SS Mauna Loa (Wikipedia featured)

SS Mauna Loa was a steam-powered cargo ship of the Matson Navigation Company that was sunk in the bombing of Darwin in February 1942.

SS Mauna Loa 是马森航运公司的一艘蒸汽动力货船，在 1942 年 2 月对达尔文的轰炸中沉没。

She was christened SS West Conob in 1919 and renamed SS Golden Eagle in 1928.

1919 年，她被命名为 SS West Conob，并于 1928 年更名为 SS Golden Eagle。

At the time of her completion in 1919, the ship was inspected by the United States Navy for possible use as USS West Conob (ID-4033) but was neither taken into the Navy nor commissioned.

1919 年竣工时，美国海军对该舰进行了检查，认为其可能被用作 USS West Conob (ID-4033)，但既没有加入海军也没有服役。

West Conob was built in 1919 for the United States Shipping Board (USSB), part of the West series of ships—steel-hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort—and was the 14th ship built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in San Pedro, California.

West Conob 于 1919 年为美国航运局 (USSB) 建造，属于 West 系列船舶（为第一次世界大战而在美国西海岸建造的钢壳货船）的一部分，也是加利福尼亚州圣佩德罗洛杉矶造船与干船坞公司建造的第 14 艘船舶。

She initially sailed for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and had circumnavigated the globe twice by 1921.

她最初为太平洋邮政轮船公司航行，到 1921 年已完成两次环球航行。

She began sailing to South America for Swayne & Hoyt Lines in 1925, and then, to Australia and New Zealand.

1925 年，她开始为 Swayne & Hoyt Lines 航行至南美洲，然后前往澳大利亚和新西兰。

When Swayne & Hoyt's operation was taken over by the Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company a few years later, she sailed under the name Golden Eagle until 1934, when she was transferred to Oceanic and Oriental's parent, the Matson Navigation Company.

几年后，当 Swayne & Hoyt 的业务被大洋与东方航运公司接管时，她以金鹰号的名义航行，直到 1934 年，她被转移到大洋与东方航运公司的母公司美森航运公司 (Matson Navigation Company)。

Matson renamed her Mauna Loa, after the large shield volcano on the island of Hawaii, and put her into service between Hawaii and the U.S. mainland.

马特森以夏威夷岛上的大型盾状火山将其重新命名为莫纳罗亚号，并将其投入夏威夷和美国大陆之间的服务。

Shortly before the United States' entry into World War II, Mauna Loa was chartered by the United States Department of War to carry supplies to the Philippines.

在美国加入第二次世界大战前不久，美国陆军部特许莫纳罗亚号向菲律宾运送物资。

The ship was part of an aborted attempt to reinforce Allied forces under attack by the Japanese on Timor in mid-February 1942.

1942 年 2 月中旬，盟军在东帝汶遭受日军攻击，该舰曾试图增援该部队，但未遂。

After the return of her convoy to Darwin, Northern Territory, Mauna Loa was one of eight ships sunk in Darwin Harbour in the first Japanese bombing attack on the Australian mainland on 19 February.

在其船队返回北领地达尔文后，冒纳罗亚号是 2 月 19 日日本对澳大利亚大陆首次轰炸中在达尔文港沉没的八艘船只之一。

The remains of her wreck and her cargo are a dive site in the harbor.

她的残骸和货物的残骸是港口的一个潜水点。

The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the west coast of the United States for the USSB for emergency use during World War I.

西舰是美国西海岸几家造船厂为美国海军舰艇建造的尺寸和设计相似的货船，供第一次世界大战期间紧急使用。

Some 40 West ships were built by Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Los Angeles, all given names that began with the word West.

大约 40 艘 West 船舶由洛杉矶造船与干船坞公司建造，所有名称均以 West 一词开头。

West Conob (Los Angeles Shipbuilding yard number 14) was completed in May 1919.

