Essentials: How Hormones Shape Sexual Development

Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.

欢迎来到 Huberman Lab Essentials，在这里我们回顾过去的剧集，寻找针对心理健康、身体健康和表现的最有效、最可操作的基于科学的工具。

I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。

This podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

这个播客与我在斯坦福大学的教学和研究角色是分开的。

Today, we're going to explore hormones, what they are, how they work, what leads to masculinization or feminization of the brain and body.

今天，我们将探讨荷尔蒙，它们是什么，它们如何工作，是什么导致大脑和身体的男性化或女性化。

What we're trying to do today is really get to the biology, the physiology, the endocrinology, and the behavior.

我们今天要做的是真正了解生物学、生理学、内分泌学和行为学。

Hormones, by definition, are a substance, a chemical that's released in one area of the body, typically from something we call a gland, although they can also be released from neurons.

根据定义，激素是一种物质，一种在身体某个区域释放的化学物质，通常是从我们所说的腺体释放的，尽管它们也可以从神经元释放。

But they're released often from glands that travel and have effects both on that gland, but also on other organs and tissues in the body.

但它们通常是从腺体中释放出来的，这些腺体不仅会影响该腺体，还会影响体内的其他器官和组织。

And that differentiates hormones from things like neurotransmitters, which tend to act more locally.

这将激素与神经递质等物质区分开来，后者往往更局部地发挥作用。

Examples of tissues that produce hormones would be the thyroid, the testes, the ovaries, et cetera.

产生激素的组织的例子有甲状腺、睾丸、卵巢等。

And then, of course, there are areas of the brain like the hypothalamus and the pituitary, which are closely related to one another and release hormones that cause the release of yet other hormones out in the body.

当然，大脑中的某些区域，如下丘脑和垂体，彼此密切相关，并释放激素，从而导致体内释放其他激素。

So let's start with development.

那么让我们从开发开始吧。

Sperm meets egg.

精子与卵子相遇。

Everything that happens before that is a topic of the next episode.

在此之前发生的一切都是下一集的主题。

But sperm meets egg.

但精子遇到了卵子。

This is mammalian reproduction.

这是哺乳动物的繁殖。

And that egg starts to duplicate.

那颗蛋开始复制。

It starts to make more of itself.

它开始变得更加自我。

It makes more cells.

它会产生更多的细胞。

And eventually, some of those cells become skin, some of those cells become brain, some of those cells become muscle, some of those cells become fingers, all the stuff that makes up the brain and body plan.

最终，其中一些细胞变成皮肤，一些细胞变成大脑，一些细胞变成肌肉，一些细胞变成手指，所有这些都构成了大脑和身体的计划。

In addition, there are hormones that come both from the mother and from the developing baby, the developing fetus, that impact whether or not the brain will be what they call organized masculine or organized feminine.

此外，还有来自母亲和发育中的婴儿、发育中的胎儿的激素，这些激素会影响大脑是否具有所谓的有组织的男性气质或有组织的女性气质。

And as I say this, I want you to try and discard with the cultural connotations or your psychological connotations of what masculinization and feminization are, because we're only centering on the biology.

正如我所说，我希望你尝试抛弃男性化和女性化的文化内涵或心理内涵，因为我们只关注生物学。

So typically, people have either two X chromosomes, and the traditional language around that is that person is female, or an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, and that person will become male.

因此，通常情况下，人们要么拥有两条 X 染色体，传统语言认为该人是女性，要么拥有一条 X 染色体和一条 Y 染色体，该人将成为男性。

Now, it's not always the case.

现在，情况并非总是如此。

There are cases where it's XXY, where there are two X chromosomes plus a Y chromosome.

在某些情况下，它是 XXY，其中有两条 X 染色体加一条 Y 染色体。

There are also cases where it's XYY, where there are two Y chromosomes.

还有一些情况是XYY，即有两条Y染色体。

And these have important biological and psychological impacts.

这些具有重要的生物学和心理影响。

So the first thing we need to establish is that there is something called chromosomal sex.

所以我们首先需要确定的是，存在一种叫做染色体性别的东西。

Whether or not there are two X chromosomes or an X and Y chromosome is what we call chromosomal sex.

无论是否有两条X染色体或一条X和Y染色体，就是我们所说的染色体性别。

But the next stage of separating out the sexes is what we call gonadal sex.

但区分性别的下一阶段是我们所说的性腺性别。

Typically, not always, but typically, if somebody has testes for their gonads, we think of them as male.

通常，并非总是，但通常，如果某人的性腺有睾丸，我们会认为他们是男性。

And if somebody has ovaries, we think of them as female.

如果某人有卵巢，我们就会认为他们是女性。

Although, that's not always the case either.

不过，情况也并非总是如此。

But let's just explore the transition from chromosomal sex to gonadal sex, because it's a fascinating one that we all went through in some form or another.

但让我们来探讨一下从染色体性别到性腺性别的转变，因为这是一个令人着迷的过程，我们都以某种形式经历过。

So this XY that we typically think of as promoting masculinization of the fetus, we say that because on the Y chromosome, there are genes, and those genes have particular functions that suppress female reproductive organs.

所以我们通常认为促进胎儿男性化的XY，我们说是因为Y染色体上有基因，这些基因具有抑制女性生殖器官的特殊功能。

So on the Y chromosome, there's a gene which encodes for something called Mullerian-inhibiting hormone.

在 Y 染色体上，有一个基因编码一种叫做苗勒氏管抑制激素的基因。

So there's actually a hormone that's programmed by the Y chromosome that inhibits the formation of Mullerian ducts, which are an important part of the female reproductive apparatus.

所以实际上有一种由 Y 染色体编程的激素可以抑制苗勒管的形成，而苗勒管是女性生殖器官的重要组成部分。

That's critical because already we're seeing the transition between chromosome, Y chromosome, and gonad.

这很重要，因为我们已经看到染色体、Y 染色体和性腺之间的转变。

And other genes on the Y chromosome promote the formation of testes.

Y染色体上的其他基因促进睾丸的形成。

So there are genes like the SRY gene and other genes that promote the formation of testes, while they also inhibit the formation of the Mullerian ducts.

所以有像SRY基因和其他基因这样的基因可以促进睾丸的形成，同时也抑制苗勒氏管的形成。

So the transition from chromosomal sex to gonadal sex is a very important distinction.

所以从染色体性别到性腺性别的转变是一个非常重要的区别。

It's kind of a fork in the road that happens very early in development while fetuses are still in the embryo.

这是一种岔路口，发生在发育早期，而胎儿仍处于胚胎阶段。

So we have to distinguish between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and then there's what we call hormonal sex, which is the effects of the steroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone and their derivatives, on what we call morphological sex or the shape of the baby and the human and the genitalia and the jaw and all these other things.

所以我们必须区分染色体性别、性腺性别，然后是我们所说的激素性别，即类固醇激素、雌激素和睾酮及其衍生物对我们所说的形态性别或婴儿、人类、生殖器、下巴和所有其他事物的形状的影响。

And so it actually is quite complicated.

所以它实际上是相当复杂的。

So it's a long distance from chromosomes to gender identity, and gender identity has a lot of social influences and roles.

所以从染色体到性别认同有很长的距离，而且性别认同有很多社会影响和作用。

This is an area that right now is very dynamic and in the discussion out there, as you know.

如您所知，这是一个目前非常活跃且正在进行讨论的领域。

But just getting from chromosomal sex to what we would call gonadal sex and hormonal sex and morphological sex involves a number of steps.

但从染色体性别到我们所说的性腺性别、激素性别和形态性别涉及许多步骤。

So today we're going to talk about those steps, and there's some fascinating things that do indeed relate to tools, do indeed relate to some important behavioral choices, important choices about things to avoid while pregnant.

所以今天我们要讨论这些步骤，有一些有趣的事情确实与工具有关，确实与一些重要的行为选择有关，有关怀孕期间要避免的事情的重要选择。

And for those of you that are not pregnant, things to avoid if you're thinking about eventually having children.

