European Civilization, 1648-1945 Lecture 6 | European Civilization, 1648-1945
Professor Paul Freedman: Today we're going to talk about the transformation of the Roman Empire.
保罗·弗里德曼教授：今天我们要谈谈罗马帝国的转变。
And I use the somewhat neutral and undramatic word “transformation”.
我使用了“转变”这个有点中性和平淡的词。
It can be “fall of the Roman Empire,” “collapse of the Roman Empire.
它可以是“罗马帝国的衰落”、“罗马帝国的崩溃”。
.
。
.” It's clear that we're talking about the fall of the Western Empire.
”。很明显，我们正在谈论西方帝国的衰落。
Next week we'll talk about the survival of the Eastern Empire.
下周我们将讨论东帝国的生存。
From 410 to 480, the Western Roman Empire disintegrated.
410年至480年，西罗马帝国解体。
It was dismembered by barbarian groups who were, except for the Huns, not really very barbarian.
它被野蛮群体肢解了，除了匈奴之外，这些野蛮群体并不是真正的野蛮人。
That is, they were not intent on mayhem and destruction.
也就是说，他们无意造成混乱和破坏。
All they really wanted to do was to be part of the Empire, to share in its wealth and accomplishments, rather than to destroy it.
他们真正想做的只是成为帝国的一部分，分享它的财富和成就，而不是摧毁它。
Nevertheless, 476 is the conventional date for the end of the Western Empire, because in that year, a barbarian chieftain deposed a Roman emperor.
然而，476年是西罗马帝国灭亡的传统日期，因为在那一年，一个野蛮酋长废黜了罗马皇帝。
Nothing very new about this for the fifth century.
对于五世纪来说，这并不是什么新鲜事。
What was new is that this chieftain, whose name is spelled all sorts of different ways, but in Wickham, it's Odovacer.
新鲜的是，这位酋长的名字有各种不同的拼写方式，但在威克姆，它是 Odovacer。
Sometimes he's known as Odacaer, Odovacar, Odovacer.
有时他被称为 Odacaer、Odovacar、Odovacer。
We aren't even sure what so-called tribe he belonged to.
我们甚至不确定他属于哪个所谓的部落。
A barbarian general deposed the child emperor Romulus Augustulus, who by an interesting coincidence, has the names of both the founder of the city of Rome and the founder of the Roman emperor [correction: Empire].
一位野蛮人将军废黜了幼年皇帝罗穆卢斯·奥古斯都鲁斯，而有趣的巧合是，罗穆卢斯·奥古斯都鲁斯同时拥有罗马城创始人和罗马皇帝[更正：帝国]创始人的名字。
The
的
“-us” on the end is little.
末尾的“-us”很小。
It's a diminutive.
这是一个小号。
So a man with this grandiose name, a child, deposed in 476.
因此，一个有着如此宏伟名字的人，一个孩子，于 476 年被废黜。
And instead of imposing another emperor, Odovacer simply wrote to Constantinople and said, “We're going to be loyal to you.
奥多瓦塞尔并没有强加另一位皇帝，而是简单地写信给君士坦丁堡说：“我们将效忠于你。
We will recognize you as the sole emperor.” Constantinople, however, was far away.
我们会承认你是唯一的皇帝。”然而君士坦丁堡距离很远。
And while of symbolic significance, this pledge of loyalty by Odovacer had no practical significance.
奥多瓦塞尔的忠诚誓言虽然具有象征意义，但没有实际意义。
For all intents and purposes, the Western Empire had, in 476, become a collection of barbarian kingdoms.
无论如何，西罗马帝国在 476 年已经成为野蛮王国的集合体。
A kingdom is smaller than an empire.
王国比帝国小。
We use the term empire to mean a multi-national, very large state ruled from one center, but consisting of many different kinds of pieces.
我们使用“帝国”一词来表示一个由一个中心统治的多民族、非常大的国家，但由许多不同种类的部分组成。
Kings, and the term and title “king”, is of German origin.
国王以及“国王”一词和头衔源自德语。
Kings are very powerful, but over a more limited territory.
国王非常强大，但统治的领土更为有限。
So there was a king of Italy now.
现在意大利有了一位国王。
There would be a king of the Franks, or Francia, the former Roman Gaul.
将会有一位法兰克人的国王，或者说法兰克，前罗马高卢人。
There would be a king of the Lombards later in northern Italy.
后来意大利北部出现了一位伦巴第国王。
A king of the Visigoths, first in southern France and Spain.
西哥特人的国王，首先在法国南部和西班牙。
And we'll go over who is where at the beginning of next class.
我们将在下一堂课开始时回顾一下谁在哪里。
For now, we're going to talk about this collapse and its consequences.
现在，我们将讨论这次崩溃及其后果。
And we're going to orient ourselves around three big questions.
我们将围绕三个大问题定位自己。
One-- why did the west fall apart?
一——为什么西方会分崩离析？
And as a corollary to that question, was this because of the external pressure of invasions or the internal problems of institutional decline.
作为这个问题的推论，这是因为外部入侵压力还是制度衰落的内部问题。
Did it fall of its own accord or was it pushed, in other words?
换句话说，它是自己掉落的还是被推倒的？
Question number two.
第二个问题。
Or big question number two.
或者第二个大问题。
Who were these barbarians?
这些野蛮人是谁？
And how Romanised or how different from Rome were they?
他们的罗马化程度如何，或者与罗马有何不同？
And that's what we're going to talk about more on Wednesday, next class.
这就是我们周三下节课要讨论的更多内容。
And three, does this transformation mark a gradual shift to another civilization, or is it the cataclysmic end of the prevailing form of civilization, ushering in a prolonged period of what used to be called The Dark Ages?
第三，这种转变是否标志着向另一种文明的逐渐转变，或者是主流文明形式的灾难性终结，迎来了一段漫长的过去被称为黑暗时代的时期？
The Dark Ages-- roughly the sixth to eleventh century.
黑暗时代——大约是六世纪到十一世纪。
This is a term we don't like to use.
这是我们不喜欢使用的术语。
It implies a value judgment that is not only not necessarily accurate, but also expresses a certain kind of point of view of what are good periods in history and what are bad periods in history.
它隐含着一种价值判断，不仅不一定准确，而且表达了某种关于历史上什么是好时期、什么是坏时期的观点。
But I'd like to just probe this third question first.
但我想先探讨一下第三个问题。
That is, how severe a catastrophe was this?
也就是说，这是一场多么严重的灾难？
So is it the end of civilization à la Planet of the Apes or Blade Runner or any of those apocalyptic image we have?
那么，这是否是《猩球崛起》或《银翼杀手》或我们所拥有的任何世界末日形象中的文明的终结？
Or is it merely a shift in power and the survival of Roman institutions such as the Church, while Roman political infrastructure-- the emperor, the consoles, the praetorian prefects, and so forth-- while that collapses?
