Palmyra (Wikipedia featured)

Palmyra is an ancient city in central Syria.

巴尔米拉是叙利亚中部的一座古城。

It is located in the eastern part of the Levant, and archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first mention the city in the early second millennium BCE.

它位于黎凡特东部，考古发现可以追溯到新石器时代，文献首次提到这座城市是在公元前二千年初期。

Palmyra changed hands on a number of occasions between different empires before becoming a subject of the Roman Empire in the first century CE.

帕尔米拉在不同的帝国之间多次易主，直到公元一世纪成为罗马帝国的臣民。

The city grew wealthy from trade caravans; the Palmyrenes became renowned as merchants who established colonies along the Silk Road and operated throughout the Roman Empire.

这座城市因商队而变得富裕。帕尔米拉人因沿丝绸之路建立殖民地并在整个罗马帝国经营而闻名。

Palmyra's wealth enabled the construction of monumental projects, such as the Great Colonnade, the Temple of Bel, and the distinctive tower tombs.

帕尔米拉的财富使得许多纪念性工程得以兴建，例如大柱廊、贝尔神庙和独特的塔式陵墓。

Ethnically, the Palmyrenes combined elements of Amorites, Arameans, and Arabs.

从种族上看，帕尔米拉人融合了亚摩利人、亚兰人和阿拉伯人的元素。

Socially structured around kinship and clans, Palmyra's inhabitants spoke Palmyrene Aramaic, a variety of Western Middle Aramaic, while using Koine Greek for commercial and diplomatic purposes.

巴尔米拉的社会结构以亲属关系和氏族为中心，巴尔米拉的居民讲巴尔米拉阿拉姆语（西部中阿拉姆语的变体），同时在商业和外交方面使用通用希腊语。

The Hellenistic period of West Asia influenced the culture of Palmyra, which produced distinctive art and architecture that combined different Mediterranean traditions.

西亚的希腊化时期影响了巴尔米拉文化，产生了融合不同地中海传统的独特艺术和建筑。

The city's inhabitants worshiped local Semitic, Mesopotamian, and Arab deities.

这座城市的居民崇拜当地闪族、美索不达米亚和阿拉伯的神灵。

By the third century, Palmyra had become a prosperous regional center.

到了第三世纪，帕尔米拉已成为繁荣的地区中心。

It reached the apex of its power in the 260s, when the Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated the Sasanian emperor Shapur I.

它在260年代达到了权力的顶峰，当时帕尔米拉国王奥登纳图斯击败了萨珊王朝皇帝沙普尔一世。

The king was succeeded by queen regent Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire.

国王由摄政王泽诺比娅继承，她反抗罗马并建立了帕尔米拉帝国。

In 273, Roman emperor Aurelian levelled the city, which was later restored by Diocletian at a reduced size.

273年，罗马皇帝奥勒良夷平了这座城市，后来戴克里先将其修复并缩小了规模。

The Palmyrenes converted to Christianity during the fourth century and to Islam in the centuries following the conquest by the seventh-century Rashidun Caliphate, after which the Palmyrene and Greek languages were replaced by Arabic.

帕尔米拉人在第四世纪皈依了基督教，并在七世纪的拉希顿哈里发征服后的几个世纪里皈依了伊斯兰教，此后帕尔米拉人和希腊语被阿拉伯语取代。

Before 273 CE, Palmyra enjoyed autonomy and was attached to the Roman province of Syria, having its political organization influenced by the Greek city-state model during the first two centuries CE.

公元273年之前，巴尔米拉享有自治权，隶属于罗马的叙利亚行省，其政治组织在公元前两个世纪受到希腊城邦模式的影响。

The city became a Roman colonia during the third century, leading to the incorporation of Roman governing institutions, before becoming a monarchy in 260.

这座城市在三世纪成为罗马殖民地，导致罗马统治机构的并入，然后在 260 年成为君主制国家。

Following its razing in 273, Palmyra became a minor center under the Byzantines and later empires.

273 年，帕尔米拉被夷为平地，成为拜占庭及后来的帝国统治下的一个小中心。

Its destruction by the Timurids in 1400 reduced it to a small village.

1400 年，它被帖木儿王朝摧毁，只剩下一个小村庄。

Under French Mandatory rule in 1932, the inhabitants were moved into the new village of Tadmur, and the ancient site became available for excavations.

1932 年，在法国托管统治下，居民搬进了塔德穆尔新村，古遗址可供发掘。

During the Syrian civil war in 2015, the Islamic State captured Palmyra and destroyed large parts of the ancient city, which was recaptured by the Syrian Army on 2 March 2017.

2015年叙利亚内战期间，伊斯兰国占领了帕尔米拉并摧毁了古城的大部分地区，2017年3月2日叙利亚军队重新夺回了这座古城。

It was then captured by the Syrian Free Army after the fall of the Assad government in December 2024.

2024 年 12 月阿萨德政府垮台后，它被叙利亚自由军占领。

Records of the name "Tadmor" date from the early second millennium BC; 18th-century BC tablets from Mari written in cuneiform record the name as "Ta-ad-mi-ir", while Assyrian inscriptions of the 11th century BC record it as "Ta-ad-mar".

“Tadmor”这个名字的记录可以追溯到公元前二千年初期。公元前 18 世纪用楔形文字书写的马里泥板将其名称记录为“Ta-ad-mi-ir”，而公元前 11 世纪的亚述铭文将其记录为“Ta-ad-mar”。

Palmyrene inscriptions themselves showed two variants of the name; TDMR (i.e., Tadmar) and TDMWR (i.e., Tadmor).

巴尔米拉铭文本身就显示了该名称的两种变体： TDMR（即 Tadmar）和 TDMWR（即 Tadmor）。

The etymology of the name is unclear; the standard interpretation, supported by Albert Schultens, connects it to the Semitic word for "date palm", tamar (תמר), thus referring to the palm trees that surrounded the city.

这个名字的词源尚不清楚；阿尔伯特·舒尔滕斯（Albert Schultens）支持的标准解释将其与闪米特语中的“枣椰树”单词 tamar（תמר）联系起来，因此指的是城市周围的棕榈树。

The Greek name Παλμύρα (Latinized Palmyra) was first recorded by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD.

希腊名字Παλμύρα（拉丁化帕尔米拉）最早由老普林尼在公元一世纪记录下来。

It was used throughout the Greco-Roman world.

它在整个希腊罗马世界都有使用。

It is generally believed that "Palmyra" derives from "Tadmor" and linguists have presented two possibilities; one view holds that Palmyra was an alteration of Tadmor.

一般认为“Palmyra”源自“Tadmor”，语言学家提出了两种可能性；一种观点认为帕尔米拉是塔德莫的变体。

According to the suggestion by Schultens, "Palmyra" could have arisen as a corruption of "Tadmor", via an unattested form "Talmura", changed to "Palmura" by the influence of the Latin word palma (date "palm"), in reference to the city's palm trees, then the name reached its final form "Palmyra".

根据舒尔滕斯的建议，“Palmyra”可能是“Tadmor”的变体，通过未经证实的形式“Talmura”，受拉丁词palma（日期“棕榈”）的影响改为“Palmura”，指的是城市的棕榈树，然后这个名字达到了最终形式“Palmyra”。

The second view, supported by some philologists, such as Jean Starcky, holds that Palmyra is a translation of "Tadmor" (assuming that it meant palm), which had derived from the Greek word for palm, "palame".

第二种观点得到了一些语言学家的支持，比如让·斯塔基（Jean Starcky），他们认为巴尔米拉是“Tadmor”的翻译（假设它的意思是棕榈），它源自希腊语的棕榈词“palame”。

An alternative suggestion connects the name to the Syriac tedmurtā (ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ) "miracle", hence tedmurtā "object of wonder", from the root dmr "to wonder"; this possibility was mentioned favourably by Franz Altheim and Ruth Altheim-Stiehl (1973), but rejected by Jean Starcky (1960) and Michael Gawlikowski (1974).

另一种建议将这个名字与叙利亚语 tedmurtā (??????)“奇迹”联系起来，因此 tedmurtā“奇迹的对象”，来自词根 dmr“奇迹”； Franz Altheim 和 Ruth Altheim-Stiehl (1973) 积极地提到了这种可能性，但被 Jean Starcky (1960) 和 Michael Gawlikowski (1974) 拒绝了。

Michael Patrick O'Connor (1988) suggested that the names "Palmyra" and "Tadmor" originated in the Hurrian language.

迈克尔·帕特里克·奥康纳（Michael Patrick O'Connor，1988）认为“Palmyra”和“Tadmor”这两个名字起源于胡里安语。

As evidence, he cited the inexplicability of alterations to the theorized roots of both names (represented in the addition of -d- to tamar and -ra- to palame).

作为证据，他引用了两个名字的理论词根的令人费解的改变（表现为在 tamar 中添加 -d-，在 palame 中添加 -ra-）。

According to this theory, "Tadmor" derives from the Hurrian word tad ("to love") with the addition of the typical Hurrian mid vowel rising (mVr) formant mar.

根据这一理论，“Tadmor”源自胡里安词 tad（“爱”），加上典型的胡里安中元音上升 (mVr) 共振峰 mar。

Similarly, according to this theory, "Palmyra" derives from the Hurrian word pal ("to know") using the same mVr formant (mar).

类似地，根据这一理论，“Palmyra”源自 Hurrian 词 pal（“知道”），使用相同的 mVr 共振峰（mar）。

The city of Palmyra lies 215 km (134 mi) northeast of the Syrian capital, Damascus; along with an expanded hinterland of several settlements, farms, and forts, the city forms part of the region known as Palmyrena or Palmyrene.

帕尔米拉市位于叙利亚首都大马士革东北 215 公里（134 英里）处；连同由几个定居点、农场和堡垒组成的扩大的腹地，这座城市构成了被称为帕尔米雷纳或帕尔米拉的地区的一部分。

The city is located in an oasis surrounded by palms (of which twenty varieties have been reported).

这座城市坐落在一片棕榈树环绕的绿洲中（据报道有二十种棕榈树）。

Two mountain ranges overlook the city - the northern Palmyrene mountain belt from the north and the southern Palmyrene mountains from the southwest.

两座山脉俯瞰着这座城市——北部的帕尔米拉山脉从北部看去，南部的帕尔米拉山脉从西南方向看去。

In the south and the east Palmyra is exposed to the Syrian Desert.

在南部和东部，帕尔米拉暴露在叙利亚沙漠中。

A small wadi, al-Qubur (Valley of the Tombs), crosses the area, flowing from the western hills past the city before disappearing in the eastern gardens of the oasis.

一条小干河al-Qubur（坟墓谷）穿过该地区，从西部的山丘流过城市，然后消失在绿洲的东部花园中。

South of the wadi is a spring, Efqa.

干河的南边有一个泉水，Efqa。

Pliny the Elder described the town in the 70s AD as famous for its desert location, for the richness of its soil, and for the springs surrounding it, which made agriculture and herding possible.

老普林尼描述了公元 70 年代的这座小镇，因其地理位置、肥沃的土壤和周围的泉水而闻名，这些泉水使农业和畜牧业成为可能。

Palmyra began as a small Neolithic settlement near the Efqa spring on the southern bank of Wadi al-Qubur.

帕尔米拉最初是古布尔干河南岸艾夫卡泉附近的一个新石器时代小型定居点。

The much later Hellenistic settlement of Palmyra was also located near the Efqa spring on the southern bank of Wadi al-Qubur.

晚得多的希腊化时期的巴尔米拉定居点也位于古布尔干河南岸的艾夫卡泉附近。

It had its residences expanding to the wadi's northern bank during the first century.

在第一世纪，它的住宅扩展到干河的北岸。

Although the city's walls at the time of Zenobia originally enclosed an extensive area on both banks of the wadi, the walls rebuilt during Aurelian's reign surrounded only the northern-bank section.

尽管芝诺比亚时期的城墙最初包围了河谷两岸的大片区域，但奥勒良统治时期重建的城墙仅包围了北岸部分。

Most of the city's monumental projects were built on the wadi's northern bank, among them is the Temple of Bel, on a tell which was the site of an earlier temple (known as the Hellenistic temple).

该市的大部分纪念性项目都建在干河谷的北岸，其中包括贝尔神庙，该神庙位于一座早期神庙（称为希腊化神庙）的遗址上。

However, excavation supports the theory that the tell was originally located on the southern bank, and the wadi was diverted south of the tell to incorporate the temple into Palmyra's late first and early second century urban organization on the north bank.

然而，挖掘工作支持了这样的理论，即丘尔最初位于南岸，干河被改道至丘尔以南，以便将寺庙纳入帕尔米拉北岸一世纪末二世纪初的城市组织中。

Also north of the wadi was the Great Colonnade, Palmyra's 1.1-kilometre-long (0.68 mi) main street, which extended from the Temple of Bel in the east, to the Funerary Temple no.86 in the city's western part.

干河以北还有大柱廊，这是巴尔米拉长 1.1 公里（0.68 英里）的主要街道，从东部的贝尔神庙延伸到城市西部的 86 号殡仪馆。

It had a monumental arch in its eastern section, and a tetrapylon stands in the center.

它的东部有一座巨大的拱门，中央有一座四塔。

The Baths of Diocletian were on the left side of the colonnade.

戴克里先浴场位于柱廊的左侧。

Nearby were residences, the Temple of Baalshamin, and the Byzantine churches, which include "Basilica IV", Palmyra's largest church.

附近有住宅、巴尔沙明神庙和拜占庭教堂，其中包括巴尔米拉最大的教堂“第四大教堂”。

The church is dated to the Justinian age, its columns are estimated to be 7 metres (23 ft) high, and its base measured 27.5 by 47.5 metres (90 by 156 ft).

这座教堂的历史可以追溯到查士丁尼时代，其柱子估计高 7 米（23 英尺），底座长 27.5 x 47.5 米（90 x 156 英尺）。

The Temple of Nabu and the Roman theater were built on the colonnade's southern side.

纳布神庙和罗马剧院建在柱廊的南侧。

Behind the theater were a small senate building and the large agora, with the remains of a triclinium (banquet room) and the Tariff Court.

剧院后面是一座小型参议院建筑和大型集市，其中还包括宴会厅和关税法庭的遗迹。

A cross street at the western end of the colonnade leads to the Camp of Diocletian, built by Sosianus Hierocles (the Roman governor of Syria in the reign of Diocletian).

柱廊西端的一条十字街通向戴克里先营，由索西阿努斯·希罗克勒斯（戴克里先统治时期罗马驻叙利亚总督）建造。

Nearby are the Temple of Al-lāt and the Damascus Gate.

附近有阿拉特神庙和大马士革门。

The earliest known inhabitants were the Amorites in the early second millennium BC, and by the end of the millennium, Arameans were mentioned as inhabiting the area.

已知最早的居民是公元前第二个千年初期的亚摩利人，到本世纪末，阿拉米人被提到居住在该地区。

Arabs arrived in the city in the late first millennium BC, as evidenced by the presence of Zabdibel on the side of the Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC).

阿拉伯人于公元前一千年末抵达这座城市，拉菲亚战役（公元前 217 年）中扎布迪贝尔站在塞琉古人一边就证明了这一点。

He was mentioned as the commander of "the Arabs and neighbouring tribes to the number of ten thousands"; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name "Zabdibel" is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that he hailed from Palmyra.

他被称为“阿拉伯人和邻近部落数万人”的指挥官；扎布迪贝尔和他的部下在文献中实际上并未被认定为帕尔米拉人，但“扎布迪贝尔”这个名字是帕尔米拉人的名字，因此可以得出他来自帕尔米拉的结论。

The Arab newcomers were assimilated by the earlier inhabitants, used Palmyrene as a mother tongue, and formed a significant segment of the aristocracy.

新来的阿拉伯人被早期居民同化，以巴尔米拉语为母语，并形成了贵族阶层的重要组成部分。

The classical city also had a Jewish community; Palmyrene inscriptions from the Beit She'arim necropolis in Lower Galilee confirm the burial of Palmyrene Jews.

这座古典城市也有一个犹太社区。下加利利拜特谢阿里姆墓地的帕尔米拉铭文证实了帕尔米拉犹太人的埋葬情况。

Greeks existence in the city was limited during the Roman period.

在罗马时期，希腊人在这座城市的存在受到限制。

Occasionally and rarely, members of the Palmyrene families took Greek names while ethnic Greeks were few; the majority of people with Greek names, who did not belong to one of the city's families, were freed slaves.

帕尔米拉家族的成员偶尔也很少使用希腊名字，而希腊人则很少。大多数具有希腊名字的人不属于该城市的任何一个家庭，他们都是获得自由的奴隶。

The Palmyrenes seem to have considered the Greeks foreigners, and restricted their settlement in the city.

帕尔米拉人似乎将希腊人视为外国人，并限制他们在这座城市定居。

At its height during the reign of Zenobia (around 270), Palmyra had more than 200,000 residents.

