The Women Prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials
Women lawyers at the Nuremberg Trials were more than assistants.
纽伦堡审判中的女律师不仅仅是助手。
They played important roles in shaping international criminal law.
他们在制定国际刑法方面发挥了重要作用。
Their contributions add nuance to the Nuremberg narrative and shed light on the early presence of women in international justice.
她们的贡献为纽伦堡的叙述增添了细微差别，并揭示了妇女早期参与国际司法的情况。
Top Photo: Cecelia Goetz reads a portion of opening statement.
上图：塞西莉亚·戈茨宣读开场陈词的一部分。
Goetz was the only woman to give an opening statement at the Nuremberg Trials.
戈茨是纽伦堡审判中唯一一位发表开庭陈词的女性。
National Archives
国家档案馆
A woman lawyer joining the war crimes justice process in the summer of 1945 was so novel that major newspapers took notice.
1945 年夏天，一名女律师加入战争罪司法程序，这件事非常新颖，引起了各大报纸的关注。
A headline from the New York Times announced, “Woman joins staff of war crimes group.” 1 Katherine Fite, the lawyer in question, arrived in London in June 1945 to help craft the London Agreement and Charter.
《纽约时报》的头条新闻称：“一名妇女加入了战争罪组织的工作人员。” 1 上述律师凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 于 1945 年 6 月抵达伦敦，帮助起草《伦敦协议》和《宪章》。
In 1945, only three percent of American lawyers were women, and even fewer held prominent positions.
1945 年，美国律师中只有 3% 是女性，担任要职的女性就更少了。
In this environment, women lawyers shaping the Nuremberg Trials was groundbreaking.
在这种环境下，女律师塑造纽伦堡审判具有开创性。
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2
Popular memory of the Nuremberg Trials centers on Robert Jackson , Telford Taylor, and the Nazi leaders accused of war crimes.
人们对纽伦堡审判的记忆主要集中在罗伯特·杰克逊、特尔福德·泰勒和被指控犯有战争罪的纳粹领导人身上。
Behind these men, however, were a handful of female lawyers whose contributions to the proceedings have been largely overlooked.
然而，在这些男人的背后，是少数女律师，她们对诉讼程序的贡献在很大程度上被忽视了。
Though often marginalized in official and personal accounts, women lawyers at Nuremberg were essential to the trials’ legal and historical legacy.
尽管在官方和个人账户中经常被边缘化，但纽伦堡的女律师对于审判的法律和历史遗产至关重要。
Their contributions demonstrate both the barriers these women faced in the American legal world of the 1940s and the intellectual labor they performed to help build modern international criminal law.
她们的贡献既展示了这些女性在 20 世纪 40 年代美国法律界所面临的障碍，也展示了她们为帮助建立现代国际刑法所做的智力劳动。
Because Fite left behind unusually detailed letters, her story provides a vivid entry point into the experiences of women lawyers at Nuremberg—though she was only one among many whose important contributions remain understudied.
由于菲特留下了异常详细的信件，她的故事为了解纽伦堡女律师的经历提供了一个生动的切入点——尽管她只是众多重要贡献仍未得到充分研究的人之一。
Katherine Fite graduated from Yale Law School in 1930 and was one of only four women in her graduating class of 76.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 于 1930 年从耶鲁大学法学院毕业，是 76 名毕业生中仅有的四名女性之一。
3 After working in private practice and in the United States-Mexico General Claims Commission, Fite joined the Office of the Legal Advisor in the State Department in 1937.
3 在私人诊所和美国-墨西哥一般索赔委员会工作后，菲特于 1937 年加入国务院法律顾问办公室。
In 1945, on the recommendation of her supervisor, Fite became the first American woman lawyer to join Justice Robert Jackson’s staff in London, where he and his team were drafting the London Agreement and preparing for the International Military Tribunal .
1945年，在上司的推荐下，菲特成为第一位加入罗伯特·杰克逊法官驻伦敦工作人员的美国女律师，他和他的团队正在起草《伦敦协议》并为国际军事法庭做准备。
4 Fite wrote to her parents that upon her arrival, Jackson was “grand—takes me right into high quarters & introduced me to everyone.” 5 Three days later, she traveled with him to Nuremberg, where Jackson asked her to join General Edward Chambers Betts, the judge advocate in the European theater of operations, and his assistant, Colonel Charles Fairman, for a business discussion.
