Manzanar (Wikipedia featured)

曼扎纳尔（维基百科精选）

· Wikipedia (English) | CC BY-SA 3.0 · 原文

Manzanar is the site of one of ten American concentration camps, where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II, from March 1942 to November 1945.

曼扎纳尔是美国十座集中营之一，二战期间（1942 年 3 月至 1945 年 11 月）有超过 12 万日裔美国人被监禁。

Although it had over 10,000 inmates at its peak, Manzanar was one of the smaller internment camps.

尽管曼扎纳尔在鼎盛时期有超过 10,000 名囚犯，但它是规模较小的拘留营之一。

It is located in California's Owens Valley, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountains, between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, approximately 230 miles (370 km) north of Los Angeles.

它位于加利福尼亚州的欧文斯谷，内华达山脉东侧，南接隆派恩镇，北接独立镇，距洛杉矶以北约 230 英里（370 公里）。

Manzanar means "apple orchard" in Spanish.

曼扎纳尔在西班牙语中的意思是“苹果园”。

The Manzanar National Historic Site, which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States, was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the ten former camp sites.

曼扎纳尔国家历史遗址 (Manzanar National Historic Site) 保存并诠释了日裔美国人在美国被监禁的遗产，被美国国家公园管理局认定为十个前营地中保存最完好的一个。

The first Japanese Americans arrived at Manzanar in March 1942, just one month after President Franklin D.

1942 年 3 月，第一批日裔美国人抵达曼扎纳尔，就在富兰克林·D·布什总统上任一个月后。

Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, to build the camp their families would be staying in.

罗斯福签署了第 9066 号行政命令，修建他们家人居住的营地。

Manzanar was in operation as an internment camp from 1942 until 1945.

1942 年至 1945 年间，曼扎纳尔一直作为拘留营运营。

Since the last of those incarcerated left in 1945, former detainees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site, along with the stories of those who were incarcerated there, is recorded for current and future generations.

自 1945 年最后一名被监禁者离开以来，前被拘留者和其他人一直致力于保护曼扎纳尔并将其建立为国家历史遗址，以确保该地点的历史以及被监禁者的故事为当代和子孙后代记录下来。

The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era, as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site.

主要焦点是日裔美国人的监禁时代，正如创建曼扎纳尔国家历史遗址的立法所规定的那样。

The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar, the ranch days, the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute, and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley.

该遗址还诠释了前曼扎纳尔镇、牧场时代、欧文斯谷派尤特的定居点，以及水在塑造欧文斯谷历史中所扮演的角色。

Manzanar was first inhabited by Indigenous Americans nearly 10,000 years ago.

大约一万年前，曼扎纳尔首次有美洲原住民居住。

Approximately 1,500 years ago, the area was settled by the Owens Valley Paiute, who ranged across the Owens Valley from Long Valley on the north to Owens Lake on the south, and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the Inyo Mountains on the east.

大约 1,500 年前，欧文斯谷派尤特人在此定居，他们横跨欧文斯谷，从北边的长谷到南边的欧文斯湖，西起内华达山脉的山顶，东边是因约山脉。

When European American settlers first arrived in the Owens Valley in the mid-19th century, they found a number of large Paiute villages in the Manzanar area.

19 世纪中叶，当欧美定居者首次抵达欧文斯山谷时，他们在曼扎纳尔地区发现了许多大型派尤特村庄。

John Shepherd, one of the first of the new settlers, homesteaded 160 acres (65 ha) of land 3 miles (5 km) north of Georges Creek in 1864.

约翰·谢泼德 (John Shepherd) 是第一批新定居者之一，于 1864 年在乔治溪以北 3 英里（5 公里）处开辟了 160 英亩（65 公顷）的土地。

With the help of Owens Valley Paiute field workers and laborers, he expanded his ranch to 2,000 acres (810 ha).

在欧文斯谷派尤特田野工人和劳工的帮助下，他将牧场扩大到 2,000 英亩（810 公顷）。

In 1905, George Chaffey, an agricultural developer from Southern California, purchased Shepherd's ranch and subdivided it, along with other adjacent ranches.

1905 年，来自南加州的农业开发商 George Chaffey 购买了 Shepherd's 牧场，并将其与其他邻近牧场一起细分。

He founded the town of Manzanar in 1910, along the main line of the Southern Pacific.

1910 年，他沿着南太平洋的主线建立了曼扎纳尔镇。

By August 1911, the town's population was approaching 200.

到 1911 年 8 月，该镇人口已接近 200 人。

The company built an irrigation system over an area of 1,000 acres (400 ha) and planted about 20,000 fruit trees.

该公司建造了占地 1,000 英亩（400 公顷）的灌溉系统，并种植了约 20,000 棵果树。

By 1920, the town had more than 25 homes, a two-room school, a town hall, and a general store.

到 1920 年，该镇已有超过 25 所住宅、一所两室学校、一座市政厅和一家杂货店。

Also at that time, nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of apple, pear, and peach trees were under cultivation; along with crops of grapes, prunes, potatoes, corn and alfalfa; and large vegetable and flower gardens.

同时，还有近 5,000 英亩（2,000 公顷）的苹果树、梨树和桃树正在种植；还有葡萄、李子、土豆、玉米和苜蓿等作物；以及大型蔬菜和花园。

As early as March 1905, the City of Los Angeles began acquiring water rights in the Owens Valley.

早在 1905 年 3 月，洛杉矶市就开始获得欧文斯谷的水权。

In 1913, it completed construction of its 233-mile (375 km) Los Angeles Aqueduct, In dry years, Los Angeles pumped ground water and drained all surface water, diverting all of it into its aqueduct and leaving Owens Valley ranchers without water.

1913年，它完成了233英里（375公里）长的洛杉矶渡槽的建设，在干旱年份，洛杉矶抽取地下水并排干所有地表水，将所有水转移到渡槽中，使欧文斯谷牧场主断水。

Without water for irrigation, the holdout ranchers were forced off their ranches and out of their communities; that included the town of Manzanar, which was abandoned by 1929.

由于没有灌溉用水，顽固的牧场主被迫离开他们的牧场和社区。其中包括曼扎纳尔镇，该镇于 1929 年被废弃。

Manzanar remained uninhabited until the United States Army leased 6,200 acres (2,500 ha) from the City of Los Angeles for the Manzanar War Relocation Center.

曼扎纳尔一直无人居住，直到美国陆军从洛杉矶市租用了 6,200 英亩（2,500 公顷）的土地作为曼扎纳尔战争搬迁中心。

After the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the "Japanese Problem" on the West Coast of the United States.

1941年12月7日珍珠港事件后，美国政府迅速采取行动，开始解决美国西海岸的“日本问题”。

In the evening hours of that same day, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested selected "enemy aliens", including more than 5,500 Issei men.

同日晚间，联邦调查局 (FBI) 逮捕了选定的“敌方外国人”，其中包括 5,500 多名一政人员。

Many citizens in California were alarmed about potential activities by people of Japanese descent even if the families have been in America for generations.

加利福尼亚州的许多公民对日裔人士的潜在活动感到震惊，即使这些家庭已经在美国生活了几代人。

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D.

1942 年 2 月 19 日，美国总统富兰克林·D.

Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War to designate military commanders to prescribe military areas and to exclude "any or all persons" from such areas.

罗斯福签署了第 9066 号行政命令，授权战争部长指定军事指挥官划定军事区域，并将“任何或所有人”排除在这些区域之外。

The order also authorized the construction of what were later called "relocation centers" by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), to house those who were to be excluded.

该命令还授权战争安置管理局（WRA）建造后来被称为“安置中心”的设施，以安置那些被排除在外的人。

This order resulted in the forced relocation of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were native-born American citizens; the rest had been prevented from becoming citizens by federal law.

该命令导致超过 12 万日裔美国人被迫搬迁，其中三分之二是土生土长的美国公民；其余的人则被联邦法律阻止成为公民。

Over 110,000 were incarcerated in ten concentration camps located far inland and away from the coast.

超过 110,000 人被关押在远离海岸的内陆地区的 10 个集中营中。

Manzanar was the first of the ten concentration camps to be established, and began accepting detainees in March 1942.

曼扎纳尔是即将建立的十个集中营中的第一个，于 1942 年 3 月开始接收被拘留者。

Initially, it was a temporary "reception center", known as the Owens Valley Reception Center from March 21, 1942, to May 31, 1942.

最初，它是一个临时“接待中心”，从1942年3月21日到1942年5月31日期间被称为欧文斯谷接待中心。

At that time, it was operated by the US Army's Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).

当时，它由美国陆军战时民事控制管理局（WCCA）运营。

The first director of the camp was Calvin E.

该营的第一任负责人是 Calvin E.

Triggs, a longtime veteran of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a signature program of the Second New Deal.

特里格斯是工程进度管理局（WPA）的资深人士，该管理局是第二次新政的标志性计划。

Many of his fellow employees had worked in that agency.

他的许多同事都曾在该机构工作过。

Manzanar, according to one insider, was "manned just about 100% by the WPA." Drawing on experiences derived from New Deal era road building, Triggs, funded primarily through the WPA, supervised the installation of such features as guard towers and spotlights.

据一位内部人士透露，曼扎纳尔“大约 100% 都由 WPA 负责”。特里格斯主要通过 WPA 资助，借鉴新政时代道路建设的经验，监督了警戒塔和聚光灯等设施的安装。

The Owens Valley Reception Center was transferred to the WRA on June 1, 1942, and officially became the "Manzanar War Relocation Center".

