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Dr. Robert Lustig: How Sugar & Processed Foods Impact Your Health

Robert Lustig 博士:糖和加工食品如何影响您的健康
2023-12-18 | 官方页面 YouTube 官方音频

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.

欢迎来到休伯曼实验室播客,我们在这里讨论科学和基于科学的日常生活工具。

I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

我是安德鲁·胡伯曼,斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。

My guest today is Dr. Robert Lustig.

今天我的客人是罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士。

Dr. Robert Lustig is an endocrinologist, that is, he's a specialist in the function of hormones in the body, and a professor of pediatric endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco.

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士是一位内分泌学家,也就是说,他是体内激素功能的专家,也是旧金山加利福尼亚大学的儿科内分泌学教授。

He has authored more than 100 peer-reviewed studies exploring how different types of nutrients, that is, food, impact our cellular functioning, our organ functioning, and thereby our health.

他撰写了 100 多项经过同行评审的研究,探索不同类型的营养素(即食物)如何影响我们的细胞功能、器官功能,从而影响我们的健康。

During today's discussion, we discuss the idea of whether or not a calorie is indeed a calorie, and whether or not our body weight and body composition only reflects the number of calories we eat versus the calories that we burn.

在今天的讨论中,我们讨论卡路里是否确实是卡路里,以及我们的体重和身体成分是否仅反映我们摄入的卡路里与我们燃烧的卡路里的数量。

We talk about how different food types, that is how the different macronutrients, protein, fat, and carbohydrates, are processed in the body, and the important role that fiber and the gut microbiome plays in that process.

我们讨论不同的食物类型,即不同的常量营养素、蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物如何在体内加工,以及纤维和肠道微生物组在此过程中发挥的重要作用。

And we pay particular attention to the topic of how different types of sugars, and fructose in particular, can indeed be addictive to the brain and can modify the way that hormones in the body, in particular insulin, impact our liver health, kidney health, and indeed the health of all of our cells and organs.

我们特别关注不同类型的糖(尤其是果糖)如何确实使大脑上瘾,并改变体内激素(特别是胰岛素)如何影响我们的肝脏健康、肾脏健康,甚至我们所有细胞和器官的健康。

Indeed, Dr. Lustig is an expert in how sugar impacts the brain and body.

事实上,勒斯蒂格博士是糖如何影响大脑和身体的专家。

We talk about how certain types of sugars can indeed be addictive in the same way that certain drugs of abuse and behaviors can become addictive.

我们讨论某些类型的糖确实会让人上瘾,就像某些滥用药物和行为会让人上瘾一样。

So, in other words, how sugar actually changes the way that the brain works.

换句话说,糖实际上如何改变大脑的工作方式。

And we discuss how the food industry, that is, the commoditization and sale of particular types of food, has altered the way that we eat and indeed the foods that we crave.

我们讨论食品工业,即特定类型食品的商品化和销售,如何改变我们的饮食方式以及我们渴望的食物。

Today's discussion covers all of that, and by the end of today's discussion, you'll have a thorough understanding of how foods are processed when they enter your body and how those different food choices are impacting your immediate and long-term health.

今天的讨论涵盖了所有这些,在今天的讨论结束时,您将彻底了解食物进入您的身体后如何加工,以及这些不同的食物选择如何影响您的近期和长期健康。

Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

在开始之前,我想强调一下,这个播客与我在斯坦福大学的教学和研究角色是分开的。

It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.

然而,我的愿望和努力的一部分是向公众提供有关科学和科学相关工具的零成本消费者信息。

In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.

为了与这个主题保持一致,我要感谢今天播客的赞助商。

And now for my discussion with Dr. Robert Lustig.

现在我与罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士进行了讨论。

Dr. Robert Lustig, welcome.

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士,欢迎光临。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Pleasure.

很高兴。

Truly, just being here, being invited, high honor, really appreciate it.

确实,能够来到这里,受到邀请,非常荣幸,真的很感激。

And it's not doctor, it's just Rob.

这不是医生,只是罗布。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, Rob.

好吧,罗布。

I've been looking forward to this conversation for a long time.

我期待这次谈话已经很久了。

I've seen your now famous, can we also say infamous, but famous YouTube video about sugar.

我看过你现在很出名的,我们可以说是臭名昭著的,但著名的关于糖的 YouTube 视频。

We'll put a link to it in the show note captions.

我们将在节目注释标题中放置指向它的链接。

It's been viewed many, many millions of times.

它已被观看了数百万次。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, and I still can't figure out why that is.

是的,我仍然不明白为什么会这样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, I can.

嗯,我可以。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I didn't think my mother would watch it, and she didn't, but 24 and a half million people did.

我不认为我妈妈会看,她也没有看,但有 245 万人看了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, I think people are very interested in what to eat, what not to eat, and we'll start off simply talking about what most everyone believes and understands, which is that a calorie is a form of heat energy that's given off during the processing of some food bit or something.

嗯,我认为人们对吃什么、不吃什么非常感兴趣,我们首先简单地谈谈大多数人都相信和理解的事情,即卡路里是在加工某些食物或其他东西时释放出的一种热能形式。

If that's mysterious to people, just understand that a calorie is a unit of energy.

如果这对人们来说很神秘,只需了解卡路里是能量单位即可。

And I was taught, and still many, many people worldwide believe that a calorie is a calorie, meaning if I consume more calories in whatever form than I metabolize by thinking, feeling, moving, exercising, et cetera, then I will gain weight.

我被教导,世界上仍然有很多很多人相信卡路里就是卡路里,这意味着如果我消耗的任何形式的卡路里多于我通过思考、感觉、运动、锻炼等代谢的卡路里,那么我的体重就会增加。

And if I consume fewer calories than I burn, I will lose weight.

如果我消耗的卡路里少于消耗的卡路里,我就会减肥。

And we could talk a lot about where that weight loss comes from.

我们可以谈论很多关于减肥从何而来的问题。

Does it come from adipose, body fat stores, or from muscle, or from protein, or muscle, of course, is protein, et cetera.

它是来自脂肪,体内脂肪储存,还是来自肌肉,还是来自蛋白质,或者肌肉当然是蛋白质,等等。

But let's start off with, is a calorie truly a calorie when it comes to the processing of different types of calories?

但我们首先要知道,在处理不同类型的卡路里时,卡路里真的是卡路里吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Everyone thinks that obesity is about energy balance.

大家都认为肥胖与能量平衡有关。

That is calories in, calories out, therefore two behaviors, gluttony and sloth.

这就是卡路里摄入和卡路里消耗,因此有两种行为:暴食和懒惰。

Therefore, if you're fat, it's your fault.

因此,如果你胖了,那是你的错。

Therefore, diet and exercise.

因此,饮食和运动。

Therefore, any calorie can be part of a balanced diet.

因此,任何卡路里都可以成为均衡饮食的一部分。

Therefore, don't pick on our calories, go pick on somebody else's calories.

因此,不要挑剔我们的卡路里,而要挑剔别人的卡路里。

This is actually what the food industry uses to assuage their culpability for the change in the food supply and the rise in obesity and chronic disease, like diabetes.

这实际上是食品行业用来减轻他们对食品供应变化以及肥胖和糖尿病等慢性疾病增加的责任的方法。

Now, it is true that a calorie is that unit of energy that raises one gram of water one degree centigrade.

现在,确实,卡路里是将一克水升高一摄氏度的能量单位。

And so therefore, a calorie burned is a calorie burned.

因此,燃烧的卡路里就是燃烧的卡路里。

I don't argue that.

我不反对这一点。

That's true.

这是真的。

That's the first law of thermodynamics.

这就是热力学第一定律。

But that doesn't mean a calorie eaten is a calorie eaten.

但这并不意味着摄入的卡路里就是摄入的卡路里。

That's not the same, and that's where people get it wrong.

这是不一样的,这就是人们误解的地方。

So let me give you some examples of how that calorie eaten is not a calorie eaten.

因此,让我举一些例子来说明所吃的卡路里如何不是所吃的卡路里。

You like almonds?

你喜欢杏仁吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I do.

我愿意。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Me, too.

我也是。

Almonds are great.

杏仁很棒。

You eat 160 calories in almonds.

你吃的杏仁含有 160 卡路里的热量。

How many of those do you absorb?

你吸收了其中的多少?

130.

130.

You eat 160, absorb 130.

你吃掉160,吸收130。

Where'd the other 30 go?

另外30个人去哪儿了?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

In the processing of that food energy?

在食品能源的加工过程中?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No. Turns out the fiber in those almonds, both soluble and insoluble fiber, and by the way, fiber's sort of the key to the kingdom in this story Forms a gel on the inside of your intestine.

不。事实证明,这些杏仁中的纤维,包括可溶性纤维和不溶性纤维,顺便说一句,纤维是这个故事中王国的关键,在肠道内部形成凝胶。

The insoluble fiber, the cellulose, forms a fishnet, if you will, a latticework on the inside of your duodenum.

不溶性纤维,即纤维素,在十二指肠内部形成一个渔网,或者说是一个网格。

The soluble fiber, which are globular, plug the holes in that fishnet.

球状的可溶性纤维可以堵塞渔网中的孔洞。

Together, they form a secondary barrier.

它们一起形成第二道屏障。

You can actually see it on electron microscopy, a whitish gel.

实际上你可以在电子显微镜下看到它,一种白色的凝胶。

And that prevents absorption of those 30 calories.

这会阻止这 30 卡路里的吸收。

So yes, 130 get absorbed, but many of them don't.

所以,是的,有 130 人被吸收,但其中许多人没有。

They end up going further down the intestine to the next part, called the jejunum, and that's where the microbiome is.

它们最终会进一步沿着肠道到达下一个部分,称为空肠,这就是微生物组所在的地方。

Now, everyone knows about the microbiome nowadays.

现在,每个人都知道微生物组。

It's all the bacteria.

都是细菌。

We always say when women are pregnant, "You're eating for two." Well, we're always eating for 100 trillion.

当女性怀孕时,我们总是说:“你要吃两个人的东西。”好吧,我们总是为了100万亿而吃饭。

Now, they have to eat.

现在,他们必须吃饭。

Well, what do they eat?

那么,他们吃什么?

They eat what you eat.

他们吃你吃的东西。

The question is how much did you get versus how much did they get?

问题是你得到了多少与他们得到了多少?

Well, if you ate almonds, they're getting those 30 calories.

好吧,如果你吃杏仁,它们就会摄入 30 卡路里热量。

So even though you count the calories at your lips, that doesn't matter.

因此,即使你嘴里数着卡路里,那也没关系。

What really matters is counting the calories at your intestinal brush border, okay?

真正重要的是计算肠刷缘处的卡路里,好吗?

And they're not the same.

而且它们不一样。

So, if you feed your gut, that's a good thing because then your gut will take those calories and turn it into things like short-chain fatty acids, which end up being protective against chronic metabolic disease.

因此,如果您喂养肠道,这是一件好事,因为这样您的肠道就会吸收这些卡路里并将其转化为短链脂肪酸之类的物质,从​​而最终预防慢性代谢疾病。

Acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, those are actually good.

乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐、戊酸盐,这些实际上都很好。

They're anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, because you fed your microbiome.

它们具有抗炎、抗阿尔茨海默氏症的作用,因为你喂养了你的微生物组。

So, even though you ate 160, you absorbed 130.

所以,即使你吃了 160,你也吸收了 130。

So a calorie eaten is not a calorie eaten, because if you ate it with fiber, it wasn't for you.

所以吃掉的卡路里并不是吃掉的卡路里,因为如果你吃的是含有纤维的食物,那它就不适合你。

It was for your bacteria.

这是为了你的细菌。

But that's not the way you count them up.

但这不是你计算它们的方式。

So that's problem number one.

这是第一个问题。

Problem number two, amino acids.

问题二,氨基酸。

So, we all eat protein.

所以,我们都吃蛋白质。

Let's say you eat too much protein.

假设你吃了太多蛋白质。

You have the porterhouse steak.

你有上等腰肉牛排。

All right?

好的?

Now, if you're a bodybuilder, those amino acids might go to muscle, and you might increase your muscle mass because you're a bodybuilder, because you're putting excess force on those muscles, and you're growing those muscles.

现在,如果你是一名健美运动员,这些氨基酸可能会进入肌肉,你可能会增加肌肉质量,因为你是一名健美运动员,因为你对这些肌肉施加了过多的力量,并且你正在生长这些肌肉。

Okay.

好的。

But let's say you're not a bodybuilder.

但假设您不是健美运动员。

Let's say you're a mere mortal like me.

假设你和我一样只是一个凡人。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or let's say you're a kid going through puberty who's synthesizing a lot of muscle-

或者假设你是一个正在经历青春期的孩子,正在合成大量肌肉 -

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

not because they're lifting weights, because they're in growth spurts.

不是因为他们在举重,而是因为他们正处于快速生长阶段。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But because testosterone's making it happen.

但因为睾丸激素使这一切发生。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, absolutely.

是的,绝对是。

But let's say you're not.

但假设你不是。

Let's say you're just schlumped off the street like Joe Schmo, okay?

假设你像乔·施莫一样在街上流浪,好吗?

And you eat that porterhouse.

然后你就吃上等腰肉牛排。

You've taken on all these amino acids.

您已经摄入了所有这些氨基酸。

There's no place to store it other than muscle, so your liver takes the excess and deamidates that amino acid, takes the amino group off to turn it from an amino acid into an organic acid, and then that organic acid can then enter the Krebs cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, what goes on in the mitochondria in order to generate ATP, the chemical energy that your body needs in order to power itself.

除了肌肉之外,没有其他地方可以储存它,因此您的肝脏会吸收多余的氨基酸并将其脱酰胺,脱去氨基,将其从氨基酸转化为有机酸,然后该有机酸可以进入三羧酸循环,即线粒体中发生的过程,以产生 ATP,这是您的身体为自身提供动力所需的化学能。

Okay.

好的。

Now that's a good thing.

现在这是一件好事。

It takes double the amount of energy to prepare that amino acid for burning as it does to prepare a carbohydrate for burning.

准备燃烧氨基酸所需的能量是准备燃烧碳水化合物所需的能量的两倍。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or fat.

或者肥胖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Or fat.

或者肥胖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because when you asked about almonds, why the 160 versus 130, I thought it was the processing.

因为当你问起杏仁时,为什么是 160 颗而不是 130 颗,我认为是加工过程的问题。

It turned out it was fiber.

原来是纤维。

You're saying for protein, let's make it realistic for a really nice big porterhouse steak, which I love, by the way.

你说的是蛋白质,让我们把它变成现实的真正美味的大上等腰肉牛排,顺便说一句,我很喜欢它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Me too.

我也是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Let's say 800 calories.

假设800卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Well, it turns out-

好吧,事实证明——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much of that is...

这其中有多少...

So that's what goes in your mouth.

这就是你嘴里的东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

My mouth.

我的嘴。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much of it is actually eaten in, to stay with your calorie eaten is not a calorie eaten, in the processing of that, what percentage actually goes into your total caloric intake?

实际摄入的热量有多少,与您摄入的卡路里保持一致,这并不是摄入的卡路里,在加工过程中,实际摄入的总热量占了多少百分比?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

So about 10% of everything you eat goes to just maintaining body temperature.

因此,您所吃的食物中大约有 10% 只是用于维持体温。

It's called the thermic effect of food.

这就是食物的热效应。

But when you're eating protein, you actually generate more heat, and the reason is because it takes two ATP to phosphorylate that organic acid as opposed to one ATP to phosphorylate that carbohydrate for consumption.

但当你吃蛋白质时,你实际上会产生更多的热量,原因是需要两个 ATP 来磷酸化有机酸,而不是一个 ATP 来磷酸化碳水化合物以供消耗。

So you actually have a net loss of energy because it was an amino acid versus a monosaccharide, a sugar.

所以你实际上有净能量损失,因为它是氨基酸而不是单糖,即糖。

Now, you brought up fat.

现在,你带来了脂肪。

Fat doesn't need to be phosphorylated, so it actually doesn't have any thermic effect of food at that point.

脂肪不需要被磷酸化,因此此时它实际上不具有食物的任何热效应。

So, depends on what it is as to whether or not you have loss.

所以,要看你有没有损失。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Let's make it actually realistic.

让我们把它变成现实。

A 1,600-calorie-

1,600 卡路里-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

porterhouse with a nice slab of-

上等腰肉牛排有一块漂亮的板-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Butter?

黄油?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of grass-fed butter on there.

那里有草饲黄油。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I do this every once in a while, not often, but-

我偶尔这样做,但并不经常,但是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

With some creamed spinach and maybe some mushrooms along the side.

旁边放一些奶油菠菜,也许还有一些蘑菇。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Honestly, when I'm eating a porterhouse, I don't want to adulterate the taste-

老实说,当我吃上等腰肉牛排时,我不想掺假它的味道——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

with anything else except maybe some butter, maybe a salad-

除了一些黄油,也许还有沙拉之外,还有其他任何东西-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

afterwards.

之后。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But let's say 1,600 calories of...

但假设 1,600 卡路里...

It's got some fat in there, for sure.

里面肯定有脂肪。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Let's say 1,000 of those calories is protein.

假设其中 1,000 卡路里是蛋白质。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The other 600 are fat.

另外600个都是胖子。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Something like that.

类似的事情。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Something like that, depending on how marbled it is.

类似的东西,取决于它的大理石程度。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so based on what you just said about the thermic effect of food and protein in particular-

好的,根据你刚才所说的食物和蛋白质的热效应——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of that 1,000 calories, how much actually can we count?

在这 1,000 卡路里中,我们到底能算出多少呢?

I'm not a calorie counter, but does one include as calories truly ingested?

我不是卡路里计数器,但是卡路里计数器是否包括真正摄入的卡路里?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, if you ingested 1,600-

好吧,如果你摄入了 1,600-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, that's what went in the mouth, but-

嗯,这就是进入嘴里的东西,但是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

But in terms-

但就而言——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

what is going to go against your burn deficit.

什么会抵消你的燃烧不足。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

So I would have to actually do the math to figure that out, but yeah, as a guess-

所以我必须真正做数学才能弄清楚,但是,是的,作为一个猜测-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, back of the envelope

是的,信封背面

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

back of the envelope calculation, you're going to lose about 25% of that.

粗略计算一下,您将损失大约 25%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wow.

哇。

So we're talking 750 calories.

所以我们说的是 750 卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, and to translate this a bit, so what we're saying here is if you're somebody who is trying to lose weight or maintain weight, or perhaps even gain weight, you eat a 1,600 calorie porterhouse with a slab of butter on it, 600 of those calories we're saying, and this is just, is fat, of the remaining 1,000 calories, that all went in your mouth.

所以,稍微翻译一下,我们在这里所说的是,如果你是一个想减肥或保持体重,甚至可能增加体重的人,你吃了一份 1,600 卡路里的上等腰肉牛排,上面涂了一块黄油,我们所说的其中 600 卡路里,这只是脂肪,剩下的 1,000 卡路里,全部都进入了你的嘴里。

But-

但是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So you count it at your mouth.

所以你就用嘴数一下。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

But then when you compare it against your energy burn for that day to maintain temperature, brain activity, physical activity, really it's only 750 calories.

但当你将它与当天维持体温、大脑活动、身体活动的能量消耗进行比较时,实际上只有 750 卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's a huge difference.

这是一个巨大的差异。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly, and another reason why a calorie's not a calorie.

没错,这也是卡路里不是卡路里的另一个原因。

Now let's take the third.

现在我们来看第三个。

Let's take fats.

让我们以脂肪为例。

So here we have omega-3s, heart healthy, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, save your life.

所以我们这里有 omega-3,有益于心脏健康、抗炎、抗阿尔茨海默病,可以拯救您的生命。

And over here we have trans fats, the devil incarnate.

这里有反式脂肪,魔鬼的化身。

Consumable poison, because you can't break the trans double bond.

消耗性毒药,因为你无法打破反式双键。

You don't have the desaturase to break that trans double bond.

你没有去饱和酶来破坏反式双键。

So it basically accumulates, lines your arteries, lines your liver, causes chronic metabolic disease, causes insulin resistance.

所以它基本上会积聚起来,排列在你的动脉、排列在你的肝脏,导致慢性代谢疾病,导致胰岛素抵抗。

Omega-3s don't even get broken down for energy.

Omega-3 甚至不会被分解以获取能量。

Because they're so important, they stay intact because your brain needs them, your heart needs them.

因为它们非常重要,所以它们保持完整,因为您的大脑需要它们,您的心脏需要它们。

Whereas trans fats can't be broken down because of that trans double bond.

而反式脂肪由于反式双键而无法分解。

One, save your life, other one, kill you.

一,救你一命,另一,杀了你。

They're both nine calories per gram if you explode them in a bomb calorimeter, because a calorie burned is a calorie burned, but a calorie eaten is not a calorie eaten because one'll save your life, one'll kill you.

如果你在炸弹热量计中爆炸它们,它们都是每克九卡路里,因为燃烧的卡路里是燃烧的卡路里,但吃掉的卡路里不是吃掉的卡路里,因为一个会救你的命,一个会杀你。

And finally, the big kahuna, the one that blows everything else out of the water, fructose and glucose.

最后,是一个大魔王,它能把水、果糖和葡萄糖中的其他一切都排除掉。

All right, now glucose is the energy of life.

好吧,现在葡萄糖是生命的能量。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So here we're talking carbohydrates.

所以我们在这里谈论碳水化合物。

I think most of our audience will be familiar with the so-called macronutrients.

我想我们大多数观众都会熟悉所谓的常量营养素。

So we talked about fat, in this case almonds.

所以我们讨论了脂肪,在本例中是杏仁。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

There's some fiber in there, probably a little bit of carbohydrate.

里面有一些纤维,可能还有一点碳水化合物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Little bit.

一点点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Little bit.

一点点。

Talked about the porterhouse with butter.

谈论了加黄油的上等腰肉牛排。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Making me hungry already.

已经让我饿了。

That's protein and fat.

那就是蛋白质和脂肪。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Very little, if any, carbohydrate.

碳水化合物(如果有的话)也很少。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Should be zero, essentially.

本质上应该为零。

Maybe one-

也许一——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Zero.

零。

Zero.

零。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

And then now we're talking about carbohydrates, and we're going to subdivide that into glucose and fructose.

现在我们谈论碳水化合物,我们将其细分为葡萄糖和果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Galactose basically becomes glucose in the liver, so we can dispense with that, unless you have a disease called galactosemia, which is about one in 20,000, and it causes neonatal meningitis and it's a disease, as a pediatric endocrinologist, I would take care of.

半乳糖基本上会在肝脏中变成葡萄糖,所以我们可以不用它,除非你患有一种叫做半乳糖血症的疾病,这种疾病的发生率约为两万分之一,它会导致新生儿脑膜炎,这是一种疾病,作为一名儿科内分泌科医生,我会照顾。

But we can dispense with that for the moment.

但我们暂时可以放弃它。

All right, so glucose, fructose.

好吧,葡萄糖、果糖。

Glucose is the energy of life.

葡萄糖是生命的能量。

Every cell on the planet burns glucose for energy.

地球上的每个细胞都燃烧葡萄糖来获取能量。

Glucose is so damn important that if you don't consume it, your body makes it.

葡萄糖是如此重要,如果你不消耗它,你的身体就会制造它。

So it will take an amino acid and turn it into glucose.

所以它会吸收氨基酸并将其转化为葡萄糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's gluconeogenesis?

这就是糖异生吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Gluconeogenesis.

糖异生。

That's right.

这是正确的。

It will take a fatty acid and turn it into glucose, and specifically the glycerol portion of the triglyceride will turn into glucose.

它将吸收脂肪酸并将其转化为葡萄糖,特别是甘油三酯的甘油部分将转化为葡萄糖。

So the Inuit, they didn't have any place to grow carbohydrate.

所以对于因纽特人来说,他们没有任何地方可以种植碳水化合物。

They had ice, they had whale blubber.

他们有冰,有鲸脂。

They still had a serum glucose level, and the reason is because you had to.

他们仍然有血糖水平,原因是你必须这样做。

You have to have a serum glucose level in order to power your brain, in order to power your heart.

你必须有一个血糖水平才能为你的大脑提供动力,为你的心脏提供动力。

Yes, you can use ketones, of course you can, but only if you're in a ketogenic state will you use exclusively ketones.

是的,你可以使用酮,当然可以,但只有当你处于生酮状态时,你才会只使用酮。

And you also need glucose for structural changes in specific proteins and particularly hormones.

您还需要葡萄糖来改变特定蛋白质(尤其是激素)的结构。

So glucose molecules will stud TSH, LH, FSH, different pituitary hormones, in order to increase their potency.

因此,葡萄糖分子会与 TSH、LH、FSH 和不同的垂体激素结合,以增强它们的效力。

It's one of the reasons why aging leads to defective hormonogenesis.

这是衰老导致激素生成缺陷的原因之一。

For instance, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism is the loss of glycosylation on individual peptide hormones because of the inability to add glucose to those-

例如,性腺功能减退症、甲状腺功能减退症是指单个肽激素糖基化的丧失,因为无法向这些激素添加葡萄糖——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because of insulin insensitivity

因为胰岛素不敏感

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No. It's an aging phenomenon.

不,这是一种衰老现象。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

We'll come back to this because I think it's really important.

我们会回到这个话题,因为我认为这非常重要。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The idea that ingestion of carbohydrates and the, as you called it, the studding of carbohydrate molecules on hormones can augment the function of those hormones.

摄入碳水化合物以及您所说的碳水化合物分子在激素上的分布可以增强这些激素的功能。

And with aging, that's a less efficient process.

随着年龄的增长,这个过程的效率会降低。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's a less efficient process, but it's not because of consumption.

这是一个效率较低的过程,但这并不是因为消耗。

It's-

这是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

I see the plenty of folks who are 65 and older eating plenty of carbohydrates.

我看到很多 65 岁及以上的人吃大量的碳水化合物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You're saying a lot of them have deficient thyroid-

你是说他们中的很多人都缺乏甲状腺——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

testosterone, estrogen-

睾酮、雌激素-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

prolactin, et cetera, because of the way those carbohydrates are not studding the hormones.

催乳素等,因为这些碳水化合物不会影响荷尔蒙。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting.

有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So all of those are glycoprotein hormones.

所以所有这些都是糖蛋白激素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Let's tee that up for later because I think that's an interesting-

让我们稍后再讨论吧,因为我认为这很有趣——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, it's a very important

是的,这是一个非常重要的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

avenue to go down.

大道下去。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay, and there's a disease in children, in babies called congenital disorders of glycosylation, where you can't put glucose molecules on specific proteins, and it causes severe mental retardation, all sorts of metabolic havoc, and a lot of those babies die for that matter.

好吧,儿童和婴儿中有一种疾病,称为先天性糖基化障碍,无法将葡萄糖分子放在特定的蛋白质上,它会导致严重的智力低下,各种代谢破坏,很多婴儿因此而死亡。

So that's an important thing.

所以这是一件重要的事情。

All right.

好的。

But that's how important glucose is.

但这就是葡萄糖的重要性。

Fructose, on the other hand, this sweet molecule, the molecule we seek, the reason why the food industry studs every food in the grocery store, 73% of all items in the American grocery store Have added sugar on purpose, for the food industry's purposes, not for yours, because fructose is addictive.

另一方面,果糖,这种甜味分子,我们寻求的分子,食品工业在杂货店里的每一种食物中都添加了果糖的原因,美国杂货店里73%的商品都故意添加了糖,是为了食品工业的目的,而不是为了你的目的,因为果糖会让人上瘾。

Activates the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, in the same way that cocaine, heroin, nicotine, alcohol do, and drives dopamine receptors down, just like nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, heroin do.

与可卡因、海洛因、尼古丁、酒精一样,激活伏隔核(大脑的奖赏中心),并像尼古丁、酒精、可卡因、海洛因一样,降低多巴胺受体。

That molecule, fructose, is number one, completely vestigial to all vertebrate life.

果糖是第一大分子,对所有脊椎动物来说都是完全退化的。

There is no biochemical reaction in any vertebrate that requires dietary fructose.

任何需要膳食果糖的脊椎动物都不会发生生化反应。

That's number one.

这是第一。

Number two-

第二——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Sorry, I'm going to just insert.

抱歉,我只想插入。

So you're saying that even though we can process fructose-

所以你是说即使我们可以处理果糖-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We have a limited capacity to process it in the same way we have a limited capacity to metabolize alcohol.

我们处理它的能力有限,就像我们代谢酒精的能力有限一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Now, if you have one drink a day, you're okay.

现在,如果你每天喝一杯,那就没问题了。

If you have two drinks a day, depends on how big you are.

如果您每天喝两杯,则取决于您的体重。

You and I can probably do two.

你和我也许可以做两个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I would argue two drinks a week is the maximum, but let's not go there.

我认为每周喝两杯是最多的,但我们不要这么做。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Sure.

当然。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

When you say processing of fructose is vestigial, what you're saying is that we don't need to do it.

当您说果糖的加工是退化时,您的意思是我们不需要这样做。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's like the appendix.

就像附录一样。

It's an organ for which it has no function.

它是一个没有任何功能的器官。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

And fructose has no function in the human body, period.

而果糖在人体中没有任何作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You don't need it.

你不需要它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You don't need it.

你不需要它。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Don't need it.

不需要它。

But our diet is replete with it.

但我们的饮食中却充满了它。

In fact, our fructose consumption's gone up 25 fold since the beginning of the last century.

事实上,自上世纪初以来,我们的果糖消费量增加了 25 倍。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I have to ask this now.

我现在必须问这个。

I love fruit.

我喜欢水果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I eat berries galore.

我吃很多浆果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Especially since the price of berries seems to have come down.

特别是浆果的价格似乎已经下降。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It used to be that you only get them certain times a year.

过去,您每年只能在特定的时间获得它们。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm what you call a drive-by blueberry eater.

我就是你们所说的路过蓝莓吃者。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So I'll just walk past and just take a fistful.

所以我就走过去抓一把。

You can't put them in front of me without me eating them.

你不能把它们放在我面前而不让我吃掉它们。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is even difficult for me when other people I don't know are eating them.

当我不认识的其他人正在吃它们时,这对我来说甚至是困难的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, I eat lots of blueberries-

所以,我吃了很多蓝莓——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

strawberries, blackberries if they're in season.

草莓、黑莓(如果是当季的)。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I love them.

我爱他们。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No problem.

没问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Loaded with fructose?

富含果糖?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Plenty of fiber, low fructose?

富含纤维、低果糖?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Low fructose.

低果糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In berries, berries are the lowest fructose-

在浆果中,浆果的果糖含量最低——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Thank goodness

谢天谢地

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

of all the different fruits.

所有不同的水果。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I was so worried about asking you this today.

我今天很担心问你这个问题。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Not a bit.

一点也不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Thank you.

谢谢你。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And fruit is okay because of the fiber.

水果也可以,因为含有纤维。

So the molecule, the fructose molecule's the same, whether it's in a berry or in a banana or for that matter, in a Coca-Cola.

因此,果糖分子是相同的,无论是在浆果、香蕉还是可口可乐中。

The fructose molecule is the same molecule.

果糖分子是同一个分子。

The difference is that in the berry, it comes with a whole lot of fiber.

不同之处在于,浆果含有大量纤维。

In the banana, it comes with a whole lot less fiber.

香蕉中的纤维含量要少得多。

And in the Coca-Cola, it doesn't come with any fiber.

可口可乐中不含任何纤维。

And the fiber is what mitigates the absorption.

纤维可以减轻吸收。

So when you consume the fructose with fiber, so your blueberries, you're feeding your microbiome.

因此,当您食用含纤维的果糖(即蓝莓)时,您就是在喂养微生物群。

That fructose wasn't for you.

那果糖不适合你。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Such a relief, and I must say, recently I had a whole body MRI as a-

真是如释重负,我必须说,最近我做了全身核磁共振检查——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

preemptive thing.

先发制人的事情。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

How was that?

怎么样?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It was great.

太棒了。

I got to watch Netflix in there.

我必须在那里看 Netflix。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I'd never had a whole body MRI.

我从来没有做过全身核磁共振检查。

I learned a few things that were useful to me.

我学到了一些对我有用的东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I've got a clean bill of health, so that's great.

我的健康状况良好,这很好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

Well, that's good.

嗯,那很好。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But one of the pieces of feedback I got is that my gut was filled with this very high contrast stuff.

但我得到的反馈之一是,我的内心充满了这种对比度非常高的东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And they asked, "Do you consume a lot of blueberries?" And I said, "Indeed I do.

他们问:“你吃很多蓝莓吗?”我说:“确实如此。

Why?" And they said, "Because that high contrast of it shows up white on the scan-

为什么?”他们说,“因为它的高对比度在扫描中显示为白色-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is high concentrations of magnesium-

是高浓度的镁-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

that we see in people that ingest large amounts of blueberries, which is pretty rare.

我们在摄入大量蓝莓的人身上看到了这种情况,这种情况非常罕见。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Hmm.

嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And yours are comparable to a bear in blueberry season."

而你的就相当于蓝莓季节的熊。”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Wow.

哇。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And basically, my entire gut was filled with blueberries.

基本上,我的整个肠道都充满了蓝莓。

I suppose I need to cut back a little bit.

我想我需要削减一点。

But now I know that fruit is okay, especially if the fruit has a lot of fiber.

但现在我知道水果是可以的,尤其是含有大量纤维的水果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But fructose itself, especially if it's not partnered with fiber-

但果糖本身,特别是如果它不与纤维搭配的话——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is first of all, not required for survival at all-

首先,根本不是生存所必需的——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

but you're telling me is problematic.

但你告诉我这是有问题的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

And let me tell you why it's problematic.

让我告诉你为什么它有问题。

We haven't gotten to that yet.

我们还没有做到这一点。

We're just talking about whether it's vestigial versus needed.

我们只是在讨论它是残留的还是需要的。

Now, let's talk about what fructose does.

现在,我们来谈谈果糖的作用。

Turns out fructose inhibits three, count them, three separate enzymes necessary for normal mitochondrial function.

事实证明,果糖抑制了三种酶,算一下,三种独立的酶是正常线粒体功能所必需的。

Now, Eyal, your mitochondria make ATP.

现在,Eyal,你的线粒体会产生 ATP。

Your mitochondria have to work at peak efficiency.

您的线粒体必须以最高效率工作。

That's what metabolic health is, is mitochondria working at peak efficiency.

这就是代谢健康,即线粒体以最高效率工作。

Well, there are three enzymes that are inhibited by fructose.

嗯,果糖抑制三种酶。

Number one, AMP kinase.

第一,AMP 激酶。

All right?

好的?

Now, AMP kinase is the fuel gauge on the liver cell.

现在,AMP 激酶是肝细胞上的电量计。

It's the thing that tells the liver to make more mitochondria, fresher mitochondria.

它告诉肝脏制造更多的线粒体,更新鲜的线粒体。

Because if your AMP levels are high, that means you've dephosphorylated a bunch of ATPs and you have to regenerate them, so you need some more mitochondria.

因为如果您的 AMP 水平很高,这意味着您已经使一堆 ATP 去磷酸化,并且必须重新生成它们,因此您需要更多的线粒体。

So it's a negative feedback pathway.

所以这是一个负反馈途径。

Well, you need that AMP kinase to generate that mitochondrial biogenesis signal.

那么,您需要 AMP 激酶来生成线粒体生物发生信号。

Except that fructose, a metabolite of fructose called methylglyoxal, MGO, sits in the active site of the gamma subunit of that AMP kinase and actually binds to arginines in that active site, rendering that enzyme now dead.

除了果糖(一种称为甲基乙二醛(MGO)的果糖代谢物)位于该 AMP 激酶的 γ 亚基的活性位点上,实际上与该活性位点中的精氨酸结合,使该酶现在死亡。

It's an irreversible inhibition because of the covalent bonding of that methylglyoxal, that aldehyde, to the arginine, and now that enzyme is dead.

这是一种不可逆的抑制,因为甲基乙二醛、醛与精氨酸之间存在共价键合,而现在该酶已经死亡。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so it basically acts like a key that doesn't turn the lock but prevents the key that you want in that lock-

好吧,它基本上就像一把钥匙,不会打开锁,但会阻止你想要的钥匙进入锁-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

from entering the lock.

从进入锁。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

It's like gluing a lock shut.

这就像粘上一把锁一样。

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right?

好吧?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So that's one of the enzymes.

这就是其中一种酶。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's one.

这是一个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Second one, ACOD L, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain So this is necessary to cleave two carbon fragments off fatty acids to prepare them for metabolism.

第二个,ACOD L,酰基辅酶A脱氢酶长链 因此,这是从脂肪酸上切下两个碳片段以准备代谢的必要条件。

So it inhibits that one.

所以它抑制了这一点。

And then finally, it inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1.

最后,它抑制肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶 1 (CPT1)。

Now, that's the enzyme that regenerates carnitine.

现在,这就是再生肉碱的酶。

Carnitine is the shuttle mechanism by which you get the fatty acids from the outer mitochondrial membrane through to the inner mitochondrial membrane so that they can be beta oxidized for energy.

肉碱是一种穿梭机制,通过它可以将脂肪酸从线粒体外膜到达线粒体内膜,以便它们可以被β氧化以获取能量。

So if you don't have that CPT1, you're basically carnitine-less, and therefore, you can't generate beta oxidation.

因此,如果您没有 CPT1,那么您基本上就缺乏肉碱,因此无法产生 β 氧化。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You said fructose inhibits all three of these enzymatic pathways.

你说果糖抑制所有这三种酶途径。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

As a biologist, I have to ask you, how potently does it inhibit them?

作为一名生物学家,我想问你,它对它们的抑制作用有多大?

I mean, because there are drugs that block receptors, and then there are drugs that block receptors with unbelievable affinity.

我的意思是,因为有些药物可以阻断受体,有些药物可以以令人难以置信的亲和力阻断受体。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Sure.

当然。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, I mean, mechanistically in a dish, meaning in vitro, you can see all sorts of things.