或者这仅仅是权力的转移和教会等罗马机构的生存，而罗马的政治基础设施——皇帝、控制台、总督等等——却崩溃了？
A medieval historian named Roger Collins in a book called The Early Middle Ages writes, "The fall of the Roman Empire in the west was not the disappearance of a civilization.
中世纪历史学家罗杰·柯林斯在《中世纪早期》一书中写道：“西方罗马帝国的衰落并不是文明的消失。
It was merely the breakdown of a governmental apparatus that could no longer be sustained." The key word here is “merely”.
这只是一个无法再维持下去的政府机构的崩溃。”这里的关键词是“仅仅”。
The destruction of the Roman political apparatus may simply mean that the Roman state ceased to function, but that everything else continued.
罗马政治机构的毁灭可能仅仅意味着罗马国家停止运转，但其他一切仍在继续。
But really, the question is, could everything else continue in the absence of a state and of a political order?
但实际上，问题是，如果没有国家和政治秩序，其他一切还能继续吗？
The destruction of the political order also means, after all, the destruction of the military system.
政治秩序的破坏归根结底也意味着军事体系的破坏。
When we opened this class, we talked about a civilization built on such things as the rule of law and the maintenance of peace.
当我们开这门课时，我们谈到了建立在法治和维护和平等基础上的文明。
These are no longer possible if there is no military governmental structure.
如果没有军政府结构，这些就不再可能。
As we'll say a little later, to some extent people didn't know that it was the end.
正如我们稍后会说的，在某种程度上，人们并不知道这就是结局。
Because for a while, things seemed to go on as before.
因为有一段时间，事情似乎还像以前一样进行。
People were speaking Latin, they were living in cities, the cities were much less populated, but nevertheless, they were still there; there were still rich people; there were still poor people.
人们说拉丁语，他们生活在城市里，城市里的人口少得多，但尽管如此，他们仍然在那里；仍然有富人；仍然有穷人。
In retrospect, though, we can see that things really did change.
但回想起来，我们发现事情确实发生了变化。
How much they changed is the subject of a lot of historical controversy.
他们改变了多少是很多历史争议的话题。
The world of the late Roman historians is divided, roughly speaking, between catastrophists and continuists.
粗略地说，晚期罗马历史学家的世界分为灾难论者和连续论者。
As you may guess, the catastrophists think the fall of the Roman Empire -- whether we date it 476 or there’s some reasons to date it, really, 550 for reasons we'll learn in next week.
正如你可能猜到的那样，灾难论者认为罗马帝国的灭亡——无论是我们将其定为 476 年，还是有某些理由将其定为 550 年，原因我们将在下周了解。
Between 450 and 550, a catastrophe happened.
450年到550年间，一场灾难发生了。
A civilization was wiped out.
一个文明被消灭了。
And really, if not literally a Dark Ages, a more primitive, more war-like, more illiterate, and more rural period was ushered in.
事实上，即使不是字面上的黑暗时代，也迎来了一个更原始、更战争、更文盲、更乡村的时期。
The disappearance of ancient texts, things that the Romans knew from that lost Hortensius dialogue of Cicero that Augustine was so fond of to many other kinds of works that had been known to the Roman world, right?
古代文本的消失，罗马人从西塞罗失传的霍滕修斯对话中知道的东西，奥古斯丁非常喜欢罗马世界已知的许多其他类型的作品，对吧？
I can't remember exactly how many plays Aeschylus wrote, but it's something on the order of 60, and we have three.
我记不清埃斯库罗斯到底写了多少部戏剧，但大概有 60 部，而我们有三部。
So the disappearance of text.
于是文字就消失了。
The end of literacy, except for a very small portion of the Christian clergy.
除了极小部分基督教神职人员之外，识字的终结。
A more primitive architecture.
更原始的架构。
The end of grand civic projects like aqueducts, coliseums, theaters, baths.
渡槽、体育馆、剧院、浴室等大型市政项目的结束。
A more isolated society without these urban centers.
没有这些城市中心的社会更加孤立。
A diminished population spread across the countryside, mostly engaged in subsistence.
农村地区人口不断减少，大部分人都在谋生。
Hence, the, if not end of trade, the radical diminution of trade.
因此，贸易即使不是结束，也会急剧减少。
The continuists, people like Collins whom I just quoted, see the political changes as dramatic all right, but as essentially surface phenomena based partly on archaeology and partly on a more sympathetic understanding of Christian practices.
连续论者，像我刚才引用的柯林斯这样的人，认为政治变化是戏剧性的，但本质上是表面现象，部分基于考古学，部分基于对基督教实践的更同情的理解。
In other words, they don't think that the proliferation of churches, saints, cults, is necessarily a sign of primitiveness.
换句话说，他们并不认为教堂、圣人、邪教的激增必然是原始性的标志。
So based on both archaeology and an understanding of Christianity, these continuists point to the survival of trade, the role of bishops and other church officials, as replacing the Roman governors.
因此，基于考古学和对基督教的理解，这些延续论者指出贸易的存续、主教和其他教会官员的作用，以取代罗马总督。
The Roman political order may have collapsed in terms of staffing by lay people and military people, but the bishops were now the rulers of the city.
罗马的政治秩序可能在平信徒和军人的人员配置方面已经崩溃，但主教现在是这座城市的统治者。
The bishops would now do things like ensure the food supply, rally the local population against barbarian invasions, educate the populace.
主教们现在要做的事情包括确保粮食供应、团结当地民众抵抗野蛮人的入侵、教育民众等。
And the barbarian kings themselves try, with some success, to perpetuate the Roman order.
蛮族国王们也尝试着延续罗马秩序，并取得了一些成功。
They collect taxes, for example-- that may or may not be a good thing.
例如，他们收税——这可能是好事，也可能不是好事。
They engage in some kind of public works, some kind of maintenance of order.
他们从事某种公共工程、某种秩序维护。
The civilization of the sixth and seventh centuries in what comes to be considered Western Europe, rather than the Western Roman Empire, is not radically more barbarized or primitive than the late Roman Empire.
六世纪和七世纪的文明并不比晚期罗马帝国更加野蛮或原始，而是被认为是西欧而不是西罗马帝国。
Thus, the continuists.
因此，连续论者。
My own position, but I don't hold to it dogmatically, is that of a moderate catastrophist.
我自己的立场是温和的灾难论者，但我并不教条地坚持这一立场。
I think something really happened; I think it's pretty radical; and it didn't happen all at once, however.
我认为确实发生了一些事情；我认为这是相当激进的；然而，这并不是一下子发生的。
476 is not the year of collapse.
476年并不是崩溃之年。
It is a process.
这是一个过程。
I'm fascinated by the degree to which people were and were not aware of the cataclysm, but I believe there is a cataclysm.
我对人们对这场灾难的认识程度和不认识程度感到着迷，但我相信有一场灾难。
Wickham, the author of this book that we're starting now The Inheritance of Rome, Chris Wickham, straddles the fence, as you've seen.
