Night Witches: The Soviet Women Pilots Who Terrified Nazi Soldiers
A main goal of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment was to attack German morale and keep enemy soldiers sleep-deprived from nights of almost endless bombing raids.
第 588 夜间轰炸机团的主要目标是打击德军士气，让敌方士兵在夜间几乎无休无止的轰炸袭击中失眠。
Top Photo: Deputy Commander Serafima Tarasovna Amosova assigns a combat mission to the pilots of the 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment.
上图：副指挥官塞拉菲玛·塔拉索夫娜·阿莫索娃向第 46 近卫夜间轰炸机航空团的飞行员指派战斗任务。
September 15, 1943.
1943 年 9 月 15 日。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
From early 1942 to 1945, Nazi soldiers on the Eastern Front listened for an ominous sound in the dead of night—one they described as the “whooshing” of a witch’s broom.
从 1942 年初到 1945 年，东线的纳粹士兵在夜深人静时听到了不祥的声音，他们将其描述为女巫扫帚的“呼啸声”。
That noise signaled the approach of the all-female Soviet 588th Night Bomber Regiment, better known to the Nazis by another name: the Nachthexen , or “Night Witches.” These women aviators flew over 24,000 missions, destroying railways, fuel depots, and warehouses while keeping Nazi soldiers awake and nervous through the long nights on the Eastern Front.
这种噪音标志着全由女性组成的苏联第 588 夜间轰炸机团的到来，纳粹分子更熟悉该团的另一个名字：Nachthexen，即“暗夜女巫”。这些女飞行员执行了超过 24,000 次飞行任务，摧毁了铁路、燃料库和仓库，同时让东线的纳粹士兵在漫长的夜晚保持清醒和紧张。
During the 1930s, Soviet women joined aviation clubs and learned military flying through paramilitary organizations like Osoaviakhim—the Society for Cooperation in Defense and Aviation-Chemical Development.
20 世纪 30 年代，苏联女性加入了航空俱乐部，并通过 Osoaviakhim（国防与航空化学发展合作协会）等准军事组织学习军事飞行。
Although women were not encouraged to join the military, the Soviet Union’s emphasis on legal equality for women meant Osoaviakhim could not turn women away who were determined enough to push through bureaucratic red tape and ignore social pressure.
尽管不鼓励女性参军，但苏联对女性法律平等的重视意味着奥索维亚金姆无法拒绝那些决心克服官僚繁文缛节、无视社会压力的女性。
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The growing aviation field was an exciting topic among the Soviet public, and air crews who completed difficult flights or set distance records held great propaganda value for the government.
不断发展的航空领域是苏联公众中一个令人兴奋的话题，完成困难飞行或创下距离记录的机组人员对政府具有巨大的宣传价值。
Among these were flights by Soviet women, the most famous of which was the flight of the Rodina in September 1938.
其中包括苏联妇女的飞行，其中最著名的是 1938 年 9 月的罗迪纳号飞行。
The all-female crew of Polina Osipenko, Valentina Grizodubova, and Marina Raskova set a new international women’s record, flying 3,695 miles in a straight line during a nonstop distance flight.
波琳娜·奥西彭科 (Polina Osipenko)、瓦伦蒂娜·格里佐杜波娃 (Valentina Grizodubova) 和玛丽娜·拉斯科娃 (Marina Raskova) 的全女性机组人员在一次不间断的长距离飞行中直线飞行了 3,695 英里，创造了新的国际女性纪录。
2 But the Rodina’s 4,010-total-mile journey ended in a forced landing as poor weather conditions led to limited visibility.
2 但由于恶劣的天气条件导致能见度有限，罗迪纳号总里程 4,010 英里的旅程最终以迫降告终。
Raskova, the navigator, was forced to bail out and spent 10 days in the wilderness with limited food and no water before the rescue crew arrived.
