Physella acuta (Wikipedia featured)
Physella acuta, also known as the European physa, tadpole snail, sewage snail, bladder snail, or acute bladder snail, is a species of small, air-breathing freshwater snail of the family Physidae.
Physella acuta，也称为欧洲水泡、蝌蚪蜗牛、污水蜗牛、膀胱蜗牛或急性膀胱蜗牛，是Physidae科的一种小型呼吸空气的淡水蜗牛。
It originates from North America and was first described in 1805 by Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud based on a specimen found in France.
它起源于北美，1805 年由 Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud 根据在法国发现的标本首次描述。
Like other physids, P.
与其他物理学家一样，P.
acuta presents a sinistral (left-coiling) shell as well as a unique set of muscles called the physid musculature that allows it to rapidly twist the shell as a defence mechanism.
acuta 具有左旋（左卷）外壳以及一组称为物理肌肉组织的独特肌肉，使其能够快速扭转外壳作为防御机制。
P.
P。
acuta is invasive on all continents except Antarctica and is considered by Dillon and colleagues (2002) as "the world's most cosmopolitan freshwater gastropod".
acuta 侵入除南极洲以外的所有大陆，被 Dillon 及其同事 (2002) 认为是“世界上最国际化的淡水腹足动物”。
Its first introduction outside North America likely occurred through the 18th-century cotton trade to Europe, while later spread mainly happened through the aquarium trade.
它首次传入北美以外地区可能是通过 18 世纪向欧洲进行的棉花贸易，而后来的传播主要是通过水族箱贸易。
The species can occupy diverse freshwater habitats and tolerates polluted as well as oxygen-poor environments.
该物种可以占据多种淡水栖息地，并能耐受污染和缺氧的环境。
It can reproduce with other individuals and also self-fertilise.
它可以与其他个体繁殖，也可以自体受精。
Due to its high reproductive rate and tolerance to habitat degradation, it frequently outcompetes native snail species.
由于其高繁殖率和对栖息地退化的耐受性，它经常在竞争中胜过本土蜗牛物种。
Prevalence of parasitic infections within invasive P.
侵入性疟原虫内寄生虫感染的流行率。
acuta populations is often low, but a 2024 study detected the human parasite Echinostoma (which causes a disease known as echinostomiasis upon infecting the gastrointestinal tract) in an individual from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
刺口虫种群数量通常较低，但 2024 年的一项研究在巴西里约热内卢的一名个体中检测到了人类寄生虫棘口虫（感染胃肠道后会导致一种称为棘口虫病的疾病）。
In aquariums, P.
在水族馆中，P.
acuta is usually introduced through ornamental plants and can become a "nuisance snail" due to its rapid reproduction.
acuta 通常通过观赏植物引入，由于其繁殖速度快，可能成为“令人讨厌的蜗牛”。
However, a controlled population in an aquarium can help clean up organic leftovers and control algal growth.
然而，控制水族馆中的种群可以帮助清理有机残留物并控制藻类生长。
Physella acuta is commonly known as European physa, tadpole snail, sewage snail, bladder snail, or acute bladder snail.
钝水螺俗称欧洲水泡、蝌蚪螺、污水螺、膀胱螺或急性膀胱螺。
The species was first described as Physa acuta in 1805 by Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud, based on a specimen found in the Garonne catchment in France.
1805 年，Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud 根据在法国加龙河流域发现的标本，首次将该物种描述为 Physa acuta。
The specific epithet acuta is Latin for 'sharp'.
特定的绰号 acuta 是拉丁语，意思是“尖锐”。
In 1817 Thomas Say independently described the same species in Pennsylvania, naming it Physa heterostropha.
1817 年，托马斯·萨伊 (Thomas Say) 在宾夕法尼亚州独立描述了同一物种，并将其命名为 Physa heterostropa。
This and several other newly described species, such as Physella virgata and Physella integra (described from North America), as well as Physella cubensis (described from Central America), were considered distinct from each other until molecular and reproductive studies at the beginning of the 21st century revealed them to be synonyms of P.