正如您所看到的，威克姆（Chris Wickham）是我们现在开始出版的《罗马的继承》一书的作者，克里斯·威克姆（Chris Wickham）跨过栅栏。
His chapter that you were to read for today is entitled, “Crisis and Continuity: 400 to 550” .
您今天要阅读的章节的标题是“危机与连续性：400 到 550”。
I would never use a chapter title like that, because it's really frustrating.
我永远不会使用这样的章节标题，因为这真的很令人沮丧。
Which is it, dude?
是哪个啊老兄？
He's the leading medieval historian in the English-speaking world.
他是英语世界领先的中世纪历史学家。
He is Chichele Professor at All Souls, Oxford.
他是牛津大学万灵学院的 Chichele 教授。
And if that doesn't sound impressive, well, it takes a lot to impress you.
如果这听起来不太令人印象深刻，那么，要给你留下深刻印象需要付出很多努力。
He's a very great historian, but I don't like that chapter title.
他是一位非常伟大的历史学家，但我不喜欢那个章节标题。
As I said, I would emphasize crisis or change or cataclysm.
正如我所说，我会强调危机、变革或灾难。
Well, let's ask what happened, beginning with the gradual involvement of the barbarians in the military and their entrance into the empire.
好吧，让我们问一下发生了什么，从野蛮人逐渐卷入军事并进入帝国开始。
We're using the term “barbarians”, which goes back to the Greek term applied to outsiders.
我们使用“野蛮人”一词，它可以追溯到希腊语中用于指外来者的术语。
People outside but threatening.
外面的人却充满威胁。
The Greeks defined barbarians as uncivilized by reason of their speech, which sounded to them incoherent, and by reason of the fact that they're nomads.
希腊人将野蛮人定义为不文明的人，因为他们的语言听起来语无伦次，而且他们是游牧民族。
People who lead settled lives don't trust nomads.
过着定居生活的人们不信任游牧民族。
Nomads, almost extinct in our world, once dominated many geographical regions and were frightening, because they moved to around to people who liked order and familiarity.
游牧民族在我们的世界上几乎灭绝，曾经统治过许多地理区域，令人恐惧，因为他们迁移到了喜欢秩序和熟悉的人们身边。
They didn't live in cities, whether they were nomadic or not.
无论他们是否游牧，他们并不居住在城市中。
Barbarians were illiterate.
野蛮人是文盲。
This is the Greek idea of barbarians.
这就是希腊人对野蛮人的看法。
In the case of Rome, there is no single definition of barbarian society.
就罗马而言，野蛮社会没有单一的定义。
We can say that Rome was overthrown by a war-like, but not very fierce, group of enemies.
可以说，罗马是被一群好战但不是很凶猛的敌人推翻的。
And I use enemies in a very mild sense.
我以非常温和的方式使用敌人。
The Romans perceived them as enemies; the barbarians perceived Rome as simply a nicer place to live.
罗马人将他们视为敌人；野蛮人认为罗马只是一个更好的居住地。
But there is no Mongol horde kind of event here.
但这里没有蒙古游牧之类的活动。
They're not that frightening.
他们并没有那么可怕。
The Romans had known them for centuries.
罗马人几个世纪以来就认识它们了。
Most of them were even Christians.
他们中的大多数甚至是基督徒。
Heretical Christians, OK.
异端基督徒，好吧。
They're Arians, A-R-I-A-N-S, I remind you, but they're not unfamiliar, again, even in their religion.
我提醒你，他们是白羊座，A-R-I-A-N-S，但他们并不陌生，即使在他们的宗教中也是如此。
They've been at the borders of the Roman empire forever.
他们永远位于罗马帝国的边界。
Like most empires, Rome was at the one hand, very aggressive, and on the other hand thought of itself is peace-loving.
与大多数帝国一样，罗马一方面非常好斗，另一方面又认为自己热爱和平。
It maintained the Danube-Rhine frontier as a kind of natural frontier, every so often crossing those rivers to punish German tribes who were probing the frontiers of the empire.
它把多瑙河-莱茵河边界维持为一种自然边界，时不时地越过这些河流来惩罚那些探索帝国边界的日耳曼部落。
But generally speaking, the Romans were not interested in what they perceived, somewhat inaccurately, as endless forests inhabited by primitive people.
但总的来说，罗马人对他们所认为的原始人居住的无边无际的森林并不感兴趣，这有些不准确。
The continuists argue, with some justice, that between 250 and 600 what changed was not that primitive warriors conquered a civilized state, in the way that say, the Mongols conquered China in the thirteenth century but that the ancient world became the medieval world.
连续论者认为，在250年到600年之间，发生的变化并不是原始武士征服了一个文明国家，就像蒙古人在13世纪征服了中国一样，而是古代世界变成了中世纪世界。
That is, an urban culture became more rural.
也就是说，城市文化变得更加乡村化。
A Latin culture became amalgamated to a German one.
拉丁文化与德国文化融合。
Pagan society became Christian.
异教社会变成了基督教社会。
Having said this, it's nevertheless true that the most dramatic event to the fifth century is that people who had been outside the empire were now in it.
话虽如此，但五世纪最引人注目的事件确实是，曾经在帝国之外的人们现在进入了帝国。
If we ask why the Western Empire collapsed, the simple, most immediate answer is it was taken over by German confederations, tribes.
如果我们问西方帝国为何崩溃，最简单、最直接的答案是它被德意志联邦、部落接管。
They came not so much as conquerors as military recruits, or as allies, or as refugees.
与其说他们是征服者，不如说他们是新兵、盟友或难民。
So rather than as guys with knives in their teeth hacking and slashing and burning, they came as pathetic refugees, maybe doing some hacking, slashing, and burning; as military recruits; and as military allies.
因此，他们不是作为牙齿上插着刀子砍伐和焚烧的人，而是作为可悲的难民来到这里，也许会进行一些砍伐和焚烧；作为新兵；并作为军事盟友。
Again, not without a certain amount of H.
同样，并非没有一定量的 H.
S.
S。
B.: (hacking and slashing and burning).
B.：（砍伐、焚烧）。
But not a cataclysmic amount.
但数量还不是灾难性的。
They admired Rome.
他们钦佩罗马。
They wanted to continue its institutions.
他们想继续其机构。
They regarded Rome as a rich and as civilized.
他们认为罗马是富裕的、文明的。
The last thing they wanted was to still live in little huts in the forest.
他们最不想做的就是仍然住在森林里的小茅屋里。
They were not the bringers of a revolution.
他们不是革命的带来者。
They were not even that numerous, amounting to some tens of thousands.
他们的数量也不是很多，也就几万而已。
Nevertheless, they ended Roman government, accelerated the changes we've already described towards depopulation, decentralization, ruralization-- a less cultivated, less literate, less Mediterranean-centered society.
然而，他们结束了罗马政府，加速了我们已经描述过的人口减少、权力下放、农村化的变革——一个更少开化、更少识字、更少以地中海为中心的社会。
So I want to begin the description of this process by the changes in the Roman army.
