How Hormones Shape Sexual Development

激素如何影响性发育

2025-02-13 | 官方页面 YouTube 官方音频

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.

欢迎来到休伯曼实验室播客，我们在这里讨论科学和基于科学的日常生活工具。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I'm Andrew Huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，斯坦福大学医学院神经生物学和眼科教授。

This podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

这个播客与我在斯坦福大学的教学和研究角色是分开的。

It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero-cost-to-consumer information about science and science related tools.

然而，我的愿望和努力的一部分是为消费者提供有关科学和科学相关工具的零成本信息。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.

为了与这个主题保持一致，我要感谢今天播客的赞助商。

It's a new month, which means it's a new topic here at the Huberman Lab podcast.

这是新的一个月，这意味着这是 Huberman 实验室播客的新主题。

For the next four or so episodes, we're going to be talking all about hormone effects on the brain and body.

在接下来的四集左右，我们将讨论激素对大脑和身体的影响。

So that's a huge number of different topics.

We're going to talk about sex, we're going to talk about reproduction, we're going to talk about puberty a little bit more.

我们要谈论性，我们要谈论生殖，我们要多谈论青春期。

We talked about that in the previous episode.

We're going to talk about menopause.

We're going to talk about birth control.

We are going to talk about aggression, competition, winning, losing.

我们将讨论侵略、竞争、胜利、失败。

Basically, we're going to cover as much about hormones as we possibly can in this month.

基本上，我们将在本月尽可能多地介绍荷尔蒙。

And in doing so, we are going to go deep into tools and protocols.

为此，我们将深入研究工具和协议。

We are also going to talk about a lot of tools that relate to things that you might not want to do in order to optimize hormone health, regardless of stage of life or your goals, et cetera.

So it's sure to be a month rich with discussion, rich with tools, and you're going to learn a lot of neuroscience and endocrinology.

所以这肯定是一个充满讨论、充满工具的一个月，你将学到很多神经科学和内分泌学的知识。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

There's actually a field of neuroendocrinology.

实际上有一个神经内分泌学领域。

It's actually where I started my graduate work.

这实际上是我开始研究生工作的地方。

I did a master's in it, which is only to say that I love the topic.

我获得了硕士学位，这只是说我喜欢这个话题。

I have a lot of friends that work on this topic, many of whom I've consulted for these episodes, and I'm really excited to share the information with you.

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Before we dive into today's episode, all about emotions and sex, I want to just have a few announcements that are designed to point you to some useful resources.

Last episode, talking about the science of emotions and relationships, I mentioned the Mood Meter app.

上一集，在谈论情绪和关系的科学时，我提到了情绪计应用程序。

The Mood Meter app was developed by people out at Yale University who study the biology and psychology of emotions.

Mood Meter 应用程序是由耶鲁大学研究情绪生物学和心理学的人员开发的。

It's a really wonderful app.

这是一个非常棒的应用程序。

However, many of you quickly told me that the Mood Meter app isn't available in your area.

然而，你们中的许多人很快告诉我，您所在的地区无法使用情绪计应用程序。

You went to the link we posted and it just was saying not available in your area.

您访问了我们发布的链接，但它只是说在您所在的地区不可用。

The situation was actually a lot worse than that.

实际情况比这还要糟糕得多。

The situation was that when we recorded the episode, the Mood Meter app was working.

情况是，当我们录制该剧集时，情绪计应用程序正在运行。

I know, because I downloaded a fresh copy of it to my phone.

我知道，因为我将其新副本下载到手机上。

And then in the ensuing weekend, they took the Mood Meter app down for some repairs.

然后在接下来的周末，他们下架了 Mood Meter 应用程序进行一些修复。

The Mood Meter app is now up.

情绪计应用程序现已启动。

It is available.

它是可用的。

I want to be really clear, it's not an app I'm affiliated with.

我想澄清一下，这不是我所属的应用程序。

I'm just mentioning it to you.

我只是向你提一下而已。

They don't know me.

他们不认识我。

I know them, but they don't know me.

我认识他们，但他们不认识我。

So we don't have any kind of business relationship.

所以我们没有任何业务关系。

They do charge 99 cents for the app.

他们的应用程序收费 99 美分。

I think the free version has disappeared in the last year or so.

我认为免费版本在去年左右已经消失了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So that's Mood Meter app.

这就是情绪计应用程序。

We'll provide the link again, and the link should be working.

我们将再次提供该链接，该链接应该可以正常工作。

Hopefully they won't take it down again in between this announcement and the release of this episode.

希望他们在本公告和本集发布之间不会再次将其删除。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Also, just want to take a step back for a moment and talk a little bit about the logic of how to make the most of the information on the Huberman Lab podcast.

I tend to throw out a lot of information about a given topic.

我倾向于抛出有关特定主题的大量信息。

Many of you have pointed out, however, that I don't cover certain things.

然而，你们中的许多人指出，我没有涵盖某些内容。

And once again, I'll just say the goal is always to be accurate, but there's no way I can be exhaustive.

我再说一遍，目标始终是准确的，但我不可能面面俱到。

There's no way I can cover everything for a particular topic.

我不可能涵盖某个特定主题的所有内容。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

The good news is we have time.

好消息是我们有时间。

My goal, at least in the first year of the Huberman Lab podcast is to give you a basis, a foundation in these different topics of neuroplasticity, focus, sleep, hormones, et cetera.

And of course, to provide tools along the way.

当然，还要一路提供工具。

We are going to host guests.

我们要接待客人。

I've actually started recording with some of these guests already.

事实上我已经开始和其中一些嘉宾一起录音了。

And even those episodes will include a little, what we call primer, a little description of the basics of a given topic so that you can get more information from those topics.

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

My goal really is to educate you in these topics, give you a foundation in these topics, and allow you to start exploring them here in the episodes with our future guests, but also in other podcasts, and books, and other sources of information.

So for those of you that are saying it's too much information, I just encourage you to remind yourself that you have a pause button, you can return to it.

Everything's timestamped.

一切都带有时间戳。

For those of you who feel it's not enough information, I'm not covering enough, just know that this is just the beginning.

对于那些觉得信息不够的人，我没有涵盖足够的内容，只要知道这只是一个开始。

We intend to do this for a very long time and we will be thorough over time.

我们打算在很长一段时间内这样做，并且随着时间的推移我们将彻底做到这一点。

So thanks for your patience and please be patient with yourselves.

因此，感谢您的耐心等待，也请对自己保持耐心。

There's no reason why you have to digest all the information in one swoop.

您没有理由必须一口气消化所有信息。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

The other thing is that I've been told, both that I speak too fast and speak too slow.

另一件事是，有人告诉我，我说得太快，也说得太慢。

So there's a wonderful solution to this.

所以有一个很好的解决方案。

If I speak too fast or too slow, you can adjust the speed in YouTube.

如果我说得太快或太慢，您可以在 YouTube 中调整速度。

If you're listening in a different format, I think you also can adjust the speed of playback.

如果您以不同的格式收听，我认为您还可以调整播放速度。

So that's something that wouldn't be possible in the classroom, but you may find useful.

所以这在课堂上是不可能的，但你可能会发现很有用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And then last but not least, I want to point people again to this NSDR, Non-Sleep Deep Rest protocol, that the folks over at Madefor have put out as a free resource.

It does, as many of you pointed out, bear resemblance to things like yoga nidra, other forms of meditation.

正如你们许多人指出的那样，它确实与瑜伽休息术（其他形式的冥想）有相似之处。

But what we've done is we've stripped out intentions or any kind of the verbiage related to what some people might perceive as kind of related to the yoga community or specific to kind of new agey type techniques.

Not because we don't like yoga nidra.

不是因为我们不喜欢瑜伽休息术。

In fact, I've done yoga nidra daily for almost the last, goodness, eight years of my life.

事实上，我几乎在生命的最后八年里每天都做瑜伽休息术。

I love yoga nidra, but sometimes the complicated language can be a separator and can discourage people from taking on these protocols that are extremely useful.

我喜欢瑜伽休息术，但有时复杂的语言可能会成为分隔符，并可能阻止人们接受这些非常有用的协议。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So NSDR is intentionally generic.

所以 NSDR 故意是通用的。

It's designed to bring you into a state of deep relaxation through a combination of breathing and body scan.

它旨在通过呼吸和身体扫描相结合，让您进入深度放松的状态。

There's the YouTube script over at Madefor, which is linked in the caption.

Madefor 上有 YouTube 脚本，标题中有链接。

And many people find that they prefer that to scripts, like yoga nidra scripts, where they're doing intentions and they're hearing a lot of kind of unusual language around the process.

许多人发现他们更喜欢这样的脚本，比如瑜伽休息术脚本，他们在做意图，并且在这个过程中听到了很多不寻常的语言。

This is just very basic and I hope you'll enjoy it.

这只是非常基本的内容，我希望您会喜欢它。

And if you prefer the more typical yoga nidra scripts, then go with those.

如果您更喜欢更典型的瑜伽休息术脚本，那么就使用这些脚本。

There are many of them available on the internet and elsewhere.

其中许多可以在互联网和其他地方找到。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And last but not least, I want to point out that all our episodes now are subtitled, both in English and in Spanish.

最后但并非最不重要的一点是，我想指出，我们所有的剧集现在都有字幕，有英语和西班牙语。

So for those of you that prefer to digest this information in Spanish, that's now available to you in the subtitles.

因此，对于那些喜欢用西班牙语消化这些信息的人来说，现在可以在字幕中找到这些信息。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Today, we're going to talk about the science of sex.

今天，我们来谈谈性的科学。

In particular, sexual differentiation.

特别是性别分化。

Now that's a complicated topic because sex is both adjective, a noun, and a verb depending on the context.

这是一个复杂的话题，因为性既是形容词，又是名词，又是动词，具体取决于上下文。

Today, we're going to talk about the hormonal effects and the neural effects of particular events that happen during development, and how those guide adolescent and adult behavior, including sexual preference.

It's an area that's fascinating, and for which there are actually very solid textbook findings.

这是一个令人着迷的领域，并且实际上有非常可靠的教科书研究结果。

So textbook findings means that there are many studies that have been aggregated over decades that point to what we now know to be absolute truths in terms of how hormones affect brain development, how the brain impacts hormonal development and how those interact to control behavior, for instance.

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

We are also going to talk about reproduction, the verb sex.

我们还将讨论生殖，即动词性。

And of course sex, the verb, can also be carried out independent of reproduction.

当然，性这个动词也可以独立于生殖而进行。

It's not always, in particular in humans, just to produce offspring.

尤其是对于人类来说，并不总是只是为了繁衍后代。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So that's going to be covered in the next episode, but you absolutely need to understand the information in this episode in order to make sense of the information in the next episode.

So today we're going to explore hormones — what they are, how they work, what leads to masculinization or feminization of the brain and body.

所以今天我们将探讨荷尔蒙——它们是什么、它们如何发挥作用、是什么导致大脑和身体的男性化或女性化。

I'll just throw out one really interesting fact that perhaps most of you didn't realize, that hormones have direct effects on the body.

我只想抛出一个非常有趣的事实，也许你们大多数人都没有意识到，荷尔蒙对身体有直接影响。

Most people know that because there are hormone differences and sex differences in bodies in terms of genitalia and body hair, distribution of body hair, etcetera.

大多数人都知道，因为身体存在激素差异和性别差异，比如生殖器和体毛、体毛的分布等等。

But there are also effects of hormones on the brain directly.

但激素也对大脑有直接影响。

And believe it or not, there are also effects on the spinal cord, on the neurons and structures within the spinal cord, that impact in a very direct way what sorts of behaviors are possible.

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So it's a fascinating area.

所以这是一个令人着迷的领域。

You might notice I'm going to go a little bit more slowly through this topic than I normally do.

您可能会注意到，我将比平时更慢地讨论这个主题。

I want to be extremely careful with my language.

我想非常小心我的语言。

Some of these topics, some of you may be thinking are extremely sensitive.

你们中的一些人可能认为其中一些话题极其敏感。

And of course, any discussion about sex and reproduction is a sensitive one, but today, we're just talking about the biology.

当然，任何关于性和生殖的讨论都是敏感的，但今天我们只讨论生物学。

We're not getting into the cultural constraints or the cultural dialogue.

我们没有陷入文化限制或文化对话。

What we're trying to do today is really get to the biology, the physiology, the endocrinology and the behavior.

我们今天要做的是真正了解生物学、生理学、内分泌学和行为学。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So let's start by talking about what hormones are, just to remind you, and what they do.

因此，让我们首先讨论什么是激素，只是为了提醒您，以及它们的作用。

Hormones, by definition, are a substance, a chemical that's released in one area of the body, typically from something we call a gland, although they can also be released from neurons, but they're released often from glands that travel and have effects both on that gland but also on other organs and tissues in the body.

根据定义，激素是一种物质，一种在身体某个区域释放的化学物质，通常是从我们所说的腺体释放的，尽管它们也可以从神经元释放，但它们通常是从腺体释放的，这些腺体会移动并影响该腺体，也会影响体内的其他器官和组织。

And that differentiates hormones from things like neurotransmitters, which tend to act more locally.

这将激素与神经递质等物质区分开来，后者往往更局部地发挥作用。

So that's important.

所以这很重要。

A hormone is a substance secreted at one location in the body, travels, and has impact on things elsewhere in the body.

激素是一种在身体某个部位分泌的物质，它会传播并对身体其他部位产生影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Examples of tissues that produce hormones would be the thyroid, the testes, the ovaries, et cetera.

产生激素的组织的例子有甲状腺、睾丸、卵巢等。

And then of course, there are areas of the brain like the hypothalamus and the pituitary, which are closely related to one another and release hormones that cause the release of yet other hormones out in the body.

当然，大脑中的某些区域，如下丘脑和垂体，彼此密切相关，并释放激素，从而导致体内释放其他激素。

So we're going to cover all this.

所以我们将涵盖所有这些。

If you don't know anything about endocrinology, you're still going to be able to understand today's discussion.

即使您对内分泌学一无所知，您仍然能够理解今天的讨论。

And we're going to start with a discussion about what hormones actually do to create this thing that we call masculinization or feminization.

我们将首先讨论激素实际上是如何产生这种我们称之为男性化或女性化的东西的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So let's start with development.

那么让我们从开发开始吧。

Sperm meets egg.

精子与卵子相遇。

Everything that happens before that is a topic of the next episode, but sperm meets egg.

在此之前发生的一切都是下一集的主题，但精子遇到了卵子。

This is mammalian reproduction.

这是哺乳动物的繁殖。

And that egg starts to duplicate.

那颗蛋开始复制。

It starts to make more of itself, it makes more cells.

它开始制造更多的自身，制造更多的细胞。

And eventually some of those cells become skin, some of those cells become brain, some of those cells become muscle, some of those cells become fingers, all the stuff that makes up the brain and body plan.

最终，其中一些细胞会变成皮肤，一些细胞会变成大脑，一些细胞会变成肌肉，一些细胞会变成手指，所有这些都构成了大脑和身体的计划。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

In addition, there are hormones that come both from the mother and from the developing baby, the developing fetus, that impact whether or not the brain will be, what they call, organized masculine or organized feminine.

此外，还有来自母亲和发育中的婴儿、发育中的胎儿的激素，这些激素会影响大脑（他们所说的）是有组织的男性还是有组织的女性。

And as I say this, I want you to try and discard with the cultural connotations, or your psychological connotations, of what masculinization and feminization are because we're only centering on the biology.

正如我所说，我希望你尝试抛弃男性化和女性化的文化内涵或心理内涵，因为我们只关注生物学。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So typically, people have either two X chromosomes, and the traditional language around that is that person is female.

因此，通常情况下，人们有两条 X 染色体，而传统的说法是这个人是女性。

Or an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, and that person will become male.

或者一条X染色体和一条Y染色体，那个人就会成为男性。

Now, it's not always the case.

现在，情况并非总是如此。

There are cases where it's XXY, where there are two X chromosomes plus a Y chromosome.

在某些情况下，它是 XXY，其中有两条 X 染色体加一条 Y 染色体。

There are also cases where it's XYY, where they're two Y chromosomes.

也有一些情况是 XYY，即两条 Y 染色体。

And these have important biological and psychological impacts.

这些具有重要的生物学和心理影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So the first thing we need to establish is that there is something called chromosomal sex.

所以我们首先需要确定的是，存在一种叫做染色体性别的东西。

Whether or not they're two X chromosomes or an X and Y chromosome is what we call chromosomal sex.

无论它们是两条 X 染色体还是 X 和 Y 染色体，这就是我们所说的染色体性别。

But the next stage of separating out the sexes is what we call gonadal sex.