对于那些未怀孕的人来说，如果您考虑最终要孩子，则需要避免一些事情。

And that is not to drive development in one direction or another, but there are examples where there are some deleterious things in our environment that can actually negatively impact what we call sexual development overall, regardless of chromosomal background.

这并不是要推动朝某个方向或另一个方向的发展，但有一些例子表明，我们的环境中存在一些有害的东西，实际上可能会对我们所说的整体性发育产生负面影响，无论染色体背景如何。

So let's get started with that I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.

那么，让我们开始吧，我想稍微休息一下，并感谢我们的赞助商之一 Function。

Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to lab testing.

去年，在寻找最全面的实验室测试方法后，我成为了 Function 成员。

Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot of your entire bodily health.

Function 提供 100 多项高级实验室测试，为您提供整个身体健康状况的关键快照。

This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient levels, and much more.

此快照为您提供有关心脏健康、激素健康、免疫功能、营养水平等方面的见解。

They've also recently added tests for toxins, such as BPA exposure from harmful plastics, and tests for PFAS, or forever chemicals.

他们最近还增加了毒素测试，例如有害塑料中的 BPA 暴露，以及 PFAS 或永久化学物质的测试。

Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.

Function 不仅提供对您的身心健康至关重要的 100 多种生物标记物的测试，而且还分析这些结果并提供相关领域专家的顶级医生的见解。

For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had elevated levels of mercury in my blood.

例如，在我第一次使用 Function 进行测试时，我发现我的血液中汞含量升高。

Function not only helped me detect that but offered insights into how best to reduce my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC, N-acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.

功能不仅帮助我发现了这一点，还提供了如何最好地降低汞含量的见解，其中包括限制我的金枪鱼消费，我一直在吃大量金枪鱼​​，同时还努力多吃绿叶蔬菜并补充 NAC、N-乙酰半胱氨酸，这两者都可以支持谷胱甘肽的产生和解毒。

And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.

我应该说，通过进行第二次功能测试，这种方法奏效了。

Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.

全面的血液检测至关重要。

There are so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be detected in a blood test.

有很多与您的心理和身体健康相关的事情只能通过血液检查来检测。

The problem is, blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.

问题是，血液检测一直非常昂贵且复杂。

In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.

相比之下，Function 的简单性和成本水平给我留下了深刻的印象。

It is very affordable.

这是非常实惠的。

As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board, and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.

因此，我决定加入他们的科学顾问委员会，我很高兴他们赞助了这个播客。

If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth.com/huberman.

如果您想尝试 Function，可以访问 functionhealth.com/huberman。

Function currently has a wait list of over 250,000 people, but they're offering early access to Huberman podcast listeners.

Function 目前有超过 250,000 人的等待名单，但他们正在为 Huberman 播客听众提供早期访问服务。

Again, that's functionhealth.com/huberman to get early access to Function.

同样，可以通过 functionhealth.com/huberman 提前访问 Function。

Let's talk a little bit more about what hormones do.

让我们多谈谈激素的作用。

Hormones generally have two categories of effects.

激素通常有两类作用。

They can either be very fast, or they can be very slow.

它们要么非常快，要么非常慢。

There are hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which act very fast, and then there are hormones like testosterone and estrogen, which we refer to as the sex steroid hormones.

有些激素如皮质醇和肾上腺素，作用非常快，然后还有睾酮和雌激素等激素，我们将其称为性类固醇激素。

These molecules, for those of you that are interested, are what are called lipophilic, which just means that they like fatty stuff.

对于那些感兴趣的人来说，这些分子就是所谓的亲脂性，这只是意味着它们喜欢脂肪的东西。

They can actually pass through fatty membranes.

它们实际上可以穿过脂肪膜。

And because the outside of cells, as well as what's called the nuclear envelope, where all the DNA contents and stuff are stuffed inside, are made of lipid, of fat, these steroid hormones can actually travel into cells and then interact with the DNA of cells in order to control gene expression.

因为细胞的外部以及所谓的核膜（所有 DNA 内容物都塞在里面）是由脂质和脂肪组成的，所以这些类固醇激素实际上可以进入细胞，然后与细胞的 DNA 相互作用，以控制基因表达。

So they can change the sorts of things that cells will become, and they can change the way that cells function in a long-term way.

因此，它们可以改变细胞的形态，也可以改变细胞的长期功能方式。

And that's actually how the presence of these genes like SRY and Mullerian-inhibiting hormone lead to reductions or elimination, I should say, of things like the Mullerian ducts and promote instead what's called in males the Wolffian ducts, or promote the development of testes rather than ovaries.

我应该说，这实际上就是 SRY 和苗勒氏管抑制激素等基因的存在如何导致苗勒氏管等物质减少或消除，并促进男性中所谓的沃尔夫氏管的发育，或者促进睾丸而不是卵巢的发育。

So all you need to know is that hormones have short-term and long-term effects, and the long-term effects are actually related to their effects on genes and how those genes are expressed or repressed, to prevent them from having particular proteins made.

因此，您需要知道的是，激素具有短期和长期影响，而长期影响实际上与它们对基因的影响以及这些基因如何表达或抑制有关，以防止它们产生特定的蛋白质。

So these hormones, these steroid hormones, are exceedingly powerful.

所以这些激素，这些类固醇激素，非常强大。

And if we're going to have a discussion about masculinization or feminization, et cetera, you also need to think about the counterpart.

如果我们要讨论男性化或女性化等问题，您还需要考虑对应的问题。

It's not just about masculinizing the body or feminizing the body and brain.

这不仅仅是使身体男性化或使身体和大脑女性化。

It's also about demasculinizing the brain in many cases as a normal biological function, typically of XX females, and defeminization, the suppression of certain pathways that are related to feminization of the body and brain.

在许多情况下，它还涉及将大脑去男性化作为一种​​正常的生物功能，通常是 XX 女性的正常生物功能，以及去女性化，即抑制与身体和大脑女性化相关的某些途径。

So I've just thrown a lot of biology at you, but this is where it all starts to get incredibly surprising.

所以我刚刚向你们抛出了很多生物学知识，但这就是一切开始变得令人难以置信的令人惊讶的地方。

You would think that it's straightforward, right?

你会认为这很简单，对吗？

You have a Y chromosome.

你有一条 Y 染色体。

You suppress the female reproductive pathway, like the Mullerian ducts.

您会抑制女性生殖途径，例如苗勒氏管。

You promote the development of testes, and then testes make testosterone, and then it organizes the brain male, and it wants to do male-like things.

你促进睾丸的发育，然后睾丸制造睾丸激素，然后它组织男性的大脑，它想做男性一样的事情。

And then in females, you get estrogen, and it wants to do female-like things, air quotes here for all of this.

然后在女性身上，你会得到雌激素，它会做类似女性的事情，所有这一切都在这里引用。

And turns out that isn't how it works at all.

事实证明，事情根本不是这样的。

Here's where it's interesting.

这就是有趣的地方。

We have to understand that there are effects of these hormones, testosterone and estrogen, on what are called primary sexual characteristics, which are the ones that you're born with, secondary sexual characteristics, which are the ones that show up in puberty, and these are happening in the brain and body and spinal cord.

我们必须了解，睾丸激素和雌激素等激素对所谓的第一性征（即与生俱来的性征）和第二性征（即在青春期出现的性征）产生影响，这些影响发生在大脑、身体和脊髓中。

And so I'm going to disentangle all this for you by giving you some examples.

因此，我将通过给您一些例子来为您理清这一切。

First, let's talk about the development of primary sexual characteristics, the ones that show up at birth.

首先，我们来谈谈初级性征的发展，即出生时出现的性征。

And one of the more dramatic examples of this comes from the role of testosterone in creating the external genitalia.

更引人注目的例子之一来自睾酮在创造外生殖器中的作用。

It turns out that it's not testosterone that's responsible for the development of the penis in a baby that has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.

事实证明，对于具有 X 染色体和 Y 染色体的婴儿来说，阴茎发育的并不是睾酮。

It's a different androgen.

这是一种不同的雄激素。

Androgen is just a category of hormones that includes testosterone, but testosterone is converted in the fetus to something called dihydrotestosterone, and that's accomplished through an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase.

