Capture of Wakefield (Wikipedia featured)

The capture of Wakefield occurred during the First English Civil War when a Parliamentarian force attacked the Royalist garrison of Wakefield, Yorkshire.

韦克菲尔德的占领发生在第一次英国内战期间，当时一支议会军队袭击了约克郡韦克菲尔德的保皇党驻军。

The Parliamentarians were outnumbered, having around 1,500 men under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, compared to the 3,000 led by George Goring in Wakefield.

议员们在人数上处于劣势，托马斯·费尔法克斯爵士指挥下的议员人数约为 1,500 人，而韦克菲尔德的乔治·戈林率领的议员人数为 3,000 人。

Despite being outnumbered, Parliamentarians successfully stormed the town, taking roughly 1,400 prisoners.

尽管寡不敌众，议员们还是成功袭击了该镇，俘虏了大约 1,400 名囚犯。

Around 800 Parliamentarians had been taken prisoner after being defeated at Seacroft Moor, and Fairfax plotted the capture of Wakefield to take prisoners of his own to exchange for his men.

大约 800 名议员在 Seacroft Moor 战败后被俘，费尔法克斯策划攻占韦克菲尔德，以俘获自己的俘虏来换取他的部下。

He marched his force from Leeds and split it in two to attack from different directions.

他从利兹出发，将部队分成两部分，从不同的方向进攻。

After around two hours of fighting early in the morning of 21 May, 1643, Fairfax broke through into Wakefield.

1643 年 5 月 21 日清晨，经过大约两个小时的战斗，费尔法克斯突入韦克菲尔德。

Goring, who had been in bed suffering from either illness or a hangover, rose and led a counterattack in his nightshirt, but to no avail and the town was captured.

因病或宿醉而躺在床上的戈林站起来，穿着睡衣发动反击，但无济于事，小镇被占领。

Fairfax gained the prisoners he needed and much ammunition.

费尔法克斯获得了他需要的囚犯和大量弹药。

According to his own account, the Parliamentarians lost no more than seven men.

根据他自己的说法，议员们的损失不超过七人。

In March 1643, the First English Civil War had been running for seven months, since King Charles I had raised his royal standard in Nottingham and declared the Earl of Essex, and by extension Parliament, to be traitors.

1643 年 3 月，自从查理一世国王在诺丁汉提高了王室标准并宣布埃塞克斯伯爵乃至议会为叛徒以来，第一次英国内战已经持续了七个月。

That action had been the culmination of religious, fiscal and legislative tensions going back over fifty years.

这一行动是五十多年来宗教、财政和立法紧张局势的顶峰。

Even before the formal start of the war, Yorkshire became a key area in the conflict.

甚至在战争正式开始之前，约克郡就成为冲突的关键地区。

After King Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament in January 1642, members of the gentry started openly taking sides and preparing for battle.

1642 年 1 月，查理一世国王试图逮捕五名议会议员后，士绅成员开始公开选边站队并准备战斗。

Sir John Hotham seized Hull for parliament the same month, and after fleeing London, the King established himself at York in March.

约翰·霍瑟姆爵士于同月夺取了赫尔议会，国王逃离伦敦后，于三月在约克定居。

The King twice attempted to take Hull in 1642 without success.

1642 年，国王两次试图占领赫尔，但均未成功。

Although Charles subsequently returned south, his wife, Henrietta Maria (formally known as Queen Mary) had travelled to the Low Countries to obtain weapons and the Earl of Newcastle was charged with ensuring her safe travel through the northeast when she returned.

尽管查尔斯随后返回南方，但他的妻子亨利埃塔·玛丽亚（正式名称为玛丽皇后）前往低地国家获取武器，纽卡斯尔伯爵负责确保她返回时安全穿越东北部。

On the other side, Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, was appointed as the commander of parliament's forces in Yorkshire.