但区分性别的下一阶段是我们所说的性腺性别。

Typically, not always, but typically if somebody has testes for their gonads, we think of them as male.

通常，并非总是如此，但通常如果某人的性腺有睾丸，我们就会认为他们是男性。

And if somebody has ovaries, we think of them as female, although that's not always the case either.

如果某人有卵巢，我们就会认为他们是女性，尽管情况并非总是如此。

But let's just explore the transition from chromosomal sex to gonadal sex because it's a fascinating one that we all went through in some form or another.

但让我们来探讨一下从染色体性别到性腺性别的转变，因为这是一个令人着迷的过程，我们都以某种形式经历过。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So this XY that we typically think of as promoting masculinization of the fetus, we say that because on the Y chromosome, there are genes, and those genes have particular functions that suppress female reproductive organs.

所以我们通常认为促进胎儿男性化的XY，我们说是因为Y染色体上有基因，这些基因具有抑制女性生殖器官的特殊功能。

So on the Y chromosome there's a gene which encodes for something called Müllerian-inhibiting hormone.

Y 染色体上有一个基因，编码一种叫做苗勒氏管抑制激素的基因。

So there's actually a hormone that's programmed by the Y chromosome that inhibits the formation of Müllerian ducts, which are an important part of the female reproductive apparatus.

因此，实际上有一种由 Y 染色体编程的激素可以抑制苗勒管的形成，而苗勒管是女性生殖器官的重要组成部分。

That's critical because already we're seeing the transition between chromosome, Y chromosome, and gonad.

这很重要，因为我们已经看到染色体、Y 染色体和性腺之间的转变。

And other genes on the Y chromosome promote the formation of testes.

Y染色体上的其他基因促进睾丸的形成。

So there are genes like the SRY gene and other genes that promote the formation of testes, while they also inhibit the formation of the Müllerian ducts.

因此，有一些基因，如SRY基因和其他基因，可以促进睾丸的形成，同时也会抑制苗勒氏管的形成。

So the transition from chromosomal sex to gonadal sex is a very important distinction.

所以从染色体性别到性腺性别的转变是一个非常重要的区别。

It's kind of a fork in the road that happens very early in development while fetuses are still in the embryo.

这是一种岔路口，发生在发育早期，而胎儿仍处于胚胎阶段。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now, what's interesting as well is that just because there's a Y chromosome that can suppress Müllerian duct formation, and there are other genes on the Y chromosome that promote testes development, the placenta itself is an endocrine organ.

现在，有趣的是，仅仅因为Y染色体上有一条可以抑制苗勒氏管形成，并且Y染色体上还有其他促进睾丸发育的基因，所以胎盘本身就是一个内分泌器官。

I think most people don't know this, but the placenta is an endocrine organ.

我想大多数人不知道这一点，胎盘是一个内分泌器官。

As well, the mother, which of course is carrying the fetus, has an adrenal gland which can produce testosterone.

同样，怀着胎儿的母亲也有肾上腺，可以产生睾酮。

There are instances, for example, where a mother has either a tumor or for some other reason is secreting large levels of testosterone while carrying a fetus that is XX, and that leads to what we would call masculinization of certain aspects of the fetus.

例如，在某些情况下，母亲患有肿瘤或由于其他原因在怀有 XX 胎儿时分泌大量睾酮，这会导致胎儿某些方面的男性化。

Typically, that would be enlarged clitoris.

通常，这会是阴蒂增大。

There are also some examples of other phenotypes on the body that are created, even though it's a purely XX chromosomal baby.

还有一些身体上产生其他表型的例子，即使它是一个纯粹的 XX 染色体婴儿。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So we have to distinguish between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and then there's what we call hormonal sex, which is the effects of the steroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone and their derivatives, on what we call morphological sex, or the shape of the baby and the human, and the genitalia, and the jaw and all these other things.

因此，我们必须区分染色体性别、性腺性别，然后是我们所说的激素性别，即类固醇激素、雌激素和睾酮及其衍生物对我们所说的形态性别，或婴儿和人类、生殖器、下巴和所有其他事物的形状的影响。

And so it actually is quite complicated.

所以它实际上是相当复杂的。

So it's a long distance from chromosomes to gender identity, and gender identity has a lot of social influences and roles.

所以从染色体到性别认同有很长的距离，而且性别认同有很多社会影响和作用。

This is an area that, right now, is very dynamic and in the discussion out there as you know, but just getting from chromosomal sex to what we would call gonadal sex and hormonal sex and morphological sex involves a number of steps.

如您所知，这是一个目前非常活跃的领域，并且正在讨论中，但从染色体性别到我们所说的性腺性别、荷尔蒙性别和形态性别涉及许多步骤。

So today we're going to talk about those steps.

所以今天我们将讨论这些步骤。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And there's some fascinating things that do indeed relate to tools, do indeed relate to some important behavioral choices, important choices about things to avoid while pregnant.

有一些令人着迷的事情确实与工具有关，确实与一些重要的行为选择有关，与怀孕期间要避免的事情的重要选择有关。

And for those of you that are not pregnant, things to avoid if you're thinking about eventually having children.

对于那些未怀孕的人来说，如果您考虑最终要孩子，则需要避免一些事情。

And that is not to drive development in one direction or another, but there are examples where there are some deleterious things in our environment that can actually negatively impact what we call sexual development overall, regardless of chromosomal background.

这并不是要推动朝某个方向或另一个方向的发展，但有一些例子表明，我们的环境中存在一些有害的东西，实际上可能会对我们所说的整体性发育产生负面影响，无论染色体背景如何。

So let's get started with that.

那么让我们开始吧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Let's talk a little bit more about what hormones do.

让我们多谈谈激素的作用。

Hormones generally have two categories of effects.

激素通常有两类作用。

They can either be very fast or they can be very slow.

它们要么非常快，要么非常慢。

There are hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which act very fast.

皮质醇和肾上腺素等激素作用非常快。

Adrenaline can increase your heart rate very fast when it's secreted into the body.

当肾上腺素分泌到体内时，它可以非常快地增加你的心率。

Cortisol can be a little bit slower, but it also can have some very fast effects.

皮质醇的作用可能会慢一些，但也可以产生一些非常快的效果。

And then there are hormones like testosterone and estrogen, which we refer to as the sex steroid hormones.

还有睾酮和雌激素等激素，我们称之为性类固醇激素。

The sex steroid hormones can have quick effects through signaling, meaning they can attach to cells and make those cells do different things.

性类固醇激素可以通过信号传导产生快速作用，这意味着它们可以附着在细胞上并使这些细胞做不同的事情。

They can have actually quite quick effects on the brain.

它们实际上可以对大脑产生相当快的影响。

A lot of people don't know this, but there are some very fast effects of estrogen and testosterone, as well as long-term effects.

很多人不知道这一点，但雌激素和睾酮有一些非常快速的作用，以及长期的作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

These molecules, for those of you that are interested, are what are called lipophilic, which just means that they like fatty stuff.

对于那些感兴趣的人来说，这些分子就是所谓的亲脂性，这只是意味着它们喜欢脂肪的东西。

They can actually pass through fatty membranes.

它们实际上可以穿过脂肪膜。

And because the outside of cells, as well as what's called the nuclear envelope, where all the DNA contents and stuff are stuffed inside, are made of lipid, of fat, these steroid hormones can actually travel into cells and then get into the D...

因为细胞的外部以及所谓的核膜（所有 DNA 内容物都塞在里面）是由脂质、脂肪组成的，所以这些类固醇激素实际上可以进入细胞，然后进入 D...

Basically interact with the DNA of cells in order to control gene expression.

基本上与细胞的 DNA 相互作用以控制基因表达。

So they can change the sorts of things that cells will become, and they can change the way that cells function in a long term way.

因此，它们可以改变细胞将成为的事物，并且可以改变细胞长期发挥作用的方式。

And that's actually how the presence of these genes like SRY and Müllerian-inhibiting hormone lead to reductions, or elimination I should say, of things like the Müllerian ducts, and promote instead what's called a male's Wolffian ducts, or promote the development of testes rather than ovaries.

实际上，这就是 SRY 和苗勒氏管抑制激素等基因的存在如何导致苗勒氏管之类的东西减少或消除，并促进所谓的男性沃尔夫氏管的发育，或者促进睾丸而不是卵巢的发育。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So all you need to know is that hormones have short-term and long-term effects, and the long-term effects are actually related to their effects on genes and how those genes are expressed or repressed, in order to prevent them from having particular proteins made.

因此，您需要知道的是，激素具有短期和长期影响，而长期影响实际上与它们对基因的影响以及这些基因如何表达或抑制有关，以防止它们产生特定的蛋白质。

So these hormones, these steroid hormones, are exceedingly powerful.

所以这些激素，这些类固醇激素，非常强大。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And if we're going to have a discussion about masculinization or feminization, et cetera, you also need to think about the counterpart.

如果我们要讨论男性化或女性化等问题，您还需要考虑对应的问题。

It's not just about masculinizing the body or feminizing the body and brain.

这不仅仅是使身体男性化或使身体和大脑女性化。

It's also about demasculinizing the brain, in many cases, as a normal biological function, typically of XX females, and defeminization, the suppression of certain pathways that are related to feminization of the body and brain.

在许多情况下，它还涉及大脑去男性化，作为一种正常的生物功能，通常是 XX 女性的正常生物功能，以及去女性化，即抑制与身体和大脑女性化相关的某些途径。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

But there are some really fascinating twists in this story.

但这个故事中有一些非常有趣的曲折。

So I've just thrown a lot of biology at you, but this is where it all starts to get incredibly surprising.

所以我刚刚向你们抛出了很多生物学知识，但这就是一切开始变得令人难以置信的令人惊讶的地方。

You would think that it's straightforward: you have a Y chromosome — you suppress the female reproductive pathway like the Müllerian ducts; you promote this, the development of testes, and then testes make testosterone, and then it organizes the brain male, and it wants to do male-like things; and then in females, you get estrogen, and it wants to do female-like things.

你可能会认为这很简单：你有一条 Y 染色体 - 你会抑制女性生殖途径，如苗勒氏管；你促进这个，睾丸的发育，然后睾丸制造睾酮，然后它组织大脑男性，它想做男性一样的事情；然后在女性身上，你会得到雌激素，它会做类似女性的事情。

Air quotes here for all of this.

所有这些的航空报价都在这里。

It turns out that isn't how it works at all.

事实证明根本不是这样的。

Here's where it's interesting.

这就是有趣的地方。

We have to understand that there are effects of these hormones, testosterone and estrogen, on what are called primary sexual characteristics, which are the ones that you're born with, secondary sexual characteristics, which are the ones that show up in puberty, and these are happening in the brain and body and spinal cord.

我们必须了解，睾丸激素和雌激素等激素对所谓的第一性征（即与生俱来的性征）和第二性征（即在青春期出现的性征）产生影响，这些影响发生在大脑、身体和脊髓中。

And so I'm going to disentangle all this for you by giving you some examples.

因此，我将通过给您一些例子来为您理清这一切。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

First, let's talk about the development of primary sexual characteristics, the ones that show up at birth.

首先，我们来谈谈初级性征的发展，即出生时出现的性征。

And one of the more dramatic examples of this, it comes from the role of testosterone in creating the external genitalia.

更引人注目的例子之一是睾丸激素在创造外生殖器中的作用。

Now, you might think it's just straightforward.

现在，您可能认为这很简单。

If there's testes, because there's a Y chromosome.

如果有睾丸，因为有Y染色体。

You've got a gene that codes for the development of testes, you get testosterone, and the penis grows, and the baby is born with a penis.

你有一个编码睾丸发育的基因，你会得到睾酮，阴茎就会生长，婴儿出生时就会有阴茎。

One of the first things that happens when the baby comes out is they look at the genitalia, and they try and make an assessment whether or not it's a, quote boy, or it's a, quote girl.

婴儿出生时发生的第一件事就是观察生殖器，并尝试评估是否是男孩或女孩。

That's been done for a very, very long time throughout human history.

在人类历史上，这种做法已经持续了很长时间。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

It turns out that it's not testosterone that's responsible for the development of the penis in a baby that has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.

事实证明，对于具有 X 染色体和 Y 染色体的婴儿来说，阴茎发育的并不是睾酮。

It's a different androgen.

这是一种不同的雄激素。

Androgen is just a category of hormones that includes testosterone.

雄激素只是包括睾酮在内的一类激素。

But testosterone is converted in the fetus to something called dihydrotestosterone.

但睾酮在胎儿体内会转化为二氢睾酮。

And that's accomplished through an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase.

这是通过一种叫做 5-α-还原酶的酶来完成的。

Now, dihydrotestosterone has important effects later in life too.

现在，二氢睾酮对以后的生活也有重要影响。

We will talk about those.

我们将讨论这些。

In fact, if you just want to know, dihydrotestosterone is what we would call the dominant androgen in males.

事实上，如果您只是想知道，二氢睾酮就是我们所说的男性中的主导雄激素。

It's responsible for aggression, it's responsible for a lot of muscular strength.

它负责攻击性，它负责大量的肌肉力量。

It's involved in beard growth and male pattern baldness.

它与胡须生长和男性型秃发有关。

We're going to talk about all of that.

我们将讨论所有这些。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

But dihydrotestosterone has powerful effects in determining the genitalia while the baby is still in the embryo.

但当婴儿仍处于胚胎期时，二氢睾酮对确定生殖器具有强大的作用。

So there's testosterone that's made, and that testosterone gets converted by this enzyme, 5-alpha-reductase, in a little structure called the tubercle.

这样就产生了睾酮，并且睾酮被这种酶（5-α-还原酶）在称为结节的小结构中转化。

That tubercle will eventually become the penis.

该结节最终将成为阴茎。

So you say, okay, straightforward, this testosterone's converted to dihydrotestosterone, and then if there's dihydrotestosterone, it controls penis growth.

所以你说，好吧，简单地说，这种睾酮会转化为二氢睾酮，然后如果有二氢睾酮，它就会控制阴茎的生长。

And indeed, that's the case.

事实确实如此。

So that's a primary sexual characteristic.

所以这是一个主要的性特征。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

That baby will then grow up and later, during puberty, there will be the release of a molecule, I talked about this last episode, called kisspeptin, K-I-S-S-P-E-P-T-I-N, kisspeptin, which will cause the release of some other hormones, releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone will stimulate the testes to make testosterone.

然后那个宝宝就会长大，后来到了青春期，就会释放出一个分子，我讲了最后一集，叫kisspeptin，K-I-S-S-P-E-P-T-I-N，kisspeptin，它会引起一些其他激素的释放，释放激素，促黄体激素会刺激睾丸产生睾酮。

So in puberty, testosterone leads to further growth and development of the penis, as well as the accumulation of, or growth of, pubic hair, deepening of the voice, all the secondary sexual characteristics.

因此，在青春期，睾丸激素会导致阴茎的进一步生长和发育，以及阴毛的积累或生长、声音的加深以及所有第二性征。

Okay?

好的？

So dihydrotestosterone creates what we would call the typical masculine phenotype for primary sexual characteristics and produces...

因此，二氢睾酮创造了我们所说的主要性特征的典型男性表型，并产生......

Testosterone, excuse me, produces secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

抱歉，睾丸激素会在青春期产生第二性征。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

There's a very interesting phenomenon that was published in the journal science in the 1970s, for which now there's a wealth of scientific data, and this relates to a genetic mutation where 5-alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, doesn't exist.

20 世纪 70 年代的《科学》杂志上发表了一个非常有趣的现象，现在有大量的科学数据，这与基因突变有关，其中不存在 5-α-还原酶（将睾酮转化为二氢睾酮的酶）。

It's mutated in a way, in a genome that doesn't exist.

它以某种方式在不存在的基因组中发生了突变。

And this actually was first identified in the Dominican Republic.

这实际上是在多米尼加共和国首次发现的。

It has shown up elsewhere.

它已经出现在其他地方。

It's quite rare, but where it shows up, it's robust.

这种情况相当罕见，但只要出现，它就很强大。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

What happens is, baby is born.

发生的事情是，婴儿出生了。

Typically when a baby is born, they don't measure chromosomes.

通常，当婴儿出生时，他们不会测量染色体。

They don't look at chromosomal sex, XX or XY.

他们不关注染色体性别、XX 或 XY。

That's not typically done nowadays.

现在通常不这样做。

Baby is born.

宝宝出生了。

If you were to look at that baby, it would look female.

如果你看那个婴儿，它看起来像是女性。

There would be very little or no external penis.

