Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano (Wikipedia featured)
Shinano (Japanese: 信濃; named after the ancient Shinano Province) was an aircraft carrier built by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II, the largest such built up to that time.
信浓（日语：信浓；以古代信浓国命名）是二战期间日本帝国海军 (IJN) 建造的一艘航空母舰，是当时建造的最大的航空母舰。
Laid down in May 1940 as the third of the Yamato-class battleships, Shinano's partially complete hull was ordered to be converted to an aircraft carrier following Japan's disastrous loss of four of its original six fleet carriers at the Battle of Midway in mid-1942.
信浓号于 1940 年 5 月开工，是大和级战列舰的第三艘，在 1942 年中期的中途岛海战中，日本损失了原有六艘舰队航母中的四艘后，信浓号的部分完整船体被命令改装为航空母舰。
The advanced state of her construction prevented her conversion into a fleet carrier, so the IJN decided to convert her into a carrier that supported other carriers.
她的先进建造状态阻止了她转变为舰队航母，因此日本海军决定将她转变为支持其他航母的航母。
Her conversion was still not finished in November 1944 when she was ordered to sail from the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to Kure Naval Base to complete fitting out and transfer a load of 50 Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka rocket-propelled kamikaze flying bombs.
1944 年 11 月，她的改造尚未完成，当时她被命令从横须贺海军兵工厂航行到吴海军基地，完成装备并转移 50 枚横须贺 MXY7 Ohka 火箭推进式神风特攻队飞行炸弹。
She was sunk en route, 10 days after commissioning, on 29 November 1944, by four torpedoes from the U.S. Navy submarine Archerfish.
1944 年 11 月 29 日，服役 10 天后，她在途中被美国海军潜艇射水鱼号的四枚鱼雷击沉。
Over a thousand sailors and civilians were rescued and 1,435 were lost, including her captain.
超过 1,000 名水手和平民获救，包括船长在内的 1,435 人丧生。
She remains the largest ship ever sunk by a submarine.
她仍然是有史以来被潜艇击沉的最大船只。
One of two additional Yamato-class battleships ordered as part of the 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Program of 1939, Shinano was named after the old province of Shinano, following the Japanese ship-naming conventions for battleships.
作为 1939 年第四次海军装备补充计划的一部分订购的另外两艘大和级战列舰之一，信浓号以旧信浓省的名字命名，遵循日本战舰命名惯例。
She was laid down on 4 May 1940 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to a modified Yamato-class design: her armor would be 10–20 millimeters (0.4–0.8 in) thinner than that of the earlier ships, as it had proved to be thicker than it needed to be for the desired level of protection, and her heavy anti-aircraft (AA) guns would be the new 65-caliber 10 cm Type 98 dual-purpose gun, as it had superior ballistic characteristics and a higher rate of fire than the 40-caliber 12.7 cm Type 89 guns used by her half-sisters.
她于 1940 年 5 月 4 日在横须贺海军兵工厂安放龙骨，采用了改进的大和级设计：她的装甲将比早期舰艇薄 10-20 毫米（0.4-0.8 英寸），因为事实证明它比所需的防护水平更厚，她的重型高射炮（AA）将是新型 65 口径 10 厘米 98 型两用炮，它比她的同父异母姐妹使用的 40 口径 12.7 厘米 89 型火炮具有更优越的弹道特性和更高的射速。
As with Shinano's half-sisters Yamato and Musashi, the new ship's existence was kept a closely guarded secret.
与信浓号同父异母的姐妹大和号和武藏号一样，这艘新船的存在也被严格保密。
A tall fence was erected on three sides of the graving dock, and those working on the conversion were confined to the yard compound.
雕刻码头的三边竖起了高高的栅栏，改造工作的人员被限制在院子里。
Serious punishment—up to and including death—awaited any worker who mentioned the new ship.
任何提及这艘新船的工人都将受到严厉的惩罚，甚至包括死亡。
As a result, Shinano was the only major warship built in the 20th century that was never officially photographed during its construction.
因此，信浓号是 20 世纪建造的唯一一艘在建造过程中从未被正式拍摄过的大型军舰。
The ship is only known to have been photographed on three occasions.
据了解，这艘船只被拍过三次。
The first photograph, taken by a Japanese aircraft in mid-October 1944, was intended to review the camouflage efforts made to conceal the carrier while in drydock.
第一张照片是 1944 年 10 月中旬由一架日本飞机拍摄的，旨在回顾在干船坞中为隐藏航母而进行的伪装工作。
Later, on 1 November 1944, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft captured Shinano near the entrance of Yokosuka Harbor from an altitude of 9,800 meters (32,000 ft).
后来，1944 年 11 月 1 日，一架波音 B-29 Superfortress 侦察机从 9,800 米（32,000 英尺）的高度捕获了横须贺港入口附近的信浓。
Ten days later a civilian photographer aboard a harbor tug photographed Shinano's initial sea trials in Tokyo Bay.
十天后，港口拖船上的一名民间摄影师拍摄了信浓号在东京湾的首次海上试航。
In December 1941, construction on Shinano's hull was temporarily suspended to allow the IJN time to decide what to do with the ship.
1941 年 12 月，信浓号的船体施工暂时停止，以便日本海军有时间决定如何处理这艘船。
She was not expected to be completed until 1945, and the sinking of the British capital ships Prince of Wales and Repulse by IJN bombers had called into question the viability of battleships in the war.