4 菲特写信给她的父母说，她一到，杰克逊就“很伟大——带我进入高层，把我介绍给每个人。” 5 三天后，她与杰克逊一起前往纽伦堡，杰克逊邀请她与欧洲战区的军法法官爱德华·钱伯斯·贝茨将军和他的助手查尔斯·费尔曼上校一起进行业务讨论。
Although Fite “felt as tho (sic) I were in very high quarters,” she “spoke up nevertheless.” 6 Jackson later invited her to observe a case in the House of Lords, which she believed was due to her “female and perhaps State Department status.” 7 Fite wrote that
尽管菲特“感觉自己处于很高的地位”，但她“还是说了出来”。 6 杰克逊后来邀请她旁听上议院的一个案件，她认为这是由于她的“女性身份，或许还有国务院的身份”。 7 菲特写道
“being the only woman on the staff has many drawbacks, [but] from the social point of view, it pays.
“作为员工中唯一的女性有很多缺点，但从社会角度来看，这是值得的。
A masculine society is eager for women and we have the added advantage of being in civilian clothes.
男性社会渴望女性，而我们穿着便服还有额外的优势。
Tho when we go into Germany for the trial we may have to get into uniform to be more easily identified…My army colleagues are, I am sure, jealous of my trips, for I do go places and travel in high circles, but they are very gallant about it.
不过，当我们去德国接受审判时，我们可能必须穿上制服，以便更容易被认出……我确信，我的军队同事会嫉妒我的旅行，因为我确实去过一些地方，在上层圈子里旅行，但他们对此非常有礼貌。
At least I am seeing how topside fares in military occupation.” 8
至少我看到了军事占领中的上行情况。” 8
Fite’s letters demonstrate that she was there to do her job and that, despite some challenges, she was welcomed into the highest levels of preparation for the tribunal.
菲特的信件表明，她在那里是为了完成自己的工作，尽管面临一些挑战，但她还是受到了最高级别的法庭准备工作的欢迎。
Katherine Fite Lincoln and Justice Robert H.
凯瑟琳·菲特·林肯和罗伯特·H.
Jackson.
杰克逊.
National Archives
国家档案馆
Fite witnessed the signing of the London Agreement and Charter on August 8, 1945, writing:
菲特于 1945 年 8 月 8 日见证了伦敦协定和宪章的签署，并写道：
“Wednesday was a big day for us, the signing of the agreement, though I suppose the Russian entry into the Pacific War dwarfed it in the Thursday papers.
“周三对我们来说是一个重要的日子，协议的签署，尽管我认为俄罗斯加入太平洋战争的消息在周四的报纸上显得相形见绌。
I went down to witness the signing—it was a barrage of lights and photographers.” 9
我下去见证了签字仪式——灯光和摄影师连绵不断。” 9
By October 1945, Fite and Jackson’s team relocated to Nuremberg to prepare for the IMT, which began on November 20.
1945 年 10 月，菲特和杰克逊的团队搬到纽伦堡，为 11 月 20 日开始的 IMT 做准备。
Delegation from the Four Powers inspect Nuremberg, Germany, in preparation for the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, ca.
四个国家的代表团视察德国纽伦堡，为纽伦堡战争罪审判做准备。
1945.
1945年。
Katherine Fite, second right from middle, is the only women.
凯瑟琳·菲特（Katherine Fite），中数右二，是唯一的女性。
Courtesy of Harry S.
由哈利·S 提供
Truman Presidential Library , National Archives.
杜鲁门总统图书馆、国家档案馆。
During preparation, Fite “engineered an interrogation of [Wilhelm] Frick, formerly Minister of Interior later pushed out by [Heinrich] Himmler.
在准备过程中，菲特“策划了对[威廉]弗里克的审讯，弗里克是前内政部长，后来被[海因里希]希姆莱驱逐。
I mean I set the wheels in motion and we gave our questions to the interrogator,” 10 illustrating her role in shaping the prosecution’s work in preparation for the IMT.
我的意思是，我启动了轮子，我们向审讯员提出了问题。”10 说明了她在制定检方准备 IMT 工作方面所扮演的角色。
Although Fite’s detail was set to expire on November 13, 1945, a week before the start of the tribunal, she asked to stay on.
尽管菲特的详细信息将于 1945 年 11 月 13 日到期，即法庭开庭前一周，但她要求留下来。
Jackson requested her extension for the duration of the trial or until further instruction.