该物种和其他几个新描述的物种，如 Physella virgata 和 Physella integra（描述于北美），以及 Physella Cubansis（描述于中美洲），一直被认为彼此不同，直到 21 世纪初的分子和生殖研究表明它们是 P. Physella 的同义词。
acuta.
急性。
Since 2021, molecular phylogenetic studies (which investigate evolutionary relationships using genetic data) have reported stronger evidence for moving the species from its original genus Physa to Physella.
自 2021 年以来，分子系统发育研究（利用遗传数据研究进化关系）报告了更有力的证据，表明该物种从原来的 Physa 属转移到 Physella 属。
As of 2025 the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) accepts the taxonomic classification proposed by Albrecht and colleagues (2025).
自 2025 年起，世界海洋物种名录 (WoRMS) 接受 Albrecht 及其同事提出的分类学分类 (2025)。
The authors place P.
作者将 P.
acuta in the genus Physella, with Physa (the genus to which it was previously assigned) and Stenophysa as sister groups.
acuta 属于 Physella 属，与 Physa（之前归属的属）和 Stenophysa 为姊妹类群。
Together, these three genera form the subfamily named Physinae.
这三个属共同组成了名为 Physinae 的亚科。
The family Physidae consists of Physinae and the genus Aplexa.
Physidae 科由 Physinae 和 Aplexa 属组成。
P.
P。
acuta's current classification is shown in the simplified cladogram below.While the family Physidae is well established, the structure of its subfamily Physinae remains unclear as of 2021.
acuta 目前的分类如下面的简化分支图所示。虽然 Physidae 科已经很成熟，但截至 2021 年，其亚科 Physinae 的结构仍不清楚。
Debates include the taxonomic relationships between Physinae members as well as the definition and number of physinine genera and species, which in turn affect how individual taxa, including P.
争论包括Physinae成员之间的分类关系以及Physinae属和种的定义和数量，这反过来又影响了包括P.
acuta, are defined and assigned.
acuta，被定义和分配。
Consequently, P.
因此，P.
acuta's classification as Physella is not universally accepted, and other authors and databases continue to use synonyms like Physa acuta or Haitia acuta.
acuta 的分类为 Physella 并没有被普遍接受，其他作者和数据库继续使用同义词，如 Physa acuta 或 Haitia acuta。
This taxonomic uncertainty is partly due to vague descriptions in early works that could apply to multiple taxa, and to the generalist nature of physids, including P.
这种分类学上的不确定性部分是由于早期作品中的模糊描述可能适用于多个分类群，以及物理生物（包括 P.
acuta, which lead to morphological plasticity (variation in morphology in response to environmental conditions) and rapid evolution.
acuta，这导致形态可塑性（形态随环境条件而变化）和快速进化。
Like other members of the family Physidae, the shell of P.
与 Physidae 科的其他成员一样，P.
acuta lacks an operculum, a "trapdoor" that closes the aperture (shell opening), and is sinistral.
acuta 缺乏鳃盖，即关闭孔径（壳开口）的“活板门”，并且是左旋的。
Sinistral shells are left-coiling, meaning that when held with the aperture facing the observer and the spire (coiled part of the shell) pointing upward, the aperture is on the left-hand side.
左旋贝壳是左盘绕的，这意味着当孔径面向观察者并且尖顶（贝壳的盘绕部分）指向上方时，孔径位于左侧。
The shell is small, reaching up to 16 mm (0.63 in) length and 9 mm (0.35 in) in width.
外壳很小，长度可达 16 毫米（0.63 英寸），宽度可达 9 毫米（0.35 英寸）。
It forms a high spiral of five to six whorls (complete revolutions) which take about two-thirds of the shell length and end in a pointed apex (tip).