预计她要到 1945 年才能完工，日本海军轰炸机击沉英国主力舰威尔士亲王号和反击号让人们对战列舰在战争中的生存能力产生了质疑。
The navy also wanted to make the large drydock in which the ship was being built available, which required either scrapping the portion already completed or finishing it enough to launch it and clear the drydock.
海军还希望让正在建造的大型干船坞可用，这需要报废已经完成的部分，或者完成足够的工作以下水并清理干船坞。
The IJN decided on the latter, albeit with a reduced work force which was expected to be able to launch the ship in one year.
日本海军决定选择后者，尽管劳动力有所减少，预计能够在一年内下水。
In the month following the disastrous loss of four fleet carriers at the June 1942 Battle of Midway, the IJN ordered the ship's unfinished hull converted into an aircraft carrier.
在 1942 年 6 月的中途岛海战中，四艘舰队航空母舰惨遭损失后的一个月，日本海军下令将这艘船未完成的船体改装成一艘航空母舰。
Her hull was only 45 percent complete by that time, with structural work complete up to the lower deck and most of her machinery installed.
当时她的船体只完成了 45%，直到下层甲板的结构工作已经完成，大部分机械也已安装完毕。
The main deck, lower side armor, and upper side armor around the ship's magazines had been completely installed, and the forward barbettes for the main guns were also nearly finished.
主甲板、下侧装甲和舰载弹药库周围的上侧装甲已经完全安装完毕，主炮的前炮座也接近完成。
The navy decided that Shinano would become a heavily armored support carrier—carrying reserve aircraft, fuel and ordnance in support of other carriers—rather than a fleet carrier.
海军决定信浓号将成为一艘重装甲支援航母——运载备用飞机、燃料和弹药以支持其他航母——而不是一艘舰队航母。
As completed, Shinano had a length of 265.8 meters (872 ft 1 in) overall, a beam of 36.3 meters (119 ft 1 in) and a draft of 10.3 meters (33 ft 10 in).
竣工后，信浓号总长 265.8 米（872 英尺 1 英寸），横梁长 36.3 米（119 英尺 1 英寸），吃水深度 10.3 米（33 英尺 10 英寸）。
She displaced 65,800 metric tons (64,800 long tons) at standard load, 69,151 metric tons (68,059 long tons) at normal load and 73,000 metric tons (72,000 long tons) at full load.
标准载重时她的排水量为 65,800 公吨（64,800 长吨），正常载重时排水量为 69,151 公吨（68,059 长吨），满载时排水量为 73,000 公吨（72,000 长吨）。
Shinano was the heaviest aircraft carrier yet built, a record she held until the 81,000-metric-ton (80,000-long-ton) USS Forrestal was launched in 1954.
信浓号是迄今为止建造的最重的航空母舰，这一纪录一直保持到 1954 年 81,000 公吨（80,000 长吨）的福莱斯特号航空母舰下水。
She was designed for a crew of 2,400 officers and enlisted men.
她是为 2,400 名军官和士兵设计的。
Shinano's machinery was identical to that of her half-sisters.
信浓的机械与她同父异母的姐妹的机械相同。
The ships were fitted with four geared steam turbine sets with a total of 150,000 shaft horsepower (110,000 kW), each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by 12 Kampon water-tube boilers.
这些船舶配备了四台齿轮汽轮机组，总功率为 150,000 轴马力（110,000 kW），每组驱动一个螺旋桨轴，使用 12 台 Kampon 水管锅炉提供的蒸汽。
The ships had a designed speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), but Shinano never conducted full-speed sea trials so her actual performance is unknown.
这些船的设计速度为 27 节（50 公里/小时；31 英里/小时），但信浓号从未进行过全速海上试验，因此她的实际性能未知。
She carried 9,047 metric tons (8,904 long tons) of fuel oil which gave her an estimated range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).
她携带了 9,047 公吨（8,904 长吨）燃油，预计航程为 10,000 海里（19,000 公里；12,000 英里），速度为 18 节（33 公里/小时；21 英里/小时）。
Shinano was designed to load and fuel her aircraft on deck where it was safer for the ship; experiences in the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea had demonstrated that the existing doctrine of fueling and arming their aircraft below decks was a real danger to the carriers if they were attacked while doing so.
信浓的设计是在甲板上为飞机装载和加油，这样对船舶来说更安全；中途岛海战和珊瑚海海战的经验表明，现有的在甲板下为飞机加油和武装的原则如果在这样做时受到攻击，对航母来说是真正的危险。
Much of Shinano's hangar was left open for better ventilation, although steel shutters could close off most of the hangar sides if necessary.
信浓的大部分机库都保持开放，以便更好地通风，但如有必要，钢制百叶窗可以关闭机库的大部分侧面。
This also allowed ordnance or burning aircraft to be jettisoned into the sea, something that the earlier carriers could not do with their enclosed hangars.
这也使得军械或燃烧的飞机能够被扔进海里，这是早期航母无法用其封闭的机库做到的。
The carrier's 256-meter (839 ft 11 in) flight deck was 40 meters (131 ft 3 in) wide and overhung her hull at both ends, supported by pairs of pillars.
该航母的飞行甲板长 256 米（839 英尺 11 英寸），宽 40 米（131 英尺 3 英寸），两端悬于船体上方，由一对支柱支撑。
A large island, modeled on that fitted on the earlier Taihō, was sponsoned off the starboard side and integrated with the ship's funnel.
一座仿照早期大凤号上安装的大岛，从右舷倾斜，并与船的烟囱融为一体。
Much like Taihō, the only other Japanese carrier with an armored flight deck, Shinano's flight deck functioned as the ship's strength deck and copied British practice as seen in their Illustrious-class carriers.