West Conob（洛杉矶造船厂 14 号）于 1919 年 5 月竣工。

West Conob was 5,899 gross register tons (GRT), and was 410 feet 1 inch (124.99 m) long (between perpendiculars) and 54 feet 6 inches (16.61 m) abeam.

West Conob 总注册吨 (GRT) 为 5,899 吨，长（垂直线之间）为 410 英尺 1 英寸（124.99 m），横宽为 54 英尺 6 英寸（16.61 m）。

She had a steel hull and a deadweight tonnage of 8,600 DWT.

她拥有钢质船体，载重吨位为 8,600 载重吨。

Sources do not give West Conob's other hull characteristics, but West Grama, a sister ship also built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding had a displacement of 12,225 t with a mean draft of 24 feet 2 inches (7.37 m), and a hold 29 feet 9 inches (9.07 m) deep.

消息人士没有透露 West Conob 的其他船体特征，但 West Grama 是同样在洛杉矶造船厂建造的姊妹船，排水量为 12,225 吨，平均吃水为 24 英尺 2 英寸（7.37 m），货舱深度为 29 英尺 9 英寸（9.07 m）。

West Conob's power plant consisted of a single triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine with cylinders of 28½, 47, and 78 inches (72, 120, and 200 cm) with a 48-inch (120 cm) stroke.

West Conob 的发电厂由一台三膨胀往复式蒸汽发动机组成，其气缸尺寸为 28½、47 和 78 英寸（72、120 和 200 厘米），冲程为 48 英寸（120 厘米）。

She was outfitted with three Foster water-tube boilers, each with a heating area of 4,150 square feet (386 m2) and containing 52 4-inch (10 cm) and 827 2-inch (5.1 cm) tubes.

她配备了三台福斯特水管锅炉，每台加热面积为 4,150 平方英尺（386 平方米），包含 52 个 4 英寸（10 厘米）和 827 个 2 英寸（5.1 厘米）管子。

Her boilers were heated by mechanical oil burners fed by two pumps, each 6 by 4 by 6 inches (15 × 10 × 15 cm) with a capacity of 30 U.S. gallons (110 L) per minute.

她的锅炉由两个泵供油的机械燃油燃烧器加热，每个泵尺寸为 6 x 4 x 6 英寸（15 × 10 × 15 厘米），容量为每分钟 30 美制加仑（110 升）。

Fully loaded, the ship could hold 6,359 barrels (1,011.0 m3) of fuel oil.

满载时，该船可容纳 6,359 桶（1,011.0 立方米）燃油。

West Conob's single screw propeller was 17 feet 1 inch (5.21 m) in diameter with a 15-foot-3-inch (4.65 m) pitch and a developed area of 102 square feet (9.5 m2).

West Conob 的单螺杆螺旋桨直径为 17 英尺 1 英寸（5.21 m），螺距为 15 英尺 3 英寸（4.65 m），开发面积为 102 平方英尺（9.5 m2）。

The ship was designed to travel at 11 knots (20 km/h), and averaged 11.1 knots (20.6 km/h) during her first voyage in June 1919.

该船的设计航速为 11 节（20 公里/小时），在 1919 年 6 月首次航行时平均航速为 11.1 节（20.6 公里/小时）。

After completion, West Conob was inspected by the 12th Naval District of the United States Navy for possible naval service and was assigned the identification number of 4033.

完工后，西科诺布接受了美国海军第12海军区的可能服役检查，并被分配了编号4033。

Had she been commissioned, she would have been known as USS West Conob (ID-4033), but the Navy neither took over the ship nor commissioned her.

如果她被服役，她将被称为 USS West Conob (ID-4033)，但海军既没有接管这艘船也没有服役。

Little information on the first years of West Conob's career is found in sources.

在资料中几乎找不到关于西科诺布职业生涯最初几年的信息。

But it is known that she was operated by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company on Pacific routes.

但众所周知，她是由太平洋邮政轮船公司在太平洋航线上运营的。

The ship departed Los Angeles on her maiden voyage to Hong Kong, making her way to San Francisco.