它形成一个由五到六个螺旋（完整旋转）组成的高螺旋，大约占壳长度的三分之二，并以尖顶（尖端）结束。
Sutures (grooves between the whorls) are impressed and clearly visible.
缝合线（螺纹之间的凹槽）清晰可见。
The aperture is ear-shaped and extends about three-quarters of the total shell height.
该孔呈耳形，延伸约外壳总高度的四分之三。
Both the columella (central pillar within the shell) and the apertural lip (the opening's margin) are white.
小柱（壳内的中心柱）和孔唇（开口的边缘）都是白色的。
The shell surface is smooth and ranges in colour from pale horn to brownish yellow.
壳表面光滑，颜色从浅角到棕黄色不等。
P.
P。
acuta's shell is thin, but shell thickness increases in the presence of predators, a response known as "adaptive plasticity".
蝾螈的壳很薄，但在捕食者存在时壳厚度会增加，这种反应被称为“适应性可塑性”。
This response is weaker in individuals born through self-fertilisation (when the snail reproduces with itself), which also develop thinner shells.
这种反应在通过自体受精（当蜗牛自我繁殖时）出生的个体中较弱，而且蜗牛的壳也较薄。
In 2010 Auld and Relyea reported shell thickness in P.
2010 年，Auld 和 Relyea 报告了 P.
acuta ranging from 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) to 0.35 mm (0.014 in), depending on predator cues in the environment and self-fertilisation rates.
acuta 范围从 0.15 毫米（0.0059 英寸）到 0.35 毫米（0.014 英寸），具体取决于环境中的捕食者线索和自体受精率。
The species presents a high diversity of shell shapes which led to numerous false species descriptions before the onset of molecular phylogenetic studies at the beginning of the 21st century.
该物种呈现出高度多样性的贝壳形状，在 21 世纪初分子系统发育研究开始之前，导致了许多错误的物种描述。
Shells of P.
P 的贝壳。
acuta can be especially difficult to distinguish from those of Physella gyrina and Stenophysa marmorata if live specimens are not available, since body morphology provides key distinguishing features.
如果没有活体标本，则很难将 acuta 与 Physella gyrina 和 Stenophysa marmorata 区分开来，因为身体形态提供了关键的区分特征。
Typically, P.
通常，P.
gyrina has a shorter spire with shallower sutures and a larger shell which can exceed 13 millimetres (0.51 in) length.
回旋螺的尖顶较短，缝合线较浅，外壳较大，长度可超过 13 毫米（0.51 英寸）。
The shell of S.
S的外壳。
marmorata is longer and narrower.
Marmorata 更长更窄。
The body of P.
P的身体。
acuta is very variable in colour, which can range from blue to dark grey.
acuta 的颜色变化很大，从蓝色到深灰色。
The top mantle (tissue covering the visceral mass of the animal) has golden spots often visible under the thin shell.
顶地幔（覆盖动物内脏的组织）在薄壳下经常可见金色斑点。
Finger-like lobes extend from the mantle on both sides of the body (7–11 on the right side and 4–6 on the left), smaller than in other physids such as Physa fontinalis or Stenophysa marmorata.
指状裂片从身体两侧的外套膜延伸出来（右侧 7-11 个，左侧 4-6 个），比其他物理动物（如 Physa fontinalis 或 Stenophysa marmorata）要小。
They can act as an accessory gill by extracting additional oxygen from the environment and help detect predators through their touch-sensitive tissue.
它们可以充当附属鳃，从环境中提取额外的氧气，并通过触敏组织帮助检测捕食者。
The tentacles are grey and follow the build of other members within the family Physidae: cylindrical and slender, almost transparent, with small black eyes at the base.
触手是灰色的，与鹧鸪科其他成员的体型相似：圆柱形、细长、几乎透明，底部有黑色的小眼睛。
These pit eyes only distinguish between light and dark.
这些坑眼只区分光明与黑暗。
The foot is narrow and ends in a pointed tail, as is also typical of the family.