雄激素只是一类包含睾酮的激素，但睾酮在胎儿体内会转化为二氢睾酮，这是通过一种称为 5-α 还原酶的酶来完成的。

Dihydrotestosterone is what we would call the dominant androgen in males.

二氢睾酮是我们所说的男性中的主要雄激素。

It's responsible for aggression.

它负责攻击性。

It's responsible for a lot of muscular strength.

它负责大量的肌肉力量。

It's involved in beard growth and male pattern baldness.

它与胡须生长和男性型秃发有关。

We're going to talk about all of that.

我们将讨论所有这些。

But dihydrotestosterone has powerful effects in determining the genitalia while the baby is still in the embryo.

但当婴儿仍处于胚胎期时，二氢睾酮对确定生殖器具有强大的作用。

There's testosterone that's made And that testosterone gets converted by this enzyme, 5-alpha reductase, in a little structure called the tubercle.

睾酮是由这种酶（5-α还原酶）在称为结节的小结构中转化的。

That tubercle will eventually become the penis.

该结节最终将成为阴茎。

So you say, okay, straightforward.

所以你说，好吧，直截了当。

This testosterone's converted to dihydrotestosterone, and then if there's dihydrotestosterone, it controls penis growth.

这种睾酮会转化为二氢睾酮，如果有二氢睾酮，它就会控制阴茎的生长。

And indeed, that's the case.

事实确实如此。

So that's a primary sexual characteristic.

所以这是一个主要的性特征。

That baby will then grow up, and later during puberty, there will be the release of a molecule, I talked about this last episode, called kisspeptin, K-I-S-S-P-E-P-T-I-N, kisspeptin, which will cause the release of some other hormones, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, will stimulate the testes to make testosterone.

然后宝宝就会长大，到了青春期以后，就会有一个分子释放出来，我讲了最后一个情节，叫kisspeptin，K-I-S-S-P-E-P-T-I-N，kisspeptin，它会引起一些其他激素的释放，促性腺激素释放激素，黄体生成素，会刺激睾丸产生睾酮。

So in puberty, testosterone leads to further growth and development of the penis, as well as the accumulation of or growth of pubic hair, deepening of the voice, all the secondary sexual characteristics.

因此，在青春期，睾酮会导致阴茎的进一步生长和发育，以及阴毛的积累或生长、声音的加深以及所有第二性征。

There's a very interesting phenomenon that was published in the journal "Science" in the 1970s, for which now there's a wealth of scientific data, and this relates to a genetic mutation where 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, doesn't exist.

20世纪70年代《科学》杂志上发表了一个非常有趣的现象，现在有大量的科学数据，这与基因突变有关，其中5-α还原酶（一种将睾酮转化为二氢睾酮的酶）不存在。

It's mutated.

它变异了。

And this actually was first identified in the Dominican Republic.

这实际上是在多米尼加共和国首次发现的。

What happens is baby is born.

发生的事情是婴儿出生。

If you were to look at that baby, it would look female.

如果你看那个婴儿，它看起来像是女性。

There would be very little or no external penis.

外部阴茎很少或根本没有。

And what was observed is that from time to time, that baby, after being raised as a girl, would, around the age of 11 or 12 or 13, would start to sprout a penis.

据观察，婴儿在被当作女孩抚养后，会时不时地在11岁、12岁或13岁左右开始长出阴茎。

There's actually a name for this.

这实际上有一个名字。

It's called guevedoces, which the translation is more or less penis at 12.

它被称为 guevedoces，翻译过来就是 12 岁的阴茎。

And as strange as this might sound, it makes sense if you understand the underlying mutation.

尽管这听起来很奇怪，但如果您了解潜在的突变，那就有意义了。

What happens in these children, these guevedoces, is that the child is born, it has testes which are not descended, so up in the body.

在这些孩子身上发生的事情是，孩子出生时，它的睾丸没有下降，而是在身体的上方。

They weren't able to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone because they lack this enzyme 5-alpha reductase.

他们无法将睾酮转化为二氢睾酮，因为他们缺乏这种酶 5-α 还原酶。

As a consequence, the primary sexual characteristic of external male genitalia, penis, doesn't develop.

结果，男性外生殖器的主要性特征——阴茎——没有发育。

And then what happens is the baby grows up, and then testosterone starts getting secreted from the testes because kisspeptin in the brain signals through gonadotropin and the luteinizing hormone, travels down to the testes.

然后发生的事情是婴儿长大了，然后睾丸激素开始从睾丸分泌，因为大脑中的吻肽通过促性腺激素和黄体生成素发出信号，向下传播到睾丸。

The testes start churning out testosterone, and there's a secondary growth of the penis, and all of a sudden, there's a penis.

睾丸开始大量产生睾丸激素，阴茎出现二次生长，突然之间，就有了阴茎。

And the point here is that dihydrotestosterone, not testosterone, is responsible for this primary growth of the penis, and that testosterone later is involved in the secondary sexual characteristics, deepening of the voice, et cetera.

这里的要点是，二氢睾酮，而不是睾酮，负责阴茎的初级生长，而睾酮后来参与第二性征、声音的低沉等。

Now, this is where the information gets even more interesting and applies to essentially everybody.

现在，信息变得更加有趣，并且基本上适用于每个人。

You might think that testosterone, because it masculinizes the body in the secondary sexual characteristic way, and because dihydrotestosterone, another androgen, masculinizes the primary sexual characteristics, the growth of the penis early on, that testosterone must masculinize the brain.

你可能会认为睾酮，因为它以第二性征的方式使身体男性化，并且因为另一种雄激素二氢睾酮使主要性征男性化，即阴茎的早期生长，睾酮必须使大脑男性化。

But the masculinization of the brain is not accomplished by testosterone.

但大脑的男性化并不是由睾酮来完成的。

It is accomplished by estrogen.

它是通过雌激素来完成的。

Testosterone can be converted into estrogen by an enzyme called aromatase.

睾酮可以通过一种叫做芳香酶的酶转化为雌激素。

There are neurons in the brain that make aromatase and convert testosterone into estrogen.

大脑中的神经元可以产生芳香酶并将睾酮转化为雌激素。

In other words, it's estrogen that masculinizes the XY individual, that masculinizes the brain.

换句话说，雌激素使 XY 个体男性化，使大脑男性化。

And this has profound effects on all sorts of things, on behavior, on outlook in the world, et cetera.

这对各种事物、行为、世界观等等都有深远的影响。

But I think most people don't realize that it's estrogen that comes from testosterone that masculinizes the male brain, the XY brain, not testosterone, nor dihydrotestosterone.

但我认为大多数人没有意识到，使男性大脑（XY 大脑）男性化的是来自睾酮的雌激素，而不是睾酮，也不是二氢睾酮。

I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Our Place.

我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商之一，我们的地方。

Our Place makes my favorite pots, pans, and other cookware.

我们的地方生产我最喜欢的锅、平底锅和其他炊具。

Surprisingly, toxic compounds such as PFAS or forever chemicals are still found in 80% of non-stick pans, as well as utensils, appliances, and countless other kitchen products.

令人惊讶的是，80% 的不粘锅以及餐具、电器和无数其他厨房产品中仍然含有 PFAS 或永久化学物质等有毒化合物。

Now, I've discussed on this podcast before that the PFAS or forever chemicals like Teflon have been linked to major health issues such as endocrine disruption, that means hormone disruption, gut microbiome disruption, fertility issues, and many other health problems.

现在，我之前在这个播客上讨论过，PFAS 或特氟龙等永久性化学物质与内分泌干扰等重大健康问题有关，这意味着激素干扰、肠道微生物组破坏、生育问题和许多其他健康问题。

So it's really important to avoid them.

因此，避免它们非常重要。

This is why I recently fell in love with Our Place products, especially one of their cooking pans, the Titanium Always Pan Pro.

这就是为什么我最近爱上了 Our Place 产品，尤其是他们的一款烹饪锅，Titanium Always Pan Pro。

Our Place products are made with the highest quality materials and are all PFAS and toxin-free.

