Zaian War (Wikipedia featured)

The Zaian (or Zayan) War was fought between France and the Zaian Confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco.

扎安（或扎扬）战争是 1914 年至 1921 年间法国征服摩洛哥期间，法国与摩洛哥柏柏尔部落扎安联盟之间爆发的战争。

Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Louis-Hubert Lyautey sought to extend French influence eastwards through the Middle Atlas mountains towards French Algeria.

1912 年，摩洛哥成为法国的保护国，驻地将军路易斯-休伯特·利奥泰 (Louis-Hubert Lyautey) 试图将法国的影响力向东延伸，穿过中阿特拉斯山脉，到达法属阿尔及利亚。

This was opposed by the Zaians, led by Mouha ou Hammou Zayani.

这遭到了穆哈·欧·哈穆·扎亚尼 (Mouha ou Hammou Zayani) 领导的扎伊安人的反对。

The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of Taza and Khénifra.

战争对法国人来说开局顺利，很快就占领了塔扎和海尼夫拉等重要城镇。

Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French, who responded by establishing groupes mobiles, combined arms formations that mixed regular and irregular infantry, cavalry and artillery into a single force.

尽管失去了海尼夫拉的基地，扎伊安人还是给法国人造成了惨重损失，法国人通过建立机动编队进行反击，这种混合兵种编队将正规和非正规步兵、骑兵和炮兵混合成一支部队。

The outbreak of the First World War proved significant, with the withdrawal of troops for service in France compounded by the loss of more than 600 French killed at the Battle of El Herri.

第一次世界大战的爆发意义重大，法国军队撤回法国服役，并在埃尔赫里战役中阵亡 600 多名法国人。

Lyautey reorganised his available forces into a "living barricade", consisting of outposts manned by his best troops protecting the perimeter of French territory with lower quality troops manning the rear-guard positions.

利奥泰将他的可用部队重组为“活的路障”，其中包括由他最好的部队守卫的前哨阵地，保护法国领土的周边，而素质较低的部队则负责守卫后方阵地。

Over the next four years the French retained most of their territory despite intelligence and financial support provided by the Central Powers to the Zaian Confederation and continual raids and skirmishes reducing scarce French manpower.

在接下来的四年里，尽管同盟国向扎伊安联邦提供了情报和财政支持，并且不断的袭击和小规模冲突减少了法国稀缺的人力，但法国仍然保留了大部分领土。

After the signing of the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to French rule.

1918 年 11 月与德国签署停战协定后，仍有大量部落成员反对法国统治。

The French resumed their offensive in the Khénifra area in 1920, establishing a series of blockhouses to limit the Zaians' freedom of movement.

1920 年，法国人恢复了对赫尼夫拉地区的攻势，建立了一系列碉堡来限制扎伊安人的行动自由。

They opened negotiations with Hammou's sons, persuading three of them, along with many of their followers, to submit to French rule.

他们与哈穆的儿子们展开谈判，说服其中三人以及他们的许多追随者屈服于法国的统治。

A split in the Zaian Confederation between those who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting and the death of Hammou in Spring 1921.

扎安联盟中支持投降者和仍然反对者之间的分裂导致了内讧，并于 1921 年春哈穆去世。

The French responded with a strong, three-pronged attack into the Middle Atlas that pacified the area.

法国人以三管齐下的方式对中阿特拉斯地区发起猛烈进攻，平定了该地区。

Some tribesmen, led by Moha ou Said, fled to the High Atlas and continued a guerrilla war against the French well into the 1930s.

一些部落成员在莫哈·乌·赛义德 (Moha ou Said) 的带领下逃往高阿特拉斯山脉，并继续与法国人进行游击战，直至 20 世纪 30 年代。

The signing of the Treaty of Fez in 1912 established a French protectorate over Morocco.

1912年《非斯条约》的签署建立了法国对摩洛哥的保护国。

The treaty had been prompted by the Agadir Crisis of 1911, during which French and Spanish troops had been sent to Morocco to put down a rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid.

该条约是由 1911 年阿加迪尔危机促成的，当时法国和西班牙军队被派往摩洛哥镇压针对苏丹阿卜杜勒哈菲德的叛乱。

The new French protectorate was led by a resident-general, Louis-Hubert Lyautey, and adopted the traditional Moroccan way of governing through the tribal system.

新的法国保护国由常驻将军路易斯-休伯特·利奥泰领导，并采用摩洛哥传统的部落制度进行治理。

Upon taking up his post Lyautey replaced Abdelhafid with his brother, Yusef.

利奥泰上任后，用他的兄弟尤瑟夫取代了阿卜杜勒哈菲德。

The tribes took offence at this, installing their own Sultan, Ahmed al-Hiba, in Marrakesh and taking eight Europeans captive.

这些部落对此感到愤怒，在马拉喀什任命了自己的苏丹艾哈迈德·希巴，并俘虏了八名欧洲人。

Lyautey acted quickly against the revolt, dispatching General Charles Mangin and 5,000 troops to retake the town.

利奥泰迅速采取行动镇压叛乱，派遣查尔斯·曼金将军和 5,000 名士兵重新夺回该镇。

Mangin's men were highly successful, rescuing the captives and inflicting heavy casualties on vastly superior numbers of tribesmen for the loss of 2 men killed and 23 wounded.

曼金的士兵非常成功，解救了俘虏，并给大量部落成员造成了重大伤亡，造成 2 人阵亡、23 人受伤。

Al-Hiba escaped to the Atlas mountains with a small number of his followers and opposed French rule until his death in 1919.

希巴 (Al-Hiba) 与少数追随者逃到阿特拉斯山脉，反对法国统治，直至 1919 年去世。

A popular idea among the public in France was to possess an unbroken stretch of territory from Tunis to the Atlantic Ocean, including expansion into the "Taza corridor" in the Moroccan interior.

法国公众的一个流行想法是拥有从突尼斯到大西洋的不间断领土，包括扩展到摩洛哥内陆的“塔扎走廊”。

Lyautey was in favour of this and advocated French occupation of the Middle Atlas mountains near Taza, through peaceful means where possible.

利奥泰对此表示支持，并主张法国尽可能通过和平手段占领塔扎附近的中阿特拉斯山脉。

This French expansion into the Middle Atlas was strongly opposed by the "powerful Berber trinity" of Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, leader of the Zaian Confederation; Moha ou Said, leader of the Aït Ouirra; and Ali Amhaouch, a religious leader of the Darqawa variant of Islam prevalent in the region.

法国向中阿特拉斯地区的扩张遭到扎安联盟领导人穆哈·欧·哈穆·扎亚尼“强大的柏柏尔三人组”的强烈反对。莫哈·乌·赛义德 (Moha ou Said)，Aït Ouirra 领导人；阿里·阿姆豪什 (Ali Amhaouch)，该地区盛行的伊斯兰教达尔卡瓦派的宗教领袖。

Hammou commanded between 4,000 and 4,200 tents of people and had led the Zaians since 1877, opposing the French since the start of their involvement in Morocco.

哈穆指挥着 4,000 至 4,200 个帐篷，自 1877 年以来一直领导扎伊安人，自法国人开始介入摩洛哥以来就一直与他们作对。

An enemy of the French following their deposing of Sultan Abdelhafid, who was married to Hammou's daughter, he had declared a holy war against them and intensified his tribe's attacks on pro-French (or "submitted") tribes and military convoys.

在法国废黜与哈穆女儿结婚的苏丹阿卜杜勒哈菲德后，他成为法国人的敌人，他向法国人宣战圣战，并加强了他的部落对亲法国（或“顺从”）部落和军事车队的攻击。

Said was an old man, who was held in good standing by tribesmen across the region and had formerly been a caïd (a local governor with almost absolute power) for the Moroccan government, even serving in the army of Sultan Abdelaziz against a pretender at Taza in 1902.

赛义德是一位老人，在整个地区的部落成员中享有良好的声誉，曾担任摩洛哥政府的 caïd（几乎拥有绝对权力的地方总督），甚至曾在 1902 年在苏丹阿卜杜拉齐兹的军队中服役，对抗塔扎的觊觎者。

Despite initially being open to negotiations with the French, pressure from pro-war chiefs and the fear of ridicule from his tribesmen had dissuaded him.

尽管最初对与法国人谈判持开放态度，但来自亲战酋长的压力和担心部落成员嘲笑的恐惧阻止了他。

Amhaouch was a strong and influential man, described by French officer and explorer René de Segonzac as one of the "great spiritual leaders of Morocco" and the "most powerful religious personality of the south east".