足部狭窄，末端呈尖尾，这也是该家族的典型特征。
The mouth edge is large and flared.
嘴部边缘大且呈喇叭形。
The body is an important point of distinction from P.
身体是与P的一个重要区别点。
gyrina and S.
吉里纳和S.
marmorata: P.
马尔莫拉塔：P.
gyrina has whitish spots over its whole dark grey body including the tentacles.
旋翼龙的整个深灰色身体（包括触手）上都有白色斑点。
The mantle extensions of S.
S的地幔延伸部分
marmorata are not digitated and extend broadly over the sides of the shell and this species has a black stripe running through the middle of the tail.
马尔莫拉塔没有指状，在壳的两侧广泛延伸，该物种的尾巴中部有一条黑色条纹。
Like all members of the family Physidae, P.
与 Physidae 科的所有成员一样，P.
acuta has a pulmonary cavity within the mantle which enables it to take oxygen from the water or from the air.
貉的地幔内有一个肺腔，使其能够从水或空气中获取氧气。
It also has a specialised set of muscles called the physid musculature, unique among gastropods.
它还具有一组特殊的肌肉，称为体肌肉组织，在腹足动物中是独一无二的。
Based on dissections, Naranjo-García and Appleton (2009) proposed that these muscles allow the snail to rapidly twist its shell in clockwise rotations of up to 120°.
基于解剖，Naranjo-García 和 Appleton（2009）提出，这些肌肉使蜗牛能够以顺时针方向快速扭转其外壳，最多可达 120°。
This shell-shaking movement is an important defence against slow-moving predators like leeches and fly larvae, which cannot properly attach to the moving shell.
这种晃动贝壳的运动是对抗水蛭和苍蝇幼虫等缓慢移动的捕食者的重要防御手段，因为它们无法正确附着在移动的贝壳上。
However, it is not effective when predators are fast-moving and actively pursue the snails, as is the case with water bugs.
然而，当捕食者快速移动并积极追捕蜗牛时，如水蝽的情况，这种方法就无效了。
The physid musculature has two main parts.
身体肌肉组织有两个主要部分。
The first is the physid muscle sensu stricto, meaning the muscle "in the strict sense" because it is the major component of the musculature complex.
第一个是物理肌肉（sensu stricto），意思是“严格意义上的”肌肉，因为它是肌肉组织复合体的主要组成部分。
It is a branched muscle that anchors the side of the snail's body to its neck, head, foot, and mantle.
它是一种分支肌肉，将蜗牛身体的一侧固定在颈部、头部、足部和外套膜上。
The second part is the fan muscle, a group of thin, broad fibres that fan out from the base of the muscle sensu stricto toward the mantle roof.
第二部分是扇形肌，一组细而宽的纤维，从严格意义上的肌肉基部向地幔顶部扇形展开。
According to Naranjo-García and Appleton (2009), the configuration and attachment points of these muscles are consistent with a shell-twisting role, allowing them to provide the twisting force, serve as a base for the movement, anchor the shell to the body, and help return the shell to its original position afterwards.
根据 Naranjo-García 和 Appleton (2009) 的说法，这些肌肉的配置和附着点与扭转贝壳的作用一致，使它们能够提供扭转力，作为运动的基础，将贝壳固定在身体上，并帮助贝壳恢复到原来的位置。
P.
P。
acuta is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, meaning it has both male and female reproductive organs functioning at the same time.
acuta 是同时雌雄同体，这意味着它同时具有雄性和雌性生殖器官的功能。
In Physidae, the male organs are important for taxonomic identification and consist of prepuce, penis sheath, and penis.
在Physidae中，雄性器官对于分类学鉴定很重要，由包皮、阴茎鞘和阴茎组成。
The prepuce is a tube that releases or receives sperm from outside and, in the case of P.
