Mangrove swallow (Wikipedia featured)

The mangrove swallow (Tachycineta albilinea) is a passerine bird in the swallow family that breeds in coastal regions from Mexico through Central America to Panama.

红树林燕子（Tachycineta albilinea）是燕子科的雀形目鸟类，在墨西哥、中美洲和巴拿马的沿海地区繁殖。

It has blue-green upperparts, blackish flight feathers, a white rump, a black tail, and white underparts.

它有蓝绿色的上半身、黑色的飞羽、白色的臀部、黑色的尾巴和白色的下半身。

It can be identified by the supraloral white streak, the white line near its eye, which only occurs in two other species of Tachycineta: the violet-green swallow and the white-rumped swallow.

它可以通过口上的白色条纹（靠近眼睛的白线）来识别，这种白色条纹只出现在雉鸡的另外两种物种中：紫绿色燕子和白腰燕子。

The sexes, although similar in plumage, differ slightly in size.

两性虽然羽毛相似，但大小略有不同。

The juveniles have grey-brown upperparts and white-washed underparts.

幼鱼的上体呈灰棕色，下体呈白色。

This swallow's song is generally described as a soft trilling, with a rolled jeerrt call, and a sharp alarm note.

这种燕子的歌声通常被描述为柔和的颤音，伴有滚动的耶尔特叫声和尖锐的警报音。

The mangrove swallow is very territorial when breeding, much like the related tree swallow.

红树燕在繁殖时具有很强的领地意识，就像相关的树燕一样。

Its nest is normally built in a hole or crevice near water and less than 2 metres (7 ft) above the ground.

它的巢通常建在靠近水的洞或裂缝中，距地面不到 2 米（7 英尺）。

This species usually feeds alone when breeding, but will feed in groups when not.

该物种在繁殖时通常单独进食，但在不繁殖时会成群进食。

It normally forages closer to the nest when hunting for its chicks, but will go much further when foraging for itself.

它在寻找雏鸟时通常会在靠近巢穴的地方觅食，但在为自己觅食时会走得更远。

In between foraging attempts, it is frequently seen perching near water.

在觅食期间，经常可以看到它栖息在水边。

It is an aerial insectivore and eats unusually large prey for its size.

它是一种空中食虫动物，会吃相对其体型而言异常大的猎物。

With an estimated population of at least 500,000 individuals, the mangrove swallow is classified as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

红树林燕子的数量估计至少有 50 万只，被国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 列为最不受关注的物种。

Its numbers are decreasing, although not fast enough for it to be classified as vulnerable.

它的数量正在减少，尽管速度还不足以将其列为易受攻击的国家。

Little is known about the predation of this species, although it is a host of Sternostoma hirundinis, a type of nasal mite.

尽管该物种是胸口螨（一种鼻螨）的宿主，但人们对它的捕食情况知之甚少。

It has also been known to lose nests both to termites and black flies.

人们还知道它会因为白蚁和黑蝇而失去巢穴。

The mangrove swallow was formally described in 1863 as Petrochelidon albilinea by American amateur ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence.

1863 年，美国业余鸟类学家乔治·纽博尔德·劳伦斯 (George Newbold Lawrence) 正式将红树林燕子描述为 Petrochelidon albilinea。

Its current genus, Tachycineta, was originally described in 1850 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis.

它现在的属，Tachycineta，最初由德国鸟类学家 Jean Cabanis 于 1850 年描述。

The genus name Tachycineta is from Ancient Greek takhukinetos, "moving quickly", and the specific albilinea is from Latin albus, "white", and linea, "line".

Tachycineta 属名源自古希腊语 takhukinetos，意为“快速移动”，具体的 albilinea 则源自拉丁语 albus，意为“白色”，linea 意为“线”。

The Tachycineta species are members of the swallow family of birds, and are placed in the Hirundininae subfamily, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive river martins.

Tachycineta 物种是燕子科鸟类的成员，属于燕子亚科，该亚科包括所有燕子和燕子，除了非常独特的河燕子。

DNA sequence studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built.

DNA 序列研究表明，燕鸟亚科分为三个主要类群，与筑巢类型广泛相关。

These groups are the "core martins", including burrowing species like the sand martin, the "nest-adopters", which are birds that utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders" such as the Delichon house martins.