该船从洛杉矶出发，开始前往香港的首航，然后前往旧金山。

West Conob departed from there on 13 June 1919 for Honolulu, where she arrived eight days later.

1919 年 6 月 13 日，西科诺布从那里出发前往檀香山，八天后抵达檀香山。

After refueling at Honolulu, she headed to Hong Kong, and from there, retraced her route to return to San Francisco.

在檀香山加油后，她前往香港，然后从那里折回旧金山。

Details of later voyages are not available, but by mid-April 1921, West Conob had completed two circumnavigations without needing to stop for repairs.

后来航行的详细信息尚不清楚，但到 1921 年 4 月中旬，西科诺布号已经完成了两次环球航行，无需停下来进行维修。

At that time, the USSB allocated West Conob for service to Genoa.

当时，USSB 分配 West Conob 为热那亚提供服务。

In December 1925, West Conob was allocated to Swayne & Hoyt Lines for service to the east coast of South America.

1925 年 12 月，West Conob 被​​分配给 Swayne & Hoyt Lines，为南美洲东海岸提供服务。

By mid-1926, West Conob was sailing for Swayne & Hoyt's American-Australian-Orient Line when the Los Angeles Times reported her steaming to New Zealand with 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2) of wallboard.

1926 年中期，West Conob 号正在为 Swayne & Hoyt 的美国-澳大利亚-东方航线航行，当时《洛杉矶时报》报道称，她正以 350,000 平方英尺（33,000 平方米）的墙板驶往新西兰。

In October 1927, the Los Angeles Times reported on the impending sale of West Conob and 18 other Swayne & Holt ships to a San Francisco financier.

1927 年 10 月，《洛杉矶时报》报道了 West Conob 和其他 18 艘 Swayne & Holt 船舶即将出售给旧金山金融家的消息。

The ship later became a part of the fleet of the Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company, a joint venture between Oceanic-Matson, a subsidiary of Matson Navigation Company, and the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, established to take over operation of transpacific routes that had been managed for the USSB by Swayne & Holt Lines.

该船后来成为大洋与东方航运公司船队的一部分，该公司是美森航运公司子公司 Oceanic-Matson 与美国夏威夷轮船公司的合资企业，成立的目的是接管由 Swayne & Holt Lines 为 USSB 管理的跨太平洋航线的运营。

On 3 April 1928 it was reported that eight ships acquired by Matson were renamed—Dewey, West Carmona, West Cajoot, West Calera, West Conob, West Elcajon, West Nivaria, and West Togus becoming Golden State, Golden Fleece, Golden Bear, Golden Harvest, Golden Eagle, Golden Kauri, Golden Coast, and Golden Forrest, respectively.

1928 年 4 月 3 日，据报道，马特森收购的八艘船被重新命名：杜威号、西卡莫纳号、西卡茹特号、西卡莱拉号、西科诺布号、西埃尔卡洪号、西尼瓦里亚号和西托古斯号，分别成为金州号、金羊毛号、金熊号、金收获号、金鹰号、金贝壳杉号、黄金海岸号和金福雷斯特号。

The ship operated under the name Golden Eagle for the next six years.

该船在接下来的六年中以“金鹰”的名义运营。

Golden Eagle was sailing for Oceanic and Oriental from Los Angeles to Australia in March 1930, when the Los Angeles Times reported that she had sailed with 6,700 long tons (6,800 t) of case oil and 200 long tons (200 t) of general merchandise.

1930 年 3 月，金鹰号从洛杉矶出发前往大洋洲和东方号前往澳大利亚，当时《洛杉矶时报》报道称，该号载有 6,700 长吨（6,800 吨）的箱油和 200 长吨（200 吨）的普通商品。

In March 1934, Matson began a new "sugar, molasses and pineapple service" from Hawaii to San Francisco, Los Angeles, and either Philadelphia or New York, employing Golden Eagle and three other cargo ships.