包皮是一个从外部释放或接收精子的管子，对于包皮来说。
acuta, includes a small, lentil-shaped gland (the preputial gland).
acuta，包括一个小扁豆形腺体（包皮腺）。
It is wider and twice as long as the muscular penis sheath.
它比肌肉发达的阴茎鞘更宽，长度是其两倍。
The penis is 160–180 μm in length, elongated and narrow along most of its length but ending in a wider, rounded tip.
阴茎长度为 160–180μm，大部分长度拉长且狭窄，但末端较宽且呈圆形。
The penis musculature consists of circular muscles in both the outer and inner layers, while the intermediate layer has only longitudinal muscles.
阴茎肌肉组织由外层和内层的环形肌肉组成，而中间层仅由纵向肌肉组成。
Together with molecular phylogenetic data, this musculature pattern can be used to distinguish major groups within the superorder Hygrophila.
与分子系统发育数据一起，这种肌肉组织模式可用于区分吸湿亚目内的主要类群。
The female organs are less frequently described in detail.
女性器官很少被详细描述。
They consist of a convoluted oviduct (which transports the eggs to the outside), a nidamental gland (which secretes the egg capsule), and a vagina connected to the spermathecal duct (which receives sperm).
它们由回旋的输卵管（将卵子输送到外部）、内腺（分泌卵囊）和连接到受精囊管（接收精子）的阴道组成。
P.
P。
acuta is widely dispersed across the globe, largely due to the aquarium trade.
acuta 广泛分布在全球各地，这主要归功于水族贸易。
It is an invasive species which can be found on all continents except Antarctica and is considered by Dillon and colleagues (2002) as "the world's most cosmopolitan freshwater gastropod".
它是一种入侵物种，可以在除南极洲以外的所有大陆上发现，并被 Dillon 及其同事（2002）认为是“世界上最国际化的淡水腹足动物”。
P.
P。
acuta was originally thought to be a European species, as its first record in North America following Draparnaud's initial description was only published in 1997.
acuta 最初被认为是欧洲物种，因为在 Draparnaud 最初描述之后，它在北美的第一个记录直到 1997 年才发表。
However, reproductive isolation experiments and molecular genetic studies revealed it to be the same species as the North American Physella heterostropha and Physa integra.
然而，生殖隔离实验和分子遗传学研究表明它与北美Physella heterostropa和Physa integra是同一物种。
Comparative anatomy, fossil evidence, and phylogenetic data also support a North American origin, specifically within the United States.
比较解剖学、化石证据和系统发育数据也支持北美起源，特别是在美国境内。
However, its exact native range within the country remains debated, with hypotheses for both eastern and western origins.
然而，其在该国的确切原产地仍然存在争议，有东方和西方起源的假设。
The timing and pathway of P.
P的时间和途径
acuta's first arrival in Europe are also uncertain.
acuta 是否会首次抵达欧洲也还不确定。
Anderson (2003) links it back to eastern U.S. populations via the 18th-century cotton trade.
Anderson (2003) 通过 18 世纪的棉花贸易将其与美国东部人口联系起来。
This hypothesis is based on the fact that Draparnaud's description happened during a time when the U.S. and France had trade relations, with traffic between the ports of Mississippi and Bordeaux.
这一假设基于以下事实：德拉帕诺的描述发生在美国和法国有贸易关系的时期，密西西比港和波尔多港口之间有交通。
Other hypotheses for P.
P 的其他假设
acuta's first introduction to Europe have also been proposed, including natural dispersal by birds.
还提出将 acuta 首次引入欧洲，包括通过鸟类自然传播。
Once within Europe, P.
一旦进入欧洲，P.
acuta's spread was likely facilitated by man-made canals and water birds.
人造运河和水鸟可能促进了阿库塔的传播。
The spread of P.
P的传播
acuta continues to be monitored and modelled in recent decades to inform efforts in its population control.
近几十年来，acuta 继续受到监测和建模，为人口控制工作提供信息。
While pesticides can affect non-target organisms sharing P.