这些群体是“核心马丁鸟”，包括像沙马丁这样的穴居物种、“筑巢鸟”（利用天然洞穴的鸟类）和“泥巢筑巢者”，例如德利雄家燕。

The Tachycineta species belong to the "nest-adopter" group.

Tachycineta 物种属于“筑巢者”群体。

All nine Tachycineta species have glossy blue or green backs and white underparts, but the five species with white rumps – the mangrove swallow, Tumbes swallow, white-winged swallow, white-rumped swallow and Chilean swallow – are particularly closely related, the first three and the last two forming two superspecies.

所有九种Tachycineta都有光滑的蓝色或绿色背部和白色下体，但五个有白色臀部的物种——红树林燕子、通贝斯燕子、白翅燕子、白腰燕子和智利燕子——关系特别密切，前三个和后两个形成两个超种。

The Tumbes swallow of coastal Peru was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the mangrove swallow, but its calls, behaviour, and cytochrome b data indicate that it should be considered a separate species.

秘鲁沿海的通贝斯燕子以前被认为是红树林燕子的一个亚种，但它的叫声、行为和细胞色素 b 数据表明，它应该被视为一个单独的物种。

It is also differentiated from the mangrove swallow by its lack of a supraloral white line and by its slight difference in size.

它与红树林燕子的区别还在于它没有口上白线并且大小略有不同。

A relatively small swallow, the mangrove swallow is 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in) long and weighs about 14 grams (0.5 oz).

红树林燕子是一种相对较小的燕子，长 11-12 厘米（4.3-4.7 英寸），重约 14 克（0.5 盎司）。

The adult has iridescent blue-green upperparts, white underparts, rump, and undertail- and wing-coverts, and blackish tail and flight feathers.

成虫的上半身呈虹彩蓝绿色，下半身、臀部、尾下覆毛和翅覆羽为白色，尾羽和飞羽呈黑色。

The feathers are greener when fresh and bluer when worn.

羽毛新鲜时颜色更绿，磨损后颜色更蓝。

The white underparts sometimes have faint, dark shaft streaks.

白色的下体有时有微弱的深色轴条纹。

The bill is small and black, about 11 millimetres (0.43 in) long.

喙小而黑色，长约 11 毫米（0.43 英寸）。

The iris is a dark brown, and the tarsus and toes range in colour from black to fuscous-brown.

虹膜为深棕色，跗骨和脚趾的颜色从黑色到棕褐色。

The lores are black and have a thin white line above them.

这些知识是黑色的，上面有一条细白线。

Two other species of Tachycineta have this distinctive feature: the violet-green swallow and the white-rumped swallow.

另外两种雉燕也有这种独特的特征：紫绿色燕子和白腰燕子。

The adult's tail is only slightly forked.

成虫的尾巴只有轻微的分叉。

The sexes are similar, although they differ slightly in size.

性别相似，但体型略有不同。

Compared to the male, the female has a slightly longer tail and slightly shorter wings.

与雄性相比，雌性的尾巴稍长，翅膀稍短。

The juvenile is dull grey-brown above and grey-brown washed white below.

幼鱼的上面呈暗灰褐色，下面呈灰褐色，呈白色。

Occasionally, the juvenile's upperparts have a subtle, greenish gloss.

偶尔，幼鱼的上半身会呈现出微妙的绿色光泽。

The call of the mangrove swallow is a rolled "jeerrrt", or a "chriet".

红树林燕子的叫声是滚动的“jeerrrt”或“chriet”。

The song is frequently described as a soft trilling.

这首歌经常被描述为柔和的颤音。

It uses a short sharp alarm note.

它使用短而尖锐的警报音。

This swallow is native to Mexico and all of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama).

这种燕子原产于墨西哥和整个中美洲（伯利兹、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加和巴拿马）。

It is usually found near low-lying bodies of water and mangrove forests, which gave rise to the common name.

它通常出现在低洼水域和红树林附近，这也是这个俗名的由来。

It has also been recorded in intertidal zones.

在潮间带也有记录。

In Mexico, it is not typically found above 600 metres (2,000 ft).