外部阴茎很少或根本没有。

And so people would say, "It's a girl," and they might have the celebration "it's a girl." And I guess now they call them gender reveal parties, or something like that.

所以人们会说，“这是一个女孩”，他们可能会庆祝“这是一个女孩”。我想现在他们称其为性别揭露派对，或类似的名称。

I don't know about this.

我不知道这个。

But anyway, the baby would reveal its external genitalia, simply by being there and being naked when it's born.

但无论如何，婴儿在出生时会暴露其外生殖器，只要在场并赤身裸体即可。

Has nothing to do with gender.

与性别无关。

It has to do with...

这与...有关

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Naked when it's born, has nothing to do with gender.

出生时是裸体的，与性别无关。

It has to do with genitalia and sex.

它与生殖器和性有关。

That baby would be born.

那个婴儿将会出生。

And what was observed is that from time to time that baby, after being raised as a girl, perfectly happy as a girl, would around the age of 11 or 12 or 13, would suddenly start to sprout a penis.

据观察，婴儿在被当作女孩抚养长大、完全幸福地像女孩一样长大后，在 11 岁、12 岁或 13 岁左右时，有时会突然开始长出阴茎。

There's actually a name for this, it's called Guevedoces, which the translation is more or less penis at 12.

其实这个有一个名字，叫做 Guevedoces，翻译过来就是 12 岁的阴茎。

And as strange as this might sound, it makes sense if you understand the underlying mutation.

尽管这听起来很奇怪，但如果您了解潜在的突变，那就有意义了。

What happens in these children, these Guevedoces, is that the child is born, it has testes which are not descended, so up in the body.

这些孩子，这些 Guevedoces 身上发生的事情是，孩子出生时，它的睾丸没有下降，而是在身体的上方。

They're not making a lot of testosterone early on, they weren't able to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone because they lack this enzyme, 5-alpha-reductase.

他们早期并没有产生大量睾酮，他们无法将睾酮转化为二氢睾酮，因为他们缺乏这种酶，5-α-还原酶。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

As a consequence the primary sexual characteristic of external male genitalia, penis, doesn't develop.

结果，男性外生殖器的主要性特征——阴茎——没有发育。

And then what happens is the baby grows up as a young child, essentially as is treated as a girl.

然后发生的事情是婴儿长大为小孩子，本质上就像被当作女孩一样对待。

It generally, they report being pretty comfortable as girls, although not always.

一般来说，她们报告说作为女孩很舒服，尽管并非总是如此。

And then testosterone starts getting secreted from the testes, because kisspeptin in the brain signals through gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone, travels down to the testes.

然后睾酮开始从睾丸分泌，因为大脑中的吻肽通过促性腺激素和黄体生成素发出信号，向下传播到睾丸。

The testes start churning out testosterone, and there's a secondary growth of the penis, and all of a sudden there's a penis.

睾丸开始大量产生睾丸激素，阴茎出现二次生长，突然间就有了阴茎。

And this leads to some very complicated situations in families and culturally.

这导致了家庭和文化中一些非常复杂的情况。

And actually the outcomes in terms of whether or not these children decide to self-identify as males or females and how people treat them actually varies quite a lot.

事实上，这些孩子是否决定自我认同为男性或女性以及人们如何对待他们的结果实际上有很大差异。

There's actually been a kind of an adopting of a third category of sex and gender in these Guevedoces, for in order to just offer them the opportunity to explore not just what would be a typical kind of girl or woman, or boy or man phenotype, but something in between.

实际上，这些 Guevedoces 中已经采用了第三种性别和社会性别，因为为了给他们提供机会，不仅可以探索典型的女孩或女人、男孩或男人的表型，还可以探索介于两者之间的东西。

Something that some people call intersex, although intersex and pseudohermaphroditism is actually a separate thing altogether.

有些人称之为双性人，尽管双性人和假两性实际上是完全不同的东西。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So it's fascinating in the point here, is that dihydrotestosterone, not testosterone, is responsible for this primary growth of the penis.

因此，这里令人着迷的是，二氢睾酮，而不是睾酮，负责阴茎的初级生长。

And that testosterone later is involved in the secondary sexual characteristics, deepening in the voice, et cetera.

睾丸激素后来参与第二性征、声音的加深等。

Now, this is where the information gets even more interesting and applies to essentially everybody.

现在，信息变得更加有趣，并且基本上适用于每个人。

You might think that testosterone, because it masculinizes the body in the secondary sexual characteristic way, and because dihydrotestosterone, another androgen, masculinizes the primary sexual characteristics, the growth of the penis early on, that testosterone must masculinize the brain.

你可能会认为睾酮，因为它以第二性征的方式使身体男性化，并且因为另一种雄激素二氢睾酮使主要性征男性化，即阴茎的早期生长，睾酮必须使大脑男性化。

And there are in fact aspects of masculinization of the brain and body that are independent of genitalia.

事实上，大脑和身体的男性化的某些方面是独立于生殖器的。

That might be obvious to some of you, but some people probably don't realize that, yes indeed, the brain has receptors for testosterone, it also has receptors for estrogen.

这对你们中的一些人来说可能是显而易见的，但有些人可能没有意识到，是的，大脑确实有睾酮受体，它也有雌激素受体。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

But the fascinating thing is that if you look at the brains of people that have Y chromosomes and that have testes and that make testosterone, and you look at the brains of people that don't have Y chromosomes or testes, and therefore make far less testosterone in general, what you realize is that the cells in the brain that differ between what I'll call males and females, but between XY and XX, have receptors for testosterone.

但有趣的是，如果你观察有 Y 染色体、有睾丸并产生睾酮的人的大脑，以及没有 Y 染色体或睾丸的人的大脑，因此一般产生的睾酮要少得多，你会发现，大脑中的细胞（我称之为男性和女性，但在 XY 和 XX 之间存在差异）具有睾酮受体。

But the masculinization of the brain is not accomplished by testosterone.

但大脑的男性化并不是由睾酮来完成的。

I want to repeat this.

我想重复一遍。

The masculinization of the brain is not accomplished by testosterone.

大脑的男性化不是由睾酮完成的。

It is accomplished by estrogen.

它是通过雌激素来完成的。

Testosterone can be converted into estrogen by an enzyme called aromatase.

睾酮可以通过一种叫做芳香酶的酶转化为雌激素。

This is vitally important to understand — testosterone can be converted into estrogen by something called aromatase.

了解这一点至关重要——睾酮可以通过芳香酶转化为雌激素。

I'll give an example of where this happens later in life to just illustrate the principle and really embed it in your mind.

我将举一个例子来说明这种情况在以后的生活中发生的情况，以说明这一原理并将其真正根植于您的脑海中。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

During puberty in boys, XY chromosome individuals, it's not uncommon for there to be transient or sometimes long-lasting breast bud development.

在男孩（XY 染色体个体）的青春期，短暂或有时持久的乳芽发育并不罕见。

Testosterone goes up during puberty for the reasons we talked about before.

由于我们之前讨论过的原因，青春期睾酮水平会升高。

And some of that testosterone gets converted into estrogen by an enzyme called aromatase.

其中一些睾酮通过一种叫做芳香酶的酶转化为雌激素。

Aromatase is made by several sources in the body.

芳香酶是由体内多种来源产生的。

One of the main sources is body fat, so it can make a lot of aromatase.

主要来源之一是体内脂肪，因此可以产生大量的芳香酶。

Sometimes you'll even see a fairly dramatic breast development in males during puberty.

有时您甚至会看到男性在青春期的乳房发育相当显着。

Sometimes it's transient, sometimes it's not.

有时它是短暂的，有时则不是。

The other place where you see this is in athletes and bodybuilders that take a lot of anabolic steroids, that take high levels of androgens.

你会看到这种情况的另一个地方是运动员和健美运动员服用大量合成代谢类固醇，服用高水平的雄激素。

So they'll be taking testosterone at super physiological doses, sometimes not always, they will convert some of that testosterone into estrogen and they'll get what's called gynecomastia, which is the development of male breast tissue.

因此，他们会服用超生理剂量的睾酮，有时并非总是如此，他们会将一些睾酮转化为雌激素，他们会得到所谓的男性乳房发育症，这是男性乳房组织的发育。

Sometimes they'll get it cut out surgically.

有时他们会通过手术将其切除。

Other times they'll start trying to take estrogen blockers in order to try and suppress it, or they'll try and block prolactin.

其他时候，他们会开始尝试服用雌激素阻滞剂以试图抑制它，或者他们会尝试阻止催乳素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

It's a topic that we're going to get into in more detail.

我们将更详细地讨论这个主题。

But what's important here is to understand that testosterone can be converted into the estrogen by aromatase.

但这里重要的是要了解睾酮可以通过芳香酶转化为雌激素。

Aromatase is not just made in body fat.

芳香酶不仅仅由体内脂肪产生。

There are neurons in the brain that make aromatase and convert testosterone into estrogen, and it is testosterone converted into estrogen.

大脑中有神经元制造芳香酶，将睾酮转化为雌激素，而睾酮又转化为雌激素。

In other words, it's estrogen that masculinizes the XY individual, that masculinize the brain.

换句话说，雌激素使 XY 个体男性化，使大脑男性化。

And this has profound effects on all sorts of things, on behavior, on outlook in the world, et cetera.

这对各种事物、行为、世界观等等都有深远的影响。

But I think most people don't realize that it's estrogen that comes from testosterone that masculinizes the male brain, the XY brain, not testosterone nor dihydrotestosterone.

但我认为大多数人没有意识到，使男性大脑（XY 大脑）男性化的是来自睾酮的雌激素，而不是睾酮或二氢睾酮。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So I just want to mention some tools.

所以我只想提一些工具。

You might be asking yourself, how could tools possibly come up at this stage of the conversation where we're talking about sexual development and we're talking about the differentiation of tissues in the body.

您可能会问自己，在我们谈论性发育和体内组织分化的对话的这个阶段，怎么可能会出现工具。

While this is true both for children and parents and adults.

对于儿童、父母和成人来说都是如此。

I want to emphasize that there are things that are environmental and there are things that people use that, in their homes sometimes, that actually can impact hormone levels and can impact sexual development in fairly profound ways.

我想强调的是，有些东西是环境性的，有些人们有时在家中使用的东西实际上会影响激素水平，并以相当深远的方式影响性发育。

And I want to be very clear, this is not me pulling from some rare journal, I've never heard of it.

我想澄清一下，这不是我从一些罕见的期刊中摘录的，我从未听说过它。

This is pulling from textbooks.

这是从教科书上摘下来的。

In particular today, I'm guiding a lot of the conversation on work that on behavioral endocrinology is a book by Randy Nelson and Lance Kriegsfeld, true experts in the field.

特别是今天，我引导了很多关于行为内分泌学的工作对话，这是兰迪·尼尔森和兰斯·克里格斯菲尔德写的一本书，他们是该领域的真正专家。

I'm going to talk about some of the work from Tyrone Hayes, from UC Berkeley, about environmental toxins and their impacts on some of these things like testosterone and estrogen.

我将谈论来自加州大学伯克利分校的蒂龙·海斯 (Tyrone Hayes) 的一些工作，内容涉及环境毒素及其对睾酮和雌激素等某些物质的影响。

I'm going to touch into them there.

我将在那里触及它们。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I'm going to give some anecdotal evidence that's grounded in studies, which we will provide in the caption or that I'll reference here.

我将提供一些基于研究的轶事证据，我们将在标题中提供或我将在此处引用。

One of those that's actually really interesting but helps illustrate the principle that we've been talking about, is a few years ago there was a lot of excitement about evening primrose oil.

其中一个实际上非常有趣但有助于说明我们一直在谈论的原则的其中一个是几年前，人们对月见草油非常兴奋。

Evening primrose oil is in a lot of products that typically are associated with skin beauty and skin health.

许多产品中都含有月见草油，这些产品通常与皮肤美容和皮肤健康有关。

And so I'm generalizing here, but typically it was mothers or sisters that were using it.

所以我在这里进行概括，但通常是母亲或姐妹在使用它。

And there were actually examples starting to crop up of young boys getting accelerated breast bud development from skin contact with women who were using evening primrose oil.

事实上，有一些例子开始出现，小男孩通过与使用月见草油的女性进行皮肤接触，从而加速了乳芽的发育。

So evening primrose oil is chemically a lot like estrogen and it has a lot of estrogenic compounds.

因此，月见草油的化学性质很像雌激素，并且含有大量雌激素化合物。

There are a number of things out there like this.

类似这样的事情有很多。

So believe it or not, things like pine pollen look very much like testosterone.

不管你信不信，像松花粉这样的东西看起来很像睾丸激素。

Structurally, they are more or less are testosterone.

从结构上来说，它们或多或少都是睾酮。

Their bioavailability in humans isn't as clear.

它们在人体中的生物利用度尚不清楚。

Evening primrose oil has a lot of estrogenic elements to it, just structurally how it's built.

月见草油含有大量雌激素元素，只是从结构上看是这样的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And so there were cases where boys were understandably being hugged by their mom or maybe even showering and using the evening primrose oil solution.

因此，在有些情况下，男孩们会被妈妈拥抱，甚至可能会洗澡并使用月见草油溶液，这是可以理解的。

Those things will actually change levels of estrogens in boys and girls.

这些东西实际上会改变男孩和女孩的雌激素水平。

And so this wasn't just an issue for young boys, this was also an issue for young girls.

所以这不仅仅是年轻男孩的问题，也是年轻女孩的问题。

So it's not that evening primrose oil is bad, it's just that many of you have probably heard about the dangers of soys and isoflavones and things like that.

所以，并不是说月见草油不好，只是你们中的许多人可能听说过大豆和异黄酮之类的东西的危险。

The impact of soy on estrogen levels are, there are some decent evidence to support that.

大豆对雌激素水平的影响是，有一些充分的证据支持这一点。

However, there's a lot of other factors that are more severe.

然而，还有许多其他更严重的因素。

And one of those is this evening primrose oil.

其中之一就是月见草油。

So regardless of age, let's just put it this way because people might be wanting to drive their hormones more estrogenic or more androgenic.

因此，无论年龄大小，我们都可以这样说，因为人们可能希望体内的荷尔蒙分泌更多雌激素或更多雄激素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

How could I know what your preference is?

我怎么知道你的偏好是什么？

I don't know.

我不知道。

But in any case, things like evening primrose oil can actually promote estrogen pathways in the body.

但无论如何，像月见草油这样的东西实际上可以促进体内的雌激素途径。

And some of it can go transdermal.

其中一些可以透皮。

Likewise, because testosterone replacement therapy is fairly widespread nowadays, and some people accomplish that through cream.

同样，因为睾酮替代疗法如今相当普遍，有些人通过霜来实现这一点。

It's pretty well understood that if someone's taking that that they want to avoid contact with anyone, skin contact, with anyone that is trying to promote more estrogenic activity in their body and especially in children.

众所周知，如果有人服用该药，他们会想避免与任何人接触，皮肤接触，避免与任何试图促进体内雌激素活性增加的人接触，尤其是儿童。

So that's one.

这就是其中之一。

The other is this issue of environmental factors.

另外就是这个环境因素的问题。

Now again I'm just going to highlight, when one starts talking about environmental factors and how they're poisoning us or disrupting growth or fertility rates, it can start to sound a little bit crazy, except when you start to actually look at some of the real data.

现在我再次强调，当人们开始谈论环境因素以及它们如何毒害我们或扰乱增长或生育率时，它可能会开始听起来有点疯狂，除非你开始真正查看一些真实数据。

Data from quality research labs funded by federal government, funded not from companies or other sources, that are really aimed at understanding what the underlying biology is.

来自联邦政府资助的高质量研究实验室的数据，而不是来自公司或其他来源的资助，这些实验室的真正目的是了解潜在的生物学是什么。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And for that, we should all be grateful to Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley.

为此，我们都应该感谢加州大学伯克利分校的蒂龙·海耶斯。

I remember way back when I was a graduate student in the late '90s, goodness, at UC Berkeley, and I remember him.

我记得九十年代末，当我还是加州大学伯克利分校的一名研究生时，我记得他。

He was studying frogs.

他正在研究青蛙。

He was talking about developmental defects in these frogs that live in different waters around, it was California, but also elsewhere.

他谈论的是这些生活在不同水域的青蛙的发育缺陷，包括加利福尼亚州和其他地方。

And he identified a substance which is present in a lot of waterways throughout this country and other countries, so U.S. and beyond, certainly not just restricted to California, which is atrazine.

他发现了一种物质存在于美国和其他国家（包括美国和其他国家）的许多水道中，当然不仅限于加利福尼亚州，这种物质就是莠去津。

This is A-T-R-A-Z-I-N-E.

