Francis Walsingham (Wikipedia featured)
Sir Francis Walsingham (c.
弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆爵士 (c.
1532 – 6 April 1590) was principal secretary to Queen Elizabeth I of England from 20 December 1573 until his death and is popularly remembered as her "spymaster".
1532 年 – 1590 年 4 月 6 日）从 1573 年 12 月 20 日起一直担任英国女王伊丽莎白一世的首席秘书，直至去世，并被普遍称为她的“间谍头目”。
Born to a well-connected family from the landed gentry, Walsingham attended Cambridge University and travelled in continental Europe before embarking on a career in law at the age of 20.
沃尔辛厄姆出生于一个人脉广泛的地主家庭，就读于剑桥大学，并游历欧洲大陆，然后在 20 岁时开始从事法律职业。
A committed Protestant, during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I of England he joined other expatriates in exile in Switzerland and northern Italy until Mary's death and the accession of her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth.
作为一名坚定的新教徒，在天主教英国女王玛丽一世统治期间，他与其他流亡者一起流亡瑞士和意大利北部，直到玛丽去世和她的新教同父异母的妹妹伊丽莎白即位。
Walsingham rose from relative obscurity to become one of the small coterie who directed the Elizabethan state, overseeing foreign, domestic and religious policy.
沃尔辛厄姆从相对默默无闻的人中脱颖而出，成为指导伊丽莎白时代国家的小圈子之一，负责监督外交、国内和宗教政策。
He served as English ambassador to France in the early 1570s and witnessed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
1570年代初期，他担任英国驻法国大使，亲眼目睹了圣巴塞洛缪日大屠杀。
As principal secretary, he supported overseas exploration and colonisation, the development of the English navy and the plantations of Ireland.
作为首席秘书，他支持海外探险和殖民、英国海军的发展和爱尔兰的种植园。
He worked to bring Scotland and England together.
他致力于将苏格兰和英格兰结合在一起。
His foreign policy demonstrated a new understanding of the role of England as a maritime Protestant power with intercontinental trading ties.
他的外交政策表明了对英国作为具有洲际贸易关系的海上新教强国的作用的新认识。
He oversaw operations that penetrated Spanish military preparation, gathered intelligence from across Europe, disrupted a range of plots against Elizabeth and secured the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
他监督了渗透西班牙军事准备的行动，从欧洲各地收集情报，挫败了一系列针对伊丽莎白的阴谋，并确保苏格兰女王玛丽被处决。
Francis Walsingham was born around 1532, probably at Foots Cray, near Chislehurst in Kent, the only son of William Walsingham (died 1534), a successful and well-connected London lawyer who served as a member of the commission appointed to investigate the estates of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey in 1530.
弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆 (Francis Walsingham) 出生于 1532 年左右，可能出生于肯特郡奇斯尔赫斯特 (Chislehurst) 附近的富茨克雷 (Foots Cray)，是威廉·沃尔辛厄姆 (William Walsingham)（卒于 1534 年）的独生子。威廉·沃尔辛厄姆是一位成功且人脉广泛的伦敦律师，曾担任 1530 年被任命调查红衣主教托马斯·沃尔西 (Thomas Wolsey) 遗产委员会的成员。
William's elder brother was Sir Edmund Walsingham, Lieutenant of the Tower of London.
威廉的哥哥是伦敦塔中尉埃德蒙·沃尔辛厄姆爵士。
Francis's mother was Joyce Denny, a daughter of the courtier Sir Edmund Denny of Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, and a sister of the courtier Sir Anthony Denny, the principal Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Henry VIII.
弗朗西斯的母亲乔伊斯·丹尼是赫特福德郡切森特朝臣埃德蒙·丹尼爵士的女儿，也是亨利八世国王枢密院首席绅士朝臣安东尼·丹尼爵士的妹妹。
After the death of her first husband she married the courtier Sir John Carey in 1538.
1538 年，她的第一任丈夫去世后，她与朝臣约翰·凯里爵士结婚。
Carey's brother William was the husband of Mary Boleyn, the elder sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII.
凯里的弟弟威廉是玛丽·博林的丈夫，玛丽·博林是亨利八世第二任妻子安妮·博林的姐姐。
Of Francis's five siblings, Mary married Sir Walter Mildmay, who was Chancellor of the Exchequer for over 20 years, and Elizabeth married the parliamentarian Peter Wentworth.
在弗朗西斯的五个兄弟姐妹中，玛丽嫁给了担任财政大臣 20 多年的沃尔特·米尔德梅爵士，伊丽莎白嫁给了议员彼得·温特沃斯。
Francis Walsingham matriculated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1548 with many other Protestants but as an undergraduate of high social status did not sit for a degree.
1548 年，弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆 (Francis Walsingham) 与许多其他新教徒一起被剑桥大学国王学院录取，但作为一名社会地位较高的本科生，他没有获得学位。
From 1550 or 1551, he travelled in continental Europe, returning to England by 1552 to enrol at Gray's Inn, one of the qualifying bodies for English lawyers.
从 1550 年或 1551 年起，他游历了欧洲大陆，并于 1552 年返回英国，在格雷学院 (Gray's Inn) 注册，该学院是英国律师资格认证机构之一。
Upon the death in 1553 of Henry VIII's successor, Edward VI, Edward's Catholic half-sister Mary became queen.
1553 年，亨利八世的继任者爱德华六世去世后，爱德华同父异母的天主教妹妹玛丽成为女王。
Many wealthy Protestants, such as John Foxe and John Cheke, fled England, and Walsingham was among them.
许多富有的新教徒，如约翰·福克斯和约翰·切克，逃离了英国，沃尔辛厄姆就是其中之一。
He continued his studies in law at the universities of Basel and Padua, where he was elected to the governing body by his fellow students in 1555.
他在巴塞尔大学和帕多瓦大学继续攻读法律，并于 1555 年被同学选为管理机构成员。
Mary I died in November 1558 and was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth.
玛丽一世于 1558 年 11 月去世，由她同父异母的新教妹妹伊丽莎白继承王位。
Walsingham returned to England and through the support of one of his fellow former exiles, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, he was elected to Elizabeth's first parliament as the member for Bossiney, Cornwall, in 1559.