杰克逊请求她延长审判期限或直至收到进一步指示。
By early November, Fite was immersed in frantic preparation for the upcoming trial:
11 月初，Fite 正忙着为即将到来的审判做准备：
“We are in a wild rush with briefs due a week from tomorrow…I don’t see how we can be ready for the 20th…
“我们正忙着处理明天一周后到期的内裤……我不知道我们如何为 20 号做好准备……
They say the British say—Come Hell or highwater—trial by the 20th.
他们说英国人说——要么见鬼，要么高潮——20 号之前进行审判。
So it’s Hell now and highwater later.
所以现在是地狱，以后是高潮。
I think it’s a shame if just two weeks could make a better case.
我认为如果仅仅两周就能得到更好的结果，那就太可惜了。
We [the Americans] are carrying the mammoth share.” 11
我们（美国人）承担着巨大的份额。” 11
Fite’s letters reflect the broader stakes of the trial, and her own feelings about it:
菲特的信反映了审判的更广泛的利害关系，以及她自己对此的感受：
“Europe is a sad worn out continent.
“欧洲是一个悲伤而疲惫的大陆。
I’m glad to leave.
我很高兴离开。
The U.S. is sitting atop the world…I realize how remote and exuberant and luxurious the U.S. is going to seem.
美国正坐在世界之巅……我意识到美国将显得多么遥远、生机勃勃和奢华。
We have to run the world—but the vast majority have no idea what the rest of the world is like.
我们必须管理世界，但绝大多数人不知道世界其他地方是什么样子。
And how can equilibrium be maintained between wealth and energy on the one hand and poverty and exhaustion on the other?” 12
如何才能在财富和精力与贫困和疲惫之间保持平衡呢？” 12
Fite left the trials to return home in December 1945, feeling that the work had been rushed.
1945 年 12 月，菲特离开试验场返回家乡，觉得工作太仓促了。
13 Her departure, however, did not mean the end of women at the Nuremberg trials.
13 然而，她的离开并不意味着纽伦堡审判中女性的终结。
While Fite’s experience offers the fullest record, she was joined by other women whose contributions to the trials, though less documented, were essential to the prosecution’s work.
虽然菲特的经历提供了最完整的记录，但其他女性也加入了她的行列，她们对审判的贡献虽然记录较少，但对检方的工作至关重要。
Harriet Zetterberg, a 1941 graduate of University of Wisconsin Law School, worked in the legal department at the Board of Economic Warfare before joining the prosecution team as the first woman formally assigned to the IMT.
Harriet Zetterberg 是 1941 年威斯康星大学法学院的毕业生，在加入起诉团队之前，曾在经济战委员会的法律部门工作，成为第一位正式分配到 IMT 的女性。
14 Her job was to prepare trial briefs, including one on slave labor as a means of murder.
14 她的工作是准备审判简报，其中包括一份关于将奴役劳动作为谋杀手段的简报。
Zetterberg felt the weight of the work, calling the six interrogations she witnessed “extremely interesting—one gets a sense of listening to history in the making.” 15
泽特伯格感受到了这项工作的分量，称她目睹的六次审讯“非常有趣——让人有一种聆听正在形成的历史的感觉。” 15
The same frenetic energy from Fite’s letters can be seen in Zetterberg’s.
菲特信件中同样狂热的能量在泽特伯格的信件中也可见一斑。
To her mother, she wrote in November 1945 that “we are frantically busy on the briefs.
1945 年 11 月，她在给母亲的信中写道：“我们正忙着处理内裤。
My goodness, day and night, and night and day.” 16 Zetterberg’s male colleagues insisted that her name should be listed first in their brief “on account of I’m a girl.
天啊，日日夜夜，日日夜夜。” 16 泽特伯格的男同事坚持认为，她的名字应该在他们的简介中列在第一位，“因为我是女孩。
I thought it was very sweet of them.” 17 Like Fite, Zetterberg was there to do her job, and her colleagues recognized that.
我觉得他们非常甜蜜。” 17 和 Fite 一样，Zetterberg 也在那里完成她的工作，她的同事们也认识到了这一点。
World War II had a profound impact on the ability of women lawyers to find employment—if only temporarily.
第二次世界大战对女律师的就业能力产生了深远的影响——尽管只是暂时的。
As young male associates left for war, women filled those roles.