这是 A-T-R-A-Z-I-N-E。

Again, this is the stuff of textbooks, and it causes severe testicular malformations.

再说一次，这是教科书上的内容，它会导致严重的睾丸畸形。

So again, atrazine exposure is serious.

再说一次，阿特拉津暴露是严重的。

And what's interesting is if you look at the data, what you find is that at sites in Western and Midwestern sections of the United States, 10-92% of male frogs, these were frogs mind you, had testicular abnormalities.

有趣的是，如果你查看数据，你会发现在美国西部和中西部地区，10-92% 的雄性青蛙（请注意，这些是青蛙）有睾丸异常。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And the most severe testicular malformation were in the testes rather than in the sperm.

最严重的睾丸畸形发生在睾丸中，而不是精子中。

So it's actually the organ itself, the gonad itself.

所以它实际上是器官本身，性腺本身。

Now, it's very well-known now that atrazine is in many herbicides.

现在，众所周知，许多除草剂中都含有莠去津。

And so, whereas I would say in the '80s and '90s, the discussion around herbicides and their negative effects was considered kind of like hippy-dippy stuff, or the stuff you hear about at your local community markets and these kind of new agey communities.

因此，我想说的是，在 80 年代和 90 年代，有关除草剂及其负面影响的讨论被认为有点像嬉皮士的东西，或者你在当地社区市场和这些新时代社区听到的东西。

Now, there's very solid data from federally funded labs at major universities that are peer-reviewed and published in excellent journals, showing that indeed many of these herbicides can have negative effects.

现在，来自主要大学的联邦资助实验室提供了非常可靠的数据，这些数据经过同行评审并发表在优秀期刊上，表明许多除草剂确实会产生负面影响。

Primarily by impacting the ratios of these hormones in either the mothers or in the testes, altering the testes of the fathers, or direct effects on developing young animals and potentially humans.

主要是通过影响母亲或睾丸中这些激素的比例，改变父亲的睾丸，或直接影响发育中的幼小动物和潜在的人类。

And so you ask, 'Well, what about humans?' Frogs are wonderful, but what about humans?

所以你会问，“那么，人类呢？”青蛙很棒，但是人类呢？

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So here are the data on what's happening.

以下是有关正在发生的情况的数据。

And this isn't all going to be scary stuff.

这并不都是可怕的事情。

We're also going to talk about tools to ameliorate and offset some of these effects.

我们还将讨论改善和抵消其中一些影响的工具。

One would be be cautious with evening primrose as well as testosterone creams, depending on whether or not you want to be more androgenic or estrogenic, depending on your needs.

人们会对月见草和睾酮霜持谨慎态度，具体取决于您是否想要更多的雄激素或雌激素，具体取决于您的需要。

But across human populations, sperm counts are indeed declining, okay.

但在人类群体中，精子数量确实在下降，好吧。

So in 1940, the average of human sperm was 113 million per milliliter of semen.

所以在1940年，人类平均每毫升精液中含有1.13亿个精子。

That's how it's measured.

这就是它的测量方法。

How many sperm per milliliter of semen.

每毫升精液中有多少个精子。

In 1990, this figure has dropped to 66.

1990年，这个数字下降到66个。

It went from 113 million per milliliter to 66 million per milliliter in the United States and Western Europe.

在美国和西欧，这一数字从每毫升 1.13 亿增加到每毫升 6600 万。

So it's not just a U.S. thing.

所以这不仅仅是美国的事情。

Researchers also estimated that the volume of semen produced by men has dropped 20% in that time, reduced sperm count per ejaculation even further.

研究人员还估计，男性产生的精液量在此期间下降了 20%，每次射精的精子数量进一步减少。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So between 1981 and 1991, the ratio of normal spermatogenesis has decreased from 56.4% to 26.9%.

所以在1981年到1991年间，正常生精的比例从56.4%下降到26.9%。

So there's a lot that's happening, primarily because of these herbicides that are in widespread use, to reduce sperm counts.

因此，发生了很多事情，主要是因为这些除草剂的广泛使用，以减少精子数量。

And these are going to have profound effects, not just on sperm counts, but on development, sexual development at the level of the gonads and the brain.

这些将产生深远的影响，不仅对精子数量，而且对性腺和大脑水平的发育、性发育。

Because you need testosterone to get you to dihydrotestosterone for primary sexual characteristics.

因为你需要睾酮来产生二氢睾酮来实现主要性特征。

You need estrogen that's come from testosterone to masculinize the brain.

你需要来自睾酮的雌激素来使大脑男性化。

And of course, we're not just focusing on sperm and testosterones.

当然，我们不仅仅关注精子和睾酮。

You, of course, also know that many of these herbicides are disrupting estrogens in a similar way or are leading to hyperestrogenics, excuse me, states which might explain why puberty is happening so much earlier in young girls these days.

当然，您也知道，许多除草剂会以类似的方式破坏雌激素，或者导致雌激素过多，请原谅，这可能解释了为什么如今年轻女孩的青春期发生得如此之早。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So there are a lot of things that are happening.

所以有很多事情正在发生。

Now, does this mean that you have to run around and neurotically avoid anything that includes things like atrazine, and should you be avoiding all kinds of herbicides?

现在，这是否意味着您必须四处奔波并神经质地避免任何包含莠去津之类的东西，并且您是否应该避免使用所有类型的除草剂？

I don't know, that's up to you.

我不知道，这取决于你。

But it does seem that these have pretty marked effects in both the animal studies and in the human studies.

但这些似乎在动物研究和人类研究中都具有相当显着的效果。

You can open up a textbook like the endocrinology textbook and find things like Vinclozolin.

你可以打开内分泌学教科书之类的教科书，找到乙烯菌唑林之类的东西。

This is V-I-N-C-L-O-Z-O-L-I-N, which is a fungicide and it's an antiandrogen.

这是 V-I-N-C-L-O-Z-O-L-I-N，它是一种杀菌剂，也是一种抗雄激素。

You give it to animals, to rats, and instead of forming a penis, they don't form a penis.

你把它给动物、老鼠，它们不会形成阴茎，而是不会形成阴茎。

They basically, it's not that they form a clitoris, they just don't form a penis.

基本上，它们并不是形成阴蒂，而是不形成阴茎。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So let's talk about female sexual development.

那么我们来谈谈女性性发育。

And as always, what we'll do is we'll talk about the normal biology, then we'll talk a little bit about a kind of extraordinary or unusual set of cases.

和往常一样，我们要做的是谈论正常的生物学，然后我们会谈论一些特殊或不寻常的病例。

But we'll talk about them because they illustrate an important principle about how things work under typical circumstances.

但我们会讨论它们，因为它们说明了在典型情况下事物如何运作的重要原则。

So there is a mutation called androgen insensitivity syndrome.

所以有一种突变叫雄激素不敏感综合症。

And understanding how androgen insensitivity syndrome works can help you really understand how hormones impact sexual development.

了解雄激素不敏感综合症的发病机制可以帮助您真正了解激素如何影响性发育。

So here's how it works.

这就是它的工作原理。

There are individuals who are XY, so they have a Y chromosome, that are born that make testosterone.

有些人是 XY，因此他们有 Y 染色体，生来就会产生睾酮。

They have testes and they don't have Müllerian ducts, because on the Y chromosome is this Müllerian inhibiting hormone.

他们有睾丸，但没有苗勒氏管，因为 Y 染色体上有这种苗勒氏管抑制激素。

However, these individuals look completely female and, in general, they report feeling like girls when they're young, women when they're older.

然而，这些人看起来完全是女性，而且总的来说，他们年轻时感觉像女孩，年长时感觉像女人。

But there's something unusual that's happening in these individuals because they have an XY chromosomal type and not XX.

但这些人身上发生了一些不寻常的事情，因为他们的染色体类型是 XY，而不是 XX。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So what's happening?

那么发生了什么事？

Well what's happening is the testes are making testosterone, but the receptor for testosterone is mutated and therefore the testes never descend.

事实是，睾丸正在产生睾酮，但睾酮受体发生了突变，因此睾丸永远不会下降。

They don't have ovaries, they have testes, but the testes are internal.

他们没有卵巢，但有睾丸，但睾丸是内部的。

And so typically these individuals find out that they're actually XY chromosomes so that their chromosomal sex is male, if you will, and their gonadal sex is male.

因此，通常这些人会发现他们实际上是 XY 染色体，因此他们的染色体性别是男性，如果你愿意的话，他们的性腺性别是男性。

But the gonads, the testes are inside the body.

但性腺、睾丸都在体内。

They don't actually develop a scrotum, they don't make ovaries.

他们实际上并不发育出阴囊，也不产生卵巢。

And when they don't menstruate around the time of puberty, that's a sign that something is different.

当她们在青春期左右没有月经时，就表明情况有所不同。

And so they never menstruate around puberty.

所以他们在青春期左右从不来月经。

And if they look into this deeply enough, what you find is that they are actually XY, they make testosterone, but their body can't make use of the testosterone because they don't have the receptors.

如果他们对此进行足够深入的研究，你会发现他们实际上是 XY，他们会产生睾酮，但他们的身体无法利用睾酮，因为他们没有受体。

And the receptors are vitally important for most all of the secondary sexual characteristics that we talked about, body hair, penis growth during puberty, et cetera.

这些受体对于我们谈到的大多数第二性征、体毛、青春期阴茎生长等都至关重要。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

They live fairly happy lives as females, although of course they can't conceive, right?

作为女性，她们过着相当幸福的生活，尽管她们当然不能怀孕，对吧？

They don't have a uterus, they don't have ovaries.

他们没有子宫，也没有卵巢。

They also, in general, don't produce sperm in quantities enough that they could actually reproduce with somebody else, although sometimes they can.

一般来说，它们产生的精子数量也不足以与其他人实际繁殖，尽管有时可以。

And believe it or not, and I'm not going to name names, but they're actually reports of several people, fairly prominent people throughout history, who have had this androgen insensitivity syndrome, or people suspected they did.

不管你信不信，我不会点名，但它们实际上是一些人的报告，历史上相当著名的人，他们患有这种雄激素不敏感综合症，或者人们怀疑他们患有这种综合症。

And the reason to not name names is that it gets right to the heart of whether or not they are male or female.

之所以不点名，是因为这直接关系到他们是男性还是女性。

How could you say, right?

你怎么能说是呢？

They have XY chromosomes, but gonadally, they have testes that are inside.

它们有 XY 染色体，但在性腺上，它们的内部有睾丸。

And yet if you looked at their bodies, if you looked at their faces, you would say almost with certainty that they appeared female.

然而，如果你看看他们的身体，如果你看看他们的脸，你几乎可以肯定地说他们看起来是女性。

And that naturally occurring experiment points to the fact that testosterone that shows up in the body and impacts the things at the levels of the receptor has a profound effect on phenotype, on the external or body plan.

这个自然发生的实验指出了这样一个事实：睾酮出现在体内并影响受体水平的事物，对表型、外部或身体计划具有深远的影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So again, we're talking about this in order to illustrate the principle that in order to have its effects, a hormone doesn't just have to be present.

再次强调，我们讨论这个问题是为了说明这样一个原理：为了产生效果，激素不仅仅需要存在。

That hormone actually has to be able to bind its receptor and take action on the target cells.

该激素实际上必须能够结合其受体并对靶细胞产生作用。

And once again, I'll just throw out the example of where people are using performance-enhancing drugs.

我再一次抛出人们使用兴奋剂的例子。

Although that's a pretty broad statement.

尽管这是一个相当宽泛的说法。

Nowadays there's a lot of excitement about the so called SARMs, which are more on the receptor side.

如今，所谓的 SARM 令人兴奋不已，它更多的是在受体方面。

And so we'll talk about this in a future episode.

我们将在以后的节目中讨论这个问题。

And I just say it as a teaser because the SARMs and what's happening right now in augmenting sports performance, both with testosterone directly, but also testosterone derivatives, and then also altering things at the level of the receptor, is exceedingly interesting and is revealing to us the many ways in which hormones can impact brain and body in ways that we didn't suspect.

我只是把它说成是一个预告片，因为 SARM 以及目前在增强运动表现方面所发生的事情，无论是直接使用睾酮，还是睾酮衍生物，然后还在受体水平上改变事物，都是非常有趣的，并且向我们揭示了激素可以以我们没有想到的方式影响大脑和身体的多种方式。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Perhaps the simplest way to understand how estrogen and testosterone impact masculinization or feminization of the brain and behavior is from a statement.

也许了解雌激素和睾酮如何影响大脑和行为的男性化或女性化的最简单方法是通过陈述。

It's actually the closing sentence of an abstract that my colleague Nirao Shah at Stanford School of Medicine published.

这实际上是我在斯坦福大学医学院的同事 Nirao Shah 发表的一篇摘要的结束语。

Which is that estrogen, again, it's estrogen that is aromatized from testosterone by aromatase, sets up the masculine repertoire of sexual and, in animals and in humans, territorial behaviors.

这就是雌激素，它是由睾酮通过芳香酶芳香化而成的雌激素，它建立了男性的性行为，以及动物和人类的领地行为。

So it sets up the circuitry in the brain, estrogen does that.

因此它会建立大脑中的回路，雌激素就是这样做的。

Estrogen sets up the masculine circuitry in the brain.

雌激素在大脑中建立男性回路。

And testosterone is then what controls the display of those behaviors later in life.

而睾丸激素则控制着以后生活中这些行为的表现。

And I find that incredibly interesting.

我发现这非常有趣。

You would think it was just testosterone did one thing and estrogen did another.

你可能会认为这只是睾丸激素做了一件事而雌激素做了另一件事。

But it turns out that that nature is far more interesting than that.

但事实证明，大自然远比这更有趣。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Okay, so what are some things that impact sexual development early in life and later in life?

好吧，那么有哪些因素会影响生命早期和生命后期的性发育呢？

Let's talk about cannabis.

我们来谈谈大麻。

Let's talk about alcohol.

我们来谈谈酒精吧。

And dare I say, let's talk about cell phones.

我敢说，我们来谈谈手机吧。

Something that I never thought I would ever do either on this podcast or in the classroom.

我从未想过我会在这个播客或课堂上做一些事情。

But these days there are really interesting data, and I think you should be aware of them.

但现在有一些非常有趣的数据，我认为你应该了解它们。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

First of all, cannabis, marijuana, THC.

首先，大麻，大麻，THC。

I realize that there are now a lot of different variants on this.

我意识到现在有很多不同的变体。

There are a lot of different strains of cannabis.

大麻有很多不同的品种。

I personally am not a pot smoker, it's just not for me.

我个人不吸大麻，这不适合我。

I'm not talking about the moral or legal implications.

我不是在谈论道德或法律影响。

In some states, it's decriminalized.

在一些州，它已合法化。

In other places, it's really illegal.

在其他地方，这确实是违法的。

In other places, it's basically legal.

在其他地方，这基本上是合法的。

You have to check where you live and understand the laws, that's not what this is about.

你必须检查你居住的地方并了解法律，这不是重点。

What we do know, however, is that with the exception of one study, there are many studies that point to the fact that THC and other things in cannabis promote significant increases in aromatase activity.

然而，我们所知道的是，除了一项研究之外，还有许多研究指出大麻中的 THC 和其他物质可促进芳香酶活性显着增加。

Now, pot smokers aren't going to like this, especially male pot smokers aren't going to like this, but it's the reality.

现在，吸大麻的人不会喜欢这个，尤其是男性吸大麻的人不会喜欢这个，但这就是现实。

Remember, what you're hearing in the background is Costello snoring really loud.

请记住，您在背景中听到的是科斯特洛的鼾声，声音非常大。

Should we put him on screen?

我们应该把他放在银幕上吗？

He's not a cannabis smoker, but you can imagine why.

他不吸食大麻，但你可以想象为什么。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Here, come here, Costello.

来，过来，科斯特洛。

Come here, buddy.

过来吧，伙计。

Come here.

过来吧。

He's asleep.

他睡着了。

Come here.

过来吧。

He might come here.

他可能会来这里。

There you go.

就这样吧。

This dog definitely does not need cannabis.

这只狗绝对不需要大麻。

This is his state for most of the time.

这就是他大部分时间的状态。

He's highly par...

他的水平很高...

He's asleep still.

他还在睡觉。

So some of you have asked to see Costello.

你们中有些人要求见科斯特洛。

If you just listening on audio, maybe he'll give us some.

如果你只是听音频，也许他会给我们一些。

That's up.

就这样了。

Oh, okay.

哦好的。

We're going to let him get back to sleep.