所以我想从罗马军队的变化开始描述这个过程。
We saw that Diocletian, around 300 AD, militarizes Roman government, pays for the, perhaps, doubling of the military presence of the Roman army by changing the taxation system.
我们看到，公元 300 年左右，戴克里先将罗马政府军事化，通过改变税收制度，为罗马军队的军事存在加倍支付费用。
So the twin pillars of the empire in the fourth century are army and taxation, the latter requiring a civilian governmental apparatus.
因此，四世纪帝国的两大支柱是军队和税收，后者需要文职政府机构。
The army was a problem in terms of the recruiting of soldiers.
军队在征兵方面存在问题。
This may have to do with the population; it may have to do with the unattractive nature of military life, but nevertheless there was already, in the fourth century, a tendency to get the more familiar barbarians into the army as Roman soldiers.
这可能与人口有关；这可能与军事生活缺乏吸引力有关，但尽管如此，在四世纪，已经出现了一种趋势，让更熟悉的野蛮人作为罗马士兵加入军队。
Because they were available, they were near the frontiers-- this may seem odd.
因为它们是可用的，所以它们靠近边境——这可能看起来很奇怪。
Why hire your potential enemy to be soldiers?
为什么雇佣你的潜在敌人当士兵？
But there's a lot of precedent.
但有很多先例。
Very often, empires don't really want to supply their own manpower.
很多时候，帝国并不真正想提供自己的人力。
And the people who are the best soldiers are also the people who may, in the future, be most threatening.
而最优秀的士兵，也可能是未来最具威胁的人。
I don't want to pursue this simile, but the Afghan Mujahideen were trained by Americans, because at one time they were opposed to the Russian occupation of Afghanistan.
我不想追述这个比喻，但阿富汗圣战者是由美国人训练的，因为他们曾经反对俄罗斯占领阿富汗。
As it happened, in retrospect, that had some bad consequences.
回想起来，这确实产生了一些不好的后果。
But at the time, it seemed like a good idea.
但在当时，这似乎是个好主意。
So in the 370s a group called the Visigoths asks to be admitted to the Roman Empire as an allied army.
因此，在 370 年代，一个名为西哥特人的团体要求罗马帝国接纳其作为盟军。
In other words, the whole group will be federated with the Romans.
换句话说，整个集团将与罗马人结盟。
And federati is the term given for barbarian troops serving under the Roman Empire.
联邦军是对在罗马帝国服役的野蛮军队的称呼。
Why were they on the move?
他们为什么要搬家？
These are not really nomadic people.
这些人并不是真正的游牧民族。
They don't live in yurts or travel across Central Asia.
他们不住在蒙古包里，也不穿越中亚。
They tend to be settled in villages.
他们往往定居在村庄。
They have dairy cattle rather than have some kind of nomadic sheep, or something like.
他们养的是奶牛，而不是某种游牧羊之类的。
They're pretty settled.
他们已经很安定了。
Nevertheless, in 378, they were on the move.
然而，在378年，他们开始行动了。
And we don't know why.
我们不知道为什么。
Some enemy pushing them across the Danube into what's now Romania?
某个敌人将他们推过多瑙河进入现在的罗马尼亚？
It may be the weakness of the Empire.
这或许就是帝国的弱点。
They may have seen that the empire was not so strong and made a proposition, kind of like a takeover.
他们可能看到帝国并不那么强大，并提出了一个提议，有点像收购。
You don't seem to be doing so well in your stock or your finances, so we're going to infuse some capital into you, i.e., our soldiers.
你们的股票和财务状况似乎不太好，所以我们要向你们，即我们的士兵，注入一些资金。
They also may have been hungry.
他们也可能饿了。
Certainly, once they crossed the frontier, the Romans were rather inept in feeding them, in supplying them, and the Visigoths rebelled.
当然，一旦他们越过边境，罗马人在喂养他们和供给他们方面就相当无能，西哥特人就叛变了。
Thus far, nothing incredibly new.
到目前为止，还没有什么令人难以置信的新鲜事。
What really was new was that the emperor came with an army to suppress them.
真正新鲜的是，皇帝带着军队来镇压他们。
And rather to his surprise and everybody else's, the emperor Valens was defeated at the battle of Adrianopole.
令他和其他人惊讶的是，瓦伦斯皇帝在阿德里安诺波尔战役中被击败。
Defeated by the barbarians.
被蛮族打败了。
Yeah.
是的。
Student: So, being involved in this federati, what did they get from the Roman Empire?
学生：那么，加入这个联邦，他们从罗马帝国得到了什么？
Did they agree to fight for them and then they'd get land?
他们是否同意为他们而战然后获得土地？
Professor Paul Freedman: They agreed to fight for them and they got a combination of land, or supposed to get land or territory, and some kind of maintenance in kind and or money.
保罗·弗里德曼教授：他们同意为他们而战，他们得到了土地的组合，或者应该得到土地或领土，以及某种实物和/或金钱的维护。
The question was about what the Visigoths, as federati, got out of this deal.
问题在于西哥特人作为联邦成员从这笔交易中得到了什么。
Or were supposed to get.
或者应该得到。
The defeat at Valens was not immediately cataclysmic, because, even though he was killed at this battle, even though it sent shock waves throughout the empire, in fact, it would not be this area that succumbed to the barbarians-- the East.
瓦伦斯之战并没有立即造成灾难性的后果，因为，尽管他在这场战斗中阵亡，尽管震动了整个帝国，但事实上，屈服于野蛮人——东方的地区的，不会是这个地区。
Romania, or the Balkans would be part of the Eastern Empire.
罗马尼亚或巴尔干地区将成为东帝国的一部分。
And indeed, both Adrianople the city, and Constantinople, the even greater city, would withstand Visigothic attempts to take them.
事实上，阿德里安堡这座城市和更大的城市君士坦丁堡都将抵御西哥特人占领它们的企图。
In 382, the Visigoths were officially recognized, and they were allowed to settle in the Balkans as federati .
382年，西哥特人得到正式承认，并被允许作为联邦成员在巴尔干地区定居。
And, in fact, they were reasonably useful troops to the Roman Empire in the 380s and 390s.
事实上，他们在 380 年代和 390 年代对罗马帝国来说是相当有用的军队。
What this does show, however, is the barbarization of the army.
然而，这确实表明军队的野蛮化。
And another aspect of that is that the army tended to be commanded now more and more by barbarian generals.
另一方面是，军队现在越来越多地由野蛮将军指挥。
These barbarian generals, at the top, bore the title magister militum – master of the soldiers.
这些野蛮人将军的最高头衔是“magister militum”——士兵的主人。
So I'm using the term “general” as an anachronistic one, since that's what we're familiar with.
因此，我使用“一般”一词作为一个不合时宜的术语，因为这是我们所熟悉的。
These magistri were powerful leaders, charismatic leaders, of German or other tribal groups, who then ruled in the name of, or behind the throne of the emperor.
