Defiance in the Face of Death: Janusz Korczak and the Warsaw Ghetto
In 1942, when the Nazis rounded up the children in his Warsaw Ghetto orphanage and sent them to the death camp at Treblinka, Janusz Korczak refused to leave their side.
1942 年，当纳粹将孩子们围捕到华沙犹太人区孤儿院并将他们送往特雷布林卡死亡营时，雅努什·科尔恰克拒绝离开他们。
He was murdered alongside his pupils shortly after arriving at Treblinka.
到达特雷布林卡后不久，他和他的学生一起被谋杀。
Top Photo: Left: Postcard of Janusz Korczak, published in Warsaw in 1933.
上图：左：Janusz Korczak 的明信片，1933 年在华沙出版。
Wikimedia Commons .
维基共享资源。
Right: Monument to Janusz Korczak at the Jewish cemetery in Wola in Warsaw, Poland.
右图：波兰华沙沃拉犹太公墓内的雅努什·科尔恰克 (Janusz Korczak) 纪念碑。
Adrian Grycuk / Wikimedia Commons
阿德里安·格里库克/维基共享资源
Among the 17,000 stones standing as a symbolic cemetery at the Treblinka memorial, only one bears the name of an individual: “Janusz Korczak (Henryk Goldzmit) i Dzieci (Children).” 1
在特雷布林卡纪念馆的 17,000 块象征性墓地中，只有一块刻有个人名字：“Janusz Korczak (Henryk Goldzmit) i Dzieci（儿童）”。 1
A pediatrician and educator, Korczak ran orphanages for Jewish children in Poland and was an early advocate for children’s rights—a revolutionary philosophy at the time.
科扎克是一名儿科医生和教育家，在波兰为犹太儿童经营孤儿院，也是儿童权利的早期倡导者——这在当时是一种革命性的哲学。
In 1942, when the Nazis rounded up the children in his Warsaw Ghetto orphanage and sent them to the death camp at Treblinka, Korczak refused to leave their side.
1942 年，当纳粹将孩子们围捕在华沙犹太区孤儿院并将他们送往特雷布林卡死亡营时，科扎克拒绝离开他们。
He was murdered alongside his pupils shortly after arriving at Treblinka.
到达特雷布林卡后不久，他和他的学生一起被谋杀。
Reflecting on his death, Władysław Szpilman wrote in his memoir, The Pianist , that “Korczak’s true value was not in what he wrote but in the fact that he lived as he wrote.
瓦迪斯瓦夫·斯皮尔曼（Władysław Szpilman）在回忆录《钢琴家》中反思他的去世时写道：“科尔恰克的真正价值不在于他所写的内容，而在于他按照自己所写的方式生活。
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……
[H]e had devoted every minute of his free time and every złoty he had available to the cause of children, and he was to be devoted to them until his death.” 2
他把他的每一分钟空闲时间和每一块钱都奉献给了儿童事业，他将致力于儿童事业，直到他去世。” 2
Stone at Treblinka memorial commemorating Janusz Korczak and children.
特雷布林卡纪念碑上的石头纪念贾努什·科扎克和孩子们。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
Born on July 22, 1878, as Henryk Goldszmit to a Jewish family in Warsaw, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire) Korczak took the name he would forever be remembered by during an 1898 literary contest the young writer entered.
科扎克出生于 1878 年 7 月 22 日，原名亨利克·戈德兹密特 (Henryk Goldszmit)，出生于波兰华沙（当时是俄罗斯帝国的一部分）的一个犹太家庭。科扎克在 1898 年参加的一场文学比赛中取了这个名字，这个名字将永远被人们铭记。
The name was the fictitious lead character in a novel by well-known Polish novelist Jozef Kraszewski, but according to biographer Betty Jean Lifton, “The noble character of the fictional Janasz Korczak, a poor orphan of gentry lineage, must have appealed to Henyrk.
这个名字是波兰著名小说家约瑟夫·克拉谢夫斯基（Jozef Kraszewski）小说中虚构的主角，但根据传记作家贝蒂·吉恩·利夫顿（Betty Jean Lifton）的说法，“虚构的雅纳斯·科尔恰克（Janasz Korczak）是一个贫穷的贵族家庭孤儿，他的高贵性格一定吸引了亨尼克。
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Janasz turns his fate around by patience, honesty, and self-control.” The Polish-sounding pseudonym also likely broke down some of the barriers that came with being Jewish in Poland at the turn of the 20th century.