所以,我的意思是,从机械上来说,在培养皿中,即在体外,你可以看到各种各样的东西。

But how significant is this for obesity, for mitochondrial function in vivo in us?

但这对于肥胖、对于我们体内的线粒体功能有多重要?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

So look, the dose determines the poison, right?

所以你看,剂量决定毒物,对吗?

Paracelsus, 1537.

帕拉塞尔苏斯,1537。

There are toxins that are parts per billion and will kill you, like sarin, ricin, cyanide.

有些毒素的浓度为十亿分之一,会致命,例如沙林、蓖麻毒、氰化物。

By the way, cyanide's a good analogy because it's working on mitochondria.

顺便说一下,氰化物是一个很好的类比,因为它作用于线粒体。

It's basically causing mitochondria to be completely defective.

它基本上导致线粒体完全有缺陷。

All right?

好的?

Then there are intermediate toxins like arsenic and carbon tetrachloride, parts per million, and they take a little longer to work.

还有中间毒素,如砷和四氯化碳,百万分之一,它们需要更长的时间才能发挥作用。

They're not going to kill you on the spot.

他们不会当场杀死你。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's why I can eat an apple seed that has a little bit of arsenic in it, but I'm not going to die.

这就是为什么我可以吃一颗含有一点砷的苹果籽,但我不会死。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

And by the way, tobacco smoke goes in there.

顺便说一句,烟草烟雾也进入其中。

And then finally, you have weak toxins, where it's not one exposure that will kill you, it's 10,000 exposures that'll kill you, like alcohol.

最后,你体内的毒素很弱,不是一次接触就能杀死你,而是一万次接触就会杀死你,就像酒精一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or toxic people.

或者有毒的人。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Or toxic-- Well

或者有毒——好吧

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sometimes it only takes one.

有时只需要一个。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Depends on how toxic.

要看毒性有多大。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I couldn't resist.

我无法抗拒。

Sorry.

对不起。

Sometimes it only-- Mildly toxic people.

有时只是——轻度中毒的人。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Anyway, the point is that fructose is in that last category.

不管怎样,重点是果糖属于最后一类。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hmm.

嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So it's not what you do one day that kills you.

因此,并不是有一天你所做的事情会杀死你。

It's what you do every day that kills you.

正是你每天所做的事情杀死了你。

And if you basically eat ultra-processed food high in sugar for 10 years in a row, it's going to show up in terms of your comorbidities.

如果您连续 10 年基本上食用高糖精加工食品,您的合并症就会显现出来。

And ultimately, yeah, it will kill you.

最终,是的,它会杀了你。

And we have the data to show how many years you will lose.

我们有数据显示您将损失多少年。

So right now in America, we pay an eight-year longevity tax.

所以现在在美国,我们缴纳八年的长寿税。

If you look at Japan, they have a mean age of death of 88.

如果你看看日本,他们的平均死亡年龄是88岁。

We have a mean age of 80.

我们的平均年龄是80岁。

Okay?

好吧?

We're paying an eight-year longevity tax just by living here.

我们住在这里就得缴纳八年的长寿税。

And we're talking about the healthy people.

我们谈论的是健康的人。

Now, if you have obesity, it's a 15-year longevity tax, and if you have metabolic syndrome, it's a 20-year longevity tax.

现在,如果你患有肥胖症,就要缴纳15年的长寿税,如果你患有代谢综合症,就要缴纳20年的长寿税。

That is primarily, not completely, but primarily sugar.

这主要是,不完全是,但主要是糖。

It's also omega-6s.

它也是omega-6。

It's also trans fats, left over because now they're gone, but people are still suffering the ravages of the trans fats from the previous generation.

这也是反式脂肪,因为现在它们已经消失而残留下来,但人们仍在遭受上一代反式脂肪的蹂躏。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Are they gone?

他们走了吗?

I do remember as a kid when we had margarine in our refrigerator.

我记得小时候我们的冰箱里有人造黄油。

This was actually a big debate in my home.

这实际上是我家里的一场大辩论。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

One parent, I won't identify which- ...

一位家长,我无法确定是哪一位——...

was pro margarine.

是支持人造黄油的。

The other was pro butter, anti margarine.

另一种是支持黄油,反对人造黄油。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The marriage didn't last, but there were other reasons.

这段婚姻并没有持续多久,但还有其他原因。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's probably why.

大概就是这个原因。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

I went butter.

我去了黄油。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Butter is fine.

黄油就好。

In fact, Time declared, front cover, "Butter's back." Margarine was the bad guy, without question.

事实上,《时代》周刊在封面上宣称,“黄油回来了。”毫无疑问,人造黄油是坏人。

And we know now, but back when we thought a calorie was a calorie, we thought, "Oh, margarine, it's the same nine calories per gram." And we said, "It lowers your triglycerides." Bad idea.

我们现在知道了,但当我们认为一卡路里是一卡路里时,我们想,“哦,人造黄油,每克同样有九卡路里。”我们说,“它会降低你的甘油三酯。”坏主意。

It was.

是的。

Because what it did was it lined your liver because you couldn't break that trans double bond.

因为它的作用是它排列在你的肝脏上,因为你无法打破反式双键。

And so they're now gone from our food supply.

所以它们现在已经从我们的食物供应中消失了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They're illegal.

他们是非法的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're illegal.

他们是非法的。

They're banned.

他们被禁止了。

But you can make trans fats in your own kitchen by taking olive oil and heating it to beyond the smoking point.

但是您可以在自己的厨房中通过将橄榄油加热至超过吸烟点来制造反式脂肪。

So they're not completely gone.

所以他们还没有完全消失。

They're just gone from ultra-processed food.

它们刚刚从超加工食品中消失了。

So now sugar's the big problem because of these three enzymes that you are inhibiting.

所以现在糖是一个大问题,因为你抑制了这三种酶。

The point is, we started this with a calorie's a calorie.

重点是,我们从一卡路里的一卡路里开始。

Well, if you are inhibiting mitochondrial function, then a calorie is not a calorie, is it?

好吧,如果你抑制线粒体功能,那么卡路里就不是卡路里了,不是吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You're reducing the intensity of the furnace.

你正在降低熔炉的强度。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, exactly.

是的,完全正确。

So this whole calorie's a calorie just makes no sense.

所以这整个卡路里只是卡路里是没有意义的。

And it hasn't worked at any level, and there is no study that actually shows that cutting calories makes a difference.

它在任何层面上都没有发挥作用,也没有研究真正表明减少卡路里的摄入会产生影响。

And I can show you voluminous data that shows that virtually every weight loss study that led to caloric restriction basically didn't work, not for any length of time.

我可以向您展示大量数据,这些数据表明,几乎所有导致热量限制的减肥研究基本上都不起作用,无论持续多久。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Just to round out our earlier discussion, because I find it fascinating, and I know other people will as well.

只是为了完善我们之前的讨论,因为我发现它很有趣,而且我知道其他人也会如此。

You talked about that 160 calories, that's actually 130 at the business end of things-

你谈到了 160 卡路里,实际上是 130 卡路里——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep

是的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of almonds.

杏仁。

We talked about the porterhouse steak with butter and the 25% reduction in what's actually, quote unquote, "eaten." And I'll get back to this because this, quote unquote, "issue." I think the problem is there's a lack of useful language to dissociate this stuff.

我们谈到了加黄油的上等腰肉牛排,以及实际“吃”的量减少了 25%。我会回到这个问题,因为这个,引用不引用,“问题”。我认为问题在于缺乏有用的语言来区分这些东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Even just calling fat, fat, people think it means it's going to make you gain body fat.

即使只是称脂肪为“脂肪”,人们也认为这意味着它会让你体内脂肪增加。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Totally.

完全可以。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If we called it adipose tissue and lipids, we would've avoided this confusion.

如果我们将其称为脂肪组织和脂质,我们就可以避免这种混淆。

So I don't want to get there just yet, but I want to make sure with-

所以我还不想到达那里,但我想确定-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, the food industry does this on purpose.

嗯,食品工业是故意这样做的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Really?

真的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Oh, absolutely.

哦,绝对是。

So they tell you a sugar is a sugar, which is not true.

所以他们告诉你糖就是糖,这是不正确的。

They tell you a calorie is a calorie, which is not true, and they tell you a fat is a fat Which is not true.

他们告诉你卡路里就是卡路里,这不是真的,他们告诉你脂肪就是脂肪,这不是真的。

Okay?

好的?

This is very specifically...

这是非常具体的...

So when you're talking about sugar, are you talking about dietary sugar, or are you talking about blood sugar?

那么,当您谈论糖时,您是在谈论膳食糖,还是在谈论血糖?

Because blood sugar is blood-

因为血糖就是血液——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right

右

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

glucose.

葡萄糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Or cholesterol

或者胆固醇

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And I never use-

而且我从不使用-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Dietary cholesterol or circulating cholesterol or you know.

膳食胆固醇或循环胆固醇或者你知道的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

So we-

所以我们——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah

是啊

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

we've done this to ourselves, but the food industry has really promulgated it because we farmed out nutrition policy and information to the food industry, so they actually use this for their purposes.

我们已经对自己这样做了,但食品行业确实颁布了它,因为我们将营养政策和信息外包给食品行业,所以他们实际上将其用于他们的目的。

It's one of the problems in this field.

这是该领域的问题之一。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

For the third category of macronutrients, carbohydrates-

对于第三类常量营养素,碳水化合物-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

you differentiated glucose and fructose.

您区分了葡萄糖和果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If I ingest, let's say, a half a bagel, since we were talking about New York- ...

如果我吃了半个百吉饼,因为我们正在谈论纽约——……

your city of origin.

你的原籍城市。

They have great bagels.

他们有很棒的百吉饼。

On the West Coast, eh.

在西海岸,嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, I know.

是的,我知道。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

It's not the same.

这不一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's pretty pitiful.

实在是太可怜了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The same with the pizza dough.

披萨面团也一样。

It's like they claim it's the water.

就像他们声称这是水一样。

Whatever it is, it's different back there, and it's better.

不管是什么,那里的情况有所不同,而且更好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Half a bagel, let's say 250 calories.

半个百吉饼,假设有 250 卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mostly carbohydrate.

主要是碳水化合物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is an unlined, no cream cheese, no schmear as they call it back there.

这是一种无衬里的,没有奶油干酪,也没有他们所谓的“schmear”。

No cream cheese, no butter, none of that thing.

没有奶油奶酪,没有黄油,什么都没有。

Just half a bagel.

就半个百吉饼。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Just a half a bagel.

只要半个百吉饼。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

250 calories.

250卡路里。

So that's what I ate.

所以这就是我吃的。

You're saying that a calorie eaten is not a calorie eaten.

你说的是吃掉的卡路里并不是吃掉的卡路里。

How much of that carbohydrate, given that it's probably most-- Let's assume it's mostly glucose.

碳水化合物的含量是多少,考虑到它可能是最多的——让我们假设它主要是葡萄糖。

Let's do it this way.

我们就这样吧。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

It's polymerized glucose.

它是聚合葡萄糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Polymerized glucose.

聚合葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's what it is.

就是这样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much of that is actually utilized or burned versus the original 250?

与最初的 250 个相比,其中有多少被实际利用或燃烧?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So if you look at what happens to energy in the body, 65% of that which is ingested goes to resting energy expenditure, just to power the body.

因此,如果你观察一下体内能量的变化情况,就会发现摄入的能量中有 65% 都用于静息能量消耗,只是为身体提供能量。

10% goes to the thermic effect of food, and then 25% goes to activity.

10% 用于食物的热效应,25% 用于活动。

That's the breakdown of where the energy goes.

这就是能量流向的细分。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that's calories from fat, protein, and carbohydrate.

这是来自脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物的卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, from everything together.

是的,从所有事情一起来看。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And glucose is a perfectly good example of how that works.

葡萄糖就是一个很好的例子来说明其运作原理。

The point is, though, that when you ingest glucose, you're getting a big glucose excursion in your bloodstream, so you're getting a big glucose spike, and that glucose spike has to come down.

但关键是,当你摄入葡萄糖时,你的血液中的葡萄糖会发生很大的偏移,因此你会得到一个很大的葡萄糖峰值,而这个葡萄糖峰值必须下降。

Well, what makes it come down?

那么,是什么让它下降呢?

The hormone insulin.

激素胰岛素。

Insulin is the bad guy in this story.

胰岛素是这个故事中的坏人。

The higher your glucose goes, the more your pancreas will release insulin in order to bring that glucose down.

血糖越高,胰腺释放的胰岛素就越多,以降低血糖。

Well, it turns out that glucose rise was not benign.

事实证明,血糖升高并不是良性的。

That glucose rise led to endothelial dysfunction.

葡萄糖升高导致内皮功能障碍。

Transient, but nonetheless endothelial dysfunction.

短暂但仍然存在内皮功能障碍。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Could you just remind people what endothelial cells are?

您能提醒人们什么是内皮细胞吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The inside of your arteries, okay?

你的动脉内部,好吗?

And it will change blood pressure.

它会改变血压。

We've got plenty of data to demonstrate how it changes blood pressure, and over time, that will cause coronary artery disease, that will cause kidney disease, et cetera.

我们有大量数据来证明它如何改变血压,随着时间的推移,这将导致冠状动脉疾病,从而导致肾脏疾病等等。

But it's the insulin response that is really the bad guy.

但真正的坏人是胰岛素反应。

Now, people think insulin is good because it lowers blood glucose.

现在,人们认为胰岛素很好,因为它可以降低血糖。

After all, diabetics take insulin to lower their blood glucose.

毕竟,糖尿病患者服用胰岛素来降低血糖。

Okay.

好的。

Let's take a diabetic, a patient with diabetes.

让我们以一个糖尿病患者为例。

Blood sugar is 300.

血糖是300。

That's bad.

那很糟糕。

We give him a shot of insulin in the arm.

我们给他手臂注射了一针胰岛素。

Blood sugar goes down to 100.

血糖降到100。

Blood sugar went from 300 to 100.

血糖从300升至100。

Okay.

好的。

Where did the 200 points of blood glucose go?

200点血糖哪去了?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm assuming that the insulin sequestered it.

我假设胰岛素将其隔离。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To where?

去哪里?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm assuming to the liver.

我假设是肝脏。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To the fat-

致胖子——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting

有趣

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

for storage.

用于存储。

That's insulin's job.

这就是胰岛素的工作。

Insulin takes whatever you're not burning and puts it into fat for storage.

胰岛素会将您不燃烧的任何物质放入脂肪中进行储存。

Insulin is not the diabetes hormone.

胰岛素不是糖尿病激素。

Insulin is the energy storage hormone.

胰岛素是能量储存激素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How quickly does it do that?

它能多快做到这一点?

Because-

因为——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Pretty quick

相当快

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

if I'm having a very busy day-

如果我度过了非常忙碌的一天-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

or the diabetic person is having a very busy day, and they're moving around a lot-

或者糖尿病患者度过了非常忙碌的一天,并且他们经常走动-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

then you've got insulin-bound glucose in the bloodstream, for how long?

那么血液中的胰岛素结合葡萄糖会持续多长时间?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No, no. Insulin doesn't bind glucose.

不,不。胰岛素不结合葡萄糖。

Insulin binds to its receptor-

胰岛素与其受体结合 -

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sure.

当然。

Sorry

抱歉

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

and allows for glucose transporters to work.

并允许葡萄糖转运蛋白发挥作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, but for some period of time while that person is active, there's an opportunity to utilize that glucose.

因此,在该人活跃的一段时间内,有机会利用该葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, yeah.

嗯,是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So how quickly is insulin managing that glucose?

那么胰岛素控制血糖的速度有多快呢?

We know that the spike comes down quickly, but the glucose is not available for energy utilization after, what?

我们知道峰值很快就会下降,但是之后葡萄糖就不能用于能量利用了,怎么办?

It's sequestered to the adipose, to the fat tissue, within an hour?

一小时内它就被隔离在脂肪、脂肪组织中?

Is that about right?

是这样吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So about 90 minutes.

所以大约90分钟。

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

So that's fast.

所以速度很快。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

If you're active, if you eat a muffin, and you're active, okay, your muscles are going to take up that glucose irrespective of insulin.

如果你很活跃,如果你吃松饼,并且你很活跃,那么无论胰岛素如何,你的肌肉都会吸收葡萄糖。

In fact, muscles are insulin independent.

事实上,肌肉是不依赖胰岛素​​的。

They have glucose transporters, but they are insulin independent because if they weren't, then every patient in diabetic ketoacidosis would be paralyzed.

它们有葡萄糖转运蛋白,但它们不依赖胰岛素​​,因为如果不依赖胰岛素​​,那么每个糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者都会瘫痪。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

So glucose will end up in muscles irrespective of energy status and insulin status.

因此,无论能量状态和胰岛素状态如何,葡萄糖最终都会进入肌肉。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And in muscles, it's used as immediate fuel and glycogen?

在肌肉中,它被用作直接燃料和糖原?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Both.

两者皆有。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Immediate fuel and glycogen storage-

立即储存燃料和糖原-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay

好的

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

in the muscle.

在肌肉中。

Absolutely.

绝对地。

All right?

好的?

Now, if you're active, then you will clear glucose into muscle, therefore, your blood glucose won't rise as much because it went into muscle, and therefore, your pancreas will put out less insulin because it doesn't have to clear as much from the bloodstream.

现在,如果你活跃,那么你会将葡萄糖清除到肌肉中,因此,你的血糖不会因为进入肌肉而升高那么多,因此,你的胰腺会排出更少的胰岛素,因为它不需要从血液中清除那么多。

And that's okay.

没关系。

That's good.

那挺好的。

Right?

正确的?

But let's say you didn't exercise, so you've got a big glucose excursion, now you have a big insulin response, and that insulin is going to take the excess that's in your blood, it has to clear it, and it will go to fat for storage.

但假设你没有锻炼,所以你的血糖波动很大,现在你有很大的胰岛素反应,胰岛素会吸收你血液中多余的胰岛素,它必须清除它,然后转化为脂肪储存。

That insulin rise turns out to be particularly egregious in terms of metabolic disease, and I can prove it There is a mouse, my favorite mouse.

事实证明,胰岛素升高对于代谢疾病而言尤其严重,我可以证明这一点:有一只老鼠,我最喜欢的老鼠。

I love this mouse.

我喜欢这只鼠标。

This mouse turns medicine on its head and teaches every doctor why they have to go back to medical school and learn it right.

这只老鼠彻底改变了医学,并告诉每个医生为什么他们必须回到医学院并正确学习。

This mouse is called the Podirko mouse, P-O-D-I-R-K-O.

这种鼠标被称为 Podirko 鼠标,P-O-D-I-R-K-O。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is it discovered by a Podirko?

是 Podirko 发现的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No. No. It was manufactured in Ron Kahn's lab.

不,不,它是在罗恩·卡恩的实验室制造的。

So this is a tissue-specific insulin receptor knockout mouse.

这是一种组织特异性胰岛素受体基因敲除小鼠。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I-R-K-O, insulin receptor-

I-R-K-O,胰岛素受体-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So it lacks the insulin receptor in a specific-

所以它缺乏特定的胰岛素受体

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In the kidney

在肾脏

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

in the kidney.

在肾脏。

Interesting.

有趣的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Podirko, glomerular podocyte insulin receptor knockout mouse.

Podirko,肾小球足细胞胰岛素受体敲除小鼠。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

We haven't talked too much about transgenic models and knock-ins and knockouts, so just in 10 seconds or less, basically, these are mice that are genetically engineered to lack the receptor for insulin, specifically in the kidney.

我们还没有过多讨论转基因模型以及基因敲入和敲除,所以只需 10 秒或更短的时间,基本上,这些小鼠就经过基因工程改造,缺乏胰岛素受体,特别是在肾脏中。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Glomerular podocyte, the kidney.

肾小球足细胞,肾脏。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

In the kidney.

在肾中。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And everywhere else in this mouse-

这只鼠标的其他地方-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's fine

没关系

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

insulin does its thing normally.

胰岛素正常发挥作用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, great.

好的,太好了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So these animals are euglycemic, normal blood glucose levels.

所以这些动物的血糖正常,血糖水平正常。

These animals are normally glucose tolerant.

这些动物通常具有葡萄糖耐受性。

So they go up, they go down just like every other mouse.

所以它们就像其他老鼠一样上升,下降。

These mice are not fat.

这些老鼠并不胖。

These mice are not thin.

这些老鼠并不瘦。

These mice are mice, except they have the worst diabetic nephropathy on the planet.

这些老鼠就是老鼠,只不过它们患有地球上最严重的糖尿病肾病。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So their kidney is degenerative.

所以他们的肾脏退化了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Their kidneys degenerate to nothing.

他们的肾脏退化殆尽。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yikes.

哎呀。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Now, they have normal blood glucose levels.

现在,他们的血糖水平正常。

They have normal glucose tolerance.

他们有正常的葡萄糖耐量。

They have normal insulin tolerance, whole body.

他们全身的胰岛素耐受性正常。

But their kidneys are dying.

但他们的肾脏正在死亡。

How come?

怎么会?

Can't be the glucose.

不可能是葡萄糖吧

It's the insulin.

这是胰岛素。

Because insulin's the bad guy.

因为胰岛素是坏人。

Insulin's actually making the kidney disease.

胰岛素实际上会导致肾脏疾病。

And so these animals that are insulin resistant, they have diabetic nephropathy without diabetes.

因此,这些具有胰岛素抵抗的动物,它们患有糖尿病肾病,但没有糖尿病。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So the insulin is having a clearly negative effect on the kidneys without binding to the receptor.

因此,胰岛素在不与受体结合的情况下对肾脏产生明显的负面影响。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So circulating insulin can do stuff without binding to its receptor.

因此,循环中的胰岛素可以在不与其受体结合的情况下发挥作用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, no, it binds to its receptor in different parts of the body.

嗯,不,它与身体不同部位的受体结合。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Other parts of the body.

身体其他部位。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Other parts of the body.

身体其他部位。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But in the kidney, it can't because it's a knockout.

但在肾脏中,它不能,因为它是敲除的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because it's knockout, right.

因为这是淘汰赛,对吧。

The point is, insulin does stuff by itself, and it turns out insulin drives growth.

关键是,胰岛素本身就能发挥作用,而且事实证明胰岛素可以促进生长。

Now, every cell in your body wants to burn at one time in its life and wants to grow at another time in its life.

现在,你体内的每个细胞都想在其生命中的某一时刻燃烧,并在其生命的另一时刻希望生长。

Every cell has those two pathways, burning, growth, burning, growth.

每个细胞都有这两条途径:燃烧、生长、燃烧、生长。

What determines whether a cell should be burning or whether a cell should be growing?

是什么决定了细胞是否应该燃烧或细胞是否应该生长?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I don't know what makes it burning, but presumably it has something to do with mitochondria.

我不知道是什么让它燃烧,但大概与线粒体有关。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It has everything to do with mitochondria.

它与线粒体有关。

So every cell needs to burn and needs to grow at a different time in its life.

因此,每个细胞都需要在其生命的不同时间燃烧和生长。

Here's a way to think about it.

这里有一个思考的方法。

We all start out as a zygote, a single cell.

我们都是从受精卵、单个细胞开始的。

We end up an adult.

我们最终都成为了成年人。

Now, that single cell had to become two cells.

现在,那个单个细胞必须变成两个细胞。

Those two cells had to become four cells.

这两个细胞必须变成四个细胞。

Those four cells had to become eight cells, and on and on.

这四个单元必须变成八个单元,等等。

So every cycle, there's a doubling.

所以每个周期都会加倍。

How many doublings to get from a zygote to an adult?

从受精卵到成体要经过多少倍倍增?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's an exponential growth, so-

这是一个指数级的增长,所以——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

I don't know it off the top of my head.

我根本不知道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Forty-one.

四十一。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Forty-one?

四十一?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Forty-one.

四十一。

Two to the 41 doublings gets you to-

2 到 41 倍加倍让你-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Gives you an organism?

给你一个有机体?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

10 trillion cells.

10万亿个细胞。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We're 10 trillion cells?

我们有10万亿个细胞?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We're 10 trillion cells.

我们有 10 万亿个细胞。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Do we know that?

我们知道吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Two to the 41.

2 到 41。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay, now, of those 41 doublings, some of them had to occur in utero, some of them had to occur postnatally.

好吧,现在,在这 41 次加倍中,有些必须在子宫内发生,有些必须在出生后发生。

So I need two numbers that add up to 41.

所以我需要两个加起来为 41 的数字。

How many in utero, how many postnatally?

宫内有多少,产后有多少?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, you start off with a lot more than you end up with, but then you have cells that turn over throughout the lifespan, so this is a tough one.

好吧,你一开始的数量比最终的要多得多,但细胞在整个生命周期中都会更新,所以这是一个艰难的过程。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because skin cells turn over.

因为皮肤细胞会更新。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Sure.

当然。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

With neurons, it's pretty straightforward because you're going to, at somewhere between three and ten-

对于神经元来说,这非常简单,因为你将在三到十之间的某个位置-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

What you get is what you get.

你得到的就是你得到的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Well, and you're born with somewhere between three and 10 X of what you end up with, depending on the brain structure.

嗯,你生来就有的东西是你最终拥有的东西的三到十倍,这取决于大脑的结构。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But for whole body-wide, I don't know how you'd come up with that number.

但对于整个身体来说,我不知道你是如何得出这个数字的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Thirty-six and five.

三十六又五。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Thirty-six doublings prenatally, five doublings postnatally.

产前加倍 36 次,产后加倍 5 次。

And I can prove that to you, too.

我也可以向你证明这一点。

Typical baby weighs seven pounds.

典型的婴儿重七磅。

First doubling, 14 pounds, second doubling, 28 pounds, sixth doubling, 56 pounds, next doubling, 112 pounds, next doubling, 224 pounds.

第一次加倍,14 磅,第二次加倍,28 磅,第六次加倍,56 磅,下一次加倍,112 磅,下一次加倍,224 磅。

That's-

那是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hopefully it stops there

希望它停在那里

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

obese individual.

肥胖个体。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hopefully it stops there.

希望它就此停止。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Not all people, 212 pounds are obese.

不是所有的人,212斤都是肥胖。

But some people who are of certain heights or below are-

但有些身高或低于一定高度的人是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

212 are obese.

212 人肥胖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Point is, the cell has to know when to grow and when to burn.

重点是,细胞必须知道何时生长、何时燃烧。

It turns out that the signal for that is oxygen, because oxygen's necessary for mitochondria to be able to burn.

事实证明,这个信号是氧气,因为氧气是线粒体燃烧所必需的。

In the absence of oxygen, the cell only knows how to grow.

在没有氧气的情况下,细胞只知道如何生长。

And this is actually why Otto Warburg won the Nobel Prize in 1931 for the Warburg effect.

这实际上也是奥托·瓦尔堡 (Otto Warburg) 因瓦尔堡效应而获得 1931 年诺贝尔奖的原因。

He asked the question, how come cancer cells don't need oxygen to grow?

他问,为什么癌细胞不需要氧气来生长?

And the answer is because no cell needs oxygen to grow.

答案是因为没有细胞需要氧气来生长。

In fact, oxygen is the thing that prevents growth Famous article from the New England Journal of Medicine, 1951, "Mount Everest in Utero" because every fetus is oxygen deprived.

事实上,氧气是阻碍生长的因素。《新英格兰医学杂志》1951 年的著名文章“子宫内的珠穆朗玛峰”,因为每个胎儿都缺氧。

So normal partial pressure of oxygen, 100 millimeters of mercury out here, right?

那么正常的氧分压是 100 毫米汞柱,对吧?

If I checked your blood, it'd be about 100, right?

如果我检查你的血液,大约是100,对吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I hope so.

我希望如此。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

How about a tumor cell?

肿瘤细胞怎么样?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm guessing tumor cell's probably...

我猜肿瘤细胞可能...

Is it double?

是双的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

About 44.

大约44。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wait, you just told me-

等等,你刚刚告诉我——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Partial pressure of oxygen in a tumor cell is about 44.

肿瘤细胞内的氧分压约为 44。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But you just told me that, well, tumor cells, which grow like wild.

但你刚刚告诉我,肿瘤细胞会疯狂生长。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

They grow like wild because they don't have oxygen.

它们像野生动物一样生长,因为它们没有氧气。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So here's what's peculiar about it.

这就是它的奇特之处。

Tumor cells are some of the most vascularized cells, or tumors are heavily vascularized.

肿瘤细胞是血管化程度最高的细胞之一,或者肿瘤是血管化程度最高的细胞。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, they're trying to-

嗯,他们正在尝试-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

One way to try and kill one-

尝试杀死一个人的一种方法是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To get nutrients

为了获取营养

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is to devascularize the tumor cell.

是使肿瘤细胞去血管化。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Yes, and angiogenesis inhibition, et cetera, is a big deal.

是的,血管生成抑制等是一件大事。

Judah Folkman and all that from Harvard.

犹大·福克曼(Judah Folkman)和哈佛大学的所有这些。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's a big deal.

这是一件大事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So the excess blood to a tumor is the attempt to bring in oxygen that it's not getting.

因此,向肿瘤输送过多的血液是为了引入肿瘤无法吸收的氧气。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

As opposed to delivering lots of oxygen, and that's why it's growing.

与提供大量氧气相反,这就是它生长的原因。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But a fetus, what's the partial pressure in the placenta?

但是对于胎儿来说,胎盘内的分压是多少呢?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I don't know.

我不知道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

6 to 31.

6 至 31。

So it's actually like a mile above Mount Everest.

所以它实际上就像珠穆朗玛峰上方一英里一样。

That's how much oxygen the fetus gets.

这就是胎儿获得的氧气量。

And it's for that reason that you've got 36 doublings.

正因为如此,你才获得了 36 次加倍。

And then as soon as you're out, and you cut the cord and you start breathing and now your partial pressure's at 100, that's when growth slows down.

然后,一旦你出去,剪断脐带,你开始呼吸,现在你的分压为 100,那就是生长减慢的时候。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Has there been any effort to treat tumors by oxygenating tumors?

有没有通过给肿瘤供氧来治疗肿瘤的努力?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And what does that look like?

那是什么样子的?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

这就是高压氧疗法。

It's a thing.

这是一件事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, yeah.

哦,是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

We will probably do an episode on hyperbaric chambers.

我们可能会做一集关于高压舱的节目。

The reason we haven't yet is it's pretty niche, but there are people who own these things, who sit in these things.

我们还没有这样做的原因是它相当小众,但有人拥有这些东西,坐在这些东西里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so we got here by way of the bagel.

好的,我们是通过百吉饼到达这里的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So I just want to orient us.

所以我只是想引导我们。

You just had 250 calories of the bagel.

你刚刚吃了 250 卡路里的百吉饼。

We talked about glucose excursions.

我们讨论了血糖波动。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

But it's that insulin rise-

但这是胰岛素升高-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right

右

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

that's driving the adiposity, and it's also driving the growth, okay?

这会导致肥胖,也会导致生长,好吗?

In the absence of oxygen, because if you have oxygen, then you don't need that much insulin.

在没有氧气的情况下,因为如果你有氧气,那么你就不需要那么多的胰岛素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because you're going to burn instead of store.

因为你要烧掉而不是储存。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

In terms of the raw metabolism of carbohydrate, though, that glucose.

不过,就碳水化合物的原始代谢而言,即葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If I eat 250 calories of glucose, how much of that did I, quote-unquote, "actually eat?" How much is used?

如果我吃了 250 卡路里的葡萄糖,我“实际上吃了多少?”使用了多少?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

How much is used?

使用了多少?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Let's assume that I'm at my desk working, or I'm walking around a little bit.

假设我正在办公桌前工作,或者正在四处走动。

I'm not exercising hard in the subsequent hour.

接下来的一个小时里我没有剧烈运动。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So used for what, is the question.

那么用来做什么,是一个问题。

Used for-

用于-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm getting back to the calorie.

我又回到卡路里了。

Is a calorie a calorie?

一卡路里就是一卡路里吗?

Clearly, the answer is no, based on the processing of different types of calories.

显然,根据不同类型卡路里的处理,答案是否定的。

We established it for fat, the almonds.

我们为脂肪、杏仁建立了它。

We established it for protein.

我们为蛋白质建立了它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The porterhouse with butter.

上等腰肉牛排加黄油。

And now we're trying to establish that for the 250 calories of a bagel, which is glucose.

现在我们正试图确定一个百吉饼的 250 卡路里热量,即葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

So the glucose has to be phosphorylated, so you're going to lose an ATP in the process.

所以葡萄糖必须被磷酸化,所以你会在这个过程中失去 ATP。

So ATP goes to ADP, and then that ADP will go to AMP, adenosine monophosphate, which will then go to IMP, inositol monophosphate, which will then go to uric acid.

因此 ATP 转化为 ADP,然后 ADP 将转化为 AMP(单磷酸腺苷),然后再转化为 IMP(单磷酸肌醇),然后再转化为尿酸。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And that uric acid will be then released from the cell, circulate in the bloodstream, and hopefully go out in the kidney.

然后尿酸将从细胞中释放出来,在血液中循环,并有望在肾脏中排出。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In the process, that uric acid can inhibit mitochondrial function, and it can also inhibit endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which is the enzyme in your vasculature that is your endogenous blood pressure lowerer.

在此过程中,尿酸可以抑制线粒体功能,还可以抑制内皮一氧化氮合酶,这是脉管系统中的酶,可降低内源性血压。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right, by expanding blood vessels and capillaries.

是的,通过扩张血管和毛细血管。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

This is the mechanistic foundation of the drugs that were originally used for improving prostate function, but are used to treat erectile dysfunction, which are the PDE-

这是最初用于改善前列腺功能但用于治疗勃起功能障碍的药物的机制基础,这些药物是 PDE-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The PDE5 inhibitors

PDE5抑制剂

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

inhibitors, which allow nitric oxide to be around longer and more of it, right?

抑制剂,可以让一氧化氮存在时间更长、数量更多,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

People use it for other purposes, too.

人们也将它用于其他目的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now no one will forget if I cue it up with that example.

如果我用这个例子来暗示的话,没有人会忘记。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, in the neonatal intensive care unit, it closes patent ductus arteriosus, which is a big deal in the neonatal world.

嗯,在新生儿重症监护室,它关闭了动脉导管未闭,这在新生儿世界中是一件大事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, okay.

好吧,好吧。

I want to ask you about that.

我想问你这个问题。

So I heard two things.

所以我听到了两件事。

One is that glucose and the insulin that goes with it increases uric acid.

一是葡萄糖和与之相伴的胰岛素会增加尿酸。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Uric acid, while it has certain important functions in health, too much of it, you said, can inhibit nitric oxide.

尿酸虽然对健康有某些重要的作用,但你说尿酸过多会抑制一氧化氮。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Can inhibit nitric oxide.

能抑制一氧化氮。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So that means that the blood vessels and capillaries are going to stay more constricted-

所以这意味着血管和毛细血管将保持更加收缩-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right

没错

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

so blood pressure is going to be higher than it would be normally.

所以血压会比正常情况高。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And then uric acid is also inhibiting mitochondrial function.

然后尿酸也会抑制线粒体功能。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

But eating half a bagel isn't necessarily a terrible thing if it's within your caloric requirements.

但是,如果在您的热量需求范围内,吃半个百吉饼不一定是一件可怕的事情。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And it all depends on how much you clear and how high your insulin goes.

这一切都取决于您清除的量以及胰岛素的水平。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now, let's compare that 250 calories of glucose to 250 calories of fructose.

现在,让我们比较一下 250 卡路里的葡萄糖和 250 卡路里的果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Let's come up with a food example.

让我们举一个食物的例子。

250 calories of fructose would be trivial to consume in the form of high fructose corn syrup, right?

以高果糖玉米糖浆的形式摄入 250 卡路里的果糖是微不足道的,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, so remember that high fructose corn syrup is half glucose, half fructose.

好吧,所以请记住,高果糖玉米糖浆一半是葡萄糖,一半是果糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, okay.

哦,好吧。

So let's not use-

所以我们不要使用-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So it'd be 125, 125.

所以应该是 125、125。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So let's not use that.

所以我们不要使用它。

Well, so let's assume, so we can talk about a soda-

好吧,让我们假设一下,这样我们就可以讨论苏打水了——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

to get that 250 calories easily.

轻松获取 250 卡路里热量。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Especially if it's not a can or a European-sized bottle or can.

特别是如果它不是罐装或欧洲尺寸的瓶子或罐头。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Eight-ounce can of soda.

八盎司罐装苏打水。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

So eight-ounce can of soda And maybe let's include a food item.

八盎司罐装苏打水 也许我们还可以添加一些食品。

Let's talk like a store-bought packaged cookie.

让我们像商店购买的包装饼干一样说话。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

A couple of Oreos.

几块奥利奥。

Two Oreos.

两块奥利奥。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Probably get you to that 250 or maybe four Oreos.

可能会让你吃到 250 块或四块奥利奥。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Maybe three Oreos, yeah.

也许三块奥利奥,是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Oreo lovers everywhere celebrating.

奥利奥爱好者到处庆祝。

Three, 250 calories of fructose.

三、250卡路里的果糖。

What's the effect on uric acid?

对尿酸有什么影响?

What's the effect on caloric burn?

对卡路里燃烧有什么影响?

What's the effect on anything for that matter that we should be aware of?

我们应该注意的事情有什么影响?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right, so first of all, the Oreo has plenty of fructose in it, so keep that in mind.

好吧,首先,奥利奥含有大量果糖,所以请记住这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Let's say you consumed 250 calories in a bagel, because that's pretty much polymerized glucose, versus say the soda.

假设您在百吉饼中消耗了 250 卡路里,因为与苏打水相比,其中大部分是聚合葡萄糖。

So the bagel versus the soda, that's what you would ask.

所以你会问百吉饼与苏打水的对比。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Equivalent calories.

等量卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Equivalent calories.

等量卡路里。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or the bagel versus, let's say, two Oreos and a little bit of...

或者百吉饼与,比方说,两块奥利奥和一点......

Yeah, two Oreos.

是的,两块奥利奥。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

So number one, there's only half the glucose in the soda because the other half is the fructose.