虽然农药可以影响共享 P.
acuta's habitat, predators of P.
acuta 的栖息地，P. 的掠食者。
acuta can act as agents in biological control by decreasing the number of snails in the environment.
acuta 可以通过减少环境中蜗牛的数量来充当生物控制剂。
Laboratory studies showed that water bugs (Diplonychus rusticus) and glossiphoniid leeches prefer preying on P.
实验室研究表明，水蝽（Diplonychus rusticus）和舌吸水蛭更喜欢捕食水蝽。
acuta even in the presence of other prey snails, although studies in natural environments are pending as of 2023.
即使在有其他猎物蜗牛存在的情况下，acuta 也会出现这种情况，不过截至 2023 年，自然环境中的研究仍在进行中。
The black carp can consume over 250 snails per day under laboratory conditions, including individuals buried in the substrate.
在实验室条件下，青鱼每天可以吃掉超过 250 只蜗牛，其中包括埋在基质中的个体。
However, as of 2001, potential risks associated with introducing the fish, including pathogen transmission and unintended population growth, still need to be assessed.
然而，截至 2001 年，仍然需要评估与引进鱼类相关的潜在风险，包括病原体传播和意外的种群增长。
P.
P。
acuta can occupy a variety of freshwater habitats as well as habitats varying widely in water availability.
acuta 可以占据各种淡水栖息地以及水资源供应量差异很大的栖息地。
As a pulmonate snail, it tolerates harsh environmental conditions such as polluted and eutrophic (oxygen-deprived) waters, since it is able to come to the surface to breathe air.
作为一种肺蜗牛，它能够忍受恶劣的环境条件，例如污染和富营养化（缺氧）的水域，因为它能够到水面呼吸空气。
P.
P。
acuta has been reported in lakes, ponds, streams, and ditches, as well as artificial sites such as reservoirs, sewage drains, and irrigation systems.
据报道，在湖泊、池塘、溪流和沟渠以及水库、污水渠和灌溉系统等人工场所中均发现了acuta。
It is a scraper feeder and uses its radula (a tongue-like structure covered in small chitinous teeth) to scrape green algae, diatoms, and aquatic plants from the surface.
它是一种刮刀喂食器，利用齿舌（一种覆盖有小几丁质牙齿的舌状结构）从表面刮除绿藻、硅藻和水生植物。
P.
P。
acuta is a simultaneous hermaphrodite which is self-compatible, meaning it is capable of both outcrossing (reproduction with another individual) and self-fertilisation.
acuta 是同时雌雄同体，具有自交亲和性，这意味着它能够异型杂交（与另一个个体繁殖）和自体受精。
In natural populations, reproduction occurs mainly by outcrossing, but self-fertilisation rates still remain between 10 and 30 percent and can increase as an adaptation strategy when mates are scarce.
在自然种群中，繁殖主要通过异型杂交进行，但自体受精率仍保持在 10% 至 30% 之间，当配偶稀缺时，作为一种适应策略，自体受精率可以提高。
During P.
P期间。
acuta's reproductive development, snails first reach outcrossing maturity after about 5–7 weeks, while self-fertilisation maturity comes at around 14 weeks.
在 acuta 的生殖发育过程中，蜗牛在大约 5-7 周后首次达到异交成熟，而自花受精成熟则在 14 周左右。
Sexually mature adults breed year-round and lay 50–100 eggs per week.
性成熟的成虫全年繁殖，每周产卵 50-100 个。
Eggs are deposited in elongate gelatinous sacs, which they attach to rock, compacted mud, or the shells of other P.
卵沉积在细长的胶状囊中，附着在岩石、压实的泥土或其他P.
acuta.
急性。
Eggs hatch after 15–20 days.
15-20 天后卵孵化。
Under laboratory conditions, individuals live to about 22–30 weeks, although Núñez reported a lifespan of 88 weeks in 2010.