阿姆豪什是一位坚强而有影响力的人，被法国军官兼探险家雷内·德·塞贡扎克描述为“摩洛哥伟大的精神领袖”和“东南部最强大的宗教人物”之一。

The French had attempted to persuade the Zaians to submit since 1913 with little success; most tribes in the confederation remained opposed to French rule.

自 1913 年以来，法国人一直试图说服扎伊安人屈服，但收效甚微。联邦中的大多数部落仍然反对法国的统治。

Lyautey's plans for taking Taza also extended to capturing Khénifra, Hammou's headquarters.

利奥泰夺取塔扎的计划还包括占领哈穆的总部海尼夫拉。

He had been advised by his political officer, Maurice Le Glay that doing so would "finish him off definitively" and cut the Zaians off from support of other tribes.

他的政治官员莫里斯·勒格莱（Maurice Le Glay）告诉他，这样做将“彻底消灭他”，并切断扎伊安人对其他部落的支持。

The French outpost at nearby Kasbah Tadla had recently been attacked by Said and subsequent peace negotiations led by Lyautey's head of intelligence, Colonel Henri Simon, had achieved little.

位于附近的塔德拉堡的法国前哨最近遭到萨义德的袭击，随后利奥泰情报主管亨利·西蒙上校领导的和平谈判收效甚微。

As a result, Mangin was authorised to lead a retaliatory raid to Said's camp at El Ksiba but, despite inflicting heavy casualties, was forced to withdraw with the loss of 60 killed, 150 wounded and much equipment abandoned.

结果，曼金被授权对赛义德在埃尔克西巴的营地发动报复性突袭，但尽管造成了大量人员伤亡，但还是被迫撤退，造成 60 人死亡、150 人受伤，大量装备被遗弃。

Having failed to make any impression on the Zaians through negotiation in May 1914, Lyautey authorised General Paul Prosper Henrys to take command of all French troops in the area and launch an attack on Taza and Khénifra.

1914 年 5 月，利奥泰通过谈判未能给扎伊安人留下任何印象，因此授权保罗·普洛斯珀·亨利将军指挥该地区的所有法军，并向塔扎和赫尼夫拉发动进攻。

Henrys captured Taza within a few days using units drawn from garrisons in Fez, Meknes, Rabat and Marrakesh and then turned his attention to Khénifra.

亨利斯在几天内使用从非斯、梅克内斯、拉巴特和马拉喀什驻军抽调的部队占领了塔扎，然后将注意力转向赫尼夫拉。

Henrys planned his assault on Khénifra to begin on 10 June 1914 with the dispatch of three columns of troops, totalling 14,000 men equipped with wireless radios and supported by reconnaissance aircraft.

亨利计划于 1914 年 6 月 10 日开始进攻赫尼夫拉，派遣三支部队，共计 14,000 人，配备无线电设备并得到侦察机的支援。

One column was to set out from Meknes under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Henri Claudel, another from Rabat under Lieutenant-Colonel Gaston Cros and the third from Kasbah Tadla under Colonel Noël Garnier-Duplessix.

其中一支纵队由亨利·克洛德尔中校指挥从梅克内斯出发，另一支纵队由加斯顿·克罗斯中校指挥从拉巴特出发，第三支纵队由诺埃尔·加尼尔-杜普莱西克斯上校指挥从塔德拉堡出发。

Henrys took overall command, directing the forces from an armoured car within the Claudel column.

亨利斯全面指挥，在克洛代尔纵队内的一辆装甲车上指挥部队。

Aware that he knew little of the terrain or the allegiance of local tribes Henrys offered a generous set of terms for tribesmen who submitted to French rule: they would have to surrender only their rapid firing rifles and any captured French supplies, and pay a small tax in return for protection.

意识到自己对地形或当地部落的效忠知之甚少，亨利斯为屈服于法国统治的部落成员提出了一系列慷慨的条件：他们只需交出快速射击的步枪和任何缴获的法国补给品，并缴纳少量税以换取保护。

He also set aside substantial funds to bribe informants and tribal leaders.

他还拨出大量资金贿赂线人和部落领袖。

Despite these measures, Claudel's column came under attack before it even left Meknes, although it was the largest and intended as a diversion.

尽管采取了这些措施，克洛代尔的纵队在离开梅克内斯之前就受到了攻击，尽管这是最大的纵队，并且是为了转移注意力。

Hammou's forces attacked their camp on three separate nights, inflicting losses of at least one officer and four men killed and nineteen injured, but leaving the other two columns unopposed.

哈穆的部队在三个不同的夜晚袭击了他们的营地，造成至少一名军官和四名男子死亡，十九人受伤，但其他两支纵队没有受到抵抗。

Claudel launched a counterattack on 10 June while Hammou was preparing a fourth attack, sweeping the Zaians away with artillery and ensuring little resistance for his march to Khénifra on the next day.

6 月 10 日，当哈穆准备第四次进攻时，克洛代尔发动了反击，用大炮扫除了扎伊安人，并确保他第二天向赫尼夫拉进军时几乎没有遇到抵抗。

After enduring some sniping attacks in Teguet, Claudel's cavalry crossed the Oum er Rbia at el Bordj and advanced to the outskirts of Khénifra.

在特盖经受了几次狙击后，克洛代尔的骑兵在博尔吉越过乌姆埃尔比亚河，向赫尼夫拉郊区挺进。

The rest of the column joined them on 12 June, fighting off Zaian attacks on the way and meeting up with the other two columns, finding the town emptied of people and raising the French flag.

纵队的其余成员于 6 月 12 日加入了他们，途中击退了扎伊安的进攻，并与另外两支纵队会合，发现小镇上空无一人，于是升起了法国国旗。

The column had lost two men killed in the march.

该纵队有两人在行军中阵亡。

The columns experienced repeated, strong attacks by Zaian tribesmen that day, repelled by late afternoon at the cost of five men killed and nineteen wounded.

当天，纵队多次遭到扎安部落成员的猛烈攻击，下午晚些时候被击退，造成五人死亡、十九人受伤。

Further attacks on the nights of 14 and 15 June were repulsed by artillery and machine gun fire, directed by searchlights.

6 月 14 日至 15 日夜间，进一步的攻击被探照灯引导的大炮和机枪火力击退。

Henrys then dispatched two columns south to the Zaian stronghold of Adersan to burn houses, proving his military abilities but not provoking a decisive confrontation with the tribes, who returned to guerrilla warfare tactics.

亨利斯随后派遣两支纵队向南前往扎伊安要塞阿德桑烧毁房屋，证明了他的军事能力，但没有引发与部落的决定性对抗，部落又恢复了游击战战术。

In response all French-controlled markets were closed to the Zaians and their trade convoys were intercepted.

作为回应，所有法国控制的市场都对扎安人关闭，他们的贸易车队也被拦截。

Henrys became aware of a Zaian presence at el Bordj and sent a column to attack them on 31 June.

亨利斯意识到扎伊安在博尔吉的存在，并于 6 月 31 日派出一支纵队攻击他们。

South of el Bordj the French came under heavy fire from tribesmen with modern rifles and resorted to bayonet charges to clear the way.

在博尔吉以南，法军遭到部落成员携带现代步枪的猛烈火力攻击，法军不得不用刺刀冲锋来扫清道路。

The encounter was Henrys' first major engagement with the Zaians and his losses were high, 1 officer and 16 men killed and a further 2 officers and 75 men wounded.

这次遭遇是亨利与扎伊安人的第一次重大交战，他的损失惨重，有 1 名军官和 16 名士兵阵亡，另有 2 名军官和 75 名士兵受伤。

Zaian losses were much higher: the French counted at least 140 dead remaining on the battlefield, and considered the battle a victory.

扎安的损失要高得多：法军统计战场上至少有 140 人死亡，并认为这场战斗取得了胜利。

Henrys expected a pause in activity while the Zaians recovered, but instead Hammou stepped up attacks on the French.

亨利预计在扎伊安人康复期间活动会暂停，但哈穆却加强​​了对法国人的攻击。

Just four days later an attack on a French convoy by 500 mounted tribesmen was only repulsed after several hours by more bayonet charges.

仅仅四天后，500 名骑马的部落成员对法国车队发起了攻击，几个小时后才被更多的刺刀冲锋击退。

French losses were again significant with one officer and ten men killed and thirty men wounded.