第一,苏打水中只有一半的葡萄糖,因为另一半是果糖。

So 125, 125.

所以125、125。

So your glucose rise won't be as high.

所以你的血糖升高不会那么高。

Your glucose excursion will be lower.

您的血糖波动会更低。

This is actually one of the reasons why there's this thing called glycemic index.

这实际上就是为什么有血糖指数这个东西的原因之一。

And glycemic index is a canard.

血糖生成指数是一个谣言。

It's garbage.

这是垃圾。

It is complete and utter BS.

这完全是胡说八道。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The glycemic index?

血糖生成指数?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolute BS.

绝对是废话。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Oh.

哦。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Nothing is more egregious in terms of argument than the glycemic index.

没有什么比血糖指数更令人震惊的争论了。

And this is one of the things that dieticians promote and espouse, and one of the things that's got to go.

这是营养师提倡和拥护的事情之一,也是必须放弃的事情之一。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, we'll-

好吧,我们会-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

This is an idea that must die.

这是一个必须消亡的想法。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, we'll get back to why the glycemic index has got to die.

好吧,我们会回到为什么血糖指数必须消失。

But so that 250 calories...

但这样250卡路里...

And actually, can we make these equal, just for sake of simplicity?

实际上,为了简单起见,我们可以使它们相等吗?

Can we say 250 calories of glucose from the bagel versus 250 calories of fructose?

我们可以说百吉饼中含有 250 卡路里的葡萄糖,而果糖则含有 250 卡路里的热量吗?

How do we get 250 calories of pure fructose?

我们如何获得 250 卡路里的纯果糖?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We don't.

我们不这样做。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You can't.

你不能。

Okay, you got to bring the glucose with.

好吧,你得带上葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Lab fructose.

实验室果糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You'd have to make it crystal fructose in a lab.

你必须在实验室将其制成结晶果糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

All right.

好吧。

Then let's stay with the Oreos, which is half glucose, half fructose.

那么我们就继续吃奥利奥吧,它一半是葡萄糖,一半是果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

There is no fructose alone in nature.

自然界中不存在单独的果糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Even crackers, some of the ones that are salty are also sweet.

即使是饼干,有些咸的也有甜的。

They have fructose in them.

它们含有果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, absolutely.

是的,绝对是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

High fructose corn syrup.

高果糖玉米糖浆。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

On purpose.

故意的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

That's why it's impossible to eat just one.

这就是为什么只吃一个是不可能的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And so what's happening biochemically as a consequence of the fructose component specifically?

那么,果糖成分在生化方面到底发生了什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the fructose will, first of all, go into the intestine.

因此,果糖首先会进入肠道。

The intestine will metabolize some of that fructose through what is known as intestinal de novo lipogenesis.

肠道将通过所谓的肠道从头脂肪生成代谢一些果糖。

About 10% of that fructose will be turned into fat right in the intestine.

大约 10% 的果糖会在肠道内转化为脂肪。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that's because fructose, it just wants to be fat?

那是因为果糖,它只想发胖?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Fructose wants to be fat.

果糖想要变胖。

Fructose is the lipogenic substrate.

果糖是脂肪生成底物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Here, we're not talking about body fat, we're talking about fat molecules that can potentially be used as energy.

在这里,我们不是在谈论身体脂肪,而是在谈论可以用作能量的脂肪分子。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Triglyceride molecules.

甘油三酯分子。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

So 10% of that fructose will be turned into triglyceride right in the intestine and be released into the bloodstream, and it is the reason for a postprandial triglyceride response.

因此,10% 的果糖会在肠道中转化为甘油三酯并释放到血液中,这就是餐后甘油三酯反应的原因。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Postprandial is, and I'm including myself in this group, is nerd speak for after eating lunch.

餐后是指吃完午餐后的书呆子们所说的餐后,我自己也包括在这个群体中。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Typically it's lunch.

通常是午餐。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

So that's actually one of the drivers of cardiovascular pathology, that intestinal de novo lipogenesis, turning that fructose into triglyceride right in the intestine.

因此,这实际上是心血管病理学的驱动因素之一,即肠道从头脂肪生成,将果糖在肠道中转化为甘油三酯。

Now, there's a limit to how fast and how much the intestine can do that.

现在,肠道能做到这一点的速度和程度是有限的。

The rest of the fructose will be absorbed into the portal vein, but not before some of that fructose will make it further down and it will nitrate tight junction proteins.

其余的果糖将被吸收到门静脉中,但在此之前,一些果糖将使其进一步下降并硝酸化紧密连接蛋白。

Now, let's talk about that.

现在,我们来谈谈这个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, portal vein of the kidney.

好的,肾门静脉。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Portal vein goes to the liver.

门静脉进入肝脏。

Portal vein goes from the visceral, from the intestine, to the liver.

门静脉从内脏开始,从肠到肝脏。

That's the portal vein.

那是门静脉。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No kidney.

没有肾。

It doesn't feed the kidney.

它不滋养肾脏。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No kidney.

没有肾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No kidney.

没有肾。

Intestine to liver.

肠至肝。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

But fructose nitrates tight junction proteins.

但硝酸果糖是紧密连接蛋白。

Now, let me explain that to your audience.

现在,让我向听众解释一下。

Your intestine is a sewer.

你的肠道是一条下水道。

Definition of a sewer, a pipe with shit in it.

下水道的定义是里面有粪便的管道。

Okay?

好的?

That's a sewer.

那是一条下水道。

Our intestines are sewers.

我们的肠道是下水道。

There's junk in the center, and the job of the intestine is to move the junk through to the anus, absorbing the good stuff while you can.

中间有垃圾,肠道的工作是将垃圾移动到肛门,尽可能吸收好东西。

The intestine is made up of cells, intestinal epithelial cells, that are bound together and they're bound with proteins that basically form a barrier.

肠道由细胞、肠上皮细胞组成,这些细胞结合在一起,并与基本上形成屏障的蛋白质结合。

Those barriers are called tight junction proteins.

这些屏障称为紧密连接蛋白。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Things like claudins and things like that.

像克劳丁之类的东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Zonulin is the main one.

佐林(Zonulin)是主要的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Zonulin.

佐林。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay, there are others, but zonulin is the one that is defective in celiac disease.

好吧,还有其他的,但连蛋白是乳糜泻中存在缺陷的一种。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What defines a tight junction?

什么定义了紧密连接?

Is it completely impermeable or semipermeable?

是完全不透水还是半透水?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Completely impermeable.

完全不渗透。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Unless its function is inhibited.

除非它的功能受到抑制。

Turns out, if you alter the phosphorylation status or the nitrate status of that tight junction, it will become transiently permeable.

事实证明,如果改变该紧密连接的磷酸化状态或硝酸盐状态,它将变得短暂可渗透。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And so fructose nitrates tight junction proteins, causing them to be transiently permeable, allowing some of the junk in your intestine to get through into your bloodstream.

因此,硝酸果糖会形成紧密连接蛋白,使它们具有短暂的渗透性,从而使肠道中的一些垃圾进入血液。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So this is leaky gut?

那么这是肠漏吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

This is leaky gut.

这是肠漏。

This is what causes leaky gut.

这就是导致肠漏的原因。

Fructose is a driver of leaky gut.

果糖是肠漏的驱动因素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That causes inflammation at the level of the liver, which ultimately leads to systemic inflammation.

这会导致肝脏炎症,最终导致全身炎症。

One of the reasons why sensitivity CRP is high in patients who eat ultra-processed food.

食用超加工食品的患者CRP敏感性高的原因之一。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

CRP is C-reactive protein, which is a marker of essentially an inflammatory immune response.

CRP 是 C 反应蛋白,本质上是炎症免疫反应的标志物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

You don't want it too high.

你不希望它太高。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And 93% of Americans today are inflamed.

如今 93% 的美国人患有炎症。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Does that mean that 93% of Americans have leaky guts?

这是否意味着 93% 的美国人有漏气的情况?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

It does, because that's where it comes from.

确实如此,因为这就是它的来源。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So in addition to limiting fructose intake-

因此,除了限制果糖摄入量之外——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

what are things that support the tight junctions of the intestinal pathway?

哪些东西支持肠道通路的紧密连接?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So there are three barriers in your intestine to keep the junk where it belongs, in the center, so that it can get pooped out your behind.

因此,您的肠道内有三个屏障,可将垃圾保留在其所属的位置(中间),以便它们可以从您的臀部排出。

All right?

好的?

Three separate barriers.

三个独立的障碍。

One is a physical barrier called the mucin layer.

一种是称为粘蛋白层的物理屏障。

So it's a layer of mucus that actually sits on top of the intestinal epithelial cells.

所以它实际上是位于肠上皮细胞顶部的一层粘液。

Now, that mucin is a polysaccharide, and the bacteria can use that mucin layer for its own purposes.

现在,粘蛋白是一种多糖,细菌可以利用粘蛋白层来达到自己的目的。

It will eat your mucin layer if you don't feed your bacteria.

如果你不喂养细菌,它就会吃掉你的粘蛋白层。

You must feed your bacteria, or your bacteria will feed on you.

你必须喂养你的细菌,否则你的细菌就会以你为食。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

So you are in concert with your microbiome.

所以你与你的微生物组是一致的。

If you deprive your microbiome of the food that it needs, it will use you as its food, and that's one of the reasons why fiber is so important.

如果你剥夺了微生物组所需的食物,它就会把你当作它的食物,这就是纤维如此重要的原因之一。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So fiber to build up this mucin layer is one way to reinforce the-

因此,构建粘蛋白层的纤维是增强-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Physical barrier

物理屏障

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the fence that is the tight junctions, et cetera-

栅栏是紧密连接处,等等-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly

正是如此

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

between your intestine and the bloodstream.

在你的肠道和血液之间。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This raises an interesting point about fasting.

这提出了关于禁食的一个有趣的观点。

Many people, including myself, do a sort of pseudo intermittent fasting.

许多人,包括我自己,都会进行一种假间歇性禁食。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I eat my first meal somewhere between 11:00 and noon.

我的第一顿饭是在 11:00 到中午之间吃的。

I'm not strict about this.

我对此并不严格。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The 11:00 versus noon thing, and probably eat my last bite of food somewhere around 8:00 PM, and occasionally it's outside that window.

11:00 与中午的事情,可能是在晚上 8:00 左右吃最后一口食物,有时是在窗外。

I've done this for a long time.

我已经这样做很长时间了。

It just feels best to me.

这对我来说感觉最好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But other people use a shorter eating window.

但其他人则采用较短的进食时间。

One thing that I learned from a colleague at Yale-

我从耶鲁大学的一位同事那里学到一件事——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

who studies the gut microbiome that was surprising to me is that when you eat in that way, there's a long stretch of time, sometimes longer for people that have a shorter eating window-

研究肠道微生物群的研究让我感到惊讶的是,当你以这种方式进食时,会经历很长一段时间,对于饮食窗口较短的人来说,有时会更长-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

longer fasting window, that is-

更长的禁食窗口,即

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

where you're actually eating up your own intestinal lining.

你实际上是在吃掉自己的肠壁。

So this idea that fasting is so great for us, on the one hand might be true.

因此,禁食对我们如此伟大的想法一方面可能是正确的。

On the other hand, you're actually consuming components of your...

另一方面,你实际上正在消耗你的......

You're not feeding your gut microbiome, and you deplete it.

你没有喂养你的肠道微生物组,而是耗尽了它。

But here's where I was positively surprised.

但这就是我感到非常惊讶的地方。

When you do eat, provided that you eat enough fiber, and in particular, high quality fermented foods-

当你吃东西时,只要你吃足够的纤维,特别是高质量的发酵食品——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

low sugar fermented foods-

低糖发酵食品——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

it seems that the lining of the gut and the gut microbiome is replenished to a level that is greater than if you had eaten for longer periods of the 24-hour cycle.

似乎肠道内壁和肠道微生物群得到的补充水平比您在 24 小时周期中进食较长时间时的水平要高。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Do I have that right?

我有这个权利吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You do have it right, and I don't know why that is true, but it does seem to be the case.

你确实说得对,我不知道为什么会这样,但似乎确实如此。

And fermented foods, in part because they've got already short-chain fatty acids in them-

还有发酵食品,部分原因是它们已经含有短链脂肪酸——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

seem to help.

似乎有帮助。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is that the preferred food of the microbiome?

这是微生物组的首选食物吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, it's what the microbiome actually turns fiber into.

嗯,这就是微生物组实际上将纤维变成的东西。

So it's probably helping your intestinal epithelial cells in the same way the microbiome turning fiber into short-chain fatty acids helps.

因此,它可能对肠上皮细胞有帮助,就像微生物组将纤维转化为短链脂肪酸的帮助一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So it's what we call a postbiotic.

这就是我们所说的后生元。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So you have prebiotic, which is the food for the bacteria, you have the probiotic, which is the bacteria itself, and then you have the postbiotic, which is what the bacteria make in order to heal you.

所以你有益生元,它是细菌的食物,你有益生菌,它是细菌本身,然后你有后生元,它是细菌为了治愈你而产生的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

And so short-chain fatty acids are postbiotics.

因此,短链脂肪酸是后生元。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And there are a lot of people selling short-chain fatty acids, drinks and supplements and what have you.

还有很多人卖短链脂肪酸、饮料和补充剂等等。

Whether they work or not is another story.

它们是否有效是另一回事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If I consume fructose in the form of, let's say, a highly processed food, has minimal antioxidants, but it's got plenty of calories typically.

如果我食用高度加工食品形式的果糖,其抗氧化剂含量最低,但通常含有大量卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And it's disrupting the tight junctions, making my gut leaky.

它破坏了紧密的连接,让我的肠道漏气。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But I'm also eating fiber.

但我也吃纤维。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm having a meal that includes a salad.

我正在吃一顿包含沙拉的饭菜。

I'm having some probiotics.

我正在吃一些益生菌。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And then I want a couple of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, like the dark chocolate ones in particular.

然后我想要几杯里斯花生酱杯,尤其是黑巧克力杯。

I don't do this anymore, but I used to eat like that more often.

我不再这样做了,但我以前经常这样吃。

As time has gone on, I've become, I don't like to call it stricter, but I tend to like healthier foods over time.

随着时间的推移,我变得,我不喜欢称之为更严格,但随着时间的推移,我倾向于喜欢更健康的食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I think you can get away with different things at different stages of life.

我认为你可以在人生的不同阶段做不同的事情。

Although you work with young people, very young people, so we'll get to this, but how much damage am I doing by ingesting any fructose in the form of a highly processed food?

虽然你和年轻人一起工作,非常年轻人,所以我们会讨论这个,但是摄入高度加工食品形式的果糖会对我造成多大损害?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So I'll make it very simple, Andrew.

所以我会让事情变得非常简单,安德鲁。

I am for dessert.

我是来吃甜点的

For dessert.

甜点。

I am not for dessert for breakfast, lunch, snacks, and dinner.

我不喜欢早餐、午餐、小吃和晚餐的甜点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

So if you want to have a couple of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups as your dessert, in the same way as you might have a cognac for dessert, that's fine.

因此,如果您想有几个里斯花生酱杯作为甜点,就像您可能有一杯干邑白兰地作为甜点一样,那也可以。

I have no problem with that.

我对此没有问题。

The question is, are you going to eat Reese's Peanut Butter Cups for breakfast?

问题是,你早餐会吃里斯花生酱杯吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No, I don't eat breakfast.

不,我不吃早餐。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But no. I got it.

但没有。我得到了它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The National-

国家-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But I see your point.

但我明白你的意思。

Yeah

是啊

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

the National School Breakfast Program, which 29% of school children today consume, is a bowl of Froot Loops and a glass of orange juice.

如今,29% 的学童食用的国家学校早餐计划是一碗果圈和一杯橙汁。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh.

哦。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That is 41 grams of sugar.

即41克糖。

American Heart Association says that the upper limit for children should be 12 grams of added sugar per day.

美国心脏协会表示,儿童每天添加糖的上限应为12克。

That's 41 grams of added sugar, and it's just breakfast.

那是41克添加糖,而且只是早餐。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that's fructose rich.

那是富含果糖的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Totally.

完全可以。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Completely.

完全。

So the question is, which dessert are we talking about?

那么问题是,我们谈论的是哪种甜点?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Right, and can we adjust that morning meal to a different reality?

是的,我们可以根据不同的现实调整早餐吗?

Because I agree that there are plenty of kids eating that or a muffin that might be the equivalent.

因为我同意有很多孩子吃那个或可能是同等的松饼。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But what about the parent who says, "Okay, let's come up with a healthier option that the kid still likes," like a, I'm thinking back to my childhood, like a Honey Nut Cheerios or something.

但是如果家长说,“好吧,让我们想出一个孩子仍然喜欢的更健康的选择”,比如,我回想起我的童年,比如蜂蜜坚果麦片或其他什么。

So not Froot Loops, which is kind of the extreme.

所以不是 Froot Loops,这有点极端。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Take a look at the side of the package.

看一下包装的侧面。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No difference.

没有区别。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And now let's say they go with some like ...

现在假设他们和一些人一起去......

waffles that are made.

制作的华夫饼。

So with a pre-made mix, some milk, some butter, so mom or dad is making waffles.

所以,用预制的混合物,一些牛奶,一些黄油,所以妈妈或爸爸正在制作华夫饼。

Great, it sounds healthier, but then if you do the breakdown and we're still ending up at very high, are we basically eating dessert for breakfast in that case too?

太好了,听起来更健康,但是如果你进行细分,我们的结果仍然非常高,那么在这种情况下我们早餐基本上也是吃甜点吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Are we eating Eggo waffles or are we making waffles de novo from scratch in your own kitchen?

我们是在吃 Eggo 华夫饼,还是在您自己的厨房里从头开始制作华夫饼?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Let's say making-

让我们说制作-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Big difference.

差别很大。

Okay?

好的?

Because the Eggo waffles, replete with sugar on purpose because the food industry knows when they add it, you buy more because it's addictive.

因为 Eggo 华夫饼故意加了糖,因为食品工业知道他们什么时候添加糖,你就会买更多,因为它会让人上瘾。

Okay?

好的?

And we actually have the demographic, the mechanistic, the imaging, and also the economic data to demonstrate that sugar's addictive and the food industry knows it.

我们实际上有人口统计、机制、成像和经济数据来证明糖会让人上瘾,食品工业也知道这一点。

So have you ever heard of a phenomenon called price elasticity?

那么你听说过一种叫做价格弹性的现象吗?

Okay.

好的。

Price elasticity is an economic term that is used to ask the question, if the price of a given good goes up by 1%, that should result in reduction in purchase or consumption, because price influences consumption.

价格弹性是一个经济术语,用于提出这样的问题:如果某种商品的价格上涨 1%,就会导致购买或消费减少,因为价格会影响消费。

How much does it influence it?

对它的影响有多大?

So if something's price elastic, when the price goes up, consumption goes down equivalently.

因此,如果某种东西具有价格弹性,那么当价格上涨时,消费就会相应下降。

A food that is price elastic, the most price elastic food is eggs.

价格弹性最大的食物,价格弹性最大的食物是鸡蛋。

So when the price of eggs goes up 1%, consumption of eggs goes down 0.68%, meaning that eggs have a price elasticity of 0.32.

因此,当鸡蛋价格上涨1%时,鸡蛋消费量下降0.68%,这意味着鸡蛋的价格弹性为0.32。

Got it?

知道了?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Now, what's the most price inelastic food?

那么,最贵的无弹性食品是什么?

The top three most price inelastic foods are fast food-

价格最缺乏弹性的食品前三名是快餐——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Cereal?

麦片?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

0.81.

0.81。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can I guess?

我能猜到吗?

I like a good quiz.

我喜欢好的测验。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fast food 0.81, soft drinks at 0.79, and juice at 0.77.

快餐0.81,软饮料0.79,果汁0.77。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Meaning people will pay not whatever, but they're willing to pay more, more readily willing to pay more.

这意味着人们不会付出任何代价,但他们愿意付出更多,更愿意付出更多。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because of the sugar.

因为有糖。

Because it's addictive.

因为它会上瘾。

Because it's hedonic.

因为它是享乐的。

So many years ago, Andrew, you probably remember something called Keynesian economics.

安德鲁,很多年前,你可能还记得凯恩斯主义经济学。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And Keynesian economics was based on this concept of the rational actor.

凯恩斯主义经济学就是基于理性行为者这一概念。

And the rational actor can determine value, which is utility over cost.

理性行为者可以确定价值,即效用与成本之比。

And if you're a rational actor, you should be able to say, "Yeah, I'll buy that, but I won't buy that." Right?

如果你是一个理性的演员,你应该能够说,“是的,我会买那个,但我不会买那个。”正确的?

Okay.

好的。

In 1979, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, described the irrational actor.

1979年,诺贝尔奖获得者丹尼尔·卡尼曼和阿莫斯·特沃斯基描述了非理性的演员。

Now, the irrational actor cannot determine value, and the reason is because he is risk-averse, so the cost is always too great.

现在,非理性行为者无法确定价值,原因是他厌恶风险,所以成本总是太大。

So the utility may be the same, but the cost goes up because that's why they have aversive tendencies, the irrational actor.

因此,效用可能是相同的,但成本却上升了,因为这就是为什么他们有厌恶倾向,即非理性行为者。

Jeffrey Sachs has described the hedonic actor, who also cannot determine value because it doesn't matter what it costs.

杰弗里·萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs)描述了享乐型演员,他也无法确定价值,因为它的成本并不重要。

They need their fix.

他们需要修复。

And this is what's going on, and the food industry knows it.

这就是正在发生的事情,食品行业也知道这一点。

And that's why every food in the store has been spiked.

这就是为什么商店里的所有食物都被掺了毒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We talked about dessert for breakfast in the form of cereals.

我们讨论了谷物早餐的甜点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Some of which are disguised or couched as healthier.

其中一些被伪装或伪装成更健康。

I think of like Honey Nut Cheerios.

我觉得像蜂蜜坚果麦片。

It seems healthier than Froot Loops.

它似乎比果圈更健康。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's not.

事实并非如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It looks healthier just by way of color.

仅从颜色上看,它看起来更健康。

It looks kind of weedy color.

看起来有点像杂草的颜色。

And in terms of lunch, one of the things that I love about Europe is that the breads are amazing.

就午餐而言,我喜欢欧洲的一件事是面包很棒。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

The breads are terrific there.

那里的面包很棒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I like them because they're not as sweet.

我喜欢它们,因为它们不那么甜。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And so a sandwich from, not every deli, but from a typical sandwich shop or that one makes with store-bought bread, sliced bread in the US-

因此,三明治不是来自每个熟食店,而是来自典型的三明治店,或者是用商店购买的面包、美国切片面包制作的三明治——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

has a lot of fructose.

有大量的果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It does.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I looked this up prior to our-

我在我们之前查过这个-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It does

确实如此

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

discussion today.

今天的讨论。

So in some ways, dessert is being woven into foods that parents and/or kids, everyone, thinks are savory, we're actually eating sweets.

因此,在某些方面,甜点被融入到父母和/或孩子、每个人都认为美味的食物中,而我们实际上吃的是甜食。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly right.

完全正确。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But we don't taste them as sweet at a conscious level necessarily, right?

但我们不一定有意识地尝到它们的甜味,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But our taste buds do.

但我们的味蕾却如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's exactly right.

完全正确。

So the question is, why do they do that?

那么问题是,他们为什么要这样做?

So question for your audience.

所以向你的听众提问。

You buy a loaf of bread at the local bakery.

您在当地的面包店买了一条面包。

How soon before it stales?

多久之后就会变质?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Two days.

两天。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Two days.

两天。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

At best.

充其量。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If it's really great bread.

如果真的是很棒的面包的话。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The better the bread, the quicker it stales.

面包越好,坏得越快。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You buy a loaf of bread at the neighborhood grocery store.

您在附近的杂货店买了一条面包。

How soon before it stales?

多久之后就会变质?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, you've got probably a week, and then there's the moldy pieces at the end- ...

哦,你可能还有一周的时间,然后最后就会出现发霉的碎片——......

that if you're in college and you were me, you're trying to scrape that off.

如果你在上大学并且你是我,你就会试图把它刮掉。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, it can last up to three weeks, depending.

嗯,它可以持续长达三周,具体取决于。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

You could throw it in the freezer.

你可以把它扔进冰箱。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You probably do that with the bakery bread, but it's never the same.

你可能会用烘焙面包这样做,但它永远不会一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Never the same.

从来不一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's never the same.

它永远不一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the question is, why is that?

那么问题来了,这是为什么呢?

And the answer is sugar.

答案是糖。

The answer is sugar.

答案是糖。

So the grocery store bread had sugar added to it on purpose because when you bake it, the sugar does not evaporate.

所以杂货店的面包里故意添加了糖,因为当你烘烤它时,糖不会蒸发。

It stays in the bread, and the sugar is hygroscopic, meaning it holds onto water.

它留在面包中,并且糖具有吸湿性,这意味着它会保留水分。

This is a phenomenon that the food industry uses called water activity.

食品工业将这种现象称为水活度。

Okay?

好的?

And so it will hold onto water, and so it will stay spongy, and it will not stale as quickly as the bakery store bread, which did not have that sugar added to it.

所以它会保留水分,所以它会保持海绵状,而且它不会像面包店的面包那样很快变质,因为面包店里的面包没有添加糖。

So even something as benign as bread has been turned into something that ultimately leads to chronic metabolic disease.

因此,即使是像面包这样良性的东西也会变成最终导致慢性代谢疾病的东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We've pivoted somewhat from carbohydrate divided into glucose and fructose to a discussion of sugar.

我们已经从碳水化合物分为葡萄糖和果糖转向对糖的讨论。

Could you tell us the link between sugar and fructose?

您能告诉我们糖和果糖之间的联系吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So table sugar, what percentage of table sugar is fructose?

那么食糖中,果糖占食糖的比例是多少?

What percentage of brown sugar is fructose?

红糖中果糖的百分比是多少?

What percentage of the sugar that's added to food is high-fructose corn syrup on average?

食品中添加的糖平均有多少百分比是高果糖玉米糖浆?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Just because here what we're talking about is what you're describing as an intentional lacing of food-

只是因为我们在这里谈论的是你所描述的故意添加食物-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed

确实

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

with something that's addictive, but that's also processed very differently at the level of the kidney, at the level of the liver.

一些令人上瘾的东西,但在肾脏和肝脏水平上的处理方式也非常不同。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And it's bad.

这很糟糕。

It's a bad situation.

情况很糟糕。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So when we talk about sugar, I think we need to be as careful in describing what we really mean as when we talk about a calorie.

因此,当我们谈论糖时,我认为我们需要像谈论卡路里一样谨慎地描述我们的真正含义。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I completely agree.

我完全同意。

So for your audience, let's be very clear on definitions.

因此,对于您的听众来说,让我们明确定义。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Let's not use the word sugar because it has multiple definitions.

我们不要使用糖这个词,因为它有多种定义。

Let's use sucrose.

我们用蔗糖吧。

Sucrose is what you put in your coffee.

蔗糖是您在咖啡中添加的物质。

It's the crystals.

就是那些晶体。

Alright.

好吧。

It's cane sugar, beet sugar, the stuff that you...

这是蔗糖、甜菜糖,你...

Teaspoons of, right?

茶匙,对吧?

This was all that was available for many years.

这就是多年来所能得到的一切。

That is one molecule of glucose, one molecule of fructose bound together, for the chemists out there, an O-glycosidic linkage.

对于化学家来说,这是一个结合在一起的葡萄糖分子和果糖分子,即 O-糖苷键。

Okay?

好的?

The enzyme in your intestine called sucrase cleaves this O-glycosidic linkage in about a nanosecond.

肠道中称为蔗糖酶的酶会在大约一纳秒内裂解这种 O-糖苷键。

You absorb the two molecules separately.

您分别吸收两个分子。

The glucose goes to the entire body, generates an insulin response.

葡萄糖进入整个身体,产生胰岛素反应。

The fructose goes straight to your liver, generates fat.

果糖直接进入肝脏,产生脂肪。

That's sucrose.

那是蔗糖。

High-fructose corn syrup is essentially one molecule of glucose, one molecule of fructose, not bound together.

高果糖玉米糖浆本质上是一分子葡萄糖,一分子果糖,没有结合在一起。

No O-glycosidic linkage.

无O-糖苷键。

So they're free.

所以他们是自由的。

The enzyme sucrase doesn't care because the bond's already broken.

蔗糖酶并不关心,因为键已经断裂了。

Ultimately, they do the same thing, and that's why high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose are indistinguishable metabolically.

最终,它们做同样的事情,这就是为什么高果糖玉米糖浆和蔗糖在代谢上没有区别。

What they are is they're very different economically, and the reason is because high-fructose corn syrup's half the price of sucrose.

它们的本质是它们在经济上有很大不同,原因是高果糖玉米糖浆的价格是蔗糖的一半。

Because sucrose we get from importing, and high-fructose corn syrup we make at home.

因为我们从进口中获得蔗糖,而高果糖玉米糖浆是我们在家里制作的。

Sucrose is in bags.

蔗糖是装在袋子里的。

High-fructose corn syrup is in barrels.

高果糖玉米糖浆装在桶中。

Sucrose you can sell at the store.

蔗糖可以在商店出售。

High-fructose corn syrup you sell to the ultra-processed food manufacturer.

您出售给超加工食品制造商的高果糖玉米糖浆。

You can't buy high-fructose corn syrup at the grocery store.

您无法在杂货店购买高果糖玉米糖浆。

So they're very different in terms of what they're used for.

因此,它们的用途非常不同。

High-fructose corn syrup is particularly egregious because it's so miscible, because it's already a liquid.

高果糖玉米糖浆尤其令人震惊,因为它非常易混溶,因为它已经是液体了。

So you probably remember Chips Ahoy!

所以你可能还记得 Chips Ahoy!

cookies in the old days.

过去的饼干。

Okay.

好的。

Often it would seem like the sugar in the cookie had crystallized because the-

通常,饼干中的糖似乎已经结晶,因为-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm

毫米

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

sugar content was so high.

含糖量那么高。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's been a while since I've had one.

我已经有一段时间没有吃过一次了。

They weren't particularly good.

他们不是特别好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Well, now-

好吧,现在——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But you eat two of them, and then you think they're good, and then you want to eat four.

但是你吃了两个,然后你觉得它们很好,然后你想吃四个。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's what's so odd.

这就是奇怪的地方。

The first bite is kind of like ugh.

第一口有点像呃。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And then it's bombs away.

然后炸弹就消失了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

There you go.

就这样吧。

Well, now it's chewy Chips Ahoy!

好吧,现在是有嚼劲的薯片啊嘿!

cookies.

曲奇饼。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, I remember-

哦,我记得——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And the reason-

而原因是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the chewy Chips Ahoy!

耐嚼的薯条 嘿!

cookies

饼干

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

Remember chewy Chips Ahoy!

记住耐嚼的薯条啊嘿!

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's high-fructose corn syrup.

嗯,那是高果糖玉米糖浆。

Because the two molecules are free, they don't crystallize, so you can actually up the dose.

由于这两个分子是游离的,因此它们不会结晶,因此您实际上可以增加剂量。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Several times throughout today's discussion, you've been talking about the, quote-unquote, food industry.

在今天的讨论中,您多次谈论食品行业。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so I'm not a conspiracy theorist.

好吧,所以我不是阴谋论者。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I am.

我是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But I-

但我——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Now

现在

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But I understand that most businesses exist to make money.

但我知道大多数企业的存在都是为了赚钱。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Many businesses start off with good intentions and drift in order to stay competitive.

许多企业一开始都是出于良好的意愿,但为了保持竞争力而逐渐转变。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And many businesses, as we know, not all of which are entirely bad, such as the pharmaceutical industry, right?

正如我们所知,许多行业并非都是完全糟糕的,例如制药行业,对吧?

There are bad, there are instances of the opioid crisis, but then there are drugs from the pharmaceutical industry that help save lives.

有糟糕的情况,有阿片类药物危机的例子,但制药行业的药物也有助于拯救生命。

That's my stance.

这就是我的立场。

The food industry, I think there are good actors and there are bad actors, but we're talking about the food industry here.

食品行业,我认为有好演员,也有坏演员,但我们这里谈论的是食品行业。

Okay.

好的。

Well, we can talk about the exercise industry, or we can talk about the podcast industry.

嗯,我们可以谈谈运动行业,也可以谈谈播客行业。

You got good actors and bad actors.

有好演员,也有坏演员。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But what you've alluded to several times here, and you're more informed than I am, is a concerted effort to lace food with a form of sugar that makes people crave more of that food and that is causing metabolic illness, disrupting mitochondria, and on and on.

但你在这里多次提到过,你比我更了解情况,那就是在食物中掺入某种形式的糖,这会让人们渴望更多这种食物,从而导致代谢疾病、破坏线粒体等等。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And you're the physician, not me.

你是医生,不是我。

You've worked with patients who struggle with obesity and for various reasons.

您曾与因各种原因而与肥胖作斗争的患者一起工作过。

Not me.

不是我。

And so we could probably spend hours, if not days, talking about all the terrible things that the, quote-unquote, food industry has done.

因此,我们可能会花几个小时,甚至几天的时间,谈论食品行业所做的所有可怕的事情。

But what do you think is the pure motivation, right?

但你认为纯粹的动机是什么,对吧?

I don't think that they want people to be sick, but they want to sell product, and this sells more product.

我不认为他们希望人们生病,但他们想销售产品,这样就能销售更多产品。

So then it raises two questions.

那么这就提出了两个问题。

Why is it that more people don't know this information, although many more will know after today's conversation.

为什么更多的人不知道这个信息,虽然经过今天的谈话会有更多的人知道。

But and certainly in government, it's a mix, regardless of what side of the aisle you're on or if you're right in between.

但当然,在政府中,这是一个混合体,无论你站在哪一边,或者是否处于两者之间。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

There are clearly people that care about the health of themselves and others, so I can understand how things might have gotten to this point, but what do you think are the barriers to getting people to appreciate just what a problem this is, and getting people to change their choices in terms of what they're eating?

显然有人关心自己和他人的健康,所以我可以理解事情是如何发展到这个地步的,但你认为让人们认识到这是一个多么严重的问题并让人们改变他们对饮食的选择的障碍是什么?

Are they truly addicted to the point where they are sick, they can't make good decisions like a drug addict who's highly addicted to heroin is a sick person.

他们是否真的上瘾到了生病的地步,他们无法做出正确的决定,就像一个对海洛因高度上瘾的吸毒者是一个病人一样。

They have an illness, and they need treatment.

他们有病,需要治疗。

But until they get that treatment, they can't make good decisions.

但在他们得到治疗之前,他们无法做出正确的决定。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Let's take an analogy.

我们打个比方。

Alcohol.

酒精。

40% of Americans are teetotalers, never touch the stuff.

40%的美国人是滴酒不沾的人,从不碰这些东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

40% don't drink?

40%不喝酒?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

40% don't drink.

40%不喝酒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Great.

太棒了。

I'm not a big fan of alcohol.

我不太喜欢喝酒。

I've never seen it make anyone better at anything that really matters.

我从未见过它能让任何人在真正重要的事情上变得更好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No, because it's-

不,因为它是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Except drinking

除了喝酒

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

it's also-

这也是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that doesn't really matter

这并不重要

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

completely vestigial.

完全退化了。

There's no biochemical reaction in the body that requires alcohol.

体内没有需要酒精的生化反应。

Okay?

好的?

For the same reason, by the way, fructose.

出于同样的原因,顺便说一句,果糖。

Forty percent are social drinkers.

百分之四十是社交饮酒者。

You know, can pick up a beer, put it down.

你知道,可以拿起一瓶啤酒,放下它。

I'm in that category.

我属于这一类。

10% are binge drinkers and 10% are chronic alcoholics.

10% 是酗酒者,10% 是长期酗酒者。

Okay?

好的?

Now, do you deprive the 40% of social drinkers because of the 20% of binge drinkers and chronic alcoholics?

现在,你是否因为 20% 的酗酒者和长期酗酒者而剥夺了 40% 的社交饮酒者的权利?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No.

不。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I believe people should be in choice, but I believe people should know what they are doing so that they can be in choice.

我相信人们应该有选择,但我相信人们应该知道自己在做什么,这样他们才能有选择。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well..

嗯..

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right?

对吗?

I always say, and I said this about the alcohol episode, which turned out to be one of our most prolific episodes, where I said that more than two drinks, zero is better than any and more than two drinks per week, you need to do other things to offset that, and it's problematic.

我总是说,我说的是关于酒精事件,结果这是我们最多产的事件之一,我说超过两杯酒,零比任何酒都好,每周喝两杯以上,你需要做其他事情来抵消它,这是有问题的。

Those are what the data say.

这些就是数据所说的。

But I would say do as you want, but know what you're doing.

但我会说做你想做的事,但知道你在做什么。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, so I would say that that's exactly what the food industry wants you to think.

嗯,所以我想说,这正是食品行业希望您想到的。

That is the food industry's mantra, is you have your own choice.

这是食品行业的座右铭,你有自己的选择。

Personal responsibility.

个人责任。

So the question is, does personal responsibility work?

那么问题是,个人责任有效吗?

And the answer is no, it doesn't.

答案是否定的,事实并非如此。

Every public health debacle in the history of mankind started out as a personal health issue before it became a public health crisis.

人类历史上的每一次公共卫生灾难都始于个人健康问题,然后才成为公共卫生危机。

And you can pick your personal responsibility issue, whether it be exposures, whether it be addictions, whether it be infections.

你可以选择你的个人责任问题,无论是接触、成瘾、感染。

Bottom line is, ultimately, it required a societal response.

底线是,最终需要社会的回应。

Okay?

好的?

We can talk about syphilis, we can talk about tuberculosis, ultimately needed a public health response.

我们可以谈论梅毒,我们可以谈论结核病,最终需要公共卫生应对措施。

We can talk about teen pregnancy, we can talk about-

我们可以谈论青少年怀孕,我们可以谈论-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Tobacco

烟草

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

tobacco.