我们的 Place 产品采用最优质的材料制成，不含 PFAS 和毒素。

They're beautifully designed and function extremely well for all your cooking needs.

它们设计精美，功能非常好，可满足您的所有烹饪需求。

Most mornings, I cook eggs in it, I cook ground beef in it, ground venison, and the titanium pan is also designed in a way that allows eggs and meat to cook perfectly without sticking to the pan.

大多数早晨，我都会用它煮鸡蛋、碎牛肉、碎鹿肉，而且钛锅的设计也可以让鸡蛋和肉完美烹饪，而不会粘在锅上。

It's extremely easy to clean, and like all Our Place products, it's nice to look at when sitting on the counter or on the stove.

它非常容易清洁，并且像所有 Our Place 产品一样，放在柜台或炉子上时看起来很漂亮。

For a limited time, Our Place is offering an exclusive 20% discount on their innovative Titanium Always Pan Pro, designed to last a lifetime and completely toxin-free.

在有限的时间内，Our Place 为其创新的 Titanium Always Pan Pro 提供 20% 的独家折扣，该产品专为终身使用且完全无毒而设计。

Visit fromourplace.com/huberman and use the code SAVEHUBERMAN20 to claim the offer.

请访问 fromourplace.com/huberman 并使用代码 SAVEHUBERMAN20 领取优惠。

With a 100-day risk-free trial, free shipping, and free returns, you can experience this terrific cookware with zero risk.

通过 100 天无风险试用、免费送货和免费退货，您可以零风险体验这款出色的炊具。

Today's episode is also brought to us by BetterHelp.

今天的节目也是由 BetterHelp 为我们带来的。

BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.

BetterHelp 提供由持证治疗师完全在线进行的专业治疗。

I've been doing weekly therapy for well over 30 years.

三十多年来我每周进行一次治疗。

Initially, I didn't have a choice.

最初，我别无选择。

It was a condition of being allowed to stay in school.

这是被允许留在学校的一个条件。

But pretty soon I realized that therapy is an extremely important component to overall health.

但很快我就意识到治疗对于整体健康来说是极其重要的组成部分。

In fact, I consider doing regular therapy just as important as getting regular exercise, including cardiovascular exercise and resistance training, which of course I also do every week.

事实上，我认为定期治疗与定期锻炼一样重要，包括心血管锻炼和阻力训练，当然我每周也会进行这些锻炼。

There are essentially three things that great therapy provides.

伟大的治疗本质上可以提供三件事。

First of all, it provides a good rapport with somebody that you can trust and talk to about all issues that you're concerned about.

首先，它与您可以信任的人建立了良好的融洽关系，并可以与您谈论您关心的所有问题。

Second of all, it can provide support in the form of emotional support or directed guidance.

其次，它可以以情感支持或定向指导的形式提供支持。

And third, expert therapy can provide useful insights.

第三，专家治疗可以提供有用的见解。

With BetterHelp, they make it very easy to find an expert therapist with whom you resonate with and can provide those benefits that come through effective therapy.

通过 BetterHelp，他们可以很容易地找到与您产生共鸣的专家治疗师，并可以通过有效的治疗提供这些好处。

Also, because BetterHelp allows therapy to be done entirely online, it's very time efficient.

此外，由于 BetterHelp 允许治疗完全在线完成，因此非常省时。

It's easy to fit into a busy schedule.

很容易适应繁忙的日程。

There's no commuting to a therapist's office or sitting in a waiting room or anything like that.

无需通勤到治疗师办公室或坐在候诊室或类似的地方。

You simply go online and hold your appointment.

您只需上网并预约即可。

If you would like to try BetterHelp, go to betterhelp.com/huberman to get 10% off your first month.

如果您想尝试 BetterHelp，请访问 betterhelp.com/huberman，第一个月可享受 10% 的折扣。

Again, that's betterhelp.com/huberman.

再说一次，这是 betterhelp.com/huberman。

So I just want to mention some tools.

所以我只想提一些工具。

You might be asking yourself, how could tools possibly come up at this stage of the conversation where we're talking about sexual development, and we're talking about the differentiation of tissues in the body?

您可能会问自己，在我们谈论性发育和体内组织分化的对话阶段，怎么可能会出现工具呢？

Well, this is true both for children and parents and adults.

嗯，对于孩子、父母和成人来说都是如此。

I want to emphasize that there are things that are environmental, and there are things that people use that actually can impact hormone levels and can impact sexual development in fairly profound ways.

我想强调的是，有些东西是环境因素，有些人们使用的东西实际上会影响激素水平，并以相当深远的方式影响性发育。

And I want to be very clear, this is not me pulling from some rare journal I've never heard of it.

我想澄清一下，这不是我从一些我从未听说过的稀有期刊中摘录的。

This is pulling from textbooks.

这是从教科书上摘下来的。

In particular, today I'm guiding a lot of the conversation on work on behavioral endocrinology.

特别是，今天我引导了很多关于行为内分泌学工作的对话。

This is a book by Randy Nelson and Lance Krigfield, true experts in the field.

这是该领域真正的专家兰迪·尼尔森和兰斯·克里菲尔德撰写的书。

I'm going to talk about some of the work from Tyrone Hayes from UC Berkeley about environmental toxins and their impacts on some of these things like testosterone and estrogen.

我将谈论加州大学伯克利分校的泰隆·海耶斯 (Tyrone Hayes) 的一些工作，内容涉及环境毒素及其对睾酮和雌激素等物质的影响。

I'm going to touch into them.

我要接触他们。

I'm going to give some anecdotal evidence that's grounded in studies which we will provide in the caption or that I'll reference here.

我将提供一些基于研究的轶事证据，我们将在标题中提供这些证据，或者我将在此处引用这些证据。

Again, I'm just going to highlight when one starts talking about environmental factors and how they're poisoning us or disrupting growth or fertility rates, it can start to sound a little bit crazy except when you start to actually look at some of the real data.

再次强调，当人们开始谈论环境因素以及它们如何毒害我们或破坏增长或生育率时，它可能会开始听起来有点疯狂，除非你开始真正查看一些真实数据。

Data from quality research labs funded by federal government, funded not from companies or other sources, that are really aimed at understanding what the underlying biology is.

来自联邦政府资助的高质量研究实验室的数据，而不是来自公司或其他来源的资助，这些实验室的真正目的是了解潜在的生物学是什么。

And for that, we should all be grateful to Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley.

为此，我们都应该感谢加州大学伯克利分校的蒂龙·海耶斯。

I remember way back when I was a graduate student in the late '90s, goodness, at UC Berkeley, and I remember he was studying frogs.

我记得九十年代末，当我还是加州大学伯克利分校的一名研究生时，天哪，我记得他正在研究青蛙。

He was talking about developmental defects in these frogs that live in different waters around, it was California, but also elsewhere.

他谈论的是这些生活在不同水域的青蛙的发育缺陷，包括加利福尼亚州和其他地方。

And he identified a substance which is present in a lot of waterways throughout this country and other countries, so US and beyond, certainly not just restricted to California, which is atrazine.

他发现了一种物质存在于美国和其他国家（包括美国和其他国家）的许多水道中，当然不仅限于加利福尼亚州，这种物质就是莠去津。

This is A-T-R-A-Z-I-N-E.

这是 A-T-R-A-Z-I-N-E。

Again, this is the stuff of textbooks, and it causes severe testicular malformations.

再说一次，这是教科书上的内容，它会导致严重的睾丸畸形。

So again, atrazine exposure is serious, and what's interesting is if you look at the data, what you find is that at sites in Western and Midwestern sections of the United States, 10% to 92% of male frogs, these were frogs, mind you, had testicular abnormalities, and the most severe testicular malformations were in the testes rather than in the sperm.

再说一次，阿特拉津暴露是严重的，有趣的是，如果你看一下数据，你会发现，在美国西部和中西部地区，10%到92%的雄性青蛙，请注意，这些青蛙有睾丸畸形，最严重的睾丸畸形发生在睾丸中，而不是精子中。

So it's actually the organ itself, the gonad itself.