另一方面，卡梅伦第二任费尔法克斯勋爵费迪南多·费尔法克斯被任命为约克郡议会部队司令。

Newcastle's army of 6,000 reinforced York and gave the Royalists the advantage in the county; the main Parliamentarian army had less than 1,000 men at the time, and was forced to retreat.

纽卡斯尔的 6,000 人军队增援约克，使保皇党在该郡占据优势。当时议会军主力不足千人，被迫撤退。

They first withdrew to Tadcaster and then were forced back to Selby in the north of the county, cutting them off from their main support to the west.

他们首先撤退到塔德卡斯特，然后被迫返回县北部的塞尔比，切断了他们向西的主要支援。

Sir Thomas Fairfax, Lord Fairfax's son, successfully stormed Leeds in January 1643 and regained the West Riding of Yorkshire for the Parliamentary side establishing strong garrisons at Bradford and Leeds.

费尔法克斯勋爵的儿子托马斯·费尔法克斯爵士于 1643 年 1 月成功袭击利兹，并重新夺回约克郡西区，议会一方在布拉德福德和利兹建立了强大的驻军。

While acting as the rearguard to the army under the command of his father, Sir Thomas Fairfax had been defeated by George Goring at the Battle of Seacroft Moor on 30 March 1643, and 800 of his men had been captured.

1643 年 3 月 30 日，托马斯·费尔法克斯爵士在其父亲指挥的军队中担任后卫时，在锡克罗夫特沼泽战役中被乔治·戈林击败，他的 800 名部下被俘。

Under pressure from the families of those captured, Fairfax planned to surprise Royalist-held Wakefield, which he thought was held by no more than 900 men, to capture sufficient men to trade for his own.

在被俘者家属的压力下，费尔法克斯计划突袭保皇党控制的韦克菲尔德（他认为该城的人数不超过 900 人），以捕获足够的人来交换自己的人。

When the Earl of Newcastle went on the attack to attempt and take all of south Yorkshire for the Royalists, he stationed Goring at Wakefield to protect against the Parliamentarian garrison at Leeds, held by the Fairfaxes.

当纽卡斯尔伯爵发动进攻，试图为保皇党占领整个南约克郡时，他将戈林驻扎在韦克菲尔德，以抵御费尔法克斯家族在利兹的议会驻军。

On 20 May, the day before the attack, Goring and other senior Royalist officers in Wakefield were hosted by Dame Mary Bolles at her home, Heath Hall, to the east of the town.

5 月 20 日，也就是袭击事件发生的前一天，戈林和韦克菲尔德的其他保皇党高级军官在玛丽·博尔斯夫人位于该镇东部的希思大厅 (Heath Hall) 家中受到了玛丽·博尔斯夫人的接待。

While playing bowls and other games, the Royalists "drank so freely ...

在玩保龄球和其他游戏时，保皇党“尽情地喝酒......

as to be incapable of properly attending to the defence of the town." Goring was well known for being a heavy drinker, something Sir Richard Bulstrode, his adjutant, substantiated.

以至于无法适当地参与城镇的防御。”戈林以酗酒而闻名，他的副官理查德·布尔斯特罗德爵士证实了这一点。

After an evening march on 20 May 1643, Parliamentarian forces from Bradford, Leeds and Halifax met at Howley Hall, to the northeast of Wakefield, at midnight.

1643 年 5 月 20 日晚间游行结束后，来自布拉德福德、利兹和哈利法克斯的议会军队于午夜在韦克菲尔德东北部的豪利大厅会师。

Reinforced with troops from Howley Hall, the Parliamentarians had around 1,500 men for the attack; 1,000 infantry and 500 horse.

议员们在豪利厅的部队的支持下，约有 1,500 人参与进攻。步兵1000人，骑兵500人。

The horse were split into eight troops of cavalry and three troops of dragoons.

马匹分为八个骑兵队和三个龙骑兵队。

Sir Thomas Fairfax had overall command of the force, while also leading four troops of the cavalry; the other four troops being under the command of Sir Henry Foulis.