烟草。

Ultimately needs a public health response because the sheer enormity of it and the egregiousness of it requires that public health response.

最终需要采取公共卫生应对措施,因为它的严重性和严重性需要采取公共卫生应对措施。

Well, turns out this is no different.

好吧,事实证明这没什么不同。

In order to exercise personal responsibility, four criteria have to be met.

为了履行个人责任,必须满足四个标准。

Those four criteria are the following.

这四个标准如下。

Number one, knowledge.

第一,知识。

You have to have the knowledge, because if you don't have the knowledge, then how can you exercise personal responsibility?

你必须有知识,因为如果你没有知识,那么你如何履行个人责任呢?

Well, in fact, the public's being kept from the knowledge.

嗯,事实上,公众不知道这些信息。

We're doing this now in part to entrain that knowledge, to get people to understand what the problem is.

我们现在这样做的部分原因是为了吸收这些知识,让人们了解问题所在。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, I consider myself pretty informed about nutrition and health, but already today, I've learned two dozen facts about processing of fructose and calories generally that I had no knowledge of prior.

是的,我认为自己对营养和健康非常了解,但今天,我已经了解了两打有关果糖和卡路里加工的事实,这些事实是我以前不知道的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's good.

嗯,那很好。

Okay?

好的?

Because it's not about the math, it's about the science.

因为这不是数学问题,而是科学问题。

Okay?

好的?

They want it to be about calories.

他们希望它与卡路里有关。

So we have this thing called food science, we have this thing called nutrition, and we have this thing called metabolic health.

所以我们有食品科学,营养学,代谢健康。

They are not the same.

它们不一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm.

嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Food science is what happens to food between the ground and the mouth.

食品科学是指食物在地面和口腔之间发生的变化。

Nutrition is what happens to food between the mouth and the cell.

营养是指食物在口腔和细胞之间发生的情况。

Metabolic health is what happens to food inside the cell.

代谢健康是指细胞内食物发生的情况。

But all of the chronic diseases that we are suffering from, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, dementia, fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian disease, those eight diseases, which make up 75% of healthcare expenditures in this country today, are all inside the cell because they are all mitochondrial dysfunction, and there is no medicine that gets to the mitochondria.

但我们所患的所有慢性疾病,2型糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常、心血管疾病、癌症、痴呆、脂肪肝、多囊卵巢疾病,这八种疾病,占当今国家医疗支出的75%,都在细胞内部,因为它们都是线粒体功能障碍,而没有药物可以到达线粒体。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Although you and others at Stanford, Harvard, et cetera, are starting this, with metabolic psychiatry being one instance, right?

尽管您和斯坦福大学、哈佛大学等机构的其他人正在开始这项工作,代谢精神病学就是一个例子,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And UCSF as well.

还有加州大学旧金山分校。

Forgive me-

原谅我-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Yes

是的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

I should mention UCSF upfront.

我应该提前提到加州大学旧金山分校。

Your home institution, a wonderful institution right up the road from Stanford.

你的家乡是一所很棒的机构,就在斯坦福大学的路上。

So, things are changing.

所以,事情正在发生变化。

People are starting to think about mitochondrial health.

人们开始考虑线粒体健康。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They are.

他们是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so you list off the first thing, and you said there are four things that stand as bare-

好的,所以你列出了第一件事,你说有四件事是赤裸裸的-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the first one was knowledge.

第一个是知识。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Knowledge.

知识。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Second, access.

第二,访问。

Because if you don't have access, then how can you exercise personal responsibility?

因为如果您没有访问权限,那么您如何履行个人责任?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Access to healthier alternatives.

获得更健康的替代品。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Which means cost-effective.

这意味着具有成本效益。

I love berries from the farmers market more than I love berries from the store.

我喜欢农贸市场的浆果胜过商店的浆果。

I love the farmers markets generally, but it takes time, energy to go there.

我总体上很喜欢农贸市场,但是去那里需要时间和精力。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It does.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And the cost is actually lower at the level of what you hand the vendor, typically.

通常,您向供应商提供的产品的成本实际上较低。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But volume is tough to achieve.

但数量很难达到。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They actually have me at a quota.

他们实际上对我有配额。

I'm not allowed to buy as many berries as I want- ...

我不可以想买多少浆果就买多少——...

because obviously there are other people who want berries.

因为显然还有其他人想要浆果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So there's that, right?

所以就是这样,对吧?

People have to feed their family.

人们必须养家糊口。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We're used to eating a lot of volume

我们习惯吃大量的食物

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

but you're able to at least go there.

但你至少可以去那里。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sometimes.

有时。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We're talking about people who live in, quote, "food deserts." We're also talking about people who live in food swamps.

我们谈论的是生活在“食物沙漠”中的人们。我们也在谈论生活在食物沼泽中的人们。

Okay?

好的?

And when we're talking about food swamps, we're not talking about a plethora of healthy foods.

当我们谈论食物沼泽时,我们并不是在谈论过多的健康食品。

We're talking about all the junk.

我们正在谈论所有垃圾。

They live in the swamp of junk.

他们生活在垃圾沼泽中。

So if you live in the swamp of junk, how are you supposed to exercise personal responsibility?

那么,如果你生活在垃圾沼泽中,你应该如何履行个人责任呢?

Number three, affordability.

第三,负担能力。

So you have to be able to afford your choice, and society has to be able to afford your choice.

所以你必须有能力承担你的选择,社会也必须有能力承担你的选择。

And right now, we can't afford that choice because healthcare costs right now are at $4.1 trillion a year.

目前,我们无法承担这样的选择,因为目前的医疗保健费用为每年 4.1 万亿美元。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But like so many things in behavioral economics and health, it's so hard for people to see that the immediate choice is leading to a higher cost down the road.

但就像行为经济学和健康领域的许多事情一样,人们很难看到立即的选择会导致未来更高的成本。

There are just too many nodes of separation for people to realize, hey, when I'm reaching for this cereal as opposed to making waffles for my kids from scratch, or they're thinking time efficiency, cost efficiency, volume, the kids not throwing tantrums because they're no longer getting the cereal, and it's very difficult to see this is the reason why healthcare costs are going up.

人们意识到有太多的分离节点,嘿,当我伸手去拿这种麦片而不是从头开始为我的孩子们做华夫饼时,或者他们在考虑时间效率、成本效率、数量时,孩子们不会因为不再吃麦片而发脾气,而且很难看出这是医疗费用上涨的原因。

There are just too many nodes of separation.

分离的节点太多了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, couldn't agree more.

嗯,完全同意。

But ultimately, it's because the government separates and silos food industry profits from healthcare costs.

但归根结底,这是因为政府将食品行业的利润与医疗保健成本分开并隔离。

If you actually combined those, because they ultimately are the same, you would see the problem.

如果你真的把它们结合起来,因为它们最终是相同的,你就会看到问题。

So globally, the food industry grosses $9 trillion a year.

因此,在全球范围内,食品行业每年的总收入为 9 万亿美元。

Healthcare costs globally cost $11 trillion a year, dietary-related healthcare costs.

全球医疗保健费用每年高达 11 万亿美元,其中与饮食相关的医疗保健费用。

Environmental costs cost $7 trillion a year, and productivity costs cost $1 trillion a year.

环境成本每年花费 7 万亿美元,生产力成本每年花费 1 万亿美元。

So when you do the math, nine minus 11 minus seven minus one means that there is a $10 trillion a year deficit because of us cleaning up the mess that the food industry makes.

因此,如果你算一下,9减11减7减1意味着每年有10万亿美元的赤字,因为我们清理了食品行业造成的混乱。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And while numbers like that-

虽然这样的数字-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's not affordable.

那是买不起的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

I agree, and while numbers like that land really hard, I find that for myself and for many people, statistics like that are hard to keep in mind in a way-- There's something about the human brain that hears that and goes, "Whoa." We're like, "That war cost that much, and this food issue costs that much."

我同意,虽然这样的数字确实很难理解,但我发现对于我自己和许多人来说,这样的统计数据在某种程度上很难记住——人类大脑听到这个数据后会说“哇”。我们就像是,“那场战争付出了那么多代价,这次粮食问题也付出了那么多代价。”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And then we go to the store, and we're hungry.

然后我们去商店,我们饿了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And the kids are hungry.

而且孩子们都饿了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're needy.

他们很需要帮助。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And so those nodes of separation, it's almost like a neural/memory/prefrontal cortex issue to me.

因此,这些分离节点对我来说几乎就像是神经/记忆/前额皮质问题。

And of course, I look at everything through the lens of neurobiology.

当然,我从神经生物学的角度看待一切。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Me too.

我也是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Not everything, but most everything.

不是一切,但几乎一切。

And so how could I not?

那么我怎么能不呢?

How could we not?

我们怎么能不呢?

But then the issue is, well, there's still food on the shelves.

但问题是,货架上仍然有食物。

What do we do to bring closer together these nodes?

我们该怎么做才能使这些节点更紧密地结合在一起?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the question is-

所以问题是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What would the government do?

政府会做什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the question is, is there food on the shelves?

那么问题来了,货架上还有食物吗?

Let me finish the fourth one, and then I want to come back to that point.

让我完成第四个,然后我想回到这一点。

Let me just finish a concept.

让我先完成一个概念。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So affordability.

所以负担得起。

And number four, externalities.

第四,外部性。

Your choice can't hurt anybody else.

你的选择不能伤害任何人。

But what if your choice does hurt somebody else?

但如果你的选择确实伤害了别人怎么办?

So like for tobacco, secondhand smoke.

就像烟草、二手烟一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

For alcohol, drunk driving.

对于酗酒、醉酒驾驶。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What was the argument for teen pregnancy, that someone else was going to have to raise the kids?

青少年怀孕的论据是什么,认为其他人必须抚养孩子?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

All right.

好的。

But what about for food?

但对于食物呢?

Okay.

好的。

Well, how about the fact that your employer, Stanford University, has to pay $2,750 per year in obesity-related healthcare expenses that they have passed on to you, even though you're not obese?

好吧,你的雇主斯坦福大学每年必须支付 2,750 美元的与肥胖相关的医疗费用,而这些费用转嫁给你,即使你并不肥胖,这又如何呢?

That is affecting you.

这正在影响你。

So that guy's obesity right there, that is affecting you.

所以那个人的肥胖正在影响你。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Ah.

啊。

But there, nowadays, it's especially tricky even to have the conversation.

但如今,即使是进行对话也变得特别棘手。

I'm willing to have it now.

我现在就愿意拥有它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Which is that-

那是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Let's have it

让我们拥有它吧

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

there's this whole concept of fat-shaming, right?

这就是肥胖羞辱的整个概念,对吗?

So if somebody's obese, whose fault is it?

那么,如果有人肥胖,这是谁的错呢?

And if we even talk about it, are we subject to attack, legitimate attack?

如果我们谈论这个问题,我们是否会受到攻击,合法的攻击?

So calling someone obese at a clinical level, you're an expert in endocrinology.

因此,在临床层面称某人为肥胖,那么您就是内分泌学专家。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Don't talk about obesity.

不谈肥胖。

Let's talk about diabetes.

我们来谈谈糖尿病吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so talk about-

好吧,那么谈谈——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Different-

不同——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the consequence of obesity.

肥胖的后果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Let's talk about the metabolic health issue itself.

让我们谈谈代谢健康问题本身。

Okay?

好的?

The fact is that diabetes is now 11.4% of America.

事实上,美国现在有 11.4% 的人患有糖尿病。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What was it 20 years ago?

20年前是什么情况?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

20 years ago, it was about 8%.

20年前,这一比例约为8%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I was wondering this earlier.

我之前就想知道这个问题。

20 years ago, there was a lot more margarine in refrigerators, but people were thinner, and there was less diabetes.

20年前,冰箱里的人造黄油多了很多,但人们更瘦了,糖尿病也更少了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Everything you told us about margarine and trans fats is that it's bad.

你告诉我们的关于人造黄油和反式脂肪的一切都是不好的。

Now, butter is back, as "Time" Magazine and you said.

现在,黄油又回来了,正如《时代》杂志和你所说的那样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So clearly can't be the transition away from trans fats that's increased obesity.

因此,显然,远离反式脂肪不会导致肥胖增加。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, no.

嗯,不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So it's going to be the increase in sugar and-

所以这将是糖的增加——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's the increase in sugar

就是糖分增加了

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and these hidden sugars in foods.

以及食物中隐藏的糖分。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

The key, though, is Pakistan and India and China.

不过,关键是巴基斯坦、印度和中国。

They are not fat, but they have 14% diabetes rates, and they're thin.

他们并不胖,但糖尿病发病率高达 14%,而且他们很瘦。

And the reason is because of ultra-processed food.

原因是因为超加工食品。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Are there any countries in the world that don't allow high-fructose corn syrup, or at least not at the level that we do?

世界上是否有国家不允许使用高果糖玉米糖浆,或者至少不允许使用高果糖玉米糖浆?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Oh.

哦。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Their frequencies.

他们的频率。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Boatloads.

满船。

Okay?

好的?

There are boatloads of countries that don't import high-fructose corn syrup or don't make it.

有很多国家不进口或不生产高果糖玉米糖浆。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So Scandinavian countries?

那么斯堪的纳维亚国家呢?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Scandinavian countries, most of Europe.

斯堪的纳维亚国家,欧洲大部分地区。

Other than the Asia-Pacific Rim, so Japan has it.

除了亚太地区以外,日本也有。

In fact, it was invented in Japan, 1966, Saga Medical School, Takasaki et al.

其实它是日本1966年发明的,佐贺医科大学的高崎等人。

Korea has it, but Australia does not have it.

韩国有,但澳大利亚没有。

Thailand does not have it, but they have just as much of an obesity and diabetes problem as we do because they have sucrose.

泰国没有蔗糖,但他们和我们一样有肥胖和糖尿病问题,因为他们有蔗糖。

Because high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose are no different metabolically.

因为高果糖玉米糖浆和蔗糖在代谢上没有什么不同。

So it doesn't really matter.

所以这并不重要。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's that one-to-one ratio.

就是这个一比一的比例。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's the one-to-one thing.

这是一对一的事情。

Exactly.

确切地。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Of glucose and fructose.

葡萄糖和果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So here's the question, Andrew.

所以这是问题,安德鲁。

Okay.

好的。

So I want to go back to that.

所以我想回到那个话题。

You said all this food is still on the shelves.

你说所有这些食物都还在货架上。

Is it food?

是食物吗?

What is the definition of food?

食物的定义是什么?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can I give the definition I think most people would give?

我可以给出大多数人都会给出的定义吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Go ahead.

继续吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's not necessarily the one I would give.

那不一定是我会给出的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Go ahead.

继续吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But something that contains caloric energy.

但含有热量的东西。

I could eat this microphone, but it's not going to provide much useful energy.

我可以吃掉这个麦克风,但它不会提供太多有用的能量。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The definition of food, straight from the dictionary, and believe me, I looked it up and memorized it.

食物的定义,直接来自字典,相信我,我查阅并记住了它。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I believe you.

我相信你。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Substrate that contributes to either growth or burning of an organism.

有助于生物体生长或燃烧的基质。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting.

有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That is the definition of food.

这就是食物的定义。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sounds pretty scientific for-

听起来很科学——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

100% correct.

100%正确。

Growth or burning.

生长或燃烧。

So any substrate that passes your lips that contributes to either growth or burning, that's food.

因此,任何通过嘴唇并有助于生长或燃烧的基质都是食物。

Okay, let's do it.

好吧,我们开始吧。

Let's do burning first.

我们先进行燃烧。

I just showed you that sugar, which is the marker of ultra-processed food, and 73% of the items in the grocery store are spiked with sugar, inhibits burning.

我刚刚向您展示了糖,这是超加工食品的标志,杂货店 73% 的商品都添加了糖,它可以抑制燃烧。

It inhibits those three enzymes involved in mitochondrial function.

它抑制参与线粒体功能的三种酶。

Now let's do growth.

现在让我们进行增长。

My colleague, Dr. Efrat Monsonego Ornan, who is the chairman of nutrition at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, actually looked at this question and showed that ultra-processed food actually inhibits growth.

我的同事、耶路撒冷希伯来大学营养学系主任 Efrat Monsonego Ornan 博士实际上研究了这个问题,并表明超加工食品实际上会抑制生长。

It inhibits cortical bone growth.

它抑制皮质骨生长。

It inhibits trabecular bone growth.

它抑制骨小梁的生长。

It inhibits cancellous bone growth.

它抑制松质骨的生长。

It inhibits linear bone growth.

它抑制线性骨生长。

It hijacks growth for cancer because it inhibits mitochondria, and so you have to then grow instead of burn.

它会抑制癌症的生长,因为它会抑制线粒体,所以你必须生长而不是燃烧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And this was work that was done in vivo or in vitro?

这是在体内还是体外进行的工作?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In vivo.

体内。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

In vivo.

体内。

So these are people that are eating high amounts of highly processed foods.

这些人正在吃大量的精加工食品。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How did you find those in the Middle East?

您是如何在中东找到这些的?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In Israel, they found them.

在以色列,他们找到了他们。

So the bottom line is, if a substrate does not contribute to growth and does not contribute to burning, is it a food?

所以底线是,如果基质不促进生长也不促进燃烧,它是食物吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I see the answer is no.

我看到答案是否定的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's 73% of what's in the grocery store.

好吧,这就是杂货店里 73% 的东西。

So I would argue, you said the food's there.

所以我会争辩说,你说食物就在那里。

No, it's not.

不,不是。

That's not food.

那不是食物。

In fact, it's consumable poison.

事实上,它是消耗性毒药。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So this leads to an important question of what's left?

那么这就引出了一个重要的问题:还剩下什么?

You remove all that, what's left?

把这些都去掉,还剩下什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Just anecdotally, and what I sometimes call anecdata.

只是轶事,我有时称之为轶事。

I've had several friends in their-

我有几个朋友在他们的——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

40s and early 50s say they want to lose weight and get in shape.

40 多岁和 50 岁出头的人表示他们想要减肥并保持身材。

And the-

还有-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the thing that's worked every single time for them to lose significant amounts-

每次都有效的方法让他们损失惨重——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of weight quickly and keep it off, and many of them were already exercising but then also increased their exercise-

体重迅速减轻并保持下来,他们中的许多人已经在锻炼,但随后又增加了运动量——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

was I just, since I'm not a dietician, nutritionist, or anything, I just say, "Eat meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits.

我只是,因为我不是营养师、营养师或任何人,我只是说,“吃肉、鱼、蛋、蔬菜、水果。

You're not going to eat starches.

你不会吃淀粉类食物。

You're not going to drink alcohol.

你不会喝酒。

You're not going to drink soda.

你不会喝苏打水。

You can still have coffee, tea.

你仍然可以喝咖啡、茶。

You can still have artificial sweeteners."

你仍然可以使用人造甜味剂。”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We'll get to artificial sweeteners in a little bit.

我们稍后会讨论人造甜味剂。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

We have to go there.

我们必须去那里。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And the reason I say no starches, even though I personally eat rice, oatmeal, pasta, things of that sort, some in moderation, depending on-

我之所以说不吃淀粉,尽管我个人吃米饭、燕麦片、面食之类的东西,有些是适量的,取决于——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

what sort of exercise I'm doing and how much-

我正在做什么运动以及运动量是多少-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is because of the fact that nowadays many of those things contain fructose.

是因为现在许多这些东西都含有果糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And inevitably, every one of those people is blown away by the fact that it, quote-unquote, "works," and assumes that it's all because of reduced calorie intake overall.

不可避免地,每个人都对它“有效”这一事实感到震惊,并认为这都是因为总体卡路里摄入量减少了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Nope.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And they lose anywhere from 30 to 55 pounds-

他们减掉了 30 到 55 磅——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly

正是如此

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and keep it off and they're like, "Hey, this is great.

然后把它关掉,他们就会说,“嘿,这太棒了。

I can actually still eat rib eye steaks and salads" but they're not eating croutons.

实际上我仍然可以吃肋眼牛排和沙拉”,但他们不吃油煎面包块。

And so in some sense, it looks extreme.

所以从某种意义上说,它看起来很极端。

It sounds ketogenic, but it's nothing like that.

这听起来像是生酮,但事实并非如此。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You're just saying, basically, you're eliminating processed foods, you're eliminating liquid calories in general, and on and on.

你只是说,基本上,你正在消除加工食品,你正在消除一般的液体热量,等等。

And so there's nothing sophisticated about it and my question to you is, how much of that weight loss effect do you think is a calories in versus calories out effect, because they're eating a lot of food in some cases, and how much of it do you think is the elimination or near elimination of this fructose or this glucose-fructose combination?

所以这没有什么复杂的,我问你的问题是,你认为减肥效果中有多少是卡路里摄入与卡路里消耗效应,因为他们在某些情况下吃了很多食物,你认为有多少是消除或接近消除这种果糖或这种葡萄糖-果糖组合?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's nothing to do with the calories.

这与卡路里无关。

It has everything to do with the insulin.

这与胰岛素有很大关系。

If you get the insulin down, you're not shunting energy to fat.

如果你降低胰岛素水平,你就不会将能量转移到脂肪上。

You can lose weight.

你可以减肥。

Your fat will give up the triglycerides stored in it as soon as your insulin goes down.

一旦你的胰岛素下降,你的脂肪就会释放出储存在其中的甘油三酯。

Insulin is pushing on your fat cell all the time, and as long as your insulin's up, your fat cell can't release it.

胰岛素一直在压迫你的脂肪细胞,只要你的胰岛素升高,你的脂肪细胞就无法释放它。

The minute your insulin goes down, you can now engage in what we call lipolysis.

一旦您的胰岛素下降,您就可以进行我们所说的脂肪分解。

Hormone-sensitive lipase is an enzyme in the fat cell that is inhibited by insulin.

激素敏感性脂肪酶是脂肪细胞中的一种酶,可被胰岛素抑制。

As soon as the insulin's gone, hormone-sensitive lipase can turn that stored triglyceride into free fatty acids and glycerol and release it, and you can lose weight.

一旦胰岛素消失,激素敏感的脂肪酶就会将储存的甘油三酯转化为游离脂肪酸和甘油并释放出来,你就可以减肥了。

So get the insulin down and it all works.

所以把胰岛素降下来,一切都会起作用。

So the question is, what makes insulin go up?

那么问题来了,是什么导致胰岛素升高呢?

Well, two things.

嗯,有两件事。

Refined carbohydrate and sugar.

精制碳水化合物和糖。

Those are the two things that make insulin go up.

这是导致胰岛素升高的两件事。

In addition, branched-chain amino acids make insulin go up as well.

此外,支链氨基酸也会使胰岛素升高。

Leucine, isoleucine, valine, which is in corn-fed beef, chicken, and fish.

亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸,存在于玉米喂养的牛肉、鸡肉和鱼中。

Processed food.

加工食品。

All right.

好的。

Here's the deal in one concept.

这是一个概念中的交易。

My colleague, Dr. Carlos Monteiro, who is a professor of public health at the University of São Paulo, has done the world a great service.

我的同事卡洛斯·蒙泰罗博士是圣保罗大学公共卫生学教授,他为世界做出了巨大的贡献。

He has developed a system for categorization of food processing.

他开发了一个食品加工分类系统。

It is called the NOVA system.

它被称为NOVA系统。

It just means new.

它只是意味着新的。

But he has basically categorized every food anywhere in the world into one of four classes.

但他基本上将世界上任何地方的每种食物分为四类之一。

The easiest way to explain this would be an example.

解释这一点的最简单方法是举个例子。

Let's take an apple.

我们拿一个苹果吧。

NOVA Class one would be an apple picked off a tree.

NOVA 第一级是从树上摘下来的苹果。

NOVA Class two would be apple slices, de-stemmed, de-seeded, de-skinned, maybe.

NOVA 第二类可能是苹果片,去梗、去籽、去皮。

NOVA Class three would be apple sauce, cooked, macerated, possibly a preservative added, maybe some extra sugar, maybe not.

NOVA 第三类是苹果酱,煮熟、浸渍,可能添加防腐剂,可能添加一些糖,也可能不添加。

NOVA Class four would be a McDonald's apple pie.

NOVA 四级将是麦当劳的苹果派。

Now, does that McDonald's apple pie look anything like that apple?

现在,麦当劳的苹果派看起来像那个苹果吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No.

不。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Is there even any apple in it?

里面还有苹果吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Maybe a tiny bit.

也许有一点点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Maybe not.

也许不是。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Maybe a tiny bit.

也许有一点点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's all flavor-enhanced, et cetera.

这些都是调味品,等等。

Okay.

好的。

It turns out, and this is epidemiologic data, but nonetheless prospective epidemiologic data, so it's not useless.

事实证明,这是流行病学数据,但仍然是前瞻性流行病学数据,所以它并非毫无用处。

That NOVA Class four, that ultra-processed food category, which is 73% of the American grocery store, is the class that is associated with all of these chronic metabolic diseases.

NOVA 第四类,即超加工食品类别,占美国杂货店的 73%,是与所有这些慢性代谢疾病相关的类别。

NOVA Class one through three, no problem.

NOVA 一到三级,没问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now, when you say associated, what percentage of one's daily total caloric intake needs to come from NOVA Class four before that statement you just made is true?

现在,当你说相关时,一个人每日总热量摄入量需要有多少百分比来自 NOVA 四级才能使你刚才的陈述成立?

Because I love the recommendation you made earlier or the, let's just say the contour of you don't have to avoid dessert, you can enjoy dessert.

因为我喜欢你之前提出的推荐,或者说,你的轮廓不必避免甜点,你可以享受甜点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But don't eat dessert at other times of day.

但不要在一天中的其他时间吃甜点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And maybe you don't eat dessert every single night.

也许你并不是每晚都吃甜点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is there a rule that people have to eat dessert every single night?

有没有规定人们每晚都必须吃甜点?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the answer is about 7 to 10%, would be the upper limit.

所以答案是大约 7% 到 10%,这将是上限。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you can get 7 to 10% of your caloric intake, daily caloric intake, from these NOVA Class four foods and still-

因此,您可以从这些 NOVA 四级食物中获取每日热量摄入量的 7% 到 10%,并且仍然-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And still be okay

并且依然没事

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and still be okay.

仍然可以。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So this is-- I know-

所以这是——我知道——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But that's not what's happening.

但事实并非如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

I know some very healthy physicians who I used to observe how people ate and moved, because I would pay attention in our field, right?

我认识一些非常健康的医生,我曾经观察过人们如何饮食和活动,因为我会关注我们的领域,对吗?

I was like, oh, people all around me at Stanford, UCSF, et cetera, were successful or else they wouldn't be there.

我当时想,哦,我周围在斯坦福大学、加州大学旧金山分校等地的人都是成功的,否则他们就不会在那里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I was like, who looks healthy?

我当时想,谁看起来很健康?

Who can make it up the stairs and doesn't have to take the elevator?

谁可以不用乘电梯而爬楼梯?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much exercise are people doing at a given age?

人们在特定年龄进行多少运动?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Are they fanatic, like 4:00 in the morning runners?

他们是狂热的晨跑者,比如 4:00 的人吗?

I'm not going to do that consistently-

我不会一直这样做-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

unless I have to.

除非我必须这样做。

And I observed that many of the healthiest people I know, they move a lot during the day.

我观察到,我认识的许多最健康的人,他们在白天经常活动。

They eat very well.

他们吃得很好。

Many of them skip breakfast or lunch.

他们中的许多人不吃早餐或午餐。

Not always.

并非总是如此。

And then I also noticed that they would drink very little or no alcohol, but they would enjoy a...

然后我还注意到他们会很少喝酒或不喝酒,但他们会喜欢......

There's one physician at UCSF in particular I'm thinking of, who really enjoyed his dark chocolate Kit Kat after lunch.

我特别想到加州大学旧金山分校的一位医生,他在午饭后非常喜欢吃黑巧克力奇巧。

And he's sort of very ceremonial about the unraveling of the foil and the end of the day.

他对于揭开箔纸和一天的结束非常有仪式感。

And it was like, okay, so you're talking about that small percentage of calories.

就好像,好吧,所以你说的是一小部分卡路里。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

If that's all you do, hey, God bless you.

如果这就是你所做的一切,嘿,上帝保佑你。

But that's not what people are doing.

但这不是人们正在做的事情。

That's the problem.

这就是问题所在。

Bottom line, that NOVA Class four is where all the action is in terms of chronic metabolic disease.

最重要的是,NOVA 四级是针对慢性代谢疾病的所有行动。

So the question is, how can you avoid that?

那么问题是,如何避免这种情况呢?

How do you know which is which?

你怎么知道哪个是哪个?

We have a solution.

我们有一个解决方案。

So my colleagues and I have developed a web-based tool that is available to the entire world right now, and you'll put it in your show notes.

因此,我和我的同事开发了一种基于网络的工具,现在可供全世界使用,您可以将其放入您的演出笔记中。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, we'll put a link to this.

是的,我们会放一个链接。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

It's called PERFACT.

这就是所谓的“完美”。

P-E-R F-A-C-T, and you can find it at perfect.co. And what it is, is it's a recommendation engine, not AI.

P-E-R F-A-C-T,您可以在 Perfect.co 上找到它。它是什么,是一个推荐引擎,而不是人工智能。

And we're going to talk about AI in a minute.

我们稍后将讨论人工智能。

But it is a recommendation engine based on the science of human metabolism that categorizes foods based on not their nutrient content, but on their metabolic effect.

但它是一个基于人类新陈代谢科学的推荐引擎,它不是根据食物的营养成分,而是根据其代谢效果对食物进行分类。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting.

有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And so there is a NOVA filter which will filter out all the NOVA Class four stuff, and it will go to your grocery store, and will tell you what you can buy that will be in NOVA Class one through three.

因此,有一个 NOVA 过滤器,它会过滤掉所有 NOVA 四级的东西,它会进入您的杂货店,并告诉您可以购买 NOVA 一级到三级的东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Ooh.

哦。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Which turns out to only be 20% of the grocery store.

事实证明,这仅占杂货店的 20%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It means basically staying on the periphery of the grocery store, right?

这意味着基本上呆在杂货店的外围,对吧?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's-

嗯,那就是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

In general

总的来说

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

a lot of it.

很多。

In general.

一般来说。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The produce, the meat, the dairy, the-

农产品、肉类、乳制品、-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

All the things you mentioned-

你提到的所有事情——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah

是啊

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

in fact.

事实上。

So I'm not low carb, I'm low insulin.

所以我不是低碳水化合物,而是低胰岛素。

And there are a lot of ways to get to low insulin.

有很多方法可以降低胰岛素水平。

Get rid of the refined carbohydrate, get rid of the sugar, increase the fiber, get rid of the branched-chain amino acids.

摆脱精制碳水化合物,摆脱糖,增加纤维,摆脱支链氨基酸。

Okay, so eating fish is a good place to be.

好吧,吃鱼是个好地方。

Even eating a steak is okay if it's a pasture-fed steak.

如果是牧场饲养的牛排,即使吃牛排也是可以的。

So let's talk about your steak.

那么我们来谈谈你的牛排吧。

You mentioned-

你提到过——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right, which is also better for the animals, right?

是的,这对动物也更好,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is, absolutely.

确实如此。

So you mentioned marbling before.

所以你之前提到过大理石花纹。

We love our marbling, right?

我们喜欢大理石花纹,对吧?

We can cut our US grade A steaks with a butter knife because they're so tender, right?

我们可以用黄油刀切美国A级牛排,因为它们很嫩,对吧?

You ever been to Argentina?

你去过阿根廷吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, my father's Argentine.

是的,我父亲是阿根廷人。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Oh, right.

哦,对了。

That's right, you're Argentinian.

没错,你是阿根廷人。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

They only know-

他们只知道——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Of course

当然

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

grass-fed steak.

草饲牛排。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Duh.

呃。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The idea that cows would eat anything but grass is sort of like the idea that-

奶牛除了草以外什么都吃的想法有点像——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mendoza Valley

门多萨谷

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

fish would fly.

鱼会飞。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

New Zealand, same thing.

新西兰,同样的事情。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

The meat is gorgeous.

肉很漂亮。

It's homogeneous, it's pink, it's delightful.

它是均匀的、粉红色的、令人愉悦的。

I've been to Argentina.

我去过阿根廷。

The meat is fantastic, but you have to use a steak knife.

肉很棒,但你必须使用牛排刀。

You can't use a butter knife.

你不能使用黄油刀。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And it takes more chewing.

而且需要更多的咀嚼。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And it takes more chewing-

而且还需要更多的咀嚼——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It does.

确实如此。

It takes more chewing

需要更多的咀嚼

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

because there's sinew.

因为有筋。

It's a different experience entirely.

这是完全不同的体验。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's delicious, but it is kind of a little bit tougher.

挺好吃的,就是有点难吃。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

Turns out that marbling is intramyocellular lipid That animal has metabolic syndrome.

事实证明,大理石花纹是肌细胞内的脂质,该动物患有代谢综合征。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The American corn-fed?

美国人吃玉米?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The American corn-fed animal, because that corn is filled with branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, valine.

美国以玉米喂养的动物,因为玉米富含支链氨基酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸。

Branched-chain amino acids are what's in protein powder.

支链氨基酸就是蛋白粉中的成分。

That's what bodybuilders put in their smoothies to build muscle.

这就是健美运动员在冰沙中加入的物质来增强肌肉。

And if you're building muscle, that's okay, because 20% of the amino acids in muscle are branched-chain.

如果您正在锻炼肌肉,那也没关系,因为肌肉中 20% 的氨基酸是支链氨基酸。

So, if you've got a place to put them, have at it.

所以,如果你有地方放它们,那就放吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, there's a need there.

是的,那里有需要。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

There's a need there.

那里有需要。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because they're breaking down muscle.

因为它们正在分解肌肉。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, fine.

是的,很好。

But if you're not, if you're, again, a mere mortal like me, you consume those excess branched-chain amino acids, they're going to go to the liver, they're going to be deamidated, like we talked about earlier, and they're going to end up as branched-chain organic acids.

但如果你不是,如果你又是像我一样的凡人,你消耗了那些多余的支链氨基酸,它们会进入肝脏,它们会被脱酰胺,就像我们之前谈到的,它们最终会变成支链有机酸。

They're going to flood the mitochondria, the mitochondria are not going to be able to deal with the volume, and so they're going to divert the excess and turn that into fat.

它们会淹没线粒体,线粒体无法处理这些体积,所以它们会转移多余的物质并将其转化为脂肪。

And so now you've got hypertriglyceridemia and chance for fatty liver disease and insulin resistance.

因此,现在您患有高甘油三酯血症,并且有可能患上脂肪肝疾病和胰岛素抵抗。

So what kind of meat you eat has a lot to do with your metabolic health.

所以吃什么样的肉与你的新陈代谢健康有很大关系。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What about the egg, the whole egg?

那鸡蛋呢,全蛋呢?

Near perfect protein score in terms of its availability.

就其可用性而言,蛋白质得分近乎完美。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Eggs are terrific.

鸡蛋棒极了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

There's nothing wrong with eggs.

鸡蛋没有什么问题。

Now, there are better eggs than others.

现在,有比其他更好的鸡蛋。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Pasture.

牧场。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, there's yellow yolk eggs and there are orange yolk eggs.

嗯,有黄色蛋黄的鸡蛋和橙色蛋黄的鸡蛋。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

What's the difference between a yellow yolk egg and an orange yolk egg?

黄色蛋黄鸡蛋和橙色蛋黄鸡蛋有什么区别?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm guessing it's something about the feed of the mother chicken, and I'm guessing it probably also has something to do with choline content.

我猜这与母鸡的饲料有关,我猜这可能也与胆碱含量有关。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Omega-3s.

Omega-3。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Ah, interesting.

啊,有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

The orange yolk egg has a lot of Omega-3s in it.

橙色蛋黄中含有大量 Omega-3。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What are other great sources of Omega-3s?

Omega-3 的其他重要来源还有哪些?

I know some off the top of my head, but I'd like to hear it from you.

我暂时知道一些,但我想听听你的意见。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

So marine life is number one.

所以海洋生物是第一位的。

Okay?

好的?

Fish.

鱼。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Provided you're not bringing heavy metals with it.

前提是你没有携带重金属。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, yes.

嗯,是的。

So I mean, that's always the argument.

所以我的意思是,这始终是争论的焦点。

The question is, is it the mercury or is it the Omega-3s?

问题是,是水银还是Omega-3?

And ultimately, I think it's the Omega-3s that is more important.

最终,我认为 Omega-3 更为重要。

But yes, I do understand the mercury issue.

但是,是的,我确实理解汞问题。

Ultimately, there are three Omega-3s.

最终,有 3 个 Omega-3。

There's ALA, alpha-linolenic acid, which you can get in vegetables.

ALA(α-亚麻酸)可以从蔬菜中获取。

There is EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid, which you can only get in marine life.

EPA,即二十碳五烯酸,只能从海洋生物中获取。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Fish oil, cod liver oil.

鱼油、鱼肝油。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

And finally, DHA, docosahexaenoic acid, which you also get from marine life, but you can get from algae.

最后,DHA(二十二碳六烯酸),您也可以从海洋生物中获取,但也可以从藻类中获取。

So you can get algal oil, which the vegans will use.

这样你就可以获得纯素食者会使用的藻油。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Do you personally take anything to increase your Omega-3 intake?

您个人是否服用任何药物来增加 Omega-3 的摄入量?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

I take fish oil.

我吃鱼油。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I know there's even prescription Omega-3s.

我知道甚至还有处方 Omega-3。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I take fish oil.

我吃鱼油。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You take a fish oil?

你吃鱼油吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

The thresholds-

门槛——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I only take three supplements

我只服用三种补充剂

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, I'd like to know what those are.

好吧,我想知道那些是什么。

I will say that I always say behavior is first, right?

我会说我总是说行为第一,对吗?

Dos and don'ts.

该做什么和不该做什么。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Behavior is nutrition, then only if needed and one can afford it, then supplementation and prescription drugs.

