Benefits & Risks of Peptide Therapeutics for Physical & Mental Health

Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.

欢迎来到休伯曼实验室播客，我们在这里讨论科学和基于科学的日常生活工具。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

谢谢，我是安德鲁·胡伯曼，我是斯坦福大学医学院的神经生物学和眼科教授。

Today we are discussing peptides.

今天我们讨论的是肽。

Peptides are a topic that's receiving a lot of attention these days, in part because of the excitement about the so-called GLP-1 analogs or agonists.

肽是当今备受关注的话题，部分原因是所谓的 GLP-1 类似物或激动剂令人兴奋。

GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptides.

GLP-1 代表胰高血糖素样肽。

These are drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, as well as drugs used to treat obesity.

这些药物用于治疗 2 型糖尿病，以及用于治疗肥胖症的药物。

Today we are not going to discuss the GLP-1 analogs.

今天我们不打算讨论 GLP-1 类似物。

However, we are going to discuss some of the other peptides that are receiving a lot of attention these days.

然而，我们将讨论一些最近受到广泛关注的其他肽。

Including peptides for tissue healing and repair, as well as peptides that impact longevity and vitality.

包括用于组织愈合和修复的肽，以及影响寿命和活力的肽。

Now, in principle, any discussion about peptides could be enormously vast, and that's because there are so many different kinds of peptides, and by the way, I will explain what a peptide is in just a few moments.

现在，原则上，任何关于肽的讨论都可能非常广泛，这是因为肽有很多不同种类，顺便说一句，我将在稍后解释什么是肽。

But for instance, insulin, which is involved in regulating our blood sugar or blood glucose levels, is a peptide.

但例如，参与调节我们的血糖或血糖水平的胰岛素是一种肽。

Oxytocin, which is sometimes called the love hormone, although I wouldn't say that's the best description of what oxytocin is.

催产素，有时被称为爱情激素，尽管我不会说这是对催产素的最好描述。

It's a neuropeptide slash hormone that is involved in everything from pair bonding to socialization, but a bunch of other things as well.

它是一种神经肽类激素，涉及从配对到社交的所有事情，但也涉及许多其他事情。

Those are just two examples of peptides that are familiar to most people, at least by name, and that exist within the tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of different peptides that exist within our brain and body.

这些只是大多数人熟悉的肽的两个例子，至少是名称，并且存在于我们的大脑和身体内存在数万甚至数十万种不同的肽中。

Today's discussion is going to focus on peptides that are increasingly being used for therapeutic purposes.

今天的讨论将集中于越来越多地用于治疗目的的肽。

And I want to point out something very important about this topic area.

我想指出关于这个主题领域的一些非常重要的事情。

First of all, It is a topic area for which there is a lot of confusion.

首先，这是一个存在很多混乱的主题领域。

The mere naming of the peptides is confusing.

肽的命名本身就令人困惑。

Oftentimes they're referred to simply by virtue of acronyms and numbers like BPC-157 or MK-677, et cetera, such that if you're not really familiar with them, it can be a bit overwhelming and confusing.

通常，它们仅通过首字母缩略词和数字（如 BPC-157 或 MK-677 等）来引用，这样，如果您不太熟悉它们，可能会有点不知所措和困惑。

Today, I'm going to provide a very simple organizational framework that will allow you to understand what these different therapeutic peptides are.

今天，我将提供一个非常简单的组织框架，让您了解这些不同的治疗肽是什么。

Why certain ones may be advantageous for certain purposes, of course, also highlighting the potential risks and in some case, outright dangers.

当然，为什么某些某些可能对某些目的有利，这也凸显了潜在的风险，在某些情况下甚至是彻底的危险。

And I'll tell you how they each work alone and in combination toward achieving specific physical and in some cases, even mental health goals.

我将告诉您它们如何单独或结合起来实现特定的身体健康目标，在某些情况下甚至是心理健康目标。

I'd be remiss if I didn't say at the outset here that a lot of what's happening with applied therapeutic peptide biology falls into one of three categories.

如果我一开始没有说应用治疗性肽生物学发生的许多事情属于三个类别之一，那就是我的失职。

There are peptides that are being prescribed by physicians.

医生正在开出一些肽。

So these are prescription peptides for specific purposes.

所以这些是用于特定目的的处方肽。

These are FDA approved.

这些均已获得 FDA 批准。

There are other peptides that reside in kind of a gray market area.

还有其他肽存在于灰色市场区域。

You can purchase them online, but the safety and efficacy of those peptides is a bit questionable, in some cases, very questionable.

你可以在网上购买它们，但这些肽的安全性和功效有点值得怀疑，在某些情况下，非常值得怀疑。

And I'll give you some filters to determine which category certain peptides fall into.

我会给你一些过滤器来确定某些肽属于哪个类别。

And then of course, there's the black market peptides.

当然，还有黑市肽。

It is possible to buy peptides online.

可以在线购买肽。

Through any number of different sources.

通过任意数量的不同来源。

And of course, I do not suggest people purchase black market peptides.

当然，我不建议人们购买黑市肽。

It's very clear that a lot of them are contaminated with things that both in the short term, but especially in the long term can be problematic.

很明显，其中许多都受到了短期内、尤其是长期内可能产生问题的物质的污染。

So if you're interested in understanding or using therapeutic peptides, today's episode is for you.

因此，如果您有兴趣了解或使用治疗性肽，今天的节目适合您。

Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

在开始之前，我想强调一下，这个播客与我在斯坦福大学的教学和研究角色是分开的。

It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero-cost-to-consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.

然而，我的愿望和努力的一部分是将有关科学和科学相关工具的零成本消费者信息带给公众。

In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the Sponsors of today's podcast.

为了与这个主题保持一致，我要感谢今天播客的赞助商。

Our first sponsor is Mateina.

我们的第一个赞助商是Mateina。

Mateina makes loose-leaf and ready-to-drink yerba mate.

Mateina 生产散叶和即饮马黛茶。

I often discuss yerba mate's benefits, such as regulating blood sugar, its high antioxidant content, the ways that it can improve digestion, and possible neuroprotective effects.

我经常讨论马黛茶的好处，例如调节血糖、其高抗氧化剂含量、改善消化的方式以及可能的神经保护作用。

I also drink yerba mate because I love the taste.

我也喝马黛茶，因为我喜欢它的味道。

While there are a lot of different choices of yerba mate drinks out there, I love Mateina because, again, they have the no sugar variety, as well as the fact that both their loose leaf and their canned varieties are of the absolute best quality.

虽然马黛茶饮料有很多不同的选择，但我喜欢 Mateina，因为他们有无糖品种，而且他们的散叶和罐装品种都具有绝对最好的品质。

So much so that I decided to become a partial owner in the company.

以至于我决定成为公司的部分所有者。

Although, I must say, even if they hadn't allowed me to do that, I would be drinking Mateina.

不过，我必须说，即使他们不允许我这样做，我也会喝马泰纳。

It is the cleanest tasting and best yerba mate you can find.

这是您能找到的味道最纯净、最好的马黛茶。

I love the taste of brewed loose leaf Mateina yerba mate, and I particularly love the taste of Mateina's new canned cold brew zero sugar yerba mate, which I personally helped them develop.

我喜欢冲泡散叶马黛茶的味道，特别喜欢我亲自帮助他们开发的马黛娜新款罐装冷酿零糖马黛茶的味道。

If you'd like to try Mateina, go to drinkMateina.com slash Huberman.

如果您想尝试 Mateina，请访问 DrinkMateina.com 和 Huberman。

Right now, Mateina is offering a free one-pound bag of loose-leaf yerba mate tea and free shipping with the purchase of two cases of their cold brew yerba mate.

目前，Mateina 免费提供一袋一磅的散叶马黛茶，购买两箱冷泡马黛茶可免运费。

Again, that's drinkMateina.com slash Huberman to get the free bag of yerba mate loose-leaf tea and free shipping.

再次强调，drinkMateina.com 大幅削减 Huberman 以获得免费袋马黛茶散叶茶和免费送货。

Today's episode is also brought to us by Levels.

今天的节目也是Levels给我们带来的。

Levels is a program that lets you see how different foods and different activities and your sleep patterns...

Levels 是一个程序，可让您了解不同的食物、不同的活动以及您的睡眠模式如何...

Impact your health by giving you real-time feedback on your diet using a continuous glucose monitor.

使用连续血糖监测仪为您的饮食提供实时反馈，影响您的健康。

Now, blood glucose, sometimes referred to as blood sugar, has an immediate and long-term impact on your energy levels and your overall health.

现在，血糖（有时称为血糖）会对您的能量水平和整体健康产生直接和长期的影响。

One of the best ways to maintain focus and energy throughout your day, as well as to keep your so-called metabolic health in best order, is to make sure that your blood glucose never spikes too much, nor does it get too low.

全天保持注意力和精力以及保持所谓的代谢健康处于最佳状态的最佳方法之一是确保您的血糖不会飙升太多，也不会太低。

With LEVELS, you can monitor how different foods and food combinations impact your blood glucose levels on a moment-to-moment basis.

通过 LEVELS，您可以实时监测不同食物和食物组合如何影响您的血糖水平。

I've been using LEVELS for some time now, and it's really helped me understand which foods and food combinations, exercise schedules, and sleep schedules are optimal for my blood glucose levels and how that translates to energy levels and other metrics of health.

我使用 LEVELS 一段时间了，它确实帮助我了解了哪些食物和食物组合、运动计划和睡眠计划最适合我的血糖水平，以及如何将其转化为能量水平和其他健康指标。

If you're interested in learning more about LEVELS and trying a continuous glucose monitor, you can go to levels.

如果您有兴趣了解有关 LEVELS 的更多信息并尝试连续血糖监测仪，可以访问 Levels。

link slash Huberman.

链接斜线休伯曼。

Levels has just launched a new CGM sensor that is smaller and has even better tracking than before.

Levels 刚刚推出了一款新的 CGM 传感器，它比以前更小，但跟踪能力更好。

Right now, they're also offering two free months of membership.

现在，他们还提供两个月的免费会员资格。

Again, that's levels.

再说一遍，这就是水平。

link, L-I-N-K slash Huberman to try the new sensor and two free months of membership.

链接，L-I-N-K 削减 Huberman 来尝试新传感器和两个月的免费会员资格。

Today's episode is also brought to us by Juve.

今天的节目也是尤文给我们带来的。

Juve makes medical-grade red light therapy devices.

尤文生产医疗级红光治疗设备。

Now, if there's one thing I've consistently emphasized on this podcast, it's the incredible role that light can have on our biology.

现在，如果我在这个播客中一直强调一件事，那就是光对我们的生物学产生的令人难以置信的作用。

And of course, I'm always telling people that they should get sunlight in their eyes as soon as possible after waking on as many days of their life as possible for sake of setting circadian rhythm, daytime mood focus and alertness, and improve sleep.

当然，我总是告诉人们，他们应该在尽可能多的日子里醒来后尽快让阳光照射到眼睛里，以设定昼夜节律、白天情绪集中和警觉性，并改善睡眠。

Now, in addition to sunlight, Red light and near-infrared light has been shown to have positive effects on improving numerous aspects of cellar and organ health, including faster muscle recovery, improved skin health and wound healing, even improvements in acne, or that is removal of acne, reducing pain and inflammation, improving mitochondrial function, and even improving vision itself.

现在，除了阳光之外，红光和近红外光已被证明对改善地窖和器官健康的许多方面具有积极作用，包括更快的肌肉恢复、改善皮肤健康和伤口愈合，甚至改善痤疮，或者说是消除痤疮、减轻疼痛和炎症、改善线粒体功能，甚至改善视力本身。

What sets Juva apart and why it's my preferred red light therapy device is that it has clinically proven wavelengths, meaning it uses specific wavelengths of red light.

Juva 的与众不同之处以及它成为我首选红光治疗设备的原因在于它具有经过临床验证的波长，这意味着它使用特定波长的红光。

And near infrared light in combination that trigger the optimal cellar adaptations.

与近红外光相结合，触发最佳的酒窖适应。

Personally, I use the JOOV handheld light, both at home and when I travel.

就我个人而言，我在家中和旅行时都使用 JOOV 手持灯。

It's only about the size of a sandwich.

它只有三明治大小。

It's very convenient to use.

使用起来非常方便。

I also have a JOOV whole body panel, and I use that about three or four times a week.

我还有一个 JOOV 全身面板，我每周大约使用三到四次。

If you would like to try JOOV, you can go to J-O-O-V-V.com slash Huberman.

如果您想尝试 JOOV，可以访问 J-O-O-V-V.com 斜线 Huberman。

JOOV is offering an exclusive discount to all Huberman Lab listeners.

JOOV 为所有 Huberman Lab 听众提供独家折扣。

With up to $400 off select Juve products.

精选 Juve 产品最高可立减 400 美元。

Again, that's Juve, J-O-O-V-V.com slash Huberman to get $400 off select Juve products.

再说一次，这就是尤文，J-O-O-V-V.com 大幅削减 Huberman 的折扣，让精选尤文产品减价 400 美元。

So what is a peptide?

那么什么是肽呢？

A peptide is a small protein that's made up of little chains of amino acids.

肽是一种由小氨基酸链组成的小蛋白质。

Now, the moment people hear protein, they usually think proteins that you eat, or perhaps they think about four calories per gram of protein and that sort of thing.

现在，当人们听到蛋白质时，他们通常会想到你吃的蛋白质，或者他们可能会想到每克蛋白质四卡路里之类的东西。

Keep in mind that we have lots of different kinds of proteins within our body that have nothing to do with the proteins that we eat.

请记住，我们体内有许多不同种类的蛋白质，这些蛋白质与我们吃的蛋白质无关。

Now, it is true that many of the amino acids that comprise peptides, as well as other proteins in the body, come from the foods that we eat, because the amino acids, again, are the building blocks of peptides and other proteins.

现在，构成肽以及体内其他蛋白质的许多氨基酸确实来自我们吃的食物，因为氨基酸又是肽和其他蛋白质的组成部分。

The basic way that we define a peptide is that it tends to be a small protein, meaning chains of anywhere from two to 50 amino acids.

我们定义肽的基本方式是，它往往是一种小蛋白质，即由 2 到 50 个氨基酸组成的链。

That's really the strict definition of a peptide.

这确实是肽的严格定义。

However, oftentimes peptides that are a little bit bigger, so maybe 75 or a hundred amino acids in length will also be considered a peptide.

然而，通常长度稍大一点的肽，因此长度可能为 75 或 100 个氨基酸也将被视为肽。

Now, if you start combining different peptides together, you get what's called polypeptides.

现在，如果你开始将不同的肽组合在一起，你就会得到所谓的多肽。

And many of the proteins in the body are polypeptides.

而体内的许多蛋白质都是多肽。

So just to get a mental image of what a peptide is, a peptide basically looks like beads on a string.

因此，为了对肽是什么有一个大概的了解，肽基本上看起来就像是串在绳子上的珠子。

Where there are two to 100 beads, and each of those beads represents a different amino acid, and the arrangement of each amino acid relative to one another, that is their order along that string, determines what the peptide is and what the peptide does.

如果有 2 到 100 个珠子，每个珠子代表一种不同的氨基酸，并且每个氨基酸相对于彼此的排列（即它们沿着该字符串的顺序）决定了肽是什么以及肽的作用。

The other thing that's important to understand about peptides is that some peptides are hormones, other peptides are merely called peptides, proteins, others are neuromodulators, meaning they adjust the activity of neurons, and some peptides are hormones, Peptides multitask and do many things.

关于肽，了解另一件重要的事情是，有些肽是激素，有些肽仅仅称为肽、蛋白质，有些是神经调节剂，这意味着它们调节神经元的活动，有些肽是激素，肽具有多种任务，可以做很多事情。

In fact, I think it's fair to say that most peptides have what are called pleiotropic effects, meaning they affect many different aspects of cells.

事实上，我认为可以公平地说，大多数肽都具有所谓的多效性效应，这意味着它们会影响细胞的许多不同方面。

And this is very important to understand because unlike a lot of our discussion on this podcast about dopamine or about specific hormones like testosterone or estrogen, when we talk about peptides, especially therapeutic peptides, oftentimes we're talking about a single peptide that does a bunch of different things depending on the cell type, the time of day or night that that peptide is present, and even the different so-called downstream effects of the peptide.

理解这一点非常重要，因为与我们在这个播客中关于多巴胺或睾酮或雌激素等特定激素的许多讨论不同，当我们谈论肽，特别是治疗性肽时，我们通常谈论的是单个肽，它根据细胞类型、该肽存在的白天或晚上的时间，甚至肽的不同所谓的下游效应，发挥一系列不同的作用。

What do I mean by downstream effects?

下游效应是什么意思？

Well, when a peptide binds to a receptor on a cell surface, okay, and you can just think of that process as a little parking spot on the.

好吧，当肽与细胞表面的受体结合时，好吧，你可以把这个过程想象成细胞表面的一个小停车位。

Surface of a cell and the peptide, if it's available, will bind to that receptor and then set in motion a kind of bucket brigade, a sort of conveyor belt of cellular processes.

细胞表面和肽（如果有的话）将与该受体结合，然后启动一种“桶队”，一种细胞过程的传送带。

For instance, activating one pathway for cellular growth and another pathway for cell migration, for the cell to actually move, and maybe another pathway to talk to another cell to stimulate, say, the growth of blood vessels.

例如，激活细胞生长的一种途径和细胞迁移的另一种途径，使细胞真正移动，也许还有另一种与另一个细胞对话的途径，以刺激血管的生长。

In other words, lots of different or pleiotropic effects.

换句话说，有许多不同或多效性的效果。

This is important because when we're talking about peptide therapeutics.

这很重要，因为当我们谈论肽疗法时。

Rarely, if ever, are we talking about a very targeted and very specific effect of these peptides.

我们很少（如果有的话）谈论这些肽的非常有针对性和非常具体的作用。

And this is important both in terms of thinking about what effects you're going to get of taking a given peptide, if you decide to do that, as well as potential side effects, as well as things like how to adjust dosage and how long to take a peptide, whether or not to cycle the peptide, et cetera.

这对于考虑服用特定肽（如果您决定这样做）会产生什么影响以及潜在的副作用，以及如何调整剂量和服用肽多长时间，是否循环肽等问题都很重要。

So I just gave you a very simple description of what a peptide is and the fact that they have pleiotropic, meaning many different effects, both within cells and across different cell types, and of course, across different organ systems.