托马斯·费尔法克斯爵士全面指挥这支部队，同时还领导四支骑兵部队。其他四支部队由亨利·福利斯爵士指挥。

William Fairfax (Thomas's cousin) and George Gifford split the infantry, which comprised both pikemen and musketeers, between them.

威廉·费尔法克斯（托马斯的表弟）和乔治·吉福德将步兵分为长枪兵和火枪手。

At 2 am, the Parliamentarians surprised and overcame a Royalist outpost consisting of two troops of cavalry at Stanley, roughly 2.5 miles (4 km) from Wakefield.

凌晨 2 点，议员们出其不意地攻克了位于斯坦利的由两支骑兵组成的保皇党前哨基地，距离韦克菲尔德约 2.5 英里（4 公里）。

Fairfax's army arrived at Wakefield around two hours later, just before dawn.

大约两小时后，黎明前，费尔法克斯的军队抵达韦克菲尔德。

Wakefield was not a walled, fortified town; the defences were made up of the hedges surrounding each property on the edge of town and barricades in the streets.

韦克菲尔德并不是一座有城墙、设防的城镇。防御工事由城镇边缘每处房产周围的树篱和街道上的路障组成。

The hedges provided a sufficient barrier against the attackers, and so the barricades became the focus of the fighting.

树篱为攻击者提供了足够的屏障，因此街垒成为战斗的焦点。

As they were only the width of the road, this evened the battle, as although the garrison held more men, they could place only as many defenders as could fit at the barricade.

由于他们只有道路的宽度，这就使战斗变得更加平衡，因为虽然驻军容纳了更多的人，但他们只能在街垒上放置尽可能多的防守者。

The defenders had been alerted to the enemy approach by the cavalry that had fled from Stanley, and had stationed between 500 and 800 musketeers in the surrounding hedges as well as sending a cavalry unit out to meet them.

从斯坦利逃走的骑兵已经向守军发出了敌人逼近的警报，他们在周围的树篱中驻扎了 500 至 800 名火枪手，并派出一支骑兵部队迎战。

The Parliamentarian infantry was able to displace the musketeers, and their larger force of horse drove the Royalist cavalry back into Wakefield.

议会步兵能够取代火枪手，他们的骑兵部队将保皇党骑兵赶回韦克菲尔德。

Fairfax realised that the enemy garrison was far larger than he expected; in fact, the defending garrison numbered around 3,000 Royalists, split into six infantry regiments and seven cavalry troops, more than three times what Fairfax had expected.

费尔法克斯意识到敌人的驻军比他预想的要多得多。事实上，守军的保皇党人数约为 3,000 人，分为 6 个步兵团和 7 个骑兵队，是费尔法克斯预期的三倍多。

Despite this, after a short meeting with his fellow commanders, Fairfax opted to continue with the assault.

尽管如此，在与其他指挥官短暂会面后，费尔法克斯选择继续进攻。

Fairfax split his force to attack from two directions: Foulis and William Fairfax attacked Northgate, while Thomas Fairfax and Gifford attacked Warrengate, the eastern entrance to the town.

费尔法克斯分兵从两个方向进攻：福利斯和威廉·费尔法克斯攻击北门，而托马斯·费尔法克斯和吉福德则攻击该镇东部入口沃伦盖特。

Writing years later, Newcastle's wife accused Goring and the Wakefield garrison of "inviligancy and carelessness" due to a belief that their numbers made them "master of the field in those parts".

几年后，纽卡斯尔的妻子在信中指责戈林和韦克菲尔德驻军“粗心大意”，因为他们相信他们的人数使他们成为“这些地区的主宰”。

After around two hours of fighting, Gifford's infantry battled their way through Warrengate, and were then able to capture a cannon and turn it on the barricade to clear enough room for the cavalry to break through.