沃尔辛厄姆返回英国，在他的一位前流亡同胞、第二代贝德福德伯爵弗朗西斯·拉塞尔的支持下，他于 1559 年作为康沃尔郡博西尼的议员被选入伊丽莎白的第一届议会。
At the subsequent election in 1563, he was returned for both Lyme Regis, Dorset, another constituency under Bedford's influence, and Banbury, Oxfordshire.
在 1563 年随后的选举中，他在贝德福德影响下的另一个选区多塞特郡莱姆里吉斯和牛津郡班伯里当选。
He chose to sit for Lyme Regis.
他选择代表莱姆·里吉斯出庭。
In January 1562 he married Anne, daughter of Sir George Barne, Lord Mayor of London in 1552–3, and widow of wine merchant Alexander Carleill.
1562 年 1 月，他与安妮结婚，安妮是 1552-3 年伦敦市长乔治·巴恩 (George Barne) 爵士的女儿，也是葡萄酒商人亚历山大·卡莱尔 (Alexander Carleill) 的遗孀。
Anne died two years later leaving her son Christopher Carleill in Walsingham's care.
两年后安妮去世，留下她的儿子克里斯托弗·卡莱尔由沃尔辛厄姆照顾。
In 1566, Walsingham married Ursula St. Barbe, widow of Sir Richard Worsley, and Walsingham acquired her estates of Appuldurcombe and Carisbrooke Priory on the Isle of Wight.
1566 年，沃尔辛厄姆与理查德·沃斯利爵士的遗孀乌苏拉·圣巴布结婚，沃尔辛厄姆获得了她位于怀特岛的阿普尔杜库姆和卡里斯布鲁克修道院的庄园。
The following year, they had a daughter, Frances.
次年，他们有了一个女儿，弗朗西斯。
Walsingham's other two stepsons, Ursula's sons John and George, were killed in a gunpowder accident at Appuldurcombe in 1567.
沃尔辛厄姆的另外两个继子，乌苏拉的儿子约翰和乔治，于 1567 年在阿普尔杜科姆的一次火药事故中丧生。
In the following years, Walsingham became active in soliciting support for the Huguenots in France and developed a friendly and close working relationship with Nicholas Throckmorton, his predecessor as MP for Lyme Regis and a former ambassador to France.
在接下来的几年里，沃尔辛厄姆积极争取对法国胡格诺派的支持，并与他的前任莱姆里吉斯议员和前驻法国大使尼古拉斯·斯罗克莫顿建立了友好而密切的工作关系。
By 1569, Walsingham was working with William Cecil to counteract plots against Elizabeth.
1569 年，沃尔辛厄姆与威廉·塞西尔合作，挫败针对伊丽莎白的阴谋。
He was instrumental in the collapse of the Ridolfi plot, which hoped to replace Elizabeth with the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots.
他在瓦解里多尔菲阴谋中发挥了重要作用，该阴谋希望用天主教苏格兰女王玛丽取代伊丽莎白。
He is credited with writing propaganda decrying a conspiratorial marriage between Mary and Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and Roberto di Ridolfi, after whom the plot was named, was interrogated at Walsingham's house.
他因撰写宣传文章谴责玛丽和第四代诺福克公爵托马斯·霍华德之间的阴谋婚姻而受到赞誉，而罗伯托·迪·里多尔菲（该阴谋以他的名字命名）在沃尔辛厄姆的家中受到审问。
In 1570, the Queen chose Walsingham to support the Huguenots in their negotiations with Charles IX of France.
1570年，女王选择沃尔辛厄姆支持胡格诺派与法国查理九世的谈判。
Later that year, he succeeded Sir Henry Norris as English ambassador in Paris.
同年晚些时候，他接替亨利·诺里斯爵士担任英国驻巴黎大使。
One of his duties was to continue negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and Charles IX's younger brother Henry, Duke of Anjou.
他的职责之一是继续就伊丽莎白和查理九世的弟弟安茹公爵亨利之间的婚姻进行谈判。
The marriage plan was eventually dropped on the grounds of Henry's Catholicism.
婚姻计划最终因亨利信仰天主教而被放弃。
A substitute match with the youngest brother, Francis, Duke of Alençon, was proposed but Walsingham considered him ugly and "void of a good humour".
有人提议与最小的弟弟阿朗松公爵弗朗西斯进行替补比赛，但沃尔辛厄姆认为他很丑而且“缺乏幽默感”。
Elizabeth was 20 years older than Alençon, and was concerned that the age difference would be seen as absurd.
伊丽莎白比阿朗松大 20 岁，她担心年龄差异会被视为荒谬。
Walsingham believed that it would serve England better to seek a military alliance with France against Spanish interests.
沃尔辛厄姆认为，寻求与法国结成军事联盟以对抗西班牙的利益，对英国会更好。
The defensive Treaty of Blois was concluded between France and England in 1572, but the treaty made no provision for a royal marriage and left the question of Elizabeth's successor open.
1572 年，法国和英国签订了防御性的《布卢瓦条约》，但该条约没有对王室联姻做出任何规定，并且留下了伊丽莎白继承人的问题。
The Huguenots and other European Protestant interests supported the nascent revolt in the Spanish Netherlands, which were provinces of Habsburg Spain.
胡格诺派和其他欧洲新教利益集团支持西属尼德兰（西班牙哈布斯堡王朝的省份）新生的叛乱。
When Catholic opposition to this course in France resulted in the death of Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny and the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Walsingham's house in Paris became a temporary sanctuary for Protestant refugees, including Philip Sidney.
当法国天主教徒反对这一方针导致胡格诺派领袖加斯帕德·德·科利尼死亡和圣巴塞洛缪日大屠杀时，沃尔辛厄姆在巴黎的房子成为新教难民的临时避难所，其中包括菲利普·西德尼。
Ursula, who was pregnant, escaped to England with their four-year-old daughter.
怀孕的乌苏拉带着四岁的女儿逃到了英国。
She gave birth to a second girl, Mary, in January 1573 while Walsingham was still in France.
1573 年 1 月，当沃尔辛厄姆还在法国时，她生下了第二个女孩玛丽。
He returned to England in April 1573, having established himself as a competent official whom the Queen and Cecil could trust.
