Southend-on-Sea War Memorial (Wikipedia featured)

Southend-on-Sea War Memorial, or Southend War Memorial, is a First World War memorial in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, in south-eastern England.

滨海绍森德战争纪念馆（Southend-on-Sea War Memorial），或称绍森德战争纪念馆（Southend War Memorial），是位于英格兰东南部埃塞克斯郡滨海绍森德的一座第一次世界大战纪念馆。

It was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and unveiled in 1921.

它由 Edwin Lutyens 爵士设计，于 1921 年揭幕。

Southend-on-Sea is a seaside resort famous for its pleasure pier, which was used by the military during the First World War.

滨海绍森德是一个海滨度假胜地，以其游乐码头而闻名，该码头在第一次世界大战期间被军队使用。

The town was a stopping point for soldiers en route to the front and, as the war drew on, it also became an important disembarkation point for the evacuation of injured troops.

该镇是士兵前往前线的停靠点，随着战争的临近，它也成为疏散受伤部队的重要下船点。

This saw the conversion of several buildings in Southend into hospitals.

绍森德的几座建筑物被改造成医院。

A committee appointed Lutyens, the architect of The Cenotaph, to design a permanent memorial as a replacement for temporary shrines.

一个委员会任命和平纪念碑的建筑师鲁琴斯设计一座永久纪念碑，以取代临时神殿。

He originally proposed a cenotaph but this was rejected in favour of an obelisk rising from a screen wall.

他最初提议建造一座纪念碑，但遭到拒绝，转而建造一座从影壁升起的方尖碑。

In front of the monument is a garden, also designed by Lutyens, and the words "lest we forget" are set in stone on a lawn.

纪念碑前有一个花园，也是鲁琴斯设计的，草坪上的石头上刻着“以免我们忘记”的字​​样。

Instead of carving them on the memorial, the names of the 1,338 dead from Southend are recorded on plaques fixed to the walls of Prittlewell Priory.

绍森德 1,338 名死难者的名字没有刻在纪念碑上，而是记录在固定在普里特尔韦尔修道院墙壁上的牌匾上。

The memorial is one of six obelisks Lutyens designed for war memorials in Britain and closely resembles those for Northampton and for the North Eastern Railway.

该纪念碑是鲁琴斯为英国战争纪念碑设计的六座方尖碑之一，与北安普顿和东北铁路的方尖碑非常相似。

It was largely praised by art historians but one Lutyens biographer felt the lettering in the grass detracted from it.

它受到了艺术史学家的高度赞扬，但鲁琴斯的一位传记作者认为草丛中的刻字有损于它的表现。

The memorial was unveiled on 27 November 1921 by the Lord Lieutenant of Essex and dedicated by the Bishop of Chelmsford in front of a large crowd.

1921 年 11 月 27 日，埃塞克斯郡中尉为纪念碑揭幕，切姆斯福德主教在一大群人面前落成。

Invited guests included the mayor, local clergy, veterans from the district, and organisations which had contributed to the war effort in the area.

受邀嘉宾包括市长、当地神职人员、该地区的退伍军人以及为该地区的战争做出贡献的组织。

The memorial became a listed building in 1974.

该纪念馆于 1974 年成为受保护建筑。

Lutyens's memorials were declared a national collection in 2015 to commemorate the centenary of the war and Southend's was upgraded to grade II*.

2015 年，为了纪念战争一百周年，鲁琴斯纪念碑被宣布为国家收藏，绍森德纪念碑则升级为二级*。

A statue of a soldier was added in 2019.

2019年添加了士兵雕像。

In the aftermath of the First World War, thousands of war memorials were built across Britain.

第一次世界大战结束后，英国各地修建了数千座战争纪念碑。

Among the most prominent designers of memorials was the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, described by Historic England as "the leading English architect of his generation".

最著名的纪念碑设计师之一是建筑师埃德温·鲁琴斯爵士，他被《历史英格兰》描述为“他这一代的英国领先建筑师​​”。

Lutyens established his reputation building country houses for wealthy clients around the turn of the twentieth century and later designed much of New Delhi, but the war had a profound effect on him.