领航员拉斯科娃被迫跳伞，在荒野中度过了10天，食物和水都有限，直到救援人员赶到。
The Rodina’s crew were the first women to receive the country’s highest award, the Hero of the Soviet Union, and Raskova earned the nickname “the Soviet Amelia Earhart.” 3
罗迪纳号的船员是第一批获得国家最高奖项“苏联英雄”的女性，拉斯科娃赢得了“苏联阿米莉亚·埃尔哈特”的绰号。 3
The crew of the DB-2B "Rodina" aircraft, 2nd pilot Polina Denisovna Osipenko, commander Valentina Stepanovna Grizodubova and navigator Marina Mikhailovna Raskova (from left to right) at the Shchelkovo airfield before the long-distance non-stop flight "Moscow-Far East".
DB-2B“罗迪纳”飞机的机组人员、第二飞行员波琳娜·杰尼索夫娜·奥西彭科、机长瓦伦蒂娜·斯捷潘诺夫娜·格里佐杜博娃和领航员玛丽娜·米哈伊洛夫娜·拉斯科娃（从左到右）在“莫斯科-远东”长途直飞航班之前在谢尔科沃机场。
September 24, 1938.
1938 年 9 月 24 日。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
After Nazi Germany’s June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa, many Soviet women pilots wanted to use their flying skills in the military.
1941 年 6 月，纳粹德国通过巴巴罗萨行动入侵苏联后，许多苏联女飞行员希望在军队中发挥她们的飞行技能。
However, their gender disqualified them from joining the Soviet air force as pilots.
然而，他们的性别使他们没有资格加入苏联空军担任飞行员。
Numerous women wrote to Raskova for help, and she petitioned Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin to create women’s combat aviation regiments.
许多女性写信给拉斯科娃寻求帮助，她请求苏联总理约瑟夫·斯大林建立女子战斗航空团。
Stalin and the government agreed, forming Soviet Union Aviation Group 122 under Raskova’s leadership that October.
斯大林和政府同意，同年 10 月成立了由拉斯科娃领导的苏联第 122 航空大队。
Aviation Group 122 consisted of three regiments: the 586th Fighter Aviation Regiment, the 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment, and the 588th Night Bomber Regiment.
第122航空大队由三个团组成：第586战斗机航空团、第587轰炸机航空团和第588夜间轰炸机团。
Pilots with the most experience went to the 586th; those with the least were assigned to the 588th.
经验最丰富的飞行员去了 586 号；那些最少的被分配到第 588 团。
4 Originally, all members of the regiments were women, including the ground and support crews.
4 最初，该团的所有成员都是女性，包括地勤人员和后勤人员。
By the end of the war, however, the 588th was the only regiment to remain all-female—a major point of pride for its members—and it received the most honors and media attention of any of the women’s combat groups.
然而，到战争结束时，第 588 团是唯一一支全部由女性组成的团——这是其成员的一大骄傲——而且它在所有女性战斗团体中获得了最多的荣誉和媒体关注。
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The aviators of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment flew Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes with two-woman crews consisting of a pilot and a navigator.
第 588 夜间轰炸机团的飞行员驾驶 Polikarpov Po-2 双翼飞机，机组人员包括两名女性，其中包括一名飞行员和一名领航员。
Made of wood and canvas, the Po-2 had no modern instruments, could only carry two bombs at a time, and had a top speed of 60 miles per hour when fully loaded.
Po-2 由木头和帆布制成，没有现代仪器，一次只能携带两枚炸弹，满载时最高时速为 60 英里。
Due to the weight of the bombs, the plane often flew at a lower altitude, at a maximum of 3,937 feet to a minimum of 1,968 feet, which required the pilots to fly at night for better protection.
由于炸弹的重量，飞机经常飞行在较低的高度，最高为3,937英尺，最低为1,968英尺，这需要飞行员在夜间飞行以获得更好的保护。
6 The Po-2’s construction also made it vulnerable to antiaircraft fire.
6 Po-2 的构造也使其容易受到防空火力的攻击。
One former pilot described the plane’s flammability: “One direct hit and it caught fire and burned up completely in the air, before reaching the ground.
一位前飞行员描述了这架飞机的易燃性：“直接命中，飞机着火并在到达地面之前在空中完全燃烧。
Like a match.
就像一场比赛。
The only solid metal part was the M-11 motor.” 7 The women also did not carry parachutes due to the added weight and the low flying altitude.