法军损失再次惨重，一名军官和十名士兵阵亡，三十人受伤。

In light of the increased attacks in the Khénifra area Henrys established three groupes mobiles, made up of troops mostly drawn from the Army of Africa.

鉴于海尼夫拉地区袭击事件的增加，亨利建立了三个机动小组，其部队大部分来自非洲陆军。

Each groupe was designed to be highly mobile and typically consisted of several battalions of regular infantry (Algerian and Senegalese Tirailleurs or French Foreign Legion troops), a squadron of cavalry (Algerian Spahis), a few batteries of artillery (field or mountain), a section of Hotchkiss machine guns and a mule train for supplies under the overall leadership of a French senior officer.

每个大队都被设计成具有高度机动性，通常由几个营的正规步兵（阿尔及利亚和塞内加尔的Tirailleurs或法国外籍军团部队）、一个骑兵中队（阿尔及利亚的Spahis）、几个炮兵连（野战或山地）、一组霍奇基斯机枪和一个在法国高级军官的总体领导下负责补给的骡车组成。

In addition each groupe mobile would have one or two goums (informal groups of around 200 men) of goumiers, irregular tribal auxiliaries, under the leadership of a French intelligence officer.

此外，每个机动小组都会有一两个由古米耶（goumiers）组成的“goum”（大约 200 人的非正式小组），这些古米耶是非正规部落辅助人员，由一名法国情报官员领导。

The goums were used for intelligence gathering operations and in areas of difficult terrain.

这些古姆用于情报收集行动和地形复杂的地区。

A four-battalion-strong groupe mobile was established at Khénifra, under Lieutenant-Colonel René Laverdure; one based to the west under Claudel and one to the east under Garnier-Duplessix.

在赫尼夫拉建立了一个由四个营组成的机动小组，由雷内·拉弗杜尔中校领导；一座位于西部，由克洛岱尔领导，另一座位于东部，由卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯领导。

In addition fortified posts were established at M'Rirt and Sidi Lamine with the areas between patrolled by goumiers to protect convoys and submitted tribes from attack.

此外，在姆里特和西迪拉明建立了防御哨所，其间的地区由古米尔人巡逻，以保护车队和臣民部落免受攻击。

Increasing attacks on Khénifra throughout July, repelled only by concentrated artillery and machine gun fire, left Henrys concerned that a combined force of tribesmen could threaten the town and the submitted tribes.

整个七月，对赫尼夫拉的攻击不断增加，仅靠集中火炮和机枪火力击退，这让亨利担心部落成员的联合部队可能会威胁该镇和屈服的部落。

This fear was partially allayed by the separate defeats of Hammou and Amhaouch by the groupes mobiles of Claudel and Garnier-Duplessix and by increasing numbers of auxiliaries becoming available from newly submitted tribes through the levy system.

克洛代尔和卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯的机动部队分别击败哈穆和阿姆豪什，以及通过征兵制度从新提交的部落中获得越来越多的辅助人员，部分缓解了这种恐惧。

Claudel and Garnier-Duplessix were ordered to patrol the French bank of the Oum er Rbia and attempt to separate the Zaians from the Chleuh to the south while Henrys planned for an advance through the Middle Atlas to the Guigou River.

克洛岱尔和卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯奉命在法国乌姆尔比亚河岸巡逻，并试图将扎伊安人与南部的奇洛河分开，而亨利则计划穿过中阿特拉斯山脉向吉古河推进。

These operations were halted by the reduction in forces imposed on him by the outbreak of the First World War in Europe.

由于第一次世界大战在欧洲爆发，他的兵力减少，这些行动被迫停止。

Lyautey received orders from Army headquarters in Paris on 28 July 1914 the day the First World War began, requesting the dispatch of all available troops to France in anticipation of a German invasion and the withdrawal of his remaining forces to more defensible coastal enclaves.

1914 年 7 月 28 日，第一次世界大战爆发当天，利奥泰接到巴黎陆军总部的命令，要求派遣所有可用部队前往法国，以应对德国入侵，并将剩余部队撤至更易防御的沿海飞地。

The French government justified this stance by stating that the "fate of Morocco will be determined in Lorraine".

法国政府声称“摩洛哥的命运将在洛林决定”，以此证明这一立场。

Lyautey, who had lost most of his own possessions when his house in Crévic had been burnt to the ground by advancing German forces, was keen to support the defence of France and within a month had sent 37 infantry and cavalry battalions and six artillery batteries to the Western Front – more than had been requested of him.

利奥泰在克雷维克的房屋被先进的德军烧毁后，失去了大部分财产，他热衷于支持法国的防御，并在一个月内向西线派遣了 37 个步兵营和骑兵营以及 6 个炮兵连 — — 数量超过了他的要求。

A further 35,000 Moroccan labourers were recruited by Lyautey over the course of the war for service in France.

战争期间，利奥泰又招募了 35,000 名摩洛哥劳工到法国服役。

Nevertheless, Lyautey did not wish to abandon the inland territory his men had fought so hard for, stating that if he withdrew "such a shock would result immediately all over Morocco ...

尽管如此，利奥泰并不希望放弃他的部下为之奋斗的内陆领土，他表示，如果他撤军，“将立即在摩洛哥各地引起如此震惊......

that a general revolt would arise under our feet, on all our points".

在我们的脚下，在我们所有的观点上都会出现普遍的反抗”。

Left with just 20 battalions of legionnaires (mainly German and Austrian), military criminals of the Infanterie Légère d'Afrique, territorial reservists, Senegalese Tirailleurs and goumiers, he switched from the offensive to a long-term strategy of "active defence".

他只剩下20个营的军团士兵（主要是德国和奥地利人）、非洲步兵团的军事罪犯、领土预备役人员、塞内加尔的提拉勒人和古米尔人，他从进攻转向了“积极防御”的长期战略。

Lyautey withdrew all non-essential personnel from his rear garrisons, brought in elderly reservists from France and issued weapons and elements of military dress to civilians in an attempt to convince the tribes that the French army in Morocco was as strong as before.

利奥泰从后方驻军撤出了所有非必要人员，从法国引进了老年预备役军人，并向平民发放了武器和军装，试图让部落相信，在摩洛哥的法国军队和以前一样强大。

Lyautey referred to this move as similar to hollowing out a lobster while leaving the shell intact.

利奥蒂称这一举动类似于挖空龙虾，但保持壳完好无损。

His plan depended on holding a "living barricade" of French outposts running from Taza in the north through Khenifra, Kasbah Tadla and Marrakesh to Agadir on the Atlantic coast.

他的计划取决于建立一个由法国前哨基地组成的“活路障”，从北部的塔扎穿过海尼夫拉、塔德拉古堡和马拉喀什，一直到大西洋沿岸的阿加迪尔。

Lyautey and Henrys intended to hold the Berbers in their current positions until they had sufficient resources to return to the offensive.

利奥泰和亨利打算让柏柏尔人保持在目前的位置，直到他们有足够的资源重新发起进攻。

The recent French advances and troop withdrawals had left Khénifra badly exposed and from 4 August – the day two battalions of infantry left the garrison for France – the Zaian tribes launched a month-long attack on the town, supply convoys and withdrawing French troops "without interruption".

法国最近的进攻和撤军使赫尼夫拉严重暴露在外，从 8 月 4 日（两个营的步兵离开驻军前往法国的那一天）起，扎伊安部落对该镇发动了长达一个月的攻击，“不间断”地运送补给车队并撤出法国军队。

Lyautey was determined to hold Khénifra to use as a bridgehead for further expansion of French territory and referred to it as a bastion against the "hostile Berber masses" upon which the "maintenance of [his] occupation" depended.

利奥泰决心将海尼夫拉作为进一步扩张法国领土的桥头堡，并将其称为对抗“敌对的柏柏尔群众”的堡垒，“[他的]占领的维持”依赖于此。

Attacks on Khénifra threatened the vital communication corridor between French forces in Morocco and those in Algeria.

对赫尼夫拉的袭击威胁到驻摩洛哥的法国军队与驻阿尔及利亚的法国军队之间的重要通讯走廊。

To relieve pressure on the town, Claudel and Garnier-Duplessix's groupes mobiles engaged Hammou and Amhaouch's forces at Mahajibat, Bou Moussa and Bou Arar on 19, 20 and 21 August, inflicting "considerable losses".