我们要让他回去睡觉。

He's always here, some of you have asked to see him.

他总是在这里，你们中有些人要求见他。

Costello's not a pot smoker either.

科斯特洛也不吸大麻。

He did have a dog sitter that was a pot smoker years ago.

他确实有一个狗保姆，几年前就吸过大麻。

It was his favorite dog sitter.

这是他最喜欢的狗保姆。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

But I'm not a pot smoker.

但我不是一个吸大麻的人。

Again, no judgment.

再说一次，没有判断力。

But here's the deal that cannabis, and it's not clear if it's THC itself or other elements in the marijuana plant, promote aromatase activity.

但事实是，大麻促进芳香酶活性，目前尚不清楚是四氢大麻酚本身还是大麻植物中的其他元素。

Now, this has been observed anecdotally where pot smokers have a higher incidence of developing something I mentioned before, gynecomastia, breast bud development or full blown breast development in males.

现在，据轶事观察到，吸食大麻的人出现我之前提到的男性乳房发育症、乳芽发育或男性乳房发育完全的发病率更高。

There may be some women who want to increase their estrogenic activity.

可能有些女性想要增加雌激素活性。

Remember, females make testosterone; it comes from the adrenals, right.

请记住，女性会产生睾酮；女性会产生睾酮。它来自肾上腺，对吧。

They don't have testes, so it comes from the adrenals.

他们没有睾丸，所以它来自肾上腺。

And that testosterone can also be aromatized.

而且睾酮也可以被芳香化。

Although typically most of the aromatase activity that we're referring to in these examples is in males.

尽管我们在这些例子中提到的大多数芳香酶活性通常发生在男性中。

So testosterone can increase estrogen activity.

所以睾酮可以增加雌激素的活性。

So you might say, "Oh, therefore, does testosterone reduce sexual behavior?" Does it create all sorts of things that are related to low testosterone?

所以你可能会说，“哦，那么，睾酮会减少性行为吗？”它是否会产生与低睾丸激素相关的各种物质？

PART 1 OF 3 ENDS Andrew Huberman:

第 1 部分（共 3 部分）结束 Andrew Huberman：

...

and all sorts of things that are related to low testosterone Not necessarily, not necessarily, and here's why.

以及与低睾丸激素有关的各种事情不一定，不一定，这就是原因。

Estrogen itself in males and females is important for things like libido and sexual behavior.

男性和女性的雌激素本身对于性欲和性行为等都很重要。

I'm going to repeat that.

我要重复一遍。

If estrogen is too low in males, it can actually inhibit libido and sexual behavior, so you don't want estrogen too high or too low, whether or not you're male or female.

如果男性雌激素太低，它实际上会抑制性欲和性行为，所以无论你是男性还是女性，你都不希望雌激素太高或太低。

Now, of course, in females, estrogen levels tend to be higher than in males.

当然，现在女性的雌激素水平往往高于男性。

I'm speaking very generally here.

我在这里说的是非常笼统的。

You just think back to the chromosomal sex.

你只要回想一下染色体性别。

That's what I'm referring to when I say male or female, although there's nuance there, of course.

这就是我所说的男性或女性时所指的，当然，尽管存在细微差别。

In females, the testosterone that comes from the adrenals has a powerful effect on libido and desire to reproduce.

对于女性来说，来自肾上腺的睾酮对性欲和繁殖欲望有强大的影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

In the next episode, we're going to talk about how that works in its relationship to birth control, its relationship to menopause.

在下一集中，我们将讨论它与节育、更年期的关系如何发挥作用。

We're also going to talk about how that whole thing works in males as well.

我们还将讨论整个过程如何在男性中发挥作用。

Cannabis and other aspects of the marijuana plant can impact levels of testosterone and estrogen by increasing aromatase, and so people should be aware of that.

大麻和大麻植物的其他方面可以通过增加芳香酶来影响睾酮和雌激素的水平，因此人们应该意识到这一点。

As well, there are good data.

此外，还有很好的数据。

I was able to find several studies on PubMed pointing to the fact that smoking marijuana during pregnancy can shift the pattern of hormones in the developing fetus such that it promotes more estrogenic outcomes.

我在 PubMed 上找到了几项研究，指出怀孕期间吸食大麻可以改变发育中胎儿的激素模式，从而促进更多雌激素的结果。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now, earlier I said that estrogen is what masculinizes the male brain.

现在，我之前说过雌激素是使男性大脑男性化的原因。

In utero, that's true, but the way that cannabis seems to work, at least from the studies that I was able to identify, is that it promotes circulating estrogen in the body and, therefore, can counteract some of the masculinizing effects of things like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

在子宫内，这是事实，但大麻的作用方式似乎是，至少从我能够确定的研究来看，它可以促进体内雌激素的循环，因此可以抵消睾酮和二氢睾酮等物质对第一性征和第二性征的男性化影响。

I mention this because I think nowadays marijuana use is far more widespread, and certainly during puberty, it can have profound effects on these hormonal systems.

我提到这一点是因为我认为现在大麻的使用更加广泛，而且在青春期当然可以对这些荷尔蒙系统产生深远的影响。

We'll do another episode that goes really deep into this, but yes, cannabis promotes estrogenic activity by increasing aromatase.

我们将制作另一集，深入探讨这一点，但是，大麻通过增加芳香酶来促进雌激素活性。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Most everyone can appreciate that drinking during pregnancy is not good for the developing fetus.

大多数人都知道，怀孕期间饮酒对发育中的胎儿不利。

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a well-established negative outcome of pregnancy, and it's something that there are cognitive effects that are really bad.

胎儿酒精综合症是一种众所周知的妊娠负面结果，它会对认知产生非常糟糕的影响。

There's actually physical malformation, et cetera, so drinking during pregnancy not good.

其实身体有畸形等等，所以怀孕期间喝酒不好。

Probably drinking during puberty not good, either, because alcohol, in particular certain things like beer, but other grain alcohols, can increase estrogenic activity.

青春期喝酒可能也不好，因为酒精，特别是啤酒等某些东西，但其他谷物酒精，可以增加雌激素活性。

Now, this isn't just about protecting young boys from estrogenic activity, it's also protecting girls from excessive or even hypoestrogenic effects of alcohol in puberty.

现在，这不仅是为了保护年轻男孩免受雌激素活动的影响，还可以保护女孩在青春期免受酒精过度甚至低雌激素的影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now, many teenagers drink, college students drink, and it's important to point out that puberty doesn't start on one day and end on another day.

现在，许多青少年喝酒，大学生喝酒，重要的是要指出，青春期不会在某一天开始并在另一天结束。

Puberty has a beginning, a middle, and an end, but development is really our entire lifespan.

青春期有开始、中间和结束，但发展实际上是我们的整个一生。

This idea that puberty has an open and close, that's just false.

这种认为青春期有开放和封闭的想法是错误的。

We talked about cannabis, we talked about alcohol.

我们谈论大麻，我们谈论酒精。

Let's talk about cell phones.

我们来谈谈手机吧。

First of all, I use a cell phone.

首先，我使用手机。

I use it very often, and I do not think they are evil devices.

我经常使用它，我不认为它们是邪恶的装置。

I think that they require some discipline in order to make sure that it does not become a negative force in one's life, so I personally restrict the numbers of hours that I'm on the phone and in particular social media.

我认为他们需要一些纪律，以确保它不会成为一个人生活中的负面力量，所以我个人限制我打电话的时间，特别是社交媒体的时间。

I only answer email at particular times of day.

我只在一天中的特定时间回复电子邮件。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

What about the cell phone itself?

那么手机本身呢？

You know, when I was a junior professor, and so pre-tenure, early professor, I was taught this class on neurocircuits in health and disease.

你知道，当我还是一名初级教授，甚至是终身教授之前，我就学过这门关于健康和疾病的神经回路的课程。

One of the students asked me, "Are cell phones safe for the brain?" All the data point to the fact that they were, or at least there were no data showing that it wasn't.

一位学生问我：“手机对大脑安全吗？”所有的数据都表明它们是这样的，或者至少没有数据表明它不是。

I still don't have the answer on that, frankly.

坦率地说，我仍然没有答案。

I don't see a lot of studies about it.

我没有看到很多关于它的研究。

I'm not personally aware of any evidence in quality peer-reviewed studies showing that cell phones are bad for the brain or that holding the phone to the ear is bad or that Bluetooth is bad or any of that.

我个人不知道高质量的同行评审研究中有任何证据表明手机对大脑有害，或者将手机放在耳边有害，或者蓝牙有害等等。

I'm just not aware of any quality studies.

我只是不知道有任何质量研究。

If you are aware of quality studies, peer-reviewed studies, please reference them, put them in the comments section.

如果您知道高质量的研究、同行评审的研究，请参考它们，并将它们放在评论部分。

Send them to me however you like.

随心所欲地把它们寄给我。

I'd love to see them.

我很想见见他们。

I'm not aware of them.

我不认识他们。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

However, I was very interested in a particular study that was published back in 2013 on rats.

然而，我对 2013 年发表的一项针对老鼠的特定研究非常感兴趣。

It was, basically, took a cell phone and put it under a cage of rats and looked at basically testicular and ovarian development in rats and saw minor, but still statistically significant, defects in ovarian and testicular development.

基本上，它是把一部手机放在老鼠笼子下，观察老鼠的睾丸和卵巢发育，发现卵巢和睾丸发育存在轻微但仍具有统计学意义的缺陷。

Since then, and now returning to the literature, I've seen an absolute explosion of studies, some of which are in quality journals, some of which are in what I would call not-a-blue-ribbon journals, identifying defects in testicular and/or ovarian development by near exposure to cell phone-emitted waves.

从那时起，现在回到文献，我看到了绝对爆炸式的研究，其中一些发表在高质量期刊上，其中一些发表在我所说的非蓝带期刊上，通过接近手机发射的电波来识别睾丸和/或卵巢发育的缺陷。

Let's just call it that.

我们就这么称呼它吧。

We don't know what they are.

我们不知道它们是什么。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

This sounds almost crazy.

这听起来近乎疯狂。

Anytime somebody starts talking about EMFs and things like that, you kind of worry like, "Is this person okay?" but look, the literature are pointing in a direction where chronic exposure of the gonads to cell phones could be creating serious issues in terms of the health at the cellular level and in terms of the output.

每当有人开始谈论电磁场之类的事情时，你都会有点担心，“这个人还好吗？”但是，文献指出，性腺长期接触手机可能会在细胞水平的健康和输出方面产生严重的问题。

The output for the testes would be sperm production.

睾丸的输出将是精子的产生。

Swimming speed in sperm is an important feature of sperm health.

精子的游泳速度是精子健康的一个重要特征。

In the ovaries, it would be estrogenic output, how regular the cycles are, so in animals the cycles are a little bit different than in humans.

在卵巢中，这将是雌激素的输出，周期的规律性如何，因此动物的周期与人类的周期略有不同。

They don't have a menstrual cycle, they have an estrous cycle, which is generally around four days.

她们没有月经周期，但有发情周期，一般为四天左右。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I think that it's fair to say, based on the literature, that there are effects of cell phone-emitted waves on gonadal development.

我认为，根据文献，可以公平地说，手机发射的电波对性腺发育有影响。

The question is, what is the proximity of the cell phone to the gonads?

问题是，手机与性腺的距离是多少？

Now, I've taken the literature as I observe it, and then of course we'll point you to in the captions, and I don't like to have my cell phone on and in my pocket.

现在，我已经按照我的观察记录了文献，然后当然我们会在标题中指出，而且我不喜欢把手机放在口袋里。

I'm well past puberty, but nonetheless, some of these effects were seen in adult animals.

我已经过了青春期，但尽管如此，其中一些影响还是在成年动物身上出现了。

There are effects now that have been demonstrated in humans, so let's just talk about a couple of those effects.

现在已经在人类身上证实了一些影响，所以我们只讨论其中的几个影响。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

A paper published in the journal Clinical Biochemistry, from Eskander et al., looked at hormone profiles in people based on the proximity of their phone and frequency of phone use, where they stored their phone on their body, as well as proximity of where they lived to...

Eskander 等人在《临床生物化学》杂志上发表的一篇论文，根据人们与手机的距离和使用手机的频率、手机存放在身体上的位置以及与居住地的接近程度，研究了人们的激素概况。

I guess they're called these radio frequency towers, so the base stations.

我猜它们被称为射频塔，也就是基站。

They were looking at effects of radio frequency radiation, RFR, on human hormone profiles, and they show significant decreases in cortisol.

他们正在研究射频辐射（RFR）对人体激素谱的影响，结果显示皮质醇显着降低。

You might say, "Well, that might be good," but you need that morning cortisol bump in order to wake up.

你可能会说，“嗯，这可能很好”，但你需要早上皮质醇的升高才能醒来。

Morning cortisol is good, but also thyroid hormones were significantly reduced.

早晨皮质醇良好，但甲状腺激素也明显减少。

Prolactin in young females, that's definitely concerning, and testosterone in males and females.

年轻女性的催乳素绝对令人担忧，而男性和女性的睾丸激素也令人担忧。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

There are now quite good data showing that being close to the phone too much of the day and how close is an interesting question, or living near one of these base stations apparently can have effects on hormone profiles.

现在有相当好的数据表明，一天中太多时间靠近手机以及距离手机有多远是一个有趣的问题，或者住在这些基站附近显然会对荷尔蒙状况产生影响。

When you see a study like this, one should always ask, "Well, what are the other things that could also have effects on these hormone profiles?" You could imagine that if you ran the same study of people that live close to a waterway or close to a highway, where there's a lot of exhaust from buses and cars, you might see similar effects.

当你看到这样的研究时，人们应该总是问：“那么，还有哪些其他因素也可能对这些激素特征产生影响？”您可以想象，如果您对居住在水路或高速公路附近的人们进行相同的研究，那里有大量公共汽车和汽车的废气，您可能会看到类似的效果。

You have to take these sorts of studies with a grain of salt, but I think it's very interesting, and given that the last time I looked into these data were way back when I was a junior professor, and there like one or two studies that I could find.

你必须对这类研究持保留态度，但我认为这非常有趣，考虑到我上次研究这些数据是在我还是一名初级教授的时候，而且我能找到一两项研究。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

One of the studies pointed to increases in testosterone in rats where they had close proximity to these radio frequency radiation waves, and then in the other case, it showed decreases in testosterone, so there really wasn't any conclusion to take away from that.

其中一项研究指出，当老鼠靠近这些射频辐射波时，其睾酮水平会增加，而在另一项研究中，则显示睾酮水平下降，因此确实没有任何结论可以得出。

Now, there's a pretty impressive amount of data pointing to the fact that there are effects of these things on hormones.

现在，有大量数据表明这些物质对荷尔蒙有影响。

I don't know what to do with that information.

我不知道如何处理这些信息。

I'm not going to stop using my phone, but in light of the work from Tyrone Hayes and others looking at sperm counts and looking at the decrease in testosterone levels and sperm counts and fertility over the last 20, 30 years, perhaps it's not surprising.

我不会停止使用手机，但鉴于 Tyrone Hayes 和其他人对精子数量的研究以及过去 20、30 年来睾酮水平、精子数量和生育能力的下降，也许这并不奇怪。

Although, there again, cell phones and smartphones have really been in prominent use mostly within the last 10 or 11 years, and so it's hard to explain all of those declines simply on the basis of cell phone use.

尽管如此，手机和智能手机确实在过去 10 或 11 年内得到了广泛使用，因此很难仅仅根据手机使用来解释所有这些下降。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

There's some interesting effects of hormones that actually you can observe on the outside of people that tell you something about not just their level of hormones but also about their underlying genetics.

实际上，您可以在人们的外表上观察到荷尔蒙的一些有趣的影响，这些影响不仅可以告诉您有关他们的荷尔蒙水平的信息，还可以告诉您有关他们潜在遗传的信息。

These relate to beard growth and baldness, and it's fascinating.

这些与胡须生长和秃顶有关，这很有趣。

The molecule, the hormone dihydrotestosterone, made from testosterone, is the hormone primarily responsible for facial hair, for beard growth.

这种分子，即二氢睾酮激素，由睾酮制成，是主要负责面部毛发和胡须生长的激素。

As well, it's the molecule, the hormone primarily responsible for lack of hair on the head for hair loss.

同样，它是一种分子，一种激素，是导致头发稀疏而导致脱发的主要原因。

How does that work?

这是如何运作的？

Well, DHT circulates in the body and it binds to DHT receptors in the face to promote hair growth, but it binds to DHT receptors on the scalp to promote hair loss.