唯一的固体金属部件是 M-11 发动机。” 7 由于重量增加和飞行高度低，这些妇女也没有携带降落伞。
For many of the pilots, death was better than to be taken prisoner.
对于许多飞行员来说，死亡比被俘虏更好。
8 In the Soviet Union, being captured or spending time in Nazi-occupied territory carried a stigma and, in some cases, trial by the Military Tribunal that could result in banishment to a penal colony or execution for treason.
8 在苏联，被俘或在纳粹占领的领土上逗留会带来耻辱，在某些情况下，军事法庭的审判可能会导致流放到流放地或因叛国罪被处决。
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Group photo of female pilots of the 46th Guards NBAP in front of the U-2 Gelendzhik aircraft.
第 46 近卫 NBAP 女飞行员在 U-2 格连吉克飞机前合影。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
Despite the Po-2’s drawbacks, however, the lightweight nature of the plane made it easier to maneuver and offered more stability in the air.
然而，尽管 Po-2 存在缺点，但该飞机的轻质特性使其更容易操纵，并在空中提供更高的稳定性。
The small plane could land almost anywhere, from a small forest clearing to a roadway.
这架小型飞机几乎可以降落在任何地方，从小森林空地到道路。
10 It was also too small to be detected by radar or infrared, and the lack of radios prevented tracking by radio locators.
10 它也太小，无法被雷达或红外线探测到，而且缺乏无线电，无法通过无线电定位器进行跟踪。
Since the Po-2 had a limited range, the women operated close to the front lines.
由于 Po-2 的射程有限，女兵们在靠近前线的地方作战。
The Night Witches flew in support of many of the Eastern Front campaigns, including the battle for Stavropol, the defense of the Transcaucasus, the liberation of Novorossiysk, and the liberation of Gdańsk, as well as operations in the Crimean and Belarus offensives.
暗夜女巫飞行支援东线的许多战役，包括斯塔夫罗波尔战役、保卫外高加索、解放新罗西斯克和解放格但斯克，以及克里米亚和白俄罗斯攻势中的行动。
Their bombing campaigns also aided the Soviet military in their eventual victory at Stalingrad.
他们的轰炸行动也帮助苏联军队最终在斯大林格勒取得了胜利。
The bombers destroyed or damaged German supply lines, vehicles, and ground troops, and dropped food and supplies for Soviet troops.
轰炸机摧毁或损坏了德国的补给线、车辆和地面部队，并为苏联军队空投了食物和补给品。
Hero of the Soviet Union, navigator of the 46th Guards NBAP Yekaterina Vasilevna Ryabova near the Po-2 aircraft.
苏联英雄、第 46 近卫 NBAP 领航员叶卡捷琳娜·瓦西里芙娜·里亚博娃 (Yekaterin Vasilevna Ryabova) 在 Po-2 飞机附近。
September 15, 1943.
1943 年 9 月 15 日。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
Another main goal of the 588th was to attack German morale and keep enemy soldiers sleep-deprived from nights of almost endless bombing raids.
第 588 师的另一个主要目标是打击德军士气，让敌方士兵在几乎无休止的轰炸袭击中彻夜难眠。
The Night Witches followed a very specific strategy in their nighttime raids: As each pilot approached her target, she would turn off her engine.
暗夜女巫在夜间袭击中遵循了非常具体的策略：当每位飞行员接近目标时，她会关闭引擎。
The only sound the Germans would hear was the ominous whooshing of “ die Nachthexen ” as the pilot approached her target and dropped her bombs.
德国人听到的唯一声音是飞行员接近目标并投下炸弹时发出的不祥的“die Nachthexen”呼啸声。
At the same time, the women needed to dodge German searchlights and antiaircraft fire.
与此同时，妇女们还需要躲避德国探照灯和高射炮火。
To achieve this, one plane would circle the searchlights as the other approached and then would bomb their searchlights as the other plane hit the main target.
为了实现这一目标，一架飞机会在另一架飞机接近时绕着探照灯转圈，然后在另一架飞机击中主要目标时轰炸其探照灯。
11 After releasing both bombs, the crews would return to the regiment’s temporary base to refuel and load more bombs before flying out for another run.
