent prisoner in solitary confinement is absolutely the worst, most counterproductive thing you could do to them.
因此，将暴力囚犯单独监禁绝对是你能对他们做的最糟糕、最适得其反的事情。
And indeed, we found in flies that social isolation increases the level of tachykinin in the brain, and if we shut that gene down, it prevents the isolation from increasing aggression.
事实上，我们在果蝇身上发现，社会隔离会增加大脑中速激肽的水平，如果我们关闭该基因，就可以防止隔离增加攻击性。
So since my lab also works on mice, it was natural to see whether tachykinins might be upregulated in social isolation and whether they play a role in aggression.
因此，由于我的实验室也在老鼠身上进行研究，所以很自然地要看看速激肽在社会隔离中是否会上调，以及它们是否在攻击性中发挥作用。
And this is work done by a former postdoc, Moriel Zelikowsky, now at University of Salt Lake City in Utah, and she found remarkably that when mice are socially isolated for two weeks, there is this massive upregulation of tachykinin-2 in their brain.
这项工作是由前博士后 Moriel Zelikowsky 完成的，她现就职于犹他州盐湖城大学，她发现，当小鼠与社会隔离两周时，它们大脑中的 tachykinin-2 会大量上调。
In fact, if you tag the peptide with a green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish genetically, the brain looks green when the mice are socially isolated because there's so much of this stuff Released.
事实上，如果你用来自水母的绿色荧光蛋白从基因上标记肽，当小鼠与社会隔离时，大脑看起来是绿色的，因为释放了太多这种东西。
And she went on to show that, that increase in tachykinin is responsible for the effect of social isolation to increase aggressiveness, and to increase fear, and to increase anxiety.
她接着表明，速激肽的增加是导致社会孤立增加攻击性、增加恐惧和焦虑的影响的原因。
And in fact, there are drugs that block the receptor for tachykinin, which were tested in humans and abandoned because they had no efficacy in the tests that they were analyzed for.
事实上，有些药物可以阻断速激肽受体，这些药物在人体中进行了测试，但由于在分析测试中没有效果而被放弃。
If you give those drugs to a socially isolated mouse, it blocks all of the effects of social isolation.
如果你给一只社交孤立的老鼠服用这些药物，它会阻止社交孤立的所有影响。
It blocks the aggression, it blocks the increased fear, and the increased anxiety, and that Moriel described it, the mice just look chill.
它可以阻止攻击性，阻止增加的恐惧和增加的焦虑，正如莫里尔所描述的，老鼠只是看起来很冷淡。
It's not a sedative, which is really important.
它不是镇静剂，这一点非常重要。
It's not that the mice are going to sleep.
这并不是说老鼠要睡觉了。
Most remarkably is, once you socially isolate a mouse and it becomes aggressive, you can never put it back in its cage with its brothers from its litter because it will kill them all overnight.
最值得注意的是，一旦你在社会上孤立了一只老鼠，它变得具有攻击性，你就永远不能把它和它的兄弟们一起放回笼子里，因为它会在一夜之间杀死它们。
But if you give it this drug, which is called osanatan, that blocks tachykinin 2, that mouse can be returned to the cage with its brothers and will not attack them, and seems to be happy about that for the rest of the time.
但如果你给它服用这种名为 osanatan 的药物，它可以阻断速激肽 2，那么这只老鼠就可以和它的兄弟们一起回到笼子里，并且不会攻击它们，而且在剩下的时间里它似乎对此很高兴。
So this is an incredibly powerful effect of this drug, and I've been really interested in trying to get pharmaceutical companies to test this drug, which has a really good safety profile in humans, in testing it in people who are subjected to social isolation stress or bereavement stress.
因此，这种药物具有令人难以置信的强大作用，我一直非常有兴趣尝试让制药公司测试这种药物，这种药物在人类中具有非常好的安全性，在遭受社会孤立压力或丧亲压力的人身上进行测试。
But it's just very difficult for economic reasons to find a way to get somebody to test that.
但出于经济原因，很难找到一种方法让人们对其进行测试。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
As long as we're talking about humans, I'd love to get your thoughts about human studies of emotion.