所以我只是给你一个非常简单的描述，说明什么是肽，以及它们具有多效性的事实，这意味着在细胞内和不同细胞类型之间，当然还有不同器官系统之间有许多不同的作用。

So rarely, if ever, will you hear that a peptide does one thing.

您很少（如果有的话）听说肽有一种作用。

Most often, the peptide does anywhere from four to maybe even a thousand different things.

最常见的是，肽可以发挥四种甚至一千种不同的作用。

And again, we can go back to our basic examples of peptides like insulin, like oxytocin, and say, for instance, oxytocin, it's known to be involved in milk letdown during...

再说一次，我们可以回到像胰岛素、催产素这样的肽的基本例子，比如说，催产素，众所周知，它参与了泌乳过程……

Lactation, it's also known to be involved in pair bonding in both males and females, as well as pair bonding between parent and child, maybe even parent and pet.

哺乳期，它也参与男性和女性的配对关系，以及父母和孩子之间的配对关系，甚至可能是父母和宠物之间的配对关系。

So the point is that if you want a specific biological effect, maybe you want to repair a given injury, or you'd like to get more growth hormone in order, I don't know, to get leaner or to recover from exercise more quickly or to feel more vitality, yes, there are peptides that can impact those pathways, but always, always, always, if you take peptides, especially therapeutic peptides, designed to promote activity within a given pathway for a specific purpose, you are going to activate other pathways as well.

所以关键是，如果你想要特定的生物效应，也许你想修复特定的损伤，或者你想要获得更多的生长激素，我不知道，为了变得更瘦，或者更快地从运动中恢复，或者感觉更有活力，是的，有一些肽可以影响这些途径，但总是，总是，总是，如果你服用肽，特别是治疗性肽，旨在促进特定途径内的活性，达到特定目的，你也会激活其他途径。

There's simply no way to remove the pleiotropic feature of peptide therapeutics.

根本没有办法消除肽疗法的多效性特征。

Nowadays, there's a lot of interest and indeed growing interest in peptide therapeutics.

如今，人们对肽疗法产生了很大的兴趣，而且确实越来越感兴趣。

And there are really three different paths by which people obtain these peptides.

人们实际上可以通过三种不同的途径获得这些肽。

The first is by prescription from a board-certified medical doctor.

第一种是由经过委员会认证的医生开处方。

So, Some peptides have been approved for one use, but they can be prescribed also for off-label use.

因此，一些肽已被批准用于一种用途，但它们也可以用于标签外用途。

And here we're talking about FDA approved, clinically tested peptides, but in many cases they've been clinically tested for one particular area of medicine.

在这里，我们谈论的是 FDA 批准的、经过临床测试的肽，但在许多情况下，它们已经针对某一特定医学领域进行了临床测试。

So for instance, the peptide Sirmirelin, which promotes the release of growth hormone has been FDA approved for the treatment of short stature, but it is often now prescribed for other things as well, where a physician and their patient agree.

例如，促进生长激素释放的肽 Sirmirelin 已被 FDA 批准用于治疗身材矮小，但现在它也经常被用于治疗其他疾病，这是医生和患者同意的。

That augmenting the growth hormone pathway would be useful.

增强生长激素途径将是有用的。

Now, regardless of the specific use in mind, it's absolutely clear that the safest and best situation, if one is going to use therapeutic peptides, is to use prescription therapeutic peptides where the prescription comes from a board-certified physician.

现在，无论具体用途如何，很明显，如果要使用治疗性肽，最安全和最好的情况是使用处方治疗性肽，其中处方来自委员会认证的医生。

And the reason for that is several fold.

其原因有几个方面。

First of all, sometimes these peptides come from pharma companies.

首先，有时这些肽来自制药公司。

Other times they are made by a compounding pharmacy, but in both situations, they are cleaned of what's called Lipopolysaccharide or LPS.

有时它们是由复合药房制成的，但在这两种情况下，它们都被清除了所谓的脂多糖或 LPS。

LPS is something that can accumulate in the manufacturing process of some of these peptides.

LPS 是在某些肽的制造过程中会积累的物质。

And it's something that you really want to remove from the peptide before you ingest it or inject it.

在摄入或注射肽之前，您确实想从肽中除去它。

Most peptides are injected either subcutaneously or into the muscle, although some can be taken orally or even a topical cream.

大多数肽可以皮下注射或肌肉注射，但有些肽可以口服甚至外用乳膏。

We'll talk a little bit about different modes of delivery a little bit later.

稍后我们将讨论不同的交付方式。

In any case, getting the LPS out and making sure that the peptide is pure is very important.

无论如何，取出LPS并确保肽是纯的非常重要。

The reason is that LPS causes an immune response.

原因是 LPS 会引起免疫反应。

And while a tiny amount of LPS might not cause a massive immune response, response, the accumulation of many, many LPS exposures can start to become problematic.

虽然少量的 LPS 可能不会引起大规模的免疫反应，但大量 LPS 暴露的积累可能会开始出现问题。

And the other sources of peptides, which are gray market and black market, oftentimes do contain the same peptide that one would get from a prescription from a board certified physician, but very often they haven't cleaned out the Lipopolysaccharide.

肽的其他来源，即灰色市场和黑市，通常确实含有与从委员会认证医生的处方中获得的肽相同的肽，但通常它们没有清除脂多糖。

They haven't removed the LPS and that can start to create problems over time.

他们还没有去除 LPS，随着时间的推移，这可能会开始产生问题。

And of course, in the case of black market sources, especially Oftentimes the peptides are not what they claim to be on the label or from a particular source.

当然，在黑市来源的情况下，尤其是通常情况下，肽并不像他们在标签上声称的那样或来自特定来源。

So that's especially problematic.

所以这是特别有问题的。

So I want to be very clear about my stance on this.

所以我想非常明确地表明我对此的立场。

If you are going to explore peptide therapeutics, I highly, highly recommend, indeed, I implore you to do so with a board certified physician and to acquire peptides through a reliable source where the LPS has been removed, which typically means from a pharma company Or from a compounding pharmacy.

如果您打算探索肽疗法，我强烈、强烈建议，实际上，我恳求您与经过委员会认证的医生一起这样做，并通过已去除 LPS 的可靠来源获取肽，这通常意味着来自制药公司或复合药房。

Okay, so let's talk about specific peptides for specific purposes.

好的，我们来谈谈用于特定目的的特定肽。

Today, we're going to cover four general areas in which peptide therapeutics can be useful.

今天，我们将讨论肽疗法可以发挥作用的四个一般领域。

The first is for rejuvenation and repair of basically any tissue, but in particular muscle and connective tissue, so sports type injuries, but also things like gut.

第一个是基本上任何组织的复兴和修复，特别是肌肉和结缔组织，因此运动类型的损伤，但也包括肠道等组织。

So for people that suffer from IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, or from colitis, or from other gut issues, There is a potential use for therapeutic peptides.

因此，对于患有肠易激综合征、肠易激综合症、结肠炎或其他肠道问题的人来说，治疗性肽具有潜在用途。

Then we're going to discuss therapeutic peptides for metabolism and growth.

然后我们将讨论用于新陈代谢和生长的治疗肽。

Of frankly, all tissues.

坦率地说，所有纸巾。

As soon as people hear metabolism and growth, generally people think of fat loss and muscle growth.

一听到新陈代谢和生长，人们通常会想到减脂和肌肉生长。

And indeed those fall under this category, but there are a bunch of other tissues for which you may want to improve metabolism and perhaps growth as well.

事实上，这些组织都属于这一类，但您可能还想改善许多其他组织的新陈代谢，也许还想改善生长。

So we'll get into that.

那么我们就开始讨论这个问题。

Then we'll discuss therapeutic peptides specifically for longevity, both staving off tumor growth, as well as potentially, and I want to highlight potentially, increasing lifespan.

然后我们将讨论专门针对长寿的治疗肽，既可以延缓肿瘤生长，也可以潜在地延长寿命，我想强调一下潜在的作用。

Although this is a very experimental area at present.

尽管目前这是一个非常实验的领域。

And then we'll talk about therapeutic peptides later.

然后我们稍后会讨论治疗性肽。

For increasing vitality, both mood and libido in both men and women.

增加男性和女性的活力、情绪和性欲。

Okay, so let's discuss peptides for rejuvenation and repair of tissues.

好的，我们来讨论一下用于组织再生和修复的肽。

Now, it's pretty common to injure a given tissue, you know, to strain a tendon or tear a ligament or break a bone or, I don't know, any number of different things.

现在，损伤特定组织是很常见的，你知道，拉伤肌腱或撕裂韧带或骨折，或者，我不知道，任何不同的事情。

This is just kind of part of life.

这只是生活的一部分。

If you play sports or if you exercise frequently, sooner or later, people tend to get injured.

如果您参加运动或经常锻炼，人们迟早会受伤。

And when one does, there's a lot of different things one can do.

当一个人这样做时，他可以做很多不同的事情。

There's a lot of debate nowadays about whether or not you should emphasize cold or whether or not you should emphasize heat.

现在有很多关于是否应该强调冷或是否应该强调热的争论。

There seems to be a growing movement towards emphasizing the use of heat to increase blood flow to a given tissue as opposed to cold.

似乎有越来越多的运动强调使用热量而不是冷来增加流向特定组织的血液。

We've covered some of this on other podcasts.

我们已经在其他播客中介绍了其中的一些内容。

We'll cover it more on future podcasts.

我们将在未来的播客中详细介绍它。

But if you happen to injure yourself, typically what your physician will say is rest.

但如果您碰巧受伤，医生通常会建议您休息。

Maybe do some physical therapy.

也许做一些物理治疗。

And indeed, those are excellent things to do.

事实上，这些都是很棒的事情。

But one of course would ask, is there anything I can take in order to accelerate the healing of a given injury?

但有人当然会问，我可以采取什么措施来加速特定损伤的愈合吗？

And for that purpose, a lot of people over the years have explored the use of different peptides, in particular one that exists within the body naturally, and that is involved in wound healing and repair.

为此，多年来许多人探索了不同肽的用途，特别是一种天然存在于体内、参与伤口愈合和修复的肽。

And that peptide is BPC, which stands for body protection compound 157.

这种肽就是 BPC，代表身体保护化合物 157。

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide.

BPC-157 是一种合成肽。

It's manufactured in a laboratory.

它是在实验室制造的。

To resemble a peptide that exists naturally within our gut.

类似于我们肠道内天然存在的肽。

Now, why would we have a naturally occurring peptide, a protein within our gut that's involved in wound healing and repair?

现在，为什么我们会有一种天然存在的肽，一种肠道内参与伤口愈合和修复的蛋白质？

Now, the answer to this isn't entirely clear.

现在，这个问题的答案并不完全清楚。

And as I always say, anytime you want to answer a question about kind of why something evolved to be a particular way, you have to remember that neither I nor anyone else was involved in the design phase.

正如我常说的，任何时候你想回答一个关于为什么某件事会以某种特定方式进化的问题，你必须记住，我和其他任何人都没有参与设计阶段。

It's just is what it is.

事情就是这样。

So we have to be careful about making up just so stories about.

所以我们必须小心，不要编造这样的故事。

Why something is doing what it's doing or how it got there.

为什么某件事正在做它正在做的事情或者它是如何到达那里的。

So why would there be a peptide within the gut that's involved in tissue healing and repair?

那么为什么肠道内存在一种参与组织愈合和修复的肽呢？

Well, in order to understand that, it's important to understand that the lining of your gut all along its length involves a bunch of different layers of cells that turn over at a pretty frequent rate.

为了理解这一点，重要的是要了解肠道内壁沿其长度涉及一堆不同的细胞层，这些细胞以相当频繁的速度更新。

So unlike your brain cells that for instance, after about age 25, you're not adding or deleting many brain cells, at least provided there's no injury or nerve degenerative disease.

因此，与您的脑细胞不同，例如，在 25 岁左右之后，您不会添加或删除许多脑细胞，至少在没有受伤或神经退行性疾病的情况下是这样。

You're not removing a lot of those brain cells, but you're also not adding many brain cells.

你不会去除很多脑细胞，但也不会增加很多脑细胞。

There are a few areas of the brain, like the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus or the hippocampus where there is some turnover.

大脑的某些区域，例如嗅球、齿状回或海马体，会发生一些周转。

But for the most part, the neurons you have at about age 25 are the neurons that you're going to have for the rest of your life.

但在大多数情况下，你在 25 岁时拥有的神经元将是你余生都将拥有的神经元。

Your gut is very different.

你的直觉非常不同。

Within the milieu of the gut, you have a lot of turnover of cells.

在肠道环境中，细胞有大量的更替。

And the turnover of cells in the gut is in many ways the same sort of turnover process that's involved in wound healing and repair.

肠道细胞的更新在很多方面与伤口愈合和修复所涉及的更新过程相同。

Like if you cut your skin, another tissue or organ in this case, that is the end of the skin.

就像你割伤你的皮肤一样，在这种情况下，另一个组织或器官，那就是皮肤的末端。

Involves a lot of turnover of cells because as you know if you cut your skin, at some point it will heal up.

涉及大量的细胞更新，因为如您所知，如果您割伤皮肤，在某些时候它会愈合。

You know, first there'll be a scab, then that scab will give way as the tissue underneath it mends.

你知道，首先会结痂，然后随着下面的组织愈合，结痂就会消失。

And that mending of the tissue is the addition of new skin cells, as well as other cell types.

组织的修复是添加新的皮肤细胞以及其他细胞类型。

So the fact that there is a peptide in our gut that can be involved in tissue turnover and tissue turnover is equivalent to tissue repair is not all that surprising.

因此，我们的肠道中有一种肽可以参与组织更新，组织更新相当于组织修复，这一事实并不令人惊讶。

Now it's important to understand that anytime we're discussing tissue rejuvenation, that is cellular turnover, or tissue repair, so any kind of wound healing, a small wound or a big wound.

现在重要的是要了解，任何时候我们讨论组织再生，即细胞更新或组织修复，因此任何类型的伤口愈合，无论是小伤口还是大伤口。

It almost certainly is going to involve angiogenesis, which is the development of new vascular supply or blood supply.

几乎可以肯定，它会涉及血管生成，即新血管供应或血液供应的发展。

Now, of course, vascular supply arrives by capillaries, veins, and arteries.

当然，现在血管供应是通过毛细血管、静脉和动脉到达的。

And typically when we're talking about angiogenesis in the context of tissue rejuvenation and repair, we're talking about the addition of new capillaries and or blood vessels.

通常，当我们在组织再生和修复的背景下谈论血管生成时，我们谈论的是新毛细血管和/或血管的添加。

And that means the addition of new, what are called endothelial cells, which are the cells that make up the walls of those blood vessels.

这意味着添加新的内皮细胞，即构成血管壁的细胞。

So put simply, if you want to rejuvenate a tissue or you want to repair a tissue, you need additional blood supply.

简而言之，如果您想要使组织恢复活力或想要修复组织，则需要额外的血液供应。

And one of the clear effects of BPC-157 is to both encourage cellular turnover as well as cellular migration, so new cells and cells moving into a given area, as well as new blood supply through the promotion of this process we call angiogenesis.

BPC-157 的一个明显作用是促进细胞更新和细胞迁移，从而使新细胞和细胞移动到特定区域，并通过促进我们称为血管生成的过程提供新的血液供应。

So you can imagine, for instance, that maybe you injure your elbow.

例如，您可以想象，您的肘部可能受伤了。

And you do so in a way that impacts a bunch of different tissues.

你这样做的方式会影响许多不同的组织。

Maybe some of the nerve cells, the neurons there, are severed, okay, or crushed.

也许一些神经细胞，那里的神经元，被切断了，好吧，或者被压碎了。

So that might lead to some pain there, but it might also lead to some inability to move that joint or that limb as well as you could previously.

因此，这可能会导致那里出现一些疼痛，但也可能导致无法像以前那样移动该关节或肢体。

Probably also some damage or some crushing to some ligament tissue and some tendon tissue, maybe even to some musculature.

可能还会对某些韧带组织和某些肌腱组织，甚至某些肌肉组织造成一些损伤或挤压。

A bunch of different tissues are impacted.

许多不同的组织受到影响。

And one of the things that BPC 157 has been shown to do in animal studies, and I really want to emphasize, animal studies, because that's where the vast, vast, vast majority of data on BPC-157 come from.

BPC 157 在动物研究中已被证明可以做的事情之一，我真的想强调，动物研究，因为这就是 BPC-157 的大量数据的来源。

Well, it's been shown to increase blood flow to a given area by virtue of increased angiogenesis.

事实证明，它可以通过增加血管生成来增加流向特定区域的血流量。

So basically to promote the development of new blood vessels to the entire injury site.

所以基本上是促进新血管发育到整个损伤部位。

And the way it does that is very interesting.

它的做法非常有趣。

BPC-157 somehow is able to recognize injured blood vessels.

BPC-157 能够以某种方式识别受伤的血管。

And injured capillaries, and then to promote the activity of a given enzyme called ENOS or endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which then causes more blood vasculature to form at the injury site and around the injury site.

并损伤毛细血管，然后促进一种称为 ENOS 或内皮一氧化氮合酶的酶的活性，从而导致在损伤部位和损伤部位周围形成更多的血管系统。

That in turn allows for the delivery, not just of blood, but for the stuff that's contained within blood, including growth factors that then promote the further rejuvenation of different cell types in the given area.

这反过来不仅可以输送血液，还可以输送血液中所含的物质，包括生长因子，从而促进特定区域中不同细胞类型的进一步恢复活力。

So the things that could potentially lead to repair of muscle, repair of ligament, repair of tendon, et cetera.

因此，这些事情可能会导致肌肉修复、韧带修复、肌腱修复等等。

And then BPC-157 is known to further encourage the growth of capillaries and veins within the injury area.

众所周知，BPC-157 可以进一步促进损伤区域内毛细血管和静脉的生长。

So it both calls in the development of new vasculature and it promotes the growth of that new vasculature.

因此，它既呼吁新脉管系统的发育，又促进新脉管系统的生长。

BPC-157 is also known from animal studies to encourage fibroblast migration and growth within a site of injury.

动物研究还表明，BPC-157 可以促进损伤部位内的成纤维细胞迁移和生长。

Fibroblasts are a key cell type within an injury and they provide some of the really firm, strong substrate for bridging injuries and that allow different things like tendons and ligaments to restore themselves from say torn or partially torn to a complete tendon or ligament.

成纤维细胞是损伤中的关键细胞类型，它们为桥接损伤提供了一些真正坚固、坚固的基质，并允许肌腱和韧带等其他物体从撕裂或部分撕裂恢复为完整的肌腱或韧带。

Now there's a very long and kind of interesting history.