11 两枚炸弹投放完毕后，机组人员将返回该团的临时基地补充燃料并装载更多炸弹，然后再飞出进行另一次飞行。
The women would fly anywhere from eight to 18 sorties a night, each lasting 30 to 50 minutes.
这些女性每晚会飞行 8 到 18 架次，每次持续 30 到 50 分钟。
Thirty-two pilots of the Night Witches were killed in service, including Marina Raskova.
暗夜女巫的 32 名飞行员在服役期间阵亡，其中包括玛丽娜·拉斯科娃 (Marina Raskova)。
Eighteen pilots and six navigators received the Soviet Union’s highest award, the Hero of the Soviet Union, more than any other Soviet women’s unit.
获得苏联最高奖项“苏联英雄”称号的十八名飞行员和六名领航员，比任何其他苏联女子部队都要多。
12 The unit’s achievements also earned them redesignation as the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment in February 1943, marking them as an elite unit.
12 该部队的成就还使他们于 1943 年 2 月被重新命名为第 46 塔曼卫队夜间轰炸机航空团，标志着他们成为一支精锐部队。
The “Taman” designation was in honor of their missions flown over the Taman Peninsula.
“塔曼”这个称号是为了纪念他们在塔曼半岛上空执行的任务。
Photo "Pilots of the 46th Guards Aviation Regiment", 1945 - History of Russia in photos.
照片“第 46 近卫航空团的飞行员”，1945 年 - 照片中的俄罗斯历史。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
The unit was disbanded shortly after the end of World War II, and, for the most part, the women aviators were not allowed to continue serving in the Soviet military.
该部队在第二次世界大战结束后不久就被解散，并且大多数女飞行员都不允许继续在苏联军队服役。
Some found civilian aviation work; others found jobs working in factories or in other professional fields.
有些人找到了民用航空工作；有些人则找到了工作。其他人在工厂或其他专业领域找到了工作。
While the women’s contributions to the war effort had been praised in Soviet media during the war, in the postwar period, those achievements were forgotten about or obscured from the historical narrative.
虽然妇女对战争的贡献在战争期间受到苏联媒体的赞扬，但在战后时期，这些成就在历史叙述中被遗忘或模糊。
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The Soviet women pilots did not meet the members of the American civilian Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) during the war.
战争期间，苏联女飞行员并没有与美国民间女子空军服役飞行员（WASP）的成员见面。
In 1990 however, a group of former WASPs traveled to the Soviet Union to meet their wartime counterparts as part of the “People to People” travel program.
然而，1990 年，作为“人民对人民”旅行计划的一部分，一群前 WASP 成员前往苏联会见战时同行。
The WASPs brought patches and pins with their “Fifinella” gremlin logo, along with a “People to People” friendship plaque, and the Night Witches offered them pins, books, and flowers.
WASP 带来了印有“Fifinella”小鬼标志的补丁和别针，以及“人民与人民”友谊牌匾，暗夜女巫则为他们提供了别针、书籍和鲜花。
14 Bob Hope’s USO tour arrived in Moscow, and the WASPs were able to watch the show and meet Hope and the other performers.
14 日鲍勃·霍普 (Bob Hope) 的 USO 巡演抵达莫斯科，WASP 们能够观看演出并见到霍普和其他表演者。
Throughout the trip, the WASPs kept a group journal to record their experiences.
在整个旅程中，WASP 成员保留了一份集体日记来记录他们的经历。
One of the former WASPs recalled a moment in which she exchanged pins with one of the former Night Witches, sharing a connection even though they could not speak the same language: “It was not just presenting a little ‘Fifi’ [the WASP logo pin]; it was an American woman pilot and a Soviet woman pilot experiencing a common emotion, and finding that we were alike.” 15
一位前 WASP 成员回忆起她与一位前暗夜女巫交换别针的时刻，尽管她们无法说同一种语言，但仍保持着联系：“这不仅仅是展示一个小‘Fifi’（WASP 标志别针）；这是一位美国女飞行员和一位苏联女飞行员体验到的共同情感，并发现我们很相似。” 15
Their trip coincided with the 45th anniversary of the end of World War II, and the WASPs were special guests at the large Victory Parade in Moscow’s Red Square.