就像大凤号（唯一一艘拥有装甲飞行甲板的日本航母）一样，信浓号的飞行甲板充当了该舰的力量甲板，并模仿了英国在光辉级航母上的做法。
Designed to resist penetration by 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) bombs dropped by a dive bomber, the flight deck consisted of 75 millimeters (3 in) of armor plate laid over 20 millimeters (0.8 in) of ordinary steel.
飞行甲板旨在抵抗俯冲轰炸机投下的 500 公斤（1,100 磅）炸弹的穿透，由 75 毫米（3 英寸）厚的装甲板和 20 毫米（0.8 英寸）厚的普通钢组成。
It was equipped with 15 transverse arrestor wires and three crash barriers that could stop a 7,500-kilogram (16,500 lb) aircraft; five of these wires were positioned further forward to allow the ship to land aircraft over the bow in case the aft portion of the flight deck was unusable.
它配备了 15 条横向阻拦索和三个防撞栏，可以阻止一架 7,500 公斤（16,500 磅）重的飞机；其中五根电线放置在更靠前的位置，以便在飞行甲板的后部无法使用的情况下，船舶可以将飞机降落在船头上方。
Unlike the British carriers, Taihō and Shinano had unarmored sides to their hangars.
与英国航母不同，大凤号和信浓号的机库侧面没有装甲。
For stability reasons, the latter only had a single hangar that was 163.4 by 33.8 meters (536 by 111 ft), with a minimum width of 19.8 meters (65 ft) aft, and had a height of 5 meters (16 ft 6 in).
出于稳定性原因，后者只有一个机库，长 163.4 米 x 33.8 米（536 x 111 英尺），船尾最小宽度为 19.8 米（65 英尺），高度为 5 米（16 英尺 6 英寸）。
The forward area of the hangar was dedicated to maintenance and storage facilities.
机库的前部区域专门用于维护和储存设施。
Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by two elevators, one at each end of the hangar on the centerline of the flight deck.
飞机通过两部电梯在机库和飞行甲板之间运输，机库两端各一部，位于飞行甲板的中心线上。
The larger of the two measured 15 by 14 meters (49.25 by 45.9 ft).
两者中较大的一个尺寸为 15 x 14 米（49.25 x 45.9 英尺）。
They were capable of lifting aircraft weighing up to 7,500 kilograms (16,500 lb).
它们能够举起重达 7,500 公斤（16,500 磅）的飞机。
The ship had an aviation gasoline (avgas) capacity of 720,000 liters (160,000 imp gal; 190,000 U.S. gal).
该船的航空汽油 (avgas) 容量为 720,000 升（160,000 imp gal；190,000 U.S. gal）。
Because Taihō had been sunk by an explosion of gasoline fumes, large ventilation fans were installed on the hangar deck to expel fumes in case of damage to the gasoline system.
由于大凤号是因汽油烟雾爆炸而沉没的，机库甲板上安装了大型通风扇，以排出烟雾，以防汽油系统损坏。
Canvas wind scoops could also be rigged over the elevator opening to force more air inside.
还可以在电梯口安装帆布导风罩，以迫使更多空气进入。
The ship's organic air group was intended to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A7M Reppū (Allied reporting name "Sam") fighters (plus two in storage), 18 Aichi B7A Ryusei ("Grace") torpedo-dive bombers (plus two in storage), and 6 Nakajima C6N Saiun ("Myrt") reconnaissance aircraft (plus one in storage).
该舰的建制航空大队预计由 18 架三菱 A7M Reppū（盟军代号“Sam”）战斗机（外加两架储存）、18 架爱知 B7A Ryusei（“格雷斯”）鱼雷俯冲轰炸机（外加两架储存）和 6 架中岛 C6N Saiun（“Myrt”）侦察机（外加一架储存）组成。
The remainder of the hangar space would have held up to 120 replacement aircraft for other carriers and land bases.
机库的剩余空间可容纳 120 架其他航母和陆地基地的替换飞机。
The steel flight deck was covered with a thin, shock-absorbent latex-sawdust compound.
钢制飞行甲板上覆盖着一层薄薄的减震乳胶木屑混合物。
Shinano's primary armament consisted of sixteen 40-caliber 12.7-centimeter (5 in) Type 89 dual-purpose guns in eight twin mounts, two at each corner of the hull.
信浓号的主要武器包括 16 门 40 口径 12.7 厘米（5 英寸）89 型两用炮，安装在八个双炮座上，船体每个角各有两座。
When firing at surface targets, the guns had a range of 14,700 meters (16,100 yd); they had a maximum ceiling of 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at their maximum elevation of 90 degrees.
当向水面目标射击时，火炮射程为 14,700 米（16,100 码）；它们的最大高度为 9,440 米（30,970 英尺），最大仰角为 90 度。
Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute; their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute.
他们的最大射速为每分钟 14 发；他们的持续射速约为每分钟八发。
The ship also carried 105 Type 96 25 mm (1 in) light AA guns in 35 triple-gun mounts.
该舰还携带 105 门 96 型 25 毫米（1 英寸）轻型防空炮，安装在 35 个三联炮座中。
These 25-millimeter (0.98 in) guns had an effective range of 1,500–3,000 meters (1,600–3,300 yd), and an effective ceiling of 5,500 meters (18,000 ft) at an elevation of +85 degrees.
这些 25 毫米（0.98 英寸）火炮的有效射程为 1,500–3,000 米（1,600–3,300 码），有效射高为 5,500 米（18,000 英尺），仰角为 +85 度。
The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines.