欧文斯谷接待中心于1942年6月1日移交给WRA，并正式成为“曼扎纳尔战争搬迁中心”。

The first Japanese Americans to arrive at Manzanar were volunteers who helped build the camp.

第一批抵达曼扎纳尔的日裔美国人是帮助建造营地的志愿者。

By mid–April, up to 1,000 Japanese Americans were arriving daily, and by July, the population of the camp neared 10,000.

到 4 月中旬，每天有多达 1,000 名日裔美国人抵达，到 7 月，营地的人口接近 10,000 人。

About 90 percent of the incarcerated were from the Los Angeles area, with the rest coming from Stockton, California; and Bainbridge Island, Washington.

大约 90% 的被监禁者来自洛杉矶地区，其余来自加利福尼亚州斯托克顿；和华盛顿州班布里奇岛。

Many were farmers and fishermen.

许多人是农民和渔民。

Manzanar held 10,046 adults and children at its peak, and a total of 11,070 were incarcerated there.

曼扎纳尔在高峰时期关押了 10,046 名成人和儿童，其中总共有 11,070 人被监禁。

The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence.

曼扎纳尔工厂位于 Lone Pine 和 Independence 之间。

The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate.

曼扎纳尔的天气给囚犯带来了痛苦，他们中很少有人习惯了该地区的极端气候。

While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington).

虽然大多数人来自洛杉矶地区，但也有一些人来自气候差异很大的地方（例如华盛顿的班布里奇岛）。

The temporary buildings were inadequate to shield people from the weather.

临时建筑不足以保护人们免受天气影响。

The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m).

欧文斯山谷海拔约 4,000 英尺（1,200 米）。

Summers on the desert floor of the Owens Valley are generally hot, with temperatures often exceeding 100 °F (38 °C).

欧文斯山谷沙漠地面的夏季普遍炎热，气温常常超过 100 °F (38 °C)。

Winters bring occasional snowfall and daytime temperatures that often drop into the 40 °F (4 °C) range.

冬季偶尔会降雪，白天气温通常会降至 4°C (40°F) 范围内。

At night, temperatures are generally 30 to 40 °F (17 to 22 °C) lower than the daytime highs, and high winds are common day or night.

夜间，气温通常比白天最高温度低 30 至 40 °F（17 至 22 °C），且白天或夜间常有大风。

The area's mean annual precipitation is barely five inches (13 cm).

该地区的年平均降水量仅为五英寸（13 厘米）。

The ever-present dust was a continual problem due to the frequent high winds; so much so that people usually woke up in the morning covered from head to toe with a fine layer of dust, and they constantly had to sweep dirt out of the barracks.

由于频繁的大风，始终存在的灰尘是一个持续存在的问题。以至于人们早上醒来时，从头到脚都沾满了一层细细的灰尘，他们不得不不断地把营房里的泥土扫掉。

"In the summer, the heat was unbearable," said former Manzanar inmate Ralph Lazo.

“夏天，酷热难耐，”前曼扎纳尔囚犯拉尔夫·拉佐 (Ralph Lazo) 说。

"In the winter, the sparsely rationed oil didn't adequately heat the tar paper-covered pine barracks with knotholes in the floor.

“冬天，稀少的配给油无法充分加热焦油纸覆盖的松木棚屋，地板上有节疤。

The wind would blow so hard, it would toss rocks around."

风吹得那么猛烈，会把石头吹得四处乱飞。”

The camp site was situated on 6,200 acres (2,500 ha) at Manzanar, leased from the City of Los Angeles, with the developed portion covering approximately 540 acres (220 ha).

该营地位于曼扎纳尔，占地 6,200 英亩（2,500 公顷），由洛杉矶市租赁，已开发部分占地约 540 英亩（220 公顷）。

Eight guard towers equipped with machine guns were located at intervals around the perimeter fence, which was topped by barbed wire.

八座配备机枪的警卫塔间隔地位于外围围栏周围，围栏顶部有铁丝网。

The grid layout used in the camp was standard, and a similar layout was used in all of the relocation centers.

营地采用的网格布局是标准的，所有安置中心也采用类似的布局。

The residential area was about one square mile (2.6 km2), and consisted of 36 blocks of hastily constructed, 20-by-100-foot (6.1 by 30.5 m) tarpaper barracks, with each family (up to eight people) living in a single 20-by-25-foot (6.1 by 7.6 m) "apartment" in the barracks.

住宅区面积约为一平方英里（2.6 平方公里），由 36 栋仓促建造的 20 x 100 英尺（6.1 x 30.5 m）油纸营房组成，每个家庭（最多 8 人）住在营房内一间 20 x 25 英尺（6.1 x 7.6 m）的“公寓”中。

Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, a Manzanar internee, described the living conditions in her book: "After dinner we were taken to Block 16, a cluster of fifteen barracks that had just been finished a day or so earlier—although finished was hardly a word for it.

曼扎纳尔的被拘留者珍妮·沃卡月·休斯顿 (Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston) 在她的书中描述了这里的生活条件：“晚饭后，我们被带到了 16 号街区，这是一个由 15 个营房组成的群，大约在一天前刚刚竣工——尽管竣工一词不足以形容它。

The shacks were built of pine planking covered with tarpaper.

棚屋是用松木板建造的，上面覆盖着防水纸。

They sat on concrete footings, with about two feet of open space between the floorboards and the ground.

他们坐在混凝土地基上，地板和地面之间有大约两英尺的开放空间。

Gaps showed between the planks, and as the weeks passed and the green wood dried out, the gaps widened.

木板之间出现了缝隙，随着几周的过去，绿色的木头变干了，缝隙变宽了。

Knotholes gaped in the uncovered floor." In the book, she goes on to explain the size and layout of the barracks.

未覆盖的地板上的节孔张开。”在书中，她继续解释了军营的大小和布局。

They were divided into six units that were sixteen long by twenty feet wide, and a single light bulb hung from the ceiling.

它们被分成六个单元，长十六英尺，宽二十英尺，天花板上悬挂着一个灯泡。

They had an oil stove for heat as well as two army blankets each, some mattress covers and steel army cots.

他们有一个取暖用的油炉，每人有两条军用毯子、一些床垫套和钢制军用床。

These apartments consisted of partitions with no ceilings, eliminating any chance of privacy.

这些公寓由没有天花板的隔断组成，消除了任何隐私的机会。

Lack of privacy was a major problem, especially since the camp had communal men's and women's latrines.

缺乏隐私是一个主要问题，特别是因为营地设有公共男女厕所。

Former Manzanar inmate Rosie Kakuuchi said that the communal facilities were "[o]ne of the hardest things to endure", adding that neither the latrines nor showers had partitions or stalls.

前曼扎纳尔囚犯罗西·卡库内 (Rosie Kakuuchi) 表示，公共设施是“最难以忍受的事情之一”，并补充说，厕所和淋浴间都没有隔断或隔间。

Each residential block also had a communal mess hall (large enough to serve 300 people at one time), a laundry room, a recreation hall, an ironing room, and a heating oil storage tank, although Block 33 lacked a recreation hall.

每个住宅区还设有一个公共食堂（足以同时容纳 300 人）、洗衣房、娱乐厅、熨烫室和取暖油储存罐，但 33 号街区没有娱乐厅。

In addition to the residential blocks, Manzanar had 34 blocks that had staff housing, camp administration offices, two warehouses, a garage, a camp hospital, and 24 firebreaks.

除住宅区外，曼扎纳尔还有 34 个街区，内有员工宿舍、营地管理办公室、两个仓库、一个车库、一家营地医院和 24 个防火门。

The camp had school facilities, a high-school auditorium (that was also used as a theatre), staff housing, chicken and hog farms, churches, a cemetery, a post office, a hospital, an orphanage, two community latrines, an outdoor theater, and other necessary amenities that one would expect to find in most American cities.

营地有学校设施、高中礼堂（也用作剧院）、员工宿舍、养鸡场和养猪场、教堂、墓地、邮局、医院、孤儿院、两个社区厕所、露天剧场以及其他在大多数美国城市都可以找到的必要设施。

Some of the facilities were not built until after the camp had been operating for a while.

一些设施是在营地运行一段时间后才建成的。

The camp perimeter had eight watchtowers manned by armed military police, and it was enclosed by five-strand barbed wire.

营地周边有八座由武装宪兵把守的瞭望塔，并用五股铁丝网围起来。

There were sentry posts at the main entrance.

主入口处设有岗哨。

Many of the camp administration staff lived inside the fence at the camp, though the military police lived outside the fence.

许多集中营管理人员住在集中营的围栏内，但宪兵则住在围栏外。

Typical businesses such as a cooperative store and other shops and a camp newspaper were operated by the internees.

被拘留者经营着一些典型的生意，如合作商店和其他商店以及营地报纸。

A camouflage net factory, to provide the nets to various military units, was operated on the site.

该地点设有一家迷彩网工厂，为各军事单位提供迷彩网。

An experimental plantation for producing natural rubber from the Guayule plant was built and operated.

建立并运营了一个利用银胶菊工厂生产天然橡胶的实验种植园。

Before a hospital was built, doctors in the camp faced many difficulties, including treating internees for diseases such as measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, and diarrhea.

在医院建成之前，营地里的医生面临着许多困难，包括治疗被拘留者的麻疹、水痘、百日咳、腹泻等疾病。

Treatment facilities were often the barracks, which did not include running water or heating.

处理设施通常是军营，那里没有自来水或暖气。

Once the Manzanar Hospital was built, it included a kitchen, operating rooms, treatment wards, laboratories, and other facilities.

曼扎纳尔医院建成后，包括厨房、手术室、治疗病房、实验室和其他设施。

All medical treatment in Manzanar was provided at no charge.