在芝诺比亚统治时期（约 270 年）的鼎盛时期，帕尔米拉拥有超过 20 万居民。

The city's population shrank following the city's integration to the Roman Empire following the rebellion of Zenobia and during the succeeding Umayyad Caliphate, Palmyra was mainly inhabited by the Banu Kalb.

芝诺比亚叛乱后，该市并入罗马帝国，之后该市的人口有所减少，在随后的倭马亚哈里发时期，巴尔米拉主要由巴努·卡尔布人居住。

Benjamin of Tudela recorded the existence of 2000 Jews in the city during the twelfth century.

图德拉的本杰明记录了 12 世纪该城有 2000 名犹太人。

Palmyra declined after its destruction by Timur in 1400, and was a village of 6,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century.

巴尔米拉在 1400 年被帖木儿摧毁后逐渐衰落，在 20 世纪初是一个拥有 6,000 名居民的村庄。

Palmyra's population was a mixture of the different peoples inhabiting the city, which is seen in Aramaic, Arabic and Amorite names of Palmyrene clans, but the ethnicity of Palmyra is a matter of debate.

巴尔米拉的人口是居住在该城市的不同民族的混合体，这在巴尔米拉氏族的阿拉姆语、阿拉伯语和亚摩利人名称中可见，但巴尔米拉的种族是一个有争议的问题。

Some scholars, such as Andrew M.

一些学者，例如 Andrew M.

Smith II, consider ethnicity a concept related to modern nationalism, and prefer not to describe the Palmyrenes with ethnic designations they themselves did not know, concluding that there is a lack of evidence regarding what ethnicity the Palmyrenes perceived themselves.

史密斯二世认为种族是一个与现代民族主义相关的概念，并且不愿意用他们自己不知道的种族名称来描述帕尔米拉人，得出的结论是，缺乏证据表明帕尔米拉人认为自己属于什么种族。

On the other hand, many scholars, such as Eivind Seland, contend that a distinctive Palmyrene ethnicity is apparent in the available contemporary evidence.

另一方面，许多学者，如埃文德·塞兰（Eivind Seland），认为在现有的当代证据中，明显存在独特的帕尔米拉种族。

The second century work De Munitionibus Castrorum mentioned the Palmyrenes as a natio, the Latin equivalent of the Greek ἔθνος (éthnos).

二世纪的著作《De Munitionibus Castrorum》提到帕尔米拉尼群岛是一个国家，拉丁语中相当于希腊语ἔθνος (éthnos)。

Seland noted the epigraphic evidence left by the Palmyrenes outside the city.

塞兰注意到帕尔米拉人在城外留下的铭文证据。

Palmyrene inscriptions reveal the existence of a real diaspora satisfying the three criteria set by the sociologist Rogers Brubaker.

巴尔米拉铭文揭示了一个真正的侨民的存在，满足社会学家罗杰斯布鲁贝克设定的三个标准。

Palmyrene diaspora members always made clear their Palmyrene origin and used the Palmyrene language, and maintained their distinct religion even when the host society's religion was close to that of Palmyra.

巴尔米拉侨民成员总是明确自己的巴尔米拉起源，使用巴尔米拉语言，即使东道国社会的宗教信仰与巴尔米拉宗教接近，也保持自己独特的宗教信仰。

Seland concluded that in the case of Palmyra, the people perceived themselves different from their neighbours and a real Palmyrene ethnicity existed.

塞兰的结论是，就帕尔米拉而言，人们认为自己与邻居不同，并且存在真正的帕尔米拉种族。

Aside from the existence of a Palmyrene ethnicity, Aramean or Arab are the two main ethnic designations debated by historians; Javier Teixidor stated, "Palmyra was an Aramaean city and it is a mistake to consider it as an Arab town", while Yasamin Zahran criticized this statement and argued that the inhabitants considered themselves Arabs.

除了帕尔米拉种族的存在之外，阿拉米亚人或阿拉伯人是历史学家争论的两个主要种族名称。哈维尔·泰西多尔表示，“巴尔米拉是一座阿拉姆城市，将其视为阿拉伯城镇是错误的”，而亚萨明·扎赫兰批评了这一说法，并认为居民认为自己是阿拉伯人。

In practice, according to several scholars such as Udo Hartmann and Michael Sommer, the citizenry of Palmyra were mainly the result of Arab and Aramaean tribes merging into a unity with a corresponding consciousness; they thought and acted as Palmyrenes.

实际上，根据乌多·哈特曼（Udo Hartmann）和迈克尔·索默（Michael Sommer）等几位学者的说法，巴尔米拉的公民主要是阿拉伯和阿拉姆部落合并为一个具有相应意识的统一体的结果；他们的思想和行为就像帕尔米拉尼人一样。

Until the late third century, Palmyrenes spoke Palmyrene Aramaic and used the Palmyrene alphabet.

直到三世纪末，帕尔米拉尼人讲帕尔米拉阿拉姆语并使用帕尔米拉字母。

The use of Latin was minimal, but Greek was used by wealthier members of society for commercial and diplomatic purposes, and it became the dominant language during the Byzantine era.

拉丁语的使用很少，但希腊语被社会富裕成员用于商业和外交目的，并成为拜占庭时代的主导语言。

There are several theories explaining the disappearance of the Palmyrene language shortly after the campaigns of Aurelian.

有几种理论可以解释奥勒良战役后不久帕尔米拉语的消失。

The linguist Jean Cantineau assumed that Aurelian suppressed all aspects of Palmyrene culture, including the language, but the last Palmyrene inscription dates to 279/280, after the death of the Roman emperor in 275, thus refuting such a theory.

语言学家让·坎蒂诺 (Jean Cantineau) 认为奥勒良压制了帕尔米拉文化的各个方面，包括语言，但最后的帕尔米拉铭文可以追溯到 279/280 年，即罗马皇帝于 275 年去世后，从而驳斥了这一理论。

Many scholars ascribe the disappearance of the language to a change in society resulting from the reorganization of the Eastern Roman frontier following the fall of Zenobia.

许多学者将这种语言的消失归因于芝诺比亚垮台后东罗马边境重组所导致的社会变化。

The archaeologist Karol Juchniewicz ascribed it to a change in the ethnic composition of the city, resulting from the influx of people who did not speak Aramaic, probably a Roman legion.

考古学家卡罗尔·朱赫涅维奇（Karol Juchniewicz）将其归因于该城市种族构成的变化，这是由于不讲阿拉姆语的人（可能是罗马军团）的涌入造成的。

Hartmann suggested that it was a Palmyrene initiative by nobles allied to Rome attempting to express their loyalty to the emperor; Hartmann noted that Palmyrene disappeared in the written form, and that this does not mean its extinction as spoken language.

哈特曼认为，这是与罗马结盟的贵族发起的帕尔米拉倡议，试图表达他们对皇帝的忠诚；哈特曼指出，帕尔米拉语在书面形式中消失了，但这并不意味着它作为口头语言的消失。

After the Arab conquest, Greek was replaced by Arabic, from which, although the city was surrounded by Bedouins, a Palmyrene dialect evolved.

阿拉伯人征服后，希腊语被阿拉伯语取代，尽管这座城市被贝都因人包围，但从中演变出了帕尔米拉方言。

Classical Palmyra was a tribal community, but due to the lack of sources, an understanding of the nature of Palmyrene tribal structure is not possible.

古典巴尔米拉是一个部落社区，但由于缺乏资料，不可能了解巴尔米拉部落结构的本质。

Thirty clans have been documented; five of which were identified as tribes (Phylai Koine Greek: Φυλαί, pl.

已有三十个氏族被记录在案；其中五个被确定为部落（Phylai Koine 希腊语：Φυλαί，pl.

of Phyle Φυλή) comprising several sub-clans.

Phyle Φυλή) 包括几个亚族。

By the time of Nero, Palmyra had four tribes, each residing in an area of the city bearing its name.

到尼禄时代，巴尔米拉有四个部落，每个部落都居住在城市的一个以其名字命名的地区。

Three of the tribes were the Komare, Mattabol and Ma'zin; the fourth tribe is uncertain, but was probably the Mita.

其中三个部落是科马雷 (Komare)、马塔博尔 (Mattabol) 和马津 (Ma'zin)；第四个部落不确定，但可能是米塔人。

In time, the four tribes became highly civic and tribal lines blurred; by the second century clan identity lost its importance, and it disappeared during the third century.

随着时间的推移，这四个部落变得高度公民化，部落界线变得模糊。到了第二世纪，氏族身份就失去了重要性，并在第三世纪消失了。

Even the four tribes ceased to be important by the third century as only one inscription mentions a tribe after the year 212; instead, aristocrats played the decisive role in the city's social organization.

到了三世纪，甚至四个部落也不再重要，因为只有一个铭文在 212 年之后提到了一个部落；相反，贵族在城市的社会组织中发挥着决定性作用。

Women seem to have been active in Palmyra's social and public life.

妇女似乎一直积极参与巴尔米拉的社会和公共生活。

They commissioned inscriptions, buildings or tombs, and in certain cases, held administrative offices.

他们委托建造铭文、建筑或坟墓，并在某些情况下担任行政办公室。

Offerings to gods in the names of women are documented.

以妇女的名义向神的供奉有记载。

The last Palmyrene inscription of 279/280 refers to the honoring of a citizen by the Maththabolians, which indicates that the tribal system still carried weight after the fall of Zenobia.

279/280年最后的帕尔米拉铭文提到了马塔博利安人对公民的尊崇，这表明部落制度在芝诺比亚垮台后仍然具有影响力。

A noticeable change is the lack of development of aristocratic residences, and no important public buildings were constructed by locals, indicating that the elite diminished following the campaign of Aurelian.

一个显着的变化是贵族住宅缺乏发展，当地人没有建造任何重要的公共建筑，这表明精英阶层在奥勒良运动后逐渐减少。

The social change and the reduction of the aristocratic elite is hard to explain.

社会变革和贵族精英的减少很难解释。

It could be a result of the aristocracy suffering many casualties in the war against Rome, or fleeing to the countryside.

这可能是因为贵族在与罗马的战争中伤亡惨重，或者逃往乡村的结果。

According to historian Emanuele Intagliata, the change can be ascribed to the Roman reorganization following Zenobia's fall, as Palmyra ceased to be a rich caravan city and became a frontier fortress, leading the inhabitants to focus on satisfying the needs of a garrison instead of providing the empire with luxurious oriental items.

根据历史学家埃马努埃莱·因塔利亚塔的说法，这种变化可以归因于芝诺比亚倒台后罗马的重组，巴尔米拉不再是一个富裕的商队城市，而是成为一个边境堡垒，导致居民专注于满足驻军的需要，而不是为帝国提供奢华的东方物品。

Such a change in functions would have made the city less attractive for an aristocratic elite.

这种功能上的改变会降低这座城市对贵族精英的吸引力。

Palmyra benefited from Umayyad rule, since its role as a frontier city ended and the East-West trade route was restored, leading to the re-emergence of a merchant class.

巴尔米拉受益于倭马亚王朝的统治，因为它作为边境城市的作用结束，东西方贸易路线得到恢复，导致商人阶层的重新出现。

Palmyra's loyalty to the Umayyads led to an aggressive military retaliation from their successors, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the city diminished in size, losing its merchant class.

巴尔米拉对倭马亚人的忠诚导致了其继承者阿拔斯哈里发的侵略性军事报复，城市规模缩小，失去了商人阶级。

Following its destruction by Timur, Palmyra maintained the life of a small settlement until its relocation in 1932.

巴尔米拉被帖木儿摧毁后，一直保持着小型定居点的生活，直到 1932 年搬迁。

The scarce artifacts found in the city dating to the Bronze Age reveal that, culturally, Palmyra was most affiliated with western Syria.

在这座城市发现的青铜时代的稀有文物表明，在文化上，帕尔米拉与叙利亚西部关系最密切。

Classical Palmyra had a distinctive culture, based on a local Semitic tradition, and influenced by Greece and Rome.

古典巴尔米拉拥有独特的文化，以当地闪族传统为基础，并受到希腊和罗马的影响。

To appear better integrated into the Roman Empire, some Palmyrenes adopted Greco-Roman names, either alone or in addition to a second native name.

为了更好地融入罗马帝国，一些帕尔米拉人采用了希腊罗马名字，或者单独使用，或者与第二个本土名字一起使用。

The extent of Greek influence on Palmyra's culture is debated.

希腊对帕尔米拉文化的影响程度存在争议。

Scholars interpreted the Palmyrenes' Greek practices differently; many see those characters as a superficial layer over a local essence.

学者们对帕尔米拉尼人的希腊习俗有不同的解释。许多人将这些角色视为当地本质之上的肤浅层。

Palmyra's senate was an example; although Palmyrene texts written in Greek described it as a "boule" (a Greek institution), the senate was a gathering of non-elected tribal elders (a Near-Eastern assembly tradition).

帕尔米拉的元老院就是一个例子。尽管用希腊语写成的帕尔米拉文献将其描述为“boule”（希腊机构），但元老院是非选举产生的部落长老的聚会（近东集会传统）。

Others view Palmyra's culture as a fusion of local and Greco-Roman traditions.

其他人则认为巴尔米拉的文化是当地文化和希腊罗马传统的融合。

The culture of Persia influenced Palmyrene military tactics, dress and court ceremonies.

波斯文化影响了帕尔米拉的军事战术、服饰和宫廷仪式。

Palmyra had no large libraries or publishing facilities, and it lacked an intellectual movement characteristic of other Eastern cities such as Edessa or Antioch.

巴尔米拉没有大型图书馆或出版设施，也缺乏埃德萨或安条克等其他东部城市所特有的知识运动特征。

Although Zenobia opened her court to academics, the only notable scholar documented was Cassius Longinus.

尽管芝诺比亚向学者开放了她的宫廷，但唯一有记录的著名学者是卡西乌斯·朗吉努斯（Cassius Longinus）。

Palmyra had a large agora.

巴尔米拉有一个很大的集市。

However, unlike the Greek Agoras (public gathering places shared with public buildings), Palmyra's agora resembled an Eastern caravanserai more than a hub of public life.

然而，与希腊集市（与公共建筑共享的公共聚会场所）不同，帕尔米拉的集市更像是东方商队旅馆，而不是公共生活中心。

The Palmyrenes buried their dead in elaborate family mausoleums, most with interior walls forming rows of burial chambers (loculi) in which the dead, lying at full length, were placed.

帕尔米拉人将死者埋葬在精心设计的家族陵墓中，大多数陵墓的内墙形成一排排墓室（墓室），死者全长地躺在里面。

A relief of the person interred formed part of the wall's decoration, acting as a headstone.

被埋葬者的浮雕构成了墙壁装饰的一部分，充当墓碑。

Sarcophagi appeared in the late second century and were used in some of the tombs.

石棺出现于二世纪末，并在一些坟墓中使用。

Many burial monuments contained mummies embalmed in a method similar to that used in Ancient Egypt.

许多墓葬纪念碑中都含有采用与古埃及类似的方法进行防腐处理的木乃伊。

Although Palmyrene art was related to that of Greece, it had a distinctive style unique to the middle-Euphrates region.

帕尔米拉艺术虽然与希腊艺术有关，但具有幼发拉底河中游地区特有的独特风格。

Palmyrene art is well represented by the bust reliefs which seal the openings of its burial chambers.

巴尔米拉艺术以封闭墓室开口的半身浮雕为代表。

The reliefs emphasized clothing, jewelry and a frontal representation of the person depicted, characteristics which can be seen as a forerunner of Byzantine art.

浮雕强调服装、珠宝和所描绘人物的正面表现，这些特征可以被视为拜占庭艺术的先驱。

According to Michael Rostovtzeff, Palmyra's art was influenced by Parthian art.

根据迈克尔·罗斯托夫采夫的说法，巴尔米拉的艺术受到安息艺术的影响。

However, the origin of frontality that characterized Palmyrene and Parthian arts is a controversial issue; while Parthian origin has been suggested (by Daniel Schlumberger), Michael Avi-Yonah contends that it was a local Syrian tradition that influenced Parthian art.

然而，帕尔米拉和帕提亚艺术所特有的正面性的起源是一个有争议的问题。虽然有人提出（丹尼尔·斯伦贝谢）起源于安息，但迈克尔·阿维-约纳认为，影响安息艺术的是叙利亚当地的传统。

Little painting, and none of the bronze statues of prominent citizens (which stood on brackets on the main columns of the Great Colonnade), have survived.

几乎没有绘画和杰出公民的青铜雕像（位于大柱廊主柱的支架上）幸存下来。

A damaged frieze and other sculptures from the Temple of Bel, many removed to museums in Syria and abroad, suggest the city's public monumental sculpture.

贝尔神庙中受损的饰带和其他雕塑（其中许多被移至叙利亚和国外的博物馆）表明了这座城市的公共纪念性雕塑。

Many surviving funerary busts reached Western museums during the 19th century.

许多幸存的陪葬半身像在 19 世纪进入了西方博物馆。

Palmyra provided the most convenient Eastern examples bolstering an art-history controversy at the turn of the 20th century: to what extent Eastern influence on Roman art replaced idealized classicism with frontal, hieratic and simplified figures (as believed by Josef Strzygowski and others).