由于需要频繁更换十五发弹匣，最大有效射速仅为每分钟110至120发。
This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II, but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it largely ineffective.
这是二战期间日本标准的轻型防空炮，但它存在严重的设计缺陷，导致其基本上无效。
According to historian Mark Stille, the weapon had many faults including an inability to "handle high-speed targets because it could not be trained or elevated fast enough by either hand or power, its sights were inadequate for high-speed targets, it possessed excessive vibration and muzzle blast"....
根据历史学家马克·斯蒂勒的说法，这种武器有很多缺陷，包括无法“处理高速目标，因为它无法通过手或动力足够快地训练或提升，其瞄准镜不足以应对高速目标，它具有过度的振动和枪口爆炸”......
These guns were supplemented by a dozen 28-round AA rocket launchers.
这些火炮还配有十几个 28 发防空火箭发射器。
Each 12-centimeter (4.7 in) rocket weighed 53 pounds (24 kg) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m/s (660 ft/s).
每枚 12 厘米（4.7 英寸）火箭重 53 磅（24 千克），最大速度为 200 m/s（660 ft/s）。
Their maximum range was 4,800 meters (5,200 yd).
它们的最大射程为 4,800 米（5,200 码）。
Four Type 94 high-angle fire-control directors were fitted to control the Type 89 guns.
安装了四个 94 型高角度火控指挥器来控制 89 型火炮。
The two controlling the port-side guns were adjacent to their guns while the starboard directors were mounted fore and aft on the island.
控制左舷炮的两个控制装置靠近他们的炮，而右舷指挥装置则安装在岛的前后。
They could control all of the forward and rear guns respectively as necessary.
他们可以根据需要分别控制所有的前、后炮。
Type 22 and Type 13 air search radars may have been fitted.
可能已经安装了 22 型和 13 型空中搜索雷达。
The ship's original waterline armor belt thickness of 400 millimeters (15.7 in) was retained only where it had already been installed abreast the magazines, and reduced to 160 millimeters (6.3 in) elsewhere.
该舰最初的水线装甲带厚度为 400 毫米（15.7 英寸），仅在已与弹匣并排安装的地方保留，而在其他地方则减少到 160 毫米（6.3 英寸）。
Below it was a strake of armor that tapered in thickness from 200 millimeters (7.9 in) to 75 millimeters at its bottom edge.
它下面是一条装甲条，其底部边缘的厚度从 200 毫米（7.9 英寸）逐渐减小到 75 毫米。
The flat portion of the armor deck over the machinery and magazine spaces, ranging from 100 to 190 millimeters (3.9 to 7.5 in), was retained, and the sloped portion that angled downward towards the bottom of the main armor belt was 230 millimeters (9.1 in) thick.
机械和弹仓上方装甲甲板的平坦部分（100至190毫米（3.9至7.5英寸））被保留，向下朝向主装甲带底部的倾斜部分厚230毫米（9.1英寸）。
Large external anti-torpedo bulges below the waterline provided the main defense against torpedoes, backed up by an armored bulkhead extending down from the belt armor; the bulkhead was intended to prevent splinters from piercing the main hull and, though not watertight, was backed by a second one which was.
水线以下的大型外部反鱼雷凸起提供了针对鱼雷的主要防御，并由从装甲带向下延伸的装甲舱壁提供支持；舱壁的目的是防止碎片刺穿主船体，虽然不是水密的，但有第二个防水舱壁支撑。
The joint between the upper and lower armor belts was weak and proved to be a serious problem when struck by torpedoes.
上下装甲带之间的连接处很薄弱，被鱼雷击中时会出现严重问题。
Even though Shinano's avgas tanks were protected by armor that could resist a 155-millimeter (6.1 in) shell, the IJN attempted to isolate the tanks from the rest of the ship with a cofferdam.
尽管信浓号的航空汽油坦克受到可抵抗 155 毫米（6.1 英寸）炮弹的装甲保护，但日本海军仍试图用隔离舱将坦克与舰艇的其他部分隔离。
However the investigation into the loss of Taihō had revealed that her avgas tanks had sprung leaks after she was torpedoed.
然而，对大凤号沉没的调查显示，她的航空汽油箱在被鱼雷击中后发生了泄漏。
The resulting fumes then penetrated the cofferdam and exploded.
产生的烟雾随后穿透围堰并发生爆炸。
Therefore, the IJN thought it prudent to fill the empty spaces between the tanks and the cofferdam with 2,400 metric tons (2,362 long tons) of concrete to prevent any fumes from escaping.
因此，日本海军认为谨慎的做法是用 2,400 公吨（2,362 长吨）混凝土填充储罐和围堰之间的空隙，以防止任何烟雾逸出。
The ship was originally scheduled for completion in April 1945, but construction was expedited after the defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the IJN anticipated that the United States would now be able to bomb Japan with long-range aircraft from bases in the Mariana Islands.
该舰原定于 1945 年 4 月完工，但在 1944 年 6 月菲律宾海海战失败后加快了建造速度，因为日本海军预计美国现在可以从马里亚纳群岛基地用远程飞机轰炸日本。
The builder was unable to increase the number of workers on Shinano and could not meet the new deadline of October.
建筑商无法增加信浓的工人数量，也无法在 10 月份的新截止日期前完成任务。
Therefore, the pressure to finish as quickly as possible led to poor workmanship by the workforce.
因此，尽快完成的压力导致了劳动力的工艺水平低下。
Shinano's launch on 8 October 1944, with Captain Toshio Abe in command, was marred by what some considered an ill-omened accident.