这些行政长官是日耳曼或其他部落团体的强大领袖、魅力领袖，他们以皇帝的名义或在皇帝的宝座背后进行统治。
They couldn't be emperors themselves, at least in these years, it was impossible to envisage a barbarian emperor.
他们自己不可能成为皇帝，至少在这些年里，不可能想象一个野蛮的皇帝。
But they held more power than the emperors.
但他们拥有比皇帝更多的权力。
Two of these generals, war leaders, magistri, Stilicho and Alaric.
其中两位将军是战争领袖，长官斯提里科和阿拉里克。
Stilicho was a Vandal.
斯提利科是一名破坏者。
Alaric was a Visigoth.
阿拉里克是西哥特人。
Alaric wanted territory, food, treasure from Rome.
阿拉里克想要从罗马获得领土、食物和财宝。
The Visigoths were moving from the Balkans into Greece, eventually into Italy.
西哥特人从巴尔干半岛迁入希腊，最终进入意大利。
Stilicho played a kind of game with Alaric, trying to keep him in check in the name of the Western emperor, but also negotiating with him.
斯提利科与阿拉里克玩了一种游戏，试图以西方皇帝的名义遏制他，但同时也与他谈判。
The emperors moved from Milan in the north to Ravenna, a little bit to the east.
皇帝们从北部的米兰迁往东部稍远一点的拉文纳。
Ravenna, then, was in the marshes and impossible for a barbarian army to take.
当时，拉文纳位于沼泽地里，野蛮人的军队不可能攻克。
This is the last capital of the Western Roman Empire.
这是西罗马帝国最后的首都。
Kind of romantic and mysterious, but strange as a place to end up.
有点浪漫和神秘，但最终的目的地却很奇怪。
These are the Visigoths then, who are on the move in the 390s and the 400s.
这些人就是西哥特人，他们在20世纪390年代和400年代一直在迁徙。
Eventually, Stilicho would be executed by the Roman emperor of the West, and Alaric would invade and plunder Rome in 410.
最终，斯提利科被西罗马皇帝处决，阿拉里克则于 410 年入侵并掠夺罗马。
It was the Visigoths who engineered the so-called Sack of Rome that so shocked Augustine and his contemporaries.
正是西哥特人策划了所谓的罗马劫掠，令奥古斯丁和他的同时代人感到震惊。
Where, you might be asking in all of this, was the Roman army?
您可能会问，罗马军队在哪里？
Alaric was wandering around the Balkans and Italy for two decades before he sacked Rome.
阿拉里克在洗劫罗马之前在巴尔干半岛和意大利游荡了二十年。
The army, which had consumed so much of the resources of the Roman Empire, is curiously absent in the history of the fifth century.
奇怪的是，消耗了罗马帝国大量资源的军队在五世纪的历史中却消失了。
This is not the Eastern Front in World War II.
这不是二战中的东线。
This is something altogether different: the collapse of an empire that expended huge amounts of treasure on its army.
这是完全不同的事情：一个在军队上花费了大量财宝的帝国的崩溃。
Its army seems to be invisible and supports, to some extent -- or that fact supports to some extent, the argument that the Roman Empire collapsed of its own internal disorders, since we don't see it losing pitched battles to outside barbarians.
它的军队似乎是隐形的，并且在某种程度上支持——或者事实在某种程度上支持了罗马帝国因其内部混乱而崩溃的论点，因为我们没有看到它在与外部野蛮人的激烈战斗中失败。
Or maybe the army doesn't disappear, it becomes indistinguishable from the invaders.
或者也许军队并没有消失，它变得与入侵者没有什么区别。
The army is the invaders.
军队是侵略者。
Creepier.
更令人毛骨悚然。
Now within this, there are some real barbarians-- the Huns.
现在这里面，有一些真正的蛮族——匈奴。
The Huns are kind of nomadic.
匈奴人是一种游牧民族。
OK, they didn't actually cook their meat by holding it between their thigh and the horse hide, and the sweat and heat of the horse heated up the meat.
好吧，他们实际上并不是把肉夹在大腿和马皮之间来烹饪，而是马的汗水和热量加热了肉。
This is a widespread myth of nomadic peoples.
这是游牧民族广泛流传的神话。
The Chinese say this about the Mongols, the Romans about Huns.
中国人这样评价蒙古人，罗马人这样评价匈奴人。
But they were pretty mean.
但他们非常刻薄。
They were interested in the Roman Empire mostly for plunder.
他们对罗马帝国的兴趣主要是为了掠夺。
And they didn't care if that destroyed the economic base, because they weren't thinking in such terms.
他们并不关心这是否会破坏经济基础，因为他们没有这样思考。
And indeed, they may have frightened the rather nice German tribes that stood between them and the Roman Empire.
事实上，他们可能吓坏了挡在他们和罗马帝国之间的相当友善的日耳曼部落。
In the 450s the Huns were united under the leadership of Attila.
450年代，匈奴人在阿提拉的领导下统一起来。
And Attila certainly threatened the Eastern Empire first, but the Eastern emperor defeated the Huns, discontinued tribute to them, and in a pattern that we'll see repeated again and again, the Huns decided that Constantinople was too tough.
阿提拉当然首先威胁到了东罗马帝国，但东罗马帝国的皇帝击败了匈奴人，停止了向他们进贡，在我们将看到一次又一次重复的模式中，匈奴人认为君士坦丁堡太强硬了。
That the Eastern Empire as a whole, access to which was more or less controlled by Constantinople, was too well-guarded.
东罗马帝国作为一个整体，其出入通道或多或少都由君士坦丁堡控制，守卫得太严密了。
And they turned to the west instead.
他们转而转向西方。
Not as rich maybe, but much easier pickings.
也许不那么富有，但更容易挑选。
They show up in Gaul in 450.
公元 450 年，他们出现在高卢。
They were defeated by an army of Visigoths allied with Romans.
他们被与罗马人结盟的西哥特人军队击败。
They then went to Italy.
然后他们去了意大利。
They went into the heart of the Empire, sacked cities in the northeast of Italy, and there's no army.
他们深入帝国腹地，洗劫了意大利东北部的城市，却没有军队。
The emperor is holed up in Ravenna.
皇帝躲在拉文纳。
basically shuts the door, gets under the bed, and waits for it to go away.
基本上关上门，钻到床底下，等待它消失。
The one power of Italy willing to try to deal with Attila is the Bishop of Rome, whom we haven't heard of yet, but we're going to be hearing about him a lot.
意大利愿意尝试对付阿提拉的一个势力是罗马主教，我们还没有听说过他，但我们将会经常听到他的消息。
And indeed, in the course that follows this, even more.
事实上，在接下来的课程中，甚至更多。
The Bishop of Rome – the pope.
罗马主教——教皇。
Pope Leo I, along with two senators from the Roman senate, goes up to northern Italy to remonstrate with Attila, to visit the leader of this barbarian tribe in 453 to try to get him to stop plundering Italy.