当年轻的男性同事去参战时，女性就填补了这些角色。
Some major New York law firms like Cahill Gordon, Sullivan & Cromwell, and Simpson Thacher & Bartlett hired women to handle the legal work left behind by male associates who had joined the Armed Forces.
纽约的一些主要律师事务所，如 Cahill Gordon、Sullivan & Cromwell 和 Simpson Thacher & Bartlett 聘请女性来处理加入武装部队的男性同事留下的法律工作。
18 But as men returned home, they returned to their jobs.
18 但当人们回家后，他们又回到了工作岗位。
Some women left to hang their own shingles, while others stayed at firms in lesser roles, like legal secretaries and librarians, or were relegated trusts and estates, work that was considered less masculine than other types of law.
一些女性离开去挂自己的木瓦，而其他女性则留在公司担任较小的角色，例如法律秘书和图书管理员，或者被降级为信托和遗产，这些工作被认为比其他类型的法律不那么男性化。
The US government, like many law firms, also recruited women to fill some of the gaps left by men who joined the military.
与许多律师事务所一样，美国政府也招募女性来填补男性参军留下的一些空缺。
Cecelia Goetz, a 1940 graduate of NYU Law, joined the Solicitor’s Office in the Department of Justice because she could not find employment in the private or judicial sector, despite being the first female editor-in-chief of a major American law journal.
塞西莉亚·戈茨 (Cecelia Goetz) 是 1940 年纽约大学法学院的毕业生，尽管她是美国主要法律期刊的第一位女主编，但由于无法在私营或司法部门找到工作，她加入了司法部律师办公室。
19 Goetz was also considered “much too attractive” to be a good lawyer.
19 戈茨也被认为“太有吸引力”，无法成为一名优秀的律师。
20 Because of her talent, Goetz became the first woman to ever be offered a supervisory role in the department, which she turned down to apply for the prosecution team at the IMT.
20 由于她的才华，Goetz 成为该部门第一位获得主管职位的女性，但她拒绝了这一职位，转而申请加入 IMT 的起诉团队。
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Goetz’s application was rejected because she was a woman, and she was told that there were no adequate facilities for her, despite there being adequate facilities for the female nurses, secretaries, and clerks in the American Zone.
戈茨的申请被拒绝，因为她是一名女性，她被告知没有足够的设施供她使用，尽管美国区有足够的设施供女护士、秘书和文员使用。
Goetz finally appealed to Taylor, who, fortunately for her, saw Goetz’s potential and pushed for her appointment in 1946.
戈茨最终向泰勒求助，幸运的是，泰勒看到了戈茨的潜力，并于 1946 年推动任命她。
Fite later noted that Taylor was “ahead of his time [in] recruiting female prosecutors,” 22 recognizing the need for legal talent, regardless of where it came from.
菲特后来指出，泰勒“在招募女性检察官方面走在了时代的前面”22，她认识到对法律人才的需求，无论其来自哪里。
However, the women he recruited still faced barriers in their contributions to the trials.
然而，他招募的女性在对试验的贡献方面仍然面临障碍。
Taylor had to sign a disability waiver for Goetz and the four other nonlawyer women he employed in 1946; their disability was that they were women.
1946 年，泰勒必须为戈茨和他雇用的其他四名非律师女性签署一份残疾豁免书；她们的缺陷在于她们是女性。
23 Goetz later became the only woman to read an opening statement at the Krupp Trial , the trial at Nuremberg that focused on the Krupp Group’s armament of the German military and its use of forced labor, in 1947.
23 戈茨后来成为 1947 年克虏伯审判中唯一宣读开庭陈词的女性，该审判于 1947 年在纽伦堡进行，重点关注克虏伯集团对德国军队的军备及其对强迫劳动的使用。
Photograph of Cecelia K.
塞西莉亚·K.的照片
Goetz.
戈茨。
National Archives, National Archives Collection of World War II War Crimes Records.
国家档案馆，国家档案馆收藏的二战战争罪行记录。
Other women played crucial, but largely hidden, roles, particularly in the I.G.
其他女性也扮演着重要但基本上是隐藏的角色，特别是在监察长办公室中。
Farben case—which focused on the German chemical company’s creation of the Zyklon B gas used in concentration camps to commit genocide—in research and case preparation.
Farben 案（重点关注德国化学公司制造用于集中营实施种族灭绝的 Zyklon B 气体）的研究和案件准备。
Belle Zeck, a 1940 graduate of Fordham Law School and general counsel for the US Treasury, served on the case, untangling the complex web of corporate trusts and explaining dense financial documents to the judges.