为了缓解该镇的压力，克洛代尔和卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯的机动小组于8月19日、20日和21日在马哈吉巴特、布穆萨和布阿拉尔与哈穆和阿姆豪什的部队交战，造成“相当大的损失”。

This, combined with the reinforcement of Khenifra on 1 September, led to reduced attacks, decreasing to a state of "armed peace" by November.

再加上 9 月 1 日对海尼夫拉的增援，导致袭击减少，到 11 月降至“武装和平”状态。

Henrys began to move towards a more offensive posture, ordering mobile columns to circulate through the Middle Atlas and mounted companies to patrol the plains.

亨利开始采取更具进攻性的姿态，命令机动纵队在中阿特拉斯地区循环，并以骑兵连在平原上巡逻。

This was part of his plan to maintain pressure on Hammou, who he considered to be the linchpin of the "artificial" Zaian Confederation and responsible for their continued resistance.

这是他对哈穆保持压力的计划的一部分，他认为哈穆是“人造”扎安联盟的关键人物，并对他们的持续抵抗负有责任。

Henrys was counting on the onset of winter to force the Zaians from the mountains to their lowland pastures where they could be confronted or persuaded to surrender.

亨利斯指望冬季到来，迫使扎伊安人从山区迁往低地牧场，在那里他们可以对抗或说服他们投降。

In some cases the war assisted Lyautey, allowing him a freer hand in his overall strategy, greater access to finance and the use of at least 8,000 German prisoners of war to construct essential infrastructure.

在某些情况下，战争为利奥泰提供了帮助，使他能够更自由地制定总体战略，获得更多资金，并使用至少 8,000 名德国战俘来建设重要的基础设施。

In addition the increased national pride led many middle-aged French immigrants in Morocco to enlist in the army and, though they were of poor fighting quality, Lyautey was able to use these men to maintain the appearance of a large force under his command.

此外，民族自豪感的增强使得许多在摩洛哥的中年法国移民纷纷参军，尽管他们的战斗素质较差，但利奥泰却能够利用这些人来维持麾下大部队的形象。

When Henrys had successfully repulsed the attacks on Khénifra, he believed he had the upper hand, having proven that the reduced French forces could resist the tribesmen.

当亨利成功击退对赫尼夫拉的进攻时，他相信自己占据了上风，因为他证明了被削弱的法国军队可以抵抗部落成员。

The Zaians were now contained within a triangle formed by the Oum er Rbia River, the Serrou River and the Atlas Mountains, and were already in dispute with neighbouring tribes over the best wintering land.

扎伊安人现在被包围在乌姆尔比亚河、塞鲁河和阿特拉斯山脉形成的三角形内，并且已经与邻近部落争夺最好的越冬地。

Hammou decided to winter at the small village of El Herri, 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Khénifra, and established a camp of around 100 tents there.

Hammou 决定在距离赫尼夫拉 15 公里（9 英里）的 El Herri 小村庄过冬，并在那里搭建了一个由约 100 个帐篷组成的营地。

Hammou had been promised peace talks by the French, and Lyautey twice refused Laverdure permission to attack him and ordered him to remain on the French bank of the Oum er Rbia.

法国人曾许诺和哈穆进行和平谈判，而利奥泰两次拒绝拉弗杜尔攻击他的许可，并命令他留在法国的乌姆尔比亚河岸。

On 13 November Laverdure decided to disobey these orders and marched to El Herri with almost his entire force, some 43 officers and 1,187 men with supporting artillery and machine guns.

11 月 13 日，拉弗杜尔决定违抗这些命令，率领几乎全部部队（约 43 名军官和 1,187 名士兵）向埃尔赫里进军，并配备火炮和机关枪。

This amounted to less than half the force he had in September, when he had last been refused permission to attack.

这还不到他九月时所拥有的兵力的一半，当时他上次被拒绝发动攻击。

Laverdure's force surprised the Zaian camp, mostly empty of fighting men, at dawn.

黎明时分，拉弗杜尔的部队让扎安营地大吃一惊，那里几乎没有战斗人员。

A French cavalry charge, followed up with infantry, successfully cleared the camp.

法军骑兵冲锋，随后是步兵，成功清理了营地。

After capturing two of Hammou's wives and looting the tents the French started back for Khénifra.

在俘虏了哈穆的两个妻子并洗劫了帐篷后，法国人开始返回海尼夫拉。

The Zaians and other local tribes, eventually numbering 5,000 men, began to converge on the French column and began harassing its flanks and rear.

扎伊安人和其他当地部落最终人数达到 5,000 人，开始向法军纵队集结，并开始骚扰其侧翼和后方。

The French artillery proved ineffective against dispersed skirmishers and at the Chbouka river the rearguard and gun batteries found themselves cut off and overrun.

事实证明，法国炮兵对分散的散兵无效，在Chbouka河，后卫和炮台发现自己被切断并被占领。

Laverdure detached a small column of troops to take his wounded to Khénifra, remaining behind with the rest of the force.

拉弗杜尔派出一小队部队将伤员送往赫尼夫拉，并与其他部队留在后面。

Laverdure's remaining troops were surrounded by the Zaians and were wiped out by a mass attack of "several thousand" tribesmen.

拉弗杜尔的剩余部队被扎伊安人包围，并在“数千”部落成员的大规模攻击中全军覆没。

The wounded and their escort reached Khenifra safely by noon, narrowly outpacing their pursuers, who had stopped to loot the French dead.

中午时分，伤员及其护送人员安全抵达海尼夫拉，以微弱优势超过了停下来抢劫法国死者的追击者。

This force of 431 able-bodied men and 176 wounded were the only French survivors of the battle.

这支由 431 名壮士和 176 名伤员组成的部队是这场战斗中唯一的法国幸存者。

The French lost 623 men on the battlefield, while 182 Zaian were killed.

法军在战场上阵亡 623 人，扎安 182 人阵亡。

The French troops also lost 4 machine guns, 630 small arms, 62 horses, 56 mules, all of their artillery and camping equipment and much of their personal belongings.

法军还损失了 4 挺机枪、630 支轻武器、62 匹马、56 匹骡子、所有火炮和露营设备以及大部分个人物品。

The loss of the column at El Herri, the bloodiest defeat of a French force in Morocco, left Khénifra almost undefended.

埃尔赫里纵队的损失是法国军队在摩洛哥最血腥的失败，使得赫尼夫拉几乎失去了防御。

The senior garrison officer, Captain Pierre Kroll, had just three companies of men to protect the town.

高级驻军军官皮埃尔·克罗尔上尉只派了三个连的人来保护这座城镇。

He managed to inform Lyautey and Henrys of the situation by telegraph before the town came under siege from the Zaians.

在该镇遭到扎伊安人的围攻之前，他设法通过电报将情况告知了利奥蒂和亨利斯。

Henrys determined to act quickly against the Zaians to prevent Laverdure's defeat from jeopardising the French presence in Morocco, dispatching Garnier-Duplessix's groupe mobile to Khénifra and forming another groupe in support at Ito under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Dérigoin.

亨利决定迅速对扎伊安人采取行动，以防止拉弗杜尔的失败危及法国在摩洛哥的存在，他派遣卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯的机动小组前往赫尼夫拉，并在约瑟夫·德里贡中校的领导下在伊藤组建了另一个小组以支援。

Garnier-Duplessix fought his way to the town, relieved it on 16 November, and was joined by Henrys shortly afterwards.

卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯奋力杀入该镇，并于 11 月 16 日解救该镇，不久之后亨利斯也加入了该镇。

The 6th battalion of the 2nd French Foreign Legion Regiment also reached the town, having fought off Zaian attacks during their march from M'Rirt.

法国外籍军团第 2 团第 6 营在从姆里特出发期间击退了扎伊安的袭击，也抵达该镇。

Henrys led excursions from Khénifra to El Herri as a show of force and to bury their dead, some of whom had been taken as trophies by Hammou to encourage support from other tribes.

亨利带领人们从赫尼夫拉前往埃尔赫里，以展示武力并埋葬他们的死者，其中一些死者被哈穆当作战利品，以鼓励其他部落的支持。

The Zaian victory at El Herri, combined with slow French progress on the Western Front and the siding of the Muslim Ottoman Empire with the Central Powers, led to an increase in recruits for the tribes and greater co-operation between Hammou, Amhaouch and Said.