1934 年 3 月，美森开始了一项新的“糖、糖蜜和菠萝服务”，使用金鹰号和其他三艘货船，从夏威夷飞往旧金山、洛杉矶、费城或纽约。

In May, after returning from New York on her first voyage in the new service, Golden Eagle entered drydock at Los Angeles for general repairs and repainting.

今年五月，金鹰号从纽约返回新航线后首次航行，进入洛杉矶干船坞进行一般维修和重新喷漆。

She emerged in Matson livery and with the new name of Mauna Loa.

她身着马森制服，并以新名字莫纳罗亚号出现。

She sailed on her maiden voyage under her new name to Honolulu with 4,500 long tons (4,600 t) of general cargo in late May.

5 月下旬，该船以新名称首次航行至檀香山，载运 4,500 长吨（4,600 公吨）普通货物。

Mauna Loa continued on the Hawaii–California–Philadelphia/New York service, occasionally making extra voyages from Los Angeles to Honolulu when dictated by cargo bookings.

莫纳罗亚号继续运营夏威夷 - 加利福尼亚 - 费城/纽约航线，偶尔会根据货物预订情况，进行从洛杉矶到檀香山的额外航程。

One such extra voyage occurred in February 1936 when she carried almost a full load of building materials for family dwellings in Hawaii.

1936 年 2 月发生了一次这样的额外航行，当时她几乎满载了夏威夷家庭住宅的建筑材料。

In August 1936, Mauna Loa diverted to respond to a distress call issued by the windjammer Pacific Queen some 700 nautical miles (1,300 km) southwest of Los Angeles.

1936 年 8 月，莫纳罗亚号改道响应洛杉矶西南约 700 海里（1,300 公里）处风帆船太平洋女王号发出的求救信号。

Pacific Queen had sailed from San Diego in July with a crew of 32—most of whom were Sea Scouts—and had been missing for two weeks.

太平洋女王号于 7 月从圣地亚哥出发，船上有 32 名船员，其中大多数是海上侦察兵，已经失踪两周了。

Mauna Loa's crew provided required supplies for the sailing vessel and her radioed messages prompted the United States Coast Guard to recall all of its vessels actively searching for Pacific Queen.

冒纳罗亚号的船员为这艘帆船提供了所需的物资，她的无线电信息促使美国海岸警卫队召回了所有积极搜寻太平洋女王号的船只。

On 18 November 1941, the War Department chartered Mauna Loa and seven other ships to carry supplies to the Philippines.

1941 年 11 月 18 日，陆军部租用莫纳罗亚号和其他七艘船向菲律宾运送物资。

Even though details of the charters were deemed confidential, the names of all eight ships were published in the Los Angeles Times two days later.

尽管租船合同的细节被视为机密，但两天后《洛杉矶时报》公布了所有八艘船的名称。

Less than three weeks after Mauna Loa's charter, the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor propelled the United States into World War II.

莫纳罗亚宪章签订后不到三周，日本偷袭珍珠港，将美国推入第二次世界大战。

Mauna Loa, sailing independently from the US, was diverted in the days after the Pearl Harbor attack to Sydney, Australia, arriving on 29 December.

莫纳罗亚号独立于美国航行，在珍珠港袭击事件发生后几天改道前往澳大利亚悉尼，并于 12 月 29 日抵达。

There she was offloaded the 214 vehicles, several barrels of aviation gasoline, subsistence supplies and ammunition she was carrying.

在那里，她卸下了她携带的 214 辆汽车、几桶航空汽油、生活用品和弹药。

She was then relocated to Darwin, Northern Territory, arriving on 19 January 1942.

随后她被转移到北领地达尔文，并于 1942 年 1 月 19 日抵达。

She was considered for use as a blockade runner for an operation to the Philippines, but was not selected.

她曾被考虑担任前往菲律宾行动的封锁穿越者，但没有被选中。

She was selected later for the Timor reinforcement convoy.