勒琴斯在二十世纪初为富有的客户建造乡村别墅而声名鹊起，后来又设计了新德里的大部分地区，但战争对他产生了深远的影响。

Thereafter, many of his commissions involved commemorating its casualties.

此后，他的许多委托都涉及纪念其伤亡。

He became renowned for The Cenotaph in London, which became Britain's national memorial, and for his work for the Imperial War Graves Commission.

他因伦敦纪念碑（后来成为英国国家纪念碑）以及他为帝国战争坟墓委员会所做的工作而闻名。

Southend-on-Sea is a seaside resort on the Thames Estuary, 40 miles (60 kilometres) east of London.

滨海绍森德是泰晤士河口的一个海滨度假胜地，位于伦敦以东 40 英里（60 公里）处。

The town (which became a city in 2022) is famous for its pleasure pier.

该镇（于 2022 年成为城市）以其游乐码头而闻名。

Immediately to the east is Shoeburyness, a garrison town and home to a military installation; to the north was an aerodrome (now Southend Airport), which became a naval air station.

东边是舒伯里内斯 (Shoeburyness)，这是一个驻军城镇，也是军事设施的所在地。北部是一个机场（现在的绍森德机场），后来成为海军航空站。

Shortly after the declaration of war, the British government began the internment of German citizens and several hundred were held on three ships moored off the pier.

宣战后不久，英国政府开始拘留德国公民，停泊在码头的三艘船上有数百人被关押。

Many soldiers passed through Southend en route to the Western Front.

许多士兵在前往西线的途中经过绍森德。

The pier was frequently used to reach troop ships and Southchurch Park was taken over as an army training ground.

该码头经常被用来到达军舰，南彻奇公园也被用作军队训练场。

As the war drew on, Southend also became an evacuation point for casualties and several hotels were converted to hospitals.

随着战争的临近，绍森德也成为伤亡人员的疏散点，几家酒店被改建为医院。

The town was bombed by German Zeppelins twice in May 1915.

1915 年 5 月，该镇两次遭到德国齐柏林飞艇轰炸。

Another bombing raid in 1917 caused more damage and 33 deaths.

1917 年的另一次轰炸袭击造成了更大的损失和 33 人死亡。

The formal end of the war, brought about by the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, saw celebrations in Southend and elsewhere.

1919 年 6 月 28 日签署《凡尔赛条约》，战争正式结束，绍森德和其他地方举行了庆祝活动。

Four days of commemorative events began with a military parade in London on 19 July and on 23 July a fleet review was held in the Thames Estuary and the assembled warships fired a 21-gun salute.

为期四天的纪念活动从7月19日在伦敦举行的阅兵式开始，7月23日在泰晤士河口举行了舰队检阅，集结的军舰鸣放了21响礼炮。

Multiple unofficial temporary shrines were made to commemorate Southend's casualties.

人们建造了多个非官方的临时神社来纪念绍森德的伤亡。

At the end of the war, the town council agreed that these would be replaced with a permanent monument.

战争结束时，镇议会同意将这些纪念碑替换为永久纪念碑。

A war memorial committee was founded, chaired by the mayor, to consider designs and sites.

成立了一个战争纪念委员会，由市长担任主席，负责考虑设计和地点。

Among the proposals were a new wing for the local hospital, homes for disabled veterans, and gardens in Prittlewell Square.

这些提案包括为当地医院修建新翼楼、残疾退伍军人之家以及普里特尔韦尔广场的花园。

The committee ultimately decided on a site at the top of the cliffs, previously the location of a flagpole.

委员会最终决定在悬崖顶部选址，之前是旗杆的位置。

The committee commissioned Lutyens, who first suggested a variation of The Cenotaph.

委员会委托鲁琴斯提出了和平纪念碑的变体方案。

A sketch for the proposal is in the archives of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

该提案的草图位于英国皇家建筑师学会的档案中。

It is broadly similar to the Royal Berkshire Regiment's memorial in Reading in that it features an urn at the top.

它与雷丁皇家伯克郡军团的纪念碑大致相似，顶部有一个瓮。

This was rejected in favour of an obelisk, which Lutyens designed for a fee of £5,500, and which the committee approved in 1921.