所以它实际上是器官本身，性腺本身。

Now, it's very well known now that atrazine is in many herbicides.

现在，众所周知，许多除草剂中都含有莠去津。

And so whereas I would say in the '80s and '90s, the discussion around herbicides and their negative effects was considered kind of like hippy dippy stuff or the stuff you hear about at your local community markets and these kind of new agey communities.

因此，我想说的是，在 80 年代和 90 年代，有关除草剂及其负面影响的讨论被认为有点像嬉皮士的东西或你在当地社区市场和这些新时代社区听到的东西。

Now there's very solid data from federally funded labs at major universities that have been peer-reviewed and published in excellent journals showing that indeed, many of these herbicides can have negative effects, primarily by impacting the ratios of these hormones in either the mothers or in the testes, altering the testes of the fathers, or direct effects on developing young animals and potentially humans.

现在，来自主要大学联邦资助实验室的非常可靠的数据经过同行评审并发表在优秀期刊上，这些数据表明，许多除草剂确实会产生负面影响，主要是影响母亲或睾丸中这些激素的比例，改变父亲的睾丸，或直接影响发育中的幼小动物和潜在的人类。

And so you ask, well, what about humans?

所以你会问，那么人类呢？

Frogs are wonderful, but what about humans?

青蛙很棒，但是人类呢？

So here are the data on what's happening, and this isn't all going to be scary stuff.

以下是有关正在发生的事情的数据，这并不都是可怕的事情。

We're also going to talk about tools to ameliorate and offset some of these effects depending on your needs.

我们还将根据您的需求讨论改善和抵消其中一些影响的工具。

But across human populations, sperm counts are indeed declining.

但在整个人群中，精子数量确实在下降。

Okay?

好的？

So in 1940, the average density of human sperm was 113 million per milliliter of semen.

所以在1940年，人类精子的平均密度是每毫升精液1.13亿个。

That's how it's measured.

这就是它的测量方法。

How many sperm per milliliter of semen.

每毫升精液中有多少个精子。

In 1990, this figure has dropped to 66.

1990年，这个数字下降到66个。

So it went from 113 million per milliliter to 66 million per milliliter in the United States and Western Europe.

因此，在美国和西欧，这一数字从每毫升 1.13 亿增加到每毫升 6600 万。

So it's not just a US thing.

所以这不仅仅是美国的事情。

Researchers also estimated that the volume of semen produced by men has dropped 20% in that time, reduced sperm count per ejaculation even further.

研究人员还估计，男性产生的精液量在此期间下降了 20%，每次射精的精子数量进一步减少。

So between 1981 and 1991, the ratio of normal spermatogenesis has decreased from 56.4% to 26.9%.

所以在1981年到1991年间，正常生精的比例从56.4%下降到26.9%。

So there's a lot that's happening, primarily because of these herbicides that are in widespread use to reduce sperm counts.

所以发生了很多事情，主要是因为这些除草剂被广泛使用来减少精子数量。

And these are going to have profound effects, not just on sperm counts, but on development, sexual development at the level of the gonads and the brain, because you need dihydrotestosterone for primary sexual characteristics.

这些不仅会对精子数量产生深远的影响，还会对性腺和大脑水平的发育、性发育产生深远的影响，因为你的主要性特征需要二氢睾酮。

You need estrogen that's come from testosterone to masculinize the brain, and of course, we're not just focusing on sperm and testosterones.

你需要来自睾酮的雌激素来使大脑男性化，当然，我们不仅仅关注精子和睾酮。

You, of course, also know that many of these herbicides are disrupting estrogens in a similar way, which might explain why puberty is happening so much earlier in young girls these days.

当然，您也知道许多除草剂都会以类似的方式破坏雌激素，这也许可以解释为什么现在年轻女孩的青春期发生得这么早。

So there are a lot of things that are happening.

所以有很多事情正在发生。

Now, does this mean that you have to run around and neurotically avoid anything that includes things like atrazine, and should you be avoiding all kinds of herbicides?

现在，这是否意味着您必须四处奔波并神经质地避免任何包含莠去津之类的东西，并且您是否应该避免使用所有类型的除草剂？

I don't know.

我不知道。

That's up to you.

这取决于你。

But it does seem that these have pretty marked effects in both the animal studies and in the human studies.

但这些似乎在动物研究和人类研究中都具有相当显着的效果。

So let's talk about female sexual development.

那么我们来谈谈女性性发育。

And as always, what we'll do is we'll talk about the normal biology, then we'll talk a little bit about a kind of extraordinary or unusual set of cases.

和往常一样，我们要做的是谈论正常的生物学，然后我们会谈论一些特殊或不寻常的病例。

But We'll talk about them because they illustrate an important principle about how things work under typical circumstances.

但我们会讨论它们，因为它们说明了在典型情况下事物如何运作的重要原则。

So there is a mutation called androgen insensitivity syndrome, and understanding how androgen insensitivity syndrome works can help you really understand how hormones impact sexual development.

因此，有一种突变称为雄激素不敏感综合症，了解雄激素不敏感综合症的工作原理可以帮助您真正了解激素如何影响性发育。

So here's how it works.

这就是它的工作原理。

There are individuals who are XY, so they have a Y chromosome, that are born that make testosterone, they have testes, and they don't have Müllerian ducts because on the Y chromosome is this Müllerian-inhibiting hormone.

有些人是 XY，所以他们有 Y 染色体，出生时会产生睾酮，他们有睾丸，但他们没有苗勒氏管，因为 Y 染色体上有这种苗勒氏管抑制激素。

However, these individuals look completely female.

然而，这些人看起来完全是女性。

And in general, they report feeling like girls when they're young, women when they're older.

一般来说，他们年轻时感觉自己像女孩，年长时感觉像女人。

But there's something unusual that's happening in these individuals because they have an XY chromosomal type and not XX.

但这些人身上发生了一些不寻常的事情，因为他们的染色体类型是 XY，而不是 XX。

So what's happening?

那么发生了什么事？

Well, what's happening is the testes are making testosterone, but the receptor for testosterone is mutated, and therefore, the testes never descend.

好吧，发生的事情是睾丸正在产生睾酮，但睾酮受体发生了突变，因此睾丸永远不会下降。

They don't have ovaries, they have testes, but the testes are internal.

他们没有卵巢，但有睾丸，但睾丸是内部的。

And so typically, these individuals find out that they are actually XY chromosome, so that their chromosomal sex is male, if you will, and their gonadal sex is male, but the gonads, the testes are inside the body.

通常，这些个体会发现他们实际上是 XY 染色体，因此他们的染色体性别是男性，如果你愿意的话，他们的性腺性别是男性，但性腺、睾丸在体内。

They don't actually develop a scrotum.

他们实际上并没有发育出阴囊。

They don't make ovaries.

他们不产生卵巢。

And when they don't menstruate around the time of puberty, that's a sign that something is different.

当她们在青春期左右没有月经时，就表明情况有所不同。

And so they never menstruate around puberty, and if they look into this deeply enough, what you find is that they are actually XY.

所以他们在青春期左右从不来月经，如果他们足够深入地研究这个问题，你会发现他们实际上是 XY。

They make testosterone, but their body can't make use of the testosterone because they don't have the receptors.

他们产生睾酮，但他们的身体无法利用睾酮，因为他们没有受体。

And the receptors are vitally important for most all of the secondary sexual characteristics that we talked about, body hair, penis growth during puberty, et cetera.

这些受体对于我们谈到的大多数第二性征、体毛、青春期阴茎生长等都至关重要。

So again, we're talking about this in order to illustrate the principle that in order to have its effects, a hormone doesn't just have to be present.

再次强调，我们讨论这个问题是为了说明这样一个原理：为了产生效果，激素不仅仅需要存在。

That hormone actually has to be able to bind its receptor and take action on the target cells.

该激素实际上必须能够结合其受体并对靶细胞产生作用。

Perhaps the simplest way to understand how estrogen and testosterone impact masculinization or feminization of the brain and behavior is from a statement.