1573 年 4 月，他返回英国，成为女王和塞西尔可以信任的称职官员。
He cultivated contacts throughout Europe, and a century later his dispatches would be published as The Complete Ambassador.
他在整个欧洲建立了联系，一个世纪后，他的信件将作为《完整大使》出版。
In the December following his return, Walsingham was appointed to the Privy Council of England and was made joint principal secretary (the position which later became "Secretary of State") with Sir Thomas Smith.
回国后的 12 月，沃尔辛厄姆被任命为英国枢密院成员，并与托马斯·史密斯爵士一起担任联合首席秘书（该职位后来成为“国务卿”）。
Smith retired in 1576, leaving Walsingham in effective control of the privy seal, though he was not formally invested as Lord Privy Seal.
史密斯于 1576 年退休，让沃尔辛厄姆有效地控制了枢密院，尽管他并没有被正式任命为枢密院勋爵。
Walsingham acquired a Surrey county seat in Parliament from 1572 that he retained until his death, but he was not a major parliamentarian.
沃尔辛厄姆从 1572 年起获得了萨里县议会席位，并一直保留到去世，但他并不是主要议员。
He was knighted on 1 December 1577, and held the sinecure posts of Recorder of Colchester, custos rotulorum of Hampshire, and High Steward of Salisbury, Ipswich and Winchester.
1577 年 12 月 1 日，他被封为爵士，并担任过科尔切斯特记录员、汉普郡管家、索尔兹伯里、伊普斯威奇和温彻斯特高级管家等闲职。
He was appointed Chancellor of the Order of the Garter from 22 April 1578 until succeeded by Sir Amias Paulet in June 1587, when he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in addition to principal secretary.
从 1578 年 4 月 22 日起，他被任命为嘉德勋章大臣，直至 1587 年 6 月由阿米亚斯·保莱特爵士继任，当时他除了首席秘书外，还担任兰开斯特公国大臣。
The duties of the principal secretary were not defined formally, but as he handled all royal correspondence and determined the agenda of council meetings, he could wield great influence in all matters of policy and in every field of government, both foreign and domestic.
首席秘书的职责没有正式定义，但当他处理所有皇家信件并确定议会会议议程时，他可以在所有政策问题和政府的各个领域（无论是外交还是国内）发挥巨大的影响力。
During his term of office, Walsingham supported the use of England's maritime power to open new trade routes and explore the New World, and was at the heart of international affairs.
沃尔辛厄姆在任期间支持利用英国的海上力量开辟新的贸易路线和探索新大陆，并处于国际事务的核心地位。
He was involved directly with English policy towards Spain, the Netherlands, Scotland, Ireland and France, and embarked on several diplomatic missions to neighbouring European states.
他直接参与了英国对西班牙、荷兰、苏格兰、爱尔兰和法国的政策，并多次前往欧洲邻国执行外交任务。
Closely linked to the mercantile community, he actively supported trade promotion schemes and invested in the Muscovy Company and the Levant Company.
他与商业界联系密切，积极支持贸易促进计划，并投资了莫斯科公司和黎凡特公司。
He supported the attempts of John Davis and Martin Frobisher to discover the Northwest Passage and exploit the mineral resources of Labrador, and encouraged Humphrey Gilbert's exploration of Newfoundland.
他支持约翰·戴维斯和马丁·弗罗比舍发现西北航道和开发拉布拉多矿产资源的尝试，并鼓励汉弗莱·吉尔伯特探索纽芬兰。
Gilbert's voyage was largely financed by recusant Catholics and Walsingham favoured the scheme as a potential means of removing Catholics from England by encouraging emigration to the New World.
吉尔伯特的航行主要由不愿接受的天主教徒资助，沃尔辛厄姆赞成该计划，认为这是通过鼓励移民到新大陆将天主教徒赶出英格兰的潜在手段。
Walsingham was among the promoters of Francis Drake's profitable 1578–1581 circumnavigation of the world, correctly judging that Spanish possessions in the Pacific were vulnerable to attack.
沃尔辛厄姆是弗朗西斯·德雷克 (Francis Drake) 1578 年至 1581 年利润丰厚的环球航行的推动者之一，他正确地判断了西班牙在太平洋的领地容易受到攻击。
The venture was calculated to promote the Protestant interest by embarrassing and weakening the Spanish, as well as to seize Spanish treasure.
这次冒险的目的是通过让西班牙人难堪和削弱西班牙人来促进新教的利益，并夺取西班牙的宝藏。
The first edition of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigation, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation was dedicated to Walsingham.
理查德·哈克卢特 (Richard Hakluyt) 的《英国国家的主要航海、航行和发现》第一版是献给沃尔辛厄姆的。
Walsingham advocated direct intervention in the Netherlands in support of the Protestant revolt against Spain, on the grounds that although wars of conquest were unjust, wars in defence of religious liberty and freedom were not.
沃尔辛厄姆主张直接干预荷兰，支持新教反抗西班牙，理由是虽然征服战争是不公正的，但捍卫宗教自由和自由的战争却不是。
Cecil was more circumspect and advised a policy of mediation, a policy that Elizabeth endorsed.
塞西尔更加谨慎，并建议采取调解政策，伊丽莎白也赞同这一政策。
Walsingham was sent on a special embassy to the Netherlands in 1578, to sound out a potential peace deal and gather military intelligence.
1578 年，沃尔辛厄姆被派往荷兰派遣特使，探寻潜在的和平协议并收集军事情报。
Charles IX died in 1574 and the Duke of Anjou inherited the French throne as Henry III.
1574年查理九世去世，安茹公爵继承了法国王位，即亨利三世。
Between 1578 and 1581 the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage with Henry III's youngest brother, the Duke of Alençon, who had put himself forward as a protector of the Huguenots and a potential leader of the Dutch.
1578 年至 1581 年间，女王再次尝试与亨利三世最小的弟弟阿朗松公爵进行婚姻谈判，阿朗松公爵自称是胡格诺派的保护者和荷兰人的潜在领导人。
Walsingham was sent to France in mid-1581 to discuss an Anglo-French alliance, but the French wanted the marriage agreed first and Walsingham was under instruction to obtain a treaty before committing to the marriage.