该提议被拒绝，取而代之的是一座方尖碑，鲁琴斯设计了一座方尖碑，费用为 5,500 英镑，委员会于 1921 年批准了该方尖碑。

Once the design was agreed, the project proceeded smoothly.

设计方案确定后，项目进展顺利。

To raise funds, concerts were laid on in the town and a fishing competition was held on the pier.

为了筹集资金，镇上举办了音乐会，码头上举办了钓鱼比赛。

Any surplus funds would be used to provide scholarships for children of the dead.

任何剩余资金将用于为死者子女提供奖学金。

Instead of engraving the names of the dead on the memorial, the committee decided to emboss the 1,338 names on tablets which would be fixed to the walls of Prittlewell Priory, a former religious building which became the town museum in the 1920s.

委员会没有将死者的名字刻在纪念碑上，而是决定将 1,338 个名字压印在铭牌上，这些铭牌将固定在普利特尔韦尔修道院 (Prittlewell Priory) 的墙壁上。普利特尔韦尔修道院以前是一座宗教建筑，在 1920 年代成为镇博物馆。

Southend War Memorial consists of an obelisk surrounded on three sides by a screen wall, entirely in Portland stone.

绍森德战争纪念馆由一座方尖碑组成，三边被影壁包围，完全由波特兰石制成。

The obelisk tapers and rises to a height of approximately 36 feet (11 metres).

方尖碑逐渐变细并升高至约 36 英尺（11 米）的高度。

It sits on a square base, below which is a moulded cornice.

它坐落在一个方形底座上，底座下面有一个模制的檐口。

The cornice connects the base to a pedestal, which is in six stages of unequal size and shape.

檐口将底座连接到基座，基座分为六个阶段，大小和形状不等。

The lowest stage is incorporated into the screen wall, which narrows, forming an enclosure.

最低的舞台并入影壁，影壁变窄，形成一个围墙。

Instead of the screen wall, at the front of the memorial (viewed from the north), is a flight of six shallow steps.

纪念馆的前面（从北面看）不是影壁，而是一段六级浅台阶。

The obelisk is approached via another two shallow steps.

通过另外两个浅台阶即可到达方尖碑。

At the ends of the walls are bronze mounts for flags.

墙壁的末端是用于旗帜的青铜支架。

The only sculptural features on the obelisk are two laurel wreaths on the north and south faces of the middle stage of the pedestal.

方尖碑上唯一的雕塑特征是基座中部北面和南面的两个月桂花环。

The obelisk is flanked by a pair of painted stone flags which rise from the lower stages of the pedestal—the Union Flag on the west side and the White Ensign (the flag of the Royal Navy) on the east.

方尖碑两侧有一对彩绘石旗，从基座的下层升起——西侧是英国国旗，东侧是白旗（英国皇家海军旗帜）。

Above the laurel wreath on the north face are the dates of the two world wars in Roman numerals (the dates of the Second World War were added later).

北面的月桂花环上方是用罗马数字表示的两次世界大战的日期（第二次世界大战的日期是后来加上去的）。

Below the laurel wreath is the dedication OUR GLORIOUS DEAD and at the bottom of the pedestal is the dedication:

月桂花环下方是我们光荣的死者的奉献词，基座底部是奉献词：

At the very bottom is a quote from Laurence Binyon's poem "For the Fallen": "At the going down of the sun, and in the morning, we will remember them".

最底部引用了劳伦斯·宾尼恩（Laurence Binyon）的诗《致逝者》：“在太阳落山时，在早晨，我们会记住他们”。

Later plaques are affixed—one to the base (above the lowest inscription), noting the recording of the names in the priory, and one from the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women on the screen wall.

后来还贴上了一块牌匾——一块贴在底座上（在最低的铭文上方），上面写着修道院里的名字记录，一块来自犹太退伍军人协会的牌匾贴在影壁上。

The memorial is sited in a prominent position at the top of a cliff, overlooking the Thames Estuary.

纪念碑坐落在悬崖顶部的显眼位置，俯瞰泰晤士河口。

A low hedge separates it from a cliff-top footpath.

一道低矮的树篱将其与悬崖顶的人行道隔开。

The monument stands in a garden off Clifftown Parade.

纪念碑矗立在克利夫敦游行附近的花园中。

The garden was also designed by Lutyens as part of the memorial scheme.