也许了解雌激素和睾酮如何影响大脑和行为的男性化或女性化的最简单方法是通过陈述。

It's actually the closing sentence of an abstract that my colleague, Nirao Shah, at Stanford School of Medicine published, which is that estrogen, again, it's estrogen that is aromatized from testosterone by aromatase, sets up the masculine repertoire of sexual, and in animals and in humans, territorial behaviors.

这实际上是我在斯坦福大学医学院的同事 Nirao Shah 发表的一篇摘要的结束语，即雌激素，又是通过芳香酶从睾酮芳香化而来的雌激素，建立了男性的性行为，以及动物和人类的领地行为。

So it sets up the circuitry in the brain.

所以它在大脑中建立了电路。

Estrogen does that.

雌激素有这个作用。

Estrogen sets up the masculine circuitry in the brain, and testosterone is then what controls the display of those behaviors later in life.

雌激素在大脑中建立男性回路，而睾酮则控制晚年这些行为的表现。

And I find that incredibly interesting.

我发现这非常有趣。

You would think it was just testosterone did one thing and estrogen did another, but it turns out that nature is far more interesting than that.

你可能会认为这只是睾丸激素做了一件事而雌激素做了另一件事，但事实证明，大自然远比这更有趣。

I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, AG1.

我想稍微休息一下并感谢我们的赞助商 AG1。

AG1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that also includes prebiotics and adaptogens.

AG1 是一种维生素矿物质益生菌饮料，还包含益生元和适应原。

AG1 is designed to cover all of your foundational nutritional needs, and it tastes great.

AG1 旨在满足您所有的基本营养需求，而且味道极佳。

Now, I've been drinking AG1 since 2012, and I started doing that at a time when my budget for supplements was really limited.

现在，我从 2012 年开始饮用 AG1，当时我的补充剂预算非常有限。

In fact, I only had enough money back then to purchase one supplement, and I'm so glad that I made that supplement AG1.

事实上，当时我的钱只够购买一种补充剂，我很高兴我制作了这款补充剂 AG1。

The reason for that is, even though I strive to eat most of my foods from whole foods and minimally processed foods, it's very difficult for me to get enough fruits, vegetables, vitamins and minerals, micronutrients, and adaptogens from food alone.

原因是，尽管我努力吃天然食品和最低限度加工食品中的大部分食物，但我很难仅从食物中获取足够的水果、蔬菜、维生素和矿物质、微量营养素和适应原。

And I need to do that.

我需要这样做。

I also notice, and this makes perfect sense given the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain, that when I regularly take AG1, which for me means a serving in the morning or mid-morning and again later in the afternoon or evening, that I have-- Right now they're giving away five free travel packs plus a year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.

我还注意到，考虑到肠道微生物组和大脑之间的关系，当我定期服用 AG1（对我来说意味着早上或上午服用一次，然后在下午或晚上服用）时，这是完全合理的——现在他们正在赠送 5 个免费旅行包以及一年的维生素 D3 K2 供应。

Again, that's drinkag1.com/huberman to claim that special offer.

再次强调，您可以通过 Drinkag1.com/huberman 领取特别优惠。

Okay, so what are some things that impact sexual development early in life and later in life?

好吧，那么有哪些因素会影响生命早期和生命后期的性发育呢？

Let's talk about cannabis.

我们来谈谈大麻。

Let's talk about alcohol.

我们来谈谈酒精吧。

First of all, cannabis, marijuana, THC.

首先，大麻，大麻，THC。

There are many studies that point to the fact that THC and other things in cannabis promote significant increases in aromatase activity.

许多研究指出大麻中的四氢大麻酚和其他物质可促进芳香酶活性显着增加。

Now, pot smokers aren't going to like this, especially male pot smokers aren't going to like this, but it's the reality.

现在，吸大麻的人不会喜欢这个，尤其是男性吸大麻的人不会喜欢这个，但这就是现实。

Here's the deal.

事情是这样的。

That cannabis, and it's not clear if it's THC itself or other elements in the marijuana plant, promote aromatase activity.

大麻，目前尚不清楚是四氢大麻酚本身还是大麻植物中的其他元素，促进了芳香酶的活性。

Now, this has been observed anecdotally where pot smokers have a higher incidence of developing something I mentioned before, gynecomastia, breast bud development or full-blown breast development in males.

现在，据轶事观察到，吸食大麻的人出现我之前提到的男性乳房发育症、乳芽发育或男性乳房发育完全的发生率更高。

Now, earlier I said that estrogen is what masculinizes the male brain.

现在，我之前说过雌激素是使男性大脑男性化的原因。

In utero, that's true, but the way that cannabis seems to work, at least from the studies I was able to identify, is that it promotes circulating estrogen in the body and therefore can counteract some of the masculinizing effects of things like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

在子宫内，这是事实，但大麻的作用方式似乎是，至少从我能够确定的研究来看，它可以促进体内雌激素的循环，因此可以抵消睾酮和二氢睾酮等物质对第一性征和第二性征的男性化影响。

So I mention this because I think nowadays marijuana use is far more widespread, and certainly during puberty, it can have profound effects on these hormonal systems And so we'll do another episode that goes really deep into this, but yes, cannabis promotes estrogenic activity by increasing aromatase.

所以我提到这一点是因为我认为现在大麻的使用更加广泛，当然在青春期，它会对这些荷尔蒙系统产生深远的影响所以我们将做另一集深入探讨这一点，但是，是的，大麻通过增加芳香酶来促进雌激素活性。

Most everyone can appreciate that drinking during pregnancy is not good for the developing fetus.

大多数人都知道，怀孕期间饮酒对发育中的胎儿不利。

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a well-established negative outcome of pregnancy, and it's something that there are cognitive effects that are really bad.

胎儿酒精综合症是一种众所周知的妊娠负面结果，它会对认知产生非常糟糕的影响。

There's actually physical malformation, et cetera.

实际上存在身体畸形等等。

So drinking during pregnancy, not good.

所以怀孕期间喝酒是不好的。

Probably drinking during puberty, not good either, because alcohol, in particular certain things like beer, but other grain alcohols, can increase estrogenic activity.

可能在青春期喝酒也不好，因为酒精，特别是啤酒等某些东西，但其他谷物酒精，可以增加雌激素活性。

Now, this isn't just about protecting young boys from estrogenic activity.

现在，这不仅仅是为了保护年轻男孩免受雌激素活动的影响。

It's also protecting girls from excessive or even hypoestrogenic effects of alcohol in puberty.

它还可以保护女孩在青春期免受酒精过度甚至低雌激素的影响。

Now, many teenagers drink, college students drink, and it's important to point out that puberty doesn't start on one day and end on another day.

现在，许多青少年喝酒，大学生喝酒，重要的是要指出，青春期不会在某一天开始并在另一天结束。

Puberty has a beginning, a middle, and an end, but development is really our entire lifespan.

青春期有开始、中间和结束，但发展实际上是我们的整个一生。

Okay, so we talked about cannabis, we talked about alcohol.

好的，我们谈论了大麻，我们谈论了酒精。

Let's talk about cell phones.

我们来谈谈手机吧。

First of all, I use a cell phone.

首先，我使用手机。

I use it very often, and I do not think they are evil devices.

我经常使用它，我不认为它们是邪恶的装置。

I think that they require some discipline in order to make sure that it does not become a negative force in one's life.

我认为他们需要一些纪律，以确保它不会成为一个人生活中的消极力量。

So I personally restrict the number of hours that I'm on the phone, and in particular on social media.

因此，我个人限制打电话的时间，尤其是在社交媒体上。

But what about the cell phone itself?

但手机本身呢？

When I was a junior professor, I was a pre-tenure early professor, I taught this class on neural circuits in health and disease, and one of the students asked me, "Are cell phones safe for the brain?" And that all the data point to the fact that they were, or at least there were no data showing that it wasn't.

当我还是一名初级教授时，我是一名预终身教授，我教授这门关于健康和疾病的神经回路的课程，其中一个学生问我，“手机对大脑安全吗？”所有的数据都表明它们是这样的，或者至少没有数据表明它不是。

I still don't have the answer on that, frankly.