经过大约两个小时的战斗，吉福德的步兵冲破了沃伦盖特，然后缴获了一门大炮并将其转向路障，为骑兵突破腾出了足够的空间。

Thomas Fairfax then led three troops of cavalry into the town, routing the Royalist infantry along Warrengate.

托马斯·费尔法克斯随后率领三支骑兵部队进入该镇，沿着沃伦盖特击溃保皇党步兵。

Goring was in bed ill: Royalist reports claimed that he had a fever.

戈林卧病在床：保皇党报道称他发烧了。

Modern historians vary in their accounts of his condition: in her 2007 biography of Goring, Florene S.

现代历史学家对戈林的状况有不同的描述：Florene S. 在 2007 年为戈林撰写的传记中，Florene S.

Memegalos described him as being "sick in bed with a fever, attended by his father that weekend"; but others such as John Barratt (2005) and Richard Brooks (2004) suggest that he was hungover from the previous day's drinking.

梅梅加洛斯形容他“因发烧卧床不起，周末由他的父亲照顾”；但约翰·巴拉特（John Barratt，2005）和理查德·布鲁克斯（Richard Brooks，2004）等人则认为他是因前一天饮酒而宿醉。

Whatever his incapacity, he led a counterattack on horseback, "in his nightshirt" according to Brooks.

布鲁克斯说，无论他有什么能力，他“穿着睡衣”骑马发起了反击。

Despite his resistance, he and his guard were defeated, and Goring was taken prisoner by Lieutenant Alrud, though both his father, Lord Goring, and his deputy, Francis Mackworth, were able to escape.

尽管他进行了抵抗，他和他的卫兵还是被击败了，戈林被阿尔鲁德中尉俘虏，尽管他的父亲戈林勋爵和他的副手弗朗西斯·麦克沃斯都成功逃脱。

Fairfax continued to press the attack, and was nearly captured when he found himself isolated from his men, and seemingly trapped in a side street by a Royalist infantry regiment.

费尔法克斯继续发起进攻，当他发现自己与他的部下孤立无援时，他差点被俘虏，而且似乎被保皇党步兵团困在一条小巷里。

Fairfax was holding two prisoners, but the infantry commander ignored him and asked one of his prisoners for instructions.

费尔法克斯关押着两名囚犯，但步兵指挥官不理睬他，而是向其中一名囚犯请示。

The prisoner gave no answer, holding to the terms of his capture, and Fairfax decided to abandon his prisoners and escaped down a narrow lane back to his men.

囚犯没有回答，坚持抓捕他的条件，费尔法克斯决定抛弃他的囚犯，沿着一条狭窄的小巷逃回他的手下。

Gifford, after opening the barricade, had the captured cannon moved to the churchyard of All Saints Church (now Wakefield Cathedral), where he turned it on the Royalists holding the marketplace.

吉福德打开路障后，将缴获的大炮移至诸圣教堂（现为韦克菲尔德大教堂）的教堂墓地，在那里他将其转向占领市场的保皇党。

After offering the defenders a chance of surrender, which they rejected, his musketeers and the cannon opened fire, before the cavalry charged them.

在向守军提供了投降的机会后，他们拒绝了，他的火枪手和大炮开火，然后骑兵冲锋。

The remaining soldiers in the garrison gave up their resistance, either escaping or surrendering, and by 9 am, the Parliamentarians held the town.

驻军中剩下的士兵放弃了抵抗，要么逃跑，要么投降，到上午9点，议员们占领了城镇。

They captured roughly 1,400 prisoners, including Goring, 28 Royalist colours and a large amount of much-needed ammunition.

他们俘获了大约 1,400 名囚犯，其中包括戈林、28 名保皇党士兵和大量急需的弹药。

According to Fairfax's account of the siege, his force lost "not above seven men", but did admit that "many of our men were shot and wounded."