Belle Zeck 是福特汉姆法学院 1940 年的毕业生，也是美国财政部的总法律顾问，她参与了此案，解开了复杂的公司信托网络，并向法官解释了密集的财务文件。
24 Phillis Rosenthal, a 1944 graduate of Columbia Law School and member of the US Navy WAVES , joined the Nuremberg team in 1946 to read and classify documents that detailed what had been done at the Auschwitz plant, revealing just how little food was given to the prisoners to keep them working for six months before they died.
24 菲利斯·罗森塔尔 (Phillis Rosenthal) 1944 年毕业于哥伦比亚法学院，也是美国海军 WAVES 成员，他于 1946 年加入纽伦堡小组，负责阅读和分类详细记录奥斯威辛工厂所做工作的文件，揭示了在囚犯死前维持工作六个月所需的食物是多么少。
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25
Despite the novelty of women lawyers at the Nuremberg Trials, extremely little has been written about Fite, Goetz, or any of the other women on the American prosecutorial team.
尽管纽伦堡审判中的女律师很新颖，但关于菲特、戈茨或美国检察官团队中其他女性的文章却很少。
Though often overlooked, their efforts were indispensable, both in shouldering the immense pressures of the trials and in providing the intellectual labor that sustained it.
尽管经常被忽视，但他们的努力是不可或缺的，无论是在承受审判的巨大压力方面，还是在提供维持审判的脑力劳动方面。
While their roles were not glamourous, these women’s contributions underscore how women lawyers were often tasked with the behind-the-scenes intellectual labor that made the trials possible—work that was essential but rarely acknowledged in official records.
虽然她们的角色并不光鲜亮丽，但这些女性的贡献突显了女律师经常承担使审判成为可能的幕后智力劳动的任务——这些工作至关重要，但很少在官方记录中得到承认。
Narratives focus on Jackson, Taylor, and other male leaders, while women’s contributions to the trials were folded into the background of research, briefs, and preparation.
叙述的重点是杰克逊、泰勒和其他男性领导人，而女性对审判的贡献则被纳入研究、简报和准备的背景中。
Women lawyers at the Nuremberg Trials were more than assistants.
纽伦堡审判中的女律师不仅仅是助手。
They played important roles in shaping international criminal law.
他们在制定国际刑法方面发挥了重要作用。
Their contributions add nuance to the Nuremberg narrative and shed light on the early presence of women in international justice.
她们的贡献为纽伦堡的叙述增添了细微差别，并揭示了妇女早期参与国际司法的情况。
“Woman Joins Staff of War Crimes Group,” The New York Times , July 11, 1945.
“妇女加入战争罪行小组”，《纽约时报》，1945 年 7 月 11 日。
J.
J。
Gordon Hylton, “Adam’s Rib as an Historical Document: The Plight of Women Layers in the 1940s,” Marquette University Law School (2013).
戈登·希尔顿 (Gordon Hylton)，“亚当的肋骨作为历史文献：20 世纪 40 年代女性阶层的困境”，马凯特大学法学院 (2013)。
John Q.
约翰·Q.
Barrett, “Katherine B.
巴雷特，“凯瑟琳 B.
Fite: The Leading Female Lawyer at London & Nuremberg, 1945,” Proceedings of the Third International Humanitarian Dialogs (2009), 14.
菲特：伦敦和纽伦堡的杰出女律师，1945 年”，《第三次国际人道主义对话记录》（2009 年），14。
Jessie Kratz, “It is history and it is fascinating”: Katherine Fite and the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 1945,” National Archives, Pieces of History , November 19, 2020.
Jessie Kratz，“这是历史，令人着迷”：凯瑟琳·菲特和纽伦堡战争罪审判，1945 年，”国家档案馆，历史片段，2020 年 11 月 19 日。
Accessed September 19, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 19 日。
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/11/19/it-is-history-and-it-is-fascinating-katherine-fite-and-the-nuremberg-war-crime-trials-1945/.
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/11/19/it-is-history-and-it-is-fascinating-katherine-fite-and-the-nuremberg-war-crime-trials-1945/。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, July 20, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 7 月 20 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 2, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 2 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559233 .
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559233。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, July 23, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 7 月 23 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 2, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 2 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559235?objectPage=2 .