坦率地说，我仍然没有答案。

I'm not personally aware of any evidence in quality peer-reviewed studies showing that cell phones are bad for the brain, or that holding the phone to the ear is bad, or that Bluetooth is bad, or any of that.

我个人不知道高质量的同行评审研究中有任何证据表明手机对大脑有害，或者将手机放在耳边有害，或者蓝牙有害，等等。

I'm just not aware of any quality studies.

我只是不知道有任何质量研究。

However, I was very interested in a particular study that was published back in 2013 on rats.

然而，我对 2013 年发表的一项针对老鼠的特定研究非常感兴趣。

It was basically took a cell phone and put it under a cage of rats and looked at basically testicular and ovarian development in rats and saw minor but still statistically significant defects in ovarian and testicular development.

它基本上是把一部手机放在老鼠笼子下，观察老鼠的睾丸和卵巢发育，发现卵巢和睾丸发育存在轻微但仍然具有统计学意义的缺陷。

Since then, and now returning to the literature, I've seen an absolute explosion of studies, some of which are in quality journals, some of which are in what I would call not blue-ribbon journals, identifying defects in testicular and/or ovarian development by mere exposure to cell phone-emitted waves.

从那时起，现在回到文献，我看到了绝对爆炸式的研究，其中一些发表在高质量期刊上，其中一些发表在我所说的非蓝带期刊上，仅通过暴露于手机发射的电波即可识别睾丸和/或卵巢发育的缺陷。

Let's just call it that.

我们就这么称呼它吧。

We don't know what they are.

我们不知道它们是什么。

And this sounds almost crazy, right?

这听起来近乎疯狂，对吧？

Anytime somebody starts talking about EMFs and things like that, you kind of worry, like, is this person okay?

每当有人开始谈论电磁场之类的事情时，你就会有点担心，比如，这个人还好吗？

But look, the literature are pointing in a direction where chronic exposure of the gonads to cell phones could be creating serious issues in terms of the health at the cellular level and in terms of the output.

但是，文献指出，性腺长期接触手机可能会在细胞水平的健康和输出方面产生严重的问题。

So the output for the testes would be sperm production.

所以睾丸的输出就是精子的产生。

Swimming speed in sperm is an important feature of sperm health.

精子的游泳速度是精子健康的一个重要特征。

In the ovaries, it would be estrogenic output, how regular the cycles are.

在卵巢中，雌激素的分泌量取决于周期的规律性。

I think that it's fair to say, based on the literature, that there are effects of cell phone-emitted waves on gonadal development.

我认为，根据文献，可以公平地说，手机发射的电波对性腺发育有影响。

The question is, what is the proximity of the cell phone to the gonads?

问题是，手机与性腺的距离是多少？

So you have to take these sorts of studies with a grain of salt.

所以你必须对这类研究持保留态度。

There are some interesting effects of hormones that actually you can observe on the outside of people that tell you something about not just their level of hormones, but also about their underlying genetics.

实际上，您可以在人们的外表上观察到荷尔蒙的一些有趣的影响，这些影响不仅可以告诉您有关他们的荷尔蒙水平的信息，还可以告诉您有关他们潜在遗传的信息。

And these relate to beard growth and baldness, and it's fascinating.

这些都与胡须生长和秃顶有关，这很有趣。

The molecule, the hormone dihydrotestosterone, made from testosterone, is the hormone primarily responsible for facial hair, for beard growth.

这种分子，即二氢睾酮激素，由睾酮制成，是主要负责面部毛发和胡须生长的激素。

As well, it's the molecule, the hormone primarily responsible for lack of hair on the head, for hair loss.

同样，它也是一种分子，一种荷尔蒙，是导致头发稀疏和脱发的主要原因。

Not incidentally, the drugs that are designed to prevent hair loss are 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.

并非偶然，旨在预防脱发的药物是 5-α 还原酶抑制剂。

So remember 5-alpha-reductase from the juevedosis?

那么还记得 Juevedosis 中的 5-α-还原酶吗？

Well, the people that discovered the juevedosis went on to do a lot of research on the underlying biochemistry of this really interesting molecule, dihydrotestosterone.

好吧，发现 juevedosis 的人们继续对这个非常有趣的分子二氢睾酮的基础生物化学进行了大量研究。

They identified 5-alpha-reductase, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are the basis of most of the anti-hair loss treatments that are out there.

他们发现了 5-α-还原酶，而 5-α-还原酶抑制剂是大多数现有抗脱发治疗的基础。

And so there are some interesting things here.

这里有一些有趣的事情。

First of all, the side effect profiles of those treatments for hair loss are quite severe in many individuals.

首先，这些脱发治疗的副作用对许多人来说相当严重。

Remember, DHT is the primary androgen for libido, for strength and connective tissue repair, for aggression, even if that aggression, of course, is held in check, but just sort of ambition and aggression is related to dopamine.

请记住，DHT 是性欲、力量和结缔组织修复、攻击性的主要雄激素，即使攻击性当然受到控制，但野心和攻击性与多巴胺有关。

But within the testosterone pathway, less so to pure testosterone, although pure testosterone has its effects, but DHT is, at least in primate species including humans, is the dominant androgen for most of those sorts of effects.

但在睾酮途径中，纯睾酮的情况就不那么严重了，虽然纯睾酮有其作用，但双氢睾酮（至少在包括人类在内的灵长类动物中）是大多数此类作用的主要雄激素。

And if you look at somebody, everyone can predict whether or not they're going to go bald based on looking at their, we're always taught our mother's father.

如果你看一个人，每个人都可以根据他们的外表来预测他们是否会秃头，我们总是被教导我们的母亲的父亲。

So if your mother's father was bald, there's a higher probability that you're going to go bald.

因此，如果你的母亲的父亲是秃头，那么你秃头的可能性就更高。

The pattern of DHT receptors on the scalp will dictate whether or not you're going to go bald everywhere or just in the front, or so-called crown-type baldness.

头皮上 DHT 受体的模式将决定你是否会到处秃顶或只是前面秃顶，或所谓的冠型秃发。

And the density of the beard tells you about the density of DHT receptors.

胡须的密度可以告诉你 DHT 受体的密度。

Now, this varies by background, by genetic background.

现在，这因背景、遗传背景而异。

There are areas of the world where all the men seem to have the same pattern of baldness, like a strip of baldness down the center with hair still on the sides and full beards.

世界上有些地区的男人似乎都有相同的秃头模式，就像中间有一条秃头，两侧还有头发，胡须浓密。

That's because these patterns of DHT receptors are genetically determined.

这是因为 DHT 受体的这些模式是由基因决定的。

Elsewhere, testosterone levels can still be very high, DHT levels in the blood can be very high, and yet people will have very light beards or no beards, and that's because they don't have a lot of DHT receptors in the face.

在其他地方，睾丸激素水平仍然非常高，血液中的 DHT 水平可能非常高，但人们的胡须很浅或没有胡须，这是因为他们的脸上没有很多 DHT 受体。

There are a lot of effects of DHT that you can just see in male phenotypes, and it's interesting that these hair loss drugs that are to prevent hair loss drugs are directly aimed at preventing the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, and that's why they, to some extent, prevent hair loss, but also to some extent have a bunch of side effects that are associated with low DHT.

DHT有很多作用，你可以在男性表型中看到，有趣的是，这些预防脱发的药物直接旨在阻止睾酮转化为二氢睾酮，这就是为什么它们在一定程度上可以防止脱发，但在某种程度上也有一堆与低DHT相关的副作用。

I want to tell you a story about hyenas and clitorises the size of penises.

我想告诉你一个关于鬣狗和阴茎大小的阴蒂的故事。

So when I was a graduate student at UC Berkeley, we had a professor in our department, phenomenal scientist named Steve Glickman.

当我还是加州大学伯克利分校的研究生时，我们系里有一位教授，一位杰出的科学家，名叫史蒂夫·格利克曼 (Steve Glickman)。

Steve Glickman had a colony of hyenas, spotted hyenas, that lived within caged enclosures, of course, in Tilden Park behind the UC Berkeley campus.