她后来被选入帝汶增援车队。

Japanese forces advancing south from the Malayan Peninsula had reached Timor by mid-February thus breaching the Malay Barrier that had been a priority defense line.

从马来亚半岛向南推进的日本军队已于二月中旬到达帝汶，从而突破了曾经是优先防线的马来屏障。

In order to prevent Timor's fall, which would give the Japanese a base within 400 miles (640 km) of Darwin, the Americans and Australians reinforced the Australian Sparrow Force and Royal Dutch East Indies Army forces defending the island.

为了防止帝汶沦陷，日本人将在距达尔文 400 英里（640 公里）范围内建立基地，美国和澳大利亚增援了保卫该岛的澳大利亚麻雀部队和荷兰皇家东印度陆军部队。

The American cruiser Houston and destroyer Peary, and the Australian sloops Swan and Warrego, led Mauna Loa and three other civilian ships out of Darwin Harbour at about 03:00 on 15 February heading for Koepang with relief intended for Timor.

2 月 15 日凌晨 3:00 左右，美国巡洋舰休斯顿号和驱逐舰皮里号以及澳大利亚单桅帆船天鹅号和瓦雷戈号率领莫纳罗亚号和其他三艘民用船只于 2 月 15 日凌晨 3:00 左右离开达尔文港，前往 Koepang，为帝汶提供救援。

Mauna Loa, loaded with 500 men, and United States Army transport ship Meigs carried an Australian infantry battalion and an antitank unit between them.

满载 500 人的莫纳罗亚号和美国陆军运输船梅格斯号载有一个澳大利亚步兵营和一个反坦克部队。

The British refrigerated cargo ship Tulagi and the American cargo ship Portmar carried the 148th Field Artillery Regiment of the Idaho National Guard between them.

英国冷藏货船“图拉吉”号和美国货船“波特玛”号载有爱达荷国民警卫队第 148 野战炮兵团。

The ships were spotted by a Japanese Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" four-engined flying boat that tailed the convoy at 10,000 feet (3,000 m).

一艘日本川西 H6K“Mavis”四引擎水上飞机发现了这些船只，该水上飞机在 10,000 英尺（3,000 m）的高度尾随船队。

When Captain Albert H.

当阿尔伯特·H.

Rooks of Houston requested air cover for the convoy, a lone Curtiss P-40 responded and engaged the Mavis, with each plane managing to shoot down the other.

休斯敦之鸦请求为车队提供空中掩护，一架柯蒂斯 P-40 做出回应并与梅维斯飞机交战，两架飞机都成功击落了另一架。

At around 09:00 the next day, another Mavis began trailing the convoy and at 11:00, 36 land-based Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" twin-engine bombers and ten seaplanes attacked in two waves.

第二天 09:00 左右，另一架“梅维斯”号开始尾随车队，到 11:00，36 架陆基三菱 Ki-21“莎莉”双引擎轰炸机和 10 架水上飞机分两波攻击。

Houston, the primary target of the bombers, unleashed all of her available antiaircraft fire with neither bombs nor Houston's fire being effective.

休斯顿号是轰炸机的主要目标，它发射了所有可用的防空火力，但炸弹和休斯顿号的火力均无效。

In the second wave, from the southwest and after the ships had scattered, Houston shot down seven of forty-four planes and repelled the attacking aircraft.

在第二波攻击中，来自西南方向的船只分散后，休斯顿击落了四十四架飞机中的七架，并击退了攻击机。

Houston's 900 rounds fired in the 45-minute attack resembled a "sheet of flame", according to witnesses.

据目击者称，休斯顿在 45 分钟的袭击中发射了 900 发子弹，就像一片“火焰”。

The only casualties during the attack were from one near miss on Mauna Loa; one crewman and one passenger were killed and 18 men were wounded in the attack.

袭击中唯一的伤亡是在莫纳罗亚火山上一次险些失手造成的。袭击中 1 名船员和 1 名乘客死亡，18 人受伤。

The convoy was ordered back to Darwin when word that Koepang had fallen to the Japanese was received; she arrived back in Darwin on 18 February.