巴尔米拉提供了最方便的东方例子，支持了 20 世纪之交的艺术史争论：东方对罗马艺术的影响在多大程度上用正面、僧侣和简化的人物取代了理想化的古典主义（正如约瑟夫·斯特齐戈夫斯基（Josef Strzygowski）和其他人所相信的那样）。

This transition is seen as a response to cultural changes in the Western Roman Empire, rather than artistic influence from the East.

这种转变被视为对西罗马帝国文化变革的反应，而不是来自东方的艺术影响。

Palmyrene bust reliefs, unlike Roman sculptures, are rudimentary portraits; although many reflect high quality individuality, the majority vary little across figures of similar age and gender.

与罗马雕塑不同，帕尔米拉半身浮雕是初级肖像画。尽管许多人都体现了高品质的个性，但大多数人在年龄和性别相似的情况下差异不大。

Like its art, Palmyra's architecture was influenced by the Greco-Roman style, while preserving local elements (best seen in the Temple of Bel).

与它的艺术一样，帕尔米拉的建筑受到希腊罗马风格的影响，同时保留了当地元素（最好的例子是贝尔神庙）。

Enclosed by a massive wall flanked with traditional Roman columns, Bel's sanctuary plan was primarily Semitic.

贝尔的庇护所被一堵巨大的墙包围着，两侧是传统的罗马柱子，它的设计主要是闪米特风格的。

Similar to the Second Temple, the sanctuary consisted of a large courtyard with the deity's main shrine off-center against its entrance (a plan preserving elements of the temples of Ebla and Ugarit).

与第二圣殿类似，该圣殿由一个大庭院组成，该神殿的主神殿偏离其入口中心（该计划保留了埃布拉和乌加里特神庙的元素）。

West of the ancient walls, the Palmyrenes built a number of large-scale funerary monuments which now form the Valley of Tombs, a one-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) necropolis.

在古城墙以西，帕尔米拉人建造了许多大型墓葬纪念碑，这些纪念碑现在形成了墓谷，这是一个一公里长（0.62 英里）的墓地。

The more than 50 monuments were primarily tower-shaped and up to four stories high.

50多座纪念碑主要呈塔形，高达四层楼。

Towers were replaced by funerary temples in the first half of the second century AD, as the most recent tower is dated to AD 128.

公元二世纪上半叶，塔楼被殡葬寺庙所取代，最近的塔楼可追溯至公元 128 年。

The city had other cemeteries in the north, southwest and southeast, where the tombs are primarily hypogea (underground).

该市的北部、西南部和东南部还有其他墓地，这些地方的坟墓主要是地下的。

The senate building is largely ruined.

参议院大楼大部分已毁。

It is a small building that consists of a peristyle courtyard and a chamber that has an apse at one end and rows of seats around it.

这是一栋小型建筑，由一个柱廊庭院和一个房间组成，房间的一端有后殿，周围有一排座位。

Much of the Baths of Diocletian are ruined and do not survive above the level of the foundations.

戴克里先浴场的大部分都已被毁，无法在地基上方幸存下来。

The complex's entrance is marked by four massive Egyptian granite columns each 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) in diameter, 12.5 metres (41 ft) high and weigh 20 tonnes.

该建筑群的入口以四根巨大的埃及花岗岩柱为标志，每根直径为 1.3 米（4 英尺 3 英寸），高 12.5 米（41 英尺），重 20 吨。

Inside, the outline of a bathing pool surrounded by a colonnade of Corinthian columns is still visible in addition to an octagonal room that served as a dressing room containing a drain in its center.

内部，被科林斯柱柱廊包围的沐浴池的轮廓仍然可见，此外还有一个八角形房间，用作更衣室，其中心有排水沟。

Sossianus Hierocles, a governor under Emperor Diocletian, claimed to have built the baths, but the building was probably erected in the late second century and Sossianus Hierocles renovated it.

戴克里先皇帝手下的总督索西阿努斯·希罗克勒斯 (Sossianus Hierocles) 声称建造了这些浴室，但该建筑可能建于二世纪末，索西阿努斯·希罗克勒斯 (Sossianus Hierocles) 对其进行了翻新。

The Agora of Palmyra is part of a complex that also includes the tariff court and the triclinium, built in the second half of the first century AD.

帕尔米拉集市是建筑群的一部分，该建筑群还包括关税法庭和三层法庭，建于公元一世纪下半叶。

The agora is a massive 71-by-84-metre (233 by 276 ft) structure with 11 entrances.

集市是一座 71 x 84 米（233 x 276 英尺）的大型建筑，有 11 个入口。

Inside the agora, 200 columnar bases that used to hold statues of prominent citizens were found.

在集市内，发现了 200 个柱状基座，这些基座曾经用来放置杰出公民的雕像。

The inscriptions on the bases allowed an understanding of the order by which the statues were grouped; the eastern side was reserved for senators, the northern side for Palmyrene officials, the western side for soldiers and the southern side for caravan chiefs.

底座上的铭文可以让我们了解雕像的分组顺序。东侧为参议员保留，北侧为帕尔米拉官员保留，西侧为士兵保留，南侧为商队首领保留。

The Tariff Court is a large rectangular enclosure south of the agora and sharing its northern wall with it.

关税法庭是一个大型矩形围墙，位于集市以南，并与其共享北墙。

Originally, the entrance of the court was a massive vestibule in its southwestern wall.

最初，法院的入口是西南墙上的一个巨大的前厅。

However, the entrance was blocked by the construction of a defensive wall and the court was entered through three doors from the Agora.

然而，入口被防御墙挡住了，法庭是从集市的三扇门进入的。

The court gained its name by containing a 5-metre (16 ft) stone slab that had the Palmyrene tax law inscribed on it.

该法院因包含一块 5 米（16 英尺）高的石板而得名，石板上刻有帕尔米拉税法。

The Triclinium of the Agora is at the northwestern corner of the Agora and can host up to 40 people.

集市的 Triclinium 位于集市的西北角，最多可容纳 40 人。

It is a small 12-by-15-metre (39 by 49 ft) hall decorated with Greek key motifs that run in a continuous line halfway up the wall.

这是一个 12 x 15 米（39 x 49 英尺）的小型大厅，装饰有希腊风格的图案，这些图案在墙壁的中间连续排列。

The building was probably used by the rulers of the city; the French general director of antiquities in Syria, Henri Seyrig, proposed that it was a small temple before being turned into a triclinium or banqueting hall.

该建筑可能由该城市的统治者使用。法国驻叙利亚文物总监亨利·塞里格 (Henri Seyrig) 提出，在改建为三斜厅或宴会厅之前，它是一座小寺庙。

The Temple of Bel was dedicated in AD 32; it consisted of a large precinct lined by porticos; it had a rectangular shape and was oriented north-south.

贝尔神庙于公元 32 年落成；它由一个大型区域组成，两旁有门廊。它呈长方形，坐北朝南。

The exterior wall was 205-metre (673 ft) long with a propylaea, and the cella stood on a podium in the middle of the enclosure.

外墙长 205 米（673 英尺），有门廊，内殿位于围墙中央的平台上。

The temple was destroyed by IS in 2015.

该寺庙于 2015 年被伊斯兰国摧毁。

The Temple of Baalshamin dates to the late 2nd century BC in its earliest phases; its altar was built in AD 115, and it was substantially rebuilt in AD 131.

巴尔沙明神庙最早的历史可追溯至公元前 2 世纪末。它的祭坛建于公元115年，并于公元131年进行了大规模重建。

It consisted of a central cella and two colonnaded courtyards north and south of the central structure.

它由一个中央内殿和中央建筑南北两侧的柱廊庭院组成。

A vestibule consisting of six columns preceded the cella which had its side walls decorated with pilasters in Corinthian order.

内殿前面有一个由六根柱子组成的前厅，其侧壁装饰有科林斯柱式的壁柱。

IS destroyed the temple in 2015.

IS 于 2015 年摧毁了这座寺庙。

The Temple of Nabu is largely ruined.

纳布神庙大部分已被毁。

The temple was Eastern in its plan; the outer enclosure's propylaea led to a 20-by-9-metre (66 by 30 ft) podium through a portico of which the bases of the columns survives.

这座寺庙的规划是东方的。外壳的门廊通过门廊通向一个 20 x 9 米（66 x 30 英尺）的讲台，其中柱子的底座仍然存在。

The peristyle cella opened onto an outdoor altar.

围柱内殿通向室外祭坛。

The Temple of Al-Lat is largely ruined with only a podium, a few columns and the door frame remaining.

阿尔拉特神庙大部分已毁，仅存一座讲台、几根柱子和门框。

Inside the compound, a giant lion relief (Lion of Al-lāt) was excavated and in its original form, was a relief protruding from the temple compound's wall.

在大院内，出土了一个巨大的狮子浮雕（阿拉特之狮），其原始形式是从寺庙大院的墙壁上突出的浮雕。

The ruined Temple of Baal-hamon was located on the top of Jabal al-Muntar hill which oversees the spring of Efqa.

巴尔哈蒙神庙遗址位于 Jabal al-Muntar 山顶，俯瞰着艾夫卡泉水。

Constructed in AD 89, it consisted of a cella and a vestibule with two columns.

它建于公元 89 年，由一个内殿和一个有两根柱子的前厅组成。

The temple had a defensive tower attached to it; a mosaic depicting the sanctuary was excavated and it revealed that both the cella and the vestibule were decorated with merlons.

寺庙附有一座防御塔。出土了描绘圣所的马赛克，发现内殿和前厅都装饰有城齿。

The Monumental Arch was built in the third century and destroyed in 2015 by IS.

纪念拱门建于三世纪，于 2015 年被 IS 摧毁。

The Great Colonnade was Palmyra's 1.1-kilometre-long (0.68 mi) main street; most of the columns date to the second century AD and each is 9.50 metres (31.2 ft) high.

大柱廊是帕尔米拉 1.1 公里长（0.68 英里）的主要街道；大多数石柱的历史可追溯至公元二世纪，每根石柱高 9.50 米（31.2 英尺）。

The Funerary Temple no. 86 (also known as the House Tomb) is located at the western end of the Great Colonnade.

殡仪馆没有。 86号（又称宅墓）位于大柱廊西端。

It was built in the third century AD and has a portico of six columns and vine patterns carvings.

它建于公元三世纪，有六柱门廊和藤蔓图案雕刻。

Inside the chamber, steps leads down to a vault crypt.

房间内有台阶通向地下室。

The shrine might have been connected to the royal family as it is the only tomb inside the city's walls.

这座神社可能与王室有联系，因为它是城墙内唯一的坟墓。

The Tetrapylon was erected during the renovations of Diocletian at the end of the third century.

四塔是在三世纪末戴克里先修缮期间建造的。

It is a square platform and each corner contains a grouping of four columns.

它是一个方形平台，每个角都有一组四根柱子。

Each column group supports a 150-ton cornice and contains a pedestal in its center that originally carried a statue.

每个柱组都支撑着一个 150 吨重的檐口，并在其中心包含一个原本装有雕像的基座。

Out of sixteen columns, only one is original while the rest are from reconstruction work by the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities in 1963, using concrete.

十六根柱子中，只有一根是原来的，其余都是叙利亚文物总局于 1963 年使用混凝土重建的。

The original columns were brought from Egypt and carved out of pink granite.

原来的柱子是从埃及运来的，用粉红色花岗岩雕刻而成。

IS damaged the structure in 2017.

IS 于 2017 年破坏了该建筑。

The Walls of Palmyra started in the first century as a protective wall containing gaps where the surrounding mountains formed natural barriers; it encompassed the residential areas, the gardens and the oasis.

巴尔米拉城墙始建于公元一世纪，当时是一道防护墙，周围的山脉形成了天然屏障，其中有一些缝隙。它包括住宅区、花园和绿洲。

After 273, Aurelian erected the rampart known as the wall of Diocletian; it enclosed about 80 hectares, a much smaller area than the original pre-273 city.

273年后，奥勒良建立了被称为戴克里先墙的城墙；它占地约 80 公顷，比 273 年之前的原始城市小得多。

Ancient Palmyra and its monuments were severely damaged during the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011.

古老的帕尔米拉及其古迹在 2011 年开始的叙利亚内战期间遭到严重破坏。

Fighting between the Syrian army and opposition forces took a toll on the site, particularly as several sections were used as military bases.

叙利亚军队和反对派部队之间的战斗对该地区造成了损失，特别是因为几个地区被用作军事基地。

In 2015, the underground Tomb of the Three Brothers and parts of the North Necropolis were used for military purposes, while in 2016 a Russian military camp was established at the site.

2015年，地下三兄弟墓和北墓地的部分区域被用于军事目的，而2016年，俄罗斯军营在此建立。

The main damage was caused by militants of IS, which occupied Palmyra on two occasions: first from May 2015 to March 2016, and again from December 2016 to March 2017.

主要破坏是由“伊斯兰国”武装分子造成的，该组织曾两次占领巴尔米拉：第一次是2015年5月至2016年3月，第二次是2016年12月至2017年3月。

The table below provides an overview of the most important monuments severely damaged or destroyed during the war.

下表概述了战争期间严重损坏或毁坏的最重要的纪念碑。

On 21 October 2015, using images gathered and released into the public domain by the Syrian internet advocate Bassel Khartabil between 2005 and 2012, Creative Commons started the New Palmyra project, an online repository of three-dimensional models of the city's monuments.

2015 年 10 月 21 日，利用叙利亚互联网倡导者 Bassel Khatabil 在 2005 年至 2012 年间收集并发布到公共领域的图像，知识共享启动了新帕尔米拉项目，这是一个该市古迹三维模型的在线存储库。

In 2017, two Palmyrene funerary busts restored by the ISCR were sent back to Syria.

2017年，ISCR修复的两尊帕尔米拉半身像被送回叙利亚。

The restoration of the Lion of Al-lāt took two months and the statue was displayed on 1 October 2017; it will remain in the National Museum of Damascus.

阿拉特狮子的修复花了两个月的时间，雕像于 2017 年 10 月 1 日展出；它将保留在大马士革国家博物馆。

Prior to the fall of Al-Assad regime in 2024, the Russians were the main foreign partner involved in the restoration of Palmyra.

2024 年阿萨德政权倒台之前，俄罗斯是参与巴尔米拉恢复的主要外国伙伴。

To gather data that can aid the restoration of the damaged monuments, the site was researched in September 2016 and September 2019 by teams of the RAC IHMC RAS.

为了收集有助于修复受损古迹的数据，RAC IHMC RAS 团队于 2016 年 9 月和 2019 年 9 月对该地点进行了研究。

In autumn 2021 Russia and Syria agreed to launch a joint-project to restore the Monumental Arch under the scientific management of the RAC IHMC RAS, and the project was launched in 2022.

2021年秋季，俄罗斯和叙利亚同意启动一个联合项目，在RAC IHMC RAS的科学管理下修复纪念拱门，该项目于2022年启动。

The teams conducted several studies researching the construction of the arch as a first step in restoring it.

作为修复拱门的第一步，研究小组进行了多项研究，研究拱门的构造。

Work on the arch was limited to data collection and inventarisation but no restoration took place.

拱门的工作仅限于数据收集和发明，但没有进行修复。

In 2022 the Efqa spring site was reopened after being rehabilitated by the Russian-Syrian teams.

2022 年，Efqa 温泉点在俄罗斯和叙利亚团队修复后重新开放。

Following the fall of Al-Assad regime end of 2024 the UNESCO undertook steps to restore the site in cooperation with the Syrian government, ALIPH and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.

2024 年底阿萨德政权垮台后，教科文组织与叙利亚政府、ALIPH 和阿迦汗文化信托基金合作，采取措施修复该遗址。

As of June 2026, work was limited to surveys and damage assessments.

截至 2026 年 6 月，工作仅限于调查和损害评估。

The area has a rich history of human habitation, with evidence of Paleolithic settlements.

该地区有着丰富的人类居住历史，有旧石器时代定居点的证据。

The site was inhabited during several periods in the Neolithic (10,000–4500 BC).

该遗址在新石器时代（公元前 10,000 年至公元前 4500 年）的几个时期就有人居住。

In the area of Tell ez-Zor, an artificial hill in the vicinity of the Efqa Spring, traces of human settlement dates as far back as the Prepottery Neolithic A period, with a three-unit architectural complex dating to the Prepottery Neolithic B period.

在埃夫卡温泉附近的人工山泰尔祖尔地区，人类居住的痕迹可以追溯到前陶器新石器时代 A 时期，其中有一个由三单元组成的建筑群，可以追溯到前陶器新石器时代 B 时期。

In the Efqa Spring site, a Neolithic settlement existed, with stone tools dated to 7500 BC.

在 Efqa Spring 遗址，存在着一个新石器时代的定居点，其石器的历史可以追溯到公元前 7500 年。

Archaeological sounding in the tell beneath the Temple of Bel uncovered a Bronze Age mud-brick structure built around 2500 BC, followed by different Bronze Age and Iron Age structures.