现在有一段非常悠久且有趣的历史。

Of the use of gastric juices.

胃液的利用。

Okay, I know that term might make a few people queasy, but gastric juices to promote tissue healing and repair.

好吧，我知道这个词可能会让一些人感到恶心，但胃液可以促进组织愈合和修复。

Now there's a whole history of focusing on gastric juices or at least the stomach environment for keeping given tissues alive so that they can be repaired later.

现在，人们一直在关注胃液或至少是胃环境，以保持特定组织的活力，以便以后进行修复。

I know this sounds a bit gruesome, but one can find in the historical medical literature.

我知道这听起来有点可怕，但可以在历史医学文献中找到。

Instances of people say severing off a finger or even a hand or things of that sort, and then it being placed by a surgeon, of course, or in some cases, these were battlefield situations into the gut as a way to preserve that finger or hand and keep it alive essentially, and then to graft it back on or to make an attempt to graft it back on so that the person could then use those fingers or that hand again.

有人说，切断一根手指，甚至一只手或类似的东西，然后由外科医生将其放置，当然，或者在某些情况下，这些是战场情况进入肠道，作为保留该手指或手并使其本质上保持活力的一种方式，然后将其移植回去或尝试将其移植回去，以便该人可以再次使用这些手指或那只手。

And while not always successful, it was clear.

虽然并不总是成功，但情况很明确。

Or at least the idea started to form that tissues that were placed inside the milieu of the gut stood a better chance of being grafted back on.

或者至少这个想法开始形成，放置在肠道环境内的组织有更好的机会被移植回来。

Now you could think of a number of different factors that could impact the improved grafting of tissues placed in the gut until the graft could take place.

现在您可以想到许多不同的因素，这些因素可能会影响肠道组织移植的改善，直到移植发生为止。

You know, it could be the heat of the environment.

你知道，这可能是环境的热量。

It could be the fact that the hand or finger is not exposed to things out in the world.

这可能是因为手或手指没有接触到外界的事物。

So less bacteria, et cetera.

所以细菌少等等。

Nonetheless, physicians were intrigued by the idea that maybe something within the gut itself, and in particular within gastric juices, were beneficial for preserving and maybe even rejuvenating tissues.

尽管如此，医生们还是对这样的想法很感兴趣：也许肠道本身，特别是胃液中的某些东西，有利于保存甚至恢复组织的活力。

And one particular peptide compound turned out to be BPC, body protection compound, which again is synthesized as BPC-157.

一种特殊的肽化合物被证明是 BPC，即身体保护化合物，它再次被合成为 BPC-157。

So there's a real logic here, but what we haven't really addressed is if one has an injury, let's say to the hand, or to the arm, or to the leg, or to the ankle, or to the Achilles tendon, How is it that body protection compound that normally would exist within the gut actually access that injured tissue?

所以这里有一个真正的逻辑，但我们没有真正解决的是，如果一个人受伤了，比如说手、手臂、腿、脚踝或跟腱，通常存在于肠道内的身体保护化合物如何真正进入受伤的组织？

Now, this still remains somewhat of a mystery.

现在，这仍然是一个谜。

It is clear that BPC-157 can exit the gut, but how it gets traffic to particular sites within the body that are injured still isn't clear.

很明显，BPC-157 可以离开肠道，但它如何将流量输送到体内受伤的特定部位仍不清楚。

That said, within the community of people that use BPC-157 for therapeutic reasons for tissue rejuvenation and repair, there's been an ongoing debate as to whether or not you can take it systemically.

也就是说，在使用 BPC-157 进行组织再生和修复治疗的人群中，对于是否可以全身服用它一直存在争论。

That is to inject it or even take it orally, and that it will find the site of injury, right?

就是注射，甚至口服，它会找到受伤的部位，对吗？

It'll direct itself to the site of injury or whether or not it's more beneficial to inject it directly to the site of injury.

它会直接注射到受伤部位，或者直接注射到受伤部位是否更有益。

And here, there's really no formal science.

在这里，确实没有正式的科学。

I want to be really clear.

我想说得很清楚。

When we talk about BPC-157, we can look to a pretty large literature of peer-reviewed studies dating back to about 1993 is when the first kind of rigorous study of BPC-157 really began.

当我们谈论 BPC-157 时，我们可以查阅大量同行评审研究文献，其历史可以追溯到 1993 年左右，当时对 BPC-157 的第一种严格研究才真正开始。

And there are a lot of studies in rats, in mice, and a few other species as well.

还有很多针对大鼠、小鼠和其他一些物种的研究。

To my knowledge, there is only one study on humans and it's not a clinical trial.

据我所知，只有一项针对人类的研究，而且不是临床试验。

And frankly, it's not the best performed study and that's putting it mildly.

坦率地说，这并不是表现最好的研究，而且这是温和的说法。

It's more kind of self-report of people recovering from a given injury, whether or not they took BPC-157 or they didn't.

这更像是人们从特定伤害中恢复的自我报告，无论他们是否服用了 BPC-157。

So when we talk about BPC-157, we're talking about a pretty unusual circumstance whereby many, many people are now taking it.

因此，当我们谈论 BPC-157 时，我们谈论的是一种非常不寻常的情况，现在有很多人正在服用它。

Very likely hundreds of thousands, perhaps even now into the millions, but we actually have essentially no human data as to how BPC-157 works in humans and why it does seem, because this seems to be the quote-unquote anecdata, to accelerate healing of a variety of different injuries.

很可能有数十万，甚至现在可能有数百万，但我们实际上基本上没有关于 BPC-157 如何在人类中发挥作用以及为什么它看起来如此的人类数据，因为这似乎是一个引述不引述的轶事，可以加速各种不同损伤的愈合。

Okay, so it's an unusual circumstance and it's kind of an unusual thing for us to talk about here on the podcast.

好吧，这是一个不寻常的情况，我们在播客上谈论这也是一件不寻常的事情。

Yes, we've talked about supplements and yes, we've talked about different hormone therapies and yes, we've talked about any number of different things, but it's pretty unusual to have so much animal literature.

是的，我们讨论过补充剂，是的，我们讨论过不同的激素疗法，是的，我们讨论过许多不同的事情，但有这么多动物文献是很不寻常的。

I even would go so far as to say quality studies of BPC-157 and its effects in animal models, such as rats and mice, and such a dearth of formal rigorous exploration of BPC-157 in humans.

我什至会说，对 BPC-157 及其在大鼠和小鼠等动物模型中的影响进行了高质量研究，而对人类中的 BPC-157 缺乏正式的严格探索。

And at the same time, a...

与此同时，一...

Gosh, let's just call it what it is, a really rich set of anecdata, meaning that many, many people, perhaps even most people who take BPC-157, By the way, the typical route of taking BPC-157 is either to inject it subcutaneously or into the muscle.

天哪，我们就这么称呼它吧，这是一组非常丰富的轶事，这意味着很多很多人，甚至可能是大多数服用 BPC-157 的人，顺便说一句，服用 BPC-157 的典型途径是皮下注射或肌肉注射。

And to do that, regardless of where the injury is, they'll do that in one particular site.

为了做到这一点，无论受伤在哪里，他们都会在一个特定的部位进行治疗。

So subcutaneously, just a few inches off the belly button.

所以在皮下，距离肚脐只有几英寸。

Or into the shoulder or something of that sort if they're doing it intramuscularly.

或者如果他们通过肌肉注射的话，可以进入肩膀或类似的地方。

Or in some cases, people will direct it to the site of injury by injecting more local.

或者在某些情况下，人们会通过注射更多的局部药物将其引导到受伤部位。

Like if you have an elbow injury, they'll put it into the muscle right above the elbow or subcutaneously right above the elbow.

就像如果您肘部受伤一样，他们会将其放入肘部正上方的肌肉中或肘部正上方的皮下。

And we're now in a situation where we don't know if we're dealing with pure placebo effect or we are dealing with real effects.

我们现在所处的情况是，我们不知道我们是在处理纯粹的安慰剂效应还是在处理真实的效应。

And so because of the lack of the human clinical studies, we don't know whether or not we're dealing with a situation of robust placebo effects.

因此，由于缺乏人体临床研究，我们不知道我们是否正在应对安慰剂效应强劲的情况。

I did an episode all about placebo effects and placebo effects are, and can be oh so real.

我做了一个关于安慰剂效应的剧集，安慰剂效应是，而且可以是非常真实的。

They really can really trick you into thinking that a given compound is doing something when in fact, it's not doing anything different than would an injection of saline, of salt water.

它们确实可以欺骗您，让您认为某种化合物正在发挥作用，而事实上，它与注射生理盐水没有什么不同。

But in this case, there's just such an overwhelming amount of what I call anecdata.

但在这种情况下，有大量我称之为轶事的东西。

And there are so many people using BPC-157 now and are interested in starting to use BPC-157 that I'd be remiss if I didn't discuss it despite this gap in the human clinical literature.

现在有很多人在使用 BPC-157，并且有兴趣开始使用 BPC-157，尽管人类临床文献中存在这一差距，但如果我不讨论它，那就是我的失职。

So what do we know from the anecdata?

那么我们从轶事中知道什么呢？

The anecdata seem to indicate that the mode of delivery, that is whether or not systemic or local, doesn't seem to matter that much.

这些轶事似乎表明，交付方式，无论是系统性的还是局部性的，似乎并不那么重要。

Although some people, for whatever reason- will purport that local injections serve recovery of the tissue more readily than systemic injections.

尽管有些人，无论出于何种原因，都会声称局部注射比全身注射更容易促进组织恢复。

Now, there are a couple of things to understand about BPC-157, besides the fact that in animal studies, it's been shown to increase fibroblast migration to a site of injury, as well as endothelial cell and vascular growth to a site of injury.

现在，除了动物研究表明 BPC-157 可以增加成纤维细胞向损伤部位的迁移以及内皮细胞和血管向损伤部位的生长这一事实之外，还有一些事情需要了解。

And the first thing is that injury seems to be important.

首先，伤病似乎很重要。

There does seem to be something that the injury signals to BPC-157 to.

受伤似乎确实向 BPC-157 发出了某种信号。

Create new vasculature and fibroblast growth there at the site of injury.

在受伤部位产生新的脉管系统和成纤维细胞生长。

There's no evidence from these animal studies, at least to my knowledge, that BPC-157 systemically increases vascular growth, although one could imagine that it might, right?

至少据我所知，这些动物研究没有证据表明 BPC-157 会系统性地促进血管生长，尽管人们可以想象它可能会促进血管生长，对吗？

And for that reason, I'll talk about some cautionary notes about BPC-157 as it relates to tumor growth and cancers and diseases.

出于这个原因，我将讨论一些有关 BPC-157 的注意事项，因为它与肿瘤生长以及癌症和疾病有关。

In particular of the eye that involve overgrowth of vasculature.

特别是涉及血管过度生长的眼睛。

But before I do that, I want to talk a little bit about the safety of BPC-157.

但在此之前，我想先谈谈 BPC-157 的安全性。

One of the reasons why it's being used so extensively is that it does seem to have very high safety profiles, at least with respect.

它被如此广泛使用的原因之一是它似乎确实具有非常高的安全性，至少在尊重方面是这样。

To the lethal dosing, right?

达到致死剂量，对吗？

In order to find out the lethal dose of something, as you can imagine, unfortunately, the way these studies are done is they give animals more and more, that is higher and higher doses of a given compound, find out at what point about 50% of the population of those animals starts to die, and then that's the so-called LD50, or at least that's one crude way of describing it.

为了找出某种物质的致死剂量，正如你可以想象的那样，不幸的是，这些研究进行的方式是给动物提供越来越多的剂量，即给定化合物的剂量越来越高，找出这些动物中大约 50% 的人口在什么时候开始死亡，然后就是所谓的 LD50，或者至少这是描述它的一种粗略方式。

The LD50 Of BPC-157 is incredibly high, okay?

BPC-157 的 LD50 非常高，好吗？

It...

它...

Is as high as two grams, okay?

高达两克好吗？

Two grams, 2,000 milligrams, that is, per kilogram of body weight.

两克，2000毫克，即每公斤体重。

Now, that does not mean, please.

现在，这并不意味着，拜托。

Hear me on this.

听我说一下。

That does not mean that anyone should be taking high dosages of BPC-157.

这并不意味着任何人都应该服用高剂量的 BPC-157。

The typical therapeutic doses that are prescribed are anywhere from 300 to 500 micrograms subcutaneously, maybe two or three times per week.

处方的典型治疗剂量为 300 至 500 微克皮下注射，每周可能两次或三次。

And that is typically done for a course of about eight weeks.

这通常需要大约八周的疗程。

And then people typically cycle off for anywhere from eight to 10 weeks.

然后人们通常会休息八到十周。

Now, when I say typically, I mean typically, because there are individuals that take BPC-157 consistently.

现在，当我说“通常”时，我的意思是“通常”，因为有些人持续服用 BPC-157。

They just take it every day and they'll just take it indefinitely without any breaks.

他们每天都服用，并且会无限期地服用，没有任何休息。

I think that is a bad idea.

我认为这是一个坏主意。

And I want to also state that I am not suggesting anyone run out and take BPC-157.

我还想声明，我并不建议任何人跑出去服用 BPC-157。

Today's episode is really about giving you information so that you can make the determination whether or not you even want to take BPC-157 or another peptide.

今天的节目实际上是为您提供信息，以便您可以决定是否要服用 BPC-157 或其他肽。

And of course, to really seriously consider the sourcing issue that we talked about earlier.

当然，要真正认真地考虑我们之前讨论过的采购问题。

Now, what would be a reason to avoid taking BPC-157?

现在，避免服用 BPC-157 的理由是什么？

Well, the first relates to something that many people take BPC-157 for because they believe it's good for them, and in some cases, potentially could be, which is that in addition to increasing fibroblast migration and angiogenesis, blood vessel development within a site of injury, BPC-157 is known to have a small but nonetheless meaningful impact on upregulating growth hormone receptors.

嗯，第一个与许多人服用 BPC-157 的原因有关，因为他们相信这对他们有好处，在某些情况下，可能是这样，那就是，除了增加成纤维细胞迁移和血管生成以及受伤部位的血管发育外，已知 BPC-157 对上调生长激素受体有微小但有意义的影响。

Now, this can be a good thing if you're trying to upregulate growth hormone receptors at a given injury site so that growth hormone, which comes from the pituitary, and then we'll talk a bit about more later, then can have a heightened level of action at that tissue and growth hormone is involved in tissue turnover and repair.

现在，如果你试图上调特定损伤部位的生长激素受体，那么来自垂体的生长激素（我们稍后会详细讨论）可以在该组织中发挥更高的作用水平，并且生长激素参与组织更新和修复，这可能是一件好事。

This is evident from childhood where kids heal from wounds much faster than adults heal from wounds.

这从童年时期就很明显，孩子的伤口愈合速度比成人的伤口愈合速度要快得多。

There's other reasons why.

还有其他原因。

Kids heal from wounds more quickly than adults that relate to things like stuff was secreted from the thymus, et cetera.

孩子们的伤口愈合速度比成年人更快，这与胸腺分泌的物质等有关。

We'll talk about that as well.

我们也会讨论这个。

But this idea of increasing growth hormone receptors at the site of injury or around the site of injury by injecting BPC-157 locally to the injury or even taking it systemically is one thing that many people think of as advantageous and that's why they want to take BPC-157.

但是，通过在损伤处局部注射 BPC-157 甚至全身服用来增加损伤部位或损伤部位周围的生长激素受体的想法是许多人认为有利的一件事，这就是他们想要服用 BPC-157 的原因。

However, for some people, perhaps people who have a tumor in a given area, An increase in growth hormone receptors in and around the tumor could potentially increase the growth of the tumor.

然而，对于某些人来说，也许是在特定区域患有肿瘤的人，肿瘤内部和周围生长激素受体的增加可能会增加肿瘤的生长。

And that's one of the major issues with BPC-157 that's not often discussed, which is that if you have a tumor, and tumors thrive on increased blood flow because they like to consume growth factors and increased blood flow means increased growth factors and other things that can not just sustain but actually grow the tumor, well then by taking BPC-157, you may be either maintaining or accelerating the growth of a tumor that would otherwise be removed or stay small.

这是 BPC-157 不经常讨论的主要问题之一，即如果您患有肿瘤，并且肿瘤依靠增加的血流量而生长，因为它们喜欢消耗生长因子，而增加的血流量意味着生长因子和其他物质的增加不仅可以维持肿瘤，而且实际上会使肿瘤生长，那么通过服用 BPC-157，您可能会维持或加速肿瘤的生长，否则肿瘤会被切除或保持较小。

In other words, BPC-157 is a potential tumor growth risk.

换句话说，BPC-157是一种潜在的肿瘤生长风险。

So if you have knowledge of a given cancer or you're concerned, about tumors at all, I would encourage you to be very cautious about the use of BPC-157.

因此，如果您了解某种特定的癌症，或者您担心肿瘤，我会鼓励您对 BPC-157 的使用非常谨慎。

In fact, one way that BPC-157 creates this increase in angiogenesis, this increase in vasculature, is through upregulation of something called VEGF, V-E-G-F, which is vascular endothelial growth factor.

事实上，BPC-157 造成血管生成增加、脉管系统增加的一种方式是通过上调 VEGF、V-E-G-F（血管内皮生长因子）。

Now, there is a common...

现在，有一个共同的...

Treatment for cancers, which is Avastin.

治疗癌症的药物就是阿瓦斯汀（Avastin）。

Avastin is a VEGF inhibitor.

阿瓦斯汀是一种 VEGF 抑制剂。

It's a drug that's designed to fight tumors, to reduce tumor size, and does so by inhibiting VEGF.

它是一种旨在对抗肿瘤、缩小肿瘤大小的药物，通过抑制 VEGF 来实现这一目的。

Whereas BPC-157 is doing the exact opposite.

而 BPC-157 则恰恰相反。

It is increasing levels of VEGF to increase angiogenesis.

增加 VEGF 水平可促进血管生成。

So by logical extension, if you're concerned about tumors or cancer of any kind, BPC-157 is probably not something that you want to explore.

因此，从逻辑上来说，如果您担心任何类型的肿瘤或癌症，BPC-157 可能不是您想要探索的东西。

So if BPC-157 carries these risks, why are so many people interested in taking it or taking it?

那么，如果 BPC-157 存在这些风险，为什么还有这么多人有兴趣服用或服用它呢？

I think in large part, that's due to the fact that the anecdata about BPC-157 is just so strong.