贾纳斯通过耐心、诚实和自我控制扭转了他的命运。”这个听起来像波兰语的笔名也可能打破了 20 世纪之交波兰犹太人所面临的一些障碍。
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Korczak studied pediatric medicine at the University of Warsaw, and after serving in the Russo-Japanese War, Korczak decided to become an educator, joining the Orphan’s Aid Society in 1908.
科扎克在华沙大学学习儿科医学，在日俄战争服役后，科扎克决定成为一名教育家，并于 1908 年加入孤儿援助协会。
In 1911, he founded the Dom Sierot orphanage for Jewish children in Warsaw.
1911 年，他在华沙为犹太儿童建立了 Dom Sierot 孤儿院。
According to Yad Vashem, “About one hundred children lived in the orphanage.
据大屠杀纪念馆称，“孤儿院里住着大约一百名儿童。
[Korczak] established a ‘republic for children’ with its own small parliament, law-court and newspaper.” 4
[Korczak] 建立了一个‘儿童共和国’，拥有自己的小型议会、法院和报纸。” 4
He based the idea of the children’s republic on the belief that children were people of today, not just people of tomorrow.
他将儿童共和国的理念建立在这样的信念之上：儿童是今天的人，而不仅仅是明天的人。
As Lifton explains, “Korczak believed [children] are entitled to be taken seriously.
正如利夫顿解释的那样，“科扎克相信[儿童]有权受到认真对待。
They have a right to be treated by adults with tenderness and respect, as equals, not as masters and slaves.
他们有权受到成年人的温柔和尊重，平等对待，而不是主人和奴隶。
They should be allowed to grow into whatever they were meant to be: the ‘unknown person’ inside each of them is the hope for the future.” 5
他们应该被允许成长为他们应该成为的样子：他们每个人内心的‘无名之辈’都是未来的希望。” 5
Postcard of Janusz Korczak, published in Warsaw in 1933.
Janusz Korczak 的明信片，1933 年在华沙出版。
Wikimedia Commons
维基共享资源
World War I suspended Korczak’s orphanage work when he was drafted to oversee a field hospital in Ukraine.
第一次世界大战期间，科扎克被征召去监督乌克兰的一家野战医院，他的孤儿院工作因此暂停。
Resuming his work at the orphanage after the war, Korczak expanded his educational influence.
战后，科扎克继续在孤儿院工作，扩大了他的教育影响力。
He was an active member in four social organizations, started collaborating with Polish educational institutions for teachers, and became a lecturer at the Free Polish University.
他是四个社会组织的积极成员，开始与波兰教育机构合作聘请教师，并成为自由波兰大学的讲师。
He also cofounded a second orphanage called Nasz Dom in Pruzków, near Warsaw.
他还在华沙附近的普鲁兹库夫共同创办了第二所孤儿院，名为 Nasz Dom。
6 This productive period also saw Korczak publish several books, including King Matt the First and How to Love a Child , both of which enjoyed wide readerships.
6 在这段多产的时期，科扎克还出版了几本书，包括《马特一世》和《如何爱孩子》，这两本书都拥有广泛的读者。
7 In 1937, Korczak was awarded the Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature for his work, a marker of his growing prestige as an educator and author.
7 1937 年，科尔恰克因其作品被授予波兰文学学院金桂冠，这标志着他作为教育家和作家的声望日益提高。
8 He also started a widely broadcast radio program, though it was later shut down due to rising antisemitism in Poland.
8 他还开设了一个广泛广播的广播节目，但后来由于波兰反犹太主义抬头而被关闭。
In fact, after several trips to Palestine under the British Mandate during the 1930s, Korczak had all but made the decision to emigrate.
事实上，在 1930 年代多次前往英国托管下的巴勒斯坦之后，科扎克几乎做出了移民的决定。
However, the outbreak of World War II destroyed those plans.
然而，第二次世界大战的爆发破坏了这些计划。
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The onset of World War II fatefully altered the trajectory of Korczak’s life.
第二次世界大战的爆发决定性地改变了科扎克的人生轨迹。
In 1940, Dom Sierot and its 150 children were resettled inside the Warsaw Ghetto , along with the rest of the city’s Jewish population.