1944 年 10 月 8 日，信浓号由阿部利雄船长指挥，但因一些人认为是不祥的事故而受到损害。
During the floating-out procedure, one of the caissons at the end of the dock that had not been properly ballasted with seawater unexpectedly lifted as the water rose to the level of the harbor.
在浮出过程中，码头末端的一个沉箱因海水上升至港口水平而意外升起，该沉箱未用海水适当压载。
The sudden inrush of water into the graving dock pushed the carrier into the forward end, damaging the bow structure below the waterline and requiring repairs in drydock.
突然涌入的水将航母推入前端，损坏了水线以下的船头结构，需要在干船坞进行维修。
These were completed by 26 October.
这些工作已于 10 月 26 日完成。
On 19 November 1944, Shinano was formally commissioned at Yokosuka, having spent the previous two weeks fitting out and performing sea trials.
1944 年 11 月 19 日，信浓号在横须贺正式服役，此前两周进行了舾装和海上试航。
On the same exact day, a B-29 bomber observed Yokosuka and photographed the base, producing one of only three known pictures of Shinano.
就在同一天，一架 B-29 轰炸机观察了横须贺并拍摄了该基地，拍摄了仅有的三张已知的信浓照片之一。
Worried about her safety after the fly-over, the Navy General Staff ordered Shinano to depart for Kure by no later than 28 November, where the remainder of her fitting-out would take place.
由于担心飞越后的安全，海军总参谋部命令信浓号在 11 月 28 日之前启程前往吴市，在那里进行剩余的装备工作。
Abe asked for a delay in the sailing date as the majority of her watertight doors had yet to be installed, the compartment air tests had not been conducted, and many holes in the compartment bulkheads for electrical cables, ventilation ducts and pipes had not been sealed.
安倍要求推迟开航日期，因为她的大部分水密门尚未安装，舱室空气测试尚未进行，舱壁上用于电缆、通风管道和管道的许多孔洞尚未密封。
Importantly, fire mains and bailing systems lacked pumps and were inoperable; even though most of the crew had sea-going experience, they lacked training in the portable pumps on board.
重要的是，消防总管和泄水系统缺乏泵，无法运行；尽管大多数船员都有航海经验，但他们缺乏船上便携式泵的培训。
He was also concerned for the crews of the escorting destroyers, Isokaze, Yukikaze and Hamakaze.
他还关心护航驱逐舰矶风号、雪风号和滨风号的船员。
The destroyers had just returned from the Battle of Leyte Gulf and required more than three days to conduct repairs and to allow their crews to recuperate.
这些驱逐舰刚刚从莱特湾海战中归来，需要三天多的时间进行维修和让舰员休养。
Abe's request was denied, and Shinano departed as scheduled with the escorting destroyers at 18:00 on 28 November.
安倍的请求遭到拒绝，信浓号于11月28日18时随护航驱逐舰如期出发。
Abe commanded a crew of 2,175 officers and men.
安倍指挥着2175名官兵。
Also on board were 300 shipyard workers and 40 civilian employees.
船上还有300名造船厂工人和40名文职员工。
Watertight doors and hatches were left open for ease of access to machinery spaces, as were some manholes in the double and triple-bottomed hull.
水密门和舱口保持打开状态，以便于进入机器空间，双底和三底船体上的一些沙井也是如此。
Abe preferred a daylight passage, since it would have allowed him extra time to train his crew and given the destroyer crews time to rest.
安倍更喜欢白天航行，因为这样可以让他有更多时间训练船员，并让驱逐舰船员有时间休息。
However, he was forced to make a nighttime run when he learned the Navy General Staff could not provide air support.
然而，当他得知海军总参谋部无法提供空中支援时，他被迫夜间奔跑。
Shinano carried six Shinyo suicide boats, and 50 Ohka suicide flying bombs; her other aircraft were not planned to come aboard until later.
信浓号携带有六艘“真阳”自杀艇和50枚“大花”自杀式飞行炸弹；她的其他飞机计划稍后才登机。
Her orders were to go to Kure, where she would complete fitting out and then deliver the kamikaze craft to the Philippines and Okinawa.
她的命令是前往吴市，在那里完成装配，然后将神风特攻队飞船运送到菲律宾和冲绳。
Traveling at an average speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), she needed sixteen hours to cover the 300 miles (480 km) to Kure.
她以 20 节（37 公里/小时；23 英里/小时）的平均速度行驶，需要 16 个小时才能行驶 300 英里（480 公里）到达吴。
As a measure of how important Shinano was to the naval command, Abe was slated for promotion to rear admiral once the fitting-out was complete.
作为衡量信浓对海军司令部重要性的衡量标准，一旦装备完成，安倍晋三将晋升为海军少将。
At 20:48, the American submarine Archerfish, commanded by Commander Joseph F.
20时48分，由约瑟夫·F·肯尼迪（Joseph F.
Enright, detected Shinano and her escorts on her radar and pursued them on a parallel course.
恩恩，在雷达上发现了信浓及其护航舰，并以平行航线追击他们。
Over an hour and a half earlier, Shinano had detected the submarine's radar.
一个半小时前，信浓号已经探测到了潜艇的雷达。
Normally, Shinano would have been able to outrun Archerfish, but the zig-zagging movement of the carrier and her escorts—intended to evade any American submarines in the area—inadvertently turned the task group back into the Archerfish's path on several occasions.
正常情况下，“信浓”号本可以超越“射水鱼”号，但航母及其护航舰的曲折运动——旨在躲避该地区的任何美国潜艇——多次无意中将特混舰队带回到“射水鱼”号的航道上。
At 22:45, the carrier's lookouts spotted Archerfish on the surface, and Isokaze broke formation, against orders, to investigate.