1581 年中期，沃尔辛厄姆被派往法国讨论英法联盟问题，但法国希望首先同意联姻，沃尔辛厄姆奉命在承诺联姻之前先获得一份条约。
He returned to England without an agreement.
他在没有达成协议的情况下返回了英国。
Personally, Walsingham opposed the marriage, perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition.
就个人而言，沃尔辛厄姆反对这桩婚姻，也许是为了鼓励公众反对。
Alençon was a Catholic and as his elder brother, Henry III, was childless, he was heir presumptive to the French throne.
阿朗松是一名天主教徒，由于他的哥哥亨利三世没有孩子，他是法国王位的推定继承人。
Elizabeth was past the age of childbearing and had no clear successor.
伊丽莎白已经过了生育年龄，没有明确的继承人。
If she died while married to him, her realms could fall under French control.
如果她在嫁给他时去世，她的领地可能会落入法国的控制之下。
By comparing the match of Elizabeth and Alençon with the match of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Valois, which occurred in the week before the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, the "most horrible spectacle" he had ever witnessed, Walsingham raised the spectre of religious riots in England in the event of the marriage proceeding.
通过将伊丽莎白和阿朗松的婚姻与新教纳瓦拉的亨利和天主教瓦卢瓦的玛格丽特的婚姻进行比较，这发生在他所目睹的“最可怕的景象”圣巴塞洛缪日大屠杀的前一周，沃尔辛厄姆提出了婚姻诉讼中英国宗教骚乱的幽灵。
Elizabeth put up with his blunt, often unwelcome, advice, and acknowledged his strong beliefs in a letter, in which she called him "her Moor [who] cannot change his colour".
伊丽莎白忍受了他直率的、常常不受欢迎的建议，并在一封信中承认了他坚定的信念，她在信中称他为“她的摩尔人，无法改变自己的肤色”。
These were years of tension in policy towards France, with Walsingham sceptical of the unpredictable Henry III and distrustful of the English ambassador in Paris, Edward Stafford.
这些年来，对法政策紧张，沃尔辛厄姆对不可预测的亨利三世持怀疑态度，对英国驻巴黎大使爱德华·斯塔福德也不信任。
Stafford, who was compromised by his gambling debts, was in the pay of the Spanish and passed vital information to Spain.
因赌债而受到损害的斯塔福德接受了西班牙人的雇佣，并向西班牙传递了重要信息。
Walsingham may have been aware of Stafford's duplicity, as he fed the ambassador false information, presumably in the hope of fooling or confusing the Spanish.
沃尔辛厄姆可能已经意识到斯塔福德的口是心非，因为他向大使提供了虚假信息，大概是希望愚弄或迷惑西班牙人。
The pro-English Regent of Scotland James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, whom Walsingham had supported, was overthrown in 1578.
沃尔辛厄姆支持的亲英国的苏格兰摄政王第四代莫顿伯爵詹姆斯·道格拉斯于 1578 年被推翻。
After the collapse of the Raid of Ruthven, another initiative to secure a pro-English government in Scotland, Walsingham reluctantly visited the Scottish court in August 1583, knowing that his diplomatic mission was unlikely to succeed.
另一项旨在确保苏格兰建立亲英国政府的举措——鲁斯文突袭失败后，沃尔辛厄姆不情愿地于 1583 年 8 月访问了苏格兰宫廷，因为他知道自己的外交使命不太可能成功。
James VI dismissed Walsingham's advice on domestic policy saying he was an "absolute King" in Scotland.
詹姆斯六世驳回了沃尔辛厄姆关于国内政策的建议，称他是苏格兰的“绝对国王”。
Walsingham replied with a discourse on the topic that "young princes were many times carried into great errors upon an opinion of the absoluteness of their royal authority and do not consider, that when they transgress the bounds and limits of the law, they leave to be kings and become tyrants." According to James Melville of Halhill, James VI intended to give Walsingham a valuable diamond ring as a parting gift, but James Stewart, Earl of Arran, who Walsingham had ignored, substituted a ring of crystal.
沃尔辛厄姆对此主题进行了回答，“年轻的王子们多次因为认为自己的王权绝对性而犯下巨大错误，并且没有考虑到，当他们违反法律的界限和限制时，他们就会成为国王并成为暴君。”据哈尔希尔 (Halhill) 的詹姆斯·梅尔维尔 (James Melville) 称，詹姆斯六世原本打算送给沃尔辛厄姆一枚价值不菲的钻石戒指作为临别礼物，但沃尔辛厄姆忽视了阿兰伯爵詹姆斯·斯图尔特 (James Stewart)，他用一枚水晶戒指代替了他。
A mutual defence pact was eventually agreed in the Treaty of Berwick of 1586.
最终在 1586 年的《伯威克条约》中达成了共同防御协议。
Walsingham's cousin Edward Denny fought in Ireland during the rebellion of the Earl of Desmond and was one of the English settlers granted land in Munster confiscated from Desmond.
沃尔辛厄姆的表弟爱德华·丹尼在戴斯蒙德伯爵叛乱期间在爱尔兰作战，是从戴斯蒙德没收的明斯特土地上获得土地的英国定居者之一。
Walsingham's stepson Christopher Carleill commanded the garrisons at Coleraine and Carrickfergus.
沃尔辛厄姆的继子克里斯托弗·卡莱尔指挥了科尔雷恩和卡里克弗格斯的驻军。
Walsingham thought Irish farmland was underdeveloped and hoped that plantation would improve the productivity of estates.
沃尔辛厄姆认为爱尔兰的农田尚未开发，希望种植园能够提高庄园的生产力。
Tensions between the native Irish and the English settlers had lasting effects on the history of Ireland.
爱尔兰本土人和英国定居者之间的紧张关系对爱尔兰的历史产生了持久的影响。
Walsingham's younger daughter Mary died aged seven in July 1580; his elder daughter, Frances, married Sir Philip Sidney on 21 September 1583, despite the Queen's initial objections to the match (for unknown reasons) earlier in the year.