1940 年，Dom Sierot 及其 150 名儿童与该市的其他犹太人一起被重新安置在华沙犹太人区。
10 However, Korczak refused to wear the white band with the Star of David that Jews had been required to wear.
10 然而，科扎克拒绝佩戴犹太人必须佩戴的带有大卫之星的白色带子。
One day, Korczak arrived at Gestapo headquarters to complain about a German sentry who had confiscated a cart of potatoes he had tried to bring into the ghetto.
有一天，科扎克到达盖世太保总部，抱怨一名德国哨兵没收了他试图带进隔都的一车土豆。
The Gestapo officer listening to the complaint noted that Korczak was not wearing the star, informing Korczak that he would be arrested.
听取投诉的盖世太保官员注意到科扎克没有佩戴这颗星星，并通知科扎克他将被逮捕。
Korczak responded defiantly: “There are human laws which are transitory, and higher laws which are eternal…” He was cut off as he was seized by guards, beaten, and thrown into a prison cell.
科扎克挑衅地回应道：“人类的法律是短暂的，而更高的法律是永恒的……”他被警卫抓住、殴打并扔进牢房，与他断绝了联系。
11 Upon being released a month later, the children of the orphanage, excited to see Korczak, asked why he shouted at the Germans and if he was scared during his ordeal.
11 一个月后获释后，孤儿院的孩子们很高兴见到科扎克，问他为什么对德国人大喊大叫，以及他在痛苦的过程中是否感到害怕。
Korczak reportedly replied, “On the contrary, they were afraid of me.
据报道，科扎克回答说：“相反，他们害怕我。
The Germans are always afraid of anyone who yells louder than them.” When the kids asked what it was like in prison, Korczak said, “Wonderful,” and then broke into a dance.
德国人总是害怕任何喊得比他们大声的人。”当孩子们问监狱里的感觉如何时，科扎克说：“太棒了”，然后开始跳舞。
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Janusz Korczak with children and teachers in from of Dom Sierot orphanage.
Janusz Korczak 与 Dom Sierot 孤儿院的孩子们和老师们在一起。
Treblinka Museum
特雷布林卡博物馆
Though defiant in the face of the Gestapo and brave before his charges, the prison stay had deeply impacted Korczak.
尽管科尔恰克在盖世太保面前表现得目中无人，在受到指控前也表现得很勇敢，但牢狱之灾还是对科尔扎克产生了深远的影响。
Soon thereafter, he blocked one of the entrances to the orphanage and installed blackout curtains to help guard against further German intrusions.
此后不久，他封锁了孤儿院的一个入口，并安装了遮光窗帘，以防止德国人进一步入侵。
He was determined to safeguard his children against the barbarity he recognized in their German oppressors.
他决心保护自己的孩子免受德国压迫者的野蛮行径。
By many accounts, he also was left physically weakened by his incarceration—a doctor found he had fluid in his lungs and told Korczak this was a sign of heart failure.
据多种说法，他的监禁也使他的身体变得虚弱——一位医生发现他的肺部有液体，并告诉科扎克这是心力衰竭的征兆。
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Despite several offers to hide in safety on the “Aryan side” of Warsaw, Korczak refused to abandon his children.
尽管多次提出要躲在华沙的“雅利安一侧”安全，但科扎克拒绝抛弃他的孩子。
Instead, he begged for food, going door to door to ensure his pupils did not starve like many other ghetto inhabitants.
相反，他挨家挨户地乞讨食物，以确保他的学生不会像许多其他贫民窟居民一样挨饿。
He also tried to maintain the types of activities that made his orphanage so special on the outside—allowing the children to have a say in their own governance, performing plays, and telling stories.
他还试图维持那些让他的孤儿院在外面如此特别的活动类型——让孩子们在自己的管理、表演戏剧和讲故事方面有发言权。
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Yet, by 1941, ghetto life was becoming dire, especially as diseases like typhus raged in the cold winter months.
然而，到了 1941 年，贫民窟的生活变得十分悲惨，尤其是斑疹伤寒等疾病在寒冷的冬季肆虐。
Emaciated children not from the orphanage lay begging and dying on the ghetto’s streets, and according to Lifton, “Sometimes Korczak knelt beside the dying children, trying to transmit some warmth from his hand to their emaciated bodies, whispering a few words of encouragement, but most of them were already beyond response.” 15 Such sights broke Korczak’s heart, and as the calendar flipped to 1942, the fight to survive and the fight for his orphans only ratcheted up.