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559235?objectPage=2 。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, August 5, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 8 月 5 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 2, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 2 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559243?objectPage=3.
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559243?objectPage=3。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, August 12, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 8 月 12 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 2, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 2 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559247?objectPage=2.
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559247?objectPage=2。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, October 14, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 10 月 14 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 2, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 2 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559318?objectPage=2 .
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559318?objectPage=2 。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, October 28, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 10 月 28 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 4, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 4 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559323?objectPage=2 .
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559323?objectPage=2 。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, December 28, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 12 月 28 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 4, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 4 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559356?objectPage=2.
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559356?objectPage=2。
Transcript of Letter from Katherine Fite to Mr. and Mrs. Emerson Fite, December 28, 1945.
凯瑟琳·菲特 (Katherine Fite) 1945 年 12 月 28 日致艾默生·菲特夫妇的信函抄本。
Accessed September 9, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 9 日。
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559315 .
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/158559315。
“Women at Nuremberg: Harriet Zetterberg,” USC Shoah Foundation (2018).
“纽伦堡的女性：Harriet Zetterberg”，南加州大学大屠杀基金会 (2018)。
Accessed September 22, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 22 日。
https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2018/05/22016-women-nuremberg-harriet-zetterberg .
https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2018/05/22016-women-nuremberg-harriet-zetterberg。
Margolies and Zetterberg Nuremberg Papers, File 7: Correspondence Book of Daniel Margolies and Harriet Zetterberg 1945-1946, 146.
马戈利斯和泽特伯格纽伦堡论文，文件 7：丹尼尔·马戈利斯和哈丽特·泽特伯格 1945-1946 年通讯簿，146。
Accessed September 16, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 16 日。
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn702494?rsc=146027&cv=145&x=1248&y=1523&z=2.1e-4 .
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn702494?rsc=146027&cv=145&x=1248&y=1523&z=2.1e-4 。
Margolies and Zetterberg Nuremberg Papers, File 7: Correspondence Book of Daniel Margolies and Harriet Zetterberg 1945-1946, 148.
马戈利斯和泽特伯格纽伦堡论文，文件 7：丹尼尔·马戈利斯和哈丽特·泽特伯格 1945-1946 年通讯簿，148。
Accessed September 16, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 16 日。
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn702494?rsc=146027&cv=147&x=1486&y=1432&z=2.2e-4 .
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn702494?rsc=146027&cv=147&x=1486&y=1432&z=2.2e-4 。
Cynthia Grant Bowman, “Women in the Legal Profession from the 1920s to the 1970s: What Can We Learn from Their Experience about Law and Social Change?” Maine Law Review , Vol. 61, No. 1, Article 2 (2009), 6.
Cynthia Grant Bowman，“1920 年代至 1970 年代法律职业中的女性：我们可以从她们的法律和社会变革经验中学到什么？”缅因州法律评论，卷。 61号第2条（2009）6。
Diane Marie Amann, “Portraits of Women at Nuremberg,” School of Law, University of California, Davis (2010), 5.
黛安·玛丽·阿曼，“纽伦堡女性肖像”，加州大学戴维斯分校法学院 (2010)，5。
Dawn Bradley Berry, “Cecelia Goetz,” The 50 Most Influential Women in American Law (Los Angeles: Lowell House 1996), 174.
Dawn Bradley Berry，“Cecelia Goetz”，《美国法律界 50 位最具影响力的女性》（洛杉矶：Lowell House 1996），174。
Accessed September 16, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 9 月 16 日。
https://archive.org/details/50mostinfluentia0000berr/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater .
https://archive.org/details/50mostinfluenceia0000berr/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater 。
Camille Talbot, “Cecelia Goetz: First Female Prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials,” Women in International Law Network (Manchester: University of Manchester 2017).
卡米尔·塔尔博特，“塞西莉亚·戈茨：纽伦堡审判中的第一位女检察官”，国际法女性网络（曼彻斯特：曼彻斯特大学，2017 年）。
Accessed August 12, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 8 月 12 日。
Kevin Jon Heller, “The OCC and the Tribunals,” The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011), 34.
Kevin Jon Heller，“OCC 和法庭”，纽伦堡军事法庭和国际刑法的起源（牛津：牛津大学出版社 2011 年），34。
Cecelia Goetz, interview by David Brotsky, USC Shoah Foundation , Nov.