公元453年，教皇利奥一世与两名罗马元老院议员前往意大利北部向阿提拉进谏，拜访这个野蛮部落的首领，试图让他停止掠夺意大利。
Whether they were successful or not doesn't much matter, because Attila died shortly thereafter of a brain hemorrhage.
他们是否成功并不重要，因为阿提拉不久后就因脑溢血去世了。
And with his charismatic leadership, the Huns came to an end as a military force.
在他的超凡领导下，匈奴作为军事力量的终结。
That is, with the end of his leadership, the Huns no longer had as imposing a military force and quickly disintegrated.
也就是说，随着他领导的结束，匈奴不再拥有那样强大的军事力量并迅速瓦解。
What's significant is that it's the pope who is taking over what we would think of as the Roman imperial responsibilities.
重要的是，教皇正在接管我们所认为的罗马帝国的职责。
And this will be a pattern, not only in the assertion of papal power, but in the way in which the Church starts to take over many of the roles abandoned by the empire.
这将成为一种模式，不仅体现在教皇权力的主张上，而且体现在教会开始接管许多被帝国放弃的角色的方式上。
After this, the barbarian generals, in effect, take charge.
此后，蛮族将军实际上就开始掌权了。
The Huns are defeated, but the other groups now pour into the empire.
匈奴被击败，但其他部落现在涌入帝国。
The Vandals have taken over North Africa by this time, by 430, cutting off the grain supply to Rome.
到了公元 430 年，汪达尔人已经占领了北非，切断了罗马的粮食供应。
They are unusual among the barbarian groups in that they have a navy.
他们在蛮族中很不寻常，因为他们拥有一支海军。
They know how to use boats, and indeed, they plunder the city of Rome in 455 in a sack that might have been worse than that of 410.
他们知道如何使用船只，事实上，他们在 455 年掠夺了罗马城，所用的麻袋可能比 410 年的还要糟糕。
By 470, the Visigoths control southern Gaul, what's now southern France; a group called the Suevi are in Spain; the Vandals in North Africa; a group called the Ostrogoths in what's now Hungary; the Angles and the Saxons in Britain.
到了 470 年，西哥特人控制了高卢南部，也就是现在的法国南部。西班牙有一个名为苏维维人的团体；北非的破坏者；一个叫做东哥特人的群体，位于现在的匈牙利；英国的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人。
All that effectively remained of the Western empire when Odovacer overthrew Romulus Augustulus was Italy.
当奥多瓦塞尔推翻罗慕路斯·奥古斯都鲁斯时，西方帝国实际上剩下的就是意大利。
And in 476, that's it.
476年，就是这样。
A little coda, however.
不过，还有一点尾声。
In 493, the Eastern emperor in Constantinople convinced the Ostrogoths to get out of Hungary, stop threatening the Eastern Empire, and take Italy from Odovacer.
493年，君士坦丁堡的东方皇帝说服东哥特人离开匈牙利，停止威胁东方帝国，并从奥多瓦塞尔手中夺取意大利。
Once again, the Eastern Empire is capable of deflecting barbarians into the west, because they're too strong.
东帝国再次有能力将野蛮人引向西方，因为他们太强大了。
So in 493, our friend Odovacer was overthrown by the Ostrogoths and their leader Theoderic.
因此，在 493 年，我们的朋友奥多瓦塞 (Odovacer) 被东哥特人和他们的领袖狄奥多里克 (Theodoric) 推翻。
So what's the impact of all of this?
那么这一切有什么影响呢？
On the ground, if you were looking around in 480s, 490s, you would see a kind of accommodation.
在地面上，如果你在480年代、490年代环顾四周，你会看到一种住宿。
The Roman elite accommodated themselves to, compromised with, negotiated with, their new rulers.
罗马精英顺应新统治者，与新统治者妥协、谈判。
So, for example, a member of a very wealthy Roman family, a man named Sidonius Apollinaris in southern France, was a bishop and a great landowner.
例如，法国南部一个非常富有的罗马家庭的成员，名叫西多尼乌斯·阿波利纳里斯 (Sidonius Apollinaris)，是一位主教和一位大地主。
And we have a lot of letters of his that tell us about his negotiations with the Visigothic king Euric.
我们有很多他的信件，告诉我们他与西哥特国王尤里克的谈判。
He found the Visigoths uncouth, hard to deal with, not knowledgeable of the Latin classics, but not very frightening, either.
他发现西哥特人粗鲁、难以相处、不懂拉丁经典，但也不是很可怕。
Not particularly formidable.
不是特别厉害。
So accommodation, improvisation.
所以住宿，即兴创作。
We have a saint's life that is a biography of a saint, a man named-- I'm sorry that I'm writing on the board so much today.
我们有一个圣人的一生，这是一个圣人的传记，一个名叫——我很抱歉今天在黑板上写了这么多。
Usually, as you know, I'm a little more in control.
通常，如你所知，我的控制力更强一些。
But these are great names.
但这些都是伟大的名字。
And some of them are good cats names or dog names, too.
其中一些也是好听的猫名或狗名。
Severinus of Noricum.
诺里库姆的塞维里努斯。
You know, “Stop scratching the furniture, Severinus.” That kind of thing.
你知道，“别再刮家具了，塞维里努斯。”那种事。
Severinus of Noricum.
诺里库姆的塞维里努斯。
A saint in what's now, more or less, Austria.
或多或少是现在奥地利的一位圣人。
His life tells us that he learned of the end of the Roman Empire this way:
他的一生告诉我们，他是这样了解到罗马帝国的灭亡的：
"At the time when the Roman Empire was still in existence, the soldiers of many towns were supported by public money to guard the frontier.
“当罗马帝国还存在的时候，很多城镇的士兵都是靠公款支持来守卫边疆的。
When this arrangement ceased, the military formations were dissolved, and the frontier vanished.
当这种安排停止时，军事阵型就解散了，边境也消失了。
The garrison of Passau, which is still a town in modern Bavaria, the garrison of Passau, however, still held out.
帕绍的驻军，仍然是现代巴伐利亚的一个城镇，然而，帕绍的驻军仍然坚守着。
Some of the men had gone to Italy to fetch for their comrades their last payment."
其中一些人前往意大利为他们的战友领取最后一笔付款。”
This resembles a corporation-- somebody, actually, was telling me yesterday they worked for Eastern Airlines, a company that went out of business in 1990.
这就像一家公司——实际上，昨天有人告诉我他们在东方航空公司工作，该公司于 1990 年倒闭。
And so sudden was the collapse of Eastern, even though it had been predicted, that she was a flight attendant and had to get on another airline in order to get home.
尽管早有预料，但东方航空的倒闭如此突然，以至于身为空姐的她不得不搭乘另一家航空公司才能回家。
She lived in New York; she was in Florida; Eastern ceased to exist.
她住在纽约；她在佛罗里达州；东方不复存在。
So these soldiers are in the same position.
所以这些士兵的处境都是一样的。
They want to get their last paycheck.
他们想要拿到最后的薪水。
They were never heard from again.
他们再也没有音讯。
Nobody knew that they, in fact, were killed by barbarians on the way.