对贝尔神庙下方的考古探测发现了一座建于公元前 2500 年左右的青铜时代泥砖结构，随后又发现了不同的青铜时代和铁器时代结构。

The city entered the historical record around 2000 BC, when Puzur-Ishtar the Tadmorean (Palmyrene) agreed to a contract at an Assyrian trading colony in Kultepe.

公元前 2000 年左右，这座城市进入了历史记录，当时塔德摩利人普祖尔-伊什塔尔（帕尔米拉）同意在库尔特佩的亚述贸易殖民地签订一份合同。

It was mentioned next in the Mari tablets as a stop for trade caravans and nomadic tribes, such as the Suteans, and was conquered along with its region by Yahdun-Lim of Mari.

接下来，马里泥板中提到它是商队和苏泰人等游牧部落的停靠站，并被马里的亚敦林 (Yahdun-Lim) 征服。

King Shamshi-Adad I of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia passed through the area on his way to the Mediterranean at the beginning of the 18th century BC; by then, Palmyra was the easternmost point of the kingdom of Qatna, and it was attacked by the Suteans who paralyzed the traffic along the trade routes.

公元前18世纪初，上美索不达米亚王国国王沙姆希-阿达德一世在前往地中海的途中途经该地区；当时，帕尔米拉是卡特纳王国的最东端，受到苏泰人的攻击，导致贸易路线上的交通瘫痪。

Palmyra was next mentioned in a 13th-century BC tablet discovered at Emar, which recorded the names of two "Tadmorean" witnesses.

接下来在埃马尔发现的公元前 13 世纪的石板中提到了巴尔米拉，其中记录了两名“塔德莫尔”目击者的名字。

At the beginning of the 11th century BC, King Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria recorded his defeat of the "Arameans" of "Tadmar"; according to the king, Palmyra was part of the land of Amurru.

公元前11世纪初，亚述国王提格拉特-毗列色一世记录了他对“塔德玛”的“亚兰人”的击败；根据国王的说法，巴尔米拉是阿穆鲁土地的一部分。

The Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) records a city by the name "Tadmor" as a desert city built (or fortified) by King Solomon of Israel; Flavius Josephus mentions the Greek name "Palmyra", attributing its founding to Solomon in Book VIII of his Antiquities of the Jews.

希伯来圣经（《历代志下》8:4）记载了一座名为“塔德摩”的城市，是以色列国王所罗门建造（或加固）的沙漠城市；弗拉维乌斯·约瑟夫斯（Flavius Josephus）在他的《犹太人古物》第八卷中提到了希腊名字“巴尔米拉”，将其建立者归因于所罗门。

Later Arabic traditions attribute the city's founding to Solomon's Jinn.

后来的阿拉伯传统将这座城市的建立归功于所罗门的精灵。

The association of Palmyra with Solomon is a conflation of "Tadmor" and a city built by Solomon in Judea and known as "Tamar" in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 9:18).

巴尔米拉与所罗门的联系是“塔德摩”和所罗门在犹太建造的一座城市的合并，在《列王纪上》中被称为“他玛”（列王记上 9:18）。

The biblical description of "Tadmor" and its buildings does not fit archaeological findings in Palmyra, which was a small settlement during Solomon's reign in the 10th century BC.

圣经中对“塔德莫”及其建筑的描述与巴尔米拉的考古发现不符，巴尔米拉是公元前 10 世纪所罗门统治时期的一个小型定居点。

With the rise of Aramean power in the Levant, the city became the eastern border of Aram-Damascus which was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 732 BC.

随着亚兰势力在黎凡特的崛起，这座城市成为亚兰-大马士革的东部边界，并于公元前 732 年被新亚述帝国征服。

The Elephantine Jews, a diaspora community established between 650 and 550 BC in Egypt, might have come from Palmyra.

大象犹太人是公元前 650 至 550 年间在埃及建立的一个散居社区，可能来自巴尔米拉。

Papyrus Amherst 63 indicates that the ancestors of the Elephantine Jews were Samarians.

阿默斯特纸莎草纸 63 表明，大象犹太人的祖先是撒玛利亚人。

The historian Karel van der Toorn suggested that these ancestors took refuge in Judea after the destruction of their kingdom by Sargon II of Assyria in 721 BC, then had to leave Judea after Sennacherib devastated the land in 701 BC and headed to Palmyra.

历史学家卡雷尔·范德图恩 (Karel van der Toorn) 认为，这些祖先在公元前 721 年亚述萨尔贡二世 (Sargon II) 摧毁了他们的王国后逃到了犹太，然后在公元前 701 年西拿基立 (Sennacherib) 蹂躏了这片土地后不得不离开犹太，前往巴尔米拉 (Palmyra)。

This scenario can explain the usage of Aramaic by the Elephantine Jews, and Papyrus Amherst 63, while not mentioning Palmyra, refers to a "fortress of palms" that is located near a spring on a trade route in the fringes of the desert, making Palmyra a plausible candidate.

这种情况可以解释象犹太人对阿拉姆语的使用，而阿默斯特纸莎草纸 63 虽然没有提到帕尔米拉，但指的是位于沙漠边缘贸易路线上的泉水附近的“棕榈堡垒”，使帕尔米拉成为一个合理的候选者。

During the Hellenistic period under the Seleucids (between 312 and 64 BC), Palmyra became a prosperous settlement owing allegiance to the Seleucid king.

在塞琉古王朝统治下的希腊化时期（公元前 312 年至前 64 年），巴尔米拉因效忠塞琉古国王而成为繁荣的聚居地。

Evidence for Palmyra's urbanisation in the Hellenistic period is rare; an important piece is the Laghman II inscription found in Laghman, modern Afghanistan, and commissioned by the Indian emperor Ashoka c.

巴尔米拉在希腊化时期城市化的证据很少。一个重要的作品是在拉格曼（现代阿富汗）发现的拉格曼二世铭文，是由印度皇帝阿育王委托制作的。

250 BC.

公元前250年。

The reading is contested, but according to semitologist André Dupont-Sommer, the inscription records the distance to "Tdmr" (Palmyra).

其读数存在争议，但根据符号学家安德烈·杜邦-索默的说法，铭文记录了到“Tdmr”（巴尔米拉）的距离。

In 217 BC, a Palmyrene force led by Zabdibel joined the army of King Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia which ended in a Seleucid defeat by Ptolemaic Egypt.

公元前217年，扎布迪贝尔率领的帕尔米拉军队在拉菲亚战役中加入了国王安条克三世的军队，最终塞琉古王朝被埃及托勒密击败。

In the middle of the Hellenistic era, Palmyra, formerly south of the al-Qubur wadi, began to expand beyond its northern bank.

在希腊化时代中期，以前位于库布尔干河以南的巴尔米拉开始向北岸扩张。

By the late second century BC, the tower tombs in the Palmyrene Valley of Tombs and the city temples (most notably, the temples of Baalshamin, Al-lāt and the Hellenistic temple) began to be built.

到公元前二世纪末，帕尔米拉墓谷的塔墓和城市神庙（最著名的是巴尔沙明神庙、阿拉特神庙和希腊化神庙）开始建造。

A fragmentary inscription in Greek from the Temple of Bel's foundations mentions a king titled Epiphanes, a title used by the Seleucid kings.

贝尔神庙地基上的一段希腊语铭文碎片提到了一位名叫埃皮法尼斯的国王，这是塞琉古国王所使用的头衔。

In 64 BC, the Roman Republic conquered the Seleucid kingdom, and the Roman general Pompey established the province of Syria.

公元前64年，罗马共和国征服塞琉古王国，罗马将军庞培建立叙利亚行省。

Palmyra was left independent, trading with Rome and Parthia but belonging to neither.

巴尔米拉获得独立，与罗马和帕提亚进行贸易，但不属于任何一个国家。

The earliest known inscription in Palmyrene is dated to around 44 BC; Palmyra was still a minor sheikhdom, offering water to caravans which occasionally took the desert route on which it was located.

巴尔米拉已知最早的铭文可以追溯到公元前 44 年左右；帕尔米拉仍然是一个小酋长国，为偶尔走其所在沙漠路线的商队提供水。

However, according to Appian, Palmyra was wealthy enough for Mark Antony to send a force to conquer it in 41 BC.

然而，根据阿皮安的说法，巴尔米拉足够富有，马克·安东尼在公元前 41 年派遣军队征服了它。

The Palmyrenes evacuated to Parthian lands beyond the eastern bank of the Euphrates, which they prepared to defend.

帕尔米拉人撤离到幼发拉底河东岸以外的帕提亚地区，准备保卫这里。

Palmyra became part of the Roman Empire when it was conquered and paid tribute early in the reign of Tiberius, around 14 AD.

公元 14 年左右，提比略统治初期，巴尔米拉被征服并纳贡，成为罗马帝国的一部分。

The Romans included Palmyra in the province of Syria, and defined the region's boundaries.

罗马人将巴尔米拉纳入叙利亚省，并划定了该地区的边界。

Pliny the Elder asserted that both the Palmyrene and Emesene regions were contiguous; a marker at the Palmyrene's southwestern border was found in 1936 by Daniel Schlumberger at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, dating from the reign of Hadrian or one of his successors, which marked the boundary between the two regions.

老普林尼断言帕尔米拉和埃梅塞尼地区是相连的。 1936 年，丹尼尔·施伦贝谢 (Daniel Schlumberger) 在 Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi 发现了帕尔米拉西南边界的一个标记，该标记可以追溯到哈德良 (Hadrian) 或其继任者之一统治时期，标志着两个地区之间的边界。

This boundary probably ran northwards to Khirbet al-Bilaas on Jabal al-Bilas where another marker, laid by the Roman governor Silanus, has been found, 75 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of Palmyra, probably marking a boundary with the territory of Epiphania.

这条边界可能向北延伸到 Jabal al-Bilas 上的 Khirbet al-Bilaas，在那里，在巴尔米拉西北 75 公里（47 英里）处发现了罗马总督西拉努斯 (Silanus) 放置的另一个标记，可能标志着与 Epiphania 领土的边界。

Meanwhile, Palmyra's eastern border extended to the Euphrates valley.

与此同时，帕尔米拉的东部边界延伸至幼发拉底河谷。

This region included numerous villages subordinate to the center, including large settlements such as al-Qaryatayn.

该地区包括许多隶属于中心的村庄，包括阿尔卡里亚泰因（al-Qaryatayn）等大型定居点。

The Roman imperial period brought great prosperity to the city, which enjoyed a privileged status under the empire—retaining much of its internal autonomy, being ruled by a council, and incorporating many Greek city-state (polis) institutions into its government.

罗马帝国时期给这座城市带来了极大的繁荣，在帝国统治下享有特权地位——保留了大部分内部自治权，由议会统治，并将许多希腊城邦机构纳入其政府。

The earliest Palmyrene text attesting a Roman presence in the city dates to 18 AD, when the Roman general Germanicus tried to develop a friendly relationship with Parthia; he sent the Palmyrene Alexandros to Mesene, a Parthian vassal kingdom.

证明罗马人在该城存在的最早的帕尔米拉文献可以追溯到公元 18 年，当时罗马将军日耳曼尼库斯试图与帕提亚发展友好关系。他派帕尔米拉·亚历山德罗斯前往帕提亚的附庸国梅塞尼。

This was followed by the arrival of the Roman legion Legio X Fretensis the following year.

次年，罗马军团第十弗雷滕西斯 (Legio X Fretensis) 到来。

Roman authority was minimal during the first century AD, although tax collectors were resident, and a road connecting Palmyra and Sura was built in AD 75.

公元一世纪期间，罗马的权威很小，尽管收税员是当地居民，而且连接巴尔米拉和苏拉的道路于公元 75 年建成。

The Romans used Palmyrene soldiers, but (unlike typical Roman cities) no local magistrates or prefects are recorded in the city.

罗马人使用帕尔米拉士兵，但（与典型的罗马城市不同）该城市没有记录任何地方法官或长官。

Palmyra saw intensive construction during the first century, including the city's first walled fortifications, and the Temple of Bel (completed and dedicated in 32 AD).

巴尔米拉在公元一世纪经历了密集的建设，包括这座城市的第一座城墙防御工事和贝尔神庙（于公元 32 年竣工并落成）。

During the first century Palmyra developed from a minor desert caravan station into a leading trading center, with Palmyrene merchants establishing colonies in surrounding trade centers.

在第一世纪，帕尔米拉从一个小型的沙漠商队驻地发展成为一个主要的贸易中心，帕尔米拉商人在周围的贸易中心建立了殖民地。

Palmyrene trade reached its acme during the second century, aided by two factors; the first was a trade route built by Palmyrenes, and protected by garrisons at major locations, including a garrison in Dura-Europos manned in 117 AD.

巴尔米拉贸易在二世纪达到顶峰，有两个因素的推动：第一条是帕尔米拉内斯修建的贸易路线，并在主要地点设有驻军保护，其中包括公元 117 年在杜拉-欧罗波斯驻军的驻军。

The second was the Roman conquest of the Nabataean capital Petra in 106, shifting control over southern trade routes of the Arabian Peninsula from the Nabataeans to Palmyra.

第二次是罗马于106年征服纳巴泰首都佩特拉，将阿拉伯半岛南部贸易路线的控制权从纳巴泰人转移到巴尔米拉。

In 129 Palmyra was visited by Hadrian, who named it "Hadriane Palmyra" and made it a free city.

公元129年，哈德良访问了帕尔米拉，将其命名为“哈德良帕尔米拉”，并使其成为一座自由城市。

Hadrian promoted Hellenism throughout the empire, and Palmyra's urban expansion was modeled on that of Greece.

哈德良在整个帝国推广希腊文化，巴尔米拉的城市扩张也效仿了希腊。

This led to new projects, including the theatre, the colonnade and the Temple of Nabu.

这催生了新的项目，包括剧院、柱廊和纳布神庙。

Roman garrisons are first attested in Palmyra in 167, when the cavalry Ala I Thracum Herculiana was moved to the city.

167 年，罗马驻军首次在巴尔米拉出现，当时阿拉一世·特拉库姆·赫库利亚纳 (Ala I Thracum Herculiana) 骑兵被迁往这座城市。

By the end of the second century, urban development diminished after the city's building projects peaked.

到第二世纪末，城市建设项目达到顶峰后，城市发展逐渐减弱。

In the 190s, Palmyra was assigned to the province of Phoenice, newly created by the Severan dynasty.

20世纪90年代，巴尔米拉被划归塞维利亚王朝新创建的腓尼基省。

Toward the end of the second century, Palmyra began a steady transition from a traditional Greek city-state to a monarchy due to the increasing militarization of the city and the deteriorating economic situation; the Severan ascension to the imperial throne in Rome played a major role in Palmyra's transition:

到了第二世纪末，由于城市日益军事化和经济形势恶化，巴尔米拉开始从传统的希腊城邦稳步过渡到君主制国家。塞维鲁在罗马登上皇位在巴尔米拉的转变中发挥了重要作用：

The Severan-led Roman–Parthian War, from 194 to 217, influenced regional security and affected the city's trade.

194 年至 217 年间，塞维利亚人领导的罗马-帕提亚战争影响了地区安全并影响了该城市的贸易。

Bandits began attacking caravans by 199, leading Palmyra to strengthen its military presence.

199 年，土匪开始袭击商队，导致巴尔米拉加强了军事存在。

The new dynasty favored the city, stationing the Cohors I Flavia Chalcidenorum garrison there by 206.

新王朝青睐这座城市，于 206 年将弗拉维亚查尔西德努姆一世军团驻扎在那里。

Caracalla made Palmyra a colonia between 213 and 216, replacing many Greek institutions with Roman constitutional ones.

卡拉卡拉在 213 年至 216 年间将帕尔米拉设为殖民地，用罗马宪法机构取代了许多希腊机构。

Severus Alexander, emperor from 222 to 235, visited Palmyra in 229.

公元 222 年至 235 年的皇帝塞维鲁·亚历山大 (Severus Alexander) 于 229 年访问了巴尔米拉。

The rise of the Sasanian Empire in Persia considerably damaged Palmyrene trade.

波斯萨珊王朝的崛起极大地损害了帕尔米拉贸易。

The Sasanians disbanded Palmyrene colonies in their lands, and began a war against the Roman Empire.

萨珊王朝解散了他们土地上的帕尔米拉殖民地，并开始了针对罗马帝国的战争。

In an inscription dated to 252 Odaenathus appears bearing the title of exarchos (lord) of Palmyra.

在 252 年的铭文中，奥丹纳图斯 (Odaenathus) 的头衔是帕尔米拉的 exarchos（领主）。

The weakness of the Roman Empire and the constant Persian danger were probably the reasons behind the Palmyrene council's decision to elect a lord for the city in order for him to lead a strengthened army.

罗马帝国的衰弱和波斯的持续威胁可能是帕尔米拉议会决定为这座城市选举一位领主，以便他领导一支强大的军队的原因。

Odaenathus approached Shapur I of Persia to request him to guarantee Palmyrene interests in Persia, but was rebuffed.