只要我们谈论人类，我很想听听您对人类情感研究的看法。
I know you wrote this book with Ralph Adolphs.
我知道你和拉尔夫·阿道夫斯一起写了这本书。
You have this new book.
你有这本新书。
There are books that are worth reading, and then there are books that are important, and I think this book is truly important for the general population to read and understand.
有些书值得一读，有些书很重要，我认为这本书对于普通大众阅读和理解来说确实很重要。
There's a heat map diagram in that book of subjective reports that people gave of where they experience an emotion or a feeling, a somatic feeling in their body or in their head, or both, when they are angry, sad, calm, lonely, et cetera.
在那本书中，有一个热图，其中包含人们在愤怒、悲伤、平静、孤独等时所经历的情绪或感觉、身体或头脑中的躯体感觉，或两者兼而有之的主观报告。
And I wouldn't want people to think that those heat maps were generated by any physiological measurement, because they were not.
我不希望人们认为这些热图是由任何生理测量生成的，因为事实并非如此。
How should we think about the body in terms of states?
我们应该如何从状态的角度来思考身体？
And at some point, I'd love for you to comment on that heat map experiment.
在某个时候，我希望您对热图实验发表评论。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
This goes back to something called the somatic marker hypothesis that was proposed by Antonio Damasio, who is a neurologist at USC.
这可以追溯到南加州大学神经学家安东尼奥·达马西奥提出的所谓体细胞标记假说。
The idea that our subjective feeling of a particular emotion is, in part, associated with a sensation of something happening in a particular part of our body, the gut, the heart.
我们对某种特定情绪的主观感受在一定程度上与我们身体的特定部位（肠道、心脏）发生的事情的感觉有关。
If there is a physiology underlying these heat maps, it could reflect increased blood flow to these different structures, and that, in turn, reflects communication between the brain and the body, and its bi-directional communication.
如果这些热图背后存在生理学，它可以反映流向这些不同结构的血流量增加，而这反过来又反映了大脑和身体之间的通信及其双向通信。
And it's mediated by the peripheral nervous system, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system, which control heart rate, for example, blood vessel, blood pressure.
它是由周围神经系统、交感神经和副交感神经系统介导的，它们控制着心率，例如血管、血压。
And those neurons receive input from the hypothalamus and other central brain regions that control their activity.
这些神经元接收来自下丘脑和其他控制其活动的中枢大脑区域的输入。
And when the brain is put in a particular state, it activates sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, which have effects on the heart and on blood pressure.
当大脑处于特定状态时，它会激活交感神经和副交感神经元，从而对心脏和血压产生影响。
These, in turn, feed back onto the brain through the sensory system.
这些反过来又通过感觉系统反馈到大脑。
And a large part of this bidirectional communication is also mediated through the vagus nerve, which many of your listeners and viewers may have heard about, because it's become a topic of intense activity now.
这种双向交流的很大一部分也是通过迷走神经介导的，许多听众和观众可能都听说过迷走神经，因为它现在已经成为一个激烈活动的话题。
The vagus nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that comes out, basically, of your skull, out of the central nervous system, and then sends fibers into your heart, your gut, all sorts of visceral organs.
迷走神经是一束神经纤维，基本上从你的头骨、中枢神经系统发出，然后将纤维发送到你的心脏、肠道和各种内脏器官。
That information is both afferent and efferent.
该信息既是传入的又是传出的。
The vagal fibers sense things that are happening in the body.
迷走神经纤维感知体内发生的事情。
So the reason you feel your stomach tied up in knots if you're tense is that those vagal fibers are sensing the contraction of the gut muscles.
因此，当你紧张时，你会感到胃部打结，因为这些迷走神经纤维正在感知肠道肌肉的收缩。
They're also afferents, which means that information coming out of the brain can influence those peripheral organs as well.
它们也是传入神经，这意味着来自大脑的信息也可以影响这些周围器官。
And there's work from a number of labs just in the last six months or so, where people are starting to decode the components of the different fibers in the vagus nerve, and it's amazing how much specificity is.
在过去六个月左右的时间里，许多实验室都在开展工作，人们开始解码迷走神经中不同纤维的成分，其特异性之高令人惊讶。
There are specific vagal nerves that go to the lung, that control breathing responses, that go to the gut, that go to other organs.