沃尔辛厄姆的小女儿玛丽于 1580 年 7 月去世，享年 7 岁。他的大女儿弗朗西斯于 1583 年 9 月 21 日与菲利普·西德尼爵士结婚，尽管女王在今年早些时候最初反对这桩婚事（原因不明）。
As part of the marriage agreement, Walsingham agreed to pay £1,500 of Sidney's debts and gave his daughter and son-in-law the use of his manor at Barn Elms in Surrey.
作为婚姻协议的一部分，沃尔辛厄姆同意偿还西德尼 1,500 英镑的债务，并让他的女儿和女婿使用他位于萨里郡 Barn Elms 的庄园。
A granddaughter born in November 1585 was named Elizabeth after the Queen, who was one of two godparents along with Sidney's uncle, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester.
1585 年 11 月出生的孙女以女王的名字命名为伊丽莎白，女王是西德尼的叔叔第一代莱斯特伯爵罗伯特·达德利的两位教父母之一。
The following year, Sidney was killed fighting the Spanish in the Netherlands and Walsingham was faced with paying off more of Sidney's extensive debts.
第二年，西德尼在荷兰与西班牙人的战斗中阵亡，沃尔辛厄姆面临着偿还西德尼巨额债务的更多问题。
His widowed daughter gave birth, in a difficult delivery, to a second child shortly afterward, but the baby, a girl, was stillborn.
不久之后，他守寡的女儿在一次艰难的分娩中生下了第二个孩子，但这个婴儿是一个女孩，死产了。
Walsingham was driven by Protestant zeal to counter Catholicism, and sanctioned the use of torture against Catholic priests and suspected conspirators.
沃尔辛厄姆受到新教徒对抗天主教热情的驱使，并批准对天主教神父和涉嫌共谋者使用酷刑。
Edmund Campion was among those tortured and found guilty on the basis of extracted evidence; he was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn in 1581.
埃德蒙·坎皮恩（Edmund Campion）是遭受酷刑并根据提取的证据被判有罪的人之一。 1581 年，他在泰伯恩被绞死、抽出并分尸。
Walsingham could never forget the atrocities against Protestants he had witnessed in France during the Bartholomew's Day massacre and believed a similar slaughter would occur in England in the event of a Catholic resurgence.
沃尔辛厄姆永远不会忘记他在法国巴塞洛缪日大屠杀期间亲眼目睹的针对新教徒的暴行，并相信如果天主教复兴，英国也会发生类似的屠杀。
Walsingham's brother-in-law Robert Beale, who was in Paris with Walsingham at the time of the massacre, encapsulated Walsingham's view: "I think it time and more than time for us to awake out of our dead sleep, and take heed lest like mischief as has already overwhelmed the brethren and neighbours in France and Flanders embrace us which be left in such sort as we shall not be able to escape." Walsingham tracked down Catholic priests in England and supposed conspirators by employing informers, and intercepting correspondence.
沃尔辛厄姆的姐夫罗伯特·比尔（Robert Beale）在大屠杀发生时与沃尔辛厄姆一起在巴黎，他总结了沃尔辛厄姆的观点：“我认为我们现在应该从沉睡中醒来，并且要小心，以免像已经压垮法国和佛兰德斯的弟兄和邻居那样的恶作剧，让我们陷入这样的境地，我们将无法逃脱。”沃尔辛厄姆通过雇佣线人并拦截信件来追踪英格兰的天主教牧师和所谓的阴谋者。
Walsingham's staff in England included the cryptographer Thomas Phelippes, who was an expert in forgery and deciphering letters, and Arthur Gregory, who was skilled at breaking and repairing seals without detection.
沃尔辛厄姆在英国的工作人员包括密码学家托马斯·菲利普斯（Thomas Phelippes）和阿瑟·格雷戈里（Arthur Gregory），前者是伪造和破译信件的专家，后者擅长在不被发现的情况下打破和修复封印。
In May 1582, letters from the Spanish ambassador in England, Bernardino de Mendoza, to contacts in Scotland were found on a messenger by Sir John Forster, who forwarded them to Walsingham.
1582 年 5 月，约翰·福斯特爵士在信使身上发现了西班牙驻英格兰大使贝尔纳迪诺·德·门多萨 (Bernardino de Mendoza) 写给苏格兰联系人的信，并将这些信转发给了沃尔辛厄姆。
The letters indicated a conspiracy among the Catholic powers to invade England and displace Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots.
这些信件表明天主教列强之间密谋入侵英格兰并用苏格兰女王玛丽取代伊丽莎白。
By April 1583, Walsingham had a spy, identified as Giordano Bruno by historian John Bossy, deployed in the French embassy in London.
1583 年 4 月，沃尔辛厄姆在法国驻伦敦大使馆部署了一名间谍，历史学家约翰·博西 (John Bossy) 指认他为佐丹奴·布鲁诺 (Giordano Bruno)。
Walsingham's contact reported that Francis Throckmorton, a nephew of Walsingham's old friend Nicholas Throckmorton, had visited the ambassador, Michel de Castelnau.
沃尔辛厄姆的联系人报告说，沃尔辛厄姆的老朋友尼古拉斯·斯罗克莫顿的侄子弗朗西斯·斯罗克莫顿拜访了大使米歇尔·德卡斯特尔诺。
In November 1583, after six months of surveillance, Walsingham had Throckmorton arrested and then tortured to secure a confession—an admission of guilt that clearly implicated Mendoza.
1583 年 11 月，经过六个月的监视，沃尔辛厄姆逮捕了斯罗克莫顿，然后对斯罗克莫顿施以酷刑以逼供——这一认罪显然与门多萨有关。
The Throckmorton plot called for an invasion of England along with a domestic uprising to liberate Mary, Queen of Scots, and depose Elizabeth.
斯罗克莫顿阴谋要求入侵英格兰并发动国内起义，以解放苏格兰女王玛丽并废黜伊丽莎白。
Throckmorton was executed in 1584 and Mendoza was expelled from England.
1584 年，斯罗克莫顿被处决，门多萨被驱逐出英国。
Walsingham is often mentioned – negatively – in coded letters from Mary, Queen of Scots, to the French ambassador.