22点45分，航母的了望员在水面发现了射水鱼，矶风违反命令，打破队形进行调查。
Abe ordered the destroyer to return to the formation without attacking because he believed that the submarine was part of an American wolfpack.
安倍命令驱逐舰返回编队而不进行攻击，因为他相信这艘潜艇是美国狼群的一部分。
He assumed Archerfish was being used as a decoy to lure away one of the escorts to allow the rest of the pack a clear shot at Shinano.
他认为射水鱼被用作诱饵，引诱其中一名护卫队，以便让其余的鱼群清楚地瞄准信浓。
He ordered his ships to turn away from the submarine with the expectation of outrunning it, counting on his 2-knot (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) margin of speed over the submarine.
他命令他的船只转向远离潜艇，期望能够超越它，并依靠他在潜艇上的 2 节（3.7 公里/小时；2.3 英里/小时）的速度裕度。
Around 23:22, the carrier was forced to reduce speed to 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph), the same speed as Archerfish, to prevent damage to the propeller shaft when a bearing overheated.
23点22分左右，航母被迫将航速降至18节（33公里/小时；21英里/小时），与射水鱼号相同，以防止轴承过热时损坏螺旋桨轴。
At 02:56 on 29 November, Shinano turned to the southwest and headed straight for Archerfish.
11月29日凌晨2时56分，信浓号转向西南方向，直奔射水鱼而去。
Eight minutes later, Archerfish turned east and submerged in preparation to attack.
八分钟后，射水鱼号转向东下潜入水中，准备攻击。
A few minutes later, Shinano turned south, exposing her entire side to Archerfish—a nearly ideal firing situation for a submarine.
几分钟后，信浓号转向南边，将她的整个侧面暴露在射水鱼的攻击之下——这对于潜艇来说几乎是理想的射击环境。
The escorting destroyer on that side passed right over Archerfish without detecting her.
那边的护航驱逐舰正好从射水鱼上空掠过，却没有发现她。
At 03:15 Archerfish fired six torpedoes before diving to 400 feet (120 m) to escape a depth charge attack from the escorts.
03:15，射水鱼号发射了 6 枚鱼雷，然后潜入 400 英尺（120 m），以躲避护航舰的深水炸弹攻击。
Enright set his torpedoes to run shallow, at a depth of 10 feet (3.0 m).
恩莱特将鱼雷设置为浅水，深度为 10 英尺（3.0 m）。
He not only wanted to ensure they would hit if they ran deeper than set, but also hoped to increase the chances of capsizing the ship by punching holes higher up in the hull.
他不仅想确保它们在比设定深度更深的情况下会击中，还希望通过在船体更高的位置打孔来增加翻船的机会。
Four torpedoes struck Shinano, at an average depth of 4.3 meters (14 ft).
四枚鱼雷击中信浓，平均深度为 4.3 米（14 英尺）。
The first hit towards the stern, flooding refrigerated storage compartments and one of the empty aviation gasoline storage tanks, and killing many of the engineering personnel who were sleeping in the compartments above.
第一次袭击击中了船尾，淹没了冷藏舱和一个空的航空汽油储罐，并杀死了许多睡在上面舱里的工程人员。
The second hit the compartment where the starboard outboard propeller shaft entered the hull, and flooded the outboard engine room.
第二枚弹击中了右舷外侧螺旋桨轴进入船体的舱室，并淹没了外侧发动机舱。
The third hit further forward, flooding the No. 3 boiler room and killing every man on watch there.
第三枚炮弹进一步向前袭击，淹没了三号锅炉房，杀死了在那里值守的所有人员。
Structural failures caused the two adjacent boiler rooms to flood as well.
结构故障也导致两个相邻的锅炉房被淹。
The fourth flooded the starboard air compressor room, adjacent anti-aircraft gun magazines, and the No. 2 damage control station, and ruptured the adjacent oil tank.
第四枚淹没了右舷空气压缩机室、邻近的高射炮库和二号损害控制站，并导致邻近的油箱破裂。
Though severe, the damage to Shinano was at first judged to be manageable.
尽管信浓遭受的损失很严重，但最初被认为是可以控制的。
The crew were confident in the ship's armor and strength, which translated into lax initial efforts to save the ship.
船员们对这艘船的装甲和强度充满信心，这导致最初拯救这艘船的努力松懈。
This overconfidence extended to Abe.
这种过度自信也延伸到了安倍身上。
He doubted the sub's torpedoes could inflict serious damage, since he knew that American torpedoes were less potent than Japanese torpedoes.
他怀疑潜艇的鱼雷能否造成严重损害，因为他知道美国鱼雷的威力不如日本鱼雷。
He ordered the carrier to maintain its maximum speed even after the last torpedo hit.
他命令航母即使在最后一次鱼雷命中后仍保持最大速度。
This pushed more water through the holes in the hull resulting in extensive flooding.
这使得更多的水通过船体上的孔洞，导致大范围的洪水。
Within a few minutes the ship was listing 10 degrees to starboard.
几分钟之内，船就向右舷倾斜了 10 度。
Despite the crew pumping 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) of water into the port bilges, the list increased to 13 degrees.
尽管船员们向港口舱底泵入了 3,000 长吨（3,000 吨）的水，温度还是上升到了 13 度。
When it became apparent the damage was more severe than first thought, Abe ordered a change of course towards Shiono Point, the southernmost tip of Honshu's Kii Peninsula.