不是来自孤儿院的瘦弱的孩子们躺在贫民窟的街道上乞讨和死去，据利夫顿说，“有时科扎克跪在垂死的孩子旁边，试图将手上的温暖传递到他们瘦弱的身体上，低声说几句鼓励的话，但大多数人已经无法回应。” 15 这样的景象让科扎克心碎，随着日历翻到 1942 年，生存之战和孤儿之战愈演愈烈。
In his diary, he tracked the steady decline in the body weights of his children, and, as a doctor, he too recognized that his own fatigue and deterioration were signs of malnutrition that came with receiving less than 800 calories per day.
他在日记中记录了孩子们体重的稳步下降，作为一名医生，他也认识到自己的疲劳和恶化是营养不良的迹象，每天摄入的热量低于 800 卡路里。
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But Korczak did not stop, and, if anything, the horrific conditions in the Warsaw Ghetto only made him push on harder.
但科扎克并没有停下来，而且，如果说有什么不同的话，那就是华沙犹太人区的可怕条件只会让他更加努力地前进。
“To take on more than was humanly possible was Korczak’s way of spiritual resistance,” writes Lifton.
利夫顿写道：“科扎克的精神抵抗方式就是承担超出人类能力的事情。”
“He held to his principle that if he kept the order of his house, the ritual of his day, he would succeed.
“他坚持自己的原则，如果他遵守家里的秩序，遵守他那个时代的仪式，他就会成功。
Perhaps the war would end, and the Germans would be defeated.
也许战争会结束，德国人会被击败。
Until then, the fact that his children were well and active, did not get typhus or tuberculosis, that the orphanage did not have to be disinfected, was a point for life against death, for good against evil.” 17
在那之前，他的孩子们身体健康，活泼好动，没有感染斑疹伤寒或肺结核，孤儿院不需要进行消毒，这是生命对抗死亡、正义对抗邪恶的关键。” 17 号
On July 18, 1942, Korczak’s orphans performed what would be their final play, entitled The Post Office .
1942 年 7 月 18 日，科尔恰克的孤儿们表演了他们的最后一部剧目，名为《邮局》。
In the play, a sick boy confined to his room longs to fly to a distant land with a doctor leading him by the hand.
剧中，一个被关在房间里的生病男孩渴望在医生的牵手下飞向遥远的国度。
According to Lifton, “It was clear from the hushed silence at the end of the play that Korczak had succeeded in providing the adults as well as the children with a sense of liberation from their present lives.” When asked why he chose this play, Korczak reportedly said that he wanted to help the children accept death.
利夫顿表示，“从戏剧结束时的寂静中可以清楚地看出，科扎克成功地为成年人和孩子们提供了一种从当前生活中解放出来的感觉。”据报道，当被问及为什么选择这部剧时，科扎克表示他想帮助孩子们接受死亡。
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Indeed, word of resettlement and fears connected to the growing death toll in the ghetto had spread in recent days.
事实上，最近几天，关于重新安置的消息以及与贫民窟不断增加的死亡人数有关的恐惧已经传开。
On July 22, 1942, the first cattle cars appeared in the Warsaw Ghetto and the first trains left for Treblinka, carrying thousands of people to their deaths.
1942 年 7 月 22 日，第一批运牛车出现在华沙隔都，第一列火车开往特雷布林卡，载着数千人走向死亡。
On August 6, 1942, the Nazis descended on Korczak’s orphanage to deport him, his co-workers, and the nearly 200 orphans of Dom Sierot to Treblinka.
1942 年 8 月 6 日，纳粹突然袭击 Korczak 的孤儿院，将他、他的同事以及 Dom Sierot 的近 200 名孤儿驱逐到特雷布林卡。
19 Korczak’s diary, which was smuggled out by a friend after he had been deported, included these among the last lines he ever wrote: “It is a difficult thing to be born and learn to live.
19 科扎克的日记是他被驱逐出境后由一位朋友偷偷带出的，其中包括他写下的最后几行：“出生和学会生活是一件困难的事情。
Ahead of me is a much easier task: to die.
摆在我面前的是一个更容易的任务：去死。
After death, it may be difficult again, but I am not bothering about that.
死后可能会再次困难，但我不关心这个。
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I should like to die consciously, in possession of my faculties.
我希望能够清醒地死去，并拥有我的能力。
I don’t know what I should say to the children by way of farewell.