那么，DHT在体内循环，它与面部的DHT受体结合，促进头发生长，但它与头皮上的DHT受体结合，促进脱发。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Not incidentally, the drugs that are designed to prevent hair loss are 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.

并非偶然，旨在预防脱发的药物是 5-α 还原酶抑制剂。

Remember 5-alpha-reductase from the Guevedoces?

还记得来自 Guevedoces 的 5-α-还原酶吗？

Well, the people that discovered the Guevedoces went on to do a lot of research on the underlying biochemistry of this really interesting molecule, dihydrotestosterone.

好吧，发现 Guevedoces 的人继续对这种非常有趣的分子二氢睾酮的基础生物化学进行了大量研究。

They identified 5-alpha-reductase, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are the basis of most of the anti-hair loss treatments that are out there.

他们发现了 5-α-还原酶，而 5-α-还原酶抑制剂是大多数现有抗脱发治疗的基础。

There's some interesting things here.

这里有一些有趣的事情。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

First of all, the side effect profiles of those treatments for hair loss are quite severe in many individuals.

首先，这些脱发治疗的副作用对许多人来说相当严重。

Remember DHT is the primary androgen for libido, for strength and connective tissue repair, for aggression, even if that aggression, of course, is held in check, but just sort of ambition, and aggression is related to dopamine, but within the testosterone pathway.

请记住，DHT 是性欲、力量和结缔组织修复、攻击性的主要雄激素，即使攻击性当然受到控制，但只是一种野心，攻击性与多巴胺有关，但在睾酮途径内。

Less so to pure testosterone, although pure testosterone has its effect, but DHT is, at least in primate species including humans, the dominant androgen for most of those sorts of effects.

与纯睾酮相比，虽然纯睾酮有其作用，但 DHT 是（至少在包括人类在内的灵长类动物中）大多数此类作用的主要雄激素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

If you look at somebody, everyone can predict whether or not they're going to go bald based on looking at their, we're always taught, our mother's father, so if your mother's father was bald, there's a higher probability that you're going to go bald.

如果你看一个人，每个人都可以根据我们的母亲的父亲来预测他们是否会秃头，我们总是被教导，所以如果你的母亲的父亲是秃头，那么你秃头的可能性就更高。

The pattern of DHT receptors on the scalp will dictate whether or not you're going to go bald everywhere or just in the front or crown-type baldness.

头皮上 DHT 受体的模式将决定你是否会全身秃发，还是只是前秃或头顶秃发。

The density of the beard tells you about the density of DHT receptors.

胡须的密度可以告诉您 DHT 受体的密度。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now, this varies by genetic background, and actually around the world, nowadays, because people travel and people form couples and have kids with so many different people of different mixed cultures, you're seeing this start to disappear.

现在，这种情况因遗传背景而异，实际上在世界各地，如今，因为人们旅行，人们结为夫妇，并与许多不同的混合文化的不同人生孩子，你会看到这种情况开始消失。

There are areas of the world where all the men seem to have the same pattern of baldness, like a strip of baldness down the center with hair still on the sides and full beards.

世界上有些地区的男人似乎都有相同的秃头模式，就像中间有一条秃头，两侧还有头发，胡须浓密。

That's because these patterns of DHT receptors are genetically determined.

这是因为 DHT 受体的这些模式是由基因决定的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Elsewhere, testosterone levels can still be very high, DHT levels in the blood can be very high, and yet people will have very light beards or no beards, and that's because they don't have a lot of DHT receptors in the face.

在其他地方，睾丸激素水平仍然非常高，血液中的 DHT 水平可能非常高，但人们的胡须很浅或没有胡须，这是因为他们的脸上没有很多 DHT 受体。

Still other cultures, you'll see people with huge beards, tons of beard growth, like their beards are growing all the way up to their eyes and they have huge heads of hair, and that's because they have a lot of DHT receptors on the face and not on the scalp.

还有其他文化，你会看到人们留着巨大的胡须，大量的胡须生长，就像他们的胡须一直长到眼睛一样，他们有一头巨大的头发，那是因为他们的脸上有很多 DHT 受体，而不是头皮上。

There are a lot of effects of DHT that you can just see in male phenotypes, and it's interesting that these hair loss drugs that are, or to prevent hair loss drugs, are directly aimed at preventing the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, and that's why they to some extent prevent hair loss, but also to some extent have a bunch of side effects that are associated with low DHT.

DHT 对男性表型有很多影响，有趣的是，这些脱发药物或预防脱发药物的直接目的是阻止睾酮转化为二氢睾酮，这就是为什么它们在一定程度上可以防止脱发，但在某种程度上也有一系列与低 DHT 相关的副作用。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Along these lines, there's a particular sports supplement that a lot of people use called creatine.

沿着这些思路，有一种很多人使用的特殊运动补充剂，称为肌酸。

Creatine, now there's a lot of research showing creatine can bring more water into the muscle.

肌酸，现在有很多研究表明肌酸可以给肌肉带来更多的水分。

It can support strength.

它可以支撑力量。

It does a number of other things.

它还执行许多其他操作。

It might even have some important cognitive enhancement effects, although mild.

它甚至可能具有一些重要的认知增强作用，尽管效果很轻微。

The studies there show that it can be significant.

那里的研究表明它可能意义重大。

Some people, not all, it's more anecdotal, report that creatine promotes hair loss.

有些人（不是全部）报道称肌酸会导致脱发，这更多的是轶事。

It differs by individual.

因人而异。

For some people, that's true, for others, no, but yes, it does appear based on the studies I was able to find on PubMed, that creatine does promote 5-alpha-reductase activity and, therefore, the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.

对于某些人来说，这是真的，对于其他人来说则不然，但是，根据我在 PubMed 上找到的研究，肌酸确实可以促进 5-α 还原酶活性，从而促进睾酮转化为二氢睾酮。

It makes sense that it might promote some degree of hair loss as well as beard growth as well as the other effects of DHT.

它可能会促进一定程度的脱发、胡须生长以及 DHT 的其他影响，这是有道理的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I recall in junior high school and middle school going home one summer, and it was seventh grade, coming back in the eighth grade and a kid that I knew that I was friends with went from being like a young kid to, he was like a grown man.

我记得初中和初中的一个夏天回家，那是七年级，八年级的时候回来，一个我认识的朋友从一个小孩子变成了一个成年人。

He had a full beard.

他留着大胡子。

It was amazing.

太棒了。

It was like he was completely transformed.

他就像是彻底变了一个人。

I mean, puberty, as I've said before, is without a doubt the most accelerated rate of development that we will go through at any point in our lives, even faster than infancy, just in terms of the huge number of different cognitive changes and physical changes.

我的意思是，正如我之前所说，青春期无疑是我们一生中任何时候都会经历的最快的发展速度，甚至比婴儿期还要快，仅就大量不同的认知变化和身体变化而言。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Not surprisingly, that same individual was mostly bald by his early 20s, and that's because he must have had just exceedingly high levels of DHT.

不足为奇的是，同一个人在 20 岁出头时大部分都秃顶了，那是因为他体内的 DHT 水平一定非常高。

I also played soccer with this kid, and he was basically like dribbling past everybody.

我也和这个孩子一起踢足球，他基本上就像带球穿过所有人一样。

It was like a grown man playing soccer with a bunch of little kids.

这就像一个成年人和一群小孩子一起踢足球。

Full beard, bald at 20, and so the rate of maturation, the rate of aging is very interesting.

满胡子，20岁就秃顶，等等成熟的速度，衰老的速度是非常有趣的。

It's hard to know rate of aging.

很难知道衰老速度。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

There's some genetic tests that now can allow you to do that, things like Horvath clocks and things of that sort, the beautiful work of David Sinclair at Harvard and others has pointed to this.

现在有一些基因测试可以让你做到这一点，比如霍瓦斯钟之类的东西，哈佛大学的大卫·辛克莱尔和其他人的出色工作已经指出了这一点。

The speed of entry and exit from puberty might be, I'm putting it out there as a hypothesis, might be an interesting window into how fast one is going through their aging or developmental arc because development, of course, doesn't just start at birth and end after puberty.

我将其作为一个假设提出，青春期进入和退出的速度可能是一个有趣的窗口，可以了解一个人的衰老或发育弧线的速度有多快，因为发育当然不仅仅从出生时开始并在青春期后结束。

It continues your entire life.

它会延续你的一生。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I think it's interesting.

我认为这很有趣。

You will often see that people, boys and girls, I should say boys or girls, will develop secondary sexual characteristics at different rates, and sometimes it's sequential.

你会经常看到人们，男孩和女孩，我应该说男孩或女孩，会以不同的速度发展第二性征，有时是连续的。

You know, you might see a kid will...

你知道，你可能会看到一个孩子会...

she will grow very tall or she'll have a big growth spurt, but then breast development will come a little bit later, and then other features will come a little bit later.

她会长得很高，或者会有一个很大的生长突增，但乳房发育会晚一些，然后其他特征也会晚一些。

You can also see this in boys.

你也可以在男孩身上看到这一点。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

The person that I referred to earlier, my friend that developed full beard, went bald, he was also quite muscular.

我刚才提到的那个人，我的朋友，长了胡子，秃了，他也很肌肉。

He was a great athlete, so he went through puberty exceedingly fast.

他是一名出色的运动员，所以他的青春期过得非常快。

Other people go through it more slowly.

其他人则经历得更慢。

Some people will go through puberty at age 14, but they won't start to accumulate facial hair until much, much later.

有些人在 14 岁时就会进入青春期，但直到很久以后他们才会开始积累面部毛发。

Or, their voice will change first very early, and then they won't get the other secondary sexual characteristics until much later.

或者，他们的声音很早就会发生变化，然后直到很久以后他们才会获得其他第二性征。

We don't really know how that impacts or relates to overall trajectory or rate of aging, but it's an interesting thing to think about for each and every one of us.

我们真的不知道这如何影响或与整体轨迹或衰老速度相关，但对于我们每个人来说，这是一件值得思考的有趣的事情。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I'm going to offer you the opportunity to do an experiment today while listening to the podcast, but first, I want to tell you a story about hyenas, professional baseball, and clitorises the size of penises.

今天我将给你们提供一个一边听播客一边做实验的机会，但首先，我想给你们讲一个关于鬣狗、职业棒球和阴茎大小的阴蒂的故事。

When I was a graduate student at UC Berkeley, we had a professor in our department, phenomenal scientist named Steve Glickman.

当我还是加州大学伯克利分校的研究生时，我们系里有一位教授，一位杰出的科学家，名叫史蒂夫·格里克曼（Steve Glickman）。

Steve Glickman had a colony of spotted hyenas that lived, within caged enclosures, of course, in Tilden Park, behind the UC Berkeley campus.

史蒂夫·格利克曼（Steve Glickman）有一群斑点鬣狗，它们生活在笼子里，当然是在加州大学伯克利分校校园后面的蒂尔登公园。

The enclosures are actually still there.

外壳实际上还在那里。

I run past there fairly often.

我经常跑过去那里。

The hyenas are no longer there.

鬣狗已经不在那儿了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

This was a federally funded field station.

这是一个联邦政府资助的野外站。

These animals were brought over from Africa or were bred there, and the reason why there were hyenas in Tilden Park, enclosed in Tilden Park, was because hyenas exhibit an incredible feature to their body, their hormones, and their social structure.

这些动物是从非洲带来的或在那里繁殖的，蒂尔登公园之所以有鬣狗，被封闭在蒂尔登公园内，是因为鬣狗的身体、荷尔蒙和社会结构表现出了令人难以置信的特征。

Hyenas, unlike many species, have a situation with their genitalia where the male penis is actually smaller than the female clitoris, and I should say that the male penis itself, having seen a fair number of hyena penises, is not particularly small, which means that the hyena clitorises are extremely large.

鬣狗与许多物种不同，它们的生殖器有一个情况，雄性阴茎实际上比雌性阴蒂小，而且我应该说，在见过相当数量的鬣狗阴茎后，雄性阴茎本身并不是特别小，这意味着鬣狗的阴蒂非常大。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

This was well-known for some time.

这在一段时间内是众所周知的。

It turns out that in the spotted hyenas, the females are dominant, so after a kill, the females will eat, then their young will eat, and then the male hyenas will eat.

事实证明，在斑鬣狗中，雌性占据主导地位，所以在杀死猎物后，雌性会吃东西，然后它们的幼崽会吃东西，然后雄性鬣狗会吃东西。

As well, when the female hyena gives birth, she gives birth not through the vaginal canal that we're accustomed to seeing, but through a very enlarged clitoris-like phallus, although it's not a phallus, it's a clitoris.

还有，雌性鬣狗分娩时，并不是通过我们习惯看到的阴道管分娩，而是通过一个非常增大的、像阴蒂一样的阴茎，虽然它不是阴茎，但它是阴蒂。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

It literally splits open, so many fetuses die during the course of hyena development and birth.

它确实裂开了，所以许多胎儿在鬣狗发育和出生的过程中死亡。

These animals have this, what could only be described as a very large or giant clitoris, although for a hyena it's not giant, it's normal, and it splits open and the baby actually comes through.

这些动物有这个，只能被描述为非常大或巨大的阴蒂，尽管对于鬣狗来说它不是巨大的，这是正常的，它裂开，婴儿实际上就出来了。

The baby hyena actually comes through the tissue and it's a very traumatic birth.

鬣狗宝宝实际上是通过组织出生的，这是一次非常痛苦的分娩。

A lot of tissue is torn away, et cetera.

很多组织被撕掉等等。

As I mentioned, a lot of baby hyenas die.

正如我提到的，很多鬣狗宝宝都死了。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

It was a mystery as to how the female hyenas have this, we'll call it, masculinization, but it's really a androgen...

雌性鬣狗如何具有这种能力，我们称之为雄性化，这是一个谜，但这实际上是一种雄激素......

excuse me, androgenization of the periphery of the genitalia.

对不起，生殖器周边的雄激素化。

It turns out through a lot of careful research done by Steve Glickman, Christine Drea and others that it's androstenedione.

经过史蒂夫·格利克曼（Steve Glickman）、克里斯汀·德雷（Christine Drea）等人的大量仔细研究，结果证明它是雄烯二酮。

What is essentially a prohormone to testosterone, it's androstenedione at very high levels that's produced in female hyenas that creates this enlargement of their genitalia.

雄烯二酮本质上是睾丸激素的激素原，雌性鬣狗体内产生的雄烯二酮含量非常高，导致其生殖器增大。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

If you want to read up on androstenedione, androstenedione is made into testosterone through this enzyme 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

如果您想了解雄烯二酮，雄烯二酮通过 17-β 羟基类固醇脱氢酶转化为睾酮。

It's a complicated pathway to pronounce.

这是一个复杂的发音途径。

It's a fairly straightforward pathway biochemically.

从生化角度来看，这是一条相当简单的途径。

You may recall during the '90s and 2000s there were a lot of performance-enhancing drug scandals, in particular in Major League Baseball, and it was purported, although I don't know that it was ever verified, but it was purported that the major performance-enhancing drug of abuse at that time in particular players, whose names we won't mention, but you can Google it if you want to find out, was androstenedione.

你可能还记得，在90年代和2000年代，有很多提高成绩的药物丑闻，特别是在美国职业棒球大联盟，据称，虽然我不知道它是否被证实过，但据称当时滥用的主要成绩提高药物是雄烯二酮，特别是球员，我们不会提及其名字，但如果你想知道，你可以谷歌一下。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I actually recall long ago when you could buy androstenedione in the health food stores, and so it was sold over the counter.

我其实记得很久以前你可以在保健食品商店买到雄烯二酮，所以它是在柜台上出售的。

A lot's changed since then, but it's interesting that these hyenas with these highly androgenized genitalia accomplished that through high levels of androstenedione in the females.

从那时起，发生了很多变化，但有趣的是，这些具有高度雄激素化生殖器的鬣狗通过雌性体内高水平的雄烯二酮实现了这一点。

Now, if that's unusual, what might be even more unusual is that a graduate student that I was working with at the time, alongside, we didn't share research.

现在，如果这很不寻常，那么更不寻常的是，当时与我一起工作的一名研究生，我们并没有分享研究成果。

Her name was Nicola Sipka.

她的名字叫尼古拉·西普卡。

She is actually a trained animal behavioral expert.

她实际上是一位训练有素的动物行为专家。

She had trained ferrets for that show "The Beastmaster" and she had trained wolves for television shows and was a dog trainer.

她曾为《兽王》节目训练过雪貂，也曾为电视节目训练过狼，并且还是一名训狗师。

She had these two large dogs that, unlike my dog, would actually listen to her when she would give them commands.