该花园也是由鲁琴斯设计的，作为纪念计划的一部分。

It consists of a lawn surrounded by paths and flower beds and is enclosed by chains suspended from low bollards.

它由一片草坪组成，周围环绕着小路和花坛，并由悬挂在低矮护柱上的链条包围。

The words "lest we forget" are formed from Portland stone chippings in the grass.

“以免我们忘记”一词是由草地上的波特兰石屑组成的。

Southend-on-Sea War Memorial was unveiled by Amelius Lockwood, 1st Baron Lambourne, the Lord Lieutenant of Essex, at a ceremony on 27 November 1921.

1921 年 11 月 27 日，埃塞克斯郡中尉、第一代兰伯恩男爵阿梅利乌斯·洛克伍德 (Amelius Lockwood) 在仪式上为滨海绍森德战争纪念碑揭幕。

It was dedicated by the Right Reverend Dr John Watts Ditchfield, Bishop of Chelmsford.

它由切姆斯福德主教约翰·瓦茨·迪奇菲尔德右牧师约翰·沃茨·迪奇菲尔德博士落成。

The assembled crowd was one of the largest public gatherings ever recorded in the town.

聚集的人群是该镇有史以来规模最大的公众集会之一。

Soldiers from D Company of the 6th Battalion, Essex Regiment, provided a guard of honour and representatives of local organisations who were involved in the local war effort also attended.

埃塞克斯团第六营D连的士兵提供了仪仗队，参与当地战争的当地组织代表也参加了仪式。

Also present were the mayor and all members of the borough corporation and several local clergy, who gave readings.

出席的还有市长和自治市议会的所有成员以及几位当地神职人员，他们进行了宣读。

Other invited guests included decorated veterans or (for the deceased) their next of kin, and representatives of the British Legion and the Naval and Military Club.

其他受邀嘉宾包括获得勋章的退伍军人或（对于死者）他们的近亲，以及英国军团和海军和军事俱乐部的代表。

The bishop praised the efforts of the dead and returned servicemen but lamented the widespread unemployment and unrest which followed the end of the war.

主教赞扬了阵亡将士和回国军人的努力，但对战争结束后普遍失业和动乱表示遗憾。

The memorial was designated a Grade II listed building on 23 August 1974.

该纪念馆于 1974 年 8 月 23 日被指定为二级保护建筑。

In November 2015, as part of commemorations for the centenary of the First World War, Lutyens's war memorials were recognised as a national collection and all of his free-standing memorials in England were listed or had their listing status reviewed and their National Heritage List for England list entries were updated and expanded.

2015 年 11 月，作为第一次世界大战一百周年纪念活动的一部分，鲁琴斯的战争纪念碑被认定为国家收藏，他在英格兰的所有独立纪念碑均被列入名单或对其列名状态进行审查，并更新和扩大了英格兰国家遗产名录的条目。

As part of this process, Southend's memorial was upgraded to Grade II*.

作为这一过程的一部分，绍森德的纪念馆升级为二级*。

To commemorate the centenary of the end of the First World War, Southend-on-Sea Council commissioned a bronze statue of a soldier, which was installed in front of the memorial, at the south end of the lawn, in November 2019.

为了纪念第一次世界大战结束一百周年，滨海绍森德议会于 2019 年 11 月委托在草坪南端的纪念碑前安装了一尊士兵青铜雕像。

The statue was created by a local sculptor, Dave Taylor, who intended it to resemble a soldier on the first day of the Battle of the Somme.

这座雕像是由当地雕塑家戴夫·泰勒创作的，他想让它看起来像索姆河战役第一天的士兵。

Historic England consider that the "contrasting yet appropriate materials will complement the existing composition, adding a further layer of meaning".

历史悠久的英格兰认为“对比鲜明但适当的材料将补充现有的构图，增加更多的意义”。

Lutyens used obelisks in six of his war memorials in Britain, of which Southend's was the first to be completed.

勒琴斯在英国的六座战争纪念碑中使用了方尖碑，其中绍森德的纪念碑是第一座落成的。

It closely resembles the obelisks on Northampton War Memorial which also support painted flags.