行为就是营养,然后只有在需要并且能够负担得起的情况下,然后才是补充剂和处方药。

And I'm a big consumer of supplements and always have been, frankly.

坦率地说,我是补充剂的大消费者,而且一直都是。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So what are the three?

那么这三者分别是什么呢?

So you take-

所以你采取——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fish oil

鱼油

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

fish oil.

鱼油。

And do you take to get above a certain threshold of EPA?

您是否需要让 EPA 超过某个阈值?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, about 1,000 milligrams a day.

是的,每天大约1000毫克。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'd say about a gram a day of EPA.

我想说每天大约一克EPA。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Gram a day.

每天克。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Vitamin C.

维生素C。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much vitamin C do you take?

您服用多少维生素 C?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

1,000 milligrams a day.

每天 1,000 毫克。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You and Linus Pauling.

你和莱纳斯·鲍林。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, it's actually for my rosacea.

嗯,它实际上是针对我的红斑痤疮的。

I've got a skin issue that helps-

我有皮肤问题,可以帮助-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And vitamin C helps with-

维生素 C 有助于——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Helps with that.

对此有帮助。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting

有趣

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And finally, vitamin D.

最后,维生素 D。

Now, I will tell you, vitamin D is a complicated one.

现在,我告诉你,维生素 D 是一种复杂的维生素。

All right?

好的?

And we can talk about vitamin D and how either important or non-important it is, because there's a quirk to vitamin D, and it's important for your audience to know about it because everybody and his brother's touting vitamin D-

我们可以讨论维生素 D 以及它有多重要或不重要,因为维生素 D 有一个怪癖,让您的观众了解它很重要,因为每个人和他的兄弟都在兜售维生素 D-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, it's funny because-

嗯,这很有趣,因为——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

as a cure for everything

作为治愈一切的良药

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

it's sort of funny because-

这有点有趣,因为——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And it's not true

这不是真的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

that you have your supplement lovers, haters, and agnostics, but vitamin D somehow made it through the shoot.

补充剂爱好者、讨厌者和不可知论者都有,但维生素 D 却以某种方式成功通过了拍摄。

Everyone's pro vitamin D.

每个人都富含维生素 D。

It's really interesting.

这真的很有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Somehow vitamin D, people are comfortable taking a vitamin D gel cap, but other supplements where you say, "Oh, maybe this might be good for Omega-3s and fish oil," then people are a little bit more standoffish.

不知何故,人们服用维生素 D 凝胶帽会感到舒服,但如果你说其他补充剂,“哦,也许这可能对 Omega-3 和鱼油有好处”,那么人们就会有点冷漠。

It's really interesting the kind of psychosocial stuff around this.

与此相关的心理社会问题真的很有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much vitamin D do you personally take?

您个人服用多少维生素 D?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I take 5,000 units a day.

我每天服用 5,000 单位。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

So do I.

我也一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Vitamin D's complicated, though.

不过,维生素 D 很复杂。

Here's the problem.

问题就在这里。

If you look at the literature, vitamin D deficiency is associated with all these chronic metabolic diseases.

如果您查看文献,就会发现维生素 D 缺乏与所有这些慢性代谢疾病有关。

However, supplementation with vitamin D has not fixed any of those.

然而,补充维生素 D 并不能解决这些问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hmm.

嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So if you're vitamin D deficient, why wouldn't supplementation fix it?

那么,如果您缺乏维生素 D,为什么不通过补充剂来解决呢?

Couple of reasons.

有几个原因。

One, one of the reasons for vitamin D deficiency is because everyone's drinking soft drinks.

一、维生素D缺乏的原因之一是因为大家都喝软饮料。

That's one reason, but there's a more important reason.

这是一个原因,但还有一个更重要的原因。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sugar and artificially sweetened soft drinks?

糖和人工甜味剂软饮料?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can deplete vitamin D utilization.

会消耗维生素 D 的利用率。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, you're not consuming dairy because you're consuming soft drinks.

嗯,你喝乳制品并不是因为你喝软饮料。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But I can't tolerate milk anymore.

但我已经不能忍受牛奶了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah

是啊

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

then you take vitamin D.

然后你服用维生素D。

But here's the real nugget of truth, and this is a little complicated, but the endocrinologists in the audience will get it.

但这是真正的真相,这有点复杂,但观众中的内分泌学家会明白的。

Vitamin D is a pre-prohormone.

维生素 D 是一种前激素原。

It's not active at all.

它根本不活跃。

Vitamin D is converted in the liver, first step, to a compound called 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

维生素 D 在肝脏中首先转化为一种称为 25-羟基维生素 D 的化合物。

That is a prohormone.

那是一种激素原。

It also is inactive.

它也处于非活动状态。

It has no activity whatsoever.

它没有任何活动。

From there, 25-hydroxyvitamin D can be metabolized one of two ways.

从那里,25-羟基维生素 D 可以通过两种方式之一进行代谢。

It can either be 1-alpha hydroxylated in the kidney to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which will then do all of the business of vitamin D.

它可以在肾脏中被 1-α 羟基化为活性形式 1,25-二羟基维生素 D,然后它将完成维生素 D 的所有功能。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Such as?

比如?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Calcium absorption from the gut, suppression of the immune system at the toll-like receptor 4.

肠道吸收钙,抑制免疫系统的 Toll 样受体 4。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That sounds like a bad thing.

这听起来像是一件坏事。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No, that's a good thing.

不,这是一件好事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I know, but I had to bring that up.

我知道,但我必须提出来。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because when you say suppression of the immune system, people go, "I'm immunosuppressed." That sounds like AIDS.

因为当你说免疫系统受到抑制时,人们会说,“我的免疫系统受到了抑制。”这听起来像艾滋病。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It suppresses inflammation.

它可以抑制炎症。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's a good thing.

这是一件好事。

Okay?

好的?

Suppression of inflammation.

抑制炎症。

And that's actually the point that we're getting to.

这实际上就是我们正在讨论的重点。

So, there are a lot of good things about 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

因此,1,25-二羟基维生素 D 有很多好处。

However, that 25-hydroxy D that came out of the liver can be metabolized a different way.

然而,来自肝脏的 25-羟基 D 可以以不同的方式代谢。

It can be 24-hydroxylated in inflammatory tissue, like tuberculosis, sarcoid, gut inflammation.

它可以在炎症组织中被 24-羟基化,如结核、肉瘤、肠道炎症。

And so you will end up taking your 25-hydroxy D, which is a prohormone, and turning it into the inactive 24,25-dihydroxy D, which then just gets excreted out.

因此,您最终会将 25-羟基 D(一种激素原)转化为无活性的 24,25-二羟基 D,然后将其排出体外。

So, in other words, you consumed all this vitamin D, and it didn't go where you needed it to go, and the reason was because you're inflamed.

换句话说,您消耗了所有维生素 D,但它并没有到达您需要的地方,原因是您发炎了。

You have to fix the inflammation before the vitamin D can be effective, and 93% of Americans are inflamed.

你必须先解决炎症,维生素 D 才能发挥作用,93% 的美国人都患有炎症。

So, giving them vitamin D is not going to do a damn thing.

因此,给他们补充维生素 D 并没有什么作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Is reducing fructose intake one of the primary ways to reduce systemic inflammation?

减少果糖摄入量是减少全身炎症的主要方法之一吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What are some others?

其他还有哪些?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Reducing oxidative stress in general, so heavy metals like cadmium.

一般来说,减少氧化应激,例如镉等重金属。

Cadmium's very high in chocolate, especially South American chocolate.

巧克力中的镉含量非常高,尤其是南美巧克力。

Sorry.

对不起。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No, I'm not a fan of chocolate.

不,我不喜欢巧克力。

I occasionally like a little dark chocolate, but-

我偶尔喜欢吃一点黑巧克力,但是-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

so if people are going to eat chocolate, they should be careful how much chocolate they eat-

所以如果人们要吃巧克力,他们应该小心吃多少巧克力——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

in general

一般而言

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

especially if it's South American chocolate and processed chocolate.

尤其是南美巧克力和加工巧克力。

I mean, the really good stuff.

我的意思是,真正的好东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We're going to be on the hit list of so many industries after-

之后我们将成为许多行业的热门名单-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

this episode comes out.

这一集出来了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's okay.

好吧,没关系。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All I can tell you is, I've been on the hit list for a decade, and I'm still here.

我只能告诉你,我已经在黑名单上十年了,而且我仍然在这里。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You're just one big target.

你只是一个大目标。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, right.

是的,对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's on my back, it tagged me.

它在我的背上,它标记了我。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's everywhere.

它无处不在。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I already got that.

我已经明白了。

The main thing is to make that gut work right.

最重要的是让肠道正常工作。

So fiber, short-chain fatty acid production from fiber-

所以纤维,由纤维生产短链脂肪酸-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

is a huge boon and benefit.

是一个巨大的恩赐和好处。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

To reduce inflammation.

以减少炎症。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To reduce inflammation.

以减少炎症。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How about improving sleep?

改善睡眠怎么样?

Is there any evidence that chronic slight sleep deprivation can increase inflammation?

有没有证据表明长期轻微睡眠不足会增加炎症?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, what it will do is it'll increase cortisol, and chronically increased cortisol will definitely lead to increased inflammation.

嗯,它的作用是增加皮质醇,而长期增加的皮质醇肯定会导致炎症加剧。

Which is funny, because cortisol is usually considered the anti-inflammatory-

这很有趣,因为皮质醇通常被认为具有抗炎作用——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right

右

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

but only acutely.

但只是剧烈的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Chronic cortisol elevation does the opposite.

慢性皮质醇升高则相反。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

If we can contribute to-- I have this secret agenda, which is not a secret, which is that people think cortisol is bad, when in fact, acutely, cortisol does wonderful things, provided it's happening at the right time of day.

如果我们能做出贡献——我有一个秘密议程,这不是秘密,人们认为皮质醇是不好的,而事实上,只要它发生在一天中正确的时间,皮质醇就会产生奇妙的作用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Late-shifted cortisol, bad.

皮质醇晚移,不好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Too much or too frequent cortisol, bad.

皮质醇过多或过于频繁,都是不好的。

But cortisol, you need it.

但是皮质醇,你需要它。

It's so essential.

这是非常重要的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I think most people just hear cortisol, and it's been associated with all things bad, and maybe we can help shift that narrative a bit.

我认为大多数人只是听到皮质醇,它与所有不好的事情联系在一起,也许我们可以帮助改变一下这种说法。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, I'm very happy.

是的,我很高兴。

I mean, as an endocrinologist, this is my wheelhouse.

我的意思是,作为一名内分泌科医生,这就是我的驾驶室。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

This is where I live.

这就是我住的地方。

Cortisol is a good news/bad news deal, like so many things.

皮质醇是一个好消息/坏消息,就像很多事情一样。

Short-term gain for long-term pain.

短期收益换来长期痛苦。

Okay?

好的?

So when you are in what we call allostasis, that is perturbation of homeostasis, that is a stress, an acute stress, cortisol is one of the things that helps you manage that bodily and mental stress.

因此,当您处于我们所说的动态平衡状态时,即体内平衡的扰动,这是一种压力,一种急性压力,皮质醇是帮助您管理身体和精神压力的物质之一。

So, an English test, a car accident, running away from the lion, the famous pygmy running away from the lion.

所以,一场英语考试,一场车祸,逃离狮子,著名的侏儒逃离狮子。

All of those require cortisol in order to manage and mitigate that stress.

所有这些都需要皮质醇来管理和减轻压力。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The upcoming 2024 election.

即将到来的 2024 年选举。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's chronic stress.

这就是慢性压力。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sorry.

抱歉。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That is not acute stress.

那不是急性压力。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I didn't mean to laugh.

我不是故意笑的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's the worst.

那是最糟糕的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That'll be the only mention of politics on this podcast.

这将是这个播客中唯一提到政治的地方。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we don't have to go there.

我们不必去那里。

But we're all chronically stressed, and we can talk about why that is and what's going on, and I'm actually very interested in that.

但我们都长期承受着压力,我们可以谈论为什么会这样以及发生了什么,我实际上对此非常感兴趣。

And a colleague of mine in Paris and I have built a computational model of the limbic system, which focuses on the stress center of the brain, the amygdala, to understand how chronic stress is different from acute stress, and how that chronic stress ultimately leads to metabolic and mental health disaster.

我和我在巴黎的一位同事建立了一个边缘系统的计算模型,该模型专注于大脑的压力中心杏仁核,以了解慢性压力与急性压力有何不同,以及慢性压力如何最终导致代谢和心理健康灾难。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Very interested in learning more about that.

非常有兴趣了解更多相关信息。

Before we touch on that, you've worked a lot with kids.

在我们讨论这个之前,您已经和孩子们做了很多工作。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

People age, as you put it, 0 to 19.

正如你所说,人们的年龄是从 0 岁到 19 岁。

I don't know about the exact numbers, but when I was growing up, there were some kids in school that were overweight, but it was the occasional kid.

我不知道确切的数字,但在我成长的过程中,学校里有一些孩子超重,但只是偶尔的孩子。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now it seems, depending on where one draws the threshold for overweight, it seems that there are a lot of kids that are overweight.

现在看来,根据超重的阈值,似乎有很多孩子超重。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

How about 25% obese and 40% overweight?

25% 肥胖和 40% 超重怎么样?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so obviously a serious problem.

好吧,这显然是一个严重的问题。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Serious problem.

严重的问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now and going forward.

现在和未来。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What about adults in the US?

那么美国的成年人呢?

I remember seeing, at a meeting, a map of obesity in the US over time, and it very quickly filled in from very few people were obese to very many.

我记得在一次会议上看到一张美国一段时间内的肥胖地图,它很快就从很少的人肥胖变成了很多人。

Colorado was this ...

科罗拉多州是这样的...

was this beacon of fit people, but now it's no longer-

曾经是健康人士的灯塔,但现在它不再-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No, and that's bullshit too.

不,这也是废话。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, okay.

哦,好吧。

Cool.

凉爽的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I'll tell you why.

我会告诉你原因。

There are four things that could increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

有四件事可以增加线粒体的生物发生。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You can tell me altitude is one of them.

你可以告诉我海拔高度就是其中之一。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Cold.

冷。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, cold.

是啊,冷。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's why Colorado's less obese.

这就是科罗拉多州肥胖率较低的原因。

Altitude, that's why Colorado's less obese.

海拔,这就是科罗拉多州肥胖率较低的原因。

And what were the other two?

另外两个是什么?

I forget.

我忘记了。

But those were the reasons.

但这些就是原因。

It had nothing to do with being more fit.

这与更健康无关。

It had to do with cold and altitude.

这与寒冷和海拔有关。

Example, Switzerland compared to Germany.

例如,瑞士与德国的比较。

They got the same crappy food, but Switzerland has half the obesity that Germany does-

他们吃的食物同样糟糕,但瑞士的肥胖率只有德国的一半——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I love-

我爱-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

because Switzerland is higher.

因为瑞士更高。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, I love the food.

哦,我喜欢这里的食物。

When I go to Munich, I love the schnitzels and the-

当我去慕尼黑时,我喜欢炸肉排和-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, it's wonderful

是啊,太棒了

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and the sauerkrauts and the-

还有酸菜和-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, they got that in Switzerland too.

是的,他们在瑞士也有这样的经历。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so they have great food.

好吧,所以他们有很棒的食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But Switzerland's less obese.

但瑞士的肥胖程度较低。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right?

好吧?

Same way Colorado's less obese.

同样,科罗拉多州的肥胖率也较低。

It's because of the altitude.

这是因为海拔。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You mentioned cold.

你提到了寒冷。

Many listeners of this podcast are at least interested in some also practice deliberate cold exposure, cold showers, cold plunges.

该播客的许多听​​众至少对其中一些还练习刻意的冷暴露、冷水淋浴、冷水浸感兴趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mainly for the, I think the best data are the increases in catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine that are long-lasting.

主要是,我认为最好的数据是儿茶酚胺、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺的持久增加。

People feel a big state shift.

人们感受到了巨大的状态转变。

They feel better.

他们感觉好多了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But when one looks at the effects on metabolism-

但当人们观察对新陈代谢的影响时——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

they're pretty slight.

它们非常轻微。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They are slight.

它们很轻微。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They're slight.

它们很轻微。

However, studies like that, to me, always seem shortsighted in the sense that if there's a longer arc of effect on the mitochondria that's affecting other things in terms of how calories are processed or how calories are feeding into mitochondrial function or dysfunction, there I could see how it might shift the scale, so to speak.

然而,对我来说,这样的研究似乎总是目光短浅,因为如果线粒体上存在较长的影响弧,影响卡路里的处理方式或卡路里如何影响线粒体功能或功能障碍等其他事物,那么我可以看到它可能如何改变规模,可以这么说。

Cold is an amazingly powerful stimulus.

寒冷是一种令人惊讶的强大刺激。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is.

是的。

Absolutely.

绝对地。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I think of light, cold, food, movement as kind of like the core four ways in which you can shift physiology easily.

我认为光、冷、食物、运动就像是可以轻松改变生理机能的四种核心方式。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All of these things are imminently manipulable and for almost $0.

所有这些东西都可以立即操纵,而且成本几乎为 0 美元。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

But you have to know what you're doing.

但你必须知道你在做什么。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And right now, we've been actually kept from that knowledge and if you're addicted, it's really hard to un-addict yourself.

现在,我们实际上已经无法了解这些知识,如果你上瘾了,就很难戒掉自己的瘾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So that brings us back to this thing about food industry conspiracies, government conspiracies, and the rest.

这让我们回到了食品工业阴谋、政府阴谋等等的问题上。

Boy, this is going to be an interesting-

男孩,这将是一个有趣的——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We can go there

我们可以去那里

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

section.

部分。

But what do we do?

但我们该怎么办呢?

So if you and I go up to Capitol Hill-

所以如果你和我去国会山-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Which I've done.

我已经做到了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, which you've done, and maybe I'll join you someday.

是的,你已经做到了,也许有一天我会加入你。

And you're at UCSF, I'm down at Stanford.

你在加州大学旧金山分校,我在斯坦福大学。

You're a clinician, I'm a scientist and a public health advocate, podcaster.

你是一名临床医生,我是一名科学家和公共卫生倡导者、播客。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And we explain to people, "Hey, listen, the food is laced with a drug.

我们向人们解释,“嘿,听着,食物中掺有药物。

It's not even really food."

它甚至不是真正的食物。”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

It's not food.

这不是食物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's an aggregate of food and non-food parts that make you think it's food.

它是食物和非食物部分的集合体,让你认为它是食物。

It's sort of like telling people, "Hey, your kids are, they're swimming in a swimming pool.

这有点像告诉人们,“嘿,你的孩子们,他们正在游泳池里游泳。

Looks like water, but it's actually part poison and it's harming them.

看起来像水,但实际上它有部分毒物并且正在伤害它们。

It's giving them..." If you say those kinds of things, congressmen and women are reasonably smart people, right?

它给了他们……”如果你说这些话,国会议员和女议员都是相当聪明的人,对吧?

Aren't they going to do something about it?

难道他们不打算做点什么吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So where is the conflict?

那么冲突在哪里呢?

Is it that the food industry has the government by the short hairs?

难道食品行业有短毛政府吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's exactly right.

完全正确。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And they have them by the short hairs where?

他们的短毛在哪里?

Are they lining their pockets?

他们中饱私囊了吗?

Where is the leverage actually exerted?

杠杆实际上作用在哪里?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay, so they are lining their pockets, that's number one.

好吧,所以他们正在中饱私囊,这是第一。

That is absolutely true, and we have the data to support that.

这绝对是真的,我们有数据支持这一点。

Blanche Lincoln, who was a senator from Arkansas, who was the chairman of the Nutrition Committee, you had to see her campaign contributions every time she was up for re-election.

布兰奇·林肯,阿肯色州参议员,营养委员会主席,每次竞选连任,你都必须看到她的竞选贡献。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So it's all about getting re-elected or it's about them having a third home in the Hamptons?

所以这一切都是为了再次当选,还是为了他们在汉普顿拥有第三个家?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So I think it's the third home in the Hamptons-

所以我认为这是汉普顿的第三个家-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Wow

哇

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

more than anything.

比什么都重要。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, so it's really as bad as-

好吧,这真的很糟糕——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is

它是

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

as some of the documentaries-

正如一些纪录片一样——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Without question

毫无疑问

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

would make us believe.

会让我们相信。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Without question.

毫无疑问。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Goodness.

善良。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we have the data.

我们有数据。

There is an organization that I absolutely want to call out because they are the most egregious political organization on the face of the Earth.

我绝对想点名一个组织,因为他们是地球上最令人震惊的政治组织。

They're called the American Legislative Exchange Council, ALEC, or ALEC.

他们被称为美国立法交流委员会 (ALEC)、ALEC 或 ALEC。

And they write bills.

他们写账单。

They are a bill mill, okay?

他们是比尔工厂,好吗?

And they are for whoever gives them money.

他们是为那些给他们钱的人服务的。

And who gives them money?

谁给他们钱?

Big Pharma, big agro, big oil, and Big Food.

大制药公司、大农业公司、大石油公司和大食品公司。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you're including Big Pharma.

所以你也包括大型制药公司。

You're a physician.

你是一名医生。

You've written scripts before.

您以前写过脚本。

You've written prescriptions for patients before.

您以前曾为患者开过处方。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's true.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Isn't that pharma that provides the drugs that allows your patients to feel better?

那家制药公司不是提供让患者感觉更好的药物吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, the question is do they?

好吧,问题是他们这样做吗?

Do they feel better?

他们感觉好点了吗?

This is a big question.

这是一个大问题。

You want to go there?

你想去那里吗?

We can go there.

我们可以去那里。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But you're writing the script.

但剧本是你写的。

I'm just trying to-

我只是想-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I'm not

我不是

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

I'm not trying to challenge you, but I see.

我并不是想挑战你,但我明白了。

There have to be instances where someone's thyroid deficient and you give them a drug.

在某些情况下,某人的甲状腺缺乏,而您却给他们服用了药物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So if you've got a disease and a medicine will replace what's missing, sure.

所以,如果你得了病,药物肯定能弥补缺失的部分。

Okay?

好的?

So for deficiency diseases, which as an endocrinologist, that's what I do, absolutely.

因此,对于缺乏症,作为一名内分泌学家,这绝对是我所做的。

And I did that with no compunction of impropriety whatsoever.

我这样做时并没有因为任何不当行为而感到内疚。

But that's not what we're talking about here.

但这不是我们在这里讨论的。

Let's talk about what we're really talking about.

让我们谈谈我们真正在谈论的事情。

Let's start with statins.

让我们从他汀类药物开始。

Statins lower LDL.

他汀类药物可降低低密度脂蛋白。

Okay.

好的。

Do statins reduce heart disease?

他汀类药物可以减少心脏病吗?

Yes or no?

是还是不是?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I seem to be whiffing today on all the quizzes, and it's kind of becoming fun for me at this level.

我今天似乎对所有测验都很满意,在这个级别上这对我来说变得很有趣。

I'm going to go with no, but I will say my friend, and I think he's an expert physician as well, Peter Attia and others-

我会拒绝,但我会说我的朋友,我认为他也是一位专家医生,彼得·阿蒂亚(Peter Attia)和其他人-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I do

我愿意

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

has talked about some of the positive attributes of statins in certain cases for certain patients.

谈到了他汀类药物在某些情况下对某些患者的一些积极作用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In certain cases, that's exactly right, and I completely agree.

在某些情况下,这是完全正确的,我完全同意。

And by the way, Peter's a friend, and someday we'll All, go out drinking together.

顺便说一句,彼得是一个朋友,有一天我们都会一起出去喝酒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Well, I won't drink but any-

好吧,我不会喝酒,但任何-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How about we share a steak?

我们共享一块牛排怎么样?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Share a steak.

分享一块牛排。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

There we go.

我们开始吧。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely.

绝对的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You got it.

你明白了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You guys, I don't know if you drink.

各位,我不知道你们是否喝酒。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Peter-

彼得-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

He drinks a little bit

他喝了一点点

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

Peter, if you're listening, okay.

彼得,如果你在听的话,好吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

He drinks a little bit.

他喝了一点。

I don't-

我不-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Porterhouse on me

上等腰肉牛排对我来说

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

yeah, I don't do the dessert or the-

是的,我不做甜点或者-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

or the alcohol anymore.

或酒精了。

But I'm-

但我是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay

好的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and it's not so I can live to be 120.

并不是说我能活到120岁。

It's so I can wake up the next morning and keep up with you guys.

这样我就能在第二天早上醒来并跟上你们的脚步。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's fine.

没关系。

Yeah, I get it.

是的,我明白了。

So for primary prevention, that is, your LDL's high, you need a statin.

因此,对于一级预防,即您的低密度脂蛋白偏高,您需要服用他汀类药物。

That's primary prevention.

这就是一级预防。

You haven't declared yourself, you haven't had an event.

你还没有声明自己,你还没有举办过活动。

For primary prevention, the mean increase in lifespan for being on a statin is four days.

对于一级预防,服用他汀类药物可平均延长四天寿命。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Four days?

四天?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Four days.

四天。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Four days.

四天。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And then-

然后——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sorry to chuckle.

抱歉笑了。

That's-

那是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And the risk for diabetes is 20% increase.

患糖尿病的风险增加20%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What about any improvement in quality of life?

生活质量有什么改善吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

None, for primary prevention.

无,用于一级预防。

Now, for secondary prevention, in other words, you've already declared yourself, you already have a problem.

现在,对于二级预防,换句话说,你已经声明自己,你已经有问题了。

For secondary prevention, that's where statins shine.

对于二级预防,这就是他汀类药物的优势所在。

So there's a value to them.

所以它们是有价值的。

I'm not arguing that.

我并不是在争论这一点。

And if you have familial hypercholesterolemia, which is one in 500, okay, not only do you need a statin, but you need a low-fat diet and a priest.

如果您患有家族性高胆固醇血症(五百分之一),那么您不仅需要他汀类药物,还需要低脂饮食和牧师。

Okay?

好的?

So there is definitely a value to statins, but not for primary prevention.

因此,他汀类药物肯定有价值,但不适用于一级预防。

But that's what every doctor's doing.

但这就是每个医生都在做的事情。

"Oh, your LDL, it's over 80.

“哦,你的低密度脂蛋白,已经超过 80 了。

You need a statin." That's ridiculous.

你需要他汀类药物。”这太荒谬了。

That is absolutely a joke, and the data show that.

这绝对是个笑话,数据也证明了这一点。

In fact, my colleague Aseem Malhotra in the UK participated in an analysis where they took the entire UK population and they took out everybody under age 65.

事实上,我在英国的同事 Aseem Malhotra 参与了一项分析,他们对整个英国人口进行了分析,并排除了所有 65 岁以下的人。

So you're looking at people 65 to 90, and it turned out that the LDL level correlated with longevity.

所以你观察 65 岁到 90 岁的人,结果发现 LDL 水平与寿命相关。

The higher the LDL, the longer they lived, when you took out all the people who had problems.

当你剔除所有有问题的人时,低密度脂蛋白越高,他们的寿命就越长。

So LDL is not really the problem, and the reason is because there are two LDLs.

所以低密度脂蛋白并不是真正的问题,原因是有两个低密度脂蛋白。

There's one called large buoyant, and there's one called small dense.

有一种叫大浮,有一种叫小密。

Turns out dietary fat raises your large buoyant.

事实证明,膳食脂肪可以提高你的浮力。

Your large buoyant is irrelevant.

你的浮力大是无关紧要的。

It is cardiovascularly neutral.

它对心血管是中性的。

But that's the one that statins affects.

但这就是他汀类药物所影响的。

The small dense, that's the atherogenic particle.

小而致密的颗粒,就是致动脉粥样硬化的颗粒。

When your small dense LDL is high, that means you are not clearing triglyceride peripherally, because that's what small dense show you.

当您的小密 LDL 较高时,这意味着您没有清除外周甘油三酯,因为这就是小密向您显示的情况。

That's what happens to triglyceride, is they become small, dense.

这就是甘油三酯发生的情况,它们变得又小又密。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can I take a guess and say that the best way to reduce small dense is to reduce insulin?

我可以猜测一下,减少小密最好的办法就是减少胰岛素吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes, by reducing sugar.

是的,通过减少糖分。

Because that triglyceride is made in the liver.

因为甘油三酯是在肝脏中产生的。

It's all palmitate, and that's the only fat that the liver knows how to make.

都是棕榈酸酯,这是肝脏知道如何制造的唯一脂肪。

And so triglyceride is your liver output of carbohydrate.

因此,甘油三酯是肝脏输出的碳水化合物。

That's how you have to look at triglyceride.

这就是您必须如何看待甘油三酯。

So triglyceride turns out to be much more important as a cardiovascular risk factor than LDL ever was.

因此,作为心血管危险因素,甘油三酯比低密度脂蛋白更重要。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So does big pharma and big food, do they know all of this?

那么大型制药公司和大型食品公司知道这一切吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I mean, have they-

我的意思是,他们有——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I know they know because they've told me so.

我知道他们知道,因为他们已经告诉过我了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And-

还有——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But they have statins to sell

但他们有他汀类药物可供出售

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and foods in the Nova class four.

以及 Nova 四级食品。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

They know this, too.

他们也知道这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, I'm an optimist.

所以,我是一个乐观主义者。

What's it going to take to really move the needle?

怎样才能真正起到推动作用?

You described the four barriers.

您描述了四个障碍。

We're trying to add to the knowledge component now.

我们现在正在尝试添加知识组件。

What's it going to take?

需要什么?

Is it going to take having a president in office or congresspeople in office that really understand and care about this stuff?

是否需要有一位真正理解和关心这些事情的在任总统或在任国会议员?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

It will.

会的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I mean, to really revamp the whole system.

我的意思是,真正改造整个系统。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

So right now, the system is completely and utterly broken.

所以现在,这个系统已经彻底崩溃了。

Completely and utterly broken.

彻底彻底地破碎了。

And there's a reason why it's completely and utterly broken, is because the food industry likes it that way.

它完全被破坏是有原因的,因为食品工业喜欢这样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, it's profitable for them, obviously.

嗯,显然这对他们来说是有利可图的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

There are 51 different federal agencies that manage our food.

有 51 个不同的联邦机构负责管理我们的食品。

51, and none of them know what the other one's doing.

51、他们都不知道对方在做什么。

And the food industry likes it that way.

食品工业喜欢这样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So communication across these 51 organizations would help?

那么这 51 个组织之间的沟通会有帮助吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, if we had a centralized food czar or if we split the food off the FDA, because it's not the FDA, it's the DA, or the FDA is not the Food and Drug Administration, it's the Federal Drug Administration.

好吧,如果我们有一个集中的食品沙皇,或者如果我们将食品从 FDA 中分离出来,因为它不是 FDA,而是 DA,或者 FDA 不是食品和药物管理局,而是联邦药物管理局。

They spend a lot of time on drugs.

他们花费大量时间在毒品上。

They spend almost no time on food.

他们几乎不花时间在食物上。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, let's think about where there's been success.

好吧,让我们想想成功在哪里。

So I can recall when people smoked on planes.

所以我可以记得人们在飞机上吸烟的情况。

I actually recall going to a gym in Europe and there was an ashtray molded into the squat rack.

我实际上记得去欧洲的一家健身房,深蹲架上有一个烟灰缸。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That was telling.

这很能说明问题。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I don't see people smoking cigarettes around Stanford Hospital anymore, but I remember when they initially said that people couldn't smoke anywhere except in this one little designated area.

我在斯坦福医院周围不再看到有人吸烟,但我记得他们最初说除了这个指定的小区域之外,人们不能在任何地方吸烟。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that's typically what you see nowadays.

这就是你现在所看到的典型情况。

And my understanding of the anti-smoking campaign, at least for kids, for people 18 and younger, was that telling people it was bad for their health didn't work.

我对反吸烟运动的理解是,告诉人们吸烟对健康有害是行不通的,至少对于孩子们来说,对于 18 岁及以下的人来说是这样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Showing them lungs that were decrepit didn't work.

向他们展示衰老的肺部是行不通的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Did not work.

没有工作。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What worked was showing them commercials of cackling, hand-writhing, white guys who were talking about how much money they were making-

有效的方法是向他们播放广告,广告中白人咯咯地笑,扭动着双手,谈论他们赚了多少钱——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

off of these naive kids-

远离这些天真的孩子——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

who were buying cigarettes and other tobacco products.

谁购买香烟和其他烟草产品。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So it became the effective campaign to end smoking in young people was to hijack their inherent rebelliousness of youth.

于是,年轻人戒烟的有效运动就是劫持他们年轻人固有的叛逆心理。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And then they were like No.

然后他们就像不。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Stick it to the man

贴在男人身上

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We're not going to smoke.

我们不会抽烟。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Stick it to them.

把它贴在他们身上。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

As my friend calls it, the two-finger business card.

正如我的朋友所说,两指名片。

Like, no. And so that worked.

就像,不。这样就成功了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To some extent.

在某种程度上。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Vaping's making a comeback.

Vaping 正在卷土重来。

Vaping's a separate episode.

Vaping 是一个单独的情节。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We won't get into that, because nicotine is still addictive.

我们不会讨论这个,因为尼古丁仍然会让人上瘾。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But you don't see a lot of people smoking cigarettes.

但你看不到很多人抽烟。

So it worked.

所以它起作用了。

Something that you would never imagine could ever work, worked.

你永远想象不到的东西竟然能发挥作用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, so yes, no. That's part of it.

嗯,所以是,不是。这是其中的一部分。

I'm not going to tell you that it's not.

我不会告诉你事实并非如此。

It is part of it.

这是它的一部分。

And we actually have an example of how that could be applied to another toxic substance, sugar.

我们实际上有一个例子可以说明如何将其应用于另一种有毒物质——糖。

We had Berkeley versus big soda.

我们有伯克利和大汽水。

That's how Berkeley ended up with its soda tax that dates back to 2015.

这就是伯克利最终征收可追溯至 2015 年的汽水税的原因。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The City of Berkeley.

伯克利市。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

City of Berkeley.

伯克利市。

We just celebrated the five-year anniversary of the Berkeley soda tax, and we've been able to actually look.

我们刚刚庆祝了伯克利汽水税五周年,我们已经能够实际观察了。

Gestational diabetes, way down.

妊娠糖尿病,大幅下降。

Obesity, down slightly.

肥胖程度略有下降。

Not a lot, but a little bit.

不是很多,而是一点点。

Cardiovascular disease, down.

心血管疾病,下降。

Dean Schillinger and Chris Madsen at UCSF and UC Berkeley just presented at San Francisco General just three weeks ago.

加州大学旧金山分校和加州大学伯克利分校的 Dean Schillinger 和 Chris Madsen 三周前刚刚在旧金山综合医院发表演讲。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So a soda tax like the cigarette tax.

因此,苏打水税就像香烟税一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Like the-

就像-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Just make soda expensive.

只是让苏打水变得昂贵。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you're telling me that a can of Coke that I buy on Shattuck Avenue in Berkeley costs more than a can of Coke that I buy on University Avenue in Palo Alto?

所以你是在告诉我,我在伯克利的沙特克大道买的一罐可乐比我在帕洛阿尔托的大学大道买的一罐可乐贵?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It does.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Huh, okay.

呵呵,好吧。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

By a dime.

一毛钱。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that was sufficient enough to create this kind of change?

这足以创造这种变化吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, yes, it is.

嗯,是的,确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because money hurts.

因为钱很痛。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because money hurts.

因为钱很痛。

Exactly.

确切地。

So, Andrew, there have been four, count them, four cultural tectonic shifts in America in the last 30 years, and they're all undeniable.

所以,安德鲁,数一下,过去 30 年美国发生了四次文化构造转变,而且都是不可否认的。

Here they are.

他们在这里。

Number one, bicycle helmets and seat belts.

第一,自行车头盔和安全带。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh yeah, everybody uses those.

哦,是的,每个人都用这些。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Two, smoking in public places.

二、在公共场所吸烟。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Nobody does that.

没有人这样做。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Three, drunk driving.

三、醉酒驾驶。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hopefully fewer people are doing that.

希望越来越少的人这样做。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Four, condoms in bathrooms.

四、浴室内的安全套。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Condoms in bathrooms?

浴室里有避孕套吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In bathrooms.

在浴室里。

In public bathrooms.

在公共浴室。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, you see those more available.

是的,您会看到更多可用的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

30 years ago, if a legislator stood up in a state house and proposed legislation for any one of those four, and I don't care if it's in a state house or in Congress or in Parliament or in the Duma or anywhere else in the world, they'd have gotten laughed right out of town.

30年前,如果一位立法者在州议会中站起来,为这四项中的任何一项提出立法,我不在乎是在州议会、国会、议会、杜马还是世界其他任何地方,他们都会在城外遭到嘲笑。

Nanny state, liberty interest, get out of my kitchen, get out of my bathroom, get out of my car.

保姆国家,自由利益,滚出我的厨房,滚出我的浴室,滚出我的车。

Today, they're all facts of life.

今天,它们都是生活的事实。

Nobody's bellyaching about any of those.

没有人对这些感到不满。

The point is, we were able to solve those four public health debacles.

关键是,我们能够解决这四个公共卫生问题。

How did we do it?

我们是怎么做到的?

How did we solve those four?

这四个问题我们是怎么解决的呢?

No one could imagine that we would ever solve smoking, right?

没有人能想象我们能够解决吸烟问题,对吗?

But we did, sort of.

但我们确实做到了。

We brought consumption down by half.

我们将消费减少了一半。

That's pretty good when you think about it, for an addictive substance.

仔细想想,对于一种令人上瘾的物质来说,这已经相当不错了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How many fewer people are dying of lung cancer nowadays in the US?

现在美国死于肺癌的人数减少了多少?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's like 80% lower.

好像低了 80%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wow.

哇。

Well, there's also been improvements in treatment, but-

嗯,治疗方法也有所改善,但是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

But it's the incidence

但这是发生率

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

diagnosed with-

诊断患有-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's incidence

其发病率

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the incidence.

的发生率。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Incidence has gone down.