扎伊安在埃尔赫里的胜利，加上法国在西线进展缓慢，以及穆斯林奥斯曼帝国与同盟国的倒向，导致各部落的新兵增加，哈穆、阿姆豪什和赛义德之间的合作也更加密切。

To counter this Henrys undertook a reorganisation of his forces, forming three military districts centred on Fez, Meknes and Tadla-Zaian (the Khénifra region), the latter under the command of Garnier-Duplessix.

为了应对这种情况，亨利对其军队进行了重组，形成了以非斯、梅克内斯和塔德拉-扎伊安（赫尼夫拉地区）为中心的三个军区，后者由卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯指挥。

Henrys aimed to maintain pressure on Hammou through an economic blockade and the closure of markets to unsubmitted tribes.

亨利斯旨在通过经济封锁和对不服从的部落关闭市场来维持对哈穆的压力。

He imposed a war penalty, in the form of money, horses and rifles, on submitting tribes, believing that their submission would last only if they paid for it.

他对臣服的部落施加了战争惩罚，以金钱、马匹和步枪的形式，相信只有付出代价，他们的臣服才会持续。

Few tribes took up Henrys' offer and the Zaians continued to cross the Rbia and attack French patrols.

很少有部落接受亨利的提议，扎伊安人继续越过拉比亚河攻击法国巡逻队。

The French returned to the offensive in March with Dérigoin's group sweeping along the French bank of the Rbia, north of Khénifra, and Garnier-Duplessix the left.

法军于三月恢复进攻，德里贡的部队沿着赫尼夫拉以北的法国河岸横扫，加尼耶-杜普莱西克斯则扫荡左翼。

Dérigoin faced and drove off only a small Zaian force, but Garnier-Duplessix faced a more significant force – his troops were almost overrun by a large mounted group but managed to repulse them, inflicting "serious losses" in return for French casualties of one man killed and eight wounded.

德里冈只面对并击退了扎伊安的一小支部队，但卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯面对的是一支更重要的部队——他的部队几乎被一大群骑兵压倒，但他成功击退了他们，造成了“严重损失”，法军伤亡惨重，一人阵亡，八人受伤。

Garnier-Duplessix crossed the Rbia again in May to confiscate crops, and was attacked there by a force of 4–5,000 tribesmen at Sidi Sliman, near Kasbah Tadla.

卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯 (Garnier-Duplessix) 于 5 月再次越过拉比亚 (Rbia) 没收农作物，并在塔德拉古堡 (Kasbah Tadla) 附近的西迪斯利曼 (Sidi Sliman) 遭到 4-5,000 名部落成员的袭击。

He repulsed them with artillery and counterattacked successfully over the course of a two-day engagement, killing 300 of the attackers and wounding 400 at the cost of 3 French dead and 5 wounded.

他用大炮击退了他们，并在两天的交战中成功反击，杀死了 300 名袭击者，打伤了 400 人，造成 3 名法国人死亡、5 人受伤。

This victory restored the image of French superiority and led to an increase in tribal submissions, the withdrawal of Said's forces further into the mountains and a six-month period of relative peace.

这场胜利恢复了法国的优越形象，导致部落屈服的增加，萨义德的军队进一步撤退到山区，并带来了六个月的相对和平时期。

In recognition of this Garnier-Duplessix was promoted to major-general.

为了表彰这一点，卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯被晋升为少将。

The peace was broken on 11 November 1915 by an attack on a supply convoy headed for Khénifra by 1,200–1,500 Zaians and allied tribesmen.

1915 年 11 月 11 日，1,200 至 1,500 名扎伊安人和同盟部落成员袭击了前往赫尼夫拉的补给车队，打破了和平。

The Moroccans pressed to within 50 metres (55 yards) of the French, and Garnier-Duplessix, in command of the convoy, was forced to resort to the bayonet to push them back.

摩洛哥人逼近法军 50 米（55 码）的距离，指挥车队的卡尼尔-杜普莱西克斯被迫使用刺刀将法军击退。

French casualties amounted to just 3 killed and 22 wounded but Henrys was concerned by the influence that Hammou continued to hold over other Berber tribes.

法国人的伤亡仅为 3 人死亡、22 人受伤，但亨利斯担心哈穆继续对其他柏柏尔部落产生影响。

In retaliation Henrys took both groupes mobiles across the Rbia and bombarded the Zaian camp, inflicting casualties but making little impression on their will to fight.

作为报复，亨利斯带着两个小组的机动车辆穿过拉比亚，轰炸了扎伊安营地，造成人员伤亡，但对他们的战斗意志没有产生任何影响。

The Zaians recrossed the Rbia in January 1916, camping in French territory and raiding the submitted tribes.

1916 年 1 月，扎伊安人再次越过拉比亚，在法国境内扎营，并袭击了屈服的部落。

Feeling that his communications with Taza were threatened Henrys withdrew his groupes to the Khénifra area, both of them coming under attack en route.

亨利感到他与塔扎的通讯受到威胁，将他的部队撤回海尼夫拉地区，两人在途中都受到攻击。

At M'Rirt a sizeable Zaian attack was repulsed with 200 casualties but the French suffered the loss of one officer and 24 men killed and 56 wounded.

在姆里特，一次大规模的扎伊安进攻被击退，造成 200 人伤亡，但法军损失了一名军官、24 人阵亡、56 人受伤。

Lyautey had successfully retained the territory he had captured before the war but was of the opinion that he could not advance any further without risking "an extremely painful" mountain conflict.

利奥泰成功地保住了他在战前占领的领土，但他认为，如果不冒“极其痛苦的”山地冲突的风险，他就无法进一步前进。

He faced having his troops withdrawn for service on the Western Front and being left with what he described as "degenerates and outcasts", a loss only partially mitigated by the expansion of the irregular tribal units to 21 goums in strength.

他面临着他的部队被撤回西线服役，并留下了他所说的“堕落和被遗弃者”的情况，非正规部落部队的兵力扩大到 21 古姆，只能部分缓解这种损失。

Henrys accepted an offer of a position in France and was replaced by Colonel Joseph-François Poeymirau, a keen follower of Lyautey who had served as Henrys' second in command at Meknes.

亨利接受了法国的一个职位，并由约瑟夫·弗朗索瓦·波伊米劳上校接替，他是利奥泰的热心追随者，曾担任亨利在梅克内斯的副指挥官。

Lyautey was offered the post of Minister of War at the invitation of Prime Minister Aristide Briand, which he accepted on 12 December 1916.

应总理阿里斯蒂德·白里安的邀请，利奥泰于 1916 年 12 月 12 日接受了陆军部长一职。

Lyautey was replaced, at his request, by General Henri Gouraud, who had experience fighting alongside Lyautey in Morocco and who had recently returned from the Dardanelles, where he had lost his right arm.

应利奥泰的要求，亨利·古罗将军接替了他的职位，后者曾在摩洛哥与利奥泰并肩作战，最近刚刚从达达尼尔海峡归来，在那里他失去了右臂。

Lyautey soon became disillusioned with French tactics in Europe, the disunity prevailing between the Allies and his position as a symbolic figurehead of the government.

利奥泰很快对法国在欧洲的策略、盟军之间普遍存在的不团结以及他作为政府象征性领袖的地位感到失望。

He was unfamiliar with dealing with political opposition and resigned on 14 March 1917, after being shouted down in the Chamber of Deputies.

他不熟悉如何与政治反对派打交道，并在众议院遭到斥责后于 1917 年 3 月 14 日辞职。

The government could not survive the resignation of such a senior cabinet member and Briand himself resigned on 17 March, to be replaced by Alexandre Ribot.

政府无法在如此一位高级内阁成员辞职后继续生存，白里安本人于 3 月 17 日辞职，由亚历山大·里博 (Alexandre Ribot) 接任。

Lyautey returned to his former position in Morocco at the end of May and immediately decided on a new strategy.

利奥泰于5月底回到摩洛哥原来的职位，并立即决定了新的战略。

He concentrated his forces in the Moulouya Valley, convinced that the submission of the tribes in this area would lead to the collapse of the Zaian resistance.

他将兵力集中在穆卢亚山谷，相信该地区部落的屈服将导致扎安抵抗运动的崩溃。

In preparation for this new offensive Poeymirau established a French post at El Bekrit, within Zaian territory, and forced the submission of three local tribes.