我不知道该对孩子们说些什么来告别。
I should want to make clear to them only this—that the road is theirs to choose, freely.” 20
我只想向他们明确这一点——道路是他们自由选择的。” 20
By all accounts, Korczak’s march toward the loading platform that August day was an act of stoic heroism when, as he led his children into the cattle cars that would take them to be murdered at Treblinka, Korczak did not waver in fulfilling his mission to his orphans.
众所周知，八月的一天，科扎克向装货平台行进是一种坚忍的英雄主义行为，当他带着他的孩子们进入运牛车，将他们带到特雷布林卡被谋杀时，科扎克毫不犹豫地履行了他对孤儿的使命。
Warsaw Ghetto poet Władysław Szlengel, whose poems were later found in the Oyneg Shabes Archive , immortalized the moment:
华沙犹太人区诗人瓦迪斯瓦夫·斯伦格尔 (Władysław Szlengel) 使这一时刻永垂不朽，他的诗后来被发现于 Oyneg Shabes 档案馆中：
Today, I saw Janusz Korczak As he and the children took their last walk.
今天，我看到雅努什·科扎克 (Janusz Korczak) 和孩子们进行最后一次散步。
Dressed in clean clothes As if on a garden stroll to enjoy the Shabbat.
穿着干净的衣服，仿佛在花园里漫步享受安息日。
The face of the city turned anxious Like a torn and defenseless giant.
城市的面容变得焦躁起来，就像一个被撕裂、毫无防备的巨人。
Empty windows searching the streets As in eye-sockets vacant and lifeless.
空荡荡的窗户在街道上搜寻，就像眼窝空洞、毫无生气。
And the children lined up in orderly fives, Not one pulled out from his line.
孩子们五五成群地排成一排，没有一个人退出队伍。
Orphans, these – with no chance Of a bribe and reprieve.
这些孤儿——没有机会贿赂和缓刑。
Janusz Korczak marched forward with no hesitation Bare-headed, eyes focused, gaze firm.
雅努什·科尔恰克毫不犹豫地向前迈进，光着头，目光专注，目光坚定。
A little child clutched his one pocket With two more held safe in his arms
一个小孩子紧紧抓住他的一个口袋，怀里还安全地握着另外两个口袋
Someone approached at a run, Document in hand, he proclaimed: Sir, Herr Brandt here has signed your release!
有人拿着文件跑过来，宣布：先生，勃兰特先生在这里签署了您的释放书！
At which Korczak simply marched on in disdain.
对此，科扎克只是轻蔑地继续前进。
All his life he had spent Creating some warmth in their world, How now could he leave them to go The last road in their lives all alone.
他一生都在为他们的世界创造一些温暖，现在怎么能丢下他们独自走完人生的最后一条路。
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“Janusz Korczak – Biography,” Muzeum Treblinka, accessed July 5, 2025, https://muzeumtreblinka.eu/en/informacje/biography/ .
“Janusz Korczak – 传记”，Muzeum Treblinka，2025 年 7 月 5 日访问，https://muzeumtreblinka.eu/en/informacje/biography/。
Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist: The Extraordinary Story of One Man’s Survival in Warsaw, 1939-45 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1999), 19.
瓦迪斯瓦夫·斯皮尔曼（Władysław Szpilman），《钢琴家：一个人在华沙生存的非凡故事》，1939-45（伦敦：Victor Gollancz，1999），19。
Betty Jean Lifton, The King of Children: A Biography of Janusz Korczak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988), 32.
Betty Jean Lifton，《儿童之王：Janusz Korczak 传记》（纽约：Farrar、Straus 和 Giroux，1988），32。
“Janusz Korczak,” Yad Vashem, accessed July 12, 2025, https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/lesson-plans/janusz-korczak/korczak-bio.html .
“Janusz Korczak”，Yad Vashem，2025 年 7 月 12 日访问，https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/lesson-plans/janusz-korczak/korczak-bio.html。
Timeline before quotation is also from the same site.
报价前的时间线也来自同一网站。
Janusz Korczak Diary, Ghetto Fighers’ House Archives No. 12808, 1942, 73, accessed via United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/diary-of-janusz-korczak/collection/medical-care-nazism-and-the-holocaust .