我认为这在很大程度上是因为有关 BPC-157 的轶事实在是太强大了。

People report all sorts of things like, you know, they recovered from their shoulder injury much faster.

人们报告了各种各样的事情，比如，你知道，他们从肩伤中恢复得更快。

There are these kind of outrageous claims about people recovering from complete tissue transections.

关于人们从完全组织横断中恢复过来的说法有些令人愤慨。

And indeed there, the animal data are pretty impressive.

事实上，那里的动物数据非常令人印象深刻。

I went into the data that looked at sciatic nerve regrowth after injury, Achilles.

我研究了关于受伤后坐骨神经再生的数据，跟腱。

Tendon regrowth after injury.

肌腱受伤后再生。

And some of these studies in rats involved a complete transection, not just a partial tear, but a complete cut of a given ligament or tendon or nerve pathway.

其中一些对大鼠的研究涉及完全横断，不仅仅是部分撕裂，而是给定韧带、肌腱或神经通路的完全切断。

And indeed, the data are pretty impressive that when BPC-157 is applied systemically, right?

事实上，当 BPC-157 系统应用时，数据非常令人印象深刻，对吗？

So given, you know, at the level of the gut, somehow it's able to travel to the site of injury, recognize that something needs to be done there, in particular angiogenesis and fibroblast infiltration.

因此，你知道，在肠道水平上，它能够以某种方式到达损伤部位，认识到需要在那里做一些事情，特别是血管生成和成纤维细胞浸润。

And it does seem that on average, that these tissues repair faster than they do if BPC-157 is not provided.

平均而言，这些组织的修复速度似乎确实比不提供 BPC-157 的情况要快。

But again, the tumor concerns and the lack of human data are a real concern that everyone should be made aware of.

但同样，肿瘤问题和人类数据的缺乏是每个人都应该意识到的真正问题。

I do not think that BPC-157 is not without its quote unquote side effects.

我认为 BPC-157 并非没有副作用。

I do think that we are now in a state of widespread experimental use of BPC-157, even though it can be obtained clean without LPS from compounding pharmacies and by prescription.

我确实认为我们现在正处于 BPC-157 的广泛实验使用状态，尽管它可以在没有 LPS 的情况下从复合药房和处方中获得。

There are a lot of people taking BPC-157.

有很多人服用 BPC-157。

And I just want to return to the point I made earlier, which is that, you know, BPC-157 is typically taken in these dosages of about 300 to 500 micrograms, you know, two to three times per week, maybe even five days per week.

我只想回到我之前提出的观点，那就是，BPC-157 通常以大约 300 至 500 微克的剂量服用，每周两到三次，甚至每周五天。

If you're going to go down this path of taking BPC-157, I would encourage you to take the minimal effective dose to not just simply do it every day and certainly to not do it continuously.

如果您打算沿着这条服用 BPC-157 的道路走下去，我会鼓励您服用最低有效剂量，而不仅仅是每天服用，当然也不要连续服用。

And of course, to monitor your other health metrics for anything that could potentially resemble cancer or tumor growth, because obviously stimulating angiogenesis for wound repair sounds like a great thing, recovering and being able to...

当然，监测您的其他健康指标是否有任何可能类似于癌症或肿瘤生长的情况，因为显然刺激血管生成以促进伤口修复听起来是一件很棒的事情，恢复并能够......

Do your workouts or play your sport or move about more comfortably?

您的锻炼、运动或活动是否更舒适？

Of course, a wonderfully attractive thing to do.

当然，这是一件非常有吸引力的事情。

Isn't that what we all want?

这不就是我们大家想要的吗？

But obviously not with the trade-off of growing a tumor or developing a cancer or accelerating a cancer.

但显然不是以生长肿瘤、发展为癌症或加速癌症为代价的。

I'd like to take a brief moment and thank one of our Sponsors, and that's AG1.

我想花一点时间感谢我们的一位赞助商，那就是 AG1。

AG1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that also contains adaptogens.

AG1 是一种维生素矿物质益生菌饮料，还含有适应原。

I started taking AG1 way back in 2012.

我早在 2012 年就开始服用 AG1。

The reason I started taking it and the reason I still take it every day is that it ensures that I meet all of my quotas for vitamins and minerals.

我开始服用它以及我仍然每天服用它的原因是它确保我满足所有维生素和矿物质的配额。

And it ensures that I get enough prebiotic and probiotic to support gut health.

它确保我获得足够的益生元和益生菌来支持肠道健康。

Now, gut health is something that over the last 10 years we realized is not just important for the health of our gut, but also for our immune system.

现在，在过去的十年里，我们意识到肠道健康不仅对我们的肠道健康很重要，而且对我们的免疫系统也很重要。

And for the production of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, things like dopamine and serotonin.

用于生产神经递质和神经调节剂，如多巴胺和血清素。

In other words, gut health is critical for proper brain functioning.

换句话说，肠道健康对于大脑的正常运作至关重要。

Now, of course, I strive to consume healthy whole foods for the majority of my nutritional intake every single day, but there are a number of things in AG1, including specific micronutrients, that are hard to get from whole foods, or at least in sufficient quantities.

当然，现在我努力食用健康的天然食品作为每天摄入的大部分营养，但 AG1 中有很多东西，包括特定的微量营养素，很难从天然食品中获取，或者至少很难从足够的数量中获取。

So AG1 allows me to get the vitamins and minerals that I need, probiotics, prebiotics, the adaptogens, and critical micronutrients.

因此，AG1 可以让我获得所需的维生素和矿物质、益生菌、益生元、适应原和关键的微量营养素。

So anytime somebody asks me if they were to take just one supplement, what that supplement should be, I tell them AG1 because AG1 supports so many different systems within the body that are involved in mental health, physical health, and performance.

因此，每当有人问我是否只服用一种补充剂，该补充剂应该是什么时，我都会告诉他们 AG1，因为 AG1 支持体内涉及心理健康、身体健康和表现的许多不同系统。

To try AG1, go to drinkag1.com slash Huberman, and you'll get a year's supply of vitamin D3K2 and five free travel packs of AG1.

要尝试 AG1，请访问 Drinkag1.com 削减 Huberman，您将获得一年的维生素 D3K2 和 5 个免费旅行包 AG1。

Again, that's drinkag1.com slash Huberman.

再说一遍，这是 Drinkag1.com 斜线 Huberman。

Okay, so we're still talking about peptides for tissue rejuvenation and repair.

好吧，我们仍然在谈论用于组织再生和修复的肽。

And we spent quite a bit of time on BPC-157 because that's one getting a lot of attention nowadays.

我们在 BPC-157 上花了相当多的时间，因为它现在受到了很多关注。

There's another one that's getting increasing attention that's worth mentioning, which is thymacin beta-4 and a related peptide, which is T-A-N-E-C-E-R.

还有一个越来越受到关注的值得一提的就是胸腺素 beta-4 和相关肽 T-A-N-E-C-E-R。

Tb500, which is basically a truncated or a shortened version of the thymus and beta-4 peptide.

Tb500，基本上是胸腺和 β-4 肽的截短或缩短版本。

Remember the peptide are these strings of amino acids like beads on a string.

请记住，肽是这些氨基酸串，就像串上的珠子一样。

And thymus and beta-4 is something that the body produces naturally from this thing called the thymus, which is present in children and then disappears as we get older.

胸腺和 beta-4 是身体从胸腺中自然产生的东西，胸腺存在于儿童中，然后随着年龄的增长而消失。

And it's well-known, again, this is correlative, but it's well-known that children recover more quickly from injuries.

众所周知，这也是相关的，但众所周知，儿童从受伤中恢复得更快。

And indeed the degree of tissue regrowth and the repair of wounds with minimal scarring is so much greater in young children and in children than it is in adults.

事实上，幼儿和儿童的组织再生和伤口修复程度比成人要高得多。

And this is what gave rise to the idea that perhaps some of the peptides that are secreted from the thymus, such as thymus and beta-4, could be involved in tissue rejuvenation and repair.

这就是产生这样一种想法的原因：也许胸腺分泌的一些肽，例如胸腺和β-4，可能参与组织的再生和修复。

And that's what led to the laboratory synthesis of thymus and beta-4, the full-length peptide made in a lab, not by the thymus, and then adults take it, okay?

这就是胸腺和β-4的实验室合成的原因，β-4是在实验室中而不是由胸腺制造的全长肽，然后成年人服用它，好吗？

Or TB500, which is this truncated, slightly shortened version of thymus and beta-4, which acts similarly to thymus and beta-4, but has a kind of different mode of action, lasts a little bit longer, et cetera.

或者TB500，它是胸腺和β-4的截短、稍微缩短的版本，其作用与胸腺和β-4类似，但有一种不同的作用模式，持续时间更长一点，等等。

Now, again, we're in a situation where there are vast amounts of animal data, studies on mice or rats, typically, that show that thymus and beta-4 can increase the rate and or thoroughness of wound healing and repair.

现在，我们再次面临这样的情况：有大量的动物数据，通常是针对小鼠或大鼠的研究，表明胸腺和 beta-4 可以提高伤口愈合和修复的速度和/或彻底性。

But again, there are more and more people now taking thymus and beta-4 for the purposes of tissue rejuvenation and repair and report positive effects.

但同样，现在有越来越多的人服用胸腺和 beta-4 来达到组织再生和修复的目的，并报告了积极的效果。

Now, when we say positive effects, we have to stand back and say, well, what's the control experiment?

现在，当我们说积极的影响时，我们必须退后一步说，对照实验是什么？

How would they know how quickly they would heal without the thymus and beta-4?

如果没有胸腺和 beta-4，他们怎么知道自己能多快痊愈呢？

And there's simply no way to address that question.

根本没有办法解决这个问题。

My whole purpose in doing this episode is to highlight how these different molecules ought to work, how they've been shown to work in animal models, and therefore how they might be working in humans.

我做这一集的全部目的是强调这些不同的分子应该如何发挥作用，它们如何在动物模型中发挥作用，以及它们如何在人类中发挥作用。

But again, in the absence of clinical trials, we still don't know if and how they are working in humans.

但同样，在缺乏临床试验的情况下，我们仍然不知道它们是否以及如何在人类身上发挥作用。

Nonetheless, a lot of people are now starting to take, especially TB500.

尽管如此，很多人现在开始服用，尤其是 TB500。

It's often taken in combination with BPC157.

它通常与 BPC157 结合使用。

And at the level of mechanism, the difference between BPC-157 and thymus and beta-4 is that thymus and beta-4 really promotes the growth and infiltration of all sorts of different cell types associated with tissue rejuvenation and especially wound healing and repair.

在机制层面上，BPC-157与胸腺和β-4的区别在于，胸腺和β-4确实促进了与组织再生，特别是伤口愈合和修复相关的各种不同细胞类型的生长和浸润。

It's been shown to promote stem cell proliferation.

它已被证明可以促进干细胞增殖。

It's been shown to increase The growth of the so-called extracellular matrix, the stuff around the cells that keeps the area around the cells kind of rigid, so that the tissue or the organ has more stability, right?

它已被证明可以增加所谓的细胞外基质的生长，细胞外基质是细胞周围的物质，可以使细胞周围的区域保持刚性，从而使组织或器官更加稳定，对吧？

You can't just have a bunch of cells with a bunch of empty space around them where they can move about.

你不能只拥有一堆细胞，周围有一堆可以移动的空白空间。

You want to have some rigidity to the whole thing.

你希望整个事情有一定的刚性。

So the idea is that thymus and beta-4 is promoting the aggregation of a bunch of things associated with tissue healing.

因此，我们的想法是，胸腺和 beta-4 正在促进与组织愈合相关的一系列物质的聚集。

I've noticed out there that a lot of people talk about TB500, that is thymus and beta-4, in the context of being growth promoting.

我注意到很多人在促进生长的背景下谈论 TB500，即胸腺和 beta-4。

Mm-hmm.

嗯嗯。

As far as I know, it isn't growth promoting.

据我所知，这并不能促进生长。

It doesn't impact the growth hormone pathway or other pathways associated with tissue growth.

它不会影响生长激素途径或与组织生长相关的其他途径。

Rather, it's involved in tissue repair.

相反，它参与组织修复。

So what I just discussed are the two major players are the two most often.

所以我刚才讨论的是两个主要玩家是最常出现的两个。

Used peptides nowadays for tissue rejuvenation and repair.

如今，肽用于组织再生和修复。

We've got BPC-157, which you can just basically frame up in your mind as promoting angiogenesis and wound repair through a variety of mechanisms, but mainly the addition of new vasculature to the wound site.

我们有 BPC-157，您基本上可以将其想象为通过各种机制促进血管生成和伤口修复，但主要是在伤口部位添加新的脉管系统。

And then we've got thymusin beta-4, which is sometimes referred to as TB500, which is just a shorter synthesized version of thymusin beta-4, which is a molecule known to come from the thymus in children.

然后我们有胸腺素 beta-4，有时被称为 TB500，它只是胸腺素 beta-4 的较短合成版本，胸腺素 beta-4 是一种已知来自儿童胸腺的分子。

Whether or not it's solely responsible, I doubt it's solely responsible, in fact.

不管它是否完全负责，事实上，我怀疑它是否完全负责。

For the better tissue healing and repair seen in children as opposed to adults.

与成人相比，儿童的组织愈合和修复效果更好。

We don't know.

我们不知道。

And yet it does seem at least anecdotally that people are taking TB 500, again, either alone or in combination with BPC-157, and at least to their mind are reporting more thorough or more rapid tissue rejuvenation and repair.

然而，至少从传闻来看，人们似乎再次单独服用 TB 500 或与 BPC-157 联合服用，并且至少在他们看来，他们报告了更彻底或更快速的组织再生和修复。

So the next category of peptide effects that I'd like to talk about.

我想谈谈下一类肽效应。

Are the effects of certain peptides on metabolism and growth?

某些肽对新陈代谢和生长有影响吗？

And any discussion about metabolism and growth, by definition has to include a discussion about growth hormones.

根据定义，任何有关新陈代谢和生长的讨论都必须包括有关生长激素的讨论。

So basically where we're headed is a discussion about peptides that can increase amounts of growth hormone that are released in our brain and body to have specific effects, in particular increases in metabolism and increases in either muscle growth and in some cases, repair of tissues as well, although mainly muscle growth and fat loss.

因此，基本上我们要讨论的是肽，它可以增加我们大脑和身体中释放的生长激素的量，从而产生特定的效果，特别是增加新陈代谢和增加肌肉生长，在某些情况下，还可以修复组织，尽管主要是肌肉生长和脂肪减少。

For those of you that aren't familiar with growth hormone, growth hormone is a hormone that we naturally make.

对于那些不熟悉生长激素的人来说，生长激素是我们自然产生的一种激素。

It's secreted from a gland called the pituitary gland.

它是由一种叫做脑下垂体的腺体分泌的。

The pituitary sits near the roof of the mouth and it extends out of the stock of the brain such that it can release hormones into the general bloodstream.

垂体位于口腔顶部附近，它从大脑中延伸出来，这样它就可以将激素释放到全身血液中。

The pituitary is connected to the brain, however, so it can get input from a brain area called the hypothalamus.

然而，垂体与大脑相连，因此它可以从称为下丘脑的大脑区域获取输入。

And within the hypothalamus, there are neurons that can send signals to the pituitary telling it to either release growth hormone or to suppress the release of growth hormone.

在下丘脑内，有一些神经元可以向垂体发送信号，告诉它释放生长激素或抑制生长激素的释放。

Now, early in life, when we are infants, children, teenagers, and so on, we secrete tons of growth hormone, in particular, during the early hours of sleep each night.

现在，在生命的早期，当我们还是婴儿、儿童、青少年等时，我们会分泌大量的生长激素，特别是在每晚入睡的初期。

We also secrete growth hormone a little bit throughout the day, but it's really in sleep in which we have the greatest degree of growth hormone release.

我们全天也会分泌一点生长激素，但实际上是在睡眠时，我们的生长激素释放量最大。

This is one reason why babies and kids and teenagers sleep so much is there's a lot of growth hormone release and we tend to grow, that is the tissues and limbs of our body tend to grow during sleep.

这就是婴儿、儿童和青少年睡得太多的原因之一，因为有大量的生长激素释放，我们倾向于生长，也就是说，我们身体的组织和四肢倾向于在睡眠期间生长。

Now, it's been well documented that after about age 30, which is typically when people experience their full stature, their full height, although sometimes there's a little bit of wiggle room around that age, typically after 30, the amount of growth hormone that's released each night and throughout the day is reduced by about 15% for every decade of life.

现在，有充分的证据表明，在大约 30 岁之后，通常是人们体验到自己的完整身高的时候，尽管有时在这个年龄周围有一点回旋余地，通常是在 30 岁之后，每十年生命中，每晚和全天释放的生长激素量就会减少约 15%。

As a consequence, all of the things that growth hormone does like encouraging higher metabolism, fat loss, the growth of muscle tissue, et cetera, is dramatically reduced as we go from 30 to 40 to 50 and on and on.

因此，当我们从 30 岁到 40 岁再到 50 岁，等等，生长激素所做的所有事情，比如促进更高的新陈代谢、脂肪减少、肌肉组织的生长等，都会急剧减少。

It's also the case that naturally released growth hormone tends to have positive effects on our mood and overall feelings of wellbeing.

自然释放的生长激素往往会对我们的情绪和整体幸福感产生积极影响。

So it's also tied to our feelings of vitality or having feelings of energy to do things.

因此，它也与我们的活力感或做事的能量感有关。

And that's because growth hormone potently increases ATP production, which is involved in energy and metabolism in our cells.

这是因为生长激素能有效增加 ATP 的产生，而 ATP 参与我们细胞的能量和新陈代谢。

And as a consequence, our overall feelings of energy to just do things, mental or physical.

因此，我们对做事情的整体能量感觉，无论是精神上的还是身体上的。

Now there's another hormone called IGF-1 or insulin growth factor one, which is produced by the liver.

现在还有另一种激素，称为 IGF-1 或胰岛素生长因子一，由肝脏产生。

Insulin growth factor one does many things similar to growth hormone, and it actually is released in response to growth hormone.

胰岛素生长因子一的许多作用与生长激素类似，它实际上是响应生长激素而释放的。

So basically the way this works is that there's a signal that comes from the hypothalamus called growth hormone releasing hormone, and then that signal stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone.

基本上，其工作原理是，下丘脑发出一种称为生长激素释放激素的信号，然后该信号刺激垂体前叶释放生长激素。

Growth hormone then is circulated throughout the blood.