奥丹纳图斯向波斯沙普尔一世请求他保证帕尔米拉在波斯的利益，但遭到拒绝。

In 260 the Emperor Valerian fought Shapur at the Battle of Edessa, but was defeated and captured.

260年，瓦莱里安皇帝在埃德萨战役中与沙普尔作战，但被击败并被俘。

One of Valerian's officers, Macrianus Major, his sons Quietus and Macrianus, and the prefect Balista rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus, usurping imperial power in Syria.

瓦莱里安的一名军官马克里安努斯少校、他的儿子奎图斯和马克里安努斯以及省长巴里斯塔背叛了瓦莱里安的儿子加利努斯，篡夺了叙利亚的帝国权力。

Odaenathus formed an army of Palmyrenes and Syrian peasants against Shapur.

奥丹纳图斯组建了一支由帕尔米拉人和叙利亚农民组成的军队来对抗沙普尔。

According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus declared himself king prior to the battle.

根据奥古斯都历史，奥丹纳图斯在战斗前宣布自己为国王。

The Palmyrene leader won a decisive victory near the banks of the Euphrates later in 260 forcing the Persians to retreat.

公元260年晚些时候，帕尔米拉领导人在幼发拉底河沿岸取得了决定性的胜利，迫使波斯人撤退。

In 261 Odaenathus marched against the remaining usurpers in Syria, defeating and killing Quietus and Balista.

261年，奥丹纳图斯向叙利亚剩余的篡位者进军，击败并杀死了奎图斯和巴利斯塔。

As a reward, he received the title Imperator Totius Orientis ("Governor of the East") from Gallienus, and ruled Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Anatolia's eastern regions as the imperial representative.

作为奖励，他从加利努斯那里获得了“东方总督”的称号，并作为帝国代表统治叙利亚、美索不达米亚、阿拉伯和安纳托利亚东部地区。

Palmyra itself remained officially part of the empire but Palmyrene inscriptions started to describe it as a "metrocolonia", indicating that the city's status was higher than normal Roman colonias.

帕尔米拉本身仍然是帝国的正式一部分，但帕尔米拉铭文开始将其描述为“大都会”，表明该城市的地位高于普通的罗马殖民地。

In practice, Palmyra shifted from a provincial city to a de facto allied kingdom.

实际上，巴尔米拉从一个省级城市转变为事实上的同盟王国。

In 262 Odaenathus launched a new campaign against Shapur, reclaiming the rest of Roman Mesopotamia (most importantly, the cities of Nisibis and Carrhae), sacking the Jewish city of Nehardea, and besieging the Persian capital Ctesiphon.

262年，奥丹纳图斯发起了一场针对沙普尔的新战役，收复了罗马美索不达米亚的其余地区（最重要的是尼西比斯和卡莱两座城市），洗劫了犹太城市尼哈迪亚，并围攻了波斯首都泰西封。

Following his victory, the Palmyrene monarch assumed the title King of Kings.

胜利后，帕尔米拉君主获得了万王之王的称号。

Later, Odaenathus crowned his son Hairan I as co-King of Kings near Antioch in 263.

后来，奥丹纳图斯于 263 年在安条克附近加冕他的儿子海兰一世为共同国王。

Although he did not take the Persian capital, Odaenathus drove the Persians out of all Roman lands conquered since the beginning of Shapur's wars in 252.

尽管奥丹纳图斯没有占领波斯首都，但他将波斯人赶出了自 252 年沙普尔战争开始以来所征服的所有罗马土地。

In a second campaign that took place in 266, the Palmyrene king reached Ctesiphon again; however, he had to leave the siege and move north, accompanied by Hairan I, to repel Gothic attacks on Asia Minor.

在266年发生的第二次战役中，帕尔米拉国王再次到达泰西封。然而，他不得不脱离围困，在海兰一世的陪同下北上，以击退哥特人对小亚细亚的进攻。

The king and his son were assassinated during their return in 267; according to the Augustan History and Joannes Zonaras, Odaenathus was killed by a cousin (Zonaras says nephew) named in the History as Maeonius.

公元 267 年，国王和他的儿子在返回途中被暗杀。根据《奥古斯都历史》和乔安妮·佐纳拉斯的记载，奥登纳图斯是被历史上称为梅奥尼乌斯的表弟（佐纳拉斯说是侄子）杀死的。

The Augustan History also says that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by the soldiers.

《奥古斯都历史》还称，梅奥尼乌斯在被士兵杀害之前曾短暂称帝。

However, no inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius' reign.

然而，没有铭文或其他证据证明梅奥尼乌斯的统治。

Odaenathus was succeeded by his son; the ten-year-old Vaballathus.

奥登纳图斯由他的儿子继承。十岁的瓦巴拉图斯。

Zenobia, the mother of the new king, was the de facto ruler and Vaballathus remained in her shadow while she consolidated her power.

新国王的母亲芝诺比亚是事实上的统治者，瓦巴拉图斯在她巩固权力的同时仍然处于她的阴影之下。

Gallienus dispatched his prefect Heraclian to command military operations against the Persians, but he was marginalized by Zenobia and returned to the West.

加利努斯派遣他的省长赫拉克利安指挥对波斯人的军事行动，但他被芝诺比亚边缘化并返回西方。

The queen was careful not to provoke Rome, claiming for herself and her son the titles held by her husband while guaranteeing the safety of the borders with Persia and pacifying the Tanukhids in Hauran.

女王小心翼翼地避免激怒罗马，她为自己和儿子争取了丈夫所拥有的头衔，同时保证了与波斯边境的安全，并安抚了哈乌兰的塔努希德人。

To protect the borders with Persia, Zenobia fortified different settlements on the Euphrates including the citadels of Halabiye and Zalabiye.

为了保护与波斯的边界，泽诺比亚在幼发拉底河上加固了不同的定居点，包括哈拉比耶和扎拉比耶城堡。

Circumstantial evidence exist for confrontations with the Sasanians; probably in 269 Vaballathus took the title Persicus Maximus ("The great victor in Persia") and the title might be linked with an unrecorded battle against a Persian army trying to regain control of Northern Mesopotamia.

存在与萨珊王朝对抗的间接证据；瓦巴拉图斯可能在 269 年获得了“波斯伟大胜利者”的头衔，这个头衔可能与一场针对试图重新控制北美索不达米亚的波斯军队的一场未记录的战斗有关。

Zenobia began her military career in the spring of 270, during the reign of Claudius Gothicus.

270 年春，克劳狄乌斯·哥提库斯 (Claudius Gothicus) 在位期间，泽诺比亚 (Zenobia) 开始了她的军事生涯。

Under the pretext of attacking the Tanukhids, she conquered Roman Arabia.

她以攻击塔努希特人为借口，征服了罗马阿拉伯半岛。

This was followed in October by an invasion of Egypt, ending with a Palmyrene victory and Zenobia's proclamation as queen of Egypt.

随后在十月入侵埃及，以帕尔米拉的胜利和芝诺比亚被宣布为埃及女王而告终。

Palmyra invaded Anatolia the following year, reaching Ankara and the pinnacle of its expansion.

次年巴尔米拉入侵安纳托利亚，到达安卡拉并达到其扩张的顶峰。

The conquests were made behind a mask of subordination to Rome.

这些征服是在服从罗马的面具下进行的。

Zenobia issued coins in the name of Claudius' successor Aurelian, with Vaballathus depicted as king; since Aurelian was occupied with repelling insurgencies in Europe, he tolerated the Palmyrene coinage and encroachments.

泽诺比亚以克劳狄斯的继任者奥勒良的名义发行了硬币，瓦巴拉图斯被描绘成国王；由于奥勒良忙于镇压欧洲的叛乱，他容忍了帕尔米拉的铸币和侵犯。

In late 271, Vaballathus and his mother assumed the titles of Augustus (emperor) and Augusta.

271 年末，瓦巴拉图斯和他的母亲继承了奥古斯都（皇帝）和奥古斯塔的头衔。

The following year, Aurelian crossed the Bosphorus and advanced quickly through Anatolia.

次年，奥勒良横渡博斯普鲁斯海峡，迅速穿过安纳托利亚。

According to one account, Roman general Marcus Aurelius Probus regained Egypt from Palmyra; Aurelian entered Issus and headed to Antioch, where he defeated Zenobia in the Battle of Immae.

据一种说法，罗马将军马库斯·奥勒留·普罗布斯从帕尔米拉收复了埃及；奥勒良进入伊苏斯，前往安条克，并在伊迈战役中击败了芝诺比亚。

Zenobia was defeated again at the Battle of Emesa, taking refuge in Homs before quickly returning to her capital.

芝诺比亚在埃梅萨战役中再次被击败，在霍姆斯避难，然后迅速返回首都。

When the Romans besieged Palmyra, Zenobia refused their order to surrender in person to the emperor.

当罗马人围攻巴尔米拉时，芝诺比亚拒绝亲自向皇帝投降的命令。

She escaped east to ask the Persians for help, but was captured by the Romans; the city capitulated soon afterwards.

她逃往东方向波斯人求助，却被罗马人俘获。不久之后，这座城市就投降了。

Aurelian spared the city and stationed a garrison of 600 archers, led by Sandarion, as a peacekeeping force.

奥勒良（Aurelian）幸免于难，并在桑达里昂（Sandarion）领导下驻扎了一支由 600 名弓箭手组成的驻军，作为维和部队。

In 273 Palmyra rebelled under the leadership of Septimius Apsaios, declaring Antiochus (a relative of Zenobia) as Augustus.

273年，帕尔米拉在塞普蒂米乌斯·阿普萨奥斯的领导下叛乱，宣布安提阿古斯（芝诺比亚的亲戚）为奥古斯都。

Aurelian marched against Palmyra, razing it to the ground and seizing the most valuable monuments to decorate his Temple of Sol.

奥勒良向巴尔米拉进军，将其夷为平地，并夺取了最有价值的纪念碑来装饰他的太阳神殿。

Palmyrene buildings were smashed, residents massacred and the Temple of Bel pillaged.

帕尔米拉的建筑被摧毁，居民被屠杀，贝尔神庙被掠夺。

Palmyra was significantly reduced and it largely disappeared from historical records of that period.

帕尔米拉的数量显着减少，并且基本上从那个时期的历史记录中消失了。

After its sacking, Aurelian repaired the Temple of Bel, and the Legio I Illyricorum was stationed in the city.

贝尔神庙被洗劫后，奥勒良修复了贝尔神庙，伊利里科鲁姆第一军团驻扎在这座城市。

Shortly before 303 the Camp of Diocletian, a castrum in the western part of the city, was built.

303 年之前不久，位于城市西部的戴克里先营 (Camp of Diocletian) 建成。

The 4-hectare (9.9-acre) camp was a base for the Legio I Illyricorum, which guarded the trade routes around the city.

这个占地 4 公顷（9.9 英亩）的营地是第一军团伊利里科鲁姆的基地，负责守卫城市周围的贸易路线。

Though some of the city would not be rebuilt, Palmyra would become a major stronghold and fortress in the East.

尽管部分城市不会重建，但帕尔米拉将成为东方的主要据点和堡垒。

Thanks in part to this, in the following years Palmyra began to regain importance, becoming a Christian city in the decades following its destruction by Aurelian.

部分由于这一点，巴尔米拉在接下来的几年里开始重新获得重要性，在被奥勒良摧毁后的几十年里成为一座基督教城市。

In late 527, Justinian I further strengthened the city, ordering the restoration of Palmyra's churches and public buildings to protect the empire against raids by Lakhmid king Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man.

527 年末，查士丁尼一世进一步加固了这座城市，下令修复帕尔米拉的教堂和公共建筑，以保护帝国免受拉赫米德国王蒙迪尔三世·伊本·努曼的袭击。

Palmyra was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after its 634 capture by the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid, who took the city on his way to Damascus; an 18-day march by his army through the Syrian Desert from Mesopotamia.

巴尔米拉于 634 年被穆斯林将军哈立德·伊本·瓦利德 (Khalid ibn al-Walid) 占领，并在前往大马士革的途中占领了这座城市，随后被拉希顿哈里发 (Rashidun Caliphate) 征服。他的军队从美索不达米亚穿过叙利亚沙漠进行了为期 18 天的行军。

By then Palmyra was limited to the Diocletian camp.

那时巴尔米拉仅限于戴克里先阵营。

After the conquest, the city became part of Homs Province.

征服后，该市成为霍姆斯省的一部分。

Palmyra prospered as part of the Umayyad Caliphate, and its population grew.

巴尔米拉作为倭马亚哈里发的一部分而繁荣，人口不断增长。

It was a key stop on the East-West trade route, with a large souq (market), built by the Umayyads, who also commissioned part of the Temple of Bel as a jama masjid (congregational mosque).

它是东西方贸易路线上的一个关键站点，拥有倭马亚人建造的大型集市（市场），他们还委托贝尔神庙的一部分作为贾玛清真寺（集会清真寺）。

During this period, Palmyra was a stronghold of the Banu Kalb tribe, which began to take abode in and around the city after the conquest.

在此期间，帕尔米拉是巴努卡尔布部落的一个据点，该部落在被征服后开始在该城及其周边地区定居。

After being defeated by Marwan II during a civil war in the caliphate, Umayyad contender Sulayman ibn Hisham fled to the Banu Kalb in Palmyra, but eventually pledged allegiance to Marwan in 744; Palmyra continued to oppose Marwan until the surrender of the Banu Kalb chief al-Asbagh ibn Dhu'ala in 745.

在哈里发内战中被马尔万二世击败后，倭马亚王朝的竞争者苏莱曼·伊本·希沙姆逃往帕尔米拉的巴努卡尔布，但最终于 744 年宣誓效忠马尔万。帕尔米拉继续反对马尔万，直到 745 年巴努卡尔布酋长阿斯巴格·伊本·杜阿拉投降为止。

That year, Marwan ordered the city's walls demolished.

那一年，马尔万下令拆除城墙。

In 750 a revolt, led by Majza'a ibn al-Kawthar and Umayyad pretender Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, against the new Abbasid Caliphate swept across Syria; the tribes in Palmyra supported the rebels.

750年，由马吉扎伊本·考萨（Majza'a ibn al-Kawthar）和倭马亚王朝觊觎者阿布·穆罕默德·苏菲亚尼（Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani）领导的反对新阿拔斯王朝哈里发的叛乱席卷了整个叙利亚。帕尔米拉的部落支持叛乱分子。

After his defeat Abu Muhammad took refuge in the city, which withstood an Abbasid assault long enough to allow him to escape.

阿布·穆罕默德战败后逃往这座城市，这座城市经受住了阿拔斯王朝的进攻，足以让他逃脱。

Abbasid power dwindled during the 10th century, when the empire disintegrated and was divided among a number of vassals.

阿拔斯王朝的权力在十世纪逐渐衰落，帝国解体并被许多封臣瓜分。

Most of the new rulers acknowledged the caliph as their nominal sovereign, a situation which continued until the Mongol destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.

大多数新统治者承认哈里发是他们名义上的君主，这种情况一直持续到 1258 年蒙古人摧毁了阿拔斯哈里发国。

The population of the city began to decline in the ninth century, a process that continued throughout the tenth century, by the end of which the inhabitants occupied only the enclosed area of the Temple of Bel.

这座城市的人口在九世纪开始下降，这一过程持续了整个十世纪，到最后居民只居住在贝尔神庙的封闭区域。

In 955 Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid prince of Aleppo, defeated the nomads near the city, and built a kasbah (fortress) in response to campaigns by the Byzantine emperors Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes.

955 年，阿勒颇的哈姆丹王朝王子赛义夫·道拉 (Sayf al-Dawla) 击败了城市附近的游牧民族，并建造了一座卡斯巴（堡垒），以应对拜占庭皇帝尼基弗鲁斯二世·福卡斯 (Nikephoros II Phokas) 和约翰一世·齐米斯克斯 (John I Tzimiskes) 的战役。

With the advent of Fatimid rule in the late 10th century, Palmyra remained a stronghold of the Kalb and taxes on the oasis' crops was a major source of the tribe's income.

随着 10 世纪末法蒂玛统治的到来，巴尔米拉仍然是卡尔布人的据点，对绿洲农作物征税是该部落收入的主要来源。

Toward the end of the century, the Kalb around Palmyra migrated from the area.

到本世纪末，巴尔米拉周围的卡尔布人从该地区迁徙出来。

Earthquakes devastated Palmyra in 1068 and 1089.

1068 年和 1089 年的地震摧毁了巴尔米拉。

In the 1070s Syria was conquered by the Seljuk Empire, and in 1082, the district of Homs came under the control of the Arab lord Khalaf ibn Mula'ib.

1070年代，叙利亚被塞尔柱帝国征服，1082年，霍姆斯地区落入阿拉伯领主哈拉夫·本·穆拉伊卜的控制之下。

The latter was a brigand and was removed and imprisoned in 1090 by the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I.

后者是一名强盗，于 1090 年被塞尔柱苏丹马利克沙阿一世驱逐并监禁。

Khalaf's lands were given to Malik-Shah's brother, Tutush I, who gained his independence after his brother's 1092 death and established a cadet branch of the Seljuk dynasty in Syria.