Janusz Korczak 日记，Ghetto Fighers’ House Archives No. 12808, 1942, 73，通过美国大屠杀纪念博物馆访问，https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/diary-of-janusz-korczak/collection/medical-care-nazism-and-the-holocaust 。
“An Appreciation of Janusz Korczak through Two Poems and One Monument – A Lesson Plan for Teachers,” Yad Vashem, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/lesson-plans/janusz-korczak/korczak-lesson-plan.html .
“通过两首诗和一座纪念碑欣赏 Janusz Korczak——教师教案”，Yad Vashem，2025 年 7 月 15 日访问，https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/lesson-plans/janusz-korczak/korczak-lesson-plan.html。
Jacob Flaws, PhD, is an assistant professor of history at Kean University and a Nonresident Fellow at the National World War II Museum.
雅各布·弗劳斯博士是基恩大学历史系助理教授，也是国家二战博物馆的非常驻研究员。
The largest of the ghettos where Eastern European Jews were first confined and, later, deported to extermination camps by the Nazis was set up in Warsaw, Poland.
波兰华沙设立了最大的隔都，纳粹最初将东欧犹太人关押在那里，后来又将其驱逐到灭绝营。
The Oyneg Shabes Archive, created by historian Emanuel Ringelblum and other Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, meticulously documented their lives, suffering, and resistance during the Holocaust, ensuring their stories would survive even as they faced annihilation by the Nazis.
奥内格·沙贝斯档案馆 (Oyneg Shabes Archive) 由历史学家伊曼纽尔·林格尔布卢姆 (Emanuel Ringelblum) 和华沙隔都的其他犹太人创建，细致地记录了他们在大屠杀期间的生活、苦难和抵抗，确保他们的故事即使在面临纳粹的灭绝时也能流传下来。
In August 1943, Jewish prisoners revolted against their Nazi captors at the Treblinka death camp.
1943 年 8 月，犹太囚犯在特雷布林卡死亡营反抗纳粹俘虏。
This act of resistance provides crucial insight into the horrors of the death camp and Operation Reinhard.
这种抵抗行为提供了对死亡集中营和莱因哈德行动的恐怖的重要洞察。
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League served as inspiration for young women across the country and opened the door further for women’s professional sports.
全美女子职业棒球联盟为全国年轻女性提供了灵感，并进一步为女子职业运动打开了大门。
Joseph R.
约瑟夫·R。
Beyrle's experience captures the initiative demanded of airborne soldiers, the brutality endured by prisoners of war, and the unlikely battlefield cooperation between American and Soviet soldiers during the final months of the war.
拜尔的经历体现了空降兵所需要的主动性、战俘所遭受的残酷以及战争最后几个月美国和苏联士兵之间不太可能的战场合作。
In the letter, Major Richard “Dick” Winters responded to Stephen Ambrose's request for his thoughts on the strain of command, the problems he faced during the war, and the living conditions his soldiers endured.
在信中，理查德·“迪克”·温特斯少校回应了斯蒂芬·安布罗斯关于他对指挥压力、他在战争期间面临的问题以及他的士兵所忍受的生活条件的看法的请求。
What emerged was also a concise explanation of Winters’s leadership philosophy.
随之而来的是对温特斯领导哲学的简洁解释。
At The National WWII Museum, remembering the anniversary of September 11 means remembering all those who perished that day and recognizing the many different stories they carried with them.
在国家二战博物馆，纪念 9 月 11 日的周年纪念意味着纪念那天所有遇难的人，并认识到他们所承载的许多不同的故事。
During World War II, ship names often referenced earlier eras of American history.
第二次世界大战期间，舰艇名称经常引用美国历史的早期时期。
Today, the US Navy continues its efforts to memorialize the country’s origins by upholding naming traditions that hark back more than 160 years.
如今，美国海军继续努力维护 160 多年前的命名传统，以纪念国家的起源。
Initially, hell ships moved Allied POWs to areas where their labor was needed, such as the Japanese main islands and other recently conquered regions, but later, they also moved prisoners to prevent them from being liberated by advancing Allied forces.
最初，地狱船将盟军战俘转移到需要他们劳动力的地区，例如日本主岛和其他最近征服的地区，但后来，它们也转移囚犯，以防止他们被前进的盟军解放。
A product of post Great War naval treaties and launched amid rising global tensions, the USS New Orleans forged a bond with its namesake city in the years before World War II
新奥尔良号航空母舰是一战后海军条约的产物，在全球紧张局势不断升级的情况下下水，在第二次世界大战前的几年里与同名城市建立了联系
945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944
945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944