曼扎纳尔的所有医疗都是免费提供的。

Manzanar Children's Village, an orphanage housing 101 Japanese-American orphans from June 1942 to September 1945, operated within the camp.

曼扎纳尔儿童村是一家孤儿院，从 1942 年 6 月到 1945 年 9 月期间收容了 101 名日裔美国孤儿，该孤儿院在营地内运营。

Children incarcerated there were from multiple orphanages in the Los Angeles area as well as locations in Washington, Oregon, and Alaska.

被监禁的儿童来自洛杉矶地区的多个孤儿院以及华盛顿、俄勒冈州和阿拉斯加州的一些地方。

Infants born to unmarried mothers in other WRA camps were also sent to Children's Village over the next three years.

在接下来的三年里，其他 WRA 营地的未婚母亲所生的婴儿也被送往儿童村。

The 61 remaining children in Maryknoll, Shonien and the Salvation Army Home were slated for removal.

玛利诺、肖尼恩和救世军之家剩余的 61 名儿童预计将被转移。

On June 23, 1942, they were bused, under armed guard, with several adult caretakers, from Los Angeles to Manzanar.

1942 年 6 月 23 日，他们在武装警卫和几名成年看护人员的陪同下乘坐公共汽车从洛杉矶前往曼扎纳尔。

Over the next few months, approximately thirty more children from Washington, Oregon and Alaska, mostly orphans who had been living with non-Japanese foster families, would arrive in Manzanar.

在接下来的几个月里，来自华盛顿、俄勒冈和阿拉斯加的大约三十名儿童将抵达曼扎纳尔，其中大部分是一直与非日本寄养家庭生活的孤儿。

After being uprooted from their homes and communities, the incarcerated people had to endure primitive, sub-standard conditions and lack of privacy.

被监禁者离开家园和社区后，不得不忍受简陋、不合标准的条件和缺乏隐私。

They had to wait in line for meals, at latrines, and at the laundry room.

他们必须在吃饭、厕所和洗衣房排队等候。

Each camp was intended to be self-sufficient, and Manzanar was no exception.

每个营地都旨在自给自足，曼扎纳尔也不例外。

Cooperatives operated various services, such as the camp newspaper, beauty salons and barber shops, shoe repair, libraries, and more.

合作社经营各种服务，如营地报纸、美容院和理发店、修鞋、图书馆等。

In addition, there were some who raised chickens, hogs, and vegetables, and cultivated the existing orchards for fruit.

此外，还有人饲养鸡、猪、蔬菜，并在现有果园种植水果。

During the time Manzanar was in operation, 188 weddings were held, 541 children were born in the camp, and between 135 and 146 individuals died.

曼扎纳尔营地运营期间，共举办了 188 场婚礼，营地内诞生了 541 名儿童，并有 135 至 146 人死亡。

Some of those interned at the camp supported the policies implemented by the War Relocation Authority, causing them to be targeted by others in the camp.

一些被关押在营地的人支持战时安置局实施的政策，导致他们成为营地其他人的攻击目标。

On December 6, 1942, a riot broke out and two internees were killed.

1942年12月6日，爆发骚乱，两名被拘留者被杀。

Togo Tanaka was one of those targeted, but he escaped by disguising himself and mingling into the crowd that was searching for him.

田中东吾是目标之一，但他乔装打扮并混入搜寻他的人群中逃脱。

Others were outraged that their patriotism was being questioned simply because of their ethnic heritage.

其他人则感到愤怒，因为他们的爱国主义仅仅因为他们的民族传统而受到质疑。

Despite the hardships endured, the internees gradually "turned [the] concentration camp into a community" by "[spending] their days creating beautiful things".

尽管经历了艰辛，被拘留者们通过“每天创造美好的事物”，逐渐“把集中营变成了一个社区”。

The barracks at Manzanar had no cooking areas, and all meals were served at block mess halls.

曼扎纳尔的军营没有烹饪区，所有餐点都在街区食堂提供。

The mess hall lines were long and stretched outside regardless of weather.

无论天气如何，食堂的队伍都排得很长，一直延伸到外面。

The cafeteria-style eating was named by the 1980s Congressional Committee on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) as a cause of the deterioration of the family due to children wanting to eat with their friends instead of their families, and families not always being able to eat together.

20世纪80年代国会战时安置和平民拘留委员会（CWRIC）将自助餐厅式饮食命名为导致家庭关系恶化的原因，因为孩子们想和朋友而不是家人一起吃饭，而家人并不总是能够一起吃饭。

There was a strict meal schedule, with one young detainee noting "We eat from 7:00 AM to 8:00 AM o'clock in the morning 12:00 PM-1:00 PM in afternoon and 5:00 PM-6:00 in night and on Sunday we eat 8:00 AM-9:00." Food at Manzanar was based on military requirements.

用餐时间安排很严格，一名年轻的被拘留者指出，“我们从早上 7:00 到上午 8:00 吃饭，上午 12:00 到下午 1:00，晚上 5:00 到下午 6:00，周日我们在上午 8:00 到 9:00 吃饭。”曼扎纳尔的食物是根据军事需求而定的。

Meals usually consisted of hot rice and vegetables, since meat was scarce due to rationing.

膳食通常包括热米饭和蔬菜，因为配给导致肉类稀缺。

In 1944, a chicken ranch and a hog farm began operation, providing the camp with meat.

1944年，一个养鸡场和一个养猪场开始运营，为营地提供肉类。

As many of the internees were farmers, they used their knowledge of fertilizers, irrigation, land reclamation, and cultivation to successfully grow productive gardens.

由于许多被拘留者都是农民，他们利用肥料、灌溉、开垦和耕作方面的知识成功地种植了富有成效的花园。

They made their own soy sauce and tofu.

他们自己做酱油和豆腐。

Many families had small gardens outside their barracks.

许多家庭的营房外都有小花园。

The food varied in quality, but was mostly substandard compared to the food the internees ate prior to incarceration.

食物的质量各不相同，但与被拘留者在入狱前吃的食物相比，大多不合格。

Togo Tanaka described how people "got sick from eating ill-prepared food." Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga described trying to take care of her newborn daughter, saying that the child was so sick that, while "[m]ost infants double their weight, birth weight, at six months", her daughter "had not doubled her weight in a year".

田中东吾描述了人们如何“因食用未煮熟的食物而生病”。爱子·赫齐格·吉永 (Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga) 描述了她如何照顾刚出生的女儿，她说孩子病得很重，“大多数婴儿的体重在六个月时就达到了出生体重的两倍”，但她的女儿“一年内体重还没有增加一倍”。

The food in Manzanar was heavily starchy and low quality, including Vienna sausages, canned string beans, hot dogs, and apple sauce.

曼扎纳尔的食物淀粉含量高，质量低，包括维也纳香肠、罐装四季豆、热狗和苹果酱。

Outside of the sausages and hot dogs, meat was rare, usually consisting of chicken or mutton that was heavily breaded and fried.

除了香肠和热狗之外，肉类很少见，通常是裹上面包屑并油炸的鸡肉或羊肉。

Frank Kikuchi, an internee at Manzanar, stated that some of the newspapers lied to the American public by telling them that the "Japs [in the camps] are getting steaks, chops, eggs, or eating high off the hog." Camp, school, and individual gardens eventually helped supplement the menu in the mess halls.

曼扎纳尔的被拘留者弗兰克·菊池 (Frank Kikuchi) 表示，一些报纸对美国公众撒谎，告诉他们“[集中营里的]日本人正在吃牛排、排骨、鸡蛋，或者吃得很饱”。营地、学校和个人花园最终帮助补充了食堂的菜单。

Internees also snuck out of the camp to go fishing, often bringing back their catches to the camp.

被拘留者还偷偷溜出营地去钓鱼，经常把捕获的鱼带回营地。

Harry Ueno accused camp administrators and leaders in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) of stealing food meant for the internees and then selling it on the black market.

哈里·上野 (Harry Ueno) 指责集中营管理人员和日裔美国公民联盟 (JACL) 的领导人偷窃原本为被拘留者准备的食物，然后在黑市上出售。

During the December 1942 camp riot, Ueno was arrested for allegedly beating another internee who was a member of the JACL.

在 1942 年 12 月的集中营骚乱中，上野因涉嫌殴打另一名 JACL 成员而被捕。

Most of the adults were employed at Manzanar to keep the camp running.

大多数成年人受雇于曼扎纳尔以维持营地的运转。

In order for the camps to be self-sufficient, the adults were employed in a variety of jobs to supply the camp and the military.

为了使营地能够自给自足，成年人被雇用从事各种工作来供应营地和军队。

Jobs included clothing and furniture manufacturing, farming and tending orchards, military manufacturing such as camouflage netting and experimental rubber, teaching, civil service jobs such as police, fire fighters, and nursing, and general service jobs operating stores, beauty parlors, and a bank.

工作包括服装和家具制造、农业和果园照料、迷彩网和实验橡胶等军事制造、教学、警察、消防员和护理等公务员工作，以及经营商店、美容院和银行的一般服务工作。

A farm and orchards provided vegetables and fruits for use by the camp, and people of all ages worked to maintain them.

农场和果园为营地提供蔬菜和水果，各个年龄段的人们都在努力维护它们。

By the summer of 1943, camp gardens and farms were producing potatoes, onions, cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, watermelon, eggplant, tomatoes, aster, red radishes, and peppers.

到 1943 年夏天，营地花园和农场开始生产土豆、洋葱、黄瓜、大白菜、西瓜、茄子、西红柿、紫苑、红萝卜和辣椒。

Eventually, there were more than 400 acres of farms producing more than 80 percent of the produce used by the camp.