哈拉夫的土地被授予马利克沙阿的兄弟图图什一世，图图什一世在其兄长 1092 年去世后获得独立，并在叙利亚建立了塞尔柱王朝的一个分支。

In the twelfth century, Palmyra was ruled by Toghtekin, the Burid atabeg of Damascus, who appointed his nephew governor.

十二世纪，帕尔米拉由大马士革的布里德·阿塔贝格托特金统治，托特金任命他的侄子为总督。

Toghtekin's nephew was killed by rebels, and the atabeg retook the city in 1126.

托特金的侄子被叛军杀害，阿塔贝格人于 1126 年重新夺回了这座城市。

Palmyra was given to Toghtekin's grandson, Shihab-ud-din Mahmud, who was replaced by governor Yusuf ibn Firuz when Shihab-ud-din Mahmud returned to Damascus after his father Taj al-Muluk Buri succeeded Toghtekin.

帕尔米拉被授予托特金的孙子谢哈卜·乌德·丁·马哈茂德，当谢哈卜·乌德·丁·马哈茂德在其父亲泰姬·穆鲁克·布里继承托特金后返回大马士革时，总督优素福·本·菲鲁兹接替了马哈茂德。

The Burids transformed the Temple of Bel into a citadel in 1132, fortifying the city, and transferring it to the Bin Qaraja family three years later in exchange for Homs.

1132 年，布里德家族将贝尔神庙改造成城堡，加固了这座城市，并于三年后将其移交给本·卡拉贾 (Bin Qaraja) 家族，以换取霍姆斯。

During the mid-twelfth century, Palmyra was ruled by the Zengid king Nur ad-Din Mahmud.

十二世纪中叶，巴尔米拉由曾吉德国王努尔丁·马哈茂德统治。

It became part of the district of Homs, which was given as a fiefdom to the Ayyubid general Shirkuh in 1168 and confiscated after his death in 1169.

它成为霍姆斯地区的一部分，该地区于 1168 年被授予阿尤布将军谢尔库赫 (Shirkuh) 作为封地，并在他于 1169 年去世后被没收。

Homs region was conquered by the Ayyubid sultanate in 1174; the following year, Saladin gave Homs (including Palmyra) to his cousin Nasir al-Din Muhammad as a fiefdom.

1174年，霍姆斯地区被阿尤布苏丹国征服；次年，萨拉丁将霍姆斯（包括帕尔米拉）赐给他的表弟纳西尔·丁·穆罕默德作为封地。

After Saladin's death, the Ayyubid realm was divided and Palmyra was given to Nasir al-Din Muhammad's son Al-Mujahid Shirkuh II (who built the castle of Palmyra known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle around 1230).

萨拉丁死后，阿尤布王国分裂，巴尔米拉被赐给纳西尔丁·穆罕默德的儿子穆贾希德·谢尔库赫二世（Al-Mujahid Shirkuh II）（他于 1230 年左右建造了巴尔米拉城堡，称为 Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani 城堡）。

Five years earlier, Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi described Palmyra's residents as living in "a castle surrounded by a stone wall".

五年前，叙利亚地理学家亚古特·哈马维 (Yaqut al-Hamawi) 将帕尔米拉的居民描述为生活在“一座被石墙包围的城堡”中。

Palmyra was used as a refuge by Shirkuh II's grandson, al-Ashraf Musa, who allied himself with the Mongol king Hulagu Khan and fled after the Mongol defeat in the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut against the Mamluks.

巴尔米拉被谢尔库赫二世的孙子阿什拉夫·穆萨 (al-Ashraf Musa) 用作避难所，他与蒙古国王旭烈兀汗 (Hulagu Khan) 结盟，并在 1260 年艾因贾鲁特战役 (Ain Jalut Battle) 与马穆鲁克 (Mamluks) 的战役中蒙古战败后逃离。

Al-Ashraf Musa asked the Mamluk sultan Qutuz for pardon and was accepted as a vassal.

阿什拉夫·穆萨向马穆鲁克苏丹库图兹请求赦免，并被接纳为附庸。

Al-Ashraf Musa died in 1263 without an heir, bringing the Homs district under direct Mamluk rule.

阿什拉夫·穆萨 (Al-Ashraf Musa) 于 1263 年去世，没有继承人，霍姆斯地区因此受到马穆鲁克的直接统治。

The Al Fadl clan (a branch of the Tayy tribe) were loyal to the Mamluks, and in 1281, Prince Issa bin Muhanna of the Al Fadl was appointed lord of Palmyra by sultan Qalawun.

Al Fadl 氏族（泰伊部落的一个分支）忠于马穆鲁克，1281 年，Al Fadl 王子伊萨·本·穆哈纳 (Issa bin Muhanna) 被苏丹 Qalawun 任命为巴尔米拉领主。

Issa was succeeded in 1284 by his son Muhanna bin Issa who was imprisoned by sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in 1293, and restored two years later by sultan al-Adil Kitbugha.

伊萨于 1284 年由他的儿子穆汉纳·本·伊萨继位，后者于 1293 年被苏丹阿什拉夫·哈利勒监禁，两年后被苏丹阿迪尔·基特布加复辟。

Muhanna declared his loyalty to Öljaitü of the Ilkhanate in 1312 and was dismissed and replaced with his brother Fadl by sultan an-Nasir Muhammad.

1312 年，穆哈纳宣布效忠伊尔汗国的奥尔贾伊图 (Öljaitü)，随后被苏丹纳西尔·穆罕默德 (An-Nasir Muhammad) 解雇，并由他的兄弟法德尔 (Fadl) 取代。

Although Muhanna was forgiven by an-Nasir and restored in 1317, he and his tribe were expelled in 1320 for his continued relations with the Ilkhanate, and he was replaced by tribal chief Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

尽管穆哈纳得到了纳西尔二世的宽恕并于 1317 年复辟，但他和他的部落因与伊尔汗国的持续关系而于 1320 年被驱逐，部落首领穆罕默德·本·阿比·伯克尔 (Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr) 取代了他。

Muhanna was forgiven and restored by an-Nasir in 1330; he remained loyal to the sultan until his death in 1335, when he was succeeded by his son.

1330 年，穆哈纳 (Muhanna) 被纳西尔 (An-Nasir) 宽恕并恢复原状。他一直忠于苏丹，直到 1335 年苏丹去世，其子继位。

Contemporary historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari described the city as having "vast gardens, flourishing trades and bizarre monuments".

当代历史学家伊本·法德拉拉·奥马里 (Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari) 形容这座城市拥有“广阔的花园、繁荣的贸易和奇异的纪念碑”。

The Al Fadl clan protected the trade routes and villages from Bedouin raids, raiding other cities and fighting among themselves.

阿尔法德尔氏族保护贸易路线和村庄免受贝都因人的袭击，袭击其他城市并自相残杀。

The Mamluks intervened militarily several times, dismissing, imprisoning or expelling its leaders.

马穆鲁克多次进行军事干预，解雇、监禁或驱逐其领导人。

In 1400 Palmyra was attacked by Timur; the Fadl prince Nu'air escaped the battle and later fought Jakam, the sultan of Aleppo.

1400年，巴尔米拉遭到帖木儿的袭击；法德尔王子努艾尔（Nu'air）逃脱了战斗，后来与阿勒颇苏丹雅卡姆（Jakam）作战。

Nu'air was captured, taken to Aleppo and executed in 1406; this, according to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, ended the Al Fadl clan's power.

努艾尔 (Nu'air) 被俘，并被带到阿勒颇并于 1406 年被处决；据伊本·哈吉尔·阿斯卡拉尼 (Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani) 称，这结束了 Al Fadl 部落的权力。

While most of Syria came under Ottoman rule in 1516, Palmyra (Tadmur) does not appear to have been incorporated into the Empire before the conquest of Iraq in 1534–1535.

虽然叙利亚大部分地区于 1516 年处于奥斯曼帝国统治之下，但巴尔米拉（塔德穆尔）在 1534 年至 1535 年征服伊拉克之前似乎并未并入帝国。

It first appears as the centre of an administrative district (sanjak) around 1560.

它于 1560 年左右首次作为行政区 (sanjak) 的中心出现。

The region was important to the Ottomans above all for its salt deposits.

该地区对于奥斯曼帝国来说非常重要，首先是因为它的盐矿藏。

In 1568, the governor of the sancak restored the medieval citadel.

1568年，桑贾克总督修复了这座中世纪城堡。

After 1568 the Ottomans appointed the Lebanese emir Ali bin Musa Harfush as governor of Palmyra's sanjak, dismissing him in 1584 for insubordination.

1568 年之后，奥斯曼帝国任命黎巴嫩埃米尔阿里·本·穆萨·哈富什 (Ali bin Musa Harfush) 为帕尔米拉桑贾克总督，但因他不服从命令而于 1584 年将其解雇。

In 1630 Palmyra came under the tax authority of another Lebanese emir, Fakhr-al-Din II, who renovated Shirkuh II's castle (which became known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle).

1630 年，帕尔米拉由另一位黎巴嫩埃米尔法赫尔丁二世 (Fakhr-al-Din II) 管辖，他修复了谢尔库赫二世 (Shirkuh II) 的城堡（后来被称为法赫尔丁马尼城堡 (Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle)）。

The prince fell from grace with the Ottomans in 1633 and lost control of the village, which remained a separate sanjak until it was absorbed by Zor Sanjak in 1857.

1633 年，王子失去了对奥斯曼帝国的宠爱，并失去了对该村庄的控制，该村庄一直是一个独立的桑贾克，直到 1857 年被佐尔桑贾克吞并。

The Ottoman governor of Syria, Mehmed Rashid Pasha, established a garrison in the village to control the Bedouin in 1867.

1867 年，奥斯曼帝国叙利亚总督穆罕默德·拉希德帕夏 (Mehmed Rashid Pasha) 在该村设立驻军，以控制贝都因人。

In 1918, as World War I was ending, the Royal Air Force built an airfield for two planes, and in November the Ottomans retreated from Zor Sanjak without a fight.

1918 年，第一次世界大战即将结束时，英国皇家空军建造了一座可容纳两架飞机的机场，11 月，奥斯曼帝国不战而退，从佐尔桑贾克撤退。

The Syrian Emirate's army entered Deir ez-Zor on 4 December, and Zor Sanjak became part of Syria.

叙利亚酋长国的军队于 12 月 4 日进入代尔祖尔，佐尔桑贾克成为叙利亚的一部分。

In 1919, as the British and French argued over the borders of the planned mandates, the British permanent military representative to the Supreme War Council Henry Wilson suggested adding Palmyra to the British mandate.

1919 年，当英国和法国就计划托管地的边界争论不休时，英国最高战争委员会常驻军事代表亨利·威尔逊建议将巴尔米拉纳入英国托管地。

However, the British general Edmund Allenby persuaded his government to abandon this plan.

然而，英国将军埃德蒙·艾伦比说服他的政府放弃了这一计划。

Syria (including Palmyra) became part of the French Mandate after Syria's defeat in the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920.

1920 年 7 月 24 日叙利亚在迈萨伦战役中战败后，叙利亚（包括巴尔米拉）成为法国托管地的一部分。

With Palmyra gaining importance in the French efforts to pacify the Syrian Desert, a base was constructed in the village near the Temple of Bel in 1921.

随着巴尔米拉在法国平息叙利亚沙漠的努力中变得越来越重要，1921 年在贝尔神庙附近的村庄建造了一个基地。

In 1929, Henri Seyrig, began excavating the ruins and convinced the villagers to move to a new, French-built village next to the site.

1929 年，亨利·塞里格 (Henri Seyrig) 开始挖掘废墟，并说服村民搬到遗址旁边的一个法国人建造的新村庄。

The relocation was completed in 1932; ancient Palmyra was ready for excavation as its villagers settled into the new village of Tadmur.

1932年完成搬迁；随着村民定居到新村庄塔德穆尔，古老的巴尔米拉已准备好进行挖掘。

During World War II, the Mandate came under the authority of Vichy France, who gave permission to Nazi Germany to use the airfield at Palmyra; forces of Free France, backed by British forces, invaded Syria in June 1941, and on 3 July 1941, the British took control over the city in the aftermath of a battle.

第二次世界大战期间，托管地由维希法国管辖，维希法国允许纳粹德国使用帕尔米拉机场。自由法国军队在英国军队的支持下于 1941 年 6 月入侵叙利亚，1941 年 7 月 3 日，英国在一场战斗后控制了这座城市。

During the war the Syrian Army positioned its troops within the archaeological site.

战争期间，叙利亚军队将其部队部署在考古遗址内。

On 13 May 2015, IS launched an attack on the modern town of Tadmur, sparking fears that the iconoclastic group would destroy the adjacent ancient site of Palmyra.

2015 年 5 月 13 日，IS 对现代城镇塔德穆尔发动袭击，引发人们担心该反传统团体会摧毁邻近的巴尔米拉古迹。

The Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums removed more than 400 statues and hundreds of artifacts from the museum and several safe locations, transporting them to Damascus for safekeeping.

叙利亚文物和博物馆总局从博物馆和几个安全地点移走了 400 多座雕像和数百件文物，并将它们运到大马士革妥善保管。

A number of Greco-Roman busts, jewelry, and other objects looted from the museum have been later found on the international market.

博物馆内被盗的一些希腊罗马半身像、珠宝和其他物品后来在国际市场上被发现。

IS' forces entered Palmyra on 21 May in a sudden takeover, which abruptly ended the Directorate-General's efforts to evacuate the remaining artifacts consisting of large statues and pieces.

5 月 21 日，IS 部队突然占领巴尔米拉，这突然结束了总局撤离剩余文物（包括大型雕像和碎片）的努力。

During IS' first occupation of the site, Palmyra's theatre was used as a place of public executions of their opponents and captives; videos were released by ISIL showing the killing of Syrian prisoners in front of crowds at the theatre.

在伊斯兰国首次占领该地点期间，巴尔米拉剧院被用作公开处决反对者和俘虏的场所；伊斯兰国发布的视频显示，叙利亚囚犯在剧院的人群面前被杀害。

On 18 August, Palmyra's retired antiquities chief Khaled al-Asaad was beheaded by ISIL after being tortured for a month to extract information about the city and its treasures; al-Asaad refused to give any information to his captors.

8 月 18 日，巴尔米拉的退休文物负责人哈立德·阿萨德 (Khaled al-Asaad) 在遭受一个月的酷刑以获取有关该城市及其宝藏的信息后被伊斯兰国斩首；阿萨德拒绝向绑架者提供任何信息。

The Syrian Army supported by Russian airstrikes recaptured Palmyra on 27 March 2016.

2016 年 3 月 27 日，叙利亚军队在俄罗斯空袭的支持下收复巴尔米拉。

According to initial reports, the damage to the archaeological site was less extensive than anticipated, with numerous structures still standing.

根据初步报告，考古遗址受到的破坏没有预期的那么严重，许多建筑仍然矗立。

Russian de-mining teams began clearing mines planted by IS prior to their retreat.

俄罗斯排雷小组在撤退前开始清除伊斯兰国埋设的地雷。

Following heavy fighting, IS briefly reoccupied the city on 11 December 2016, prompting an offensive by the Syrian Army which retook the city on 2 March 2017.

经过激烈战斗，“伊斯兰国”于 2016 年 12 月 11 日短暂重新占领该市，促使叙利亚军队发动攻势，并于 2017 年 3 月 2 日重新夺回该市。

On 7 December 2024, Palmyra was captured by the Syrian Free Army, a day before the fall of the Assad regime.

2024 年 12 月 7 日，即阿萨德政权倒台前一天，巴尔米拉被叙利亚自由军占领。

The Syrian transitional government stationed guards as to protect the area from further damage.

叙利亚过渡政府派驻警卫，以保护该地区免受进一步破坏。

From the beginning of its history to the first century AD Palmyra was a petty sheikhdom, and by the first century BC a Palmyrene identity began to develop.

从历史之初到公元一世纪，帕尔米拉一直是一个小酋长国，到公元前一世纪，帕尔米拉身份开始发展。

During the first half of the first century AD, Palmyra incorporated some of the institutions of a Greek city (polis); the notion of an existing citizenship first appears in an inscription, dated to AD 10, mentioning the "people of Palmyra".

公元一世纪上半叶，巴尔米拉吸收了希腊城市（polis）的一些机构；现有公民身份的概念首次出现在公元 10 年的铭文中，其中提到了“帕尔米拉人民”。

In AD 74, an inscription mentions the city's boule (senate).

公元 74 年，一段铭文提到了该市的 boule（参议院）。

The tribal role in Palmyra is debated; during the first century, four treasurers representing the four tribes seems to have partially controlled the administration but their role became ceremonial by the second century and power rested in the hands of the council.

巴尔米拉的部落角色存在争议；在第一世纪，代表四个部落的四位财务主管似乎部分控制了行政管理，但到了第二世纪，他们的角色变成了仪式性的，权力掌握在理事会手中。

The Palmyrene council consisted of about six hundred members of the local elite (such as the elders or heads of wealthy families or clans), representing the city's four-quarters.