在实验室条件下，个体的寿命约为 22-30 周，尽管努涅斯在 2010 年报告的寿命为 88 周。
Due to its abundance, high reproductive rate, short generation time, and ease of laboratory cultivation, P.
由于其数量丰富、繁殖率高、世代时间短且易于实验室栽培，P.
acuta is widely studied as a model organism (a species used to draw conclusions about broader organism groups).
acuta 作为模式生物（用于得出关于更广泛的生物群体的结论的物种）而被广泛研究。
Its ecological role as a grazer and as prey makes it suitable for ecotoxicological studies, which investigate the impacts of pollutants on the environment.
它作为食草动物和猎物的生态作用使其适合进行生态毒理学研究，研究污染物对环境的影响。
P.
P。
acuta has been used to assess pesticide toxicity across life stages, multigenerational effects of pharmaceutical pollutants, as well as the toxicity of microplastics, fluoride, and turbidity on gastropod behaviour and reproduction.
acuta 已用于评估农药在整个生命阶段的毒性、药物污染物的多代影响，以及微塑料、氟化物的毒性以及浊度对腹足动物行为和繁殖的影响。
P.
P。
acuta can coexist with other non-native snails such as Stenophysa marmorata, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Lithoglyphus naticoides, and Radix auricularia.
acuta 可以与其他外来蜗牛共存，如 Stenophysa marmorata、Potamopygus antipodarum、Lithoglyphus naticoides 和 Radix aurillaryia。
In these cases, competition may not be strong enough to cause exclusion, and species can differ in their competition strategies or life-history traits.
在这些情况下，竞争可能不足以导致排斥，并且物种的竞争策略或生活史特征可能有所不同。
More often, however, its presence leads to the decline of native gastropod populations in a very short period of time.
然而，更常见的是，它的存在导致本地腹足动物种群在很短的时间内减少。
In Mozambique, it displaced Bulinus forskalii to become the dominant gastropod in less than 50 years.
在莫桑比克，它在不到 50 年的时间里取代了 Bulinus forskalii，成为腹足动物的优势。
It also outcompetes Glyptophysa gibbosa in Australia, Physa fontinalis in Italy, as well as Racesina luteola and Filopaludina bengalensis in India.
它还击败了澳大利亚的 Glyptophysa gibbosa、意大利的 Physa fontinalis 以及印度的 Racesina uteola 和 Filopaludina bengalensis。
Like many invasive freshwater snails, the competitive success of P.
与许多入侵性淡水蜗牛一样，P.
acuta can be explained by its higher fecundity, shorter egg development time, and broader tolerance to habitat degradation.
acuta 的繁殖力较高，卵发育时间较短，对栖息地退化的耐受性更强。
It also shows a stronger growth response under rising temperatures than some native species, a trait that can favour it under climate change.
在气温升高的情况下，它还表现出比某些本地物种更强的生长反应，这一特性在气候变化下有利于它。
These characteristics make P.
这些特点使得P.
acuta more efficient in competing for food when diets overlap.
当饮食重叠时，acuta 会更有效地竞争食物。
The presence of P.
P的存在。
acuta can also inhibit the growth of other species, while its own growth is stimulated by them, although exact mechanisms are unknown.
acuta 还可以抑制其他物种的生长，而其自身的生长则受到它们的刺激，尽管确切的机制尚不清楚。
P.
P。
acuta is predated by a variety of animals, including water bugs, marsh fly larvae, crayfish, leeches, and various fish species.
acuta 被多种动物捕食，包括水蝽、沼蝇幼虫、小龙虾、水蛭和各种鱼类。
To a lesser degree, it is also prey to the carnivorous snail Anentome helena.
在较小程度上，它也是肉食性蜗牛 Anentome helena 的猎物。
Anti-predator behaviours include shell-shaking (rapid shell movements) and crawling to or above the waterline, as well as burrowing into the sediment, leaping (shell-shaking combined with detachment from the surface, causing the snail to jerk away), clamping to the substrate, and detaching to float up to the surface.