根据费尔法克斯对围攻的描述，他的部队损失“不超过七人”，但承认“我们的许多人被枪杀和受伤”。

As was typical during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians published an array of propaganda after the capture, claiming that their victory was the "work of God", while casting the Royalists as deceitful and ruinous.

正如内战期间的典型情况一样，议员们在被俘后发表了一系列宣传文章，声称他们的胜利是“上帝的杰作”，同时指责保皇党具有欺骗性和毁灭性。

Accordingly, parliament declared 28 May a day of thanksgiving for the victory.

因此，议会宣布 5 月 28 日为胜利感恩节。

After capturing Wakefield, Fairfax was wary of an attack from the larger Royalist army that Newcastle commanded, and he immediately retreated back to Leeds with his prisoners.

占领韦克菲尔德后，费尔法克斯对纽卡斯尔指挥的规模更大的保皇党军队的攻击保持警惕，他立即带着俘虏撤回利兹。

Instead of the expected retaliation, Newcastle withdrew his own forces to York.

纽卡斯尔并没有像预期的那样进行报复，而是将自己的部队撤回约克。

Goring was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and despite attempts by the Royalists to secure his immediate exchange, he remained incarcerated until April 1644, when he was swapped for the Earl of Lothian.

戈林被囚禁在伦敦塔，尽管保皇党试图确保他立即被交换，但他一直被监禁到 1644 年 4 月，当时他被交换为洛锡安伯爵。

The primary objective of the attack was successful; an exchange was set up to recover the men Fairfax had lost at Seacroft Moor, and the victory temporarily changed the balance of power in Yorkshire.

攻击的主要目标是成功的；为了挽回费尔法克斯在西克罗夫特荒原失去的人员，双方建立了交换，这次胜利暂时改变了约克郡的力量平衡。

The effect of the capture was negated just over a month later, when a Parliamentarian army under the command of Fairfax was defeated at Aldwalton Moor on 30 June 1643, which gave the Royalists control of much of Yorkshire.

仅仅一个多月后，费尔法克斯指挥的议会军队于 1643 年 6 月 30 日在奥德沃尔顿沼泽被击败，保皇党控制了约克郡的大部分地区，占领的影响就被抵消了。

By the end of 1644, aided by Fairfax's decisive victory at Marston Moor, most of the north of England had been captured by Parliamentarian forces.

1644 年底，在费尔法克斯在马斯顿荒原取得决定性胜利的帮助下，英格兰北部大部分地区已被议会军队占领。

The following year, Fairfax was appointed as the commander-in-chief of parliament's forces, and established the so-called "New Model Army".

次年，费尔法克斯被任命为议会部队总司令，并成立了所谓的“新模范军”。

The army's victories, particularly at Naseby and Langport, gained parliament control of most of the rest of England.

军队的胜利，特别是在内斯比和兰波特的胜利，使议会控制了英格兰其他大部分地区。

Near Wakefield, Sandal Castle on the edge of the town had remained a Royalist garrison throughout the war despite the town's capture.

在韦克菲尔德附近，尽管该镇被占领，但位于该镇边缘的桑达尔城堡在整个战争期间一直是保皇党驻军。

The castle was in a state of disrepair, but had been reinforced with earthworks.

城堡年久失修，但已通过土方工程加固。

The castle was twice besieged in 1645, surrendering to the Parliamentarians in October, and was subsequently slighted.

1645 年，城堡两次被围困，并于 10 月向议会投降，随后遭到轻视。

In May 1646, King Charles I surrendered, and the First English Civil War ended.

1646 年 5 月，查理一世投降，第一次英国内战结束。

Barratt, John (2004).

约翰·巴勒特 (2004)。

Cavalier Generals: King Charles I and His Commanders in the English Civil War 1642–1646.

骑士将军：1642 年至 1646 年英国内战中查理一世国王和他的指挥官。

Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.

巴恩斯利：笔与剑军事。

ISBN 1-84415-128-X.