在苏格兰女王玛丽写给法国大使的密信中，沃尔辛厄姆经常被负面提及。
After the assassination in mid-1584 of William the Silent, the leader of the Dutch revolt against Spain, English military intervention in the Low Countries was agreed in the Treaties of Nonsuch of 1585.
1584 年中期荷兰反西班牙起义领袖沉默者威廉被暗杀后，1585 年的《绝伦条约》同意英国对低地国家进行军事干预。
The murder of William the Silent also reinforced fears for Queen Elizabeth's safety.
沉默者威廉的谋杀也加剧了人们对伊丽莎白女王安全的担忧。
Walsingham helped create the Bond of Association, the signatories of which promised to hunt down and kill anyone who conspired against Elizabeth.
沃尔辛厄姆帮助创建了协会债券，该协议的签署者承诺追捕并杀死任何密谋反对伊丽莎白的人。
The Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person, passed by Parliament in March 1585, set up a legal process for trying any claimant to the throne implicated in plots against the Queen.
1585 年 3 月，议会通过了《女王人身担保法》，该法案设立了一个法律程序，用于审判任何参与阴谋反对女王的王位继承人。
The following month Mary, Queen of Scots, was placed in the strict custody of Sir Amias Paulet, a friend of Walsingham.
次月，苏格兰女王玛丽被沃尔辛厄姆的朋友阿米亚斯·保莱特爵士严格监护。
At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley.
圣诞节时，她搬到了查特利一座有护城河的庄园。
Walsingham instructed Paulet to open, read and pass to Mary unsealed any letters that she received, and to block any potential route for clandestine correspondence.
沃尔辛厄姆指示保莱特打开、阅读并解封她收到的所有信件并将其传递给玛丽，并阻止任何潜在的秘密通信途径。
In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham arranged a single exception: a covert means for Mary's letters to be smuggled in and out of Chartley in a beer keg.
为了成功地诱骗她，沃尔辛厄姆安排了一个例外：用啤酒桶将玛丽的信件偷运进出查特利。
Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham's agents.
玛丽被误导，认为这些秘密信件是安全的，而实际上它们是由沃尔辛厄姆的特工破译和阅读的。
In July 1586, Anthony Babington wrote to Mary about an impending plot to free her and kill Elizabeth.
1586 年 7 月，安东尼·巴宾顿 (Anthony Babington) 写信给玛丽，讲述了即将发生的释放她并杀死伊丽莎白的阴谋。
Mary's reply was clearly encouraging and sanctioned Babington's plans.
玛丽的答复显然是令人鼓舞的，并认可了巴宾顿的计划。
Walsingham had Babington and his associates rounded up; fourteen were executed in September 1586.
沃尔辛厄姆逮捕了巴宾顿和他的同伙。 1586 年 9 月，有 14 人被处决。
In October, Mary was put on trial under the Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person in front of 36 commissioners, including Walsingham.
10 月，玛丽根据《女王人身担保法》在包括沃尔辛厄姆在内的 36 名委员面前接受审判。
During the presentation of evidence against her, Mary broke down and pointed accusingly at Walsingham saying, "all of this is the work of Monsieur de Walsingham for my destruction", to which he replied, "God is my witness that as a private person I have done nothing unworthy of an honest man, and as Secretary of State, nothing unbefitting my duty." Mary was found guilty and the warrant for her execution was drafted, but Elizabeth hesitated to sign it, despite pressure from Walsingham.
在出示对她不利的证据时，玛丽崩溃了，指责沃尔辛厄姆说：“这一切都是德沃尔辛厄姆先生为了毁灭我而做的”，沃尔辛厄姆回答说：“上帝为我作证，作为一个普通人，我没有做过任何不值得诚实的人的事情，作为国务卿，也没有做过任何不符合我职责的事情。”玛丽被判有罪，并起草了处决令，但伊丽莎白不顾沃尔辛厄姆的压力，犹豫是否要签署。
Walsingham wrote to Paulet urging him to find "some way to shorten the life" of Mary to relieve Elizabeth of the burden, to which Paulet replied indignantly, "God forbid that I should make so foul a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot to my poor posterity, to shed blood without law or warrant." Walsingham made arrangements for Mary's execution; Elizabeth signed the warrant on 1 February 1587 and entrusted it to William Davison, who had been appointed as junior Secretary of State in late September 1586.
沃尔辛厄姆写信给保莱特，敦促他找到“某种方法来缩短玛丽的寿命”，以减轻伊丽莎白的负担，保莱特愤怒地回答说：“上帝禁止我在没有法律或授权的情况下流血，让我的良心遭受如此严重的破坏，或给我可怜的子孙留下如此巨大的污点。”沃尔辛厄姆为玛丽的处决做了安排。伊丽莎白于 1587 年 2 月 1 日签署了授权令，并将其委托给 1586 年 9 月下旬被任命为初级国务卿的威廉·戴维森。
Davison passed the warrant to Cecil and a privy council convened by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge agreed to carry out the sentence as soon as was practical.
戴维森将逮捕令交给了塞西尔，塞西尔在伊丽莎白不知情的情况下召集了一个枢密院，同意在可行的情况下尽快执行判决。
Within a week, Mary was beheaded.
一周之内，玛丽被斩首。
On hearing of the execution, Elizabeth claimed not to have sanctioned the action and that she had not meant Davison to part with the warrant.
在听到处决的消息后，伊丽莎白声称并没有批准这一行动，并且她并不想让戴维森放弃逮捕令。
Davison was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
戴维森被捕并被监禁在伦敦塔。
Walsingham's share of Elizabeth's displeasure was small because he was absent from court, at home ill, in the weeks just before and after the execution.
沃尔辛厄姆对伊丽莎白的不满并不大，因为在行刑前后的几周内，他因病在家缺席法庭。
Davison was eventually released in October 1588, on the orders of Cecil and Walsingham.
戴维森最终在塞西尔和沃尔辛厄姆的命令下于 1588 年 10 月被释放。
From 1586, Walsingham received many dispatches from his agents in mercantile communities and foreign courts detailing Spanish preparations for an invasion of England.