反捕食者行为包括摇壳（壳的快速运动）和爬行到水线或高于水线，以及钻入沉积物、跳跃（摇壳与从表面分离相结合，导致蜗牛猛然离开）、夹住基质以及分离以漂浮到表面。
Naranjo-García and Appleton suggested in 2009 that P.
Naranjo-García 和 Appleton 在 2009 年提出 P.
acuta's shell-shaking behaviour may contribute to its invasive success, as it reduces predation risk from slow-moving snail predators.
蜈蚣的摇壳行为可能有助于其入侵成功，因为它降低了缓慢移动的蜗牛捕食者的捕食风险。
P.
P。
acuta is a potential intermediate host for parasites of both native wildlife and humans.
acuta 是本地野生动物和人类寄生虫的潜在中间宿主。
Due to its cosmopolitan distribution and invasive capacity, it has the potential to significantly influence the distribution of parasites within freshwater ecosystems.
由于其全球性分布和入侵能力，它有可能显着影响淡水生态系统中寄生虫的分布。
Reported infections include turtle parasites within the genus Krefftascaris and the family Spirorchiidae, the bird parasite Cotylurus cornutus, and the rat parasite Euparyphium albuferensis, although infection prevalence within invasive P.
报告的感染包括龟寄生虫属和螺科的龟寄生虫、鸟类寄生虫 Cotylurus cornutus 和大鼠寄生虫 Euparyphium albuferensis，尽管感染在侵入性 P.
acuta populations is often low.
acuta 的数量通常很少。
Experiments exposing P.
实验揭露P.
acuta to the human parasites Hypoderaeum conoideum and Trichobilharzia regenti yielded no successful infections.
acuta 对人类寄生虫 Hypoderaeum conoideum 和 Trichobilharzia regenti 没有产生成功的感染。
This is consistent with the enemy release hypothesis, the observation that non-native species carry fewer parasites outside their native range.
这与敌怪释放假说一致，即非本地物种在其本地范围之外携带的寄生虫较少。
As of 2024 there has been only one documented link between P.
截至 2024 年，P. 之间只有一个记录在案的联系。
acuta and human illness, when Moreira and colleagues recorded Echinostoma (a parasitic flatworm which causes echinostomiasis in humans upon infecting the gastrointestinal tract) in P.
当莫雷拉和同事在 P. acuta 和人类疾病中记录了棘口虫（一种寄生扁虫，感染胃肠道后会引起人类棘口虫病）时。
acuta from public parks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
来自巴西里约热内卢公园的 acuta。
P.
P。
acuta is often called a "nuisance snail" in freshwater fishkeeping.
在淡水养鱼中，acuta 通常被称为“令人讨厌的蜗牛”。
It is usually introduced inadvertently with ornamental plants or decoration, and a single introduced individual can be enough to establish a population.
它通常是通过观赏植物或装饰无意中引入的，单个引入的个体就足以建立一个种群。
According to hobbyist magazines Practical Fishkeeping and Tropical Fish Hobbyist, an excessive reproduction of P.
据业余爱好者杂志《实用养鱼》和《热带鱼爱好者》报道，P.
acuta may result from an oversupply of food in the aquarium, for example when fish and shrimp are overfed.
acuta 可能是由于水族箱中的食物供应过多造成的，例如鱼和虾喂食过多。
However, Practical Fishkeeping also notes that a controlled population of P.
然而，《实用养鱼》还指出，P.
acuta in an aquarium can help clean up organic leftovers and control algae growth.
水族箱中的 acuta 可以帮助清理有机残留物并控制藻类生长。
Their diet consists of algae and organic detritus and, while they may scrape softer aquarium plants, possible damage is limited by their size.
它们的饮食由藻类和有机碎屑组成，虽然它们可能会刮伤较软的水族箱植物，但可能造成的损害仅限于它们的大小。