有一些特定的迷走神经通向肺部，控制呼吸反应，通向肠道，通向其他器官。
It's almost like a set of color-coded lines, labeled lines for those things.
它几乎就像一组颜色编码的线，这些东西的标记线。
And now, how those vagal afferents play a role in the playing out of emotion states is a fascinating question that people are just beginning to scrape the surface of.
现在，这些迷走神经传入如何在情绪状态的表现中发挥作用是一个令人着迷的问题，人们才刚刚开始触及表面。
But I think what's exciting now is that people are going to be developing tools that will allow us to turn on or turn off specific subsets of fibers within the vagus nerve and ask how that affects particular emotional behaviors.
但我认为现在令人兴奋的是，人们将开发工具，使我们能够打开或关闭迷走神经内的特定纤维子集，并了解这如何影响特定的情绪行为。
So you're absolutely right.
所以你是完全正确的。
This brain-body connection is critical, not just for the gut, but for the heart, for the lungs, for all kinds of other parts of your body.
这种大脑与身体的联系至关重要，不仅对于肠道，而且对于心脏、肺部以及身体的所有其他部位。
And Darwin recognized that as well, and I think it's a central feature of emotion state, and I think what underlies our subjective feelings of an emotion.
达尔文也认识到了这一点，我认为这是情绪状态的核心特征，也是我们对情绪的主观感受的基础。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
David, I have to say, as a true fan of the work that your lab has been doing over so many decades, I know I speak on behalf of a tremendous number of people when I say thank you for taking time out of your important schedule to share with us what you've learned.
大卫，我不得不说，作为你的实验室几十年来所做工作的真正粉丝，我知道当我说谢谢你从重要的日程中抽出时间与我们分享你所学到的东西时，我代表了很多人。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
I really have appreciated your questions.
我真的很感激你的问题。
They've all been right on the money.
他们在金钱上都是正确的。
You've hit all of the critical, important issues in this field, and you've uncovered what is known, the little bit is known, and how much is not known.
您已经解决了该领域中所有关键、重要的问题，并且您已经发现了已知的内容、已知的一点点以及未知的内容。
And I think it's important to emphasize the unknown things, because that's what the next generation of neuroscientists has to solve.
我认为强调未知的事情很重要，因为这是下一代神经科学家必须解决的问题。
And so I hope this will help to attract young people into this field, because it's so important, particularly for our understanding of mental illness and mental health and psychiatry.
所以我希望这将有助于吸引年轻人进入这个领域，因为它非常重要，特别是对于我们对精神疾病、心理健康和精神病学的理解。
We've got to figure out how emotion systems are controlled in a causal way if we ever want to improve on the psychiatric treatments that we have now.
如果我们想改进现有的精神病治疗，我们就必须弄清楚情绪系统是如何以因果方式控制的。
And that's going to require the next generation of people coming into the field.
这将需要下一代人进入这个领域。
Dr. David Anderson:
大卫·安德森博士：
Absolutely.
绝对的。
I second that.
我赞同这一点。
Well, thank you.
嗯，谢谢。
It's been a delight.
这真是令人高兴。
Andrew Huberman:
安德鲁·休伯曼：
Thank you.
谢谢你。
Great.
伟大的。
Really appreciate it.
真的很感激。
Speaker 3:
演讲者3：
Saying how you feel out loud is terrifying, but that's what Hinge's new free audiobook, "No Ordinary Love," is all about.
大声说出你的感受是很可怕的，但这就是 Hinge 的新免费有声读物“No Ordinary Love”的全部内容。
It's a collection of real love stories about five couples that met on Hinge.
这是一本关于五对在 Hinge 上相识的情侣的真实爱情故事的合集。
The stories are written and read by Tembi Locklear Dinon, Curtis Garner, Raven Smith, and Ruthie Thorpe.
这些故事由坦比·洛克利尔·迪农、柯蒂斯·加纳、雷文·史密斯和露丝·索普撰写和朗读。
I, Hunter Harris, wrote and read the foreword.
我，亨特·哈里斯，撰写并阅读了前言。
The audiobook's out now.
有声读物现在已经出来了。
Give it a listen.
听一下。