从 1586 年起，沃尔辛厄姆收到了他在商业界和外国法院的代理人发来的许多电报，详细介绍了西班牙入侵英格兰的准备工作。
Walsingham's recruitment of Anthony Standen, a friend of the Tuscan ambassador to Madrid, was an exceptional intelligence triumph and Standen's dispatches were deeply revealing.
沃尔辛厄姆招募了托斯卡纳驻马德里大使的朋友安东尼·斯坦登，这是一次非凡的情报胜利，而斯坦登的情报也具有深刻的启示意义。
Walsingham worked to prepare England for a potential war with Spain, in particular by supervising the substantial rebuilding of Dover Harbour, and encouraging a more aggressive strategy.
沃尔辛厄姆致力于为英格兰与西班牙的潜在战争做好准备，特别是监督多佛港的实质性重建，并鼓励采取更具侵略性的战略。
On Walsingham's instructions, the English ambassador in Turkey, William Harborne, attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the Ottoman Sultan to attack Spanish possessions in the Mediterranean in the hope of distracting Spanish forces.
根据沃尔辛厄姆的指示，英国驻土耳其大使威廉·哈博恩试图说服奥斯曼苏丹攻击西班牙在地中海的领地，以分散西班牙军队的注意力，但没有成功。
Walsingham supported Francis Drake's raid of Cadiz in 1587, which wrought havoc with Spanish logistics.
1587 年，沃尔辛厄姆支持弗朗西斯·德雷克 (Francis Drake) 袭击加的斯，这对西班牙后勤造成了严重破坏。
The Spanish Armada sailed for England in July 1588.
1588 年 7 月，西班牙无敌舰队驶向英国。
Walsingham received regular dispatches from the English naval forces, and raised his own troop of 260 men as part of the land defences.
沃尔辛厄姆定期收到英国海军的派遣，并组建了自己的 260 人部队作为陆地防御的一部分。
On 18 August 1588, after the dispersal of the armada, naval commander Lord Henry Seymour wrote to Walsingham, "you have fought more with your pen than many have in our English navy fought with their enemies".
1588 年 8 月 18 日，无敌舰队解散后，海军指挥官亨利·西摩勋爵写信给沃尔辛厄姆，“你用笔进行的战斗比我们英国海军中许多人与敌人战斗的次数还要多”。
In foreign intelligence, Walsingham's extensive network of "intelligencers", who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean.
在外国情报方面，沃尔辛厄姆广泛的“情报员”网络横跨欧洲和地中海，传递一般新闻和秘密。
While foreign intelligence was a normal part of the principal secretary's activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition, and large sums of his own money.
虽然外国情报是首席秘书活动的正常组成部分，但沃尔辛厄姆却为其带来了天赋和野心，以及大量自己的资金。
He cast his net more widely than others had done previously: expanding and exploiting links across the continent as well as in Constantinople and Algiers, and building and inserting contacts among Catholic exiles.
他的网比其他人以前所做的更广泛：扩大和利用整个大陆以及君士坦丁堡和阿尔及尔的联系，并在天主教流亡者之间建立和插入联系。
Among his spies may have been the playwright Christopher Marlowe; Marlowe was in France in the mid-1580s and was acquainted with Walsingham's kinsman Thomas Walsingham.
他的间谍中可能有剧作家克里斯托弗·马洛。 1580 年代中期，马洛在法国，结识了沃尔辛厄姆的亲戚托马斯·沃尔辛厄姆。
From 1571 onwards, Walsingham complained of ill health and often retired to his country estate for periods of recuperation.
从 1571 年起，沃尔辛厄姆抱怨健康状况不佳，经常退休到他的乡村庄园休养。
He complained of "sundry carnosities", pains in his head, stomach and back, and difficulty in passing urine.
他抱怨自己有“各种肉病”、头部、胃部和背部疼痛，以及排尿困难。
Suggested diagnoses include cancer, kidney stones, urinary infection, and diabetes.
建议的诊断包括癌症、肾结石、泌尿道感染和糖尿病。
He died on 6 April 1590, at his house in Seething Lane.
1590 年 4 月 6 日，他在 Seething Lane 的家中去世。
Historian William Camden wrote that Walsingham died from "a carnosity growing intra testium tunicas [testicular cancer]".
历史学家威廉·卡姆登写道，沃尔辛厄姆死于“睾丸内生长的肉瘤[睾丸癌]”。
He was buried privately in a simple ceremony at 10 pm on the following day, beside his son-in-law, in Old St Paul's Cathedral.
第二天晚上 10 点，他在老圣保罗大教堂举行了一个简单的私人葬礼，葬在他女婿的身边。
The grave and monument were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.
1666 年，这座坟墓和纪念碑在伦敦大火中被毁。
His name appears on a modern monument in the crypt listing the important graves lost.
他的名字出现在地下室的一座现代纪念碑上，列出了丢失的重要坟墓。
In his will, dated 12 December 1589, Walsingham complained of "the greatness of my debts and the mean state [I] shall leave my wife and heirs in", but the true state of his finances is unclear.
在 1589 年 12 月 12 日的遗嘱中，沃尔辛厄姆抱怨“我的债务巨额，我的妻子和继承人将陷入贫困的境地”，但他的真实财务状况尚不清楚。
He received grants of land from the Queen, grants for the export of cloth and leases of customs in the northern and western ports.
他获得了女王授予的土地、布料出口补助以及北部和西部港口的海关租约。
His primary residences, apart from the court, were in Seething Lane by the Tower of London (now the site of a Victorian office building called Walsingham House), at Barn Elms in Surrey and at Odiham in Hampshire.
除宫廷外，他的主要住所位于伦敦塔旁的 Seething Lane（现为沃尔辛厄姆大厦 (Walsingham House) 的维多利亚时代办公楼所在地）、萨里的 Barn Elms 和汉普郡的奥迪厄姆 (Odiham)。
Nothing remains of any of his houses.
他的任何房屋都已荡然无存。
He spent much of his own money on espionage in the service of the Queen and the Protestant cause.
他把自己的大部分钱花在为女王和新教事业服务的间谍活动上。
In 1586, he funded a lectureship in theology at Oxford University for the Puritan John Rainolds.