Cecelia Goetz，南加州大学大屠杀基金会 David Brotsky 采访，11 月 11 日
6, 1997, 35:55-37:21.
1997 年 6 月 35:55-37:21。
Accessed August 29, 2025.
访问日期：2025 年 8 月 29 日。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_haNZzmRqv8.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_haNZzmRqv8。
Belle Zeck, interview by Randy M.
贝尔·泽克 (Belle Zeck) 接受兰迪·M (Randy M.) 采访
Goldman, USC Shoah Foundation , September 12, 1996.
高盛，南加州大学大屠杀基金会，1996 年 9 月 12 日。
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn504875 .
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn504875。
Emily Yellin, “A War Within the War: Right-Wing, Anti-Semitic Mothers’ Groups and Jewish-American Women,” Our Mothers’ War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II (New York: Free Press 2004), 348.
艾米莉·耶林，“战争中的战争：右翼、反犹太母亲团体和犹太裔美国妇女”，《我们母亲的战争：二战期间在家中和前线的美国妇女》（纽约：自由新闻社 2004 年），348。
Haley Guepet, PhD, is the Research Historian at The National WWII Museum’s Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy.
Haley Guepet 博士是国家二战博物馆珍妮·克雷格战争与民主研究所的研究历史学家。
The London Agreement and Charter not only shaped the prosecution of Nazi leaders after World War II but also marked a revolutionary moment in the development of international criminal law, setting precedent for holding individuals, not just states, accountable for war crimes.
《伦敦协定和宪章》不仅塑造了二战后对纳粹领导人的起诉，而且标志着国际刑法发展的革命性时刻，为追究个人（而不仅仅是国家）战争罪责任奠定了先例。
Justice Robert H.
大法官罗伯特·H.
Jackson’s opening statement at the Nuremberg Trials remains one of the most famous and influential oratories in the canon of international law and criminal jurisprudence.
杰克逊在纽伦堡审判中的开庭陈述仍然是国际法和刑事法学经典中最著名和最有影响力的演讲之一。
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League served as inspiration for young women across the country and opened the door further for women’s professional sports.
全美女子职业棒球联盟为全国年轻女性提供了灵感，并进一步为女子职业运动打开了大门。
Joseph R.
约瑟夫·R。
Beyrle's experience captures the initiative demanded of airborne soldiers, the brutality endured by prisoners of war, and the unlikely battlefield cooperation between American and Soviet soldiers during the final months of the war.
拜尔的经历体现了空降兵所需要的主动性、战俘所遭受的残酷以及战争最后几个月美国和苏联士兵之间不太可能的战场合作。
In the letter, Major Richard “Dick” Winters responded to Stephen Ambrose's request for his thoughts on the strain of command, the problems he faced during the war, and the living conditions his soldiers endured.
在信中，理查德·“迪克”·温特斯少校回应了斯蒂芬·安布罗斯关于他对指挥压力、他在战争期间面临的问题以及他的士兵所忍受的生活条件的看法的请求。
What emerged was also a concise explanation of Winters’s leadership philosophy.
随之而来的是对温特斯领导哲学的简洁解释。
At The National WWII Museum, remembering the anniversary of September 11 means remembering all those who perished that day and recognizing the many different stories they carried with them.
在国家二战博物馆，纪念 9 月 11 日的周年纪念意味着纪念那天所有遇难的人，并认识到他们所承载的许多不同的故事。
During World War II, ship names often referenced earlier eras of American history.
第二次世界大战期间，舰艇名称经常引用美国历史的早期时期。
Today, the US Navy continues its efforts to memorialize the country’s origins by upholding naming traditions that hark back more than 160 years.
如今，美国海军继续努力维护 160 多年前的命名传统，以纪念国家的起源。
Initially, hell ships moved Allied POWs to areas where their labor was needed, such as the Japanese main islands and other recently conquered regions, but later, they also moved prisoners to prevent them from being liberated by advancing Allied forces.
最初，地狱船将盟军战俘转移到需要他们劳动力的地区，例如日本主岛和其他最近征服的地区，但后来，它们也转移囚犯，以防止他们被前进的盟军解放。
A product of post Great War naval treaties and launched amid rising global tensions, the USS New Orleans forged a bond with its namesake city in the years before World War II
新奥尔良号航空母舰是一战后海军条约的产物，在全球紧张局势不断升级的情况下下水，在第二次世界大战前的几年里与同名城市建立了联系
945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944
945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944