在墨西哥，通常不会在 600 米（2,000 英尺）以上的地方发现它。

In Costa Rica, it has been found to occur as high as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), but it normally occurs between 500 metres (1,600 ft) and sea level.

在哥斯达黎加，人们发现它出现的高度高达 1,000 米（3,300 英尺），但通常出现在 500 米（1,600 英尺）至海平面之间。

It is rarely found in the highlands.

在高原地区很少见。

The mangrove swallow is also vagrant to the United States, where it was first recorded in 2002, in Florida.

红树林燕子也流浪到美国，它于 2002 年在佛罗里达州首次被记录到。

Although the mangrove swallow is a full-time resident of its range, there are probably some post-breeding movements.

尽管红树林燕子是其栖息地的全职居民，但可能会有一些繁殖后的活动。

The mangrove swallow is closely associated with fairly still, open water, and is often found in small flocks over rivers or lakes when not breeding.

红树林燕子与相当平静的开阔水域密切相关，在不繁殖时经常成群结队地出现在河流或湖泊上空。

Its flight path is normally direct and low over water.

它的飞行路线通常是直接且低空飞行。

It flies with quick wingbeats and some gliding.

它飞行时会快速拍动翅膀并进行一些滑行。

In between foraging attempts, it can frequently be seen to perch.

在觅食期间，经常可以看到它栖息。

The mangrove swallow is a solitary bird; its nests are not found closer than 50 metres (160 ft) away from each other, and usually have about 300 metres (1,000 ft) separating them.

红树林燕子是一种独居鸟类；其巢穴之间的距离不会小于 50 米（160 英尺），通常相距约 300 米（1,000 英尺）。

The nest itself is built in natural or artificial cavities near water, usually in a tree stump or dead tree.

巢本身建在靠近水的天然或人工洞穴中，通常建在树桩或枯树上。

It is also not uncommon for it to nest in nest boxes.

它在巢箱中筑巢的情况也并不少见。

The nest is a few centimetres deep and made with grass, fine stems, moss, and a few leaves and sticks.

巢有几厘米深，由草、细茎、苔藓以及一些树叶和树枝制成。

It is padded with feathers.

它是用羽毛填充的。

The nest is normally found to occur below 2 metres (7 ft).

巢穴通常位于 2 米（7 英尺）以下。

While the nest is built relatively low, it is still normally above the water level of a typical flood.

虽然巢穴建得相对较低，但通常仍高于典型洪水的水位。

Sites include tree holes and crevices in rock or bridges.

地点包括树洞和岩石或桥梁的裂缝。

During its five-month breeding season, the mangrove swallow typically lays two broods.

在五个月的繁殖季节，红树林燕子通常会产两窝。

The data suggests that the breeding season is from approximately January to July in Central America, and from around March to June or July in Mexico.

数据显示，中美洲的繁殖季节约为一月至七月，墨西哥的繁殖季节约为三月至六月或七月。

Like the related tree swallow, this species is very aggressive to other hirundines when breeding and is very territorial.

与相关的树燕一样，该物种在繁殖时对其他水燕非常具有攻击性，并且具有很强的领地意识。

This swallow is socially monogamous, with some extra-pair mating.

这种燕子实行一夫一妻制，也有一些额外的交配行为。

For example, about 15% of nestlings and about 25% of broods are developed through extra-pair paternity.

例如，大约 15% 的雏鸟和大约 25% 的雏鸟是通过额外配对亲子关系发育的。

A nest with extra-pair young is, on average, about 430 metres (1,410 ft) away from its nearest neighbour.

拥有额外一对幼鸟的巢穴与最近的巢穴的平均距离约为 430 米（1,410 英尺）。

Extra-pair young are also correlated with the breeding synchrony index, or the percentage of females fertile simultaneously.

额外配对的幼崽也与繁殖同步指数或同时生育的雌性百分比相关。

The fact that the laying of eggs is not synchronized within a population is due to the long breeding season of the mangrove swallow.

种群内产卵不同步的事实是由于红树林燕子的繁殖季节较长。

This swallow also displays paternity assurance behaviour.

这只燕子还表现出亲子鉴定行为。

For example, males follow fertile females more often than females follow males.