最终，超过 400 英亩的农场生产了营地使用的 80% 以上的农产品。

In early 1944, a chicken ranch began operation, and in late April of the same year, the camp opened a hog farm.

1944年初，一个养鸡场开始运营，同年4月下旬，该营又开设了一个养猪场。

Both operations provided welcome meat supplements to the diet.

这两项手术都为饮食提供了受欢迎的肉类补充剂。

Shortly after being interned, Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp.

被拘留后不久，人类学家罗伯特·雷德菲尔德聘请田中东吾和正冈乔担任集中营的文献历史学家。

In addition to his work at the Manzanar Free Press, he filed hundreds of reports to the WRA that often criticized those in charge at the camp and the living conditions in the camp.

除了在《曼扎纳尔自由报》的工作外，他还向 WRA 提交了数百份报告，这些报告经常批评营地的负责人以及营地的生活条件。

Unskilled workers earned US$8 per month ($157.6 per month as of 2025), semi-skilled workers earned $12 per month ($236 per month as of 2025), skilled workers made $16 per month ($315 per month as of 2025), and professionals earned $19 per month ($374 per month as of 2025).

非熟练工人每月收入8美元（截至2025年每月157.6美元），半熟练工人每月收入12美元（截至2025年每月236美元），熟练工人每月收入16美元（截至2025年每月315美元），专业人士每月收入19美元（截至2025年每月374美元）。

In addition, everybody received $3.60 per month ($71 per month as of 2025) as a clothing allowance.

此外，每个人每月还可以获得 3.60 美元（截至 2025 年每月 71 美元）的服装津贴。

The Manzanar Free Press was first published April 11, 1942, and was published through the October 19, 1945, issue.

《曼扎纳尔自由报》于 1942 年 4 月 11 日首次出版，并于 1945 年 10 月 19 日出版。

It was published with both Japanese and English sections, with the Japanese section added on July 14, 1942.

该书分日文版和英文版出版，1942年7月14日增补了日文版。

Between the first issue and the May 31, 1942, issue, it was published at the Manzanar Assembly Center, which was operated by the Wartime Civil Control Administration.

从第一期到 1942 年 5 月 31 日，该书在曼扎纳尔集会中心出版，该中心由战时民事控制管理局管理。

After that, it was published at the Manzanar Relocation Center until it ceased publication.

此后，该书在曼扎纳尔搬迁中心出版，直至停刊。

The paper was originally published as four pages biweekly which were hand-typed and mimeographed.

该论文最初每两周出版四页，是手写和油印的。

The circulation increased as the number of people in the camp grew, the release increased to three issues weekly, and a printing press was acquired, allowing the paper to be typeset beginning on July 22, 1942.

随着集中营人数的增加，发行量也随之增加，发行量增加到每周三期，并购置了一台印刷机，使得该报纸可以从 1942 年 7 月 22 日开始排版。

The page count also increased to six.

页数也增加到六页。

Journalists who reported for the newspaper include Togo Tanaka, who was the English section editor of the Rafu Shimpo before being incarcerated.

为该报进行报道的记者包括入狱前《罗夫新闻报》英文版编辑田中东吾 (Togo Tanaka)。

Tanaka also delivered the Free Press before becoming a journalist for them.

田中在成为《自由新闻报》的记者之前还曾担任过《自由新闻报》的负责人。

While working as a reporter for the Free Press, Tanaka wrote hundreds of articles documenting the everyday life in the camp.

在担任《自由报》记者期间，田中撰写了数百篇记录集中营日常生活的文章。

Beginning on July 22, 1942, Chiye Mori, poet and journalist, was listed as an editor.

从 1942 年 7 月 22 日开始，诗人兼记者森千野 (Chiye Mori) 被列为编辑。

Despite the name of the newspaper, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) controlled the content of the paper and used it to publish announcements from the camp administration, news from other camps, orders, rules and guidelines from the WRA, and upcoming camp events, in addition to the regular content.

尽管报纸的名称是这样的，但战争安置管理局 (WRA) 控制着报纸的内容，除了常规内容外，还用它发布营地管理部门的公告、其他营地的新闻、WRA 的命令、规则和指南以及即将举行的营地活动。

Some content was not allowed to be published.

有些内容不允许发布。

The standard content included articles about life in the camps, sports scores and coverage, coverage of the war, and so on.

标准内容包括有关集中营生活、体育赛事比分和报道、战争报道等的文章。

People made life at Manzanar more tolerable through recreation.

人们通过娱乐让曼扎纳尔的生活变得更加舒适。

They participated in sports, including baseball, football, basketball, soccer, volleyball, softball, and martial arts.

他们参加的体育运动包括棒球、橄榄球、篮球、足球、排球、垒球和武术。

A nine-hole golf course was built at the camp.

营地建有九洞高尔夫球场。

Lou Frizzell served as the musical director, and under his mentorship Mary Nomura became known as the "songbird of Manzanar" for her performances at dances and other camp events.

卢·弗里泽尔 (Lou Frizzell) 担任音乐总监，在他的指导下，玛丽·野村 (Mary Nomura) 因在舞会和其他营地活动中的表演而被称为“曼扎纳尔的歌鸟”。

Theatre performances—for internees, camp administration and WRA staff, and even for some members of the surrounding communities—included original productions by internees as well as traditional Japanese works of kabuki and noh.

为被拘留者、营地管理人员和 WRA 工作人员，甚至为周边社区的一些成员提供的戏剧表演包括被拘留者的原创作品以及日本传统的歌舞伎和能剧作品。

Internees, many of whom were relocated from their landscaping businesses in the Los Angeles area, personalized and beautified their barren surroundings by building elaborate gardens and parks, which often included pools, waterfalls, and rock ornaments.

被拘留者中的许多人是从洛杉矶地区的园林绿化企业搬迁到这里的，他们通过建造精致的花园和公园（通常包括游泳池、瀑布和岩石装饰品）来个性化和美化他们贫瘠的环境。

Competitions were often held between landscapers as they created gardens in the public spaces of the camp (such as between barracks).

当园林设计师在营地的公共空间（例如营房之间）建造花园时，他们之间经常举行比赛。

The camp administration even allowed some gardens to be created outside the camp.

营地管理部门甚至允许在营地外建造一些花园。

These helped create a sense of community and gave the internees a place to heal.

这些有助于营造一种社区意识，并为被拘留者提供了一个治愈的地方。

Remnants of some of the gardens, pools, and rock ornaments are still present at Manzanar, and there are plans to restore at least some of them.

曼扎纳尔仍然存在一些花园、水池和岩石装饰品的遗迹，并且计划至少修复其中一些。

By far the most popular sports for those incarcerated at Manzanar were baseball and softball.

到目前为止，曼扎纳尔监狱囚犯最受欢迎的运动是棒球和垒球。

The men there formed almost 100 teams, and the women formed 14.

男子队近100支，女子队14支。

Teams were divided into leagues, regular seasons were established, and championship games held, drawing huge crowds of spectators.

球队被划分为联赛，建立了常规赛，并举行了冠军赛，吸引了大批观众。

Teams included both amateur and semi-professional players.

球队包括业余和半职业球员。

Some players viewed playing baseball as a way to express their American identity, equating it to wearing the American flag.

一些球员将打棒球视为表达美国身份的一种方式，将其等同于佩戴美国国旗。

Photographer Ansel Adams took his photo (right) to show how those incarcerated at Manzanar "overcome [their] sense of defeat and despair." Guided by archival photographs and camp newspaper articles, a volunteer-led effort took place from November 2023 to October 2024 to restore the main baseball field.

摄影师安塞尔·亚当斯（Ansel Adams）拍摄了他的照片（右），展示那些被监禁在曼扎纳尔的人如何“克服[他们的]失败感和绝望感”。在档案照片和营地报纸文章的指导下，2023 年 11 月至 2024 年 10 月期间，志愿者主导了一项修复主棒球场的工作。

Many Japanese cultural celebrations were continued, though the official photos allowed out by the WRA rarely showed them.

许多日本文化庆祝活动仍在继续，但 WRA 允许发布的官方照片很少展示这些活动。

The New Year tradition of mochitsuki—pounding glutinous rice into mochi—was regularly covered by the camp newspaper.

营地报纸定期报道年糕月的新年传统——将糯米捣成年糕。

Craftsman in the camp carved geta for many of the residents, though the official photography only pointed out that they were useful for keeping above the dusty ground.

营地里的工匠为许多居民雕刻了木屐，尽管官方照片只指出它们对于保持在尘土飞扬的地面上很有用。

Although most quietly accepted their fate during World War II, there was some resistance in the camps.

尽管大多数人在二战期间平静地接受了自己的命运，但营地中也存在一些阻力。

Poston, Heart Mountain, Topaz, and Tule Lake each had civil disturbances about wage differences, black marketing of sugar, food shortages, intergenerational friction, rumors of "informers" reporting to the camp administration or the FBI, and other issues.

波斯顿、心山、黄玉和图勒湖都曾因工资差异、糖黑市营销、食品短缺、代际摩擦、“线人”向集中营管理部门或联邦调查局报告的谣言以及其他问题而发生内乱。

The most serious incident occurred at Manzanar on December 5–6, 1942 (with some of the actions on both sides carrying over into the following days), and became known as the "Manzanar Revolt" or "Manzanar Riot".

最严重的事件发生在 1942 年 12 月 5 日至 6 日的曼扎纳尔（双方的一些行动延续到接下来的几天），并被称为“曼扎纳尔起义”或“曼扎纳尔骚乱”。

Some of the tension that precipitated the riot was related to work availability and the pay of those jobs, with Nisei and members of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) getting preferential treatment.