然后生长激素在血液中循环。

It also can access the brain itself.

它还可以访问大脑本身。

And it does different things in different tissues, but again, increases ATP production for energy.

它在不同的组织中发挥不同的作用，但同样会增加能量 ATP 的产生。

It is going to cause tissue repair in some cases.

在某些情况下，它会导致组织修复。

It's also going to encourage growth of tissues, not just muscles, but other tissues.

它还会促进组织的生长，不仅是肌肉，还有其他组织。

And that's why it's involved in helping us achieve our full height, our full stature.

这就是为什么它有助于帮助我们达到完整的身高和身材。

When growth hormone reaches the liver, it stimulates the release of IGF-1, which in turn does a number of things that are both synergistic and different.

当生长激素到达肝脏时，它会刺激 IGF-1 的释放，IGF-1 反过来又会产生许多协同且不同的作用。

That is, it works both similarly to growth hormone and does some things in parallel that are a little bit different as well, in particular things related to regulation of blood sugar metabolism, et cetera, all things associated with kind of youthfulness, vitality, and energy.

也就是说，它的作用与生长激素相似，但同时也会做一些略有不同的事情，特别是与血糖代谢调节相关的事情，等等，所有与青春、活力和能量相关的事情。

So it's impossible for me to say that growth hormone and IGF-1 do just one thing each.

所以我不可能说生长激素和 IGF-1 各只做一件事。

They do lots of different things in lots of different tissues.

它们在许多不同的组织中做许多不同的事情。

But hopefully from the description I just gave, you could see why some people might be interested in augmenting or increasing levels of growth hormone.

但希望从我刚才给出的描述中，您可以明白为什么有些人可能对增强或提高生长激素水平感兴趣。

Now, growth hormone has been sequenced and synthesized, so you can buy a synthetic version of growth hormone.

现在，生长激素已被测序和合成，因此您可以购买合成版本的生长激素。

And indeed, some people will take prescription growth hormone.

事实上，有些人会服用处方生长激素。

They'll take this by, typically it's an injection that's given subcutaneously at night, and they achieve growth of tissues, including muscle, et cetera.

他们会利用这种方法，通常是在晚上进行皮下注射，他们会实现组织的生长，包括肌肉等。

Keep in mind that growth hormone is indiscriminate with respect to which tissues it grows.

请记住，生长激素对其生长的组织没有区别。

So if you happen to have an existing tumor on a given body, Any part or within a given body part, it will encourage growth of that tumor as well.

因此，如果您碰巧在特定身体、任何部位或特定身体部位内存在肿瘤，它也会促进该肿瘤的生长。

That's one of the reasons some people are cautious about taking growth hormone.

这是一些人对服用生长激素持谨慎态度的原因之一。

Another reason why many people are cautious about taking growth hormone is that it is subject to what's called negative feedback.

许多人对服用生长激素持谨慎态度的另一个原因是它会受到所谓的负反馈的影响。

If your blood levels of growth hormone are too high by virtue of injecting growth hormone, well then the pituitary can register that and the brain can register that, and then there's a negative feedback that shuts down growth hormone.

如果注射生长激素导致血液中的生长激素水平过高，那么垂体可以记录到这一点，大脑也可以记录到这一点，然后就会出现负反馈，从而关闭生长激素。

As a consequence, people have developed peptide therapeutics that stimulate the release of growth hormone and thereby the release of IGF-1, but not by directly stimulating the growth hormone pathway.

因此，人们开发出了肽疗法，可以刺激生长激素的释放，从而刺激 IGF-1 的释放，但不是直接刺激生长激素途径。

Typically what these peptides are, are these are peptides that mimic the sorts of things that are typically released from the hypothalamus onto the pituitary, and in that way stimulate the release of growth hormone and downstream IGF-1.

通常，这些肽是模仿通常从下丘脑释放到垂体的物质的肽，并以这种方式刺激生长激素和下游 IGF-1 的释放。

So what these things are typically called are secretagogues.

所以这些东西通常被称为促泌剂。

These are peptide molecules that have been synthesized in a laboratory that stimulate the release of growth hormone and thereby stimulate the production of IGF-1.

这些是在实验室合成的肽分子，可刺激生长激素的释放，从而刺激 IGF-1 的产生。

Now, there are two general categories of peptides for stimulating the release of growth hormone.

现在，有两大类用于刺激生长激素释放的肽。

The first category oftentimes are referred to as the GHRH peptides, for growth hormone releasing hormone peptides.

第一类通常被称为 GHRH 肽，即生长激素释放激素肽。

Now, that name has certain problems that we'll get to in a moment, but...

现在，这个名字有一些问题，我们稍后会解决，但是......

Let's just leave it there for the time being.

我们暂时把它留在那里吧。

The second category are what's called the growth hormone releasing peptides, right?

第二类是所谓的生长激素释放肽，对吧？

Before we said growth hormone releasing hormones, that's the first category.

在我们说生长激素释放激素之前，这是第一类。

Second ones are the growth hormone releasing peptides.

第二个是生长激素释放肽。

You can already tell why this is getting confusing.

您已经知道为什么这会变得令人困惑。

Here's what I'm going to do.

这就是我要做的。

Rather than use that nomenclature, which is the typical nomenclature that's used, and I must say for which there's a lot of errors when I look out there on various YouTube videos and I look.

而不是使用该术语，这是所使用的典型术语，我必须说，当我在各种 YouTube 视频上查看时，我发现其中存在很多错误。

Within even some of the reviews that have been written, people get things confused as to whether or not a given peptide that one would use as a therapeutic falls into one or the other category.

即使在一些已撰写的评论中，人们也会对用作治疗​​剂的特定肽是否属于一个或另一个类别感到困惑。

And you'll see in a minute, it's a really important distinction.

稍后您就会看到，这是一个非常重要的区别。

Instead, what I'm going to call these are category one peptides and category two peptides.

相反，我将它们称为一类肽和二类肽。

Okay, in general, category one peptides are going to be the ones that have been most thoroughly tested in humans.

好吧，一般来说，第一类肽将是在人体中经过最彻底测试的肽。

In some cases, in fact, in several cases are FDA approved.

事实上，在某些情况下，有几种情况是 FDA 批准的。

For certain conditions, and yes, are prescribed for other off-label effects.

在某些情况下，是的，还规定了其他标签外效应。

Again, this would be under what I'm calling type one growth hormone secreting peptides is Sirmirelin.

同样，这属于我所说的一型生长激素分泌肽，即西米瑞林。

Sirmirelin is a synthetic compound.

西米瑞林是一种合成化合物。

Designed to mimic naturally occurring growth hormone releasing hormone that is FDA approved for the treatment of short stature.

旨在模仿自然产生的生长激素释放激素，经 FDA 批准用于治疗身材矮小。

So you can get this by prescription.

所以你可以通过处方得到这个。

Sometimes it comes from a compounding pharmacy.

有时它来自复方药房。

Other times it comes directly from pharma for the name brand.

其他时候，它直接来自名牌制药公司。

In any case, Cermorelin has been shown to mimic what is normally released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary to release growth hormone.

无论如何，Cermorelin 已被证明可以模仿下丘脑正常释放的物质，并刺激垂体释放生长激素。

And it does indeed cause increases in circulating growth hormone and increases in IGF-1.

它确实会导致循环生长激素增加和 IGF-1 增加。

By the way, the typical dosages of Sirmirelin that are taken are anywhere from 200 to 400 micrograms.

顺便说一句，西米尔林的典型剂量为 200 至 400 微克。

Typically that's done at night before sleep for the reasons that we talked about before.

通常，出于我们之前讨论过的原因，这是在晚上睡觉前完成的。

And typically people will take it anywhere from three times per week or five times per week.

通常人们会每周服用三次或五次。

There are some disadvantages to taking it continuously seven days per week for long periods of time.

每周 7 天、长时间连续服用有一些缺点。

There's some desensitization that can occur.

可能会出现一些脱敏现象。

Not much, but some can occur.

不多，但有些可能会发生。

So taken in that way, Sermorelin has been shown to increase circulating levels of growth hormone and IGF-1.

因此，舍莫林已被证明可以增加生长激素和 IGF-1 的循环水平。

And the reason why a lot of people seek to take Sermorelin is because they like the effects it produces.

许多人寻求服用舍莫林的原因是因为他们喜欢它产生的效果。

They like the vitality, they like the muscle growth, they like the fat loss.

他们喜欢活力，他们喜欢肌肉增长，他们喜欢脂肪减少。

It also can increase the amount of deep sleep that you get.

它还可以增加您的深度睡眠时间。

I'll just be completely forthcoming.

我会完全乐意的。

I've taken Sermorelin on and off for the last couple of years.

在过去的几年里，我断断续续地服用了舍莫林。

I typically will take it anywhere from one to two nights per week.

我通常每周都会带着它去任何地方一到两个晚上。

And I stopped taking it almost completely.

我几乎完全停止服用它。

I'll still take it every once in a great while, but the reason I stopped taking it is that I noticed that it made the sleep in the early part of my night very, very deep, very robust, but then I would wake up wide awake or I would sleep till morning.

我仍然会每隔很长一段时间服用它，但我停止服用它的原因是我注意到它使我在前半夜的睡眠变得非常非常深，非常强烈，但随后我会很清醒地醒来，或者我会睡到早上。

And then at least according to my eight sleep sleep tracker or my whoop sleep tracker, I wasn't getting nearly as much rapid eye movement sleep as I normally would.

然后至少根据我的八睡眠睡眠追踪器或我的百日咳睡眠追踪器，我没有得到像平常一样多的快速眼动睡眠。

So at least in my case, and again, this is anecdata, it seemed to.

至少就我而言，这似乎是轶事。

Sort of replace rapid eye movement sleep with more deep sleep.

可以用更深度的睡眠来代替快速眼动睡眠。

And rapid eye movement sleep is critical for all sorts of things that deep sleep can't achieve and vice versa.

快速眼动睡眠对于深度睡眠无法实现的各种事情至关重要，反之亦然。

So you really want both.

所以你真的想要两者。

So this is one reason why I've basically stopped taking Sermarillin.

所以这就是我基本上停止服用舍马林的原因之一。

I'll occasionally take it every once in a while, but in general, I just stopped taking it because whatever the positive effects might've been, if I had taken it more consistently, the effects in depleting rapid eye movement sleep were just something I didn't want and don't want.

我偶尔会每隔一段时间服用一次，但总的来说，我只是停止服用它，因为无论它的积极作用是什么，如果我更坚持地服用它，消耗快速眼动睡眠的影响只是我不想要和不想要的。

And by the way, that effect on increasing deep sleep, that non-REM sleep is something that's pretty well documented.

顺便说一句，这种对增加深度睡眠（即非快速眼动睡眠）的影响已有充分记录。

The other, what I'm calling type one growth hormone promoting peptide is Tesamorelin.

另一种，我所说的一型生长激素促进肽是 Tesamorelin。

This goes by the brand name Grifta, and it's an FDA approved drug for the reduction of visceral adiposity in HIV patients.

该药物的品牌名称为 Grifta，是 FDA 批准的一种用于减少 HIV 患者内脏肥胖的药物。

So we have subcutaneous fat and we have visceral fat around our organs.

所以我们的器官周围有皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪。

Visceral fat can be really problematic.

内脏脂肪确实是个问题。

And for some people who have HIV, or even for people who don't have HIV, the deposits of visceral fat can be problematic for their health.

对于一些感染艾滋病毒的人，甚至对于没有感染艾滋病毒的人来说，内脏脂肪的沉积可能会给他们的健康带来问题。

And tessamorelin, again, also called a Grifta, has been shown to reduce visceral adiposity.

tessamorelin 也被称为 Grifta，已被证明可以减少内脏肥胖。

It also seems to produce some of the other same effects that Sirmirelin produces.

它似乎还产生一些与西米瑞林相同的其他效果。

The differences between the two relate to small differences in the amino acid sequence for one peptide versus the other.

两者之间的差异与一种肽与另一种肽的氨基酸序列的微小差异有关。

Tesamirelin is a bit more long lasting than Sirmirelin, and therefore is taken typically about three times per week, not five times per week.

替沙米瑞林的持续时间比西米瑞林长一些，因此通常每周服用三次左右，而不是每周服用五次。

Now, the third most commonly used peptide in this category of what I'm calling type one growth hormone secreting peptides is CJC1295.

现在，在我所说的一型生长激素分泌肽的这一类中，第三种最常用的肽是 CJC1295。

Gosh, I wish there was an easier name.

天哪，我希望有一个更简单的名字。

CJC1295 is basically a variant of a different growth hormone secreting peptide that was synthesized previously to which they add what's called a DAC, a drug affinity complex.

CJC1295 基本上是之前合成的不同生长激素分泌肽的变体，他们添加了所谓的 DAC（一种药物亲和复合物）。

It's a sequence that makes it very long lasting.

这是一个使其非常持久的序列。

So CJC1295 typically is only taken twice per week or even once per week because its effects on increasing growth hormone in IGF-1 last several days, which may sound great to you, especially if you're somebody that doesn't like taking injections because these things in general have to be delivered by injection.

因此，CJC1295 通常每周只服用两次，甚至每周一次，因为它对增加 IGF-1 中生长激素的作用可持续几天，这对您来说可能听起来很棒，特别是如果您不喜欢注射，因为这些东西通常必须通过注射来输送。

But keep in mind that CJC1295 has entered clinical trials.

但请记住，CJC1295 已进入临床试验。

There was a death within one of the clinical trials that was related to cardiovascular dysfunction.

其中一项临床试验中出现了一例与心血管功能障碍相关的死亡。

It's known to cause some fluid retention and increased fluid volume, which may have been related to that cardiovascular death.

众所周知，它会导致一些液体潴留和液体量增加，这可能与心血管死亡有关。

We don't know, okay?

我们不知道，好吗？

This is all kind of speculation.

这都是猜测。

But I would say if you are somebody considering using a growth hormone secreting peptide, The type one category is perhaps, and I'll give my explanation for why I believe this to be the case, perhaps the most advantageous category to explore.

但我想说，如果你是考虑使用生长激素分泌肽的人，第一类可能是，我将解释为什么我相信这种情况，也许是最有利的探索类别。

And as I mentioned before, you've got the options of Sermorelin and Tesamorelin, both of which are FDA approved and for which there's both animal and human data.

正如我之前提到的，您可以选择 Sermorelin 和 Tesamorelin，这两种药物均已获得 FDA 批准，并且有动物和人类数据。

CJC-1295, despite still being in clinical trials, does have this kind of stain of a death within the clinical trial.

CJC-1295尽管仍在临床试验中，但确实有这种临床试验中的死亡污点。

And to my mind, given that there are decent alternatives in Sermorelin or Tesamorelin, I don't know why anyone would, Specifically select CJC1295.

在我看来，鉴于 Sermorelin 或 Tesamorelin 有不错的替代品，我不知道为什么有人会特别选择 CJC1295。

Until all these safety issues have been resolved.

直到所有这些安全问题都得到解决。

I'd like to take a quick break to acknowledge our sponsor, Element.

我想稍微休息一下，以感谢我们的赞助商 Element。

Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.

Element 是一种电解质饮料，它拥有您需要的一切，却没有您不需要的东西。

That means zero sugar and the appropriate ratios of the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.

这意味着零糖和电解质、钠、镁和钾的适当比例。

And that correct ratio of electrolytes is extremely important because every cell in your body but especially your nerve cells, your neurons, relies on electrolytes in order to function properly.

正确的电解质比例非常重要，因为你体内的每个细胞，尤其是你的神经细胞，你的神经元，都依赖电解质才能正常运作。

So when you're well hydrated and you have the appropriate amount of electrolytes in your system, your mental functioning and your physical functioning is improved.

因此，当您水分充足并且系统中有适量的电解质时，您的心理功能和身体功能都会得到改善。

I drink one packet of Element dissolved in about 16 to 32 ounces of water when I wake up in the morning, as well as while I exercise.

当我早上醒来以及锻炼时，我会喝一包溶解在大约 16 至 32 盎司水中的 Element。

And if I've sweat a lot during that exercise, I often will drink a third Element packet dissolved in about 32 ounces of water after I exercise.

如果我在锻炼期间出汗很多，我通常会在锻炼后喝第三包溶解在约 32 盎司水中的 Element 包。

Element comes in a variety of different flavors, all of which I find really tasty.

Element 有多种不同的口味，我觉得都非常美味。

I like the citrus.

我喜欢柑橘。

I like the watermelon.

我喜欢西瓜。

I like the raspberry.

我喜欢覆盆子。

Frankly, I can't pick just one.

坦白说，我不能只选一个。

It also comes in chocolate and chocolate mint, which I find tastes best if they are put into water, dissolved, and then heated up.

它还含有巧克力和巧克力薄荷，我发现将它们放入水中溶解然后加热味道最好。

I tend to do that in the winter months because, of course, you don't just need hydration on hot days and in the summer and spring months, but also in the winter when the temperatures are cold and the environment tends to be dry.

我倾向于在冬季这样做，因为当然，你不仅需要在炎热的日子以及夏季和春季补充水分，而且在气温寒冷且环境往往干燥的冬季也需要补充水分。

If you'd like to try Element, you can go to drinkelement, spelled L-M-N-T dot com slash Huberman to try a free sample pack.

如果您想尝试 Element，可以前往 Drinkelement（拼写为 L-M-N-T .com 斜线 Huberman）尝试免费样品包。

Again, that's drinkelement.com slash Huberman.

再说一次，这是 Drinkelement.com 斜线 Huberman。

Okay, so there are definitely other synthetic growth hormone releasing hormone peptides that are out there, but I think these three that we've covered, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin, and CJC1295 account for the vast majority of those that I'd put into category one.

好吧，肯定还有其他合成的生长激素释放激素肽，但我认为我们已经介绍的这三种，Sermorelin、Tesamorelin 和 CJC1295 占了我归入第一类的绝大多数。

The other category, which I'm going to call category two, you'll also hear a lot about, and they operate a little bit differently.

另一个类别，我将其称为第二类，您也会听说很多，它们的运作方式略有不同。

These peptides encourage the release of growth hormone, but they do so either by mimicking or stimulating the release of another peptide called ghrelin.

这些肽促进生长激素的释放，但它们是通过模仿或刺激另一种称为生长素释放肽的肽的释放来实现的。

Some of you may be familiar with ghrelin because ghrelin is a peptide that increases in concentration when we are hungry.