他们的旅行恰逢第二次世界大战结束 45 周年，WASP 是莫斯科红场大型胜利游行的特邀嘉宾。
While at the celebration, the Night Witches and the WASPs wrote two letters, one to US President George H.W.
在庆祝活动期间，暗夜女巫和 WASP 写了两封信，一封是写给美国总统乔治·H·W·布什的。
Bush and one to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, to appeal for a “peaceful future for [their] children and grandchildren.” 16 The women pilots referred to themselves as “sisters in the sky” working together for a “common good.” 17 The meeting of two different groups of women pilots represented women’s patriotic duty to their countries in World War II.
布什和一位苏联总统米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫呼吁“为他们的子孙创造和平的未来”。 16 女飞行员称自己为“空中姐妹”，为了“共同利益”而共同努力。 17 两个不同群体的女飞行员的会面代表了二战期间妇女对其国家的爱国责任。
Although their missions and wartime experiences were different, both the WASPs and Night Witches used their skills to protect their homelands and, nearly half a century after the war, still wanted to do their best to serve future generations.
尽管他们的使命和战时经历不同，但WASP和暗夜女巫都用自己的技能来保护自己的家园，并且在战后近半个世纪后，仍然想尽最大努力为子孙后代服务。
Newspaper clipping with an article about WASP, Soviet woman pilots, and an anniversary in which they were able to meet.
剪报上有一篇关于 WASP、苏联女飞行员以及她们见面周年纪念日的文章。
University of North Texas
北德克萨斯大学
Although the 588th Night Bomber Regiment was only in operation for a short period of time, the group made a significant impact on the Soviet war effort.
尽管第 588 夜间轰炸机团只服役了很短一段时间，但该团对苏联的战争努力产生了重大影响。
The over 24,000 missions flown by the Night Witches destroyed Nazi military supplies and transportation, as well as demoralized the enemy soldiers.
暗夜女巫执行的 24,000 多次任务摧毁了纳粹的军事补给和运输，并挫伤了敌方士兵的士气。
The women entered dangerous combat roles in the war in order to protect their homes and defend their country.
为了保卫家园、保卫国家，妇女们在战争中扮演了危险的战斗角色。
Their skills and courage in the skies of the Eastern Front made the Night Witches valuable contributors to Allied victory in World War II.
暗夜女巫在东线的天空中展现出的技能和勇气为盟军在二战中的胜利做出了宝贵的贡献。
Reina Pennington, Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat , (University Press of Kansas, 2001), 8-9.
雷纳·彭宁顿 (Reina Pennington)，《翅膀、妇女和战争：第二次世界大战中的苏联女飞行员》，（堪萨斯大学出版社，2001 年），8-9。
Ay Goodpaster Strebe, Flying for Her Country: The American and Soviet Somen Military Pilots of World War II , (Potomac Books, 2009), 15.
古德帕斯特·斯特雷布，为祖国而飞：第二次世界大战中的美国和苏联索门军事飞行员，（波托马克图书公司，2009 年），15。
Lyuba Vonogradova, Defending the Motherland: The Soviet Women Who Fought Hitler’s Aces , translated by Arch Tait, (MacLehose Press, 2015), 66-67.
柳芭·沃诺格拉多娃，《保卫祖国：与希特勒王牌作战的苏联妇女》，阿奇·泰特翻译，（麦理浩出版社，2015），66-67。
Serafima Amosova-Taranenko interview in A Dance with Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II , Anne Noggle, (Texas A&M Press, 2001), 44-45.
Serafima Amosova-Taranenko 采访《与死亡共舞：二战中的苏联女飞行员》，Anne Noggle，（德克萨斯 A&M 出版社，2001 年），44-45。
Alexandra Semyonovna Popova interview in The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II , Svetlana Alexievich, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonksy, (Random House, 2018), 194.