当收到科庞已落入日本人之手的消息后，车队被命令返回达尔文。她于 2 月 18 日返回达尔文。

On 19 February 1942, the Japanese carrier striking force, consisting of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, and Soryu under the command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, launched 189 planes to attack Darwin.

1942年2月19日，由南云忠一海军上将指挥的赤城号、加贺号、飞龙号、苍龙号航空母舰组成的日本航母打击力量，出动189架飞机攻击达尔文。

The carrier planes rendezvoused with 54 land-based bombers from Kendari and Ambon.

舰载机与来自肯达里和安汶的 54 架陆基轰炸机会合。

At the time of the raid the Mauna Loa and Meigs had unloaded troops and moved to anchorages with the force's equipment and ammunition aboard with Neptuna and Zealandia unloading ammunition at the docks that were the first target of high altitude bombers.

袭击发生时，“莫纳罗亚”号和“梅格斯”号已将部队卸下，并带着部队装备和弹药转移到锚地，而“海王星”号和“西兰蒂亚”号则在码头卸载弹药，这是高空轰炸机的第一个目标。

Both ships at the dock were hit with Neptuna exploding.

码头上的两艘船都被海王星爆炸击中。

After a second wave of bombers, concentrating on the airport, came waves of dive bombers that for two hours concentrated on ships in the harbor.

在第二波轰炸机集中攻击机场之后，又一波又一波的俯冲轰炸机集中攻击港口的船只，持续了两个小时。

During the attack, Mauna Loa quickly sank after she was hit by two bombs that landed in an open hatch.

在袭击过程中，冒纳罗亚号被落在敞开舱口的两枚炸弹击中，随后迅速沉没。

None of her 37-man crew or seven passengers was injured.

船上 37 名船员和 7 名乘客均未受伤。

Along with Mauna Loa, two other American ships, destroyer Peary and Army transport Meigs, were sunk.

与莫纳罗亚山一起沉没的还有另外两艘美国舰艇：驱逐舰皮里号和陆军运输船梅格斯号。

In addition to the many other ships that were damaged, five Commonwealth ships were sunk, including two Australian passenger ships in use as troopships, Neptuna and Zealandia.

除了许多其他受损船只外，还有五艘英联邦船只被击沉，其中包括两艘用作运兵船的澳大利亚客船：海王星号和西兰迪亚号。

The total death toll for the attack was around 250; of the total, 157 died on ships.

袭击造成的总死亡人数约为 250 人；其中 157 人死于船上。

After the war, a Japanese salvage firm was awarded the contract for salvaging the remains of Mauna Loa and the other wrecks in the harbor, but were prohibited from removing any of the American-owned cargo still remaining.

战后，一家日本打捞公司获得了打捞莫纳罗亚号残骸和港口其他沉船的合同，但被禁止移走任何仍残留的美国拥有的货物。

What remains of Mauna Loa lies in Darwin Harbour at position 12°29.86′S 130°49.16′E at a depth of 60 feet (18 m), and is a dive site.

莫纳罗亚火山的遗迹位于达尔文港，位置为 12°29.86′S 130°49.16′E，深度为 60 英尺（18 m），是一个潜水地点。

Military trucks, Bren Gun Carriers, a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, and many rounds of .303- and .50-caliber ammunition are among the pieces of Mauna Loa's cargo that still lie strewn about the wreck.

军用卡车、布伦炮车、一辆哈雷戴维森摩托车以及许多发 0.303 和 0.50 口径的弹药都是冒纳罗亚号的货物，至今仍散落在沉船周围。

Williford, Glen (2010).

格伦·威利福德（2010）。

Racing the Sunrise, Reinforcing America's Pacific Outposts, 1941-1942.

竞速日出，加固美国太平洋前哨基地，1941 年至 1942 年。

Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.

马里兰州安纳波利斯：海军学院出版社。

ISBN 978-1591149569.

ISBN 978-1591149569。