你们中的一些人可能熟悉生长素释放肽，因为生长素释放肽是一种肽，当我们饥饿时，其浓度会增加。

So it stimulates hunger, and it also stimulates anxiety somewhat.

所以它会刺激饥饿感，同时也会在一定程度上刺激焦虑。

So you may be wondering why would anyone want to increase levels of growth hormone and ghrelin?

所以您可能想知道为什么有人想要增加生长激素和生长素释放肽的水平？

And the reason is that the ghrelin itself can impact the growth hormone pathway pretty potently.

原因是生长素释放肽本身可以非常有效地影响生长激素途径。

So you can get really robust increases in growth hormone, but because there are ghrelin increases as well, you get big increases in hunger and anxiety in some people and lesser in others.

因此，你的生长激素可以得到真正强劲的增加，但由于生长素释放肽也增加了，所以有些人的饥饿感和焦虑感会大幅增加，而另一些人的饥饿感和焦虑感会大幅增加。

Now, the different names of the peptides in this type two category are ones that you'll hear kicked around a lot these days, things like Ipamorelin.

现在，这两类肽的不同名称是您最近经常听到的名称，例如伊帕莫林。

Okay, so don't get Ipamorelin confused with Tesamorelin.

好的，所以不要将伊帕莫林与特沙莫林混淆。

Right, Tesamorelin's a type one.

是的，特沙莫林属于一类。

Growth hormone releasing hormone peptide.

生长激素释放激素肽。

Ipromirelin is in this category too.

异丙瑞林也属于这一类。

So it's definitely going to increase ghrelin, which is going to increase hunger.

所以它肯定会增加胃饥饿素，从而增加饥饿感。

It does have certain advantages, in particular that it increases growth hormone release by two mechanisms.

它确实具有某些优点，特别是它通过两种机制增加生长激素的释放。

It increases it directly and it tends to suppress something called somatostatin.

它会直接增加它，并且往往会抑制一种叫做生长抑素的物质。

Somatostatin is a bit of a break or an antagonist on growth hormone release.

生长抑素对生长激素的释放有一定的破坏或拮抗作用。

So with hypermorelin, you're essentially removing the break on growth hormone release, allowing more growth hormone to be released such that you get a lot of growth hormone released.

因此，使用金丝桃素，您基本上可以消除生长激素释放的中断，从而释放更多的生长激素，从而释放大量的生长激素。

It also tends to really improve sleep, but again, by increasing the amount of deep sleep, we don't know whether or not it does that.

它还往往能真正改善睡眠，但同样，通过增加深度睡眠量，我们不知道它是否能起到作用。

At the expense of rapid eye movement sleep.

以牺牲快速动眼睡眠为代价。

So, ipramarylin is the most commonly discussed one in this type two category.

因此，伊普马林是此类第二类中最常讨论的一种。

The other one that you'll hear about is called Hexarellin.

您会听说的另一种药物称为 Hexarellin。

Hexarellin is available by prescription and it is the strongest stimulator of growth hormone release, which leads many people to think, okay, I want Hexarellin.

海沙瑞林可以通过处方获得，它是生长激素释放的最强刺激剂，这导致许多人想，好吧，我想要海沙瑞林。

That's the one that's going to give me the biggest growth hormone pulse.

这会给我最大的生长激素脉冲。

And indeed the growth hormone pulses from Hexarellin can be as great as two or three times more than with the other growth hormone secreting peptides that we've talked about.

事实上，海沙瑞林的生长激素脉冲可以比我们讨论过的其他生长激素分泌肽多两到三倍。

However, we know that Hexarellin can also dramatically increase prolactin, which can cause...

然而，我们知道海沙瑞林还可以显着增加催乳素，这可能会导致......

Suppression of libido, it can cause fluid retention, it can cause a kind of feeling of malaise, especially at high levels, and perhaps most problematically, Hexarellin can desensitize the receptors.

抑制性欲，它会导致液体潴留，它会引起一种不适感，尤其是在高浓度时，也许最有问题的是，海沙瑞林可以使受体脱敏。

For growth hormone releasing hormone, such that your system will no longer respond either to the Hexarelin or to any other peptide, or perhaps most importantly, to any endogenous, that is naturally made growth hormone, excuse me, releasing hormone that you would make.

对于生长激素释放激素，这样您的系统将不再对海沙瑞林或任何其他肽做出反应，或者也许最重要的是，对任何内源性的自然产生的生长激素做出反应，对不起，释放您会产生的激素。

Okay, so that's something to really consider.

好的，这是需要真正考虑的事情。

If you're going to explore Hexarelin, make sure, please, that you're working with a physician.

如果您打算探索海沙瑞林，请确保您正在与医生合作。

Make sure that you're not taking too much of it or for too long, and keep an eye on those prolactin levels because those can be problematic if they get too high.

确保您没有服用太多或服用时间太长，并留意催乳素水平，因为如果催乳素水平太高，可能会出现问题。

And...

还有...

You know, by my read, I can't see why anyone would use high doses of Hexarellin, maybe low doses of Hexarellin if your doctor thinks that's what's appropriate for you, but you'd really want to avoid that receptor desensitization because you could essentially turn off the system permanently.

你知道，根据我的阅读，我不明白为什么有人会使用高剂量的海沙瑞林，如果你的医生认为这适合你，也许会使用低剂量的海沙瑞林，但你真的想避免受体脱敏，因为你基本上可以永久关闭系统。

Now there are a bunch of other, what I'm calling type two growth hormone promoting peptides.

现在还有很多其他的，我称之为二型生长激素促进肽。

These include GHRP2, GHRP3, GHRP6.

这些包括 GHRP2、GHRP3、GHRP6。

Again, different amino acid sequences, all designed to achieve the same thing, which is more growth hormone.

同样，不同的氨基酸序列，全部都是为了实现同一件事，那就是更多的生长激素。

Things like GHRP3 can potently increase growth hormone, but are known to also potently increase prolactin and cortisol, leading to more than a doubling of circulating cortisol, which depending on how well regulated it is across the time of day can be problematic.

像 GHRP3 这样的物质可以有效增加生长激素，但众所周知，它也可以有效增加催乳素和皮质醇，导致循环皮质醇增加一倍以上，这取决于它在一天中的调节程度，这可能会产生问题。

In other words, you want cortisol levels pretty high, in the early part of the day, but you want them very, very low in the later part of the day and at night.

换句话说，你希望皮质醇水平在一天的早些时候相当高，但你希望它们在一天的晚些时候和晚上非常非常低。

And keep in mind that almost always these growth hormone peptides, whether or not they're type one or type two peptides are taken before bed, typically 20 or 30 minutes before sleep.

请记住，这些生长激素肽，无论是一型肽还是二型肽，几乎总是在睡前服用，通常是在睡前 20 或 30 分钟服用。

Always it's suggested that they be taken at least an hour and a half after eating any food and that you don't eat for at least 30 minutes afterwards.

始终建议您在进食任何食物后至少一个半小时服用，并且饭后至少 30 分钟内不要进食。

Because if you happen to have elevated blood sugar or you've got food in your gut, they're not going to have as potent an effect at increasing growth hormone and IGF-1.

因为如果您碰巧血糖升高或肠道内有食物，它们在增加生长激素和 IGF-1 方面的作用就不会那么强。

So again, you want to avoid food in the hour and a half, probably two hours before taking them, and certainly in the half hour or longer after, which is why most people take them right before going to sleep, and add or augment that big growth hormone pulse that occurs in the early part of the night.

同样，您需要在服用药物前的一个半小时内（可能是两个小时内）避免进食，当然也可以在服用后的半小时或更长时间内避免进食，这就是为什么大多数人在睡觉前服用药物，并增加或增强在前半夜出现的生长激素脉冲。

And then many people have perhaps heard of what's called MK-677, which is simply an oral version, a non-injectable, but oral version of these GHRPs.

然后很多人可能听说过所谓的 MK-677，它只是口服版本，是这些 GHRP 的非注射但口服版本。

And it tends to have the same issues that the other GHRPs have, which are elevated cortisol, and in some cases, elevated prolactin as well.

它往往与其他 GHRP 存在相同的问题，即皮质醇升高，在某些情况下，催乳素也升高。

Okay, so if we just kind of zoom out from all this, we can say that, yes, indeed, there are synthetic peptides that can potently increase growth hormone in IGF-1.

好吧，如果我们把目光放远一点，我们可以说，是的，确实有一些合成肽可以有效增加 IGF-1 中的生长激素。

I explained the rationale for why people would want that, or perhaps to explore that.

我解释了为什么人们想要这个的理由，或者也许是为了探索这个。

I'm certainly not suggesting anyone do this.

我当然不建议任何人这样做。

Again, I am suggesting that if you do explore it, you work with a board certified physician.

我再次建议，如果您确实要探索它，请与经过委员会认证的医生合作。

And that you get these compounds from a quality compounding pharmacy or by their name brand prescription.

并且您可以从优质复合药房或通过其名牌处方获得这些化合物。

In type one, we've got Sermorelin and Tesamorelin.

在第一类中，我们有舍莫林和特沙莫林。

Both are FDA approved for certain purposes.

两者均已获得 FDA 批准用于某些目的。

They're being used off-label for increasing growth hormone and IGF-1 for the sorts of things we're talking about here.

它们被超说明书使用，用于增加生长激素和 IGF-1，以达到我们在这里讨论的各种目的。

They are taken anywhere from three times per week to five times per week.

每周服用三次到五次不等。

Keep in mind, Tesamorelin lasts a little bit longer than Sermorelin.

请记住，特沙莫林的持续时间比舍莫林长一些。

CGAC-1295 is the third in that category of type one growth hormone secreting peptides.

CGAC-1295 是一类生长激素分泌肽中的第三种。

But- It may, again, may, we don't know, have some safety issues that still need to be resolved, making Sirmirelin and Tesamirelin, at least to my mind, better options should you decide to go down this path.

但是，可能，我们不知道，可能存在一些仍需要解决的安全问题，至少在我看来，如果您决定走这条路，西米瑞林和泰沙米瑞林将是更好的选择。

The type two growth hormone releasing peptides include things like Hexarelin, which are very potent at increasing growth hormone, but can potentially increase other things as well.

二型生长激素释放肽包括海沙瑞林（Hexarelin）等物质，它在增加生长激素方面非常有效，但也有可能增加其他物质。

But of more concern is really that it can cause receptor desensitization, maybe even turn off the whole receptor pathway.

但更令人担忧的是，它确实会导致受体脱敏，甚至可能关闭整个受体通路。

That would not be good.

那可就不好了。

Ipromirelin, again, increases growth hormone directly and allows more of it to be released by suppressing its break, its natural break, which is somatostatin.

异丙瑞林再次直接增加生长激素，并通过抑制生长激素的自然分解（生长抑素）来释放更多的生长激素。

And then the GHRP2, 3, 6, and MK677, all of which can potently increase Growth hormone.

然后是 GHRP2、3、6 和 MK677，所有这些都可以有效增加生长激素。

Need to be considered in light of the fact that they cause big increases in cortisol.

需要考虑到它们会导致皮质醇大幅增加。

And in some cases can cause some receptor internalization or desensitization as well, although not as potently as Hexarellin.

在某些情况下，也会导致一些受体内化或脱敏，尽管不如海沙瑞林那么有效。

So hopefully that description clarifies some of what you've heard out there.

希望这个描述能够澄清您所听到的一些内容。

About these different compounds and their different names, et cetera.

关于这些不同的化合物及其不同的名称等等。

It can be very confusing.

这可能会非常令人困惑。

I did take the liberty of designating a type one and a type two category.

我确实冒昧地指定了第一类和第二类。

I did that for sake of clarity because there are a lot of different acronyms and numbers, et cetera, that can be really confusing to people.

我这样做是为了清楚起见，因为有很多不同的首字母缩略词和数字等等，这可能会让人们感到困惑。

And I hope that that will be useful in facilitating further discussions about these compounds going forward.

我希望这将有助于促进有关这些化合物的进一步讨论。

Two additional brief but important points.

另外两个简短但重要的观点。

Many of the peptide vendors that are out there and physicians that are working with peptides will combine different growth hormone promoting peptides.

许多肽供应商和从事肽研究的医生都会结合不同的生长激素促进肽。

So they'll, for instance, have Sermorelin or tesomorelin in combination with hexorelin, or they'll use ipramorelin in combination with CJC1295.

例如，他们将舍莫林或替索莫林与海索林联合使用，或者将伊普拉莫林与 CJC1295 联合使用。

While I'm not opposed to that approach, you just want to make sure that the dosing, or I should say the relative dosing of each peptide is such that, you know, You're avoiding unnecessary increases in prolactin and cortisol, and that you're not hitting a pathway redundantly.

虽然我不反对这种方法，但你只是想确保剂量，或者我应该说每种肽的相对剂量，你知道，你避免了催乳素和皮质醇不必要的增加，并且你没有多余地触及一条途径。

That's actually the logic of combining different things.

这实际上就是不同事物组合的逻辑。

These different amino acid sequences, these different peptides, that is, are designed to stimulate different.

这些不同的氨基酸序列，这些不同的肽，就是被设计来刺激不同的。

Modes of action for the same peptide.

相同肽的作用方式。

So the naturally occurring peptide goes and does a bunch of things, those pleiotropic effects.

因此，天然存在的肽可以发挥很多作用，即多效性。

And these different peptides that are of different amino acid sequences are designed to reduce visceral adiposity a bit more or promote deep sleep a bit more or to promote muscle growth a bit more.

这些具有不同氨基酸序列的不同肽旨在更多地减少内脏脂肪，或者更多地促进深度睡眠，或者更多地促进肌肉生长。

So when people are combining different things in cocktail, it's not necessarily a bad thing, but you want to make sure that you're working with someone who's very familiar with peptides.

因此，当人们在鸡尾酒中混合不同的东西时，这不一定是坏事，但你要确保与非常熟悉肽的人一起工作。

You know, really has been in the peptide space for a long time and understands how these things work alone and in combination.

你知道，他确实在肽领域工作了很长时间，并且了解这些东西如何单独和组合发挥作用。

And there are some excellent physicians.

还有一些优秀的医生。

That are doing that.

他们正在这样做。

And we plan to have at least one of them on the Huberman Lab podcast as a guest in the not too distant future.

我们计划在不久的将来至少邀请其中一位作为嘉宾出现在 Huberman 实验室播客上。

And you can bet that this conversation will facilitate your understanding of that discussion.

您可以打赌，这次对话将有助于您理解该讨论。

The second point is that there are of course risks to taking anything, but...

第二点是，采取任何措施当然都有风险，但是……

In particular to exploring augmentation of the growth hormone pathway.

特别是探索生长激素途径的增强。

When people take growth hormone itself, there are common risks such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

当人们服用生长激素本身时，会出现腕管综合症等常见风险。

That has to do in part with the fact that it can potently increase cartilage growth.

这在一定程度上与它可以有效促进软骨生长有关。

There are can be active changes in the structure of one's head and face and body.

一个人的头部、面部和身体的结构可能会发生积极的变化。

There's a so-called lean but distended gut.

有所谓瘦而胀的肠。

So people that aren't carrying a lot of subcutaneous fat, but that the gut becomes extended.

因此，那些没有携带大量皮下脂肪的人，但肠道却变长了。

Sometimes you can get changes in the face, like the, you know, kind of a thickening of the bone above the brow.

有时你的脸部会发生变化，比如眉毛上方的骨头变厚。

You'll see that.

你会看到的。

And sometimes people will look quite different after taking growth hormone for a series of time than they did before.

有时，服用生长激素一段时间后，人们看起来会与以前有很大不同。

It can really change one's stature and shape.

它确实可以改变一个人的身材和体形。

To a considerable degree.

在相当程度上。

It also can create a kind of a...

它还可以创建一种...

Kind of a skin texture that is a little bit unnatural or unusual.

皮肤纹理有点不自然或不寻常。

You sometimes can see this in people that take a lot of growth hormone.

有时您可以在服用大量生长激素的人身上看到这种情况。

In general, when people take growth hormone promoting peptides, the changes in body structure are not as dramatic as when people take growth hormone itself.

一般来说，当人们服用生长激素促进肽时，身体结构的变化并不像人们服用生长激素本身时那么剧烈。

But body shape changes and cosmetic changes aside, keep in mind that anytime we augment growth hormone, either by taking growth hormone directly as a synthetic compound.

但除了身体形状的变化和化妆品的变化之外，请记住，任何时候我们都会增加生长激素，无论是直接服用生长激素作为合成化合物。

Or by taking a peptide that increases the amount of growth hormone that we release, we are increasing our tumor growth risk and our cancer risk.

或者通过服用一种肽来增加我们释放的生长激素的量，我们正在增加我们的肿瘤生长风险和癌症风险。

And that's because growth hormone and IGF-1 are somewhat indiscriminate in terms of the tissues that they promote the growth of.

这是因为生长激素和 IGF-1 在促进生长的组织方面有些不加区别。

So if you have a tumor someplace and it's small, taking exogenous growth hormone or increasing the amount of growth hormone that you release by taking one of these peptides that we discussed will increase the size of that tumor.

因此，如果您的某个部位有肿瘤并且很小，那么服用外源生长激素或通过服用我们讨论的这些肽之一来增加释放的生长激素的量会增加该肿瘤的大小。

It's very likely.

很有可能。

And you can imagine that if you're taking a peptide to increase growth hormone and you're taking something like BPC-157, something that a lot of people are starting to do nowadays, you could potentially increase both the size and the vascularization of a given tumor.

您可以想象，如果您服用一种肽来增加生长激素，并且服用 BPC-157 之类的药物（现在很多人都开始这样做），那么您可能会增加特定肿瘤的大小和血管化。

So just keep that in mind.

所以请记住这一点。

Just as there are anti-cancer drugs that focus on the VEGF pathway to try and discourage vascularization of tumors, there are drugs that discourage the release of growth hormone to discourage the growth of tumors.

正如有些抗癌药物专注于 VEGF 途径来尝试阻止肿瘤血管形成一样，有些药物可以阻止生长激素的释放以阻止肿瘤的生长。

So if you're listening to this, you might be thinking, well, why in the world would anybody take this stuff?

所以如果你正在听这个，你可能会想，好吧，为什么世界上有人会拿这些东西？

Well, people like the effects of having elevated growth hormone.

嗯，人们喜欢生长激素升高的效果。

They like the effects of...

他们喜欢...的效果

Recovering from an injury more quickly, but there's always going to be a trade-off between potential benefit and potential risk.