当发现损失比最初想象的更严重时，安倍下令改变航向，前往本州纪伊半岛最南端的盐野角。
Progressively increasing flooding increased the list to 15 degrees by 03:30.
洪水逐渐增加，到 03:30 气温已达到 15 度。
Fifty minutes later, Abe ordered the empty port outboard tanks to be counter-flooded, reducing the list to 12 degrees for a brief time.
50分钟后，安倍下令对空置的舷外油箱进行反淹没，将倾斜度暂时降低至12度。
After 05:00 he ordered the civilian workers to be transferred to the escorts as they were impeding the crew in their duties.
05:00后，他命令将文职人员转移到护卫舰上，因为他们妨碍了船员履行职责。
A half-hour later, Shinano was making 10 knots with a 13-degree list.
半小时后，信浓号以 10 节的速度行驶，倾角为 13 度。
At 06:00 her list had increased to 20 degrees after the starboard boiler room flooded, at which point the valves of the port trimming tanks rose above the waterline and became ineffective.
06:00，在右舷锅炉房被淹后，她的倾斜度增加到了 20 度，此时左舷调整舱的阀门上升到水线以上并失效。
The engines shut down for lack of steam around 07:00, and Abe ordered all of the propulsion compartments evacuated an hour later.
07:00 左右，发动机因缺乏蒸汽而关闭，一小时后安倍下令疏散所有推进舱。
He then ordered the three outboard port boiler rooms flooded in a futile attempt to reduce the carrier's list.
然后，他下令淹没三个舷外锅炉房，试图减少航空公司的名单，但徒劳无功。
He also ordered Hamakaze and Isokaze to take her in tow.
他还命令滨风和矶风将她拖走。
However, the two destroyers displaced only 5,000 metric tons (4,900 long tons) between them, about one-fourteenth of Shinano's displacement and not nearly enough to overcome her deadweight.
然而，两艘驱逐舰的排水量仅为 5,000 公吨（4,900 长吨），约为信浓号排水量的四分之一，远不足以克服其自重。
The first tow cables snapped under the strain and the second attempt was aborted for fear of injury to the crews if they snapped again.
第一条拖缆在压力下折断，第二次尝试被中止，因为担心如果再次折断，船员会受伤。
The ship lost all power around 09:00 and was now listing over 20 degrees.
该船于 09:00 左右失去所有动力，目前倾斜温度超过 20 度。
While Abe refused to issue any formal orders to abandon ship, at 10:18 he realized the situation was untenable and released the crew to save themselves.
虽然安倍拒绝发布任何正式弃船命令，但在10时18分，他意识到情况无法维持，并释放了船员以求自救。
At this time Shinano had a list of 30 degrees.
此时信浓已经有了30度的单子。
As she heeled, water flowed into the open elevator well on her flight deck, sucking many swimming sailors back into the ship as she sank.
当她倾斜时，水流入飞行甲板上敞开的电梯井，在她下沉时将许多游泳的水手吸回船内。
A large exhaust vent below the flight deck also sucked many other sailors into the ship as she submerged.
当她淹没时，飞行甲板下方的一个大型排气口也将许多其他水手吸进了船里。
At 10:57 Shinano finally capsized and sank stern-first at coordinates (33°07′N 137°04′E), 65 miles (105 km) from the nearest land, in approximately 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) of water, taking 1,435 officers, men and civilians to their deaths.
10:57，信浓号最终在坐标（北纬 33°07′，东经 137°04′）处倾覆，船尾先沉，距最近陆地 65 英里（105 公里），水深约 4,000 米（13,000 英尺），造成 1,435 名官兵和平民死亡。
The dead included Abe and both of his navigators, who chose to go down with the ship.
死者包括安倍晋三和他的两名航海家，他们选择随船沉没。
Rescued were 55 officers and 993 petty officers and enlisted men, plus 32 civilians for a total of 1,080 survivors.
获救者包括 55 名军官、993 名士官和士兵，以及 32 名平民，总共 1,080 名幸存者。
After their rescue, the survivors were isolated on the island of Mitsuko-jima until January 1945 to suppress the news of the carrier's loss.
获救后，幸存者被隔离在三子岛，直至 1945 年 1 月，以压制航母失事的消息。
The carrier was formally struck from the Naval Register on 31 August.
8 月 31 日，该航母被正式从海军登记册中除名。
US Naval Intelligence did not initially believe Enright's claim to have sunk a carrier.
美国海军情报部门最初并不相信恩莱特关于击沉一艘航母的说法。
Shinano's construction had not been detected through decoded radio messages or other means, and the American analysts believed that they had located all of Japan's surviving carriers, even though a captured Japanese aviator had revealed in July 1943 that a third Yamato-class battleship was being converted into a carrier.
信浓号的建造并未通过解码无线电消息或其他方式被发现，美国分析家相信他们已经找到了日本所有幸存的航母，尽管一名被俘的日本飞行员在 1943 年 7 月透露第三艘大和级战列舰正在改装为航母。
Enright was eventually credited with sinking a 28,000-long-ton (28,000 t) Hayatake (Hiyō-class) carrier by the acting commander of the Pacific Fleet's submarine force on the basis of a drawing Enright submitted depicting the ship he had attacked.
太平洋舰队潜艇部队代理指挥官根据恩赖特提交的描绘他攻击的船只的图纸，最终认为恩赖特击沉了一艘 28,000 长吨（28,000 吨）早武（日阳级）航母。
Once the existence of Shinano was discovered, Enright was credited with her sinking and awarded the Navy Cross.