为了准备这次新的进攻，波伊米劳在扎伊安领土内的埃尔贝克里特建立了一个法国哨所，并迫使三个当地部落屈服。

He then used this post to protect his flanks during an advance south-eastwards into the valley, intending to meet with a column led by Colonel Paul Doury, advancing north-west from Boudenib.

然后，他在向东南进军山谷期间利用这个哨所保护自己的侧翼，并打算与保罗·杜里上校率领的一支纵队会合，该纵队从布德尼布向西北推进。

The two columns met at Assaka Nidji on 6 June, a moment which represented the establishment of the first French-controlled route across the Atlas mountains, and earned Poeymirau promotion to brigadier-general.

两支纵队于 6 月 6 日在阿萨卡尼吉会师，这一时刻标志着法国控制的第一条穿越阿特拉斯山脉的路线的建立，并为波伊米劳晋升为准将。

A defensive camp was soon established at Kasbah el Makhzen, and Doury began construction on a road that he promised would be traversable by motor transport by 1918.

很快，在马赫森堡 (Kasbah el Makhzen) 建立了一个防御营地，杜里开始修建一条道路，他承诺到 1918 年将可以通过汽车运输。

By late 1917 motorised lorries were able to traverse much of the road, allowing the French to quickly move troops to areas of trouble and supply their garrisons in eastern Morocco from the west rather than over long routes from the Algerian depots.

到 1917 年底，机动卡车已经能够在大部分道路上行驶，使法国人能够快速将部队运送到陷入困境的地区，并从西部向摩洛哥东部的驻军提供补给，而不是从阿尔及利亚的仓库长途跋涉。

A secondary road was constructed, leading southwards from the first along the Ziz River, that allowed Doury to reach Er-Rich in the High Atlas, and major posts were established at Midelt and Missour.

修建了一条二级公路，从第一条公路沿着齐兹河向南延伸，使杜里能够到达高阿特拉斯山脉的埃尔里奇，并在米德勒特和米苏尔建立了主要哨所。

The Zaians refused to be drawn into attacking the fortified posts that the French built along their new roads, though other tribes launched attacks that summer after rumours of French defeats on the European front.

扎伊安人拒绝攻击法国人在新道路上修建的防御哨所，尽管其他部落在那年夏天因法国在欧洲前线失败的传言而发起了攻击。

In one instance, in mid-June, it took Poeymirau's entire groupe three days to restore control of the road after an attack.

六月中旬的一次袭击中，波伊米劳的整个团队花了三天时间才恢复对道路的控制。

Doury had expanded the theatre of operations, against Lyautey's orders, by establishing a French mission at Tighmart, in the Tafilalt region, in December 1917 in reaction to a rumoured German presence there.

1917 年 12 月，杜里违背利奥泰的命令，在塔菲拉尔特地区的泰格马特建立了法国使团，以应对德国在那里存在的传言，从而扩大了战区。

The land here, mainly desert, was almost worthless to the French and Lyautey was keen for his subordinates to focus on the more valuable Moulouya Valley.

这里的土地主要是沙漠，对法国人来说几乎毫无价值，利奥泰热衷于让他的下属将注意力集中在更有价值的穆卢亚山谷上。

Local tribes resisted the French presence, killing a translator working at the mission in July 1918.

当地部落抵制法国的存在，并于 1918 年 7 月杀害了一名在使馆工作的翻译。

Doury sought to avenge this act on 9 August by engaging up to 1,500 tribesmen, led by Sidi Mhand n'Ifrutant, at Gaouz with a smaller French force that included artillery and aircraft support.

8 月 9 日，杜里试图为这一行为报仇，他在高兹与由 Sidi Mhand n'Ifrutant 领导的多达 1,500 名部落成员以及一支包括炮兵和飞机支援在内的较小规模的法国部队交战。

Entering a thick, jungle-like date palm oasis, one subgroup of Doury's force suffered a close, hard-fought action, hampered by exhaustion and poor supply lines.

进入一片茂密的丛林般的枣椰树绿洲后，杜里的部队的一个小组遭遇了一场近距离的、艰苦的战斗，由于精疲力竭和补给线不佳而受到阻碍。

The whole force suffered casualties of 238 men killed and 68 wounded, the worst French losses since the disaster at El Herri, and also lost much of their equipment and transport.

全军伤亡 238 人，68 人受伤，这是法军自埃尔赫里灾难以来损失最惨重的一次，而且还损失了大量装备和运输工具。

Lyautey was doubtful of Doury's claim to have almost wiped out his foe, and in response chastised him for his rash action in "this most peripheral of zones" and placed him under Poeymirau's direct command.

利奥泰对杜里几乎消灭了敌人的说法表示怀疑，作为回应，他谴责了他在“最外围地区”的鲁莽行动，并将他置于波伊米劳的直接指挥之下。

Thus, as the war in Europe was drawing to a close in the early summer of 1918, the French remained hard pressed in Morocco.

因此，当 1918 年初夏欧洲战争接近尾声时，法国人在摩洛哥仍面临重重压力。

Despite the death of Ali Amhaouch by natural causes, significant numbers of tribesmen under the leadership of Hammou and Said continued to oppose them.

尽管阿里·阿姆豪什自然死亡，但哈穆和赛义德领导下的大量部落成员继续反对他们。

The Central Powers attempted to incite unrest in the Allied territories in Africa and the Middle East during the war, with the aim of diverting military resources away from the Western Front.

战争期间同盟国试图在非洲和中东的盟军领土上煽动骚乱，目的是从西线转移军事资源。

German intelligence had identified Northwest Africa as the "Achilles' heel" of the French colonies, and encouraging resistance there became an important objective.

德国情报部门已将西北非确定为法国殖民地的“阿喀琉斯之踵”，鼓励那里的抵抗成为一个重要目标。

Their involvement began in 1914, with the Germans attempting to find a suitable Moroccan leader that they could use to unite the tribes against the French.

他们的参与始于 1914 年，当时德国人试图寻找一位合适的摩洛哥领导人，以团结各部落对抗法国人。

Their initial choice, former Sultan Abdelaziz, refused to co-operate and moved to the south of France to prevent any further approaches.

他们最初的选择是前苏丹阿卜杜拉齐兹，他拒绝合作并搬到了法国南部，以阻止任何进一步的接触。

Instead they entered negotiations with his successor Abdelhafid.

相反，他们与他的继任者阿卜杜勒哈菲德进行了谈判。

He initially co-operated with the Germans, renouncing his former pro-Allied stance in autumn 1914 and moving to Barcelona to meet with officials from Germany, the Ottoman Empire and the Moroccan resistance.

他最初与德国人合作，于 1914 年秋天放弃了以前支持盟军的立场，并前往巴塞罗那会见德国、奥斯曼帝国和摩洛哥抵抗运动的官员。

During this time he was also selling information to the French.

在此期间，他还向法国人出售信息。

These mixed loyalties came to light when he refused to board a German submarine headed for Morocco, and the Central Powers decided he was of no further use.

当他拒绝登上一艘前往摩洛哥的德国潜艇时，这些复杂的忠诚度就暴露出来了，同盟国认为他不再有用。

Abdelhafid then attempted to extort money from the French intelligence services, who responded by halting his pension and arranging his internment at El Escorial.

阿卜杜勒哈菲德随后试图向法国情报部门勒索金钱，法国情报部门的回应是停止了他的养老金，并将他安排在埃斯科里亚尔拘留。

He was later awarded a stipend by Germany in return for his silence on the matter.

后来他获得了德国的津贴，以换取他对此事的沉默。

The failure to find a suitable leader caused the Germans to alter their plans from a widespread insurrection in Morocco to smaller-scale support of the existing resistance movement.

由于未能找到合适的领导人，德国人改变了他们的计划，从在摩洛哥进行广泛的起义改为对现有抵抗运动进行小规模支持。

German support included the supply of military advisers and Foreign Legion deserters to the tribes as well as cash, arms and ammunition.

德国的支持包括向部落提供军事顾问和外籍军团逃兵以及现金、武器和弹药。

Money (in both pesetas and francs) was smuggled into Morocco from the German embassy at Madrid.

金钱（比塞塔和法郎）从马德里的德国大使馆走私到摩洛哥。

The money was transferred to Tétouan or Melilla by boat or wired through the telegraph before being smuggled to the tribes, who each received up to 600,000 pesetas per month.

这些钱通过船或电报转移到得土安或梅利利亚，然后走私给部落，每个部落每月最多能收到 600,000 比塞塔。

Weapons arrived through long-established routes from Spanish Larache or else purchased directly from French gun runners or corrupt Spanish Army troops.