更快地从伤病中恢复，但潜在利益和潜在风险之间总是需要权衡。

The one thing that we can say for these growth hormone secretagogues, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin in particular, is that they are FDA approved as compounds.

对于这些生长激素促分泌素（尤其是舍莫林、特沙莫林），我们可以说的一件事是，它们是 FDA 批准的化合物。

However, they are not approved for all the purposes that people are taking them for, such as cosmetic effects, et cetera.

然而，它们并未被批准用于人们服用它们的所有目的，例如美容效果等。

So I'm certainly not being disparaging of people that decide to make the choice to take these compounds.

因此，我当然不是在贬低那些决定服用这些化合物的人。

That's your...

那是你的...

Right entirely, but I do think that you should be informed about the potential risks.

完全正确，但我确实认为您应该了解潜在的风险。

And if you are somebody who's considering taking any of these compounds, there are certain considerations that you definitely should pay attention to.

如果您正在考虑服用任何这些化合物，那么您绝对应该注意某些注意事项。

So for instance, how old are you?

比如说，你多大了？

If you're younger than 30, I don't know why you'd want to augment growth hormone unless you and your doctor decide that there's a clinical need or some other urgent need to do so because you're already making a lot of growth hormone.

如果您还不到 30 岁，我不知道您为什么想要增加生长激素，除非您和您的医生认为有临床需要或其他紧急需要这样做，因为您已经产生了大量的生长激素。

If you're older than 30 and you're interested in using these compounds, to me, it stands to reason that Of course, you want to make sure that you don't have any tumors or cancers that you could potentially exacerbate.

如果您超过 30 岁并且对使用这些化合物感兴趣，对我来说，当然，您要确保自己没有任何可能加剧的肿瘤或癌症。

But in addition to that, that you really think about using the minimal effective dose and that you use perhaps even the mildest of these different compounds in order to make sure that you don't desensitize any of the receptor pathways.

但除此之外，您确实考虑使用最小有效剂量，并且您可能使用这些不同化合物中最温和的剂量，以确保您不会使任何受体途径脱敏。

And of course, there is no reason why anyone should use these compounds unless they absolutely feel they need to and there's a potential benefit there.

当然，没有理由任何人都应该使用这些化合物，除非他们绝对觉得有必要并且有潜在的好处。

I personally, as I mentioned before, I tried Sirmarillin for a short while.

正如我之前提到的，我个人曾短暂尝试过 Sirmarillin。

The reductions in rapid eye movement sleep were problematic enough for me that I decided to just not take it.

快速动眼睡眠的减少对我来说已经够麻烦了，所以我决定不接受它。

And it's not something that I've returned to, except every once in a great while, I might do it to augment deep sleep just a little bit.

这不是我已经回归的事情，除非每隔一段时间，我可能会这样做来稍微增强深度睡眠。

The next category of peptide effects that we're going to discuss Are peptides involved in longevity?

我们要讨论的下一类肽效应肽是否与长寿有关？

And this is actually going to be a pretty quick discussion because really the main one in this category, besides thymus and beta-4, remember thymus and beta-4 we talked about earlier, this is a peptide that's naturally released from the thymus and the thymus is a structure that depletes over time as children age.

这实际上将是一个非常快速的讨论，因为除了胸腺和 β-4 之外，这一类别中的主要一个，记住我们之前讨论过的胸腺和 β-4，这是一种从胸腺自然释放的肽，而胸腺是一种随着儿童年龄的增长而逐渐耗尽的结构。

So some people will take thymus and beta-4 as kind of a longevity agent, hoping that it will increase.

所以有些人会把胸腺和β-4当作一种长寿剂，希望它能增加。

Repair of tissues, recovery from exercise, et cetera, but it's not really aimed at longevity per se.

组织修复、运动恢复等等，但它本身并不是真正的目的。

It's really aimed at replacing something that's present in youth and then tends to dissipate as we get older, that is the thymus and related peptides from the thymus.

它的真正目的是取代年轻时存在但随着年龄增长而逐渐消失的东西，即胸腺和来自胸腺的相关肽。

But the big one in the category of peptides to potentially, I want to highlight, potentially improve longevity is epitalin.

但我想强调的是，肽类中最有潜力延长寿命的肽是表肽。

Epitalin is also sometimes spelled and pronounced epithalin.

Epitalin 有时也被拼写和发音为 epithalin。

Okay, don't ask me why.

好吧，别问我为什么。

And as with BPC-157, there are quite a few animal studies Studies exploring epithelium and its effects on various tissues, as well as the naturally occurring peptide that it's meant to resemble.

与 BPC-157 一样，有相当多的动物研究探索上皮细胞及其对各种组织的影响，以及它所模拟的天然存在的肽。

Epithelium is a peptide that's secreted from the pineal gland.

上皮是松果体分泌的一种肽。

The pineal gland is a gland that most people associate with melatonin release, and that's because the cells within the pineal, called pinealocytes, secrete melatonin at night.

大多数人将松果体与褪黑激素的释放联系在一起，这是因为松果体内的细胞（称为松果体细胞）在夜间分泌褪黑激素。

It's what makes us feel sleepy and go to sleep.

这就是让我们感到困倦并入睡的原因。

Melatonin is suppressed by light viewed by the eyes.

褪黑激素会受到眼睛看到的光线的抑制。

There's actually a pathway that goes from the eyes into the brain there, a couple of stages.

实际上有一条通路从眼睛到大脑，有几个阶段。

They go up through the cervical ganglion from the brainstem and up to the pineal and suppress melatonin release.

它们从脑干向上穿过颈神经节到达松果体并抑制褪黑激素的释放。

Now the pineal makes other things besides melatonin.

现在松果体除了褪黑激素外还产生其他物质。

It also makes a peptide called epithalamin.

它还产生一种称为上丘脑素的肽。

Epithalamin is a peptide that is naturally released from the pineal, especially early in life.

上丘脑素是一种从松果体自然释放的肽，尤其是在生命早期。

And that's associated with various anti-inflammatory effects on other cells and tissues in the body.

这与对体内其他细胞和组织的各种抗炎作用有关。

And it does appear to be able to adjust telomere length, which is a feature of cells that's thought to be associated with the longevity of cells or how long they live.

它似乎确实能够调整端粒长度，这是细胞的一个特征，被认为与细胞的寿命或寿命有关。

Keep in mind that the relationship between telomeres and longevity is a controversial one.

请记住，端粒与寿命之间的关系是一个有争议的关系。

People were very excited about this some years back.

几年前，人们对此感到非常兴奋。

Then people batted down that idea, showing that telomere length was not associated with longevity, especially in humans.

然后人们驳斥了这个想法，表明端粒长度与长寿无关，尤其是在人类中。

And now it's sort of a back and forth within the field.

现在这有点像在这个领域内来回。

Keep in mind that epitalin, again, also sometimes written and pronounced epithalin, is designed to mimic this naturally occurring peptide, epithalamin, okay?

请记住，上皮素有时也被写成和发音为上皮素，旨在模仿这种天然存在的肽，上皮素，好吗？

So the nomenclature can get a little bit confusing.

因此，术语可能会有点混乱。

And what you'll find is that epitalin is available as a synthetic compound.

您会发现，表皮素是一种合成化合物。

It can be obtained in clean form from compounding pharmacies.

它可以从配制药房以清洁形式获得。

And a good number of people will use it as a longevity agent based largely on animal data that it can suppress tumor growth, it can increase telomere length, and to some extent that it can recalibrate the circadian rhythm changes and the disruptions in the patterns of melatonin that occur as animals and perhaps as humans age.

许多人将其用作长寿剂，主要基于动物数据，它可以抑制肿瘤生长，可以增加端粒长度，并且在某种程度上可以重新调整昼夜节律的变化以及随着动物甚至人类年龄的增长而发生的褪黑激素模式的破坏。

This is an important point.

这是很重要的一点。

The pineal gland, despite being very, very small, about the size of a pea and sitting kind of in the mid area of the brain for you aficionados, it sits, you know, kind of like right on the roof of the diencephalon.

松果体，尽管非常非常小，大约有豌豆那么大，对于你们的爱好者来说，它位于大脑的中部区域，但它的位置，你知道，有点像间脑的顶部。

And what it does is it will release melatonin each night in darkness.

它的作用是每天晚上在黑暗中释放褪黑激素。

It can release epithelium.

它可以释放上皮细胞。

And at those times, it can go and have these myriad effects on restoring the brain and body during sleep.

在那些时候，它可以在睡眠期间对恢复大脑和身体产生多种影响。

There are other things that occur during sleep that are essential, but those are key components of the restorative features of sleep.

睡眠期间发生的其他事情也很重要，但这些都是睡眠恢复功能的关键组成部分。

Now we know that as we age, the amount of melatonin that we release is decreased such that if you look in babies and teens, et cetera, melatonin levels are very, very high compared to people of middle age and of elderly age.

现在我们知道，随着年龄的增长，我们释放的褪黑激素的量会减少，因此如果你观察婴儿和青少年等，会发现与中年和老年人相比，褪黑激素的水平非常非常高。

Likewise, epithelium levels decrease with time.

同样，上皮水平随着时间的推移而降低。

And as a consequence, markers of tissue inflammation also increase as we age because you're sort of removing this anti-inflammatory compound that's released each night.

因此，随着年龄的增长，组织炎症标志物也会增加，因为你会去除这种每晚释放的抗炎化合物。

Now, there are a bunch of theories as to why the pineal regresses with age.

现在，有很多理论来解释为什么松果体会随着年龄的增长而退化。

There's some kind of wild ones about fluoride and a depletion of the pineal.

关于氟化物和松果体的消耗，有一些疯狂的想法。

I'll do a whole episode on the pineal at some point and we'll explore that.

我会在某个时候制作一整集关于松果体的内容，我们将对此进行探索。

Some of them are very niche.

其中一些非常小众。

Some of them are...

其中一些是...

Frankly, completely false, and others have some merit and are starting to gain some data within the standard scientific community.

坦率地说，完全错误，其他人有一些优点，并开始在标准科学界内获得一些数据。

The overall point here about peptides for longevity can be summarized very easily.

关于长寿肽的总体观点可以很容易地总结出来。

The logic is just as we have a thymus early in life, the thymus secretes certain things, and those things seem to accelerate robust tissue healing early in life.

逻辑就像我们在生命早期就有胸腺一样，胸腺会分泌某些东西，而这些东西似乎会加速生命早期强健的组织愈合。

And as the thymus disappears, tissue healing gets less robust.

随着胸腺的消失，组织的愈合能力也会减弱。

That's the logic for taking things like thymus and beta-4, TB500.

这就是服用胸腺和 beta-4、TB500 等药物的逻辑。

So too, we have a tissue, the pineal, that secretes certain things early in life that are associated with lots of deep sleep and robust tissue repair and long cellular life.

同样，我们有一个组织，即松果体，它在生命早期会分泌某些与大量深度睡眠、强健的组织修复和长细胞寿命有关的物质。

The logic then is by taking epitalin, You can mimic this peptide that's normally released from a nice, young, healthy pineal.

逻辑是通过服用表皮蛋白，你可以模仿这种通常从漂亮、年轻、健康的松果体中释放的肽。

And in that sense, encourage anti-inflammation pathways as well as cellular longevity pathways.

从这个意义上说，鼓励抗炎途径和细胞长寿途径。

That's the basic idea.

这就是基本的想法。

And again, it rests largely on the animal data for which, yes, there's some interesting studies showing suppression of age-related ocular diseases.

再说一次，它主要依赖于动物数据，是的，有一些有趣的研究表明可以抑制与年龄相关的眼部疾病。

There's some nice studies showing telomere expansion.

有一些很好的研究表明端粒扩张。

There are some nice studies showing that several features of brain aging and body aging can indeed be partially offset by things like epithelium peptides, but it is indeed a leap that people are taking when they are deciding or taking epithelium in order to extend their life, right?

有一些不错的研究表明，大脑衰老和身体衰老的几个特征确实可以被上皮肽等物质部分抵消，但这确实是人们在决定或服用上皮细胞以延长寿命时所迈出的一步，对吧？

The logic is all there, but the pieces are sort of clued together between what we know about the animal studies, what we know about the naturally occurring compounds that these peptides are designed to mimic.

逻辑就在那里，但这些片段在我们对动物研究的了解和我们对这些肽旨在模拟的天然存在的化合物的了解之间有某种线索。

And yet there are still no clinical trials that point directly to taking X amount of epitalin several times per week as a way to extend life.

然而，仍然没有临床试验直接表明每周服用 X 剂量的表皮素可以延长寿命。

The fourth and final category of peptide effects that we're going to talk about are effects on vitality, both mood and libido.

我们要讨论的第四类也是最后一类肽效应是对活力（情绪和性欲）的影响。

And really the main players within this category of peptides are the so-called melanocyte-stimulating hormone-related peptides, okay?

事实上，这类肽中的主要参与者是所谓的黑素细胞刺激激素相关肽，好吗？

Just to give you a little bit of background, remember the pituitary?

只是给您一些背景知识，还记得垂体吗？

The pituitary gland, that stock that extends out of the brain and can release growth hormone from the anterior pituitary, well, it's got a middle segment or a medial segment.

垂体，从大脑中延伸出来，可以从垂体前叶释放生长激素，嗯，它有一个中段或内侧段。

And there's a hormone that's released from there called melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

从那里释放出一种激素，称为促黑素细胞激素。

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone has the effect of stimulating pigmentation of the skin by activating what are called melanocytes that exist within the skin.

黑素细胞刺激激素具有通过激活皮肤内存在的所谓黑素细胞来刺激皮肤色素沉着的作用。

So the peptides...

那么肽...

Melanotan one, melanotan two, melanotan three, melanotan four, melanotan five, because there are five of them, are different peptides.

黑素一、黑素二、黑素三、黑素四、黑素五，因为有五个，所以是不同的肽。

That is peptides with different amino acid sequences, all of which mimic naturally occurring melanocyte-stimulating hormone, but that act preferentially on one set of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors or another in order to get different effects.

这是具有不同氨基酸序列的肽，所有这些肽都模仿天然存在的黑素细胞刺激激素，但优先作用于一组黑素细胞刺激激素受体或另一组以获得不同的效果。

So, Let's back up a little bit and talk about the Melanocortin system, right?

那么，让我们回过头来谈谈黑皮质素系统，对吗？

The Melanocortin system is a system whereby viewing light.

黑皮质素系统是一种观察光的系统。

Or getting light on the skin, typically ultraviolet light of the ultraviolet B type.

或者让光线照射到皮肤上，通常是 B 型紫外线。

Okay, there's two different types of ultraviolet light, but basically sunlight is what the system evolved to respond to, shown to the eyes.

好吧，有两种不同类型的紫外线，但基本上，太阳光是系统进化来响应的，显示给眼睛。

And or to the skin stimulates the Melanocortin system.

和或对皮肤刺激黑皮质素系统。

It goes from the eyes.

它是从眼睛里流出来的。

To the hypothalamus, from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, and then the melanocyte-stimulating hormone is then released into the bloodstream, can travel to the melanocytes and cause pigmentation of the skin.

到下丘脑，从下丘脑到垂体，然后黑色素细胞刺激激素被释放到血液中，可以移动到黑色素细胞并导致皮肤色素沉着。

This is what is responsible for tanning.

这就是晒黑的原因。

There's also a pathway whereby the light stimulates the melanocyte stimulating hormone system, and in parallel, it stimulates the release of dopamine.

还有一种途径是光刺激黑素细胞刺激激素系统，同时刺激多巴胺的释放。

Now, for any of you that have lived in a part of the world in which it's very, very dark with very short days in the winter and longer days and a lot of sunlight during the summer, you're probably familiar with the fact that when the sun comes out, people start feeling better.

现在，对于生活在世界上某个地方的人来说，那里的冬天非常非常黑暗，白天很短，夏天白天较长，阳光充足，您可能很熟悉这样一个事实：当太阳出来时，人们开始感觉好多了。

They have more energy, they're more motivated.

他们有更多的精力，更有动力。

A number of different systems related to mood and libido tend to increase.

许多与情绪和性欲相关的不同系统往往会增加。

This is the consequence of sunlight activating the melanocorticoid system.

这是阳光激活黑皮质激素系统的结果。

And by the way, this system is very active in other animals as well, animals that are white or tend to be of pale color during the winter.

顺便说一句，这个系统在其他动物中也非常活跃，这些动物是白色的或在冬天往往呈浅色的动物。

Then as spring arrives, the sunlight stimulates this very same system and leads to darkening of the pelage.

然后，当春天到来时，阳光会刺激这个系统，导致皮毛变黑。

So their hair goes from white or gray to brown or even dark black or some combination of those.

因此，他们的头发从白色或灰色变成棕色，甚至深黑色或这些的组合。

And in combination, dopamine is increased, libido is increased, and the animals start breeding in the spring and summer months.

综合起来，多巴胺增加，性欲增加，动物在春季和夏季开始繁殖。

Okay, so this is a well-conserved system across species, and it exists to some extent in us as well.

好吧，这是一个跨物种保存完好的系统，在某种程度上它也存在于我们体内。

So there are essentially five different synthetic peptides.

因此基本上有五种不同的合成肽。

Called Melanitan 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, each of which is designed to mimic melanocyte-simulating hormone, but each of which activates different receptors to different degrees.

称为 Melanitan 1、2、3、4 和 5，每种都旨在模仿黑素细胞模拟激素，但每种都在不同程度上激活不同的受体。

And some can cross the blood brain barrier and some can't.

有些可以穿过血脑屏障，有些则不能。

And as a consequence, some impact mood and libido and others don't.

因此，有些会影响情绪和性欲，而另一些则不会。

The simple way to look at this is that melanotan one does not cross the blood brain barrier.

看待这一问题的简单方法是，黑素一不能穿过血脑屏障。

It does, however, stimulate the melanocytes of the skin, so it leads to tanning or darkening of the skin.

然而，它确实会刺激皮肤的黑色素细胞，因此会导致皮肤晒黑或变黑。

Melanotan two, three, four, and five also lead to darkening of the skin by way of activating melanocytes in the skin.

黑素二、三、四和五也会通过激活皮肤中的黑素细胞而导致皮肤变黑。

But because they can cross the blood brain barrier, they cause effects that are at the level of psychology, really, and at the level of appetite and things of that sort.

但因为它们可以穿过血脑屏障，所以它们确实会产生心理层面的影响，以及食欲等层面的影响。

In general, the pattern is to increase mood and libido and to decrease appetite.

一般来说，该模式是增加情绪和性欲并降低食欲。

Things that are associated with the transition from winter to spring and summer months in humans and in other animals.