没有人知道，他们实际上是在半路上被野蛮人杀死的。
"One day, when Saint Severinus was reading in his cell, he suddenly closed the book and began to sigh.
“有一天，当圣塞维里努斯在牢房里读书时，他突然合上书，开始叹息。
The river, he said, was now red with human blood.
他说，这条河现在被人血染红了。
At that moment the news arrived that the soldiers had been washed ashore by the current.”
就在那时，消息传来，士兵们被水流冲上岸了。”
Interestingly enough, he doesn't just stay in his cell and pray.
有趣的是，他不仅仅呆在牢房里祈祷。
He starts to organize this society.
他开始组织这个社团。
He is active, although some of it involves some miracles, in poor relief.
他很活跃，尽管其中有些涉及一些奇迹，但也很勉强。
He deals with the local barbarian king, the king of the Alamanni, remonstrates with him.
他与当地的蛮族国王打交道，阿拉曼尼国王向他进谏。
He helps in diverting Odovacer into Italy.
他帮助奥多瓦塞转移到意大利。
Again, like Pope Leo, we have a member of the church, and in this case somebody that you would think was a recluse, indeed had been living like a recluse, nevertheless taking over the responsibilities for a population abandoned by its civilian government.
再说一次，就像利奥教皇一样，我们有一位教会成员，在这种情况下，你会认为他是隐士，实际上他一直像隐士一样生活，但仍然承担着被文职政府抛弃的人民的责任。
That is then one of the forms of accommodation.
这就是住宿的形式之一。
Another aspect of this era, however, is decline.
然而，这个时代的另一个方面是衰落。
The urban population declines.
城市人口减少。
The society and economy experienced what Wickham euphemistically calls, “a radical material simplification”.
社会和经济经历了威克姆委婉地所说的“物质的彻底简化”。
The term he uses, I believe, on page 95 and 105.
我相信他在第 95 页和第 105 页使用了这个术语。
“Radical material simplification” means that your standard of living plummets.
“物质极度简化”意味着你的生活水平直线下降。
Cruder ceramics.
更粗的陶瓷。
Instead of that nice, north African red slip ware, you've got mud that you baked at home.
你用的不是那种漂亮的北非红泥瓷器，而是你在家烤的泥。
Fewer imports, no pepper.
进口量减少，没有胡椒。
More homemade, crude building materials.
更多自制的、粗糙的建筑材料。
Fewer luxury goods.
奢侈品越来越少。
The Vandal control of North Africa meant the end of the Roman wheat supply.
汪达尔人对北非的控制意味着罗马小麦供应的结束。
The countryside of Rome had not grown enough wheat to feed the city since 200 BC.
自公元前 200 年以来，罗马乡村就没有种植足够的小麦来养活这座城市。
So for 600 years, minimum, Rome was dependent on other sources of supply.
因此，至少有 600 年来，罗马一直依赖其他供应来源。
Southern Italy, Sicily, North Africa.
意大利南部、西西里岛、北非。
The moment the Vandals cut the supply, the city could no longer support its massive population, could not feed everybody.
一旦破坏者切断供应，这座城市就无法再支持其庞大的人口，无法养活所有人。
When you multiply this phenomenon, it's not a surprise that the city's decline in population, and that the society becomes more rural, more agricultural, more subsistent.
当你放大这种现象时，城市人口的下降、社会变得更加乡村化、更加农业化、更加自给自足也就不足为奇了。
And here's where I think Collins is naive to speak of merely a political decline.
我认为柯林斯仅仅谈论政治衰落是天真的。
Without a government and military structure, trade could not take place on the scale it had before.
如果没有政府和军事结构，贸易就不可能达到以前的规模。
And without that trade, cities could not survive.
如果没有这种贸易，城市就无法生存。
There is no denying a decline in culture, economy, and population.
文化、经济和人口的衰落是不可否认的。
Let's just look at Roman population figures, based on things like pork supply figures, public-- well, I mean, nobody took a census in Rome.
让我们看看罗马的人口数据，基于猪肉供应数据、公众——嗯，我的意思是，没有人在罗马进行人口普查。
We don't really know exactly how many people lived there at any given time.
我们确实不知道在任何特定时间有多少人住在那里。
But historians and archaeologists looking at things like food supply, public welfare payments, water delivery figures, for aqueducts, and the abandonment of houses and of building sites.
但历史学家和考古学家关注的是食品供应、公共福利支出、输水数据、渡槽、房屋和建筑工地的废弃等情况。
Probably in 5 BC, the Roman population was 800,000.
公元前5年，罗马人口大概有80万。
That would be a fairly conservative estimate.
这将是一个相当保守的估计。
Maybe as much as a million, but definitely 800,000.
也许有百万，但绝对是八十万。
5 BC.
公元前5年。
Yeah?
是的？
Professor Paul Freedman: Just the city of Rome.
保罗·弗里德曼教授：就是罗马市。
Yes, just the city of Rome.
是的，只是罗马城。
At the time of Constantine, sort of where we begin the course, more or less, in the early fourth century, the population had declined probably to 600,000.
在君士坦丁时代，也就是我们开始这个过程的地方，或多或少是在四世纪初，人口可能已经下降到 60 万。
After the sack of Rome in 419, probably 300,000 to 500,000.
419 年罗马被洗劫后，可能有 30 万到 50 万。
Obviously, these are very rough figures.
显然，这些都是非常粗略的数字。
But after the sack of Rome, more than half of the population that had existed in 5 BC is gone.
但罗马被洗劫后，公元前5年存在的人口一半以上消失了。
With the end of grain shipments from North Africa, we don't really know immediately.
随着北非谷物运输的结束，我们并不能立即得知具体情况。
We can estimate that by 590, there could not have been more than 150,000 people in Rome.
我们可以估计，到590年，罗马人口不会超过15万。
This is after not only the Vandals, but after a catastrophic war in Italy launched by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who we'll be talking about next week.
这不仅发生在汪达尔人之后，而且发生在拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼在意大利发动的灾难性战争之后，我们下周将讨论他。
In 800, on Christmas Day, Charlemagne was crowned in Saint Peter's in Rome as Roman Emperor by the pope, an act whose implications we will be exploring towards the end of the class.
800 年的圣诞节，查理曼大帝在罗马的圣彼得大教堂被教皇加冕为罗马皇帝，我们将在课程结束时探讨这一行为的含义。
On that day, Rome must've had maximum, maximum, most optimistic estimate, 30,000 people.
那天，罗马的人数最多、最多、最乐观地估计是三万人。
This does not necessarily mean that they were primitive, but they were living in the Coliseum, for example.
这并不一定意味着他们是原始人，但他们生活在竞技场中。
People built houses in there.
人们在那里盖房子。
They used the walls of the Coliseum as a fort.
他们使用竞技场的墙壁作为堡垒。
There is a certain Planet of the Apes quality, in fact.