帕尔米拉议会由大约六百名当地精英成员（例如富裕家庭或氏族的长者或首领）组成，代表了该市的四分之四。

The council, headed by a president, managed civic responsibilities; it supervised public works (including the construction of public buildings), approved expenditures, collected taxes, and appointed two archons (lords) each year.

该委员会由主席领导，负责管理公民责任；它监督公共工程（包括公共建筑的建设）、批准支出、征收税收，并每年任命两名执政官（领主）。

Palmyra's military was led by strategoi (generals) appointed by the council.

巴尔米拉的军队由议会任命的将军（将军）领导。

Roman provincial authority set and approved Palmyra's tariff structure, but the provincial interference in local government was kept minimal as the empire sought to ensure the continuous success of Palmyrene trade most beneficial to Rome.

罗马省当局制定并批准了巴尔米拉的关税结构，但省对地方政府的干预保持在最低限度，因为帝国力求确保巴尔米拉贸易的持续成功，对罗马最有利。

An imposition of direct provincial administration would have jeopardized Palmyra's ability to conduct its trading activities in the East, especially in Parthia.

实行直接的省级行政管理将危及帕尔米拉在东部，特别是在帕提亚开展贸易活动的能力。

With the elevation of Palmyra to a colonia around 213–216, the city ceased being subject to Roman provincial governors and taxes.

随着巴尔米拉在 213 年至 216 年左右被提升为殖民地，该城市不再受罗马省长和税收管辖。

Palmyra incorporated Roman institutions into its system while keeping many of its former ones.

巴尔米拉将罗马机构纳入其体系，同时保留了许多以前的机构。

The council remained, and the strategos designated one of two annually-elected magistrates.

委员会仍然存在，将军们指定了每年选举的两名治安法官之一。

This duumviri implemented the new colonial constitution, replacing the archons.

这位杜姆维里实施了新的殖民宪法，取代了执政官。

Palmyra's political scene changed with the rise of Odaenathus and his family; an inscription dated to 251 describes Odaenathus' son Hairan I as "Ras" (lord) of Palmyra (exarch in the Greek section of the inscription) and another inscription dated to 252 describes Odaenathus with the same title.

随着奥丹纳图斯及其家族的崛起，帕尔米拉的政治格局发生了变化。 251 年的铭文将奥丹纳图斯的儿子海兰一世描述为巴尔米拉的“拉斯”（领主）（铭文希腊语部分的总督），另一则可追溯至 252 年的铭文描述了具有相同头衔的奥丹纳图斯。

Odaenathus was probably elected by the council as exarch, which was an unusual title in the Roman empire and was not part of the traditional Palmyrene governance institutions.

奥丹纳图斯很可能是由议会选举为总督，这在罗马帝国是一个不寻常的头衔，也不属于传统的帕尔米拉治理机构的一部分。

Whether Odaenathus' title indicated a military or a priestly position is unknown, but the military role is more likely.

奥丹纳图斯的头衔是否代表军事职位或祭司职位尚不清楚，但军事角色的可能性更大。

By 257 Odaenathus was known as a consularis, possibly the legatus of the province of Phoenice.

到了 257 年，奥丹纳图斯被任命为执政官，可能是腓尼基行省的使节。

In 258 Odaenathus began extending his political influence, taking advantage of regional instability caused by Sasanian aggression; this culminated in the Battle of Edessa, Odaenathus' royal elevation and mobilization of troops, which made Palmyra a kingdom.

258年，奥丹纳图斯利用萨珊王朝侵略造成的地区不稳定，开始扩大他的政治影响力。这在埃德萨战役中达到顶峰，奥丹纳图斯升任王室并调动军队，使巴尔米拉成为一个王国。

The monarchy continued most civic institutions, but the duumviri and the council were no longer attested after 264; Odaenathus appointed a governor for the city.

君主制延续了大多数公民机构，但 264 年之后，杜姆维里和议会不再得到认可；奥丹纳图斯任命了该市的总督。

In the absence of the monarch, the city was administered by a viceroy.

在君主缺席的情况下，该城市由总督管理。

Although governors of the eastern Roman provinces under Odaenathus' control were still appointed by Rome, the king had overall authority.

尽管奥登纳图斯控制下的罗马东部行省的总督仍然由罗马任命，但国王拥有总体权力。

During Zenobia's rebellion, governors were appointed by the queen.

在芝诺比亚叛乱期间，总督由女王任命。

Not all Palmyrenes accepted the dominion of the royal family; a senator, Septimius Haddudan, appears in a later Palmyrene inscription as aiding Aurelian's armies during the 273 rebellion.

并非所有帕尔米拉尼人都接受王室的统治。参议员塞普蒂米乌斯·哈杜丹 (Septimius Haddudan) 在后来的帕尔米拉铭文中出现，在 273 年叛乱期间帮助奥勒良的军队。

After the Roman destruction of the city, Palmyra was ruled directly by Rome, and then by a succession of other rulers, including the Burids and Ayyubids, and subordinate Bedouin chiefs—primarily the Fadl family, who governed for the Mamluks.

罗马摧毁这座城市后，巴尔米拉由罗马直接统治，然后由一系列其他统治者统治，包括布里德王朝和阿尤布王朝，以及下属贝都因酋长——主要是为马穆鲁克统治的法德尔家族。

Due to its military character and efficiency in battle, Palmyra was described by Irfan Shahîd as the "Sparta among the cities of the Orient, Arab and other, and even its gods were represented dressed in military uniforms." Palmyra's army protected the city and its economy, helping extend Palmyrene authority beyond the city walls and protecting the countryside's desert trade routes.

由于其军事特征和战斗效率，巴尔米拉被伊尔凡·沙希德描述为“东方、阿拉伯和其他城市中的斯巴达，甚至它的众神也穿着军装。”帕尔米拉的军队保护了这座城市及其经济，帮助将帕尔米拉的权威扩展到城墙之外，并保护了乡村的沙漠贸易路线。

The city had a substantial military; Zabdibel commanded a force of 10,000 in the third century BC, and Zenobia led an army of 70,000 in the Battle of Emesa.

这座城市拥有一支庞大的军队；扎布迪贝尔在公元前三世纪指挥了一万人的军队，而泽诺比亚则在埃梅萨战役中率领了七万人的军队。

Soldiers were recruited from the city and its territories, spanning several thousand square kilometers from the outskirts of Homs to the Euphrates valley.

士兵是从该市及其领土招募的，范围从霍姆斯郊区到幼发拉底河谷数千平方公里。

Non-Palmyrene soldiers were also recruited; a Nabatean cavalryman is recorded in 132 as serving in a Palmyrene unit stationed at Anah.

非巴尔米拉士兵也被招募。 132 年有记录显示，一名纳巴泰骑兵在驻扎于阿纳的帕尔米拉部队中服役。

Palmyra's recruiting system is unknown; the city might have selected and equipped the troops and the strategoi led, trained and disciplined them.

帕尔米拉的招募系统未知；城市可能选择并装备了军队，由战略家领导、训练和训练他们。

The strategoi were appointed by the council with the approval of Rome.

战略官是由罗马会议批准并任命的。

The royal army in the mid 3rd century AD was under the leadership of the monarch aided by generals, and was modeled on the Sasanians in arms and tactics.

公元3世纪中叶的皇家军队由君主领导，将军辅佐，在武器和战术上效仿萨珊王朝。

The Palmyrenes were noted archers.

帕尔米拉人是著名的弓箭手。

They used infantry while a heavily armored cavalry (clibanarii) constituted the main attacking force.

他们使用步兵，而重甲骑兵（clibanarii）构成主要攻击力量。

Palmyra's infantry was armed with swords, lances and small round shields; the clibanarii were fully armored (including their horses), and used heavy spears (kontos) 3.65 metres (12.0 ft) long without shields.

巴尔米拉的步兵装备有剑、长矛和小圆盾。 clibanarii全副武装（包括他们的马），并使用长3.65米（12.0英尺）的重矛（kontos），没有盾牌。

Citing the Palmyrenes' combat skills in large, sparsely populated areas, the Romans formed a Palmyrene auxilia to serve in the Imperial Roman army.

罗马人借鉴了帕尔米拉人在人口稀少地区的战斗技巧，组建了帕尔米拉人辅助部队，在罗马帝国军队中服役。

Vespasian reportedly had 8,000 Palmyrene archers in Judea, and Trajan established the first Palmyrene Auxilia in 116 (a camel cavalry unit, Ala I Ulpia dromedariorum Palmyrenorum).

据报道，维斯帕芗在朱迪亚拥有 8,000 名帕尔米拉弓箭手，图拉真于 116 年建立了第一个帕尔米拉辅助部队（一支骆驼骑兵部队，Ala I Ulpia dromedariorum Palmyrenorum）。

Palmyrene units were deployed throughout the Roman Empire, serving in Dacia late in Hadrian's reign, and at El Kantara in Numidia and Moesia under Antoninus Pius.

帕尔米拉部队部署在整个罗马帝国，在哈德良统治后期的达西亚、努米底亚的埃尔坎塔拉和安东尼努斯·皮乌斯领导下的莫西亚服役。

During the late second century Rome formed the Cohors XX Palmyrenorum, which was stationed in Dura-Europos.

在二世纪末，罗马组建了第 20 帕尔米雷诺姆军团，驻扎在杜拉-欧罗波斯。

Palmyra's gods were primarily part of the northwestern Semitic pantheon, with the addition of gods from the Mesopotamian and Arab pantheons.

巴尔米拉的神主要是西北闪族万神殿的一部分，此外还有来自美索不达米亚和阿拉伯万神殿的神。

The city's chief pre-Hellenistic deity was called Bol, an abbreviation of Baal (a northwestern Semitic honorific).

这座城市的前希腊化时期的主要神祇被称为波尔，是巴力（Baal，西北部闪族敬语）的缩写。

The Babylonian cult of Bel-Marduk influenced the Palmyrene religion and by 217 BC the chief deity's name was changed to Bel.

巴比伦的贝尔-马杜克崇拜影响了帕尔米拉宗教，到公元前 217 年，主神的名字改为贝尔。

This did not indicate the replacing of the northwestern Semitic Bol with a Mesopotamian deity, but was a mere change in the name.

这并不意味着西北部的闪族波尔被美索不达米亚的神所取代，而仅仅是名称的改变。

Second in importance, after the supreme deity, were over sixty ancestral gods of the Palmyrene clans.

在至高无上的神之后，第二重要的是帕尔米拉氏族的六十多位祖先神。

Palmyra had unique deities, such as the god of justice and Efqa's guardian Yarhibol, the sun god Malakbel, and the moon god Aglibol.

帕尔米拉拥有独特的神灵，如正义之神和埃夫卡的守护者亚里博尔、太阳神马拉克贝尔和月神阿格利博尔。

Palmyrenes worshiped regional deities, including the greater Levantine gods Astarte, Baal-hamon, Baalshamin and Atargatis; the Babylonian gods Nabu and Nergal, and the Arab Azizos, Arsu, Šams and Al-lāt.

帕尔米拉尼斯崇拜地区神灵，包括黎凡特诸神阿斯塔特、巴尔哈蒙、巴尔沙明和阿塔加提斯；巴比伦神纳布和内加尔，以及阿拉伯神阿齐佐斯、阿尔苏、萨姆斯和阿拉特。

The deities worshiped in the countryside were depicted as camel or horse riders and bore Arab names.

乡村崇拜的神灵被描绘成骑骆驼或骑马的人，并带有阿拉伯名字。

The nature of those deities is uncertain as only names are known, most importantly Abgal.

这些神的本质是不确定的，因为只知道名字，最重要的是阿布加尔。

The Palmyrene pantheon included ginnaye (some were given the designation "Gad"), a group of lesser deities popular in the countryside, who were similar to the Arab jinn and the Roman genius.

帕尔米拉万神殿中包括金纳耶（Ginnaye）（有些被称为“迦德”），一群在乡村流行的小神，类似于阿拉伯的精灵和罗马的天才。

Ginnaye were believed to have the appearance and behavior of humans, similar to Arab jinn.

人们相信金纳耶具有人类的外貌和行为，类似于阿拉伯精灵。

Unlike jinn, however, the ginnaye could not possess or injure humans.

然而，与精灵不同的是，精灵不能附身或伤害人类。

Their role was similar to the Roman genius: tutelary deities who guarded individuals and their caravans, cattle and villages.

他们的角色与罗马天才相似：守护神，守护个人及其商队、牲畜和村庄。

Although the Palmyrenes worshiped their deities as individuals, some were associated with other gods.

尽管帕尔米拉人将他们的神作为个体来崇拜，但有些神与其他神有联系。

Bel had Astarte-Belti as his consort, and formed a triple deity with Aglibol and Yarhibol (who became a sun god in his association with Bel).

贝尔的配偶是阿斯塔特-贝尔蒂，并与阿格利博尔和雅希博尔（在与贝尔的交往中成为太阳神）组成了三重神。

Malakbel was part of many associations, pairing with Gad Taimi and Aglibol, and forming a triple deity with Baalshamin and Aglibol.

马拉克贝尔是许多协会的成员，与迦德·泰米和阿格利博尔配对，并与巴尔沙明和阿格利博尔组成了三重神。

Palmyra hosted an Akitu (spring festival) each Nisan.

巴尔米拉每年尼桑都会举办秋节（Akitu）。

Each of the city's four-quarters had a sanctuary for a deity considered ancestral to the resident tribe; Malakbel and Aglibol's sanctuary was in the Komare quarter.

城市的四分之四的每个区域都有一个避难所，供奉着被认为是当地部落祖先的神灵。马拉克贝尔和阿格利博尔的避难所位于科马雷区。

The Baalshamin sanctuary was in the Ma'zin quarter, the Arsu sanctuary in the Mattabol quarter, and the Atargatis sanctuary in the fourth tribe's quarter.

巴尔沙明圣所位于马津区，阿尔苏圣所位于马塔博尔区，阿塔加蒂斯圣所位于第四部落区。

The priests of Palmyra were selected from the city's leading families, and are recognized in busts through their headdresses which have the shape of a polos adorned with laurel wreath or other tree made of bronze among other elements.

帕尔米拉的祭司是从该市的显赫家族中选出的，他们的半身像是通过头饰来识别的，头饰呈马球形状，装饰着月桂花环或其他由青铜制成的树等元素。

The high priest of Bel's temple was the highest religious authority and headed the clergy of priests who were organized into collegia each headed by a higher priest.

贝尔神庙的大祭司是最高宗教权威，领导着神职人员，这些神职人员被组织成学院，每个学院由一名高级祭司领导。

The personnel of Efqa spring's sanctuary dedicated to Yarhibol belonged to a special class of priests as they were oracles.

艾夫卡泉的圣殿里供奉亚里博尔的人员属于一个特殊的祭司阶层，因为他们是神谕者。

Palmyra's paganism was replaced with Christianity as the religion spread across the Roman Empire, and a bishop was reported in the city by 325.

随着宗教在整个罗马帝国的传播，帕尔米拉的异教信仰被基督教所取代，据报道，公元 325 年该市出现了一位主教。

Although most temples became churches, the Temple of Al-lāt was destroyed in 385 at the order of Maternus Cynegius (the eastern praetorian prefect).

尽管大多数寺庙都变成了教堂，但阿拉特寺庙于 385 年被马特努斯·西内吉乌斯（东部禁卫军长官）的命令摧毁。

After the Muslim conquest in 634 Islam gradually replaced Christianity, and the last known bishop of Palmyra was consecrated after 818.

634年穆斯林征服后，伊斯兰教逐渐取代基督教，最后一位已知的帕尔米拉主教在818年被祝圣。

In 274, following his victory over Palmyra, Aurelian dedicated a large temple of Sol Invictus in Rome; most scholars consider Aurelian's Sol Invictus to be of Syrian origin, either a continuation of emperor Elagabalus cult of Sol Invictus Elagabalus, or Malakbel of Palmyra.

公元 274 年，奥勒良战胜帕尔米拉后，在罗马落成一座大型太阳神殿。大多数学者认为奥勒良的索尔不败者起源于叙利亚，要么是埃拉加巴卢斯皇帝对索尔不败者埃拉加巴卢斯崇拜的延续，要么是巴尔米拉的马拉克贝尔。

The Palmyrene deity was commonly identified with the Roman god Sol and he had a temple dedicated for him on the right bank of the Tiber since the second century.

帕尔米拉神通常被认为是罗马神索尔，自二世纪以来，台伯河右岸就有一座供奉他的神庙。

Also, he bore the epithet Invictus and was known with the name Sol "Sanctissimus", the latter was an epithet Aurelian bore on an inscription from Capena.

此外，他还拥有“Invictus”的绰号，并以索尔“Sanctissimus”为人所知，后者是卡佩纳铭文上奥勒良的绰号。

The position of the Palmyrene deity as Aurelian's Sol Invictus is inferred from a passage by Zosimus reading: "and the magnificent temple of the sun he (i.e. Aurelian) embellished with votive gifts from Palmyra, setting up statues of Helios and Bel".