一旦信浓号的存在被发现，恩莱特就被认为是她沉没的罪魁祸首，并被授予海军十字勋章。
Post-war analysis by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan noted that Shinano had serious design flaws.
美国海军驻日技术代表团的战后分析指出，信浓号存在严重的设计缺陷。
Specifically, the joint between the waterline armor belt on the upper hull and the anti-torpedo bulge on the underwater portion was poorly designed, a trait shared by the Yamato-class battleships; Archerfish's torpedoes all exploded along this joint.
具体来说，舰体上部的水线装甲带与水下部分的反鱼雷凸起之间的连接处设计不佳，这是大和级战列舰的共同特点；射水鱼的鱼雷全部沿着这个接缝爆炸。
The force of the torpedo explosions also dislodged an I-beam in one of the boiler rooms, which punched a hole into another boiler room.
鱼雷爆炸的力量还使其中一个锅炉房的一根工字梁脱落，在另一个锅炉房上冲出了一个洞。
In addition, the failure to test for watertightness in each compartment played a role as potential leaks could not be found and patched before Shinano put to sea.
此外，未能对每个舱室进行水密性测试也是一个原因，因为在信浓出海之前无法发现并修补潜在的泄漏。
The executive officer blamed the large amount of water that entered the ship on the failure to air-test the compartments for leaks.
这位执行官将大量的水进入船内归咎于未能对舱室进行泄漏空气测试。
He reported hearing air rushing through gaps in the watertight doors just minutes after the last torpedo hit—a sign that seawater was rapidly entering the ship, proving the doors were unseaworthy.
他报告说，在最后一次鱼雷击中几分钟后，他听到空气从水密门的缝隙中涌出，这表明海水正在迅速进入船内，证明水密门不适合航海。
List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll
潜艇击沉船只死亡人数列表
Shoki Fukae (Japanese actor known for playing villains in movies and TV show.
深江翔纪（日本演员，因在电影和电视节目中扮演反派角色而闻名。
One of the surviving crew members, he was rescued after drifting for 12 hours after the sinking.)
一名幸存船员，沉船后漂流12小时后获救。）
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马里兰州安纳波利斯：海军学院出版社。
ISBN 0-87021-902-2.
ISBN 0-87021-902-2。
Enright, Joseph F.
恩莱特，约瑟夫·F.
& Ryan, James W.
＆瑞安，詹姆斯·W.
(1987).
（1987）。
Shinano!: The Sinking of Japan's Secret Supership.
信浓！：日本秘密超级舰的沉没。
New York: St. Martin's Press.
纽约：圣马丁出版社。
ISBN 0-312-00186-X.
ISBN 0-312-00186-X。
Garzke, William H.
加尔茨克，威廉 H.
& Dulin, Robert O.
&杜林，罗伯特·O.
(1985).
（1985）。
Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II.
战列舰：第二次世界大战中的轴心国和中立国战列舰。
Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
马里兰州安纳波利斯：海军学院出版社。
ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0.
ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0。
Holtzworth, E.C., Commander (January 1946).
Holtzworth, E.C.，指挥官（1946 年 1 月）。
"Reports of the US Naval Technical Mission to Japan: Ship and Related Targets – Article 2: Yamato (BB), Musashi (BB), Taiho (CV), Shinano (CV)" (PDF).
“美国海军赴日技术任务报告：船舶和相关目标 - 第 2 条：大和 (BB)、武藏 (BB)、大凤 (CV)、信浓 (CV)”(PDF)。
United States Navy.
美国海军。
Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2013.
原始存档 (PDF)，2013 年 10 月 18 日。
Retrieved 6 December 2023.
检索日期：2023 年 12 月 6 日。
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).
汉斯格奥尔格·延舒拉；迪特·荣格和彼得·米克尔 (1977)。
Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945.
日本帝国海军的战舰，1869 年至 1945 年。
Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
马里兰州安纳波利斯：美国海军学院。
ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
ISBN 0-87021-893-X。
Preston, Antony (1999).
安东尼·普雷斯顿（1999）。
The World's Great Aircraft Carriers.
世界上最伟大的航空母舰。
London: Brown Books.
伦敦：棕色书籍。
ISBN 1-897884-58-3.
ISBN 1-897884-58-3。
Silverstone, Paul H.
银石赛道，保罗 H.
(1984).
（1984）。
Directory of the World's Capital Ships.
世界主力舰名录。
New York: Hippocrene Books.
纽约：希波克里尼图书。
ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
ISBN 0-88254-979-0。
Stille, Mark (2007).
马克·斯蒂尔（2007）。
USN Carriers vs IJN Carriers: The Pacific 1942.
美国海军航空母舰与日本海军航空母舰：太平洋 1942 年。
Duel.
决斗。
Vol. 6.
卷。 6.
Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
英国牛津：鱼鹰出版社。
ISBN 978-1-84603-248-6.
ISBN 978-1-84603-248-6。
Tully, Anthony P.
塔利，安东尼·P.
(2001).
（2001）。
"IJN Shinano: Tabular Record of Movement".
“IJN Shinano：运动表格记录”。
Kido Butai.
木户布泰。
Combinedfleet.com.
联合舰队.com。
Retrieved 16 June 2013.
检索日期：2013 年 6 月 16 日。
Two plans of the ship have been located in the National Archives and Records Administration files and are available for download at [1] Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine and [2] Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
该船的两份平面图已存放在国家档案和记录管理局的文件中，可在以下网址下载：[1] 存档于2021年11月1日，存档于 Wayback Machine 和 [2] 存档于 2021年11月1日，存档于 Wayback Machine。