引发骚乱的部分紧张局势与工作机会和这些工作的薪酬有关，尼塞伊和日裔美国公民联盟 (JACL) 的成员获得了优惠待遇。

After several months of tension between those who supported the JACL and a group of Kibei (Japanese Americans educated in Japan), rumors spread that sugar and meat shortages were the result of black marketing by camp administrators.

在 JACL 的支持者和一群 Kibei（在日本接受教育的日裔美国人）之间关系紧张了几个月后，谣言四起，称糖和肉类短缺是营地管理人员黑市营销的结果。

To make matters worse, JACL leader Fred Tayama was beaten by six masked men on the evening of December 5.

更糟糕的是，JACL 领导人 Fred Tayama 于 12 月 5 日晚遭到六名蒙面男子殴打。

Harry Ueno, the leader of the Kitchen Workers Union, and two others suspected of involvement, were arrested.

厨房工人工会领导人哈里·上野和另外两名涉嫌参与此事的人被捕。

The other two suspects were questioned and released, but Ueno was removed from Manzanar.

另外两名嫌疑人受到讯问后被释放，但上野被带离曼扎纳尔。

About 200 internees met on the morning of December 6 in the gardens at the Block 22 mess hall to discuss what they should do, and another meeting was scheduled for a few hours later.

12 月 6 日上午，大约 200 名被拘留者在 22 号街区食堂的花园里聚会，讨论他们应该做什么，几小时后又安排了另一次会议。

Between two and four thousand people gathered at the meeting where they listened to speeches and chose five people to present their grievances to the camp director.

会议上聚集了两到四千人，他们听取了发言，并选出了五人向营地负责人表达了他们的不满。

The crowd decided to follow the five representatives, which caused the camp director to tell the military police to muster in order to be available to control the crowd.

人群决定跟随五名代表，这导致营地负责人要求宪兵集合，以便可以控制人群。

The five representatives demanded that Ueno be released, but the camp director did not immediately agree.

五名代表要求释放上野，但营地负责人没有立即同意。

After the crowd began getting more unruly, the director finally agreed to release Ueno if the crowd agreed he should still stand trial, no one attempted to break him out of the camp jail, the five representatives would discuss any further wants with the director, the protesting crowds would disperse and not reassemble, and the five would work to dispel and quiet the protesters.

在人群开始变得更加不守规矩之后，导演最终同意释放上野，前提是人群同意他仍然接受审判，没有人试图将他从集中营监狱中救出来，五名代表将与导演讨论任何进一步的要求，抗议人群将分散而不是重新聚集，五人将努力驱散并平息抗议者。

Ueno was then returned to the camp jail in the early evening.

上野随后于傍晚被送回集中营监狱。

When the five representatives went to verify that Ueno was in the jail, the crowd again returned to protest.

当五名代表去核实上野在监狱里时，人群再次返回抗议。

Instead of dispersing as asked, they broke into groups to try to find Tayama and kill him.

他们没有按照要求分散，而是分成几组试图找到田山并杀死他。

When they were unable to find him in the hospital, they began searching all through the camp for Tayama as well as Tokie Slocum and Togo Tanaka, two other suspected collaborators.

当他们在医院找不到他时，他们开始在整个营地寻找田山以及另外两名疑似合作者 Tokie Slocum 和 Togo Tanaka。

When they were unable to find any of them, the searchers began returning toward the jail.

当他们找不到任何人时，搜索人员开始返回监狱。

While the smaller search parties were searching the camp, the camp director had been trying to negotiate with the five representatives.

当较小的搜索队正在搜索营地时，营地负责人一直在试图与五名代表进行谈判。

This appeared to work initially, but the crowd gradually became more angry and started throwing bottles and rocks at the soldiers.

这最初似乎有效，但人群逐渐变得更加愤怒，开始向士兵投掷瓶子和石块。

The military police responded with tear gas to disperse them.

宪兵用催泪瓦斯驱散他们。

As people ran to avoid the tear gas, some in the crowd pushed a driverless truck toward the jail.

当人们奔跑躲避催泪瓦斯时，人群中的一些人推着一辆无人驾驶卡车驶向监狱。

At that moment, the military police fired into the crowd, killing a 17-year-old boy instantly.

就在这时，宪兵向人群开枪，一名17岁男孩当场死亡。

A 21-year-old man who was shot in the abdomen died a few days later.

一名 21 岁男子腹部中弹，几天后死亡。

At least nine to ten other prisoners were wounded, and a military police corporal was wounded by a ricocheting bullet.

至少有九到十名囚犯受伤，一名宪兵下士被弹射子弹打伤。

That night, some inmates continued attacking suspected collaborators and meeting in small groups while avoiding military police patrols.

当晚，一些囚犯继续攻击涉嫌通敌的人，并在躲避军警巡逻的情况下小规模聚会。

Over the next several days, internees marked as suspected collaborators were quietly removed from the camp with their families in order to protect them from being beaten or killed by the protesters.

在接下来的几天里，被标记为涉嫌通敌的被拘留者及其家人被悄悄带出营地，以保护他们免遭抗议者殴打或杀害。

These inmates and some of their family members, 66 people in total, were moved to a former CCC camp at Cow Creek in what is now Death Valley National Park (formerly Death Valley National Monument).

这些囚犯及其部分家庭成员，总共 66 人，被转移到位于考溪 (Cow Creek) 的前 CCC 营地，该营地位于现在的死亡谷国家公园（以前称为死亡谷国家纪念碑）。

The vanguard of Japanese American (JA) combat units was the distinguished 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate) made up of soldiers in the Hawaii National Guard that was formed in June 1942.

日裔美国人 (JA) 作战部队的先锋队是杰出的第 100 步兵营（独立），由夏威夷国民警卫队士兵组成，成立于 1942 年 6 月。

The training record of the 100th Battalion at Camp McCoy WI from June to December 1942 convinced the War Department to authorize the formation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) on February 1, 1943.

1942 年 6 月至 12 月，第 100 营在威斯康星州麦考伊营的训练记录说服了陆军部，于 1943 年 2 月 1 日授权组建第 442 团战斗队 (RCT)。

On August 21, 1943, the 100th Battalion was deployed to Oran in North Africa.

1943年8月21日，第100营被部署到北非的奥兰。

This unit became the War Department's test on whether JA soldiers could be trusted in combat when it landed in Italy in September 1943 as part of the 34th Infantry Division.

1943 年 9 月，这支部队作为第 34 步兵师的一部分登陆意大利，成为陆军部测试 JA 士兵在战斗中是否可信的测试单位。

The overall competence, valor, and loyalty of the 100th Battalion in the first weeks of combat convinced the War Department and American people that a person does not always blindly follow and support the action of their home nation (Ethnic or birth), paving the way for the 442nd RCT to join them in June 1944.

第 100 营在战斗最初几周的整体能力、英勇和忠诚让陆军部和美国人民相信，一个人并不总是盲目地追随和支持其祖国（种族或出生）的行动，为 1944 年 6 月第 442 团的加入铺平了道路。

Because of the 100th Battalion's sterling training record and the Varsity Victory Volunteers, a group of University of Hawaii ROTC students who received positive publicity for their volunteer civilian labor for the U.S. Army, along with many organizations and leaders in Hawaii and on the mainland lobbying the government to allow Japanese Americans to serve in the armed forces, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) on February 1, 1943.

由于第 100 营出色的训练记录和大学胜利志愿者队、一群因为美国陆军志愿从事民事劳动而受到积极宣传的夏威夷大学后备军官训练队学生，以及夏威夷和大陆的许多组织和领导人游说政府允许日裔美国人在武装部队服役，罗斯福总统于 2 月 1 日授权组建第 442 团战斗队 (RCT)， 1943年。

When the announcement about the new unit was made, 10,000 young men in Hawaii signed up from which 2,686 were selected, and along with 1,182 from the mainland, they were sent to Camp Shelby in Mississippi for basic training in April 1943.

当新部队的消息发布时，夏威夷有 10,000 名年轻人报名参加，其中 2,686 人被选中，与来自大陆的 1,182 人一起于 1943 年 4 月被送往密西西比州的谢尔比营接受基础训练。

Along with the cadre of those already in the Army, roughly 2/3 of the 442nd RCT were from Hawaii and 1/3 from the mainland.

加上陆军中已有的骨干人员，第 442 团的大约 2/3 来自夏威夷，1/3 来自大陆。

Of the nearly 160,000 people of Japanese descent living in Hawaii in 1940, fewer than 2,000 were incarcerated compared to the mass incarceration of those on the West Coast; thus, less than 2% of the soldiers from the islands had families in the camps.

1940 年，夏威夷有近 16 万日裔，与西海岸的大规模监禁相比，只有不到 2,000 人被监禁；因此，只有不到2%的岛屿士兵在营地里有家人。

The WRA closed Manzanar when the final internee left at 11:00 a.m.

当最后一名被拘留者于上午 11:00 离开时，WRA 关闭了曼扎纳尔。

on November 21, 1945.

1945 年 11 月 21 日。

It was the sixth camp to be closed.

这是第六个被关闭的营地。

Although the Japanese Americans had been brought to the Owens Valley by the United States Government, they had to leave the camp and travel to their next destinations on their own.

虽然日裔美国人被美国政府带到了欧文斯谷，但他们不得不离开营地，自行前往下一个目的地。

The WRA gave each person $25 ($447 today), one-way train or bus fare, and meals to those who had less than $600 ($10,730 today).