发病率有所下降。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Amazing.

太棒了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because tobacco's gone down.

因为烟草已经下降了。

So the question is, how did that happen?

那么问题是,这是怎么发生的?

And the answer is very-- And why did it take 30 years to do it?

答案非常—— 为什么花了 30 年才做到这一点?

We taught the children, the children grew up, and they voted, and the naysayers are dead.

我们教孩子们,孩子们长大了,他们投票了,反对者都死了。

That's how you make a cultural tectonic shift.

这就是文化结构转变的方式。

So we now have this real food movement.

所以我们现在有了真正的食品运动。

We have people who are arguing against ultra-processed food.

我们有人反对超加工食品。

We have kids who are demanding different in their schools.

我们的孩子在学校里有不同的要求。

And by the way, what is the biggest fast food franchise in the United States?

顺便问一下,美国最大的快餐连锁店是哪家?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm going to get this wrong.

我会弄错的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Try me again.

再试试我。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I don't know.

我不知道。

I've never tried it, but I've heard of...

我从来没有尝试过,但我听说过...

Is it Chick-fil-A?

是福来鸡吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Nope.

不。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is it McDonald's?

是麦当劳吗?

I don't know.

我不知道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is this nation's public schools.

这是这个国家的公立学校。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Ah.

啊。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You can add up McDonald's, Subway, Burger King, Chick-fil-A, and Wendy's, and every other fast food franchise, Jack in the Box, every fast food franchise in the entire country, and it would only be half our nation's public schools.

你可以把麦当劳、赛百味、汉堡王、福来鸡和温迪,以及所有其他快餐特许经营店、Jack in the Box、全国所有快餐特许经营店加起来,这只是我们国家公立学校的一半。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wow.

哇。

So could you imagine a world where there were no class three or class four NOVA foods allowed in public schools?

那么你能想象一个公立学校不允许使用三级或四级 NOVA 食品的世界吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we're doing it.

我们正在这样做。

So I am the chief science officer of a nonprofit, and put this in the show notes, called Eat Real, eatreal.org.

所以我是一家非营利组织的首席科学官,并将其放在节目笔记中,名为 Eat Real,eatreal.org。

And we have a new business model for public schools.

我们为公立学校提供了新的商业模式。

So in 1971, the Department of Education issued an administrative ordinance called Resolution 242, and they did this purely on monetary reasons.

所以在1971年,教育部颁布了一项行政法令,称为“242号决议”,他们这样做纯粹是出于金钱原因。

This was under Nixon.

这是尼克松时期的事。

And what this Resolution 242 said was that all school cafeterias all throughout the country had to make book.

而这个242号决议说的是,全国所有学校食堂都必须制作图书。

They had to basically cover their costs.

他们必须基本上支付费用。

They couldn't be loss leaders for the school.

他们不能成为学校的亏损领导者。

They had to fend for themselves.

他们必须自力更生。

Well, this sent every food service director in the country scurrying for, "How am I going to do this?

好吧,这让全国每一位食品服务主管都忙着问:“我该怎么做?

Because I got all these lunch ladies, personnel, and food preparation equipment, and costs that are mounting.

因为我得到了所有这些午餐女士、人员和食品准备设备,以及不断增加的成本。

How am I going to Break even.

我怎样才能收支平衡。

And they couldn't do it.

但他们做不到。

So in walks Aramark and Cisco and Guggenheim and McDonald's, and they say, "Hey, we'll do it for you.

因此,爱玛客、思科、古根海姆和麦当劳走进去,他们说:“嘿,我们会为你做的。

We'll provide every kid in America with a nutritious meal every single day."

我们将每天为美国的每个孩子提供营养丰富的膳食。”

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Hot lunch.

热腾腾的午餐。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, they didn't say hot.

好吧,他们没有说热。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They just said lunch.

他们只是说吃午饭。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Nutritious.

有营养。

They said nutritious.

他们说有营养。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And I put that in air quotes too, because it wasn't nutritious.

我也把它放在空气引号中,因为它没有营养。

And here's the added benefit.

这是额外的好处。

You can take your food preparation facilities and your footprint in the school, and you can turn that into classrooms because you're going to need them.

你可以带着你的食物准备设施和你在学校的足迹,你可以把它变成教室,因为你会需要它们。

And that was the goal.

这就是目标。

Because as soon as you've moved the food preparation facilities out of the school, you are now hostage to the food industry for the rest of your life.

因为一旦你把食品准备设施搬出学校,你的余生就将成为食品工业的人质。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I could also see how that allows room for them to use these commoditized foods, foods that have very long shelf life.

我还可以看到这如何为他们提供使用这些商品化食品和保质期很长的食品的空间。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right?

对吗?

Because you want to make sure that if you only sold two-thirds of the lunches that were prepared, that on next Tuesday after the weekend, you could still give them food that isn't moldy.

因为你要确保,如果你只卖出了三分之二准备的午餐,那么周末过后的下周二,你仍然可以给他们提供没有发霉的食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly right.

完全正确。

And I will tell you, so that's how it happened, and you can actually trace IQ scores and reading and math scores in this country down from 1971 to today.

我会告诉你,事情就是这样发生的,你实际上可以追踪这个国家从 1971 年到今天的智商分数、阅读和数学分数。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

When I went to school, I was allowed to get...

当我上学的时候,我被允许...

I called it hot lunch because it was usually hot.

我称其为热午餐,因为它通常很热。

I was allowed to get the school lunch one day a week.

我被允许每周有一天吃学校午餐。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

One day a week.

每周有一天。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The other days, I had to bring my lunch.

其他日子,我必须带午餐。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That one day was pretty special, like you felt like you were getting a treat.

那一天非常特别,就像你感觉自己得到了一种享受。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It was usually like a corn dog- ...

它通常就像一只玉米热狗——......

or a hamburger.

或汉堡。

The hamburger was pretty paltry, but the-

汉堡相当微不足道,但是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's a commoditized hamburger.

这是一个商品化的汉堡。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, a commoditized hamburger.

是的,商品化的汉堡。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You had to go looking for the patty portion.

你必须去寻找肉饼部分。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And the bread was sweetened.

面包变甜了。

And so it was different.

所以情况有所不同。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But, I don't remember nearly as much obesity.

但是,我不记得有那么多肥胖了。

I went to high school in the early '90s.

我在九十年代初上高中。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you're saying that now if I went to a high school, it would be a lot more sodas and donuts and-

所以你是说,如果我现在去高中,就会有更多的苏打水和甜甜圈,而且——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Totally.

完全可以。

Pizza

披萨

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

pizza and...

披萨和...

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Pizza's a vegetable, didn't you know?

披萨是一种蔬菜,你知道吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They claim it's a vegetable?

他们声称这是一种蔬菜?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Congress said pizza's a vegetable.

国会说披萨是一种蔬菜。

Amy Klobuchar made pizza a vegetable.

艾米·克洛布彻 (Amy Klobuchar) 将披萨变成了一种蔬菜。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Maybe they need their eyes checked.

也许他们需要检查一下眼睛。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because the biggest frozen pizza producer is in Minnesota.

因为最大的冷冻披萨生产商在明尼苏达州。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I mean-

我的意思是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Called Schwans

叫施万斯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

the ketchup as a vegetable was a stretch, but at least it made sense on the NOVA system of going from tomato all the way to-

番茄酱作为蔬菜有点牵强,但至少在 NOVA 系统上从番茄一直到——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

To ketchup

番茄酱

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

to ketchup.

番茄酱。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Since high fructose corn syrup is the primary ingredient in ketchup.

由于高果糖玉米糖浆是番茄酱的主要成分。

Indeed.

的确。

So the point is that our kids are suffering under the weight, the burden of this chronic disaster of ultra-processed food, which is not food.

所以关键是我们的孩子正承受着超加工食品这种慢性灾难带来的体重负担,而这些食品并不是食品。

And no wonder they're all obese and sick and doing so poorly in school.

难怪他们都又胖又病,而且在学校的表现也很差。

And by the way, also depressed.

顺便说一句,也很郁闷。

Ultra-processed food has now been shown in three separate studies to correlate with depression in teenagers.

三项独立的研究表明,超加工食品与青少年抑郁症有关。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So what is the relationship between processed food, or maybe we call it NOVA system level three, four foods-

那么加工食品之间有什么关系呢,或者我们称之为NOVA系统三级、四级食品——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

and depression and other psychiatric challenges?

以及抑郁症和其他精神挑战?

And if you could, can you separate out metabolic syndrome from obesity in answering that?

如果可以的话,您能将代谢综合征与肥胖分开来回答这个问题吗?

Is there something inherently depressing about carrying excess adipose tissue, setting aside any kind of aesthetic-

抛开任何美学因素,携带过多的脂肪组织是否有本质上令人沮丧的地方?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

stuff, how people want to look or are perceived.

人们想要的样子或被感知的方式。

Just, is there anything bad about carrying a lot of body fat, independent of the metabolic syndrome for mood and overall sense of wellbeing?

只是,除了代谢综合征对情绪和整体幸福感的影响之外,体内携带大量脂肪有什么坏处吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No, I'm really glad you asked that, Andrew.

不,我真的很高兴你问这个,安德鲁。

We should have actually covered this earlier.

我们实际上应该更早地讨论这一点。

Everyone thinks fat is fat.

大家都认为胖子就是胖子。

As we've learned, fat is not fat.

正如我们所知,脂肪并不等于脂肪。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And a fat is not a fat, but body fat is not body fat.

脂肪不是脂肪,但体脂也不是体脂。

There are three fat depots, and they are metabolically different.

脂肪库分为三种,它们的代谢方式各不相同。

The first is the, does this bathing suit make me look fat, fat?

第一个是,这件泳衣让我看起来很胖吗?

By the way, never answer that question.

顺便说一句,永远不要回答这个问题。

That's called subcutaneous fat or big butt fat, if you will.

如果你愿意的话,这就是所谓的皮下脂肪或大屁股脂肪。

So here's a question.

所以这里有一个问题。

How many pounds or kilos of subcutaneous fat do you have to gain before you become metabolically ill?

在患代谢疾病之前,您必须增加多少磅或公斤的皮下脂肪?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I have no idea.

我不知道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

About 10 kilos, about 22 pounds.

大约10公斤,大约22磅。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Why?

为什么?

The reason is because that subcutaneous fat drains into the systemic circulation.

原因是皮下脂肪流入体循环。

So you have to have a lot of cytokines coming from those subcutaneous adipocytes to raise the blood level of cytokines to the point where it starts doing damage at the level of the liver.

因此,皮下脂肪细胞必须产生大量细胞因子,才能将细胞因子的血液水平提高到开始对肝脏造成损害的程度。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So fats are releasing cytokines, which are pro-inflammatory?

那么脂肪会释放促炎细胞因子?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And they're doing that at rest.

他们在休息时这样做。

Any fat cell?

有脂肪细胞吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Any fat cell.

任何脂肪细胞。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Any fat cell.

任何脂肪细胞。

But if it's going to the systemic circulation, you have a volume of distribution of six liters.

但如果进入体循环,则分布容积为六升。

So you have to have a lot of cytokines to get the concentration up.

所以你必须有大量的细胞因子才能提高浓度。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Now, just out of fairness to the fat, how many cytokines does a muscle cell release?

现在,出于对脂肪的公平考虑,肌肉细胞会释放多少细胞因子?

Are we unfairly picking on adipose tissue?

我们是否不公平地剥削脂肪组织?

Because why would adipose tissue be pro-inflammatory?

因为为什么脂肪组织会促炎?

A single fat cell.

单个脂肪细胞。

Okay, I've got a fat cell sitting in my shoulder someplace, right?

好吧,我肩膀的某个地方有一个脂肪细胞,对吧?

I'm not zero fat at my shoulder.

我的肩部脂肪并不是零。

Why would it be pro-inflammatory?

为什么它会促炎?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So in fact, the fat cell itself is not.

所以事实上,脂肪细胞本身并不是。

Here's what happens.

事情是这样的。

The fat cell has a fat vacuole.

脂肪细胞有脂肪液泡。

It has a storage place for this lipid droplet You stuff it, you stuff it, you stuff it, the fat vacuole gets bigger, bigger, bigger.

它有一个储存脂滴的地方,你填充它,你填充它,你填充它,脂肪泡变得越来越大,越来越大。

The perilipin border that encompasses that fat vacuole, that borders the space, ultimately can't get any bigger, and it starts breaking down.

包围脂肪液泡、与空间接壤的周脂质边界最终无法变得更大,并且开始破裂。

When that happens, it spills the grease into the fat cell.

当这种情况发生时,油脂就会溢出到脂肪细胞中。

The fat cell dies, becomes necrotic.

脂肪细胞死亡、坏死。

That calls macrophages in to clean up the grease, and it's the macrophages that release the cytokines.

这会召唤巨噬细胞来清理油脂,巨噬细胞会释放细胞因子。

All right?

好的?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So in fact, the fat cell is not the problem.

所以其实脂肪细胞并不是问题所在。

It's the breakdown of the grease that leads to the macrophage activation.

油脂的分解导致了巨噬细胞的激活。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's the problem.

这就是问题所在。

But when you do it in subcutaneous fat, it's going into this six-liter tank, and so the concentration doesn't go up very much.

但是当你在皮下脂肪中进行操作时,它会进入这个六升的水箱,因此浓度不会上升太多。

So 10 kilos before you start seeing some effect.

所以减10公斤才开始看到效果。

Fat depot number two, visceral or big belly fat.

第二个脂肪库,内脏脂肪或大腹部脂肪。

Now, how many pounds or kilos of big belly fat do you have to gain before you get metabolically ill?

现在,在患代谢疾病之前,您必须增加多少磅或公斤的大腹部脂肪?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I don't know, but I'm guessing it's less than 22 pounds.

我不知道,但我猜它的重量不会超过 22 磅。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's way less.

已经少很多了

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, for once I got an answer right today.

哦,今天我第一次得到了正确的答案。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, that's right.

是的,没错。

About five.

大约五点。

About five pounds.

大约五磅。

Now, the question is why?

现在的问题是为什么?

Number one, the visceral fat does not drain into the systemic circulation.

第一,内脏脂肪不会排入体循环。

It drains into the portal vein, which goes straight to the liver.

它流入门静脉,直接进入肝脏。

So you're getting a bigger load going straight to the liver of cytokines.

因此,大量的细胞因子直接进入肝脏。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Not to the kidney.

不至于肾。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Not to the kidneys.

不至于肾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The good thing about getting an answer wrong, folks-

伙计们,回答错误的好处是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Not to the kidneys

不至于肾脏

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is that you never forget the correct answer.

是你永远不会忘记正确答案。

That's what I always tell my students, right?

这就是我经常告诉我的学生的,对吗?

So I'll never forget that.

所以我永远不会忘记这一点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And the question is, what made the visceral fat in the first place?

问题是,内脏脂肪最初是由什么形成的?

Was it calories?

是卡路里吗?

No. It's cortisol.

不,是皮质醇。

It's stress.

这是压力。

It's the combination of the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol.

它是交感神经系统和皮质醇的结合。

And the reason we know this is because you can take patients with major depressive disorder, with endogenous depression, who are suicidal, who have to be admitted to the hospital to keep themselves from killing themselves, stick them in a scanner, and they are losing subcutaneous fat like crazy because they're not eating, but they're gaining visceral fat because of the high cortisol and the stress.

我们知道这一点的原因是因为你可以将患有重度抑郁症、内源性抑郁症、有自杀倾向、必须住院以避免自杀的患者放在扫描仪中,他们会因为不吃东西而疯狂地减少皮下脂肪,但由于高皮质醇和压力,他们会增加内脏脂肪。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So there's something about the adrenocorticoid receptors in that area that just preferentially depot fat there when cortisol is high.

因此,当皮质醇水平较高时,该区域的肾上腺皮质激素受体会优先在那里储存脂肪。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Because that's the metabolically active fat.

因为那是代谢活跃的脂肪。

Right?

正确的?

And five pounds will do it.

五英镑就可以了。

And then finally, the third fat depot, the liver.

最后是第三个脂肪库,肝脏。

Now, how many pounds of fat can the liver store before you become metabolically ill?

现在,在您出现代谢疾病之前,肝脏可以储存多少磅脂肪?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, got to be even less because the liver's not nearly as large as the abdominal region.

哦,必须更小,因为肝脏没有腹部那么大。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Half a pound.

半磅。

Quarter of a kilo.

四分之一公斤。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

How much does a healthy liver weigh?

健康的肝脏有多重?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

A healthy liver weighs 1,500 grams.

健康的肝脏重 1,500 克。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

So it's not very-

所以这不是很-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm trying to translate quickly to pounds.

我正在尝试快速翻译成英镑。

So we're going as standard to metric.

所以我们将以公制为标准。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So 1,500 grams would be three pounds.

所以 1,500 克就是三磅。

So-

所以——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay

好的

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

basically half a pound.

基本上是半磅。

Okay?

好的?

So not very much.

所以不是很多。

Because that's where the action is, and so when you have fat in your liver, it causes metabolic dysfunction right away.

因为那是起作用的地方,所以当你的肝脏中有脂肪时,它会立即导致代谢功能障碍。

And the question is, where did that fat come from?

那么问题来了,这些脂肪是从哪里来的呢?

That came from alcohol or sugar.

那来自酒精或糖。

So alcohol and sugar, most metabolically egregious because it affects the liver directly.

因此,酒精和糖的代谢最为严重,因为它们直接影响肝脏。

Stress, second most because it affects the visceral fat.

压力位居第二,因为它会影响内脏脂肪。

And subcutaneous fat, the least important in terms of metabolic derangement.

皮下脂肪对于代谢紊乱来说是最不重要的。

So yes, it may not look good in a bathing suit, but from a metabolic standpoint, it is actually the least important.

所以,是的,它可能穿泳衣看起来不太好,但从新陈代谢的角度来看,它实际上是最不重要的。

So the question then becomes, all right, what are you trying to fix?

那么问题就变成了,好吧,你想解决什么问题?

If you're trying to fix liver fat, it's really easy.

如果您想修复肝脏脂肪,那真的很容易。

Get rid of the alcohol and the sugar, except of course they're both addictive.

戒掉酒精和糖,当然它们都会让人上瘾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Will that also liberate any fat that's already in the liver?

这也会释放肝脏中已有的脂肪吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Absolutely, and that's one of the reasons why intermittent fasting works, is because it gives your liver a chance to basically offload what it's already stored.

当然,这就是间歇性禁食有效的原因之一,因为它让您的肝脏有机会基本上卸载已经储存的东西。

That's one of the things that intermittent fasting will buy you, is a little less liver fat.

间歇性禁食会给你带来的好处之一是,肝脏脂肪会减少一点。

So that's a good thing.

所以这是一件好事。

All right?

好的?

Now, stress on the other hand, as you know and as we've talked about, and as you've had Dr. Lisle Apple on your podcast before.

现在,另一方面,正如你所知,正如我们所讨论的,正如你之前在你的播客中邀请过莱尔·苹果博士一样。

Stress is tough.

压力很大。

Trying to mitigate stress, especially in today's environment, and I hope you'll invite me back sometime to talk about the role of stress on the amygdala.

努力减轻压力,尤其是在当今的环境下,我希望你能邀请我回来谈谈压力对杏仁核的作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, gladly.

是的,很高兴。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

And then finally, the subcutaneous fat.

最后是皮下脂肪。

So when people go on diet sweeteners, what are they doing?

那么,当人们服用减肥甜味剂时,他们在做什么呢?

Are they really reducing the fat?

他们真的能减脂吗?

And the answer is no.

答案是否定的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

When you're talking about artificial sweeteners?

当你谈论人造甜味剂时?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Artificial diet sweeteners of any sort.

任何种类的人造饮食甜味剂。

And you can pick your artificial sweetener, so aspartame or-

你可以选择你的人造甜味剂,比如阿斯巴甜或者-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Sucralose

三氯蔗糖

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

sucralose.

三氯蔗糖。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Stevia.

甜叶菊。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Stevia, monk fruit, the new ones.

甜叶菊,罗汉果,新品种。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, the one that people are more excited about nowadays is allulose.

是的,现在人们更兴奋的是阿洛酮糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Allulose, yeah.

阿洛洛糖,是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's expensive.

它很贵。

It tends to have less of an artificial sweetener taste that people can detect.

它往往具有较少人们可以察觉到的人造甜味剂味道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you're saying that regardless of-- Oh, and we should-- I'm remembering from the comment section, I do read them Artificial sweeteners and non-caloric sweeteners.

所以你是说,不管——哦,我们应该——我记得评论部分,我确实读过它们人工甜味剂和无热量甜味剂。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Because the moment you say artificial, people say, "What about stevia?

因为当你说人工的时候,人们会说:“甜叶菊怎么样?

What about allulose?"

那么阿洛酮糖呢?”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So let's just say non-caloric sweeteners.

那么我们就来说说无热量甜味剂。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can wrap our arms around that entire category-

可以拥抱整个类别 -

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Sure

当然可以

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

unless we need to distinguish among the different participants in that category.

除非我们需要区分该类别中的不同参与者。

So you're saying that even though people can lower their total caloric intake pretty effectively, I've seen the studies that show if dieters who consume water only as their main liquid versus diet sodas-

所以你是说,尽管人们可以非常有效地降低总热量摄入量,但我看到的研究表明,如果节食者只喝水作为主要液体,而不是喝无糖汽水——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

with aspartame typically, or stevia, the diet soda drinkers actually lose more weight.

通常使用阿斯巴甜或甜叶菊,饮用无糖汽水的人实际上可以减轻更多体重。

We know that, but you're saying there may be deposition of fat in the liver in those individuals, specifically because of the artificial sweetener.

我们知道这一点,但你是说这些人的肝脏中可能有脂肪沉积,特别是因为人工甜味剂。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because of the insulin.

因为胰岛素。

Turns out there's still an insulin response.

事实证明仍然存在胰岛素反应。

So very famous-

这么有名啊——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

study done in Copenhagen.

研究在哥本哈根完成。

100 normal individuals, 25 in four different groups.

100 名正常人,25 名,分为四个不同组。

One group, one liter of sugared soda per day for six months.

一组每天喝一升含糖苏打水,持续六个月。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

One liter, that's a lot of sugared soda.

一升,相当于很多含糖苏打水。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

One group, one liter of diet soda per day for six months.

一组每天喝一升无糖汽水,持续六个月。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I probably did that in graduate school.

我可能在研究生院就这么做了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

One group, one liter of milk per day for six months.

一组每天喝一升牛奶,持续六个月。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I probably did that when I was an infant.

我小时候可能就这么做过。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And finally, final group, one liter of water per day for six months.

最后,最后一组,每天一升水,持续六个月。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I do that now.

我现在就这么做。

I do more than that, but yeah.

我做的不止这些,但是是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The one liter of soda per day in six months gained 10 kilos.

六个月内每天喝一升苏打水,体重增加了 10 公斤。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The sugary soda?

加糖苏打水?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The sugary soda.

加糖苏打水。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

10 kilos.

10公斤。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

10 kilos.

10公斤。

No surprise.

毫不奇怪。

The one liter of water per day lost two kilos.

每天一升水减掉了两公斤。

Also, no surprise.

另外,这并不奇怪。

Those were the easy ones.

这些都是简单的。

Now let's do the ones in the middle.

现在让我们做中间的那些。

One liter of milk per day.

每天一升牛奶。

No change.

没有变化。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Presumably, that was full-fat milk.

据推测,那是全脂牛奶。

We're talking about Europe.

我们正在谈论欧洲。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Full-fat milk.

全脂牛奶。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, they like their full-fat milk.

是的,他们喜欢全脂牛奶。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No change.

没有变化。

Why is that?

这是为什么?

They're taking on an enormous increase in total caloric intake.

他们的总热量摄入量大幅增加。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm guessing that there was a blunted insulin response due to the fat in the milk?

我猜测,由于牛奶中的脂肪,胰岛素反应减弱了?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And also because lactose is not a very big driver of insulin response, and because there's a satiety effect.

还因为乳糖并不是胰岛素反应的很大驱动因素,而且有饱腹感。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's like food.

这就像食物一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They eat less.

他们吃得更少。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

It's like food.

这就像食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Like food.

就像食物一样。

And finally, the key, the kicker to the whole thing, diet soda.

最后,关键是整个事情的关键,无糖汽水。

The one liter of diet soda.

一升无糖汽水。

What would you predict their weight would do?

你预测他们的体重会怎样?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

More weight loss than in the water group, based on my understanding of the literature.

根据我对文献的理解,比水组减肥效果更好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They gained two kilos.

他们体重增加了两公斤。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wild.

狂野。

Because they ate more.

因为他们吃的更多了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, you tell me.

好吧,你告诉我。

Why did they gain two kilos if they were consuming a liter of diet soda, which are zero calories?

如果他们喝了一升零卡路里的无糖汽水,为什么他们会体重增加两公斤?

The answer is because they still generated an insulin response.

答案是因为它们仍然产生胰岛素反应。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And that insulin response generated more hunger?

胰岛素反应会产生更多饥饿感吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

More weight and more hunger.

体重增加,饥饿感增加。

Exactly.

确切地。

And that's the key.

这就是关键。

So they didn't gain the 10 kilos, they gained two kilos.

所以他们没有增加10公斤,而是增加了2公斤。

So it looks better compared to the sugared version, but it looks like a problem compared to the water version or even the milk version.

所以它看起来比加糖的版本更好,但与水版本甚至牛奶版本相比,它看起来像是一个问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So unless you bootstrap calories and hold that constant, you're going to see a weight gain due to artificial sweetener intake.

因此,除非你引导卡路里并保持恒定,否则你会发现由于摄入人工甜味剂而导致体重增加。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly right.

完全正确。

And that's been shown 50 ways from Sunday in a whole bunch of different studies.

从周日起,这一点已经在一系列不同的研究中以 50 种方式得到了证明。

So compared to sugar, yeah, it's better.

所以与糖相比,是的,它更好。

But compared to water, it's way worse.

但与水相比,就差很多了。

And the reason is the insulin response.

原因是胰岛素反应。

You put something sweet on the tongue, message goes tongue to brain, sugar's coming.

你把一些甜的东西放在舌头上,信息就会从舌头传到大脑,糖就来了。

Message goes brain to pancreas through the vagus nerve.

信息通过迷走神经从大脑传到胰腺。

Sugar's coming, release the insulin.

糖来了,释放胰岛素。

And so tongue doesn't know if it's sugar or not.

所以舌头不知道它是否是糖。

The pancreas releases the insulin, which drives energy into fat, whether it was from the diet sweetener or not.

胰腺释放胰岛素,将能量转化为脂肪,无论是否来自饮食甜味剂。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I saw some really interesting data from Dana Small's group at Yale-

我从耶鲁大学 Dana Small 小组看到了一些非常有趣的数据——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Yep

是的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

showing that when people have a diet soda with food, so this is like the Diet Coke with the sandwich or with the burger, maybe even with the pasta, the insulin response from the food and the insulin response from the diet soda are compounded, but there's a classical conditioning effect, Pavlovian effect-

表明当人们在食物中饮用无糖汽水时,就像将健怡可乐与三明治或汉堡一起喝,甚至可能与面食一起食用时,食物中的胰岛素反应和无糖汽水中的胰岛素反应是复合的,但存在经典的调节效应,即巴甫洛夫效应——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

such that then later, if they just drink the diet soda, they get an even bigger insulin response just to the diet soda than they would have originally if they'd only had the diet soda separate from food.

这样,如果他们只喝无糖汽水,他们对无糖汽水的胰岛素反应就会比最初只喝无糖汽水与食物分开时的胰岛素反应更大。

So in other words, the food-induced insulin response is conditioning a greater insulin response from the diet soda.

换句话说,食物引起的胰岛素反应正在调节无糖汽水产生的更大的胰岛素反应。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we actually have another study that demonstrates the same thing out of Singapore, Teh et al.

事实上,我们在新加坡进行的另一项研究证明了同样的事情,Teh 等人。

in the "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" 2018, I believe, that looked at a similar paradigm.

我相信,2018 年的《美国临床营养学杂志》也研究了类似的范例。

Here's what they did.

这就是他们所做的。

They took a bunch of people, and they admitted them to their clinical research center four times a week apart, and they did them in random order.

他们带了一群人,每周让他们进入临床研究中心四次,而且是随机的。

And each time, they started the morning, they're fasting, and they did either a sucrose tolerance test or an aspartame tolerance test or a sucralose tolerance test or a monk fruit tolerance test.

每次,他们从早上开始,禁食,然后进行蔗糖耐受性测试、阿斯巴甜耐受性测试、三氯蔗糖耐受性测试或罗汉果耐受性测试。

So two hours ingesting one of the four and measuring glucose and insulin over the course of the next two hours.

因此,需要两个小时摄入四种药物中的一种,并在接下来的两个小时内测量葡萄糖和胰岛素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Fasted.

禁食。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fasted.

禁食。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Then it was time for lunch, and they let them have whatever lunch they want.

然后到了午餐时间,他们让他们想吃什么就吃什么。

It was a metabolic buffet.

这是新陈代谢的自助餐。

They could eat whatever they wanted off the buffet, except that they were being clocked.

他们可以从自助餐中吃任何他们想吃的东西,只是他们要受到计时。

And the same for dinner.

晚餐也一样。

They were being clocked, but they could eat whatever they want.

他们受到计时,但他们可以吃任何他们想吃的东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

In a given period of time.

在给定的时间内。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In the 24 hours.

24小时内。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Or from 7:00 a.m.

或者从早上 7:00 开始

to 7:00 p.m., whenever they went home.

到晚上 7:00,每当他们回家时。

Okay?

好的?

Turned out The sucrose tolerance test generated an insulin response, as you'd expect.

结果,蔗糖耐量测试产生了胰岛素反应,正如您所期望的那样。

The monk fruit, the sucralose, and the aspartame did not.

罗汉果、三氯蔗糖和阿斯巴甜则没有。

But then when they ate lunch, if they'd had one of the three diet sweeteners in the morning, they ate more at lunch and more at dinner and generated an increased insulin response both at lunch and dinner, so that the area under the curve for the whole day was exactly the same.

但当他们吃午餐时,如果他们早上吃了三种无糖甜味剂中的一种,他们在午餐时吃得更多,在晚餐时吃得更多,并且在午餐和晚餐时产生了增加的胰岛素反应,因此全天的曲线下面积完全相同。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So they ate significantly more?

所以他们吃得更多了?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Because they had the diet soda in the morning.

因为他们早上喝了无糖汽水。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wild.

狂野。

Well, I drink drinks that contain stevia, and I don't worry about it too much.

嗯,我喝含有甜叶菊的饮料,我不太担心。

But what you're saying is even if I bootstrap my calories, there's a possibility that the insulin response could have direct effects on the liver.

但你的意思是,即使我减少卡路里摄入,胰岛素反应也有可能对肝脏产生直接影响。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly right.

完全正确。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And not for the better.

并不是为了更好。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And not for the better.

并不是为了更好。

Now, having said that, we have undertaken an interesting project, which I don't know if you know about.

现在,话虽如此,我们正在进行一个有趣的项目,我不知道你是否知道。

In 2020, during the pandemic, I was approached by a food company in the Middle East called Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company, KDD.

2020 年,疫情期间,中东一家名为科威特丹麦乳制品公司 (KDD) 的食品公司与我联系。

It's the Nestle of the Middle East.

这是中东的雀巢。

Now, they make all sorts of junk: frozen yogurt, flavored milks, ice cream, confectionery, biscuits, tomato sauce.

现在,他们生产各种各样的垃圾食品:冷冻酸奶、调味牛奶、冰淇淋、糖果、饼干、番茄酱。

Okay?

好的?

Kuwait has an 18% diabetes rate and an 80% obesity rate.

科威特的糖尿病率为 18%,肥胖率为 80%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Eight-zero?

八零?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Eight-zero.

八零。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wow.

哇。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In the adults.

在成人中。

All right?

好的?

Now, the company recognized that they wanted to be a metabolically healthy company, and they knew they weren't.

现在,该公司认识到他们想成为一家新陈代谢健康的公司,但他们知道事实并非如此。

They contacted me and said, "Would you put together a scientific advisory team to advise us what we need to do to change the food in order to be a metabolically healthy company?

他们联系我并说:“你能组建一个科学顾问团队来建议我们需要做什么来改变食物,才能成为一家代谢健康的公司吗?

And we want to lead." And I said, "I'd be happy to do that with one proviso.

我们想要领导。”我说:“我很乐意这样做,但有一个附带条件。

We get to publish what we did so that it can serve as a roadmap for the rest of the food industry." And they said, "Fine." And so I convened a scientific advisory team with my colleague Wolfram Alderson, who started the very first farmers market in Los Angeles and is now actually the Director of Sustainability and Nutrition for KDD.

我们可以发布我们所做的事情,以便它可以作为食品行业其他领域的路线图。”他们说:“好吧。”因此,我和我的同事 Wolfram Alderson 组建了一个科学咨询团队,他在洛杉矶创办了第一个农贸市场,现在实际上是 KDD 的可持续发展和营养总监。

Tim Harlan, who is the head of Culinary Medicine at George Washington University, Rachel Gal, who is a fatty acid expert who ran the Omega-3 for ADD trial at the NIH, and Andreas Cornstadt, who's actually a computer scientist from Stanford.

蒂姆·哈兰 (Tim Harlan) 是乔治华盛顿大学烹饪医学系主任,瑞秋·加尔 (Rachel Gal) 是一位脂肪酸专家,曾在 NIH 进行过 Omega-3 治疗 ADD 试验,安德烈亚斯·康斯塔特 (Andreas Cornstadt) 实际上是斯坦福大学的计算机科学家。

And we basically stripped down every single thing that KDD did in terms of procurement, in terms of ingredients, in terms of packaging.

我们基本上剥离了 KDD 在采购、成分、包装方面所做的每一件事。

We submitted every single ingredient to biochemical analysis because you couldn't trust what the vendors were basically telling KDD was in the food.

我们对每一种成分都进行了生化分析,因为你不能相信供应商告诉 KDD 食品中的成分。

We had to actually know what was in the food, and that was a half a million dollars all by itself.

我们必须真正了解食物中的成分,而这本身就花费了 50 万美元。

This was not a cheap little sojourn into the woods.

这在树林里短暂停留并不便宜。

This was a big deal.

这是一件大事。

We basically re-engineered their entire 180-item portfolio, and they have now turned over 10% of their products to be metabolically healthy.

我们基本上重新设计了他们的整个 180 种产品组合,他们现在已经将 10% 的产品转变为代谢健康的产品。

And the precepts that we set in this paper, which is in "Frontiers in Nutrition" in March of this year, 2023.

以及我们在今年 2023 年 3 月发表的《营养前沿》论文中制定的戒律。

Three things, three principles.

三件事,三个原则。

If you adhere to these three principles, you can turn any food healthy, including ultra-processed food.

如果您坚持这三个原则,您就可以使任何食物变得健康,包括超加工食品。

Number one, protect the liver.

第一,保护肝脏。

Number two, feed the gut.

第二,养胃。

Number three, support the brain.

第三,支持大脑。

If you have a food that does all three of those, it is healthy.

如果你的食物能同时满足这三点,那么它就是健康的。

If you have a food that does none of those three, then it's poison because it's not food.

如果你的食物不具备这三种功能,那么它就是有毒的,因为它不是食物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I was going to say, it doesn't sound like food-

我想说,这听起来不像食物-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Not food

不是食物

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is the right descriptor in that case.

在这种情况下是正确的描述符。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

And if it does one or two, but not all three, then it's going to be somewhere in between.

如果它做了一两个,但不是全部三个,那么它就会介于两者之间。

So the goal was to take all of KDD's products and move them from the lowest tier up to the highest tier by adhering to these three principles.

因此,我们的目标是通过遵守这三个原则,将 KDD 的所有产品从最低层提升到最高层。

And we came up with some very simple things.

我们想出了一些非常简单的事情。

Number one, got to get rid of the sugar.

第一,必须戒掉糖。

Number two, got to add fiber.

第二,必须添加纤维。

Number three, got to add omega-3s.

第三,必须添加omega-3。

Number four, got to do something about the emulsifiers.

第四,必须对乳化剂采取一些措施。

Because the emulsifiers are causing the gut inflammation, because after all, emulsifiers are detergents.

因为乳化剂会引起肠道炎症,因为毕竟乳化剂是清洁剂。

They hold fat and water together.

它们将脂肪和水结合在一起。

They burn a hole in the mucin layer.

它们在粘蛋白层上烧出一个洞。

So they're actually contributing to that gut inflammation, and emulsifiers are strewn throughout ultra-processed food dom.

因此,它们实际上会导致肠道炎症,而乳化剂遍布在超加工食品领域。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We've heard about hidden sugars a lot during today's episode and elsewhere, but based on everything you told us about artificial, excuse me, low-calorie sweeteners-

在今天的节目和其他地方,我们经常听说隐藏的糖,但根据你告诉我们的关于人工的、对不起的、低热量甜味剂的一切——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep

是的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

it makes more sense to me now why foods that are not touted as diet foods would be laced with things like sucralose, because it should drive the craving for that food through increases in insulin and craving of other foods later that day and later that evening.

现在对我来说,为什么那些不被吹捧为减肥食品的食物会掺入三氯蔗糖之类的东西,对我来说更有意义了,因为它应该通过增加胰岛素和当天晚些时候和晚上晚些时候对其他食物的渴望来驱动对这种食物的渴望。

Is that why non-caloric sweeteners are added to all sorts of foods now?

这就是为什么现在各种食品中都添加无热量甜味剂的原因吗?

Because typically, one thinks non-caloric sweeteners probably only added to, quote-unquote, "diet foods," low-calorie foods, but that's not their only use.

因为通常情况下,人们认为无热量甜味剂可能只会添加到“减肥食品”、低热量食品中,但这并不是它们的唯一用途。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You're right.

你是对的。

That's not the case, and they are adding diet sweeteners to foods that you didn't know had diet sweeteners in them.