例如，雄性追随有生育能力的雌性比雌性追随雄性更常见。

The period of fertility is from six days before the first egg is laid until the second to last egg is laid.

受精期是从产第一个蛋前六天到产下倒数第二个蛋为止。

The clutch is three to five white eggs which hatch in 17 days.

每窝产三到五个白色蛋，17 天后孵化。

On average the eggs measure 17.3 mm × 12.8 mm (0.68 in × 0.50 in) and weigh about 1.6 grams (0.056 oz).

蛋的平均尺寸为 17.3 毫米 × 12.8 毫米（0.68 英寸 × 0.50 英寸），重量约为 1.6 克（0.056 盎司）。

The eggs hatch asynchronously, with about a 60% hatchability.

卵异步孵化，孵化率约为 60%。

The nestlings are fed by both parents for 23–27 days to fledging.

雏鸟由父母双方喂养 23-27 天直至长出羽毛。

Usually, there is only one successful fledgling per nest.

通常，每个巢中只有一只成功的雏鸟。

The mangrove swallow subsists primarily on a diet of small, flying insects, including large species such as dragonflies and bees.

红树林燕子主要以小型飞行昆虫为食，包括蜻蜓和蜜蜂等大型物种。

The prey it feeds on is large for a bird of its size.

对于这种体型的鸟类来说，它所吃的猎物很大。

This swallow usually feeds close over bays, lakes, and large rivers, but sometimes can be found to forage 30 metres (98 ft) or more above the water.

这种燕子通常在海湾、湖泊和大河附近觅食，但有时也会在水面以上 30 米（98 英尺）或更高处觅食。

It normally forages in the early morning and late afternoon, with nestlings being fed just after sunrise and before sunset.

它通常在清晨和下午晚些时候觅食，雏鸟在日出后和日落前被喂食。

Non-breeding mangrove swallows normally forage in small flocks, although when breeding, it feeds alone or in pairs.

非繁殖红树林燕子通常以小群形式觅食，但繁殖时则单独或成对进食。

The mangrove swallow typically stays within about 100 metres (330 ft) of its nest when it is foraging for the nestlings.

当红树林燕子觅食雏鸟时，它通常停留在距巢穴约 100 米（330 英尺）的范围内。

But, when hunting for itself, it has been recorded to go as far out as 200 metres (660 ft) from its nest.

但是，据记录，当它寻找自己时，它会离开巢穴最远 200 米（660 英尺）。

Ordinarily, it will feed within its own territory.

通常，它会在自己的领地内进食。

Not much is known about the predators and parasites of the mangrove swallow, although it has been known to lose nests to termites and black flies.

尽管人们知道红树林燕子会因为白蚁和黑蝇而失去巢穴，但人们对红树林燕子的捕食者和寄生虫知之甚少。

The black flies are mainly local and typically only affect artificial nest boxes.

黑蝇主要是本地的，通常只影响人工巢箱。

The prevalence of the flies is linked to nearby streams and is dependent on weather conditions.

苍蝇的流行与附近的溪流有关，并且取决于天气条件。

This swallow is a host to the parasite Sternostoma hirundinis, a type of nasal mite.

这只燕子是寄生虫胸口虫（一种鼻螨）的宿主。

As of 2016, the mangrove swallow is classified as least concern by the IUCN.

截至 2016 年，红树林燕子被 IUCN 列为最不受关注的物种。

There is some evidence that the population is decreasing.

有一些证据表明人口正在减少。

This is probably due to habitat loss or the use of pesticides.

这可能是由于栖息地丧失或杀虫剂的使用造成的。

The justification for classifying this species as least concern is its large population, estimated to be greater than 500,000 individuals, and its extremely large range, estimated to be about 3,170,000 square kilometres (1,220,000 mi2).

将这一物种列为最不受关注的物种的理由是其种群数量庞大，估计超过 500,000 只，而且分布范围极其广泛，估计约为 3,170,000 平方公里（1,220,000 平方英里）。

Although the population is decreasing, it is not decreasing rapidly enough to be classified as a vulnerable species.

尽管种群数量正在减少，但减少速度还不足以被归类为脆弱物种。