WRA 为每人提供 25 美元（今天为 447 美元）、单程火车或公共汽车票价，并为那些收入低于 600 美元（今天为 10,730 美元）的人提供餐食。

While many left the camp voluntarily, a significant number refused to leave because they had no place to go after having lost everything when they were forcibly uprooted and removed from their homes.

虽然许多人自愿离开营地，但也有相当多的人拒绝离开，因为当他们被强行连根拔起并离开家园时，他们失去了一切，无处可去。

As such, they had to be forcibly removed once again, this time from Manzanar.

因此，他们不得不再次被强行从曼扎纳尔驱逐。

Indeed, those who refused to leave were generally removed from their barracks, sometimes by force, even if they had no place to go.

事实上，那些拒绝离开的人通常会被赶出军营，有时是通过武力，即使他们无处可去。

Between 135 and 146 Japanese Americans died at Manzanar.

135 至 146 名日裔美国人死于曼扎纳尔。

Fifteen were buried there, but only five graves remain, as most were reburied elsewhere by their families.

十五个人被埋在那里，但只剩下五个坟墓，因为大多数坟墓都被家人重新埋在了其他地方。

The Manzanar cemetery site is marked by a monument that was built by stonemason Ryozo Kado in 1943.

曼扎纳尔公墓遗址上矗立着一座由石匠 Ryozo Kado 于 1943 年建造的纪念碑。

An inscription in Kyūjitai semi-cursive script on the front (east side) of the monument reads 慰靈塔 (lit.

纪念碑正面（东侧）刻有久地台行书的铭文：“安慰灵塔”。

'Soul Consoling Tower'; Shinjitai: 慰霊塔; Hiragana: いれいとう, transliteration: ireitō).

《心灵安慰塔》； Shinjitai: 清霊塔;平假名：いれいとう，音译：ireitō）。

The inscription on the back (west side) reads "Erected by the Manzanar Japanese" on the left-hand column, and "August 1943" on the right-hand column.

背面（西侧）的铭文在左侧栏上写着“由曼扎纳尔日本人竖立”，在右侧栏上写着“1943 年 8 月”。

After the camp was closed, the site eventually returned to its original state.

营地关闭后，场地最终恢复到原来的状态。

Within a couple of years, all the structures had been removed, with the exception of the two sentry posts at the entrance, the cemetery monument, and the former Manzanar High School auditorium, which was purchased by the County of Inyo.

几年之内，除了入口处的两个哨所、墓地纪念碑和由伊尼奥县购买的前曼扎纳尔高中礼堂外，所有建筑物都被拆除。

The County leased the auditorium to the Independence Veterans of Foreign Wars, who used it as a meeting facility and community theater until 1951.

该县将礼堂租给了海外战争独立退伍军人组织，他们将其用作会议设施和社区剧院，直到 1951 年。

After that, the building was used as a maintenance facility by the Inyo County Road Department.

此后，该建筑被因约县道路部门用作维护设施。

The site also retained numerous building foundations, portions of the water and sewer systems, the outline of the road grid, some landscaping, and much more.

该遗址还保留了许多建筑地基、部分供水和下水道系统、道路网格的轮廓、一些景观美化等等。

Despite four years of use, the site also retains evidence of the ranches and of the town of Manzanar, as well as artifacts from the days of the Owens Valley Paiute settlement.

尽管使用了四年，该遗址还保留了牧场和曼扎纳尔镇的证据，以及欧文斯谷派尤特定居点时期的文物。

During the war, the War Relocation Authority hired photographers Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange to document through pictures the Japanese-Americans impacted by the forced relocation, including Manzanar.

战争期间，战争搬迁管理局聘请摄影师安塞尔·亚当斯和多萝西娅·兰格通过照片记录受强制搬迁影响的日裔美国人，其中包括曼扎纳尔。

Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp on behalf of the WRA.

人类学家罗伯特·雷德菲尔德 (Robert Redfield) 代表 WRA 聘请田中东吾 (Togo Tanaka) 和乔·正冈 (Joe Masaoka) 担任该营地的文献史学家。

On December 21, 1969, about 150 people departed Los Angeles by car and bus, headed for Manzanar.

1969年12月21日，大约150人乘坐汽车和巴士离开洛杉矶，前往曼扎纳尔。

It was the first official annual Manzanar Pilgrimage, though two ministers—the Reverend Sentoku Mayeda and the Reverend Shoichi Wakahiro—had been making annual pilgrimages to Manzanar since the camp closed in 1945.

这是第一次正式的年度曼扎纳尔朝圣活动，尽管自 1945 年难民营关闭以来，两位牧师——圣德·马耶达牧师和庄一若宏牧师——每年都会前往曼扎纳尔朝圣。

The non-profit Manzanar Committee, formerly led by Sue Kunitomi Embrey, has sponsored the Pilgrimage since 1969.

非营利组织曼扎纳尔委员会 (Manzanar Commission) 自 1969 年以来一直赞助朝圣活动，该委员会以前由 Sue Kunitomi Embrey 领导。

The event is held annually on the last Saturday of April with hundreds of visitors of all ages and backgrounds, including former inmates, gathering at the Manzanar cemetery to remember the incarceration.

该活动于每年四月的最后一个星期六举行，数百名不同年龄和背景的游客（包括前囚犯）聚集在曼扎纳尔公墓，纪念监禁经历。

The hope is that participants can learn about it and help ensure that what is generally accepted to be a tragic chapter in American history is neither forgotten nor repeated.

希望参与者能够了解这一点，并帮助确保美国历史上普遍认为的悲惨篇章既不会被遗忘，也不会重演。

The program traditionally consists of speakers, cultural performances, an interfaith service to memorialize those who died at Manzanar, and Ondo dancing.

该活动传统上包括演讲、文化表演、纪念曼扎纳尔死难者的跨宗教仪式以及翁多舞蹈。

In 1997, the Manzanar At Dusk program became a part of the Pilgrimage.

1997 年，曼扎纳尔黄昏计划成为朝圣之旅的一部分。

The program attracts local area residents, as well as descendants of Manzanar's ranch days and the town of Manzanar.

该计划吸引了当地居民以及曼扎纳尔牧场时代和曼扎纳尔镇的后裔。

Through small-group discussions, the event gives participants the opportunity to hear directly from those who had been there and to talk about the relevance of what had happened at Manzanar to their own lives.

通过小组讨论，该活动让参与者有机会直接聆听现场人士的声音，并谈论曼扎纳尔发生的事情与他们自己生活的相关性。

Since the September 11 attacks, American Muslims have participated in the Pilgrimage to promote and increase awareness of civil rights protections in the wake of widespread suspicions harbored against them post-9/11.

自 9 月 11 日袭击事件以来，美国穆斯林在 9/11 事件后受到广泛怀疑，参加了朝圣活动，以促进和提高民权保护意识。

A group of 150 Muslims visited in 2017, in part to compare treatment of Japanese-Americans during World War II with how Muslims are treated following the 9/11 attacks.

2017 年，150 名穆斯林组成的团体访问了这里，部分原因是为了将二战期间日裔美国人的待遇与 9/11 袭击后穆斯林所受到的待遇进行比较。

Over 2,000 people visited the site on April 27, 2019, for the 50th anniversary of the first pilgrimage, including a number of Muslim speakers, and a group of Muslims held afternoon prayers at the monument.

2019 年 4 月 27 日，有超过 2000 人参观了该遗址，庆祝首次朝圣 50 周年，其中包括一些讲穆斯林的人，还有一群穆斯林在纪念碑前进行了下午祈祷。

The Manzanar Committee's efforts resulted in the State of California naming Manzanar as California Historical Landmark #850 in 1972, with an historical marker being placed at the sentry post on April 14, 1973.

在曼扎纳尔委员会的努力下，加利福尼亚州于 1972 年将曼扎纳尔命名为加州历史地标 #850，并于 1973 年 4 月 14 日在哨所放置了一个历史标记。

Manzanar, which had been historically owned by the City of Los Angeles, was registered as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1976.

曼扎纳尔历史上属于洛杉矶市所有，于 1976 年被注册为洛杉矶历史文化纪念碑。

The Manzanar Committee also spearheaded efforts for Manzanar to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and in February 1985, Manzanar was designated a National Historic Landmark.

曼扎纳尔委员会还带头努力将曼扎纳尔列入国家历史名胜名录，并于 1985 年 2 月被指定为国家历史地标。

Embrey and the committee, along with California representative Mel Levine, led the effort to have Manzanar designated a National Historic Site, and on March 3, 1992, President George H.

Embrey 和委员会以及加利福尼亚州众议员梅尔·莱文 (Mel Levine) 领导了将曼扎纳尔指定为国家历史遗址的努力，1992 年 3 月 3 日，乔治·H·肯尼迪总统 (George H.

Bush signed House Resolution 543 into law.

布什签署众议院第 543 号决议成为法律。

This act of Congress established the Manzanar National Historic Site "to provide for the protection and interpretation of the historical, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II." Five years later, the National Park Service acquired 814 acres (329 ha) of land at Manzanar from the City of Los Angeles.

国会的这项法案建立了曼扎纳尔国家历史遗址，“以保护和解释与二战期间日裔美国人迁移相关的历史、文化和自然资源”。五年后，国家公园管理局从洛杉矶市收购了曼扎纳尔 814 英亩（329 公顷）的土地。

It was the first of the camps to be designated as a National Historical Site.

这是第一个被指定为国家历史遗址的营地。

After Congress named Manzanar a National Historic Site and gave the National Park Service the job of restoring the site in 1992, protests against its creation emerged.