事实并非如此,他们在你不知道含有减肥甜味剂的食物中添加了减肥甜味剂。

That's right.

这是正确的。

There are two reasons that this happens.

发生这种情况有两个原因。

One is insulin, because insulin blocks leptin signaling at the level of the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens.

一是胰岛素,因为胰岛素会阻断下丘脑和伏隔核水平的瘦素信号传导。

So if it blocks leptin, leptin is the hormone that your fat cells make that tells your brain you've had enough.

因此,如果瘦素会阻断瘦素,那么瘦素就是脂肪细胞产生的激素,它会告诉您的大脑您已经吃饱了。

So if insulin blocks leptin, it makes you hungrier, and it also extinguishes-- it stops the extinguishing of reward by that food so that you want more of it.

因此,如果胰岛素阻断瘦素,它会让你更加饥饿,而且瘦素也会消失——它会阻止食物带来的奖赏消失,这样你就会想要更多。

So it does both, because leptin normally suppresses food intake and reduces craving.

所以它两者都有作用,因为瘦素通常会抑制食物摄入并减少食欲。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The analogy that comes to mind is a slot machine that encourages you to feed more money and hit go to pull the lever, but that also blinds you to the outcome, so even if you win, you don't even know that you have wins.

我想到的类比是一台老虎机,它鼓励你投入更多的钱并按下去拉动杠杆,但这也会让你看不到结果,所以即使你赢了,你甚至不知道你赢了。

It's also blinding you to your losses.

它还会让你对自己的损失视而不见。

You're effectively becoming an automaton-

你实际上正在变成一个机器人——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of just eating without any kind of conscious understanding of what you're bringing in or tasting the food any longer.

只是吃东西而没有任何有意识地了解你带进来的东西或不再品尝食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right?

对吗?

It's not this like-- And Anna Lembke, when she came on the podcast, author of "Dopamine Nation" and obviously head of our dual diagnosis addiction clinic at Stanford-

事情不是这样的——安娜·伦布克(Anna Lembke),当她出现在播客上时,她是《多巴胺国家》的作者,显然是我们斯坦福大学双重诊断成瘾诊所的负责人——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I know Anna well

我很了解安娜

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

talked about these consumptive behaviors where people are scrolling social media or consuming porn or consuming drugs or alcohol in a way that they're not in touch with the pleasure of the substance or behavior anymore.

谈到了这些消费行为,人们在浏览社交媒体或消费色情内容或吸毒或酗酒时,他们不再接触到物质或行为的乐趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They become automatons.

他们变成了机器人。

But if they don't do it, they feel lousy.

但如果他们不这样做,他们就会感觉很糟糕。

So the pleasure is gone, the pain is definitely waiting.

所以快乐已经过去了,痛苦肯定还在等待。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Tolerance and dependence.

耐受和依赖。

That's the definition of addiction.

这就是成瘾的定义。

So dopamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter.

所以多巴胺是一种兴奋性神经递质。

It excites the next neuron always.

它总是激发下一个神经元。

There is no such thing as dopamine inhibiting a postsynaptic neuron.

不存在抑制突触后神经元的多巴胺这样的东西。

Dopamine stimulates the next neuron, and it doesn't matter which dopamine receptor it is, one through five.

多巴胺刺激下一个神经元,无论是哪一个多巴胺受体,从一到五个,都无关紧要。

It's always excitatory.

总是令人兴奋。

Now, neurons like to be excited.

现在,神经元喜欢兴奋。

That's why they have receptors.

这就是为什么它们有受体。

But neurons like to be tickled, not bludgeoned.

但神经元喜欢被挠痒痒,而不是被殴打。

Chronic overstimulation of any neuron, and you know this, leads to neuronal cell death.

你知道,任何神经元的慢性过度刺激都会导致神经元细胞死亡。

And the reason is because the neuron needs energy.

原因是神经元需要能量。

The neuron is the most energy-dependent tissue in the body.

神经元是体内最依赖能量的组织。

It needs those mitochondria to be pumping out ATP like crazy to engage in neurotransmission.

它需要这些线粒体疯狂地泵出 ATP 来参与神经传递。

Well, when you're firing non-stop, you risk cell death.

好吧,当你不停地放电时,你就有细胞死亡的风险。

So the excitatory neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, has a plan B.

所以兴奋性神经元,即突触后神经元,有一个 B 计划。

It down-regulates the receptor.

它下调受体。

It down-regulates the dopamine receptor.

它下调多巴胺受体。

So there's less chance that any stray dopamine molecule will find a receptor to bind to.

因此,任何游离的多巴胺分子找到受体结合的可能性较小。

And this is its plan B in order to try to mitigate the risk of dying.

这是它的B计划,目的是试图降低死亡风险。

Well, what does that mean in human terms?

嗯,这对人类来说意味着什么?

It means you get a hit, you get a rush, receptors go down.

这意味着你受到打击,你感到冲动,受体下降。

Next time you need a bigger hit to get the same rush, and receptors go down, and you need a bigger hit and a bigger hit and a bigger hit until finally you need a huge hit to get nothing.

下次你需要更大的打击才能获得同样的冲刺时,受体就会下降,你需要更大的打击、更大的打击、更大的打击,直到最后你需要更大的打击却什么也得不到。

That's called tolerance.

这就是所谓的宽容。

And then when the neurons do start to die, that's called addiction.

然后当神经元开始死亡时,这就是所谓的成瘾。

That's what we've got, and that's what's happened in terms of food addiction.

这就是我们所拥有的,这就是食物成瘾方面所发生的情况。

So the question is what's addictive?

那么问题来了,什么会让人上瘾呢?

Is fat addictive?

脂肪会上瘾吗?

No, because if fat was addictive, then all the people on the Atkins diet or on the ketogenic diet would be gaining weight, not losing it.

不,因为如果脂肪会让人上瘾,那么所有采用阿特金斯饮食或生酮饮食的人都会体重增加,而不是减轻。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I'd be craving ribeyes all day.

我一整天都想吃肋眼牛排。

I like a ribeye pretty often, actually.

事实上,我经常喜欢吃肋眼牛排。

But I know people say no. But hey, look, my lipids are in line and I don't eat many starches, and I certainly avoid sugar.

但我知道人们会说不。但是,嘿,看,我的血脂正常,而且我不吃太多淀粉,而且我当然避免吃糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Although now I'm thinking I might want to really reduce my low-calorie sweetener intake.

尽管现在我想我可能想真正减少低热量甜味剂的摄入量。

I don't see myself reducing my stevia intake to zero, because it's in some things I really like.

我不认为自己将甜菊摄入量减少到零,因为它存在于我真正喜欢的一些东西中。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Andrew, I am not the food police.

安德鲁,我不是食品警察。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh, right.

哦,对了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

You know?

你知道吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I always say that too.

我也常这么说。

I'm not a cop.

我不是警察。

But data are data and health data are interesting.

但数据就是数据,健康数据很有趣。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The data say that that's not helping you any.

数据表明这对你没有任何帮助。

That's what the data say.

数据就是这么说的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Point is that the fat's not the problem.

重点是脂肪不是问题。

The salt's not the problem.

盐不是问题。

The caffeine's a problem.

咖啡因是个问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Really?

真的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Caffeine's a classic addictive substance-

咖啡因是一种经典的成瘾物质——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right

右

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

...

...

at every level.

在各个层面。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, but in terms of-

是的,但就-而言

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And sugar's a problem

糖是一个问题

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But if one can cut out caffeine by the early afternoon or even sooner in the day, and it's not consumed to excess, and it's in the form or coffee, yerba mate, some other form that's healthy, is it really that much of a problem?

但是,如果一个人可以在下午早些时候甚至一天中早些时候戒掉咖啡因,并且不会摄入过量,并且以咖啡、马黛茶或其他健康形式存在,那么这真的有那么大的问题吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Um.

嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I love coffee and yerba mate.

我喜欢咖啡和马黛茶。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Me too.

我也是。

That's my addiction.

这就是我的瘾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Like with a capital L underlined boldface highlight.

就像大写 L 下划线粗体突出显示一样。

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I feel your pain.

我感受到你的痛苦。

And the answer is, no one has shown that coffee is toxic.

答案是,没有人证明咖啡有毒。

It is addictive, but it's not toxic.

它会让人上瘾,但没有毒。

Now, if you mix the coffee with alcohol, now you got Four Loko, now it's toxic.

现在,如果你将咖啡与酒精混合,就会得到四洛科,现在它有毒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But in and of itself, caffeine is not toxic, and that's why there's a Starbucks on every street corner.

但咖啡因本身并无毒,这就是为什么每个街角都有星巴克。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But it is highly reinforcing.

但它具有很强的强化作用。

I did an episode on caffeine where it covered some data that was published in the journal "Science," one of the three apex journals.

我做了一个关于咖啡因的节目,其中涵盖了发表在三大顶级期刊之一的《科学》杂志上的一些数据。

And if you put caffeine, unbeknownst to the consumer, into plain yogurt-

如果你在消费者不知情的情况下将咖啡因添加到原味酸奶中——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

people will crave plain yogurt-

人们会渴望原味酸奶-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed

确实

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

much more.

更多。

People like the feeling of being caffeiny, as long as it's not creating anxiety levels-

人们喜欢咖啡因的感觉,只要它不会造成焦虑水平——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right

右

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of energy.

的能量。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm going to stick with caffeine.

我会坚持喝咖啡因。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's fine.

没关系。

Yeah, and so will I.

是的,我也会的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We've been talking a little bit about the hypothalamus as well as some peripheral gut-based mechanisms for hunger and satiety.

我们已经讨论了一些关于下丘脑以及一些基于肠道的外周饥饿和饱足机制。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is a great opportunity to talk about some of the GLP-1 agonists that are now widely used, so typically called Ozempic, but GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1.

这是一个很好的机会来讨论一些现在广泛使用的 GLP-1 激动剂,通常称为 Ozempic,但 GLP-1,胰高血糖素样肽 1。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Originally discovered in the Gila monster-

最初是在希拉毒蜥中发现的——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

which eats very seldom, and some really smart biologist, I love biology like this, said, "How come they don't have to eat very much?" Well, their blood is loaded with GLP-1.

它吃得很少,一些非常聪明的生物学家,我喜欢这样的生物学,说:“为什么它们不需要吃太多?”嗯,他们的血液中含有 GLP-1。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And so they only have to eat one whatever Gila monsters, um delight in per year or something outrageous like that.

所以他们只需要吃一个希拉毒蜥,每年都喜欢吃或者类似的东西。

Humans make GLP-1 as well.

人类也会产生 GLP-1。

My understanding is that GLP-1, not that's injected, but that one makes naturally, is acting on both the brain and the gut to increase satiety.

我的理解是,GLP-1 不是注射的,而是自然产生的,它作用于大脑和肠道以增加饱腹感。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So it is acting on the brain, no argument, but the primary action is on the gut.

因此,毫无疑问,它作用于大脑,但主要作用是作用于肠道。

GLP-1 decreases the rate of gastric emptying.

GLP-1 降低胃排空率。

That is its primary driver.

这是其主要驱动力。

Yes, it does affect the brain.

是的,它确实会影响大脑。

I'm not arguing that it does, but the primary effect is to reduce the rate of gastric emptying.

我并不是说它确实有效,但主要作用是降低胃排空率。

So you stay fuller longer because the food doesn't move through the stomach and the intestine as fast.

这样你就能更长时间地保持饱腹感,因为食物通过胃和肠道的速度不会那么快。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Interesting.

有趣。

In South America, in Uruguay and Argentina, it was long thought that yerba mate consumption, which we know very modestly increases GLP-1, and by the way, a lot of other things do too.

在南美洲、乌拉圭和阿根廷,长期以来,人们一直认为饮用马黛茶(我们知道这种饮料的用量非常适度)会增加 GLP-1,顺便说一句,许多其他东西也会增加 GLP-1。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That people were taking it after meals for its laxative effect-

人们在饭后服用它是为了它的通便作用-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm

毫米

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

partially, but that's not pleasant for-

部分地,但这并不令人愉快-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

But that's also at the colon.

但这也在结肠。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's at the level of the colon.

那是在结肠的水平。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Rather than the stomach.

而不是胃。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But it is used fairly effectively for people to space their meals without snacking.

但它对于人们在不吃零食的情况下安排进餐时间相当有效。

And maybe it's the GLP-1, maybe it's something else.

也许是 GLP-1,也许是其他东西。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But people are injecting themselves with GLP-1 analogs now, agonism analogs.

但人们现在正在给自己注射 GLP-1 类似物,即激动类似物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

At $1,300 a month.

每月 1,300 美元。

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is that what it costs?

这就是它的成本吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's what it costs right now.

这就是现在的成本。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And it seems to be pretty effective at inducing weight loss, although a significant amount of that weight loss seems to be from skeletal muscle tissue.

它似乎在诱导体重减轻方面非常有效,尽管其中很大一部分体重减轻似乎来自骨骼肌组织。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we need to talk about that.

我们需要谈谈这个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So what are your thoughts on Ozempic as a primary?

那么您对 Ozempic 作为主要项目有何看法?

Earlier you talked about primary and secondary control.

之前您谈到了主要控制和次要控制。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You referred to it a little bit differently in the context of statins.

您在他汀类药物的背景下提到它有点不同。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So a kid comes in who's obese or slightly overweight.

因此,一个肥胖或稍微超重的孩子进来了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And it's like, "Mm, I don't know what to do.

就像,“嗯,我不知道该怎么办。

I'm trying to eat better, exercise." Or a person comes in and says, "Hey, I've had a really hard time getting that last 29 pounds off for so many years."

我正在努力吃得更好,锻炼身体。”或者有人进来说:“嘿,这么多年我真的很难减掉最后 29 磅。”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

"Will you prescribe me Ozempic?"

“你能给我开点臭氧药吗?”

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the short answer is, number one, I'm retired, so I'm not prescribing anything.

所以简短的回答是,第一,我退休了,所以我不会开任何处方。

But let's go there.

但我们去那里吧。

The data show that GLP-1 analogs, like semaglutide and now tirzepatide, which is Lilly's version, Mounjaro is the diabetes version, Zepbound is the obesity version.

数据显示,GLP-1类似物,如索马鲁肽和现在的替泽帕肽,这是礼来公司的版本,Mounjaro是糖尿病版本,Zepbound是肥胖版本。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In the same way that Ozempic is the diabetes version for Novo Nordisk, and Wegovy is the obesity version.

就像 Ozempic 是诺和诺德的糖尿病版本,Wegovy 是肥胖版本一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But they're all GLP-1 inhibitors.

但它们都是 GLP-1 抑制剂。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're all GLP-1 analogs.

它们都是 GLP-1 类似物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

They're synthesized in a lab.

它们是在实验室合成的。

It looks like GLP-1, smells like GLP-1, acts like GLP-1 when injected.

它看起来像 GLP-1,闻起来像 GLP-1,注射时的作用也像 GLP-1。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Tirzepatide, the Lilly one, actually has a dual function.

礼来公司的替泽帕肽实际上具有双重功能。

It binds to the GIP receptor, so it might have double duty.

它与 GIP 受体结合,因此可能具有双重作用。

And the data show that it's actually even slightly more effective at weight loss than the Novo Nordisk version.

数据显示,它的减肥效果实际上比诺和诺德版本还要稍微好一些。

So we'll be seeing a shift in terms of consumer preference soon, no doubt.

因此,毫无疑问,我们很快就会看到消费者偏好的转变。

But here's the thing.

但事情是这样的。

You look at the data, one year of treatment, 16% weight loss.

你看数据,治疗一年,体重减轻了16%。

Now that sounds great, and I'm not saying it's bad.

现在这听起来很棒,而且我并不是说它不好。

It's good.

很好。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And people are not craving food all the time.

人们并不总是渴望食物。

Is that because people are feeling full longer?

这是因为人们感觉饱腹感的时间更长吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So they're eating less.

所以他们吃得更少了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're eating less.

他们吃得越来越少了

And so-

所以——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is the calorie in, calorie out model.

这是卡路里输入、卡路里输出模型。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're eating less.

他们吃得越来越少了

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And so they are losing weight.

所以他们正在减肥。

I'm not arguing that.

我并不是在争论这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And they might be craving alcohol less according to some recent reports.

根据最近的一些报告,他们对酒精的渴望可能会减少。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Well, we can go there for a minute, too, in a second.

好吧,我们也可以去那里一分钟,一会儿。

Here's the problem.

问题就在这里。

When you look at that 16% weight loss, as you just said, when you put people in a DEXA scanner, they have lost equal amounts of fat and muscle.

当你看到 16% 的体重减轻时,正如你刚才所说,当你将人们放入 DEXA 扫描仪中时,他们失去了等量的脂肪和肌肉。

Now, is it good to lose muscle?

那么,减掉肌肉有好处吗?

No, it is not good.

不,这不好。

Ask any little old lady who breaks her hip if she wishes she had a little bit more muscle.

询问任何摔断臀部的小老太太是否希望自己有更多的肌肉。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or somebody who died had lost a lot of muscle because they weren't offsetting the weight loss with resistance training or some other form of exercise, and the amount of food that they can eat in order to maintain that weight, to put it in scientific terms, sucks.

或者一个死去的人失去了很多肌肉,因为他们没有通过阻力训练或其他形式的锻炼来抵消体重减轻,而他们为了维持体重而吃的食物量,用科学术语来说,很糟糕。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And we mentioned Peter Attia earlier, okay?

我们之前提到过彼得·阿提亚,好吗?

In "Outlive," he's made it very clear that sarcopenia, lack of muscle mass, is one of the drivers of mortality.

在《Outlive》中,他非常明确地指出,肌肉减少症(肌肉质量缺乏)是导致死亡的原因之一。

So losing muscle is not a good idea.

所以,失去肌肉并不是一个好主意。

But you lose equal amounts of fat and muscle.

但你会失去等量的脂肪和肌肉。

What else causes loss of equal amounts of fat and muscle?

还有什么导致脂肪和肌肉等量损失?

Starvation.

饥饿。

In fact, the reason that all these GLP-1 analogs work is because you stop eating.

事实上,所有这些 GLP-1 类似物之所以起作用,是因为您停止进食。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Like the Gila monster.

就像希拉毒蜥一样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It's starvation.

这是饥饿。

Yeah, just like the Gila monster.

是的,就像吉拉毒蜥一样。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Although the Gila monsters look pretty chubby to me.

虽然希拉毒蜥对我来说看起来很胖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, ask another Gila monster.

好吧,问问另一个希拉毒蜥。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, I did, but unfortunately, whatever answer it provided was not interpretable.

是的,我做到了,但不幸的是,它提供的任何答案都无法解释。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

The point is that starvation is not so good.

重点是,挨饿可不太好。

And if you think about why it's working, it's reducing the rate of gastric emptying.

如果你想一想它为什么起作用,你会发现它会降低胃排空率。

Well, it turns out that that's the reason for its side effects, the reduction in gastric emptying.

事实证明,这就是其副作用的原因,即胃排空减少。

That's why you get nausea.

这就是你感到恶心的原因。

That's why you get vomiting.

这就是你呕吐的原因。

That's why you get pancreatitis.

这就是你患胰腺炎的原因。

And most importantly now, gastroparesis.

现在最重要的是胃轻瘫。

Your stomach turns to stone, and you can't move any food through your intestine at all.

你的胃会变成石头,任何食物都无法通过肠道。

And worse yet, when you stop the medicine, the gastroparesis doesn't get better.

更糟糕的是,当你停药后,胃轻瘫并没有好转。

This is not a good idea.

这不是一个好主意。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is like the opposite of the yerba mate-induced effect, which has a sort of prolaxive gastric emptying, maybe GLP-1 agonism.

这与马黛茶诱导的作用相反,马黛茶具有某种延迟胃排空的作用,可能是 GLP-1 激动作用。

Gosh.

天哪。

Okay.

好的。

So it's obvious why people who've struggled to lose weight like it.

所以很明显为什么那些努力减肥的人会喜欢它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Especially if their struggle to lose weight was, at least in their mind, the consequence of being hungry all the time and needing to eat more.

尤其是如果他们努力减肥,至少在他们看来,是因为一直饥饿并需要吃更多东西的结果。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Or was it because of the reward and their dependence?

还是因为奖励和依赖?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because, in fact Yes.

因为,事实上是的。

These GLP-1 analogues reduce reward, and that's one of the reasons why they've noticed that reduction in alcohol consumption as well.

这些 GLP-1 类似物会减少奖励,这也是他们注意到酒精消耗量减少的原因之一。

And that sounds like a good thing, except there are also numerous cases now of major depressive disorder in response to these drugs.

这听起来像是一件好事,但现在也有许多因这些药物而出现重度抑郁症的病例。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's almost like naltrexone or something for the treatment of addiction-

它几乎就像纳曲酮或治疗成瘾的药物一样-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well-

嗯-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

which sometimes can be useful, but attempting to remove the amplitude of that reward signal, on paper it makes sense, but it doesn't always play out.

有时这可能很有用,但试图消除奖励信号的幅度,在纸面上这是有道理的,但并不总是有效。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And in practice, it doesn't play out.

而在实践中,它并没有发挥作用。

That's right.

这是正确的。

And so I'm going to refer you now to an old literature that was from 2006.

所以我现在要向你们推荐一本 2006 年的旧文献。

There was a drug that was approved in Europe called Rimonabant, okay?

有一种药物在欧洲获得批准,叫做利莫那班,好吗?

A trade name Acomplia.

商品名 Acomplia。

And it was approved in Europe for weight loss, and it was pretty good at weight loss.

而且它在欧洲被批准用于减肥,而且减肥效果还不错。

It caused about 20% weight loss.

它导致大约20%的体重减轻。

It also caused severe depression and 21 suicides.

它还导致严重抑郁症和21人自杀。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So it's no longer available.

所以它不再可用。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, it was pulled from the European market, never approved in the United States.

是的,它被从欧洲市场撤下,从未在美国获得批准。

And the reason this happened was because this was the anti-marijuana drug.

发生这种情况的原因是因为这是抗大麻药物。

This was the anti-munchies drug.

这是抗咀嚼药物。

This was an endocannabinoid antagonist.

这是一种内源性大麻素拮抗剂。

Well, when you reduce reward, you also reduce your desire to live, and that's why this concern about reduction in alcohol consumption, we've already seen major depressive disorder in patients receiving Ozempic.

好吧,当你减少奖励时,你的生存欲望也会降低,这就是为什么人们担心减少饮酒,我们已经在接受 Ozempic 的患者中发现了重度抑郁症。

So are we going to see the same thing play out as we did for Rimonabant?

那么我们会看到与利莫那班一样的事情发生吗?

I'm worried about it.

我很担心。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or Fen-phen.

或芬芬。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, Fen-phen didn't have-

嗯,芬芬没有——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No, it was cardiac.

不,是心脏病。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It was cardiac, right.

这是心脏病,对吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We had cardiac problems due to the fenfluramine, because of the serotonin 1B receptor agonism.

由于芬氟拉明对 5-羟色胺 1B 受体的激动作用,我们出现了心脏问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

I'm just referring to the fact that these, quote, unquote, "blockbuster drugs" for obesity, they tend to follow a contour of very promising, very exciting, a lot of people losing weight.

我只是指这样一个事实,即这些治疗肥胖症的“重磅药物”,它们往往遵循非常有前途、非常令人兴奋的轮廓,很多人都在减肥。

Suicides are very promising, a lot of people losing weight.

自杀是很有希望的,很多人都在减肥。

Cardiac issues, very promising, losing weight, and now you're saying the stomach turns to stone.

心脏问题,很有希望,减肥,现在你说胃变成石头了。

It sounds so biblical.

听起来很符合圣经。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, indeed.

嗯,确实如此。

So that's the question.

这就是问题所在。

And then finally, we can really talk biblical.

最后,我们可以真正谈论圣经。

If everyone in America who qualified for Ozempic got it, that would be 2.1 trillion to the healthcare system, which is currently at 4.1 trillion.

如果美国每个符合 Ozempic 资格的人都获得了这项服务,那么医疗保健系统的资金将达到 2.1 万亿美元,而目前的医疗系统资金为 4.1 万亿美元。

So that would be a greater than 50% increase in healthcare costs, okay, at 1,300 a month.

因此,医疗费用将增加 50% 以上,好吧,每月 1,300 美元。

Conversely, if we just got sugar consumption down to USDA guidelines by basically putting some limits on how much added sugar the food industry can put into any given product, like Froot Loops, we could reduce weight by 29% and save $3.0 trillion.

相反,如果我们只是通过对食品工业在任何特定产品(如 Froot Loops)中添加糖的量进行一些限制,将糖的消耗量降低到美国农业部的指导方针,我们就可以减轻 29% 的重量,并节省 3 万亿美元。

So we'd get better weight loss and we'd save $5.1 trillion, which makes more sense to the US government.

这样我们就能更好地减肥,并且可以节省 5.1 万亿美元,这对美国政府来说更有意义。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, earlier you were alluding to government, big food, big pharma relationships.

嗯,早些时候你提到了政府、大型食品、大型制药公司的关系。

There's a huge win here for whoever's manufacturing these GLP-1 analogues.

对于制造这些 GLP-1 类似物的人来说,这是一个巨大的胜利。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But the question is, who's paying the tab?

但问题是,谁来付帐单?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, we are.

嗯,我们是。

Now, the question is, why can't the government see that?

现在的问题是,为什么政府看不到这一点?

And the answer is because the government's on the dole, too.

答案是因为政府也领取救济金。

Because the government, through tariffs on US-made foods, grosses $56 billion a year.

因为政府通过对美国制造的食品征收关税,每年赚取 560 亿美元的收入。

So they're a player.

所以他们是一个玩家。

They're not just a regulator, they're an actor.

他们不仅仅是监管者,更是演员。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

To play devil's advocate a little bit, listen, I'm going to be the last person to step in and try and defend government as a unified body.

听着,我将成为最后一个介入并试图捍卫政府作为一个统一机构的人。

I'm not qualified to do that.

我没有资格这么做。

But you could see how if you looked at it like checkers instead of chess, you'd say, okay, here's a drug that's going to allow many millions of people to reduce their overall body weight.

但你可以看到,如果你把它看作跳棋而不是国际象棋,你会说,好吧,这是一种可以让数百万人减轻总体体重的药物。

Overall body weight is a risk factor for a number of things, and there will be savings on the back end as a consequence of that weight loss.

总体体重是许多事情的风险因素,体重减轻后会节省后端费用。

So that's the checkers version.

这就是跳棋版本。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Right.

对。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The chess version is how you're describing it.

国际象棋版本就是你所描述的。

And I think that clearly, people in government are, well, most, some perhaps are smart enough to play chess, not checkers, or to at least understand it, but there's very little incentive for the chess model.

我认为很明显,政府中的人,嗯,大多数,有些人可能足够聪明,可以下国际象棋,而不是跳棋,或者至少理解它,但国际象棋模型的激励很少。

So what would, quote, unquote, "solve this problem" is the same thing that happened to Fen-phen or this Rimonabant?

那么,引用或取消引用“解决这个问题”与发生在芬芬或利莫那班身上的事情是一样的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Rimonabant.

利莫那班。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Which is if suddenly there's a major issue with the drug, then everyone stops taking it, and traditionally, that's how it's gone.

也就是说,如果药物突然出现重大问题,那么每个人都会停止服用它,传统上,它就是这样消失的。

It sounds like these GLP-1 analogues are going to make it through the chute, though.

不过,听起来这些 GLP-1 类似物将会顺利通过。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

There is a very clear downside to these medicines.

这些药物有一个非常明显的缺点。

On the other hand, there's an upside.

另一方面,也有一个好处。

And so I'm not sad that these medicines exist.

所以我对这些药物的存在并不感到难过。

I'm for them.

我是为了他们。

I'm not against them.

我不反对他们。

I'm for them for the right patient.

我支持他们,为合适的病人服务。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And right now, it's not the right patient who's getting them.

而现在,接受治疗的并不是合适的患者。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Just like the statins.

就像他汀类药物一样。

So what if somebody who's taking one of these analogues makes it a point to do resistance training?

那么,如果服用这些类似药物之一的人强调进行阻力训练怎么办?

And here, you mentioned bodybuilders earlier.

在这里,您之前提到了健美运动员。

I'm not suggesting they become bodybuilders, but we now know, and I think Peter Attia and others would agree, that everybody should be doing some form of muscle loss offsetting resistance exercise.

我并不是建议他们成为健美运动员,但我们现在知道,而且我认为彼得·阿蒂亚和其他人也会同意,每个人都应该进行某种形式的肌肉损失来抵消阻力运动。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Agree.

同意。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

At least past their reaching their adult height or something.

至少过了成年身高之类的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I know there are those that say weight training doesn't blunt your height.

我知道有人说重量训练不会降低你的身高。

But anyway, let's just say that from-

但无论如何,我们只是说——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Hit training

打击训练

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

early 20s onward, doing something.

20岁出头,开始做某事。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Especially if you're on these medicines.

特别是如果您正在服用这些药物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In order to maintain muscle mass.

以维持肌肉质量。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Right.

对。

So that's a different picture, right?

所以这是一幅不同的图片,对吧?

People are drinking less alcohol.

人们饮酒量越来越少。

Again, I'm playing devil's advocate here.

我再次在这里扮演魔鬼代言人的角色。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So if we look at these compounds not in a vacuum, but okay, the person who's been carrying that extra 30 pounds is now only carrying a few extra pounds of adipose tissue.

因此,如果我们不是在真空中观察这些化合物,那么好吧,体重增加了 30 磅的人现在只增加了几磅脂肪组织。

They've lost a lot of muscle, but now they feel well enough to exercise.

他们失去了很多肌肉,但现在感觉良好,可以锻炼。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The depression part worries me.

抑郁症部分让我担心。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But anyway, I'm just trying to round the contour of it.

但无论如何,我只是想圆润它的轮廓。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

What we've seen in children, because that's who I took care of, was that often they needed a jump start, okay?

我们在孩子身上看到的是,因为那是我照顾的孩子,他们经常需要一个快速的开始,好吗?

And there were different ways to get them to jump start.

有不同的方法可以让他们快速起步。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Stomach stapling.

胃缝合术。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, that's not jump start.

嗯,这不是快速启动。

That's-

那是——

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But that was what a lot-

但这就是很多——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Way down the line

一路走下去

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

of people did.

的人做到了。

I have a friend, he was, and sadly still is, really big.

我有一个朋友,他曾经是,而且遗憾的是现在仍然是,非常大。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And he always talked about the stomach stapling like, "If I could just get-

他总是谈论胃缝合术,比如,“如果我能——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

50 pounds down quickly, then I could exercise, but exercise is painful," this kind of thing.

快速减掉50斤,然后就可以运动了,但是运动很痛苦”这种事。

And sadly, he's continued to maintain or creep up in a very excessive weight.

可悲的是,他的体重继续保持或缓慢上升。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And that's the point, is that this concept of jump start actually, if you're only doing it yourself, doesn't really work.

这就是重点,如果你只是自己做的话,这种快速启动的概念实际上并没有真正起作用。

And the question is, why is his weight creeping up if he's had the stomach stapling?

问题是,如果他做了胃吻合术,为什么他的体重会增加呢?

And the answer is because he's a sugar addict.

答案是因为他是个糖瘾者。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

He's definitely addicted to the super big gulp soda and that, yeah.

他肯定对大口苏打水上瘾了,是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

If you drink your calories, it doesn't really matter, does it?

如果你喝了卡路里,那并不重要,不是吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No, and he's got such terrible psoriasis, and joint pain, and all this, that the prospect of exercising is like a-- You might as well tell him to flap his wings and go to Mars.

不,他患有严重的牛皮癣和关节疼痛,所有这些,锻炼的前景就像——你还不如告诉他拍打翅膀去火星。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fructose is a driver of immune dysfunction.

果糖是免疫功能障碍的驱动因素。

You can tell him, from me, if he got off the sugar, his psoriasis would get better, his weight would get better, his arthritis would get better, and he could have that jump start.

你可以从我这里告诉他,如果他戒掉糖,他的牛皮癣会好起来,他的体重会好起来,他的关节炎会好起来,他就能快速开始。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

This is a perfect example to bridge to the brain component of all this, because I've long wondered, based on what I understand about neural circuitry and neuroplasticity, I know we share in this knowledge, that at some point, carrying a lot of adipose tissue means that the brain sort of represents the body differently.

这是一个完美的例子来连接所有这一切的大脑部分,因为我一直想知道,根据我对神经回路和神经可塑性的理解,我知道我们共享这一知识,即在某些时候,携带大量脂肪组织意味着大脑以不同的方式代表身体。

We know there are these somatotopic maps of self-

我们知道有这些自我体位图

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

but that the neural machinery in the hypothalamus, sure, which is responsible for motivated states-

但下丘脑中的神经机制确实负责动机状态——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

et cetera, but also just the entire mapping of the self-

等等,但也只是自我的整个映射

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep

是的

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

changes.

变化。

In other words, if one is fat long enough-

换句话说,如果一个人胖得足够长——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm

嗯嗯

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

that it becomes increasingly hard to get to a healthy weight because of the way that the neural circuitry is impacted.

由于神经回路受到影响,达到健康的体重变得越来越困难。

It basically remaps to maintain that fat person, not necessarily even just at the level of appetite, but just in terms of what do big animals do?

它基本上会重新映射以维持那个胖子,甚至不一定只是在食欲水平上,而只是在大型动物做什么方面?

I had a bulldog that weighed 90 pounds, bulldog mastiff.

我有一只重90磅的斗牛犬,斗牛獒。

He was very economical with his movement.

他的动作非常节约。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

He was extremely powerful.

他的力量极其强大。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

He could run, at least when he was younger.

他可以跑步,至少在他年轻的时候是这样。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Indeed.

确实如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But if he could be still, he was still.

但如果他能保持静止的话,他就保持静止了。

As opposed to-

相对于——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah

是啊

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

certain smaller animals that are peripatetic, right?

某些较小的动物是逍遥的,对吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Because he was leptin resistant.

因为他对瘦素有抵抗力。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So leptin, as we talked about briefly, is the hormone that tells your brain you've had enough.

正如我们简要讨论的那样,瘦素是一种告诉你的大脑你已经吃饱了的激素。

If you are leptin sensitive, you are happy to burn.

如果您对瘦素敏感,您会很高兴燃烧。

If you are leptin resistant, your brain thinks you're starving.

如果您对瘦素有抵抗力,您的大脑就会认为您正在挨饿。

And if your brain thinks you're starving, it's going to affect your behavior in two ways.

如果你的大脑认为你正在挨饿,它会以两种方式影响你的行为。

It's going to make you want to eat, and it's also going to make you want to conserve because the goal is to try to increase the leptin levels in order to overcome that resistance, which, of course, you can never do because all you're going to do is lay down more fat and make more leptin.

它会让你想吃东西,也会让你想保存,因为目标是尝试增加瘦素水平,以克服这种阻力,当然,你永远做不到,因为你要做的就是放下更多的脂肪并产生更多的瘦素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That makes so much sense because leptin comes from the adipose tissue.

这很有意义,因为瘦素来自脂肪组织。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

So that leptin resistance is what you have to be able to break through.

因此,瘦素抵抗是你必须能够突破的。

You have to fix the leptin sensitivity.

你必须修复瘦素敏感性。

Well, what's the driver of the leptin resistance?

那么,瘦素抵抗的驱动因素是什么?

Insulin.

胰岛素。

Insulin inhibits leptin signaling, and it does it at three separate places in the POMC neuron, the pro-opiomelanocortin neuron in the hypothalamus.

胰岛素抑制瘦素信号传导,它在 POMC 神经元(下丘脑中的阿片黑皮质素原神经元)的三个不同位置发挥作用。

It does it at IRS-2, insulin receptor substrate 2, it does it at SOCS-3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, and it does it at PIP3, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate.

它作用于 IRS-2(胰岛素受体底物 2)、SOCS-3(细胞因子信号传导抑制剂 3)以及 PIP3(磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸)。

Those three separate arms of the leptin receptor are all basically put to sleep by high insulin.

瘦素受体的这三个独立的臂基本上都是通过高胰岛素进入睡眠状态的。

Insulin blocks leptin signaling.

胰岛素阻断瘦素信号传导。

So the higher the insulin goes, the more your brain thinks you're starving.

因此,胰岛素越高,你的大脑就越认为你饿了。

And the more your brain thinks you're starving, the hungrier you get, and the less you want to move.

你的大脑越认为你饿了,你就越饿,你就越不想动。

So the gluttony and sloth that we've been talking about all in our podcast is really biochemical.

所以我们在播客中谈论的暴食和懒惰实际上是生化的。

It is secondary to this phenomenon of insulin blocking leptin signaling.

这是胰岛素阻断瘦素信号传导现象的继发因素。

You got to fix that first.

你必须先解决这个问题。

Get the insulin down any way you can.

尽一切可能减少胰岛素用量。

And the best way, get rid of the refined carbohydrate and sugar.

最好的方法是戒掉精制碳水化合物和糖。

That's where you start.

这就是你开始的地方。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It makes so much sense.

这很有意义。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It works, too.

它也有效。

How about that?

怎么样?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's always good.

这总是好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I once heard you say, I think it was in a conversation with Peter Attia on his podcast, and this really stuck in my mind, that when a person consumes glucose, that it activates a number of different brain sites.

我曾经听你说过,我想是在他的播客上与彼得·阿蒂亚的一次对话中,这真的让我印象深刻,当一个人消耗葡萄糖时,它会激活许多不同的大脑部位。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Neurons loving glucose.

神经元喜欢葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But that when one ingests fructose, that it preferentially activates neurons in the reward pathway.

但当一个人摄入果糖时,它会优先激活奖励通路中的神经元。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's right.

没错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

At maybe seven times the magnitude or something like that.

幅度可能是七倍之类的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, glucose activates the basal ganglia.

嗯,葡萄糖激活基底神经节。

This is work from Wolnerhausen in Switzerland, and also Eric Stice at Oregon Health Sciences.