帕尔米拉神作为奥勒良的太阳神的地位是从佐西穆斯的一段文字中推断出来的：“他（即奥勒良）用帕尔米拉的还愿礼物装饰了宏伟的太阳神庙，树立了赫利俄斯和贝尔的雕像”。

Three deities from Palmyra exemplified solar features: Malakbel, Yarhibol and Šams, hence the identification of the Palmyrene Helios appearing in Zosimus' work with Malakbel.

来自帕尔米拉的三位神灵体现了太阳的特征：马拉克贝尔、亚里博尔和萨姆斯，因此在佐西穆斯与马拉克贝尔的作品中出现了巴尔米拉赫利俄斯。

Some scholars criticize the notion of Malakbel's identification with Sol Invictus; according to Gaston Halsberghe, the cult of Malakbel was too local for it to become an imperial Roman god and Aurelian's restoration of Bel's temple and sacrifices dedicated to Malakbel were a sign of his attachment to the sun god in general and his respect to the many ways in which the deity was worshiped.

一些学者批评马拉克贝尔认同索尔不败的观点。根据加斯东·哈尔斯伯格的说法，对马拉克贝尔的崇拜过于本土化，无法成为罗马帝国的神祇，而奥勒良修复贝尔神庙和献给马拉克贝尔的祭品表明了他对太阳神的普遍依恋以及对太阳神崇拜的多种方式的尊重。

Richard Stoneman suggested another approach in which Aurelian simply borrowed the imagery of Malakbel to enhance his own solar deity.

理查德·斯通曼提出了另一种方法，奥勒良只是借用了马拉克贝尔的意象来增强他自己的太阳神。

The relation between Malakbel and Sol Invictus can not be confirmed and will probably remain unresolved.

马拉克贝尔和索尔不败之间的关系无法得到证实，并且可能仍然悬而未决。

Palmyra's economy before and at the beginning of the Roman period was based on agriculture, pastoralism, and commerce; the city served as a rest station for the caravans which sporadically crossed the desert.

罗马时期之前和之初，帕尔米拉的经济以农业、畜牧业和商业为基础。这座城市是偶尔穿越沙漠的商队的休息站。

By the end of the first century BC, the city had a mixed economy based on agriculture, pastoralism, taxation, and, most importantly, the caravan trade.

到公元前一世纪末，这座城市已经实现了以农业、畜牧业、税收以及最重要的商队贸易为基础的混合经济。

Taxation was an important source of revenue for the Palmyrene government.

税收是帕尔米拉政府的重要收入来源。

Caravaneers paid taxes in the building known as the Tariff Court, where a tax law dating to AD 137 was exhibited.

商队商人们在关税法庭大楼内纳税，那里陈列着公元 137 年的税法。

The law regulated the tariffs paid by the merchants for goods sold at the internal market or exported from the city.

该法律规定了商人在内部市场销售或从城市出口的商品所缴纳的关税。

After Palmyra's destruction in 273, it became a market for villagers and nomads from the surrounding area.

273 年巴尔米拉被毁后，它成为周边地区村民和游牧民族的市场。

The city regained some of its prosperity during the Umayyad era, indicated by the discovery of a large Umayyad souq in the colonnaded street.

这座城市在倭马亚时代恢复了一些繁荣，在柱廊街道上发现了一个大型倭马亚集市就表明了这一点。

Palmyra was a minor trading center until its destruction in 1400; according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, Timur's men took 200,000 sheep, and the city was reduced into a settlement on the desert border whose inhabitants herded and cultivated small plots for vegetables and corn.

帕尔米拉在 1400 年被毁之前一直是一个小型贸易中心；据沙拉夫·阿丁·阿里·亚兹迪 (Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi) 称，帖木儿的手下夺走了 20 万只羊，这座城市沦为沙漠边境的一个定居点，居民们放牧和种植小块土地，种植蔬菜和玉米。

The classicist Andrew M.

古典主义者安德鲁·M.

Smith II suggested that most land in Palmyra was owned by the city, which collected grazing taxes.

史密斯二世认为巴尔米拉的大部分土地归该市所有，该市征收放牧税。

The oasis had about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of irrigable land, which surrounded the city.

绿洲拥有约 1,000 公顷（2,500 英亩）的可灌溉土地，环绕着城市。

The Palmyrenes constructed an extensive irrigation system in the northern mountains that consisted of reservoirs and channels to capture and store the occasional rainfall.

帕尔米拉人在北部山区修建了广泛的灌溉系统，其中包括水库和渠道，以收集和储存偶尔的降雨。

The most notable irrigation work is Harbaqa Dam which was constructed in the late first century AD; it is located 48 km (30 mi) southwest of the city and can collect 140,000 cubic metres (4,900,000 cu ft) of water.

最著名的灌溉工程是建于公元一世纪末的哈巴卡大坝；它位于城市西南 48 公里（30 英里）处，可收集 140,000 立方米（4,900,000 立方英尺）的水。

Terebinth trees in the hinterland were an important source of charcoal, resin and oil; although evidence is lacking, it is possible that olive trees were also planted, and dairy products were produced in the villages; it is also apparent that barley was cultivated.

内陆地区的松树是木炭、树脂和石油的重要来源；尽管缺乏证据，但村庄里可能还种植了橄榄树，并生产乳制品；显然，这里也种植过大麦。

However, agriculture could not support the population and food was imported.

然而，农业无法养活人口，粮食需要进口。

If the Laghman II inscription in Afghanistan (commissioned by Ashoka) is referring to Palmyra, then the city's role in Central Asian overland trade was prominent as early as the third century BC.

如果阿富汗的拉格曼二世铭文（由阿育王委托）指的是巴尔米拉，那么早在公元前三世纪，这座城市在中亚陆路贸易中的作用就很突出。

During the first centuries AD, Palmyra's main trade route ran east to the Euphrates where it connected at the city of Hīt.

在公元一世纪，巴尔米拉的主要贸易路线向东延伸至幼发拉底河，并在希特市连接。

The route then ran south along the river toward the port of Charax Spasinu on the Persian Gulf, where Palmyrene ships traveled back and forth to India.

然后，这条路线沿河向南延伸至波斯湾的查拉克斯·斯帕西努 (Charax Spasinu) 港口，巴尔米林船只在那里往返于印度。

Goods were imported from India, China and Transoxiana, and exported west to Emesa (or Antioch) then the Mediterranean ports, from which they were distributed throughout the Roman Empire.

货物从印度、中国和河中地区进口，并向西出口到埃梅萨（或安条克），然后出口到地中海港口，从那里分销到整个罗马帝国。

In addition to the usual route some Palmyrene merchants used the Red Sea, probably as a result of the Roman–Parthian Wars.

除了通常的路线外，一些帕尔米拉商人还使用红海，这可能是罗马-帕提亚战争的结果。

Goods were carried overland from the seaports to a Nile port, and then taken to the Egyptian Mediterranean ports for export.

货物通过陆路从海港运至尼罗河港口，然后运往埃及地中海港口出口。

Inscriptions attesting a Palmyrene presence in Egypt date to the reign of Hadrian.

证明帕尔米拉人在埃及存在的铭文可以追溯到哈德良统治时期。

Since Palmyra was not on the main trading route (which followed the Euphrates), the Palmyrenes secured the desert route passing their city.

由于帕尔米拉并不位于主要贸易路线（沿着幼发拉底河），帕尔米拉人确保了经过他们城市的沙漠路线。

They connected it to the Euphrates valley, providing water and shelter.

他们将其与幼发拉底河谷连接起来，提供水和庇护所。

The Palmyrene route connected the Silk Road with the Mediterranean, and was used almost exclusively by the city's merchants, who maintained a presence in many cities, including Dura-Europos in 33 BC, Babylon by AD 19, Seleucia by AD 24, Dendera, Coptos, Bahrain, the Indus River Delta, Merv and Rome.

帕尔米拉路线将丝绸之路与地中海连接起来，几乎完全由该城市的商人使用，他们在许多城市都有业务，包括公元前 33 年的杜拉-欧洲、公元 19 年的巴比伦、公元 24 年的塞琉西亚、丹德拉、科普托斯、巴林、印度河三角洲、梅尔夫和罗马。

The caravan trade depended on patrons and merchants.

商队贸易依赖于赞助人和商人。

Patrons owned the land on which the caravan animals were raised, providing animals and guards for the merchants.

赞助人拥有饲养商队动物的土地，为商人提供动物和警卫。

The lands were located in the numerous villages of the Palmyrene countryside.

这些土地位于帕尔米拉乡村的众多村庄。

Although merchants used the patrons to conduct business, their roles often overlapped and a patron would sometimes lead a caravan.

尽管商人利用赞助人开展业务，但他们的角色经常重叠，有时赞助人会带领商队。

Commerce made Palmyra and its merchants among the wealthiest in the region.

商业使巴尔米拉及其商人跻身该地区最富有的行列。

Some caravans were financed by a single merchant, such as Male' Agrippa (who financed Hadrian's visit in 129 and the 139 rebuilding of the Temple of Bel).

有些商队是由单一商人提供资金的，例如马累阿格里帕（Male' Agrippa）（他为哈德良 129 年的访问和 139 年贝尔神庙的重建提供资金）。

The primary income-generating trade good was silk, which was exported from the East to the West.

主要创收贸易商品是丝绸，从东方出口到西方。

Other exported goods included jade, muslin, spices, ebony, ivory and precious stones.

其他出口商品包括玉石、平纹细布、香料、乌木、象牙和宝石。

For its domestic market Palmyra imported a variety of goods including slaves, prostitutes, olive oil, dyed goods, myrrh and perfume.

巴尔米拉为其国内市场进口了各种商品，包括奴隶、妓女、橄榄油、染色品、没药和香水。

Palmyra's first scholarly description appeared in a 1695 paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society by William Hallifax followed by a 1696 book by Abednego Seller.

对帕尔米拉的首次学术描述出现在 William Hallifax 于 1695 年发表在《皇家学会哲学汇刊》上的一篇论文中，随后 Abednego Seller 于 1696 年出版了一本书籍。

In 1751, an expedition led by Robert Wood and James Dawkins studied Palmyra's architecture.

1751 年，罗伯特·伍德 (Robert Wood) 和詹姆斯·道金斯 (James Dawkins) 率领的一支探险队研究了巴尔米拉的建筑。

French artist and architect Louis-François Cassas conducted an extensive survey of the city's monuments in 1785, publishing over a hundred drawings of Palmyra's civic buildings and tombs.

1785 年，法国艺术家兼建筑师路易斯-弗朗索瓦·卡萨斯 (Louis-François Cassas) 对这座城市的古迹进行了广泛的调查，出版了一百多幅帕尔米拉民用建筑和坟墓的图画。

Palmyra was photographed for the first time in 1864 by Louis Vignes.

1864 年，Louis Vignes 首次拍摄了巴尔米拉照片。

In 1882, the Palmyra Tariff, an inscribed stone slab from AD 137 in Greek and Palmyrene detailing import and export taxation, was discovered by prince Semyon Semyonovich Abamelik-Lazarev in the Tariff Court.

1882 年，谢苗·谢苗诺维奇·阿巴梅利克·拉扎列夫 (Semyon Semyonovich Abamelik-Lazarev) 王子在关税法庭发现了《巴尔米拉关税表》，这是一块公元 137 年用希腊语和巴尔米拉语刻成的石板，详细说明了进出口税收。

It has been described by the historian John F.

历史学家约翰·F.

Matthews as "one of the most important single items of evidence for the economic life of any part of the Roman Empire".

马修斯被誉为“罗马帝国任何地区经济生活最重要的单项证据之一”。

In 1901, the slab was gifted by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to the Russian Tsar and is now in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.

1901 年，这块石板由奥斯曼苏丹阿卜杜勒·哈米德二世赠送给俄罗斯沙皇，现藏于圣彼得堡艾尔米塔什博物馆。

Palmyra's first excavations were conducted in 1902 by Otto Puchstein and in 1917 by Theodor Wiegand.

巴尔米拉的首次发掘分别由奥托·普赫斯坦 (Otto Puchstein) 和西奥多·韦根 (Theodor Wiegand) 分别于 1902 年和 1917 年进行。

In 1929, French general director of antiquities of Syria and Lebanon Henri Seyrig began large-scale excavation of the site; interrupted by World War II, it resumed soon after the war's end.

1929年，法国叙利亚和黎巴嫩文物总总监亨利·塞里格开始对该遗址进行大规模发掘；因第二次世界大战而中断，战争结束后不久又恢复了。

Seyrig started with the Temple of Bel in 1929 and between 1939 and 1940 he excavated the Agora.

Seyrig 于 1929 年开始挖掘贝尔神庙，并于 1939 年至 1940 年间挖掘了集市。

Daniel Schlumberger conducted excavations in the Palmyrene northwest countryside in 1934 and 1935 where he studied different local sanctuaries in the Palmyrene villages.

Daniel Schlumberger 于 1934 年和 1935 年在帕尔米拉西北乡村进行了发掘，研究了帕尔米拉村庄中不同的当地保护区。

From 1954 to 1956, a Swiss expedition organized by UNESCO excavated the Temple of Baalshamin.

1954年至1956年，联合国教科文组织组织的瑞士探险队挖掘了巴尔沙明神庙。

Since 1958, the site has been excavated by the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities, and Polish expeditions of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw, led consequtively by Kazimierz Michałowski, Anna Sadurska, Michał Gawlikowski and Grzegorz Majcherek.

自 1958 年以来，该遗址一直由叙利亚文物总局和波兰华沙地中海考古中心的波兰探险队进行了发掘，该探险队依次由 Kazimierz Michałowski、Anna Sadurska、Michał Gawlikowski 和 Grzegorz Majcherek 领导。

The stratigraphic sounding beneath the Temple of Bel was conducted in 1967 by Robert du Mesnil du Buisson, who also discovered the Temple of Baal-hamon in the 1970s.

1967 年，Robert du Mesnil du Buisson 进行了 Bel 神庙下方的地层探测，他还在 1970 年代发现了 Baal-hamon 神庙。

In 1980, the historic site including the necropolis outside the walls was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

1980年，包括城外墓地在内的历史遗址被联合国教科文组织宣布为世界遗产。

The Polish expedition concentrated its work on the Camp of Diocletian while the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities excavated the Temple of Nabu.

波兰探险队的工作重点是戴克里先营，而叙利亚文物总局则挖掘了纳布神庙。

Most of the hypogea were excavated jointly by the Polish expedition and the Syrian Directorate, while the area of Efqa was excavated by Jean Starcky and Jafar al-Hassani.

大部分地层是由波兰探险队和叙利亚管理局联合挖掘的，而埃夫卡地区则是由让·斯塔基和贾法尔·哈桑尼挖掘的。

The Palmyrene irrigation system was discovered in 2008 by Jørgen Christian Meyer who researched the Palmyrene countryside through ground inspections and satellite images.

帕尔米拉灌溉系统由 Jørgen Christian Meyer 于 2008 年发现，他通过地面检查和卫星图像对帕尔米拉乡村进行了研究。

Most of Palmyra still remains unexplored especially the residential quarters in the north and south while the necropolis has been thoroughly excavated by the Directorate and the Polish expedition.

巴尔米拉的大部分地区仍未被勘探，特别是北部和南部的住宅区，而墓地已被管理局和波兰探险队彻底挖掘。

Since the initiation of archaeological research in Palmyra, many international teams worked on the site, including expeditions from Japan, France, Poland, The United States, Italy and Norway.

自从巴尔米拉考古研究启动以来，许多国际团队都在该遗址工作，包括来自日本、法国、波兰、美国、意大利和挪威的探险队。

Excavation expeditions left Palmyra in 2011 due to the Syrian Civil War.

2011 年，由于叙利亚内战，发掘探险队离开了巴尔米拉。

Aureliano in Palmira

奥雷里亚诺在帕尔米拉

Crisis of the Third Century

三世纪的危机

Palmyrene (Unicode block)

棕榈树（Unicode 块）

Thirty Tyrants (Roman)

三十暴君（罗马）

Septimius Worod

塞普蒂米乌斯·沃罗德

Zabdas

扎布达斯

An interactive map, developed by the French Ministry of Culture and the University of Lausanne, inventorising ancient structures excavated and researched

由法国文化部和洛桑大学开发的交互式地图，列出了挖掘和研究的古代建筑

Metropolitan Museum of Art – Palmyra

大都会艺术博物馆 – 帕尔米拉

Palmyra.

帕尔米拉。

Italian-Syrian Archaeological Mission of the University of Milan Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine

米兰大学意大利-叙利亚考古任务存档于2020年6月19日在Wayback Machine

Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw.

华沙大学波兰地中海考古中心。

Interactive 360° panoramas of Palmyra

巴尔米拉 360° 互动全景

360° full-screen photospheric visit of Palmyra

360°全屏光球参观巴尔米拉

Tower Tombs, Funerary Portraiture Khan Academy

塔墓、葬礼肖像 可汗学院