1992 年，国会将曼扎纳尔命名为国家历史遗址，并委托国家公园管理局修复该遗址，之后，针对该遗址创建的抗议活动开始出现。

Letters were sent to the National Park Service included statements that Manzanar should be portrayed as a guest housing center, with others stating that calling the site a concentration camp is "treason", threatening dismissal campaigns against National Park Service employees and other related individuals, threatening to destroy buildings, and objecting to the use of the phrase "concentration camp" on signage at the site.

发给国家公园管理局的信件包括曼扎纳尔应被描述为宾客住宿中心的声明，其他人则表示称该地点为集中营是“叛国”，威胁要对国家公园管理局员工和其他相关人员进行解雇，威胁要摧毁建筑物，并反对在该地点的标牌上使用“集中营”一词。

The California State historical marker was hacked and stained, with the first "C" of "concentration camp" ground off.

加利福尼亚州的历史标志被砍伐和玷污，“集中营”的第一个“C”被磨掉了。

A man describing himself as a World War II veteran stated that he had driven 200 miles to urinate on the marker.

一名自称二战老兵的男子表示，他开车 200 英里就是为了在标记上小便。

The site features a visitor center with a gift shop, housed in the historically restored Manzanar High School Auditorium with a reconstructed stage proscenium.

该遗址设有一个带礼品店的游客中心，位于历史悠久的曼扎纳尔高中礼堂内，礼堂内有重建的舞台舞台。

The auditorium and the two sentry posts at the entrance are the only original structures from the time the camp was operating during World War II.

礼堂和入口处的两个哨所是二战期间营地运作时唯一的原始建筑。

Permanent exhibits tell the stories of the internee transportation to Manzanar, the Owens Valley Paiute, the ranchers, the town of Manzanar, the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley, and one that plays a video of Ronald Reagan signing the Civil Liberties Act.

永久展品讲述了前往曼扎纳尔、欧文斯谷派尤特的被拘留者的故事、牧场主、曼扎纳尔镇、水在塑造欧文斯谷历史中所发挥的作用，以及播放罗纳德·里根签署《公民自由法案》的视频。

An "interpretive center" helps visitors gain an understanding of some of the internees' experiences.

“解说中心”帮助参观者了解一些被拘留者的经历。

The exhibits in the center are constructed with materials that would have been used—or are similar to those used—when the camp was in operation.

中心的展品是用营地运营时使用的材料建造的，或者与营地运营时使用的材料相似的材料。

Details of camp experiences are from all ten of the relocation centers.

营地经历的详细信息来自所有十个安置中心。

A driving tour with 27 points of interest takes visitors around the site.

驾车游览将带领游客游览 27 个景点。

A mess hall, salvaged from a closing military facility, was added to the site in 2002.

2002 年，这里又增建了一个食堂，该食堂是从一处关闭的军事设施中抢救出来的。

The replica guard tower was built in 2005.

复制品守卫塔建于 2005 年。

The Manzanar cemetery, where some of the internees who died at the camp were buried, also contains the memorial obelisk, which was built by masons in the camp in August 1943.

曼扎纳尔公墓埋葬了一些在集中营内死亡的被拘禁者，墓地里还设有纪念方尖碑，该方尖碑是 1943 年 8 月由集中营内的泥瓦匠建造的。

All of the remains have been removed to other locations.

所有遗骸已被转移到其他地点。

The site features original sentry posts at the camp entrance, a replica of a camp guard tower built in 2005, a self-guided tour road, and wayside exhibits.

该遗址设有营地入口处的原始哨所、2005 年建造的营地警卫塔的复制品、一条自助游览道路和路边展品。

Staff offer guided tours and other educational programs, including a Junior Ranger educational program for children between four and fifteen years of age.

工作人员提供导游服务和其他教育计划，包括针对 4 至 15 岁儿童的少年护林员教育计划。

Under most circumstances, the National Park Service discourages the reconstruction of structures and artifacts that are no longer extant, but allows for exceptions when "there is no alternative that would accomplish the park's interpretive mission, there is sufficient data to enable an accurate reconstruction," and "the reconstruction occurs on the original location." On the basis that these criteria were met, and after extensive discussion with the Japanese-American community, the NPS decided to proceed with a reconstruction of some elements of the original site alongside preservation of those remnants that survive.

在大多数情况下，国家公园管理局不鼓励重建已不复存在的结构和文物，但允许例外情况，即“没有其他选择可以完成公园的解释使命，有足够的数据来实现准确的重建”，并且“重建发生在原始位置”。在满足这些标准的基础上，在与日裔美国人社区进行广泛讨论后，NPS 决定着手重建原址的一些元素，同时保留那些幸存的遗迹。

The National Park Service is reconstructing one of the 36 residential blocks as a demonstration block (Block 14, adjacent to and west of the Visitor Center).

国家公园管理局正在将 36 个住宅区之一重建为示范区（14 号街区，毗邻游客中心以西）。

One barrack appears as it would have when Japanese Americans first arrived at Manzanar in 1942, while another has been reconstructed to represent barracks life in 1945.

其中一座军营的外观与 1942 年日裔美国人首次抵达曼扎纳尔时的样子相同，而另一座军营经过重建，以展现 1945 年的军营生活。

Exhibits in these barracks opened on April 16, 2015.

这些军营的展览于 2015 年 4 月 16 日开放。

A restored World War II mess hall, moved to the site from Bishop Airport in 2002, was opened to visitors in late 2010.

一座经过修复的二战时期食堂于 2002 年从主教机场迁至此地，并于 2010 年底向游客开放。

The Manzanar National Historic Site also unveiled its virtual museum on May 17, 2010.

曼扎纳尔国家历史遗址还于 2010 年 5 月 17 日揭幕了其虚拟博物馆。

National Park Service staff have continued to uncover artifacts from throughout Manzanar's history, the result of archaeological digs that have also excavated several of the gardens designed and built there, including the noted Merritt Park (also known as Pleasure Park).

国家公园管理局工作人员不断发现曼扎纳尔历史上的文物，这是考古挖掘的结果，还挖掘了在那里设计和建造的几个花园，包括著名的梅里特公园（也称为游乐公园）。

Recently completed is a classroom exhibit that is housed in the Block 9 barracks and an historic replica of the Block 9 women's latrine (opened in October 2016).

最近完成的一个教室展览位于第 9 区营房和第 9 区女厕所的历史复制品（于 2016 年 10 月开放）。

The Manzanar site had 1,275,195 people visit from 2000 through December 2016.

从 2000 年到 2016 年 12 月，曼扎纳尔遗址共有 1,275,195 人次参观。

The National Park Service's interpretation of events and experiences has been described as both "[willing] to memorialize a shameful, unconstitutional policy" and "providing a shortcut around the unjust suffering and often insurmountable adversity imposed by the internment".

国家公园管理局对事件和经历的解释被描述为“[愿意]纪念可耻的、违宪的政策”和“为绕过拘留所带来的不公正痛苦和往往难以克服的逆境提供一条捷径”。

Congressman Mel Levine said the site should "serve as a reminder of the grievous errors and inhumane policies we pursued domestically during World War II and a reminder that we must never again allow such actions to occur in this country."

国会议员梅尔·莱文表示，该网站应该“提醒我们二战期间在国内所犯下的严重错误和不人道政策，并提醒我们决不能再允许此类行为在这个国家发生。”

Academics have criticized those who initiated and implemented the WRA relocation policy and members of the JACL for supporting the WRA policies.

学术界对WRA搬迁政策的发起者和实施者以及支持WRA政策的JACL成员提出了批评。

They have also pointed out that the majority of accounts of the relocation published within the first few decades following the closure of the camps have been from the perspective of the WRA and the JACL.

他们还指出，在营地关闭后最初几十年内发表的关于搬迁的大部分报道都是从 WRA 和 JACL 的角度出发的。

Following President Trump's Executive Order 14253, and by order of Secretary of the Interior, Manzanar was one of the National Park Service sites to post a notice directing visitors to report "signs or other information that are negative about either past or living Americans or that fail to emphasize the beauty, grandeur, and abundance of landscapes and other natural features." In an interview for NBC News Dr. Nicholas Baham, professor of ethnic studies, was pessimistic about the feasibility of the Manzanar site avoiding such information.

根据特朗普总统第 14253 号行政命令，并按照内政部长的命令，曼扎纳尔是国家公园管理局张贴通知的地点之一，指示游客报告“对过去或现在的美国人不利的标志或其他信息，或者未能强调美丽、宏伟和丰富的风景和其他自然特征的标志或其他信息”。在接受 NBC 新闻采访时，种族研究教授尼古拉斯·巴哈姆 (Nicholas Baham) 博士对曼扎纳尔网站避免此类信息的可行性表示悲观。

Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Manzanar and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war.

自第二次世界大战结束以来，关于曼扎纳尔营地和其他营地的术语一直存在争议，在这些营地中，日本血统的美国人及其移民父母在战争期间被美国政府监禁。

Manzanar has been referred to as a "War Relocation Authority center", "War Relocation Center", "relocation camp", "relocation center", "internment camp", "incarceration camp", "prison camp", and "concentration camp".

曼扎纳尔被称为“战争搬迁管理局中心”、“战争搬迁中心”、“搬迁营”、“搬迁中心”、“拘留营”、“监禁营”、“监狱营”和“集中营”。

Prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the National Park Service, which manages Ellis Island, expressed concern regarding the use of the term "concentration camp" in the exhibit.

在有关埃利斯岛美国营地的展览开幕之前，美国犹太人委员会 (AJC) 和管理埃利斯岛的国家公园管理局对展览中使用“集中营”一词表示担忧。

At a meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City, leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term, and the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement:

在纽约市 AJC 办公室举行的一次会议上，代表日裔美国人和犹太裔美国人的领导人就该术语的使用达成了谅解，日裔美国人国家博物馆和 AJC 发表了一份联合声明：

A concentration camp is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they have committed, but simply because of who they are.