史蒂夫·格利克曼（Steve Glickman）有一群鬣狗，即斑点鬣狗，它们生活在笼子里，当然，在加州大学伯克利分校校园后面的蒂尔登公园。

The hyenas are no longer there.

鬣狗已经不在那儿了。

Hyenas exhibit an incredible feature to their body, their hormones, and their social structure.

鬣狗的身体、荷尔蒙和社会结构都展现出令人难以置信的特征。

Hyenas, unlike many species, have a situation with their genitalia where the male penis is actually smaller than the female clitoris.

鬣狗与许多物种不同，其生殖器的情况是雄性阴茎实际上比雌性阴蒂小。

And I should say that the male penis itself, having seen a fair number of hyena penises, is not particularly small, which means that the hyena clitorises are extremely large.

而且我应该说，在见过相当数量的鬣狗阴茎后，雄性阴茎本身并不是特别小，这意味着鬣狗的阴蒂非常大。

This was well known for some time.

这在一段时间内是众所周知的。

It turns out that in the spotted hyenas, the females are dominant.

事实证明，在斑鬣狗中，雌性占主导地位。

So after a kill, the females will eat, then their young will eat, and then the male hyenas will eat.

因此，杀死猎物后，雌性鬣狗会吃东西，然后它们的幼崽会吃东西，然后雄性鬣狗会吃东西。

As well, when the female hyena gives birth, she gives birth not through the vaginal canal that we're accustomed to seeing, but through a very enlarged clitoris-like phallus, although it's not a phallus, it's a clitoris, and it literally splits open.

同样，当雌性鬣狗分娩时，她不是通过我们习惯看到的阴道管分娩，而是通过一个非常大的阴蒂状阴茎分娩，虽然它不是阴茎，但它是阴蒂，而且它实际上是裂开的。

So many fetuses die during the course of hyena development and birth.

许多胎儿在鬣狗发育和出生的过程中死亡。

The baby hyena actually comes through the tissue, and it's a very traumatic birth.

鬣狗宝宝实际上是通过组织出生的，这是一次非常痛苦的分娩。

It was a mystery as to how the female hyenas have this, we'll call it masculinization, but it's really androgenization of the periphery of the genitalia.

雌性鬣狗如何实现这一点一直是个谜，我们称之为男性化，但它实际上是生殖器外围的雄激素化。

And it turns out through a lot of careful research done by Steve Glickman, Christine Drea, and others, that it's androstenedione, what is essentially a prohormone to testosterone.

通过史蒂夫·格利克曼（Steve Glickman）、克里斯汀·德雷（Christine Drea）和其他人所做的大量仔细研究，结果证明它是雄烯二酮，本质上是睾酮的激素原。

It's androstenedione at very high levels that's produced in female hyenas that creates this enlargement of their genitalia.

雌性鬣狗体内产生的雄烯二酮含量非常高，导致其生殖器增大。

So if you want to read up on androstenedione, androstenedione is made into testosterone through this enzyme 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

因此，如果您想了解雄烯二酮，雄烯二酮是通过 17-β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶转化为睾酮的。

It's a complicated pathway to pronounce.

这是一个复杂的发音途径。

It's a fairly straightforward pathway biochemically.

从生化角度来看，这是一条相当简单的途径。

You may recall during the '90s and 2000s, there were a lot of performance-enhancing drug scandals, in particular in Major League Baseball.

您可能还记得，在 90 年代和 2000 年代，有很多提高成绩的药物丑闻，特别是在美国职业棒球大联盟中。

And it was purported, although I don't know that it was ever verified, but it was purported that the major performance-enhancing drug of abuse at that time, in particular players whose names we won't mention, but you can Google it if you want to find out, was androstenedione.

据说，虽然我不知道它是否得到过证实，但据称当时滥用的主要提高成绩的药物，特别是那些我们不会提及名字的球员，如果你想知道的话，你可以谷歌一下，是雄烯二酮。

And the last little anecdote about this, which is also published in the scientific literature, which is weird, but I do find interesting, hormones are so fascinating, they're just incredible to me, is going back to the marijuana plant.

关于这件事的最后一个小轶事，也发表在科学文献中，这很奇怪，但我确实觉得很有趣，荷尔蒙是如此令人着迷，它们对我来说简直令人难以置信，这又回到了大麻植物。

The marijuana plant has these estrogenic properties.

大麻植物具有这些雌激素特性。

And I asked a plant biologist whether or not this was unusual.

我问一位植物生物学家这是否不寻常。

But this plant biologist told me, "Oh, yeah, there are plants that make what is essentially the equivalent of testosterone," like pine pollen looks a lot like testosterone, "and there are other plants that make what is essentially estrogen." And I said, "Well, why would they do that?" He said that one of the reasons why some plants have evolved this capacity to increase estrogen levels in animals that smoke-- not smoke it, but in animals that consume them, I'm guessing that animals aren't smoking marijuana, although I don't know.

但这位植物生物学家告诉我，“哦，是的，有些植物可以产生本质上相当于睾酮的物质”，比如松花粉看起来很像睾酮，“还有其他植物可以产生本质上相当于雌激素的物质。”我说：“那么，他们为什么要这么做呢？”他说，一些植物进化出这种能力的原因之一是增加吸烟动物的雌激素水平——不是吸大麻，而是吃它们的动物，我猜动物不会吸大麻，尽管我不知道。

Send me the paper if you've heard of this.

如果你听说过这个，请把论文寄给我。

Is that plants have figured out ways, they've adapted ways to push back on populations of rodents and other species of animals that eat them.

植物已经找到了方法，它们已经适应了方法来阻止啮齿动物和其他以它们为食的动物的数量。

So plants are engaged in a kind of plant to animal warfare, where they increase the estrogen of the males in that population to lower the sperm counts to keep those populations clamped at certain levels so that those plants can continue to flourish.

因此，植物正在进行一种植物与动物的战争，它们增加该种群中雄性的雌激素，以降低精子数量，将这些种群限制在一定水平，以便这些植物能够继续繁茂。

And I find this just fascinating.

我发现这很有趣。

And hormones, therefore, aren't just impacting tissue growth and development within the individual and between the mother, remember, the placenta is an endocrine organ, and the offspring, but plants and animals are in this communication.

因此，激素不仅影响个体内部以及母亲之间的组织生长和发育，请记住，胎盘是一种内分泌器官，而且植物和动物也参与这种交流。

So it's a fascinating area of biology.

所以这是生物学的一个令人着迷的领域。

And as you've noticed today, none of this deals with the current controversies around gender and how many genders and sex, et cetera.

正如您今天所注意到的，这些都没有涉及当前围绕性别以及有多少性别和性别等方面的争议。

That's a separate conversation that is, by definition, grounded in the kind of concepts we've been talking about today and needs to take place, taking into consideration all of the aspects of sex and the effects of hormones, both on the body, on the brain.

这是一个单独的对话，根据定义，它基于我们今天讨论的概念，需要考虑到性的所有方面以及激素对身体和大脑的影响。

We didn't talk a lot about spinal cord, but we will in the next episode.

我们没有过多谈论脊髓，但我们会在下一集中讨论。

But we can just say on the brain and the periphery, early effects, late effects, acute effects, meaning effects that are very fast of levels of hormones going up or down, something that absolutely happens during and across the menstrual cycle, as well as long-term effects, like the effects of these hormones on gene expression.

但我们只能说，在大脑和外周，早期影响、晚期影响、急性影响，即激素水平快速上升或下降的影响，在月经周期期间和整个月经周期中绝对会发生的事情，以及长期影响，例如这些激素对基因表达的影响。

So today, as always, we weren't able to cover all things related to sex and hormones and sexual differentiation or development.

因此，今天，一如既往，我们无法涵盖与性和激素以及性分化或发育相关的所有内容。

There's no way we could, but we have covered a lot of material.

我们不可能，但我们已经涵盖了很多材料。

So once again, I want to thank you for embarking on this journey through neuroscience and today, neuroendocrinology with me.

因此，我要再次感谢您与我一起踏上神经科学之旅，以及今天的神经内分泌学之旅。

And as always, thank you for your interest in science.

一如既往，感谢您对科学的兴趣。