事实上，《猩球崛起》有一定的品质。
Rome, still to this day, is filled with picturesque ruins, even though it is a city of two and a half, three million people.
直到今天，罗马仍然充满了风景如画的废墟，尽管它是一座拥有二百五十万人口的城市。
As I said, people were not necessarily aware of this change.
正如我所说，人们不一定意识到这种变化。
For example, lots of churches were built at this time, and some of them have mosaic pavements that have mottos about the grandeur of the Roman name, and the usual classical kind of mottos.
例如，当时建造了许多教堂，其中一些有马赛克路面，上面有关于罗马名字的宏伟的座右铭，以及通常的古典座右铭。
But then again, people often aren't aware of what's happening to them.
但话又说回来，人们常常不知道他们身上发生了什么。
I mean, what if somebody in the future points to the fact that New Haven, in 1920, had far more people living in it than it does now?
我的意思是，如果将来有人指出 1920 年纽黑文居住的人口比现在多得多怎么办？
New Haven lost a third of its population between 1950 and 1980.
1950 年至 1980 年间，纽黑文失去了三分之一的人口。
What if some future historian is scandalized at the fact that in order to get into Yale a hundred years ago you had to know Greek and Latin.
如果未来的历史学家对一百年前要想进入耶鲁大学就必须懂希腊语和拉丁语这一事实感到愤慨怎么办？
If you look at what those gentlemen C students had to study, or were responsible for, in say, 1925, it's extraordinary.
如果你看看那些 C 级学生先生们必须学习的内容，或者负责的内容，例如 1925 年，就会发现这是非同寻常的。
It's not very impressive in the sciences, but the decline of the humanities, if by decline we mean things like knowledge of classical literature, is stunning.
科学方面的情况并不令人印象深刻，但人文学科的衰落（如果我们所说的衰落指的是古典文学知识之类的东西）是令人震惊的。
Somebody may decide in a few hundred years that the Dark Ages began in about 1950.
几百年后，有人可能会断定黑暗时代始于 1950 年左右。
And that those pathetic people in, say, 2011 impressed with their little technological toys, nonetheless didn't know anything.
那些可悲的人们在 2011 年对他们的小科技玩具印象深刻，但他们却一无所知。
Now I don't actually believe that.
现在我其实并不相信这一点。
There are some people who do.
有些人这样做。
There's a philosopher at Notre Dame named Alasdair MacIntyre who really believes that the Dark Ages began a long time ago, and we simply don't know.
巴黎圣母院有一位名叫阿拉斯代尔·麦金泰尔的哲学家，他确实相信黑暗时代很久以前就开始了，而我们根本不知道。
We simply refuse to recognize this.
我们只是拒绝承认这一点。
I was impressed by an obituary for a man named Patrick Leigh Fermor, who died at the age of 96 earlier this year.
今年早些时候，帕特里克·利·费莫尔 (Patrick Leigh Fermor) 去世，享年 96 岁，他的讣告给我留下了深刻的印象。
This is the last of the great British characters of the twentieth century.
这是二十世纪最后一位伟大的英国人物。
He not only was classically trained, wrote a lot about Greece, lived in Greece, he, in World World II, disguised himself as a Greek shepherd in Crete, engineered the capture of a German general, and the delivery of that general after three weeks of hiking through the mountains of Crete to a British destroyer.
他不仅受过古典训练，写了很多关于希腊的文章，住在希腊，还在第二次世界大战中，他在克里特岛伪装成希腊牧羊人，策划抓获一名德国将军，并在徒步穿越克里特岛三周后将这位将军运送到英国驱逐舰上。
It's in a movie called Ill Met By Moonlight, if you ever want to check this out.
这是一部名为《月光下的我遇见》的电影，如果你想看的话。
Not a great movie, but—
不是一部伟大的电影，但是——
Patrick Leigh Fermor also wrote two books out of a projected three about walking from Holland to Constantinople or, Baghdad actually, I think, in the 1930s.
帕特里克·利·费莫尔 (Patrick Leigh Fermor) 还写了两本书（预计是 3 本书），内容是关于 20 世纪 30 年代从荷兰步行到君士坦丁堡，或者实际上是巴格达的故事。
But the obituary describes a conversation he had with this German general, whom he is trying to get across Crete.
但讣告描述了他与这位德国将军的一次谈话，他试图让这位德国将军穿越克里特岛。
And the general at one point, over some fire in the wilderness, quotes a line from Horace, the Roman poet, that then Patrick Leigh Fermor finishes is for him, and indeed, quotes the next two stanzas.
将军有一次在荒野中的篝火旁引用了罗马诗人贺拉斯的一句话，然后帕特里克·利·费莫尔为他完成了这句话，事实上，还引用了接下来的两节。
Well, that world is over.
好吧，那个世界已经结束了。
That world is over.
那个世界已经结束了。
I don't pretend to be part of that world, either.
我也不假装是那个世界的一部分。
And that's a world that would have existed in the time of Horace, or the years after Horace, who lives at the time of Augustus.
那是一个存在于贺拉斯时代的世界，或者是贺拉斯之后的几年，他生活在奥古斯都时代。
This would have existed in 300 A D.
这在公元 300 年就已经存在了。
It would have existed, at least, in a few monasteries in 800 AD.
公元 800 年，至少在一些修道院中，它就已经存在了。
It would have flourished in the Britain of the eighteenth and nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
它在十八世纪、十九世纪和二十世纪初的英国曾盛极一时。
So again, I don't think that civilization came to an end.
再说一遍，我不认为文明已经终结。
What came to an end was a civilization, a certain kind of society.
终结的是一种文明、某种社会。
It has some heirs, however, like all dead entities.
然而，就像所有死去的实体一样，它有一些继承人。
There are four heirs to the Roman Empire.
罗马帝国有四位继承人。
One is the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, which calls itself the Roman Empire.
一是拜占庭帝国，东罗马帝国，自称罗马帝国。
It doesn't call itself the Eastern, doesn't call itself the Byzantine, it calls itself the Roman Empire, even though it does so in Greek.
它不称自己为东方，不称自己为拜占庭，它称自己为罗马帝国，尽管它是用希腊语称呼自己的。
The second heir are the barbarian kings.
第二继承人是蛮族国王。
We'll be talking about them on Wednesday.
我们将在周三讨论它们。
They are attempting to prop up the remnants of Roman culture, civilization, and material society.
他们试图支撑罗马文化、文明和物质社会的残余。
The third heir in some ways, is Islam, which we meet in the seventh century, the century of its invention.
从某些方面来说，第三个继承人是伊斯兰教，我们在七世纪，即伊斯兰教发明的世纪遇到了伊斯兰教。
And the fourth heir is the Church.
第四位继承人是教会。
Even though the Church grew up in opposition to the Roman Empire, it will preserve Latin, cities, learning, classical civilization.
尽管教会是在反对罗马帝国的情况下成长起来的，但它将保留拉丁语、城市、学问和古典文明。
OK.
好的。
So barbarians on Wednesday.
所以星期三是野蛮人。