集中营是一个关押人们的地方，不是因为他们犯下的任何罪行，而是因为他们是谁。

Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history, the term 'concentration camp' was first used at the turn of the [20th] century in the Spanish American and Boer Wars.

尽管历史上许多群体都被单独挑选出来进行此类迫害，但“集中营”一词首次使用是在[20]世纪之交的西班牙美洲战争和布尔战争中。

During World War II, America's concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from Nazi Germany's.

第二次世界大战期间，美国的集中营与纳粹德国的集中营有着明显的区别。

Nazi camps were places of torture, barbarous medical experiments and summary executions; some were extermination centers with gas chambers.

纳粹集中营是酷刑、野蛮医学实验和即决处决的场所；有些是设有毒气室的灭绝中心。

A made-for-television movie, Farewell to Manzanar, aired on NBC in 1976.

一部为电视制作的电影《告别曼扎纳尔》于 1976 年在 NBC 播出。

It was based on the 1973 memoir of the same name, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, who was incarcerated at Manzanar as a child, and her husband James D.

该剧改编自 1973 年的同名回忆录，作者是童年时期被关押在曼扎纳尔的珍妮·若月·休斯顿 (Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston) 和她的丈夫詹姆斯·D·休斯顿 (James D.

Houston.

休斯顿。

In 2011, the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) announced that they had negotiated the rights to the movie, and that they would make it available for purchase on DVD.

2011 年，日裔美国国家博物馆 (JANM) 宣布他们已就这部电影的版权进行了谈判，并将以 DVD 形式出售。

The 1990 feature film Come See the Paradise detailed the forced removal and incarceration at Manzanar of a Japanese American family from Los Angeles.

1990 年的故事片《来看看天堂》详细描述了一个来自洛杉矶的日裔美国人家庭被强行驱逐并监禁在曼扎纳尔的故事。

In the 1984 film The Karate Kid, Mr. Miyagi opens up to his student Daniel about the dual loss of his wife and son in childbirth at the Manzanar internment camp; the actor who played Mr. Miyagi, Pat Morita, was interned for two years at Manzanar with his parents.

在 1984 年的电影《空手道小子》中，宫城先生向他的学生丹尼尔讲述了他在曼扎纳尔拘留营分娩时失去妻子和儿子的双重经历；扮演宫城先生的演员帕特·森田（Pat Morita）与父母一起在曼扎纳尔被拘留了两年。

In Die Hard, Hans Gruber says that Joseph Takagi was interned in Manzanar from 1942 to 1943.

汉斯·格鲁伯在《虎胆龙威》中说约瑟夫·高木于 1942 年至 1943 年间被关押在曼扎纳尔。

In the Cold Case episode "Family 8108," (s5e11) the team reopens the 1945 murder of Ray Takahashi, a Japanese-American father killed in Philadelphia shortly after his family was released from the Manzanar internment camp.

在悬案剧集“8108 家庭”(s5e11) 中，团队重新审视了 1945 年雷·高桥 (Ray Takahashi) 被谋杀的事件。雷·高桥 (Ray Takahashi) 是一位日裔美国父亲，家人从曼扎纳尔 (Manzanar) 拘留营获释后不久，他就在费城被杀。

A lot of scenes are set in Manzanar.

很多场景都以曼扎纳尔为背景。

The short film, A Song for Manzanar, depicts the true story of a detainee and her struggle to remain hopeful for her son and stay in contact with her family in Hiroshima.

短片《曼扎纳尔之歌》讲述了一名被拘留者的真实故事，以及她为儿子保持希望并与广岛家人保持联系而奋斗的故事。

In "Baku", the 2018 season three episode of The Man in the High Castle TV series, Frank Frink is executed for his resistance against the Japanese occupation by Kenpeitai inspector Kido on the site of the former camp.

在电视连续剧《高堡奇人》2018 年第三季“巴库”中，弗兰克·弗林克因抵抗日本占领而被宪兵队督察木户在前营地所在地处决。

Folk/country musician Tom Russell wrote "Manzanar", a song about the Japanese American incarceration, that was released on his album Box of Visions (1993).

民谣/乡村音乐家 Tom Russell 创作了一首关于日裔美国人监禁的歌曲“Manzanar”，并在他的专辑 Box of Visions (1993) 中发行。

Laurie Lewis covered the song on her album Seeing Things (1998), adding the koto to her performance.

劳里·刘易斯 (Laurie Lewis) 在她的专辑《Seeing Things》（1998 年）中翻唱了这首歌，并将古筝加入到她的表演中。

The Asian American jazz fusion band Hiroshima has a song entitled "Manzanar", inspired by the incarceration, on its album The Bridge (2003).

亚裔美国爵士融合乐队 Hiroshima 在其专辑《The Bridge》（2003 年）中创作了一首名为“Manzanar”的歌曲，其灵感来自于监禁。

Hiroshima's song "Living in America", on its album titled East (1990), contains the phrase "I still remember Manzanar".

广岛的歌曲《生活在美国》在其名为《East》（1990）的专辑中包含“我仍然记得曼扎纳尔”这句话。

Fort Minor's song "Kenji", from the album The Rising Tied (2005), tells the true story of Mike Shinoda's family including their experiences during their internment at Manzanar.

Fort Minor 的歌曲“Kenji”来自专辑《The Rising Tied》（2005 年），讲述了 Mike Shinoda 家人的真实故事，包括他们在曼扎纳尔被拘留期间的经历。

The band Channel 3 recorded a song titled "Manzanar" about the incarceration.

Channel 3 乐队录制了一首关于监禁的歌曲《Manzanar》。

The band Cock Robin included a song titled "Manzanar" on their album First Love / Last Rites (1990).

Cock Robin 乐队在他们的专辑《First Love / Last Rites》（1990 年）中收录了一首名为“Manzanar”的歌曲。

American composer Steve Heitzeg's work "Green Hope After Black Rain (Symphony for the Survivors of Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Manzanar Concentration Camp)" is a memorial to the victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of the two Japanese cities as well as the Manzanar camp.

美国作曲家史蒂夫·海茨格的作品《黑雨后的绿色希望（广岛、长崎和曼扎纳尔集中营幸存者交响曲）》是为了纪念1945年日本两座城市以及曼扎纳尔集中营原子弹爆炸的受害者。

It includes percussion elements made from Hiroshima and Nagasaki trees as well as stones from Manzanar.

它包括由广岛和长崎的树木以及来自曼扎纳尔的石头制成的打击乐元素。

It was premiered in 2022 by the Saint Paul Civic Symphony in Minnesota.

该作品于 2022 年由明尼苏达州圣保罗市交响乐团首演。

The 1994 novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson contains scenes and details relating to Japanese Americans from the state of Washington and their incarceration experiences at Manzanar.

大卫·古特森 (David Guterson) 1994 年出版的小说《雪松上的雪》包含了有关来自华盛顿州的日裔美国人及其在曼扎纳尔被监禁经历的场景和细节。

A 1999 film of the same name was based on the book.

1999 年根据该书拍摄了一部同名电影。

Paper Wishes, a book published in 2016 by Lois Sepahban is a book about a girl named Manami who goes to Manzanar with her family and loses her dog Yujiin, on the way.

Lois Sepahban 于 2016 年出版的《Paper Wishes》一书讲述了一个名叫 Manami 的女孩和家人一起前往 Manzanar 并在途中失去了她的狗 Yujiin 的故事。

Bibliography of the Japanese American Internment during World War II

二战期间日裔美国人拘留的参考书目

Outline of Japanese American Internment during World War II

二战期间日裔美国人拘留概述

California during World War II

第二次世界大战期间的加利福尼亚

Bahr, Diana Meyers (2007).

戴安娜·迈耶斯·巴尔 (2007)。

The Unquiet Nisei: An Oral History of the Life of Sue Kunitomi Embrey.

不安的日清：国富苏·安布雷生活的口述史。

New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

纽约：帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦。

p。

68.

ISBN 978-0-230-60067-6.

ISBN 978-0-230-60067-6。

Beito, David T.

贝托，大卫·T.

(2023).

（2023）。

The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (1st ed.).

新政对权利法案的战争：罗斯福集中营、审查制度和大规模监视的不为人知的故事（第一版）。

Oakland: Independent Institute.

奥克兰：独立研究所。

pp.

页数

4–7.

4-7。

ISBN 978-1598133561.

ISBN 978-1598133561。

Burton, Jeffrey F.

伯顿，杰弗里·F.

(1996).

（1996）。

Three Farewells To Manzanar: The Archeology of Manzanar National Historic Site, California.

曼扎纳尔的三次告别：加利福尼亚州曼扎纳尔国家历史遗址的考古学。

Publications in anthropology / Western Archeological and Conservation Center.

人类学出版物/西方考古和保护中心。

Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U.S. Dept.

美国国家公园管理局西部考古和保护中心

of the Interior.

的内部。

ASIN B0006FAN8I.

ASIN B0006FAN8I。

Burton, Jeffery F.; Farrell, Mary M.; Lord, Florence B.; Lord, Richard W.

杰弗里·F·伯顿；法雷尔，玛丽·M.；主，弗洛伦斯·B.；主啊，理查德·W.

(1999).

（1999）。

Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites.

监禁与种族：二战日裔美国人迁移地点概述。

Publications in Anthropology 74.

人类学出版物 74。

Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.

美国内政部国家公园管理局西部考古和保护中心。