她养了两只大狗，与我的狗不同，当她给它们发出命令时，它们实际上会听她的。

A remarkable scientist.

一位杰出的科学家。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

She was studying a species of mole that also lived in Tilden Park.

她正在研究一种也生活在蒂尔登公园的鼹鼠。

People are going to start to wonder about Tilden Park.

人们将开始对蒂尔登公园感到好奇。

What's in Tilden Park?

蒂尔登公园有什么？

This particular mole that lived there had testes for part of the year, and had the capacity to transdifferentiate its testes into ovaries in order to balance out the ratio of males and females in the population to keep reproduction at appropriate levels for that certain population.

这种生活在那里的特殊鼹鼠在一年中的部分时间里有睾丸，并且有能力将睾丸转分化为卵巢，以平衡种群中雄性和雌性的比例，从而将特定种群的繁殖保持在适当的水平。

Some animals are actually able to adjust whether or not they have androgenized or estrogenized gonads in order to adjust the ratios of offspring or the males and females and, therefore, promote offspring.

有些动物实际上能够通过调节性腺是否雄激素化或雌激素化来调节后代或雄性和雌性的比例，从而促进后代的繁衍。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

The last little anecdote about this, which is also published in the scientific literature, which is weird, but I do find interesting — hormones are so fascinating, they're just incredible to me — is going back to the marijuana plant.

关于这一点的最后一个小轶事也发表在科学文献中，这很奇怪，但我确实觉得很有趣——荷尔蒙是如此迷人，对我来说简直难以置信——回到大麻植物。

The marijuana plant has these estrogenic properties, and I asked a plant biologist whether or not this was unusual.

大麻植物具有这些雌激素特性，我询问植物生物学家这是否不寻常。

I asked because there's all this stuff out there about, "Oh, you know, soy does this and these plants are highly estrogenic," et cetera, although we should probably point out that a lot of factory meats are also estrogenic, so this isn't a meat versus plants thing.

我问这个问题是因为外面有很多关于“哦，你知道，大豆有这个作用，而且这些植物具有很高的雌激素水平”等等，尽管我们可能应该指出，很多工厂生产的肉类也具有雌激素水平，所以这不是肉类与植物的问题。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

This plant biologist told me, "Oh yeah." There are plants that make what is essentially the equivalent of testosterone, like pine pollen, it looks a lot like testosterone.

这位植物生物学家告诉我，“哦，是的。”有些植物可以产生本质上相当于睾酮的物质，比如松花粉，它看起来很像睾酮。

There are other plants that make what is essentially estrogen.

还有其他植物可以产生本质上是雌激素的物质。

I said, "Well, why would they do that?" Plants, at least as far as I know, don't have a consciousness, they don't have a brain.

我说：“那么，他们为什么要这么做呢？”植物，至少据我所知，没有意识，没有大脑。

They don't have neurons even, but his answer was fascinating.

他们甚至没有神经元，但他的回答很有趣。

He said that one of the reasons why some plants have evolved this capacity to increase estrogen levels in-

他说，一些植物进化出这种增加雌激素水平的能力的原因之一是——

PART 2 OF 3 ENDS Andrew Huberman:

第 2 部分（共 3 部分）结束 Andrew Huberman：

To increase estrogen levels in animals that, not smoke it, but then animals that consume them.

增加不吸烟动物的雌激素水平，而是增加食用它们的动物的雌激素水平。

I'm guessing that animals aren't smoking marijuana, although, I don't know, send me the paper if you've heard of this; is that plants have figured out ways, they've adapted ways to push back on populations of rodents and other species of animals that eat them.

我猜动物不会吸食大麻，不过，我不知道，如果你听说过这个，请将论文寄给我；植物已经找到了方法，它们已经适应了方法来阻止啮齿动物和其他以它们为食的动物的数量。

So plants are engaged in a kind of plant-to-animal warfare where they increase the estrogen of the males in that population to lower the sperm counts, to keep those populations clamped at certain levels, so that those plants can continue to flourish, even if those animals are reproducing very robustly.

因此，植物正在进行一种植物与动物的战争，它们增加该种群中雄性的雌激素，以降低精子数量，将这些种群限制在一定水平，以便这些植物能够继续繁茂，即使这些动物繁殖得非常强劲。

And I find this just fascinating, and hormones therefore aren't just impacting tissue growth and development within the individual and between the mother, remember the placenta's an endocrine organ, and the offspring, But plants and animals are in this communication and today we're in this communication.

我发现这很有趣，因此激素不仅影响个体内部和母亲之间的组织生长和发育，记住胎盘是内分泌器官，而且影响后代，但是植物和动物处于这种交流中，今天我们也处于这种交流中。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I'm telling you that there are certain herbicides that humans are using for which there's very good data are disrupting the endocrine pathways.

我告诉你，人类使用的某些除草剂有很好的数据表明它们会扰乱内分泌途径。

And so, it's fascinating that humans and other animals, we're always in this interplay with plants and the other things in our environment.

因此，令人着迷的是，人类和其他动物，我们总是与植物和环境中的其他事物相互作用。

And hormones and adjusting the hormone levels of animals and plants is one way in which the environment kind of pushes back or pushes forward, if you will, in terms of promoting their wellbeing and longevity as well as you trying to promote your wellbeing and longevity.

激素和调整动物和植物的激素水平是环境推动或推动的一种方式，如果你愿意的话，在促进它们的福祉和长寿以及你试图促进你的福祉和长寿方面。

If anyone wants to see the incredible paper by Steve Glickman and colleagues, it was published in the Proceeding of the National Academy, first in 1987.

如果有人想看 Steve Glickman 及其同事这篇令人难以置信的论文，这篇论文首先于 1987 年发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

That's Glickman et al.

那是格利克曼等人。

That was the hypothesis that it was androstenedione.

这就是它是雄烯二酮的假设。

And then if you just Google "Glickman Hyenas Science Magazine," there's a beautiful cover article and feature all about that important discovery.

然后，如果你只是谷歌“格利克曼鬣狗科学杂志”，就会有一篇漂亮的封面文章和专题介绍这一重要发现。

It's a fascinating one.

这是一件令人着迷的事。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And I should mention also that those discoveries, both the moles and the hyenas, weren't just impactful for the world of animal behavior and endocrinology, they've also strongly impacted understanding of conditions that show up in the clinic, which we haven't talked about today, which is actually pseudohermaphroditism.

我还应该提到，这些发现，无论是鼹鼠还是鬣狗，不仅对动物行为和内分泌学领域产生了影响，它们还强烈影响了对临床中出现的病症的理解，我们今天还没有讨论过，这实际上是假两性畸形。

Occasionally, babies will be born where it is unclear if they are boys or girls based on the genitalia.

有时，婴儿出生时，根据生殖器无法确定是男孩还是女孩。

And this has very important ethical and other issues.

这有非常重要的道德和其他问题。

Do you raise them as a boy or a girl?

你把他们当作男孩还是女孩抚养？

It's not super uncommon for this to happen.

这种情况发生并不少见。

And there have been terrible cases where people have gone against the chromosomal sex and the person was very unhappy with the choice that their parents had made for them.

在一些可怕的案例中，人们违背了染色体性别，并且对父母为他们所做的选择非常不满意。

There were also cases where they've gone with the chromosomal sex and the person was very happy about the outcome.

也有一些情况下，他们选择了染色体性别，并且人们对结果非常满意。

There have been cases where they've been treated with hormones, and there been cases where they have not been treated with hormones.

有些情况下他们接受过激素治疗，有些情况下他们没有接受过激素治疗。

It's a complicated literature, and it has to be sorted out on kind of a case-by-case basis, but it is something that does happen.

这是一篇复杂的文献，必须根据具体情况进行整理，但这种情况确实发生了。

And the studies on androstenedione in hyenas and in these very interesting moles, pseudohermaphroditic moles that live in Tilden Park, have impacted not just the science, but the therapeutics around those important issues.

对鬣狗和这些非常有趣的鼹鼠（生活在蒂尔登公园的假两性鼹鼠）中雄烯二酮的研究不仅影响了科学，而且影响了围绕这些重要问题的治疗方法。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So now last but not least, I want to discuss the effects of hormones while you and I were, separately, in utero, and the effects that had on who we are, who we select as mates — so mate choice, sexual preference — and all other aspects of what you would call sexual development.

所以现在最后但并非最不重要的一点是，我想讨论一下当你和我分别在子宫内时荷尔蒙的影响，以及荷尔蒙对我们是谁、我们选择谁作为伴侣的影响——以及择偶、性偏好——以及你所谓的性发育的所有其他方面。

Now, this is something that's gotten a lot of popular press and it has to do with how exposure to androgens, in particular while we were in utero, impacted whether or not people report as homosexual, heterosexual, identify as male or female.

现在，这一点已经引起了很多媒体的关注，它与暴露于雄激素（尤其是在子宫内时）如何影响人们是否报告为同性恋、异性恋、识别男性或女性有关。

I'm very familiar with this work because I was a graduate student in the department that first published this work and I'm an author on the paper.

我对这项工作非常熟悉，因为我是第一个发表这项工作的系的研究生，而且我是该论文的作者。

I was not the main driver of the work, but I was involved in the work and I certainly know the people that did this work.

我不是这项工作的主要推动者，但我参与了这项工作，而且我当然认识从事这项工作的人。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

First, it starts with a story.

首先，从一个故事开始。

There was a researcher who's still going now, his name is Dennis McFadden, I believe was at UT Austin back then.

有一位研究人员现在仍在继续，他的名字叫丹尼斯·麦克法登（Dennis McFadden），我相信当时他在德州大学奥斯汀分校。

And he was studying the auditory system, and people would come into his clinic or his laboratory, and he would look at hearing, and he would explore different aspects of what they call the psychophysics of hearing and understanding hearing thresholds and frequency thresholds.

他正在研究听觉系统，人们会来到他的诊所或实验室，他会观察听力，他会探索他们所谓的听力心理物理学的不同方面，并了解听力阈值和频率阈值。

And he made several observations.

他提出了一些观察结果。

And those observations were that young males tended to have what are called autoacoustic emissions more often than young females did.

这些观察结果表明，年轻男性比年轻女性更容易出现所谓的自声发射。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Autoacoustic emissions, as the name suggests, are the ears actually making sounds.

自声发射，顾名思义，是耳朵实际发出声音。

Now these sounds have to be picked up by a special apparatus because they can hear into that frequency.

现在这些声音必须由特殊的设备拾取，因为它们可以听到该频率。

But turns out that your ears don't just take sound waves and convert them into this thing we call hearing, but they also in some cases make sound.

但事实证明，你的耳朵不仅吸收声波并将其转化为我们所说的听觉，而且在某些情况下它们还会发出声音。

So your ears are making sounds.

所以你的耳朵会发出声音。

Strange, right?

奇怪吧？

So it turns out that there's a sex difference in autoacoustic emissions.

事实证明，自动声发射存在性别差异。

Turns out also that people that self-report as lesbians, they also have autoacoustic emissions significantly more than females that don't self-report as lesbian.

事实证明，自我报告为女同性恋的人的自声发射也明显多于不自我报告为女同性恋的女性。

And Dennis noticed this, and published this, and it was an important discovery because it was one of the first discoveries that there pointed to the fact that there are sex differences in biology that are independent of sex.

丹尼斯注意到了这一点，并发表了这篇文章，这是一个重要的发现，因为它是最早的发现之一，指出生物学中存在与性别无关的性别差异。

I mean this is hearing in autoacoustic emissions.

我的意思是这是自动声发射中的听力。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And just to really illustrate what the former problem was and why this study was so important — a lot of people had explored, for instance, whether or not homosexuals had lower testosterone, for instance, in males.

为了真正说明前一个问题是什么以及为什么这项研究如此重要——很多人都探索过，例如，同性恋者的睾酮水平是否较低，例如男性。

And actually the result often was the opposite.

而实际上，结果往往适得其反。

That gay men, or men that self-report as gay, often had much higher testosterone.

男同性恋者或自称同性恋者的睾丸激素通常要高得多。

And those studies then became controversial because people said, "Well, sexual behavior can relate to testosterone," et cetera.

这些研究随后引起了争议，因为人们说，“嗯，性行为可能与睾丸激素有关”等等。

And so it became very controversial.

因此它变得非常有争议。

And then there were some studies that attempted to look at the equivalent phenomenon in people that self-report as lesbian or self-report as heterosexual.

然后还有一些研究试图观察自称是女同性恋或自称为异性恋的人中的同等现象。

And so, it became very complicated, but this was an identification of a phenomenon, autoacoustic emissions, that was independent of anything that had to do with sexual or even social behavior.

因此，它变得非常复杂，但这是对一种现象的识别，即自动声发射，它独立于与性甚至社会行为有关的任何事物。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

1998 rolls around, and I'm a graduate student at UC Berkeley, and a guy by the name of Mark Breedlove, kind of an ironic name given that he worked and still works on sexual dimorphism in the brain and in the spinal cord and nervous system.

1998 年即将到来，我是加州大学伯克利分校的一名研究生，我的名字叫马克·布里德洛夫 (Mark Breedlove)，这个名字有点讽刺，因为他一直在研究大脑、脊髓和神经系统的性别二态性。

And Mark, who's a phenomenal scientist, comes running down the hall, I'll never forget this, and he said, "Give me your hands." He's like, "Give me your hands." And he pulls out a ruler and he starts measuring my fingers and he takes down a couple measurements and then he goes away.

马克，一位杰出的科学家，跑过大厅，我永远不会忘记这一点，他说，“把手给我。”他就像是，“把你的手给我。”他拿出一把尺子，开始测量我的手指，记下几个尺寸，然后就走开了。

And I'm like, "What was that?" Well, I was in a course that Mark was teaching at that point, and soon after we did a study that Mark directed exploring the finger length ratios, and I'll explain what those are, of males and females and people that self-reported as homosexual or heterosexual.

我想，“那是什么？”嗯，当时我正在上马克教授的一门课程，不久之后我们做了一项马克指导的探索手指长度比例的研究，我将解释这些是什么，男性和女性以及自我报告为同性恋或异性恋的人。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So let's just get to the basic, what we'll call sex differences first.

因此，让我们首先了解基本的问题，即我们所说的性别差异。

These are averages.

这些是平均值。

I want to point out anytime you get into this kind of topic, people assume it's causal, but it's not causal.

我想指出的是，每当你谈到这类话题时，人们都会认为这是因果关系，但其实并不是因果关系。

These are averages that I'm about to report.

这些是我即将报告的平均值。

It is the case that the ratio of what's called the D2 to D4 digits.

这种情况就是所谓的 D2 与 D4 数字的比率。

So the D2 is your index finger, so your thumb is D1, then D2 would be your index finger that you would point with.

所以 D2 是你的食指，所以你的拇指是 D1，那么 D2 就是你用来指向的食指。

Middle finger is D3, which you whatever with.

中指是D3，随便你用。

And then D4 is this so so-called ring finger, okay?

然后D4就是所谓的无名指，好吗？

And D5 is the pinky.

D5 是小指。

It is the case that the D2 to D4 ratio is greater in self-reported females than it is in males.

事实上，女性自我报告的 D2 与 D4 比率高于男性。

What does that mean?

这意味着什么？

It means that that digit D2 and D4 are more similar in length in females than in males, and the effect is particularly pronounced on the right hand, although not always.

这意味着女性中数字 D2 和 D4 的长度比男性更相似，并且这种影响在右手上尤其明显，尽管并非总是如此。

Okay?

好的？

And it does not have to do with handedness.

这与惯用手无关。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

This D2 to D4 difference has to be measured correctly.

必须正确测量 D2 到 D4 的差异。

You can't just look at somebody's hands and say, "Oh, their ring finger and index finger are very similar and therefore they are female," or they were exposed to very little testosterone in utero.

你不能只看某人的手就说，“哦，他们的无名指和食指非常相似，因此他们是女性”，或者他们在子宫内接触的睾酮非常少。

You can't look at somebody and see that their index finger is much shorter than their ring finger and say, "Oh, they must have been exposed to a lot of androgen." You have to actually measure it and you actually have to measure it correctly.

你不能看着某人，发现他们的食指比无名指短得多，然后说：“哦，他们一定接触了很多雄激素。”你必须实际测量它，并且必须正确地测量它。

You have to measure it from the base of the finger, where there's that first crease all the way to the tip past; you can't include the fingernails, if you're growing fingernails; you have to be logical here, folks.

你必须从手指根部开始测量，那里有第一个折痕，一直到指尖；如果您正在长指甲，则不能包括指甲；伙计们，在这里你必须保持逻辑。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So you can't normally see it from the back of the hand, although I don't know if this'll show up here, but if you look at the back of the hand, sometimes you can see it.