ISBN 1-84415-128-X。

Bennett, Martyn (2005).

马丁·贝内特 (2005)。

The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–1661.

经历的内战：英国和爱尔兰，1638 年至 1661 年。

London: Routledge.

伦敦：劳特利奇。

ISBN 0-203-98180-4.

ISBN 0-203-98180-4。

Bleiberg, Edward; Soergel, Philip, eds.

爱德华·布莱伯格；菲利普·索尔格尔编辑。

(2005).

（2005）。

"The English Civil Wars".

“英国内战”。

Arts and Humanities Through the Eras.

各个时代的艺术和人文学科。

Vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600–1800.

卷。 5：巴洛克时代和启蒙运动 1600-1800 年。

Detroit: Gale.

底特律：大风。

ISBN 978-0-787-65697-3.

ISBN 978-0-787-65697-3。

Brereton, William (2012).

威廉·布里尔顿 (2012)。

McKenna, Joseph (ed.).

约瑟夫·麦肯纳（编辑）。

A Journal of the English Civil War: The Letter Book of Sir William Brereton, Spring 1646.

英国内战日记：威廉·布雷尔顿爵士的信函，1646 年春。

Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.

北卡罗来纳州杰斐逊：麦克法兰。

ISBN 978-0-7864-7269-7.

ISBN 978-0-7864-7269-7。

Brooks, Richard (2005).

理查德·布鲁克斯（2005）。

Cassell's Battlefields of Britain and Ireland.

卡塞尔的不列颠和爱尔兰战场。

London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

伦敦：魏登菲尔德和尼科尔森。

ISBN 0-304-36333-2.

ISBN 0-304-36333-2。

Cooke, David (2004).

大卫·库克（2004）。

The Civil War in Yorkshire: Fairfax Versus Newcastle.

约克郡内战：费尔法克斯与纽卡斯尔。

Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.

巴恩斯利：笔与剑军事。

ISBN 1-84415-076-3.

ISBN 1-84415-076-3。

Cooke, David (2006).

大卫·库克（2006）。

Battlefield Yorkshire: From the Romans to the English Civil Wars.

战场约克郡：从罗马人到英国内战。

Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.

巴恩斯利：笔与剑军事。

ISBN 1-84415-424-6.

ISBN 1-84415-424-6。

Gaunt, Peter (1997).

彼得·冈特 (1997)。

The British Wars 1637–1651.

英国战争 1637 年至 1651 年。

London: Routledge.

伦敦：劳特利奇。

ISBN 0-415-12966-4.

ISBN 0-415-12966-4。

Harrington, Peter (2004).

彼得·哈灵顿（2004）。

English Civil War Archaeology.

英国内战考古学。

London: Batsford.

伦敦：巴特斯福德。

ISBN 978-0-7134-8897-5.

ISBN 978-0-7134-8897-5。

Little, Patrick (2014).

利特尔，帕特里克（2014）。

The English Civil Wars: A Beginner's Guide.

英国内战：初学者指南。

London: Oneworld Publications.

伦敦：寰宇一家出版物。

ISBN 978-1-7807-4331-8.

ISBN 978-1-7807-4331-8。

Memegalos, Florene S.

梅梅加洛斯，弗洛伦·S.

(2007).

（2007）。

George Goring (1608–1657): Caroline Courtier and Royalist General.

乔治·戈林（George Goring，1608-1657）：卡罗琳廷臣和保皇党将军。

Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

奥尔德肖特：阿什盖特出版社。

ISBN 978-0-7546-5299-1.

ISBN 978-0-7546-5299-1。

Wentworth, George (1864).

乔治·温特沃斯 (1864)。

"Heath Old Hall".

“希斯老大厅”。

Journal of the British Archaeological Association.

英国考古协会杂志。

20.

20.

London: British Archaeological Association.

伦敦：英国考古协会。

OCLC 971084314.

OCLC 971084314。