这是瑞士沃尔纳豪森 (Wolnerhausen) 和俄勒冈健康科学公司埃里克·斯蒂斯 (Eric Stice) 的工作。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It's the circuits for movement, and planning, and execution.

它是运动、计划和执行的回路。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Exactly.

正是如此。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay?

好吧?

Fructose basically stimulates the nucleus accumbens, the reward center.

果糖主要刺激伏隔核,即奖赏中心。

It is just like heroin, just like cocaine, just like nicotine.

它就像海洛因、可卡因、尼古丁一样。

It activates the reward center.

它激活奖励中心。

It doesn't do anything for the basal ganglia.

它对基底神经节没有任何作用。

So it is addictive.

所以它会让人上瘾。

Anything that stimulates the reward center in the extreme is addictive.

任何极度刺激奖励中枢的事物都会让人上瘾。

So we have chemical addictions, heroin, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, sugar.

所以我们有化学成瘾,海洛因,可卡因,尼古丁,酒精,糖。

We have behavioral addictions, shopping, gambling, internet gaming, social media, pornography.

我们有行为成瘾、购物、赌博、网络游戏、社交媒体、色情。

Doesn't matter.

没关系。

They all stimulate dopamine in the reward center, and in the extreme, they are all addictive.

它们都会刺激奖励中枢的多巴胺,极端的情况下,它们都会让人上瘾。

So the question is, if you are addicted, is that personal responsibility?

那么问题是,如果你上瘾了,这是个人的责任吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, it's a question I think about a lot because I know a lot of people in the addiction recovery community, both from the treatment end and the addict end.

嗯,这是一个我经常思考的问题,因为我认识成瘾康复社区中的很多人,包括治疗端和成瘾者端。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And this always comes down to this question when somebody is suffering from an addiction of any kind, and they're resistant to getting treatment.

当有人患有任何类型的成瘾症并且他们拒绝接受治疗时,这总是归结为这个问题。

If you look at them as being sick, at least in that moment, is a sick person in the best or worst or at least diminished position to guide their own treatment?

如果你将他们视为生病的人,至少在那一刻,病人在指导自己的治疗方面处于最佳还是最差或至少处于减弱的地位?

So for instance, somebody with dementia, would you ask them, "Do you want to go see a neurologist?" You might ask them that, but are they the best person to make that decision?

例如,对于患有痴呆症的人,你会问他们:“你想去看神经科医生吗?”你可能会问他们,但他们是做出这个决定的最佳人选吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, this is the problem.

嗯,这就是问题所在。

So this is where personal responsibility falls down.

所以这就是个人责任的落脚点。

So personal responsibility, as we talked about, four criteria have to be met.

因此,正如我们所讨论的,个人责任必须满足四个标准。

None of them are met.

他们都没有满足。

That's the first issue.

这是第一个问题。

Second one is a little bit, shall we say, cheekier.

我们可以说,第二个有点厚脸皮。

Who invented personal responsibility?

谁发明了个人责任?

Any idea?

有什么想法吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I'm definitely going to get this one wrong.

我肯定会弄错这一点。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah, you're going to get this one wrong.

是的,你会弄错这个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Oh.

哦。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Are you ready?

你准备好了吗?

Go ahead.

前进。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah, I don't know.

是的,我不知道。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The tobacco industry.

烟草业。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The notion of personal responsibility?

个人责任的概念?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They invented it.

他们发明了它。

There was no personal responsibility until tobacco in 1962, because they were getting killed on the science, and they needed to invent another reason for you to smoke.

直到 1962 年烟草出现之前,个人责任并不存在,因为他们在科学上被杀死了,他们需要发明另一个让你吸烟的理由。

In fact, there's a paper that came out, Dorfman et al., that looked at The New York Times and The Washington Post, and they did an entire lit search of all the output of those two newspapers for decades to look for the term personal responsibility.

事实上,多夫曼等人发表了一篇论文,研究了《纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》,他们对这两家报纸几十年来的所有产出进行了全面的文献搜索,以寻找“个人责任”一词。

And the very first time it was ever mentioned was 1962.

第一次被提及是在 1962 年。

And it didn't pick up in speed until 1986, which was the same year as Cipollone v.

直到 1986 年,即 Cipollone v. 案的同一年,它的速度才开始加快。

Liggett at the Supreme Court, which basically said that the cigarette industry was guilty of plying people with an addictive substance.

最高法院的利格特案基本上说,卷烟业向人们提供令人上瘾的物质是有罪的。

So this is very specifically industry driven, and we have the data to prove it.

所以这是非常具体的行业驱动的,我们有数据证明这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Amazing.

太棒了。

Well, I wonder, along the lines of personal responsibility, given that many listeners to this conversation are going to be thinking about their own food intake and food choices, and that of their children and other relatives, that we could play a little, not a game, but a little rapid-ish fire Q&A.

好吧,我想知道,沿着个人责任的思路,考虑到这次谈话的许多听众都会考虑他们自己的食物摄入量和食物选择,以及他们的孩子和其他亲戚的食物摄入量和食物选择,我们可以玩一点,不是游戏,而是一些快速的问答。

Never done this before on this podcast, but I think it's particularly appropriate for a discussion like this that wicks out into so many areas.

以前从未在这个播客上这样做过,但我认为它特别适合像这样涉及如此多领域的讨论。

And I absolutely will invite you back and perhaps along with-

我绝对会邀请你回来,也许还有——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

My pleasure

我的荣幸

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

Melissa Apple to talk about some of the exciting work you guys are doing because there's so much we could cover.

Melissa Apple 来谈谈你们正在做的一些令人兴奋的工作,因为我们可以涵盖的内容太多了。

But people are going to wonder, in a very practical sense, whether or not they should or should not be consuming certain things.

但从非常实际的意义上来说,人们会想知道他们是否应该或不应该消费某些东西。

And I know you're not the food police.

我知道你不是食品警察。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I'm not the food police.

我不是食品警察。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And I'm not a cop, and I do believe people should be in choice about these matters.

我不是警察,我确实相信人们应该在这些问题上做出选择。

But I also believe that because you're a guest on the podcast and you're highly informed and have done clinical work and research for so many years in this area, and you have such a clear stance on the role of big food.

但我也相信,因为你是播客的嘉宾,你消息灵通,在这个领域做了这么多年的临床工作和研究,而且你对大食的作用有如此明确的立场。

And we really, really appreciate your honesty and directness, but now you'd be willing to provide a comment about a couple of different terms that I'll throw out.

我们真的非常感谢您的诚实和直接,但现在您愿意对我将抛弃的几个不同术语提供评论。

And if you choose to say really nothing to say about that, fine.

如果你选择对此无话可说,那也好。

That would be a quick pass.

那将是一个快速传球。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So here we go.

那么我们开始吧。

And we covered a little bit of this earlier, but fruit in whole form.

我们之前已经介绍过一些,但是是完整的水果。

So has fructose but has fiber, so thumbs up, thumbs sideways, or thumbs down for fruit consumption?

果糖也有,但纤维也有,那么对于水果的食用,是竖起大拇指、横竖大拇指还是向下呢?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fruit is fine.

水果还是不错的

Fruit juice is not.

果汁则不然。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Great.

太棒了。

Thank you.

谢谢。

White rice versus brown rice, and among the white rices, the sticky rice and the rices with added sugars, which you find in a lot of restaurants.

白米与糙米,以及白米中的糯米和添加糖的米,您可以在很多餐馆找到它们。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Brown rice because of the fiber.

糙米因为含有纤维。

White rice, polished, number one, all the vitamin B1 gone, and, of course, a much larger glucose excursion.

第一,精白米,所有维生素 B1 都消失了,当然,血糖波动也更大。

That glycemic index thing, which of course I hate, it's glycemic load that matters.

我当然讨厌血糖指数这个东西,重要的是血糖负荷。

And that is a very high glycemic load.

这是一个非常高的血糖负荷。

So brown rice.

所以糙米。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So brown rice is better than white rice?

那么糙米比白米好吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yes.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

In a meaningful way?

以一种有意义的方式?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

In a meaningful way.

以一种有意义的方式。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Earlier you mentioned tomato sauce.

之前你提到了番茄酱。

I love tomato sauce that's made from just tomatoes.

我喜欢仅用西红柿制成的番茄酱。

So are most tomato sauces filled with sugar?

那么大多数番茄酱都是加糖的吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Perfect, our little recommendation engine, looked at this question, and it turns out that only 10% of the available tomato sauces out on the market don't have added sugar.

我们的小推荐引擎 Perfect 查看了这个问题,结果发现市场上只有 10% 的番茄酱不添加糖。

So you have to know which ones, well, you can look yourself, or you can look up Perfect, and it will tell you which ones you can buy.

所以你必须知道哪些,你可以自己看看,或者你可以查找 Perfect,它会告诉你可以购买哪些。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

If people chose to consume bread, which many people do, is there a way to, just across the board without just baking your own or looking at the ingredients list to make a better choice?

如果人们选择吃面包(很多人都这样做),有没有一种方法可以一刀切,而不必自己烘烤或查看配料表来做出更好的选择?

Is it like sourdoughs tend to have less sugar than blank?

酵母的含糖量是否比空白酵母的含糖量要少?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, sourdough has been fermented, so it will have actually consumed some of the sugar, so it would be a better choice.

嗯,酵母已经发酵了,所以它实际上会消耗一些糖,所以它会是一个更好的选择。

But really the best choice is the highest fiber breads.

但实际上最好的选择是纤维含量最高的面包。

Now, if you look at a wheat berry, it is 25% fiber.

现在,如果你看一下小麦浆果,你会发现它含有 25% 的纤维。

The husk is 25% of the weight of that wheat berry.

麦壳占小麦浆果重量的 25%。

That means that the carbohydrate to fiber ratio of a wheat berry is three to one.

这意味着小麦浆果的碳水化合物与纤维的比例为三比一。

So a good bread should have a carbohydrate to fiber ratio of somewhere between three to one to five to one, tops.

因此,好的面包的碳水化合物与纤维的比例应该在三比一到五比一之间。

Anything above that means that they've stripped the fiber away.

任何高于此值的情况都意味着他们已经剥离了纤维。

So that's something you could do, but the easier way is to actually look it up on Perfect.

所以这是你可以做的事情,但更简单的方法是在 Perfect 上实际查找。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

You mentioned meat and meat sourcing, egg and chicken sourcing earlier.

您之前提到了肉类和肉类采购、鸡蛋和鸡肉采购。

May we just revisit that?

我们可以再回顾一下吗?

Meat, fish and eggs, thumbs up, thumbs sideways, thumbs down, or it depends?

肉、鱼和蛋,竖起大拇指,横着大拇指,竖起大拇指,或者这取决于什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It depends.

这取决于。

It depends on where the meat came from.

这取决于肉来自哪里。

It depends on whether it was pasture-raised.

这取决于它是否是牧场饲养的。

Depends on whether it's organic or not.

要看是不是有机的。

If the animal was injected with antibiotics, stay away from it because those antibiotics are in the meat.

如果动物被注射了抗生素,请远离它,因为这些抗生素就存在于肉中。

They're going to basically sterilize your gut, and then the bad bacteria are going to take over.

它们基本上会对你的肠道进行消毒,然后坏细菌就会接管。

We haven't really talked much about the microbiome today, but that's a whole podcast all by itself.

我们今天并没有真正谈论太多微生物组,但这本身就是一个完整的播客。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, we can touch on it a little bit more.

好吧,我们可以再多谈一点。

For low sugar fermented foods, thumbs up, thumbs sideways, thumbs down?

对于低糖发酵食品,大拇指向上、大拇指横着、大拇指向下?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fermented foods, short chain fatty acids, all good.

发酵食品、短链脂肪酸,都不错。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What are your favorite sources of fermented foods?

您最喜欢的发酵食品来源是什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I like kimchi.

我喜欢泡菜。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Yeah.

是的。

I like kimchi too.

我也喜欢泡菜。

I like some of the live sauerkrauts.

我喜欢一些活酸菜。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

That's also good, but with the right accoutrement.

这也很好,但要有合适的装备。

The one thing I would be careful about is yogurt.

我要小心的一件事是酸奶。

Okay?

好的?

So there are yogurts with live cultures, and there are a whole lot of yogurts with dead cultures.

因此,有含有活菌的酸奶,也有很多含有死菌的酸奶。

And if it's a yogurt with dead cultures, it's kind of irrelevant, and the chances are they've actually covered up the sourness with sugar.

如果它是一种含有死菌的酸奶,那就无关紧要了,而且很可能它们实际上用糖掩盖了酸味。

So, large commercially available yogurt, be very careful.

所以,大量市售酸奶,要十分小心。

Okay?

好的?

If it's a artisan yogurt made by people you know or trust, that's a very different story.

如果它是由您认识或信任的人制作的手工酸奶,那就完全不同了。

Yogurts with live cultures.

含有活菌的酸奶。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Intermittent fasting, do you practice it and what do you think about it?

间歇性禁食,你实践过吗?你对此有何看法?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I don't practice it, but I am for it for the right patient.

我不实践它,但我支持为合适的患者使用它。

Turns out who's the right patient?

到底谁是合适的病人呢?

The patient with liver fat.

肝脂肪患者。

Because the reason it works is because it gives the liver a chance to basically burn off the fat that it's stored.

因为它起作用的原因是它让肝脏有机会基本上燃烧掉它所储存的脂肪。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Zero-calorie soda.

零热量苏打水。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Pff.

噗。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

A definite no. And I don't even have to ask about sugary soda because that's-

明确的否定。我什至不必询问含糖苏打水,因为那是-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's basically just poison in a can.

这基本上就是罐头毒药。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Food combinations.

食物组合。

I have a feeling I know what your answer is, but the glycemic index, which we know your feelings on now, asserts that if you combine some fat with a sugary-- like eating ice cream, you have a more blunted insulin response than if you were to eat pure sugar of equivalent calories.

我有一种感觉,我知道你的答案是什么,但是血糖指数(我们现在知道你的感受)断言,如果你将一些脂肪与含糖结合起来——比如吃冰淇淋,你的胰岛素反应会比你吃同等热量的纯糖更迟钝。

But, what are your thoughts on food combinations as a way to blunt the insulin response?

但是,您对通过食物组合来减弱胰岛素反应有何看法?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Food combinations are great if there's some fiber associated with it.

如果食物中含有一些纤维,那么食物组合就很棒。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

It comes back to fiber again.

它再次回到纤维。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And by the way, full disclosure, I am the chief medical officer of a fiber company.

顺便说一下,我是一家纤维公司的首席医疗官。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

What is it?

它是什么?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is called Biolumen, and it is a proprietary fiber.

它被称为 Biolumen,是一种专有纤维。

It is a microcellulose sponge, seven microns in diameter, so the size of a red blood cell.

它是一种微纤维素海绵,直径七微米,相当于红细胞的大小。

You swallow it, it goes to your stomach, it expands 70 fold over its original size.

你吞下它,它进入你的胃,它比原来的大小膨胀了70倍。

And so it'll give you a feeling of fullness because it's taking up space in the stomach.

所以它会给你一种饱腹感,因为它占据了胃里的空间。

But more importantly, when it expands, the nooks and the crannies in the sponge become available, and embedded in those nooks and crannies are a set of proprietary hydrogels, soluble fiber, which sequester glucose, fructose, sucrose, simple starches, and render them unavailable for early absorption in the duodenum, thus reducing the glucose response, reducing the insulin response, protecting the liver, and moving it through the intestine so that microbiome can chew it up for its own purposes, feeding the gut.

但更重要的是,当它膨胀时,海绵中的角落和缝隙就变得可用,而嵌入这些角落和缝隙中的是一组专有的水凝胶,即可溶性纤维,它可以隔离葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、简单淀粉,使它们无法在十二指肠中早期吸收,从而减少葡萄糖反应,减少胰岛素反应,保护肝脏,并将其移动通过肠道,以便微生物组可以将其自行咀嚼。目的,喂养肠道。

We can reduce glucose absorption by 36%, fructose absorption by 38%, sucrose absorption by 40%, simple starch absorption by 9%, and increase short chain fatty acid production by 60% without an increase in gas.

我们可以在不增加气体的情况下,减少葡萄糖吸收36%,果糖吸收38%,蔗糖吸收40%,简单淀粉吸收9%,短链脂肪酸产量增加60%。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

When do people take this?

人们什么时候接受这个?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

With meals.

随餐。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So it comes as a sachet.

所以它是一个香袋。

One teaspoon, sprinkle it on your food or take it in a drink, just mix it in and slug it down, and then eat breakfast, lunch or dinner.

一茶匙,撒在食物上或加入饮料中,混合后一饮而尽,然后吃早餐、午餐或晚餐。

And it will basically act like you ate real food.

它基本上就像你吃了真正的食物一样。

It will turn processed food into real food in the intestine.

它将把加工过的食物在肠道里变成真正的食物。

And we have clinical trial data that demonstrates that.

我们有临床试验数据证明了这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Is it available as a commercial product?

它可以作为商业产品使用吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

It is available.

它是可用的。

It is called Munch Munch.

它被称为蒙克蒙克。

Now, I hate that name.

现在,我讨厌这个名字。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I hate it too.

我也讨厌它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

I didn't make it up.

我没有弥补。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, you need to get your market-

好吧,你需要获得你的市场——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

The marketers did that.

营销人员就是这样做的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Your marketing team sucks, but the product sounds amazing.

你的营销团队很糟糕,但产品听起来很棒。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

So biolumen.tech.

所以biolumen.tech。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Great.

太棒了。

Thank you for that.

谢谢你。

Sorry Munch Munch marketing team, but you got to munch munch to a new product name.

抱歉 Munch Munch 营销团队,但你必须给新产品命名。

But it sounds like a very interesting product, and it actually answered my next question, which was about fiber supplements.

但这听起来是一个非常有趣的产品,它实际上回答了我的下一个问题,即关于纤维补充剂的问题。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Fiber is good, but there are two kinds of fiber.

纤维固然好,但纤维有两种。

There's soluble and there's insoluble, and they are not the same.

有可溶的和不可溶的,而且它们并不相同。

So soluble is what goes into Fiber One bars, that psyllium, inulin, uh Pectin, like what holds jelly together, that's good.

纤维一棒中的成分非常可溶,车前草、菊粉、呃果胶,就像将果冻粘在一起的物质一样,这很好。

I'm not saying it's bad, but you need the insoluble fiber, the cellulose, the stringy stuff in celery, the cardboard, if you will.

我并不是说它不好,但如果你愿意的话,你需要不溶性纤维、纤维素、芹菜中的粘性物质、纸板。

Together, they form this gel that we talked about earlier.

它们一起形成我们之前讨论过的凝胶。

If you only consume the soluble fiber, which is what the food industry will add to food, because the insoluble fiber is not miscible.

如果你只消耗可溶性纤维,这就是食品工业将添加到食品中的纤维,因为不溶性纤维是不混溶的。

If you only add the soluble fiber back, you're not getting the benefits of the entire fiber complement.

如果您只添加可溶性纤维,您将无法获得整个纤维补充的好处。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Earlier when talking about the NOVA system and how most all of our foods are nine-- Let's say, I know it was 7% to 10%, let's say 95%.

早些时候,当谈论 NOVA 系统以及我们大多数食物都是 9 时——比方说,我知道它是 7% 到 10%,比方说 95%。

Let's err on the side of better.

让我们宁可犯更好的错误。

95% of our food should come from NOVA system class one or class two foods.

我们95%的食物应该来自NOVA系统一类或二类食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Or three.

或者三个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or three.

或者三个。

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Or three.

或者三个。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Staying away from those NOVA class four foods.

远离那些 NOVA 四级食物。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yep.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Could you give us some examples of NOVA class one and class two foods, just broadly speaking?

您能给我们举一些 NOVA 一类和二类食品的例子吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

NOVA class one is any food without a label.

NOVA 第一类是任何没有标签的食品。

Period.

时期。

If you see a label on a food, it's a warning label.

如果您在食品上看到标签,那么它是警告标签。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, ground beef has a label.

嗯,碎牛肉有一个标签。

Okay, so that's-

好吧,那就是——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, does it?

嗯,是吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So you're talking about apple.

所以你说的是苹果。

Well, when I buy it, it has a label.

嗯,当我买它的时候,它有一个标签。

I'm asking this because people are going to wonder, so-

我问这个是因为人们会想知道,所以-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Well, it doesn't have a nutrition facts label.

嗯,它没有营养成分标签。

Is there a nutrition facts label on a thing of ground beef?

碎牛肉上有营养成分标签吗?

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I buy that ground beef, or I consume venison, where if you flip it over, it says how many calories, how many protein.

我买碎牛肉,或者吃鹿肉,如果你把它翻过来,它会显示有多少卡路里,有多少蛋白质。

So there's a label.

所以有一个标签。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

All right.

好吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

But it's just beef or venison.

但这只是牛肉或鹿肉。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Okay.

好的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Then that's class one.

然后就是第一课了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay, egg?

好吧,鸡蛋?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Egg is class one.

鸡蛋是一级。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So, and then, of course, fruit, apples, orange.

那么,当然还有水果,苹果,橙子。

Okay, so it doesn't matter if it has a name tag, as long as it doesn't have a nutrition facts-

好吧,所以有没有名字标签并不重要,只要没有营养成分就可以了——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

A nutrition facts label

营养成分标签

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Got it.

明白了。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Real food does not need a label.

真正的食物不需要标签。

It's only if they did something to it that it needs a label.

只有当他们对它做了什么时,它才需要一个标签。

So you have to look at every label as a warning label.

因此,您必须将每个标签视为警告标签。

Now, the problem with the label is it only tells you what's in the food.

现在,标签的问题是它只告诉你食物中含有什么。

What you really need to know is what's been done to the food.

你真正需要知道的是食物被做了什么。

Because it's the ultra-processed food that's the problem.

因为问题出在超加工食品上。

They don't want to tell you that.

他们不想告诉你这个。

That's secret.

这是秘密。

Okay?

好的?

Secret from a proprietary standpoint, but also secret because if you knew what they did to it, you wouldn't eat it.

从专有的角度来看,这是秘密,但也是秘密,因为如果你知道他们对它做了什么,你就不会吃它。

You would never buy it.

你永远不会买它。

And they don't want you to know.

他们不想让你知道。

So they only tell you what's in the food.

所以他们只告诉你食物里有什么。

That's not what's important.

这不是重要的。

It's what's been done to the food that's important.

重要的是对食物所做的处理。

And that's why this NOVA class four is so important, and that's why Perfect is so important, because it'll do the work for you.

这就是为什么 NOVA 四级如此重要,这就是为什么 Perfect 如此重要,因为它会为您完成工作。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Great.

太棒了。

We'll definitely provide links to all of these.

我们一定会提供所有这些的链接。

So if you could pick one thing to recommend to people that want to improve their health-

因此,如果你可以选择一件事推荐给那些想要改善健康的人——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Get rid of sugar.

摆脱糖分。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Okay.

好的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Period.

期间。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Very clear.

非常清楚。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That's number one.

这是第一。

Number two, go for a walk.

第二,出去散步。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

The exercise piece.

练习片。

Yeah.

是的。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Go for a walk.

去散步吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And if you could recommend one thing that the general public can do to try and assist in this advocacy for not redefining but actually clearly defining what is food and what isn't, and making people aware at the level of policy and change and school lunches.

如果你能建议公众可以做一件事来尝试和协助这一倡导,而不是重新定义,而是实际上明确定义什么是食物,什么不是,并让人们在政策、变革和学校午餐层面上意识到这一点。

If there were one thing, what can we do?

如果有一件事,我们能做什么?

You've clearly activated my neurons surrounding the set of problems that exist and the paths to correct them, but should we be writing to our congresspeople?

你显然激活了我围绕存在的一系列问题以及纠正这些问题的路径的神经元,但我们应该写信给我们的国会议员吗?

Should we be getting angry at hospitals because they've got all these fast food machines, and the cafeteria food is like-

我们应该对医院生气吗,因为他们有这么多快餐机,而自助餐厅的食物就像——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

That would be good

那就好了

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

is illness promoting?

疾病在促进吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

At UCSF, we've gotten rid of all sugar beverages.

在加州大学旧金山分校,我们已经戒掉了所有含糖饮料。

We have the Healthy Beverage Initiative.

我们有健康饮料倡议。

So you can-

所以你可以-

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

No Coke machines at UCSF?

UCSF 没有可乐机吗?

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

No Coke machines at UCSF.

加州大学旧金山分校没有可乐机。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Wow.

哇。

Stanford, check that out, because people always send me pictures of the Coke machines in the School of Medicine.

斯坦福大学,检查一下,因为人们总是给我发医学院可乐机的照片。

I'm like, "Listen, I didn't put them there," but I-

我想,“听着,我没有把它们放在那里,”但是我-

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

We have to model for the public.

我们必须为公众树立榜样。

Where was the first place that smoking was banned?

最早禁烟的地方是哪里?

Hospitals.

医院。

Okay?

好的?

Because we knew.

因为我们知道。

So if you get rid of the sugared soda at the hospital, you're telling people something.

因此,如果你在医院扔掉了含糖汽水,你就是在告诉人们一些事情。

So yeah, I think that every hospital and really every public venue in America needs to clear out the junk.

所以,是的,我认为美国的每家医院和每个公共场所都需要清理垃圾。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

So post photos of junk that are supposed to be in health-promoting institutions, and I guess we're trying to cancel junk food.

因此,发布应该在健康促进机构中的垃圾食品的照片,我想我们正在努力取消垃圾食品。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Shame.

耻辱。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

We're trying to cancel junk food.

我们正在努力取消垃圾食品。

I'm pretty opposed to cancel culture, but here we go.

我非常反对取消文化,但我们开始吧。

We're going to cancel.

我们要取消。

Marvelous.

奇妙。

It's actionable, it's straightforward, it's low cost, low time investment.

它可操作、简单、成本低、时间投资少。

Zero cost, very low time investment.

零成本,极低的时间投入。

So thank you for that.

所以谢谢你。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And look up Eat Real, because we're doing it for your kids, so you need to help support it.

查找“Eat Real”,因为我们正在为您的孩子做这件事,所以您需要帮助支持它。

Any school district in America can do it.

美国任何一个学区都可以做到。

So what do we do?

那么我们该怎么办呢?

We have a business model whereby the food services director either purchases or rents a dilapidated factory in the center of the district, repurposes it into a food preparation facility.

我们有一种商业模式,食品服务总监购买或租用位于该地区中心的一家破旧工厂,将其改造成食品制备设施。

They can make 27 to 30,000 meals a day with a skeleton crew.

他们每天可以用骨干人员制作 27 至 30,000 顿饭菜。

And you control what's in it, and because you're buying in volume, it actually reduces the cost, so it's cheaper than buying it from Sysco or Aramark or Sodexo or wherever.

而且你可以控制里面的内容,而且因为你是批量购买,它实际上降低了成本,所以它比从 Sysco、Aramark、Sodexo 或其他地方购买要便宜。

And then you farm it out via truck or bus to all the different schools, so every kid gets a hot meal made from scratch each day, and we can solve this problem.

然后你通过卡车或公共汽车将其分给所有不同的学校,这样每个孩子每天都能得到一顿从头开始做的热饭,我们可以解决这个问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Can't help but ask this one last question.

忍不住问最后一个问题。

For people that want to cut out sugar, which you clearly stated is the most important thing to do for one's health, how do we know how much sugar is in something?

对于想要戒糖的人来说,您明确指出这是对健康最重要的事情,我们如何知道某物中的糖含量是多少?

So should people be looking at labels and just looking for how much sugar, how much carbohydrate, or could we even go so far as to say if it says High fructose corn syrup, then it's on the no-fly list.

因此,人们是否应该查看标签,只关注有多少糖、多少碳水化合物,或者我们甚至可以说,如果标签上写着高果糖玉米糖浆,那么它就在禁飞清单上。

Don't eat it.

别吃它。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So the problem is that there are 262 names for sugar, and the food industry uses all of them.

所以问题是糖有 262 个名称,而食品工业使用了所有这些名称。

And the reason they use all of them is because they can include a different sugar as number five, number six, number seven, number eight, number nine on the list, and when you add it up, it becomes number one.

他们使用所有这些糖的原因是因为它们可以包含不同的糖,如列表中的第五、六、七、八、九,当你把它加起来时,它就变成了第一。

They hide it in plain sight, and they do it on purpose.

他们把它隐藏在众目睽睽之下,而且是故意的。

Now, do I expect everybody to memorize all 262 names?

现在,我希望每个人都能记住所有 262 个名字吗?

No, of course not.

不,当然不是。

Can you figure it out yourself?

你自己能弄清楚吗?

Well, the answer is no, unless they have the line where it says added sugars.

嗯,答案是否定的,除非他们有一行写着添加糖。

If it says added sugars, it is either sucrose or high fructose corn syrup.

如果标明添加糖,则要么是蔗糖,要么是高果糖玉米糖浆。

No one's adding lactose.

没有人添加乳糖。

Okay?

好的?

That's not happening.

那并没有发生。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Or glucose.

或葡萄糖。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

They're not even adding glucose, because glucose isn't that sweet.

他们甚至没有添加葡萄糖,因为葡萄糖没那么甜。

Glucose is not that interesting.

葡萄糖没那么有趣。

You don't see people going around chugging Karo syrup, do you?

你不会看到人们到处喝卡罗糖浆吧?

Okay?

好的?

That's glucose.

那是葡萄糖。

Who cares?

谁在乎?

Yeah, it might be good in a molasses cookie, but that's it.

是的,它可能适合糖蜜饼干,但仅此而已。

All right?

好的?

So it's fructose.

所以它是果糖。

So you need to know what's been added.

所以你需要知道添加了什么。

So if it says added sugars, that's a good place to start.

因此,如果上面写着添加糖,那就是一个很好的起点。

No greater than one teaspoon per serving.

每份不得超过一茶匙。

No greater than four grams per serving of added sugars.

每份添加糖不得超过四克。

Anything greater than that, leave at the store.

任何大于此的东西,请留在商店。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

And aim for those NOVA type one, type two.

并瞄准那些NOVA类型一、类型二。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

And aim for NOVA types one, two, and three.

并瞄准 NOVA 类型一、二、三。

And if you don't know whether it's NOVA type one, two, or three, you can use Perfect.

如果您不知道它是 NOVA 类型一、二还是三,您可以使用 Perfect。

And if you don't look at that, then go look at the nutrition facts label, and anything that has more than four ingredients is NOVA class four.

如果你不看这个,那就看看营养成分标签,任何含有超过四种成分的东西都是 NOVA 四类。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Robert Lustig, thank you so much.

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格,非常感谢你。

You've provided such an incredible education in nutritional biochemistry, the processing of fat, protein, carbohydrate, sugar, fructose in particular, the clear detriments of consuming fructose on so many different organ systems.

您在营养生物化学、脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、糖、特别是果糖的加工方面提供了如此令人难以置信的教育,以及摄入果糖对许多不同器官系统的明显危害。

I love, love, love that you separated out food science, nutrition, and metabolic health.

我爱、爱、爱你把食品科学、营养和代谢健康分开。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Yeah.

是的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

That's a gazillion dollar delineation for people to understand and to shape their understanding of all the information that's out there and bins into these different categories.

这是一个价值数百万美元的划定,供人们理解和塑造他们对所有信息的理解,并将其分类为不同的类别。

You've given us so many actionable tools, new conceptual frameworks.

您为我们提供了许多可操作的工具和新的概念框架。

You've given us a real tour de force today in-

今天你给我们带来了一场真正的杰作——

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Thank you

谢谢你

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

...

...

just oh-so-clear language.

只是非常清晰的语言。

So I want to thank you.

所以我想谢谢你。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

Oh, thank you.

哦,谢谢。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

I've learned a ton, and I know everyone else has as well.

我学到了很多东西,我知道其他人也学到了很多东西。

And if people have questions, they can of course put them in the comments section on YouTube.

如果人们有疑问,他们当然可以将其放在 YouTube 的评论部分。

That's the best place.

那是最好的地方。

We'll provide links to all the companies and websites that you referenced and some of your other work.

我们将提供您引用的所有公司和网站以及您的一些其他作品的链接。

And listen, I'm so grateful that you exist and that you've done the work that you've done, and your passion and your advocacy for health is just oh-so-clear.

听着,我非常感激你的存在,感谢你所做的工作,你对健康的热情和倡导是非常明确的。

So thank you so much for your time.

非常感谢您抽出宝贵的时间。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

So I want to thank you.

所以我想谢谢你。

And the reason I want to thank you is first of all, inviting me.

我之所以要感谢你,首先是因为你邀请了我。

That's nice.

那很好。

That's good.

那挺好的。

But the reason is because people need to understand science.

但原因是因为人们需要了解科学。

I am completely in agreement with you.

我完全同意你的看法。

The public needs to understand science.

公众需要了解科学。

They listen to you because you, number one, provide the science, and number two, you don't talk down to them.

他们听你的,因为第一,你提供了科学,第二,你不会居高临下地对他们说话。

You treat them as equals.

你平等对待他们。

And that is truly remarkable, and so I want to thank you for your service.

这确实非常了不起,所以我要感谢您的服务。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Well, you're most welcome.

嗯,非常欢迎你。

It's a labor of love, and I think it was the great Max Delbrück that said, "When teaching, assume zero knowledge and infinite intelligence." And I do believe that humans are infinitely intelligent, although sometimes as a whole, we mask it.

这是一种爱的劳动,我认为伟大的马克斯·德尔布吕克说过,“教学时,假设零知识和无限智慧。”我确实相信人类具有无限的智慧,尽管有时作为一个整体,我们掩盖了它。

People deserve the knowledge, so thank you so much for sharing that knowledge today, and let's absolutely have you back.

人们应该获得这些知识,所以非常感谢您今天分享这些知识,我们绝对欢迎您回来。

Dr. Robert Lustig:

罗伯特·勒斯蒂格博士:

My pleasure.

我很高兴。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼:

Thank you for joining me for today's discussion with Dr. Robert Lustig about nutrition and how sugar impacts the health of our brain and body.

感谢您今天与我一起与 Robert Lustig 博士讨论营养以及糖如何影响我们的大脑和身体的健康。

To learn more about Dr. Lustig's work and to find links to the many books that he's written on this and other topics, please see the show note captions.

要了解有关勒斯蒂格博士的工作的更多信息,并找到他就该主题和其他主题撰写的许多书籍的链接,请参阅演出注释标题。

If you're learning from and/or enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel.

如果您正在学习和/或喜欢此播客,请订阅我们的 YouTube 频道。

That's a terrific zero-cost way to support us.

这是支持我们的绝佳零成本方式。

In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on both Spotify and Apple.

此外,请在 Spotify 和 Apple 上订阅该播客。

And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review.

在 Spotify 和 Apple 上,您都可以给我们五星级的评价。

If you have questions for me or comments about the podcast or guests you'd like me to consider on the Huberman Lab Podcast, please put those in the comments section on YouTube.

如果您对我有疑问或对播客或您希望我在 Huberman 实验室播客上考虑的嘉宾有意见,请在 YouTube 的评论部分中提出。

I do read all the comments.

我确实阅读了所有评论。

Please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode.

另请查看今天节目开头和整个节目中提到的赞助商。

That's the best way to support this podcast.

这是支持这个播客的最佳方式。

Not so much on today's episode, but on many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab Podcast, we discuss supplements.

今天的节目不多,但在休伯曼实验室播客的许多以前的节目中,我们讨论了补充剂。

While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them for things like improving sleep, for hormone support, and for improving focus.

虽然补充剂并不是每个人都需要的,但许多人从它们中获得了巨大的好处,例如改善睡眠、激素支持和提高注意力。

To learn more about the supplements discussed on the Huberman Lab Podcast, go to Live Momentous, spelled O-U-S, so livemomentous.com/huberman.

要了解有关 Huberman 实验室播客中讨论的补充剂的更多信息,请访问 Live Momentous,拼写为 O-U-S,即 livemomentous.com/huberman。

If you're not already following me on social media, I am hubermanlab on Instagram, X, formerly called Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Threads.

如果您还没有在社交媒体上关注我,我是 Instagram、X(以前称为 Twitter、LinkedIn、Facebook 和 Threads)上的 hubermanlab。

And at all of those places, I discuss science and science-related tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab Podcast, but much of which is distinct from the content covered on the Huberman Lab Podcast.

在所有这些地方,我讨论了科学和与科学相关的工具,其中一些与胡伯曼实验室播客的内容重叠,但其中大部分与胡伯曼实验室播客涵盖的内容不同。

So again, it's hubermanlab on all social media channels.

再说一次,所有社交媒体渠道上都是 hubermanlab。

If you haven't already subscribed to our Neural Network Newsletter, our Neural Network Newsletter is a zero-cost newsletter that comes out every month.

如果您还没有订阅我们的神经网络时事通讯,我们的神经网络时事通讯是每月发布的零成本时事通讯。

It includes podcast summaries, as well as protocols in the form of short PDFs of maybe just one to three pages where I list out the specific protocols, for instance, for improving dopamine functioning, or for improving your sleep, or for deliberate cold exposure, deliberate heat exposure, or fitness protocols, and on and on, all of which are presented in brief fashion, very direct, just the protocols listed out.

它包括播客摘要,以及可能只有一到三页的简短 PDF 形式的协议,其中我列出了具体的协议,例如,用于改善多巴胺功能,或用于改善睡眠,或用于故意冷暴露,故意热暴露或健身协议,等等,所有这些都以简短的方式呈现,非常直接,只是列出的协议。

Again, completely zero cost.

再次强调,完全零成本。

To sign up, you simply go to hubermanlab.com, go to the menu function, scroll down to Newsletter, and enter your email.

要注册,您只需访问 hubermanlab.com,转到菜单功能,向下滚动到新闻通讯,然后输入您的电子邮件。

And I should point out that we do not share your email with anybody.

我应该指出,我们不会与任何人分享您的电子邮件。

Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion with Dr. Robert Lustig.

再次感谢您参加今天与 Robert Lustig 博士的讨论。

And last but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.

最后但并非最不重要的一点是,感谢您对科学的兴趣。