武器通过长期建立的路线从西班牙拉腊什抵达，或者直接从法国军火走私者或腐败的西班牙陆军部队购买。

The Germans found it hard to get resources to the Zaians in the Middle Atlas due to the distances involved and most of what did get through went to Said's forces.

德国人发现，由于距离遥远，很难向中阿特拉斯地区的扎伊安人获得资源，而大部分获得的资源都流向了萨义德的部队。

German attempts to distribute supplies inland were frustrated when many tribes hoarded the best resources.

当许多部落囤积最好的资源时，德国人向内陆分配物资的尝试遭到挫败。

Ammunition remained scarce in the Middle Atlas, and many were forced to rely on locally manufactured gunpowder and cartridges.

中阿特拉斯地区的弹药仍然稀缺，许多人被迫依赖当地制造的火药和弹药筒。

The Ottoman Empire also supported the Moroccan tribesmen in this period, having provided military training to them since 1909.

奥斯曼帝国也在这一时期支持摩洛哥部落成员，自 1909 年以来一直为他们提供军事训练。

They co-operated with German intelligence to write and distribute propaganda in Arabic, French and the Middle Atlas Berber dialect.

他们与德国情报部门合作，用阿拉伯语、法语和中阿特拉斯柏柏尔方言撰写和分发宣传材料。

Much of the Ottoman intelligence effort was coordinated by Arab agents operating from the embassy in Madrid and at least two members of the Ottoman diplomatic staff there are known to have seen active service with the tribes in Morocco during the war.

奥斯曼帝国的大部分情报工作是由驻马德里大使馆的阿拉伯特工协调的，据了解，至少有两名奥斯曼帝国外交人员在战争期间曾在摩洛哥的部落中积极服役。

Ottoman efforts in Morocco were hindered by internal divisions among the staff, disagreements with their German allies and the outbreak of the Arab Revolt in 1916, with which some of the embassy staff sympathised.

奥斯曼帝国在摩洛哥的努力因工作人员内部分歧、与德国盟友的分歧以及 1916 年爆发的阿拉伯起义而受到阻碍，一些使馆工作人员对此表示同情。

These problems led many of the Ottoman diplomatic corps in Spain to leave for America in September 1916, bringing to an end many of the significant Ottoman operations in Morocco.

这些问题导致许多奥斯曼驻西班牙外交使团于 1916 年 9 月前往美国，结束了奥斯曼在摩洛哥的许多重要行动。

French intelligence forces worked hard to combat the Central Powers and to win the support of the Moroccan people.

法国情报部队努力打击同盟国并赢得摩洛哥人民的支持。

A series of commercial expositions, such as the Casablanca Fair of 1915, were held to demonstrate the wealth of France and the benefits of co-operation.

举办了一系列商业博览会，例如1915年的卡萨布兰卡博览会，以展示法国的财富和合作的好处。

In addition to stepping up their propaganda campaign and increasing the use of bribes to convince tribes to submit, the French established markets at their military outposts and paid Moroccans to undertake public works.

除了加强宣传活动和更多地使用贿赂来说服部落屈服之外，法国人还在其军事前哨建立了市场，并向摩洛哥人支付公共工程费用。

Islamic scholars were also encouraged to issue fatwās supporting the Moroccan Sultan's declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire.

伊斯兰学者也被鼓励发布支持摩洛哥苏丹宣布脱离奥斯曼帝国独立的追令。

French and British intelligence agents co-operated in French and Spanish Morocco and Gibraltar, tracking Ottoman and German agents, infiltrating the advisers sent to the tribes and working to halt the flow of arms.

法国和英国情报人员在法国和西班牙的摩洛哥和直布罗陀合作，追踪奥斯曼帝国和德国特工，渗透到派往部落的顾问中，并努力阻止武器流动。

German citizens in Morocco were placed under careful scrutiny and four were executed within days of the war's start.

在摩洛哥的德国公民受到仔细审查，战争开始后几天内就有四人被处决。

The French broke the codes used by the German embassy and were able to read almost every communication sent from there to the General Staff in Berlin.

法国人破解了德国大使馆使用的密码，并且能够读取从那里发送到柏林总参谋部的几乎所有通信。

Bribes paid to staff at the Ottoman mission to Spain secured intelligence on the Central Powers' plans for Morocco.

向奥斯曼帝国驻西班牙使团的工作人员行贿，以获取有关同盟国对摩洛哥计划的情报。

Although the efforts of the Central Powers caused a resurgence in resistance against French rule, they were largely ineffective, falling short of the planners' aims of a widespread jihad.

尽管同盟国的努力引起了反抗法国统治的复兴，但它们基本上没有效果，没有达到计划者广泛圣战的目标。

There were few cases of mass civil disorder, France was not required to reinforce the troops stationed in Morocco, and the export of raw materials and labour for the war effort continued.

很少发生大规模内乱，法国不需要增援驻摩洛哥的军队，用于战争的原材料和劳动力的出口仍在继续。

Although they were never able to completely stem the flow of arms, despite considerable effort, the French were able to limit the supply of machine guns and artillery.

尽管法国人始终无法完全阻止武器的流动，但尽管付出了相当大的努力，他们还是能够限制机枪和火炮的供应。

The tribes were thus unable to face the French in direct confrontation and had to continue to rely on ambushes and raids.

因此，各部落无法与法国人直接对抗，只能继续依靠伏击和袭击。

This contrasted with the Spanish experience in the Rif War of 1920–26, in which tribes with access to such weapons were able to inflict defeats upon the Spanish Army in the field, such as at the Battle of Annual.

这与西班牙在 1920-26 年里夫战争中的经历形成鲜明对比，在这场战争中，拥有此类武器的部落能够在战场上击败西班牙军队，例如在年度战役中。

The heavy French losses at the Battle of Gaouz encouraged an increase in tribal activity across the south-east of Morocco, threatening the French presence at Boudenib.

法国在高兹战役中损失惨重，导致摩洛哥东南部部落活动增加，威胁到法国在布德尼布的存在。

Poeymirau was forced to withdraw garrisons from outlying posts in the Tafilalt, including that at Tighmart, to concentrate his force and reduce the risk of further disasters.

波伊米劳被迫从塔菲拉尔特边远哨所（包括泰格马特的哨所）撤出驻军，以集中兵力并减少发生进一步灾难的风险。

Lyautey authorised only a series of limited offensives, such as the razing of villages and gardens, the primary aim of which was to emphasise French military superiority.

利奥泰只授权了一系列有限的进攻，例如夷平村庄和花园，其主要目的是强调法国的军事优势。

The French struggled to move troops through the mountain passes from the Moulouya Valley due to heavy snows and attacks on their columns, and Lyautey, to his embarrassment, was forced to request reinforcements from Algeria.

由于大雪和纵队遭到攻击，法军很难从穆卢亚山谷调动部队通过山口，令利奥泰尴尬的是，他被迫向阿尔及利亚请求增援。

By October the situation had stabilised to the extent that Poeymirau was able to withdraw his troops to Meknes, but a large-scale uprising in January 1919 forced his return.

到 10 月，局势已经稳定下来，波伊米劳能够将部队撤回梅克内斯，但 1919 年 1 月的大规模起义迫使他返回。

Poeymirau defeated n'Ifrutant in battle at Meski on 15 January, but was seriously wounded in the chest by the accidental explosion of an artillery shell and was forced to hand command to Colonel Antoine Huré.

1 月 15 日，波伊米劳在梅斯基战役中击败了恩伊夫鲁坦，但因炮弹意外爆炸胸部受重伤，被迫将指挥权交给安托万·胡雷上校。

Lyautey then received assistance from Thami El Glaoui, a tribal leader who Lyautey had made Pasha of Marrakesh after the uprising of 1912.

随后，利奥泰得到了部落首领塔米·埃尔·格拉维 (Thami El Glaoui) 的帮助，1912 年起义后，利奥泰将他任命为马拉喀什帕夏。

El Glaoui owed his increasing wealth (when he died in 1956 he was one of the richest men in the world) to corruption and fraud, which the French tolerated in return for his support.

格劳伊的财富不断增加（1956 年去世时，他是世界上最富有的人之一），这要归功于腐败和欺诈，而法国人却容忍了这些，以换取他的支持。

Thus committed to Lyautey's cause, El Glaoui led an army of 10,000 men, the largest Moroccan tribal force ever seen, across the Atlas to defeat anti-French tribesmen in the Dadès Gorges and to reinforce the garrison at Boudenib on 29 January.