亚历山德拉·谢苗诺芙娜·波波娃 (Alexandra Semyonovna Popova) 采访《战争中的非女性面孔：二战中女性的口述历史》，斯维特兰娜·阿列克谢耶维奇 (Svetlana Alexievich)，理查德·佩维尔 (Richard Pevear) 和拉里萨·沃洛洪克斯 (Larissa Volokhonksy) 翻译，（兰登书屋，2018 年），194。
Barbara Ward Lazarsky, Journal: Citizen Ambassador Program, World War II Women Airforce Pilots Delegation to the Soviet Union, May 3-16, 1990 , 6-7, University of North Texas Libraries, Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1009819/
Barbara Ward Lazarsky，期刊：公民大使计划，二战女性空军飞行员代表团前往苏联，1990 年 5 月 3-16 日、6-7，北德克萨斯大学图书馆，德克萨斯历史门户网站，https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1009819/
R.
R。
Charlyene Creger, Victory Day Report No. 2 in Journal: Citizen Ambassador Program, World War II Women Airforce Pilots Delegation to the Soviet Union, May 3-16, 1990 , 21.
Charlyene Creger，《胜利日报告第 2 号》杂志：公民大使计划，二战女空军飞行员代表团驻苏联，1990 年 5 月 3 日至 16 日，21。
Letter from Women Airforce Service Pilots, WWII to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, 9 May 1990 in Journal: Citizen Ambassador Program , Appendix A.
第二次世界大战期间女空军飞行员致苏联总统米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的信，1990 年 5 月 9 日，发表于《公民大使计划》杂志，附录 A。
Brittany Huner joined the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy as a Research Historian in June 2025.
布列塔尼·胡纳 (Brittany Huner) 于 2025 年 6 月加入珍妮·克雷格战争与民主研究所，担任研究历史学家。
During the war, nearly 1,100 highly trained women tested, flew, and ferried 12,650 aircraft over 60 million miles as Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).
战争期间，近 1,100 名训练有素的女性作为女空军服役飞行员 (WASP) 测试、驾驶和运送 12,650 架飞机，飞行里程超过 6,000 万英里。
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League served as inspiration for young women across the country and opened the door further for women’s professional sports.
全美女子职业棒球联盟为全国年轻女性提供了灵感，并进一步为女子职业运动打开了大门。
Joseph R.
约瑟夫·R。
Beyrle's experience captures the initiative demanded of airborne soldiers, the brutality endured by prisoners of war, and the unlikely battlefield cooperation between American and Soviet soldiers during the final months of the war.
拜尔的经历体现了空降兵所需要的主动性、战俘所遭受的残酷以及战争最后几个月美国和苏联士兵之间不太可能的战场合作。
In the letter, Major Richard “Dick” Winters responded to Stephen Ambrose's request for his thoughts on the strain of command, the problems he faced during the war, and the living conditions his soldiers endured.
在信中，理查德·“迪克”·温特斯少校回应了斯蒂芬·安布罗斯关于他对指挥压力、他在战争期间面临的问题以及他的士兵所忍受的生活条件的看法的请求。
What emerged was also a concise explanation of Winters’s leadership philosophy.
随之而来的是对温特斯领导哲学的简洁解释。
At The National WWII Museum, remembering the anniversary of September 11 means remembering all those who perished that day and recognizing the many different stories they carried with them.
在国家二战博物馆，纪念 9 月 11 日的周年纪念意味着纪念那天所有遇难的人，并认识到他们所承载的许多不同的故事。
When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Boris Vetman and his older brother Samuel volunteered to fight to defend their homeland with the Red Army.
当纳粹德国入侵苏联时，鲍里斯·维特曼和他的哥哥塞缪尔自愿加入红军保卫家园。
During World War II, ship names often referenced earlier eras of American history.
第二次世界大战期间，舰艇名称经常引用美国历史的早期时期。
Today, the US Navy continues its efforts to memorialize the country’s origins by upholding naming traditions that hark back more than 160 years.
如今，美国海军继续努力维护 160 多年前的命名传统，以纪念国家的起源。
Initially, hell ships moved Allied POWs to areas where their labor was needed, such as the Japanese main islands and other recently conquered regions, but later, they also moved prisoners to prevent them from being liberated by advancing Allied forces.
最初，地狱船将盟军战俘转移到需要他们劳动力的地区，例如日本主岛和其他最近征服的地区，但后来，它们也转移囚犯，以防止他们被前进的盟军解放。
945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944
945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944