它与北安普顿战争纪念碑上的方尖碑非常相似，也支持彩绘旗帜。

The overall design is similar to Lutyens's North Eastern Railway War Memorial in York, which also includes a screen wall.

整体设计与勒琴斯位于约克的东北铁路战争纪念馆类似，也包括一面影壁。

Lutyens also used painted flags on an obelisk in Bury for the Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial and at Étaples Military Cemetery, and he used similar obelisks to flank his Manchester Cenotaph.

鲁琴斯还在伯里的兰开夏郡燧发枪团战争纪念碑和埃塔普勒军事公墓的方尖碑上使用了彩绘旗帜，他还在曼彻斯特纪念碑的侧面使用了类似的方尖碑。

Obelisks were a fairly common form of memorial in larger towns after the First World War, particularly in coastal locations such as Southend, given the historical use of obelisks as navigational aids for shipping.

第一次世界大战后，方尖碑是较大城镇中相当常见的纪念形式，特别是在绍森德等沿海地区，因为方尖碑历史上曾被用作航运导航设施。

According to the art historian Alan Borg, the Southend obelisk has "subtle echoes" of The Cenotaph in it that other Lutyens obelisks do not.

根据艺术历史学家艾伦·博格的说法，绍森德方尖碑与纪念碑有“微妙的呼应”，而其他鲁琴斯方尖碑却没有。

A local newspaper, the Essex Chronicle, called it a "fine memorial" and "a beautiful obelisk of Portland stone" in 1921, and the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner praised the "remarkably subtly proportioned" base and pedestal.

1921 年，当地报纸《埃塞克斯纪事报》称其为“精美的纪念碑”和“美丽的波特兰石方尖碑”，建筑历史学家尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳 (Nikolaus Pevsner) 称赞其“比例极其巧妙”的底座和底座。

Tim Skelton, in Lutyens and the Great War (2008), felt that the lettering in the grass detracted from the memorial's setting.

蒂姆·斯克尔顿（Tim Skelton）在《勒琴斯与第一次世界大战》（Lutyens and the Great War，2008）中认为，草地上的刻字有损于纪念馆的背景。

Historic England, in upgrading the memorial's listing, described it as "an eloquent witness to the tragic impacts of world events on this community" and "a simple yet elegant obelisk incorporating carved decoration and two heavily detailed, painted stone flags" and noted its importance as one of 58 memorials designed by Lutyens in the UK and abroad.

历史悠久的英格兰在升级纪念碑名录时将其描述为“世界事件对这个社区造成的悲剧性影响的雄辩见证”和“一座简单而优雅的方尖碑，包含雕刻装饰和两面细节丰富的彩绘石旗”，并指出其作为鲁琴斯在英国和国外设计的 58 座纪念碑之一的重要性。

Grade II* listed buildings in Southend-on-Sea

滨海绍森德二级* 保护建筑

Grade II* listed war memorials in England

英国二级* 列出的战争纪念碑

List of works by Edwin Lutyens

埃德温·鲁琴斯的作品列表

Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2007).

贝特利，詹姆斯；尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳 (2007)。

Essex.

埃塞克斯。

The Buildings of England.

英国的建筑。

New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

康涅狄格州纽黑文：耶鲁大学出版社。

ISBN 9780300116144.

ISBN 9780300116144。

Borg, Alan (1991).

艾伦·博格 (1991)。

War Memorials: From Antiquity to the Present.

战争纪念馆：从古代到现在。

London: Leo Cooper.

伦敦：利奥·库珀。

ISBN 9780850523638.

国际标准书号 9780850523638。

Clamp, Frances (2014).

弗朗西斯·卡普（2014）。

Southend-on-Sea in the Great War (Kindle ed.).

第一次世界大战中的滨海绍森德（Kindle 版）。

Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.

巴恩斯利：笔与剑军事。

ISBN 9781473841307.

国际标准书号 9781473841307。

Skelton, Tim; Gliddon, Gerald (2008).

蒂姆·斯克尔顿；杰拉尔德·格里登（2008）。

Lutyens and the Great War.

鲁琴斯和第一次世界大战。

London: Frances Lincoln Publishers.

伦敦：弗朗西斯·林肯出版社。

ISBN 9780711228788.

国际标准书号 9780711228788。