因此，为了利奥泰的事业，埃尔·格劳伊率领一支由 10,000 人组成的军队，这是有史以来最大规模的摩洛哥部落军队，穿越阿特拉斯山脉，击败了达代斯峡谷的反法部落成员，并于 1 月 29 日增援了布德尼布的驻军。

The uprising was over by 31 January 1919.

起义于 1919 年 1 月 31 日结束。

The conflict in the Tafilalt distracted the French from their main war aims, draining French reinforcements in return for little economic gain and drawing comparisons to the recent Battle of Verdun.

塔菲拉特河的冲突分散了法军的主要战争目标，耗尽了法军的增援部队，但经济收益却微乎其微，这与最近的凡尔登战役相比较。

Indeed, the Zaians were encouraged by French losses in the area to renew their attacks on guardposts along the trans-Atlas road.

事实上，扎伊安人因法军在该地区的损失而受到鼓舞，重新对跨阿特拉斯公路沿线的哨所发起攻击。

The French continued to hope for a negotiated end to the conflict and had been in discussions with Hammou's close relatives since 1917.

法国人仍然希望通过谈判结束冲突，并自 1917 年以来一直在与哈穆的近亲进行讨论。

Indeed, his nephew, Ou El Aidi, had offered his submission in exchange for weapons and money but had been refused by the French who suspected he wanted to fight with his cousin, Hammou's son, Hassan.

事实上，他的侄子欧·埃尔·艾迪曾提出投降，以换取武器和金钱，但遭到法国人的拒绝，因为法国人怀疑他想与他的表弟、哈穆的儿子哈桑作战。

With no progress in these negotiations Poeymirau moved against the tribes to the north and south of Khénifra in 1920, the front in this area having remained static for six years.

由于这些谈判没有取得任何进展，波伊米劳于 1920 年向海尼夫拉北部和南部的部落发起进攻，该地区的战线六年来一直停滞不前。

Troops were brought in from Tadla and Meknes to establish blockhouses and mobile reserves along the Rbia to prevent the Zaians crossing to use the pastures.

部队从塔德拉和梅克内斯调来，沿拉比亚河建立碉堡和机动预备队，以防止扎伊安人越境使用牧场。

The French were opposed vigorously but eventually established three blockhouses and forced some of the local tribes to submit.

法国人强烈反对，但最终建立了三个碉堡并迫使当地一些部落屈服。

French successes in the Khénifra region persuaded Hassan and his two brothers to submit to the French on 2 June 1920, having returned some of the equipment captured at El Herri.

法国在海尼夫拉地区的胜利说服了哈桑和他的两个兄弟于 1920 年 6 月 2 日向法国投降，并归还了在埃尔赫里缴获的一些装备。

Hassan was soon appointed Pasha of Khénifra and his 3,000 tents were brought under French protection in an expanded zone of occupation around the Rbia.

哈桑很快被任命为赫尼夫拉帕夏，他的 3,000 个帐篷在利比亚周围扩大的占领区受到法国的保护。

Following the submission of his sons, Hammou retained command of only 2,500 tents and in Spring 1921 was killed in a skirmish with other Zaian tribes that opposed continued resistance.

在他的儿子们投降后，哈穆仅保留了 2,500 个帐篷的指挥权，并于 1921 年春天在与其他反对继续抵抗的扎伊安部落的小冲突中被杀。

The French seized the opportunity to launch an assault on the last bastion of Zaian resistance, located near El Bekrit.

法军抓住机会，对位于埃尔贝克里特附近的扎伊安抵抗运动的最后堡垒发起攻击。

In September a three-pronged attack was made: General Jean Théveney moved west from the El Bekrit settlement, Colonel Henry Freydenberg moved east from Taka Ichian and a third group of submitted tribesmen under Hassan and his brothers also took part.

9月，军队进行了三管齐下的进攻：让·泰维尼将军从埃尔贝克里特定居点向西移动，亨利·弗雷登伯格上校从塔卡·伊奇安向东移动，哈桑及其兄弟领导的第三批屈服的部落成员也参加了。

Théveney encountered resistance from the Zaians in his area but Freydenberg was almost unopposed and within days all resistance was put down.

泰维尼在他的地区遇到了扎伊安人的抵抗，但弗雷登贝格几乎没有遭到抵抗，几天之内所有抵抗都被镇压了。

After seven years of fighting the Zaian War was ended, though Lyautey continued his expansion in the area, promising to have all of "useful Morocco" under French control by 1923.

经过七年的战斗，扎伊安战争结束了，但利奥泰继续在该地区扩张，并承诺到 1923 年将所有“有用的摩洛哥”置于法国控制之下。

Lyautey had been granted the dignity of a Marshal of France in 1921 in recognition of his work in Morocco.

1921 年，利奥泰因其在摩洛哥的工作而被授予法国元帅称号。

In Spring 1922, Poeymirau and Freydenberg launched attacks into the headwaters of the Moulouya in the western Middle Atlas and managed to defeat Said, the last surviving member of the Berber triumvirate, at El Ksiba in April 1922.

1922 年春，波伊米劳和弗雷登伯格向中阿特拉斯西部的穆卢亚河源头发起进攻，并于 1922 年 4 月在埃尔克西巴击败了柏柏尔三巨头最后一位幸存成员赛义德。

Said was forced to flee, with much of the Aït Ichkern tribe, to the highest mountains of the Middle Atlas and then into the High Atlas.

赛义德被迫与艾特·伊奇肯部落的大部分成员一起逃往中阿特拉斯山脉最高的山脉，然后进入高阿特拉斯山脉。

Lyautey then secured the submission of several more tribes, constructed new military posts and improved his supply roads; by June 1922, he had brought the entire Moulouya Valley under control and pacified much of the Middle Atlas.

随后，利奥泰确保了更多部落的屈服，建造了新的军事哨所并改善了他的补给道路。到 1922 年 6 月，他控制了整个穆卢亚山谷，并平定了中阿特拉斯山脉的大部分地区。

Limited in numbers by rapid post-war demobilisation and commitments to garrisons in Germany, he determined not to march through the difficult terrain of the High Atlas but to wait for the tribes to tire of the guerrilla war and submit.

由于战后快速复员和在德国驻军的承诺，他的人数有限，他决定不穿越高阿特拉斯山脉的险峻地形，而是等待各部落厌倦了游击战并屈服。

Said never did so, dying in action against a groupe mobile in March 1924, though his followers continued to cause problems for the French into the next decade.

萨义德从未这样做过，他于 1924 年 3 月在对抗移动集团的战斗中身亡，尽管他的追随者在接下来的十年里继续给法国人制造麻烦。

Pacification of the remaining tribal areas in French Morocco was completed in 1934, though small armed gangs of bandits continued to attack French troops in the mountains until 1936.

法属摩洛哥剩余部落地区的平定工作于 1934 年完成，但小股武装土匪团伙继续袭击山区的法军，直至 1936 年。

Moroccan opposition to French rule continued, a plan for reform and return to indirect rule was published by the nationalist Comité d'Action Marocaine (CAM) in 1934, with significant riots and demonstrations occurring in 1934, 1937, 1944 and 1951.

摩洛哥继续反对法国统治，民族主义的摩洛哥行动委员会（CAM）于1934年公布了一项改革和恢复间接统治的计划，并在1934年、1937年、1944年和1951年发生了严重的骚乱和示威活动。

France, having failed to quell the nationalists by deposing the popular Sultan Mohammed V and already fighting a bloody war of independence in Algeria, recognised Moroccan independence in 1956.

法国通过废黜受欢迎的苏丹穆罕默德五世未能平息民族主义者，并且已经在阿尔及利亚进行了一场血腥的独立战争，并于 1956 年承认摩洛哥独立。

African theatre of World War I

第一次世界大战的非洲战区

Military operations in North Africa during World War I

第一次世界大战期间北非的军事行动

Rif War, a 1920–26 conflict between the Rif people and Spain and France.

里夫战争，1920-26 年里夫人民与西班牙和法国之间的冲突。

Volta-Bani War, an African colonial revolt during World War I.

沃尔特-巴尼战争，第一次世界大战期间的非洲殖民起义。

Media related to Zaian War at Wikimedia Commons

维基共享资源中与扎安战争相关的分类