与人类和其他动物从冬季到春季和夏季的过渡有关的事情。

Now, one of the things about the peptide literature is that it loves acronyms and numbers.

现在，有关肽文献的特点之一是它喜欢首字母缩略词和数字。

And so there's a peptide, PT141, that falls into this category of activating the melanocortican system.

因此，有一种肽，PT141，属于激活黑皮质系统的类别。

And PT-141 is also known as the prescription drug, Vileci.

PT-141也被称为处方药Vileci。

PT-141 or Vileci is FDA approved for the treatment of premenopausal hypoactive sexual desire.

PT-141 或 Vileci 已被 FDA 批准用于治疗绝经前性欲减退。

So this is FDA approved for the treatment of women that have suppressed libido.

因此，FDA 批准该药物用于治疗性欲受到抑制的女性。

However, men also will take Vilise for hypoactive sexual desire.

然而，男性也会因性欲减退而服用Vilise。

This is obviously prescribed off label by physicians, but keep in mind as with the other peptides in this pathway, Vilise will stimulate pigmentation.

这显然是医生在标签外开出的处方，但请记住，与该途径中的其他肽一样，Vilise 会刺激色素沉着。

So whether or not you consider that a side effect or a benefit depends on, I guess, your baseline level of pigmentation and how much level of pigmentation you actually want.

因此，我想，无论您是否考虑副作用或益处，都取决于您的色素沉着基线水平以及您实际想要的色素沉着水平。

Now there are some side effects associated with these compounds.

现在这些化合物有一些副作用。

And one of the more common ones is nausea.

其中最常见的一种是恶心。

And that's because there are melanocytes simulating hormone receptors all throughout the gut.

那是因为整个肠道都有模拟激素受体的黑素细胞。

They can also cause flushing of the skin and they can cause blood pressure to increase.

它们还会导致皮肤潮红并导致血压升高。

Also, folks with melanoma should be very cautious about using any of the peptides that stimulate melanocytes because that could potentially exacerbate melanoma.

此外，患有黑色素瘤的人应该非常谨慎地使用任何刺激黑色素细胞的肽，因为这可能会加剧黑色素瘤。

The next peptide in this category, peptides for vitality and libido, is Kispeptin.

这一类别中的下一个肽，即活力和性欲肽，是 Kispeptin。

Kispeptin is a peptide that wasn't discovered that long ago.

Kispeptin 是一种很久以前才被发现的肽。

Actually, you can recall when the first papers about Kispeptin came out.

事实上，你还记得第一篇关于 Kispeptin 的论文是什么时候发表的。

And basically, Kispeptin is a peptide that is naturally made within the brain, and it's upstream of some of the hypothalamic signals that activate the pituitary for sake of hormone production and reproduction.

基本上，Kispeptin 是一种在大脑内自然产生的肽，它位于一些下丘脑信号的上游，这些信号激活垂体以产生和繁殖激素。

So I'll just walk you through this pathway.

所以我将引导您走过这条路。

It's actually quite simple.

其实很简单。

You've got the pituitary, you're now familiar with the pituitary, and the pituitary releases two different hormones in both males and females.

您已经了解了垂体，现在您已经熟悉了垂体，并且垂体在男性和女性中都会释放两种不同的激素。

It releases luteinizing hormone, and it releases follicle-stimulating hormone.

它释放黄体生成素，并释放卵泡刺激素。

If you watched the episodes that we did about testosterone and estrogen, if you watched the episode that I did on male and female fertility, if you watched the episode that I did with Dr. Michael Eisenberg from Stanford or Dr. Natalie Crawford, who's an OBGYN specializing in fertility, we talked a lot about LH and FSH.

如果你看过我们关于睾酮和雌激素的剧集，如果你看过我关于男性和女性生育能力的剧集，如果你看过我与斯坦福大学的迈克尔·艾森伯格博士或专门研究生育的妇产科医生娜塔莉·克劳福德博士一起制作的剧集，我们谈论了很多关于 LH 和 FSH 的内容。

Basically...

基本上...

FSH, as the name suggests, stimulates the growth of the follicle, the egg in the female, and it stimulates sperm production in males.

FSH，顾名思义，刺激卵泡（女性卵子）的生长，并刺激男性精子的产生。

Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production from the gonad in males, and it also stimulates estrogen production.

黄体生成素会刺激男性性腺产生睾酮，同时也会刺激雌激素的产生。

And to some extent, testosterone production in females as well.

在某种程度上，女性也会产生睾丸激素。

So we need LH and FSH to stimulate the gonads, the ovary.

所以我们需要 LH 和 FSH 来刺激性腺、卵巢。

Or that testes.

或者说睾丸。

The hormone that stimulates LH and FSH release is called GNRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone.

刺激 LH 和 FSH 释放的激素称为 GNRH 或促性腺激素释放激素。

And it comes from the hypothalamus.

它来自下丘脑。

So GNRH is a signal that promotes LH and FSH release.

所以GNRH是促进LH和FSH释放的信号。

Now that raises the question, what turns on GNRH?

那么问题来了，是什么开启了 GNRH？

And the signal that turns on GNRH is Kispeptin.

而开启 GNRH 的信号是 Kispeptin。

Kispeptin, in other words, is further upstream from GNRH and LSH and FSH.

换句话说，Kispeptin 位于 GNRH、LSH 和 FSH 的更上游。

It's a cascade.

这是一个级联。

It goes Kispeptin, GNRH, LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen.

它含有 Kispeptin、GNRH、LH、FSH、睾酮、雌激素。

Okay, that's the pathway.

好吧，这就是途径。

Now, it's very clear that Kispeptin is involved in the activation of puberty, the transition from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal stages of life.

现在，很明显 Kispeptin 参与青春期的激活，即生命从青春期前阶段到青春期后阶段的过渡。

It's also involved in any of the sort of downstream effects of having elevated LH and FSH, including elevated vitality, which includes both energy and in some cases, libido.

它还涉及 LH 和 FSH 升高的任何下游效应，包括提高活力，其中包括能量，在某些情况下还包括性欲。

So there's naturally occurring Kispeptin.

因此，Kispeptin 是天然存在的。

And there's now synthetically generated Kispeptin designed to mimic naturally occurring Kispeptin.

现在有人工合成的 Kispeptin，旨在模仿天然存在的 Kispeptin。

And it's actually prescribed for what's called hypothalamic amenorrhea.

它实际上是用于治疗所谓的下丘脑闭经。

Hypothalamic amenorrhea is the loss or the absence of periods of menstrual cycles that are the consequence of deficits within the hypothalamus.

下丘脑闭经是指由于下丘脑缺陷导致月经周期消失或消失。

Itself.

本身。

So not something within the ovary or a lack of the pituitary to make LH or FSH, but a deficit of the hypothalamus to promote LH and FSH and the downstream hormones, testosterone and estrogen.

因此，并不是卵巢内的某些物质或垂体缺乏产生 LH 或 FSH 的能力，而是下丘脑缺乏促进 LH 和 FSH 以及下游激素（睾酮和雌激素）的能力。

Incidentally, there are also Kispeptin antagonists, okay?

顺便说一句，还有 Kispeptin 拮抗剂，好吗？

Drugs that are designed to suppress Kispeptin, and those are used to treat some of the symptoms of menopause, including night sweats and some of the, what are called vasomotor symptoms.

旨在抑制 Kispeptin 的药物，用于治疗更年期的一些症状，包括盗汗和一些所谓的血管舒缩症状。

So Kispeptin is obviously a key player in this whole pathway of steroid hormone release, the steroid hormones being testosterone and estrogen.

因此，Kispeptin 显然是整个类固醇激素释放途径中的关键角色，类固醇激素是睾酮和雌激素。

There are other steroid hormones as well, of course.

当然，还有其他类固醇激素。

Now there are folks within the landscape of peptide therapeutics, folks meaning physicians and other practitioners, who said, ah, well, here's a peptide that is known to promote all these hormone pathways that are associated with vitality, libido, et cetera.

现在，肽疗法领域的一些人，指的是医生和其他从业者，他们说，啊，好吧，这是一种已知可以促进所有这些与活力、性欲等相关的激素途径的肽。

And so there are people who take Kispeptin peptides as a way to stimulate these pathways.

因此，有人使用 Kispeptin 肽来刺激这些途径。

And they're doing so for the specific purpose of increasing vitality.

他们这样做的具体目的是为了增加活力。

As it relates to libido and mood, and to get the downstream increases on testosterone and estrogen.

因为它与性欲和情绪有关，并且使下游的睾酮和雌激素增加。

And of course, some people are taking cispeptin peptides to treat hypothalamic amenorrhea.

当然，有些人正在服用顺肽素肽来治疗下丘脑闭经。

And as I mentioned, some people are taking cispeptin antagonists.

正如我所提到的，有些人正在服用顺肽素拮抗剂。

They're trying to block the cispeptin pathway in order to reduce some of the vasomotor and other symptoms of menopause.

他们试图阻断顺肽素途径，以减少更年期的一些血管舒缩症状和其他症状。

I will say, despite the fact that the cispeptin pathway is well known, and despite the fact that the cispeptin peptide is designed to mimic a naturally occurring peptide that has a pretty constrained set of functions, in the hypothalamic pituitary system.

我要说的是，尽管事实上 cispeptin 途径是众所周知的，尽管 cispeptin 肽的设计目的是模仿下丘脑垂体系统中天然存在的肽，其功能相当有限。

And their downstream effects on the gonads.

以及它们对性腺的下游影响。

The use of Kispeptin to increase vitality and libido is a bit of a, let's just say, it's a little bit of a wild card.

使用 Kispeptin 来增加活力和性欲有点不确定，可以这么说，它有点不确定。

We don't yet know all the effects of Kispeptin.

我们还不知道 Kispeptin 的所有作用。

Again, it was fairly recently discovered.

同样，它是最近才发现的。

We have it in mind that it's involved in these pathways, but I should say every time we look at a given peptide, whether or not it's ghrelin or hypocretinorexin or it's GLP-1, What we find is that, again, there are these pleiotropic effects.

我们牢记它参与了这些途径，但我应该说，每次我们观察给定的肽时，无论它是生长素释放肽、下丘脑促胰液素还是 GLP-1，我们再次发现，存在这些多效性效应。

There is rarely, if ever, one specific effect.

很少有（如果有的话）一种特定的效果。

And it's not just a concern about side effects that we want to take these pleiotropic effects into consideration.

我们想要考虑的不仅仅是副作用。

It's the fact that even though we know a lot about the human body and the various hormones and neuromodulators like dopamine, serotonin, et cetera, that are made, this landscape of peptides is an enormous one.

事实上，尽管我们对人体以及各种激素和神经调节剂（如多巴胺、血清素等）了解很多，但肽的景观仍然是巨大的。

And it's one for which we are just now really starting to appreciate how many different peptides the human body and brain make.

我们现在才真正开始了解人体和大脑会产生多少种不同的肽。

Again, I don't think it's an overestimate to say that there are probably hundreds of thousands of different peptides, each with multiple and sometimes even overlapping and synergistic effects.

再说一遍，我认为说可能有数十万种不同的肽，每种肽都具有多种、有时甚至是重叠和协同作用，这一说法并不高估。

So I do understand the excitement about peptide therapeutics.

所以我确实理解肽疗法的兴奋之处。

I think for a lot of people that want to improve their physical health and mental health, they want to recover from injuries more quickly.

我认为对于很多想要改善身体健康和心理健康的人来说，他们希望更快地从伤病中恢复过来。

Maybe they're seeking particular aesthetic changes or mood changes, et cetera.

也许他们正在寻求特定的审美变化或情绪变化等等。

I understand the gravitational pull and the excitement of peptides, but I have noticed that the discussion around peptides Because it's in contrast often to the discussion around hormone therapies like testosterone therapy and estrogen therapy.

我理解肽的引力和兴奋，但我注意到围绕肽的讨论因为它通常与围绕睾酮疗法和雌激素疗法等激素疗法的讨论形成鲜明对比。

People, I think...

人们，我认为...

Inadvertently assume that peptides are all safe or innocuous or that they are potent enough to do certain things that we want, but that because they're not hormone therapies per se, that they are free of side effects and risk.

无意中假设肽都是安全或无害的，或者它们足够有效，可以做我们想要的某些事情，但因为它们本身不是激素疗法，所以它们没有副作用和风险。

And in addition to wanting to teach you about some of the biology of these peptides and how they work and what they're designed to do, as well as some of their potential therapeutic benefits under the right conditions, again, working with a really good board-certified physician and making sure that the sourcing is really clean.

除了想向您介绍这些肽的一些生物学知识、它们的工作原理和设计用途，以及它们在适当条件下的一些潜在治疗益处之外，再次与一位真正优秀的经过委员会认证的医生合作，并确保来源确实干净。

And that you're doing regular blood testing and you're monitoring for any potential tumor growth, et cetera.

并且您正在定期进行血液检测并监测任何潜在的肿瘤生长等。

I also want to emphasize that these are very potent compounds.

我还想强调，这些都是非常有效的化合物。

They have lots of different effects and we are in the early stages of exploring peptide therapeutics.

它们具有许多不同的作用，我们正处于探索肽疗法的早期阶段。

Again, I'm not here to tell you what to do or what not to do, but if you have it in mind that peptide therapeutics, because they aren't hormone therapies, are not without their potential risks, you would be wrong.

再说一次，我不是来告诉你该做什么或不该做什么，但如果你认为肽疗法因为不是激素疗法，所以并非没有潜在风险，那么你就错了。

All of that said, It's very exciting to see what's happening with peptide therapeutics.

综上所述，看到肽疗法的进展是非常令人兴奋的。

I'm excited about their potential for both the treatment of disease, as well as for augmentation of mental and physical health.

我对它们在治疗疾病以及增强身心健康方面的潜力感到兴奋。

And I think it's an exciting landscape that certainly motivated my desire to do this episode and get you familiar with them, or at least with some of them.

我认为这是一个令人兴奋的景观，这无疑激发了我制作这一集并让您熟悉它们的愿望，或者至少熟悉其中的一些。

And it's something that we're definitely going to be exploring more on this podcast, both with expert guests and in solo episodes going forward.

我们肯定会在这个播客中与专家嘉宾和未来的个人剧集中进一步探索这一点。

If you're learning from and are enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel.

如果您正在学习并喜欢这个播客，请订阅我们的 YouTube 频道。

That's a terrific zero cost way to support us.

这是支持我们的绝佳零成本方式。

In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on both Spotify and Apple.

此外，请在 Spotify 和 Apple 上订阅该播客。

And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review.

在 Spotify 和 Apple 上，您都可以给我们五星级的评价。

Please check out the Sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode.

请查看今天节目开头和整个节目中提到的赞助商。

That's the best way to support this podcast.

这是支持这个播客的最佳方式。

If you have questions for me or comments about the podcast or guests or topics that you'd like me to cover on the Huberman Lab podcast, please put those in the comment section on YouTube.

如果您对我有疑问，或者对播客、嘉宾或您希望我在 Huberman Lab 播客上介绍的主题有意见，请将这些内容放在 YouTube 的评论部分。

I do read all the comments.

我确实阅读了所有评论。

Not so much on today's episode, but on many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab podcast, we discuss supplements.

今天的节目不多，但在 Huberman 实验室播客的许多以前的节目中，我们讨论了补充剂。

While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them for things like improving sleep, for hormone support, and for focus.

虽然补充剂并不是每个人都需要的，但许多人从它们中获得了巨大的好处，例如改善睡眠、激素支持和注意力集中。

The Huberman Lab podcast has partnered with Momentous Supplements, and we've done that for several reasons.

Huberman Lab 播客与 Momentous Supplements 合作，我们这样做有几个原因。

First, Momentous Supplements are of the very highest quality.

首先，Momentous Supplements 具有最高品质。

Second, Momentous tends to focus on single ingredient formulations, which is essential in order to develop the most biologically effective and cost-effective supplement regimen for you.

其次，Momentous 倾向于专注于单一成分配方，这对于为您开发最具生物有效性和成本效益的补充方案至关重要。

Third, Momentous ships internationally, which we realize is important because many of you reside outside of the United States.

第三，Momentous 在国际上发货，我们意识到这一点很重要，因为你们中的许多人居住在美国境外。

To learn more about the supplements discussed on the Huberman Lab podcast, please go to LiveMomentous, spelled O-U-S.

要了解有关 Huberman Lab 播客上讨论的补充剂的更多信息，请访问 LiveMomentous（拼写为 O-U-S）。

So it's LiveMomentous.com slash Huberman.

这是 LiveMomentous.com 斜线 Huberman。

If you're not already following me on Social Media, I'm Huberman Lab on all Social Media platforms.

如果您还没有在社交媒体上关注我，我是所有社交媒体平台上的 Huberman Lab。

So that's Instagram, X, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Threads.

这就是 Instagram、X、LinkedIn、Facebook 和 Threads。

And at all of those places, I discuss science and science-related tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the content of the Huberman Lab podcast.

在所有这些地方，我讨论了科学和与科学相关的工具，其中一些与胡伯曼实验室播客的内容重叠，但其中大部分与胡伯曼实验室播客的内容不同。

Again, it's Huberman Lab on all Social Media platforms.

再说一次，它是所有社交媒体平台上的 Huberman Lab。

If you haven't already subscribed to our Neural Network Newsletter, our Neural Network Newsletter is a zero cost monthly newsletter that gives podcast summaries and protocols in the form of brief one to three page PDFs covering things like neuroplasticity and learning or optimizing sleep or regulating dopamine, deliberate cold exposure.

如果您还没有订阅我们的神经网络时事通讯，我们的神经网络时事通讯是一份零成本的月度时事通讯，以一到三页 PDF 的形式提供播客摘要和协议，涵盖神经可塑性和学习或优化睡眠或调节多巴胺、故意冷暴露等内容。

We have a foundational fitness protocol.

我们有一个基本的健身协议。

Again, all of those available, completely zero cost.

同样，所有这些都可用，完全零成本。

You simply go to hubermanlab.com.

您只需访问 hubermanlab.com 即可。

Go to the menu tab, scroll down to newsletter and supply your email.

转到菜单选项卡，向下滚动到时事通讯并提供您的电子邮件。

We do not share your email with anybody.

我们不会与任何人分享您的电子邮件。

Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion about the science and application of peptide therapeutics.

再次感谢您参加今天关于肽疗法的科学和应用的讨论。

And last but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.

最后但并非最不重要的一点是，感谢您对科学的兴趣。