所以你通常从手背上看不到它，虽然我不知道这是否会出现在这里，但是如果你看手背，有时你可以看到它。

In my case for instance, let me see if I can do this.

以我为例，让我看看我是否可以做到这一点。

So my D4 is a little bit longer than my D2, in some people it's more pronounced, and that's on my right hand.

所以我的 D4 比我的 D2 长一点，对某些人来说更明显，那就是我的右手。

On the other hand, the difference actually is far less pronounced.

另一方面，差异实际上远没有那么明显。

It's a little bit pronounced there, but not so much.

那里有点明显，但不是那么明显。

Okay?

好的？

So that's sort of the typical ratio that you would see.

这就是您会看到的典型比率。

Turns out that in mice and in humans, the more androgen that you are exposed to in utero, the smaller the D4:D2 ratio, meaning that the ring finger tends to be slightly longer than the pointer finger.

事实证明，在小鼠和人类中，在子宫内接触的雄激素越多，D4:D2 比率就越小，这意味着无名指往往比食指稍长。

And in females, because they're exposed to less androgen in utero typically, then those fingers tend to be more equal in length.

对于女性来说，因为她们在子宫内接触的雄激素通常较少，所以这些手指的长度往往更加相等。

And these are subtle differences and these are averages.

这些是细微的差异，这些是平均值。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

I invite you to look up the paper.

我邀请你查一下报纸。

This was published in Nature in 2000 and it's been replicated six times.

该文章于 2000 年发表在《自然》杂志上，至今已被重复六次。

Now here's where it gets even more interesting and potentially precarious, so we're going to step cautiously here.

现在，事情变得更加有趣，也可能更加危险，所以我们要谨慎行事。

If you look at the finger length ratios of men that self-report as homosexual, they have either the typical male pattern of D2:D4 ratio or a hypermasculinized D4:D2.

如果您观察自称同性恋的男性的手指长度比例，您会发现他们要么具有典型的男性 D2:D4 比例模式，要么具有超男性化的 D4:D2 比例。

Now this can't be something that's established or modified by behavior.

现在这不可能是通过行为建立或改变的东西。

This has to be something that was established in utero, and in fact it's present at birth.

这必须是在子宫内就已经建立的东西，事实上它在出生时就存在。

So it completely divorces the interactions between hormones and behavior.

所以它完全脱离了激素和行为之间的相互作用。

And that's an important thing that we've been talking about and we're going to talk about even more next episode is that hormones impact behavior, but behavior also impact hormones.

这是我们一直在谈论的一件重要的事情，我们将在下一集讨论更多，那就是激素影响行为，但行为也会影响激素。

But this is a case of hormones impacting what really should be considered a primary sexual characteristic, because it doesn't show up in puberty, it shows up before puberty.

但这是激素影响真正应该被视为主要性特征的情况，因为它不会在青春期出现，而是在青春期之前出现。

It's actually established in utero.

它实际上是在子宫内就建立的。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And in people that self-reported lesbians, and I remember going out there and collecting these data with the collaborators on this work.

在那些自我报告的女同性恋者中，我记得去那里与这项工作的合作者收集这些数据。

Again, I wasn't the main driver on the work, but I participated in some of the analysis.

再说一次，我不是这项工作的主要推动者，但我参与了一些分析。

People that self-report as lesbians also tend to have a smaller D2:D4 ratio.

自称女同性恋者的 D2:D4 比率也往往较小。

So this is consistent with the autoacoustic emission study that Dennis McFadden had published.

所以这与 Dennis McFadden 发表的自声发射研究是一致的。

And it points to the fact that early exposure to androgens may have an impact, not just on androgenization of the body plan, but also separately, on sexual preference.

它指出了这样一个事实，即早期接触雄激素可能不仅会影响身体计划的雄激素化，而且还会单独影响性偏好。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now this raises all sorts of interesting questions about biological basis of sexual preference.

现在这提出了关于性偏好的生物学基础的各种有趣的问题。

I'll tell you about another study, a guy named Simon LeVay, who was at UCLA, who trained under Hubel and Wiesel.

我会告诉你另一项研究，一个名叫西蒙·勒维（Simon LeVay）的人，在加州大学洛杉矶分校，在休贝尔和威塞尔的指导下接受训练。

If any of you remember early episodes on plasticity, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, my scientific greatgrandparents, won the Nobel Prize for discovery of critical periods for brain plasticity.

如果你们中有人还记得关于可塑性的早期事件，我的科学家曾祖父母大卫·休贝尔（David Hubel）和托斯顿·威塞尔（Torsten Wiesel）因发现大脑可塑性的关键时期而获得了诺贝尔奖。

They define some of the most important aspects of how we see and brain plasticity.

它们定义了我们如何看待和大脑可塑性的一些最重要的方面。

Simon LeVay trained with them.

西蒙·勒维和他们一起训练。

And then Simon went on to discover that in the brains of people that self-report homosexual, there is a brain difference, and the brain differences is in an area called the interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus.

然后西蒙接着发现，在自我报告同性恋者的大脑中，存在大脑差异，而大脑差异位于下丘脑前部的间质核区域。

So it's the INAH.

所以这是INAH。

And so, there are published reports — that was published in Science; the other work I refer to was published in Nature and then replicated no fewer than six times; and the McFadden results — that point to strong biological correlates of mate choice, of sexual preference.

因此，有一些已发表的报告——发表在《科学》杂志上；我提到的另一项工作发表在《自然》杂志上，然后被复制了不少于六次；麦克法登的结果表明，择偶和性偏好之间存在很强的生物学相关性。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

And these tie directly to things like androgenization or estrogenization, meaning, we could call it maleness or femaleness, but that's sort of tricky territory because of the way that we describe the huge range in which sex can be defined earlier.

这些与雄激素化或雌激素化等事物直接相关，也就是说，我们可以称之为男性或女性，但这是一个棘手的领域，因为我们描述可以更早定义性别的巨大范围的方式。

So if you want to measure D2:D4 ratio, you're welcome to, but you also have to understand that it's not predictive of anything, right?

因此，如果您想测量 D2:D4 比率，欢迎您这样做，但您也必须明白，它不能预测任何事情，对吗？

It's just a window into the possible androgen exposure that you had early in life.

这只是了解您早年可能接触的雄激素的一个窗口。

There are plenty of men who report themselves as heterosexual who are out there who have similar D2:D4 ratios to females.

有很多自称是异性恋的男性的 D2:D4 比例与女性相似。

And there are plenty of females whose index fingers are shorter than their ring fingers and they're perfectly happy, or they say they're perfectly happy, and we are inclined to believe them, being heterosexual.

有很多女性的食指比无名指短，她们非常幸福，或者她们说她们非常幸福，而我们倾向于相信她们，因为她们是异性恋。

So there's variation.

所以存在差异。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

In fact, Mark tells a really good joke.

事实上，马克讲了一个非常好的笑话。

If you want to know whether or not somebody is homosexual or heterosexual, simply look at their hands, look at their D2:D4 ratio and guess, "Heterosexual," and you'll be right 96% of the time.

如果你想知道某人是同性恋还是异性恋，只需看看他们的手，看看他们的 D2:D4 比例，然后猜测“异性恋”，96% 的情况下你都是对的。

Because 96% of the time people report themselves as heterosexual on average, those numbers might be changing.

因为平均 96% 的人自称是异性恋，所以这些数字可能正在发生变化。

So the joke really is a joke on science, because that falls within the realm of statistical significance, and yet it really illustrates the fact that none of this is causal.

所以这个笑话确实是一个科学笑话，因为这属于统计显着性的范围，但它确实说明了一个事实：这一切都不是因果关系。

But it's nonetheless very interesting because it means that hormones are organizing the brain early in development in ways that can potentially impact same or opposite sex partner choice later in life.

但这仍然非常有趣，因为这意味着激素在发育早期组织大脑，从而可能影响以后生活中同性或异性伴侣的选择。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Now of course, there are other things that can impact opposite sex or same sex partner choice later in life.

当然，还有其他因素会影响以后生活中异性或同性伴侣的选择。

The study did not look at people who reported bisexual.

该研究没有关注自称是双性恋的人。

There been a lot of studies on that yet.

对此已有很多研究。

One thing that's very interesting, for which there's some good scientific data, but there's also some controversy, is that it appears that the probability of a male human self-reporting as homosexual increases with the number of older brothers that he has.

一件非常有趣的事情，有一些很好的科学数据，但也存在一些争议，那就是，男性自我报告为同性恋的可能性似乎随着他的哥哥数量的增加而增加。

Now, that doesn't mean if you have an older brother, even if you have 10 older brothers, that you are sure to self-report as homosexual, but statistically, it becomes more likely that somebody will with each successive older brother that they have.

现在，这并不意味着如果你有一个哥哥，即使你有 10 个哥哥，你就一定会自我报告为同性恋，但从统计数据来看，更有可能有人会在他们有一个连续的哥哥时自我报告。

And the idea that's starting to emerge in the developmental neuroendocrinology landscape is that there's a record within the mother of how many male fetuses she's carried, because male fetuses are secreting certain things, dihydrotestosterone, other things, that can feed back onto the genome, so these could be epigenomic effects or onto the placenta itself so that there's a higher probability in subsequent pregnancies that offspring will self-report as homosexual.

在发育神经内分泌学领域开始出现的想法是，母亲体内记录了她怀有多少个男性胎儿，因为男性胎儿会分泌某些物质，例如二氢睾酮和其他物质，这些物质可以反馈到基因组上，因此这些可能是表观基因组效应或胎盘本身，因此在随后的怀孕中，后代更有可能自我报告为同性恋。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

So it's a fascinating area of biology, and as you've noticed today, none of this deals with the current controversies around gender, and how many genders and sex, et cetera.

所以这是生物学的一个令人着迷的领域，正如你今天所注意到的，这些都没有涉及当前围绕性别的争议，以及有多少性别和性别等等。

That's a separate conversation that is by definition, grounded in the kind of concepts we've been talking about today, and needs to take place, taking into consideration all of the aspects of sex and the effects of hormones, both on the body, on the brain.

这是一个单独的对话，根据定义，它基于我们今天讨论的概念，并且需要进行，考虑到性的所有方面以及激素对身体和大脑的影响。

We didn't talk a lot about spinal cord, but we will in the next episode, but we can just say on the brain and the periphery, early effects, late effects, acute effects — meaning effects that are very fast — of levels, of hormones going up or down, something that absolutely happens during and across the menstrual cycle, as well as long-term effects like the effects of these hormones on gene expression.

我们没有谈论太多关于脊髓的内容，但我们会在下一集中讨论，但我们只能说关于大脑和外周的早期影响、晚期影响、急性影响（意思是非常快的影响）、激素水平的上升或下降、在月经周期期间和整个月经周期中绝对发生的事情，以及长期影响，例如这些激素对基因表达的影响。

So today, as always, we weren't able to cover all things related to sex, and hormones and sexual differentiation or development.

因此，今天，一如既往，我们无法涵盖与性、激素以及性分化或发育相关的所有内容。

There's no way we could, but we have covered a lot of material.

我们不可能，但我们已经涵盖了很多材料。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

We talked about some effects of environmental toxins.

我们讨论了环境毒素的一些影响。

We talked about potential effects of cell phone radiation, something I never thought that I would be talking about, especially not in a podcast, but for which there are interesting emerging data.

我们讨论了手机辐射的潜在影响，我从未想过我会谈论这一点，尤其是不是在播客中，但有一些有趣的新兴数据。

We talked about considerations about evening primroses oil and its estrogenic effects, about creatine and its pro-DHT effects, about cannabis, alcohol, about plants exerting warfare on animals by increasing aromatase, the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

我们讨论了月见草油及其雌激素作用、肌酸及其促 DHT 作用、大麻、酒精、植物通过增加芳香酶（睾酮向雌激素的转化）对动物发动战争的考虑。

We talked about hyenas with giant clitorises, and we talked about moles that convert from having ovaries to testicles.

我们谈论了拥有巨大阴蒂的鬣狗，也谈论了从卵巢转变为睾丸的痣。

And throughout this, Costello has been snoring nonstop.

在整个过程中，科斯特洛一直在打鼾。

He missed all of it, although he might be learning it in his sleep, for all I know.

据我所知，他错过了这一切，尽管他可能在睡梦中学到了这些。

And I do understand, it's a lot of information, a lot of detail.

我确实明白，这是很多信息，很多细节。

As always, I just want to remind you, you don't have to absorb all the information at once.

一如既往，我只是想提醒你，你不必一次吸收所有信息。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Next episode, we are going to be talking about the science of sex, the verb — actual reproduction.

下一集，我们将讨论性的科学，动词——实际的繁殖。

We're also going to be talking about effects of hormones on various aspects of behavior and ways to modulate hormones through the use of behavior, supplementation.

我们还将讨论激素对行为各个方面的影响，以及通过使用行为和补充剂来调节激素的方法。

Also, we'll touch on diet and nutrition a bit, and we're going to talk about interactions between those things and behavior, as they relate to important themes like sex and reproduction, like workplace performance, like motivation and drive, and even anxiety.

此外，我们将稍微讨论一下饮食和营养，我们将讨论这些事物和行为之间的相互作用，因为它们与性和生殖、工作场所表现、动机和动力，甚至焦虑等重要主题相关。

There's a very interesting relationship between hormones and anxiety and the desire to explore novelty.

荷尔蒙与焦虑以及探索新奇事物的欲望之间存在着非常有趣的关系。

So just remember as we go forward that hormones affect behavior and behavior affects hormones.

因此，请记住，当我们前进时，激素会影响行为，行为也会影响激素。

But that doesn't mean that cutting off your index finger will increase your testosterone.

但这并不意味着切断食指会增加睾丸激素。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Many of you have asked how you can help support the podcast, and we thank you for the question.

你们中的许多人都询问过如何帮助支持播客，我们感谢您提出这个问题。

There are several ways to do that.

有几种方法可以做到这一点。

The first one is to subscribe on YouTube.

第一个是在 YouTube 上订阅。

If you haven't subscribed to the YouTube channel already, please do so.

如果您尚未订阅 YouTube 频道，请订阅。

As well, please hit the Subscribe button so you're sure not to miss any of the episodes.

另外，请点击订阅按钮，这样您就不会错过任何一集。

We do release episodes every Monday, but we also occasionally release short clips in between.

我们每周一都会发布剧集，但偶尔也会发布短片。

As well, if you could subscribe on Apple and or Spotify, that's very helpful.

另外，如果您可以在 Apple 和/或 Spotify 上订阅，那就非常有帮助了。

And on Apple, you have the opportunity to leave us up to a five-star review and to leave a comment.

在 Apple 上，您有机会给我们留下五星级评价并发表评论。

On YouTube, please do leave us comments and suggestions for future episodes.

在 YouTube 上，请给我们留下对未来剧集的评论和建议。

We really appreciate the feedback and we appreciate those suggestions.

我们非常感谢您的反馈，也非常感谢这些建议。

Also, ask us any questions you have about the material.

另外，如果您对材料有任何疑问，请向我们询问。

Those questions help guide our office hours, this discussion about your questions that we hold from time to time, as well as inform future content.

这些问题有助于指导我们的办公时间、我们不时举行的关于您的问题的讨论，以及为未来的内容提供信息。

Andrew Huberman:

安德鲁·休伯曼：

Also, if you could tell people about the podcast, please tell your family, your friends, your coworkers, anyone that you think might benefit from the material, that really helps us get the word out.

另外，如果您可以向人们介绍播客，请告诉您的家人、朋友、同事以及您认为可能从该材料中受益的任何人，这确实有助于我们宣传。

Please also check out our sponsors, check out the sponsor links.

另请查看我们的赞助商，查看赞助商链接。

That's perhaps the best way to support us.

这也许是支持我们的最好方式。

And of course, I want to point out that any of the ways that support us, whether or not they're cost-free, like subscribing and leaving comments, or whether or not you're interested in the products that I've referred to, those all help us and so we really appreciate it.

当然，我想指出的是，任何支持我们的方式，无论是否免费，例如订阅和留下评论，或者无论您是否对我提到的产品感兴趣，这些都对我们有帮助，因此我们非常感激。

So once again, I want to thank you for embarking on this journey through neuroscience and, today, neuroendocrinology with me.

因此，我要再次感谢您与我一起踏上神经科学之旅，以及今天的神经内分泌学之旅。

And as always, thank you for your interest in science.

一如既往，感谢您对科学的兴趣。

PART 3 OF 3 ENDS

第 3 部分（共 3 部分）结束