1586年，他资助清教徒约翰·雷诺兹在牛津大学获得神学讲师职位。
He had underwritten the debts of his son-in-law, Sir Philip Sidney, had pursued the Sidney estate for recompense unsuccessfully and had carried out major land transactions in his later years.
他曾为女婿菲利普·西德尼爵士承担债务，追讨西德尼遗产未果，并在晚年进行了大宗土地交易。
After his death, his friends reflected that poor bookkeeping had left him further in the Crown's debt than was fair.
他死后，他的朋友们反映，糟糕的簿记让他欠下的王债比公平的还要多。
In 1611, the Crown's debts to him were calculated at over £48,000, but his debts to the Crown were calculated at over £43,000 and a judge, Sir Julius Caesar, ordered both sets of debts cancelled quid pro quo.
1611年，国王欠他的债务超过48,000英镑，但他欠国王的债务超过43,000英镑，法官朱利叶斯·凯撒爵士下令取消这两套债务作为交换条件。
Walsingham's surviving daughter Frances received a £300 annuity, and married the Earl of Essex.
沃尔辛厄姆幸存的女儿弗朗西斯获得了 300 英镑的年金，并嫁给了埃塞克斯伯爵。
Ursula, Lady Walsingham, continued to live at Barn Elms with a staff of servants until her death in 1602.
沃尔辛厄姆夫人乌苏拉 (Ursula, Lady Walsingham) 继续与一批仆人住在谷仓埃尔姆斯 (Barn Elms)，直到 1602 年去世。
Protestants lauded Walsingham as "a sound pillar of our commonwealth and chief patron of virtue, learning and chivalry".
新教徒称赞沃尔辛厄姆是“我们联邦的坚实支柱和美德、学问和骑士精神的主要守护者”。
He was part of a Protestant intelligentsia that included Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser and John Dee: men who promoted an expansionist and nationalist English Renaissance.
他是新教知识分子中的一员，其中包括菲利普·西德尼（Philip Sidney）、埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）和约翰·迪（John Dee）：推动英国文艺复兴扩张主义和民族主义的人。
Spenser included a dedicatory sonnet to Walsingham in the Faerie Queene, likening him to Maecenas who introduced Virgil to the Emperor Augustus.
斯宾塞在《仙后》中收录了一首献给沃尔辛厄姆的十四行诗，将他比作将维吉尔介绍给奥古斯都皇帝的梅塞纳斯。
After Walsingham's death, Sir John Davies composed an acrostic poem in his memory and Watson wrote an elegy, Meliboeus, in Latin.
沃尔辛厄姆去世后，约翰·戴维斯爵士为纪念他创作了一首离合诗，沃森则用拉丁语写了一首挽歌《梅里博乌斯》。
On the other hand, Jesuit Robert Persons thought Walsingham "cruel and inhumane" in his persecution of Catholics.
另一方面，耶稣会士罗伯特·珀森斯认为沃尔辛厄姆对天主教徒的迫害是“残忍和不人道的”。
Catholic sources portray a ruthless, devious man driven by religious intolerance and an excessive love for intrigue.
天主教资料描绘了一个冷酷、狡猾的人，他受到宗教不宽容和对阴谋的过度热爱所驱使。
Walsingham attracts controversy still.
沃尔辛厄姆仍然引起争议。
Although he was ruthless, his opponents on the Catholic side were no less so; the treatment of prisoners and suspects by Tudor authorities was typical of European governments of the time.
尽管他冷酷无情，但天主教方面的对手也同样如此。都铎王朝当局对待囚犯和嫌疑人的方式是当时欧洲政府的典型做法。
Walsingham's personal, as opposed to his public, character is elusive; his public papers were seized by the government while many of his private papers, which might have revealed much, were lost.
与公众形象不同，沃尔辛厄姆的个人性格难以捉摸。他的公开文件被政府没收，而他的许多私人文件可能透露了很多信息，但都丢失了。
The fragments that do survive demonstrate his personal interest in gardening and falconry.
幸存下来的碎片表明了他个人对园艺和猎鹰的兴趣。
Fictional portrayals of Walsingham tend to follow Catholic interpretations, depicting him as sinister and Machiavellian.
沃尔辛厄姆的虚构形象往往遵循天主教的解释，将他描绘成阴险和马基雅维利式的。
He features in conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Christopher Marlowe, whom he predeceased.
他是围绕克里斯托弗·马洛（他先于他去世）之死的阴谋论的主角。
Charles Nicholl examined (and rejected) such theories in The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe (1992), which was used as a source by Anthony Burgess for his novel A Dead Man in Deptford (1993).
查尔斯·尼科尔在《清算：克里斯托弗·马洛谋杀案》（The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe，1992）中检验（并拒绝了）此类理论，安东尼·伯吉斯将其用作小说《德普特福德的死人》（A Dead Man in Deptford，1993）的资料来源。
The 1998 film Elizabeth gives considerable, although sometimes historically inaccurate, prominence to Walsingham (portrayed by Geoffrey Rush).
1998 年的电影《伊丽莎白》对沃尔辛厄姆（杰弗里·拉什饰演）给予了相当大的关注，尽管有时历史上并不准确。
It portrays him as irreligious and sexually ambiguous, merges chronologically distant events, and inaccurately suggests that he murdered Mary of Guise.
它将他描绘成无宗教信仰、性别模糊的人，融合了按时间顺序排列的遥远事件，并错误地暗示他谋杀了吉斯的玛丽。
Rush reprised the role in the 2007 sequel, Elizabeth: The Golden Age.
拉什在 2007 年的续集《伊丽莎白：黄金时代》中再次扮演这个角色。
Both Stephen Murray in the 1971 BBC series Elizabeth R and Patrick Malahide in the 2005 Channel Four miniseries Elizabeth I play him as a dour official.
1971 年 BBC 电视剧《伊丽莎白 R》中的斯蒂芬·默里 (Stephen Murray) 和 2005 年第四频道迷你剧《伊丽莎白一世》中的帕特里克·马拉海德 (Patrick Malahide) 都将他扮演为一位阴郁的官员。
Media related to Sir Francis Walsingham at Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源中与弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆爵士相关的分类
Quotations related to Francis Walsingham at Wikiquote
维基语录中弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆的相关引述