A Different Kind of Tiger: Warhawks in the Aleutians

Though the Aleutian Tigers have largely faded from public memory of World War II, their legacy lives on in both Alaskan historical sites and in the preserved or restored P-40s of the 343rd that still bear their iconic yellow tigers.

尽管阿留申虎队已基本从第二次世界大战的公众记忆中消失，但他们的遗产仍然存在于阿拉斯加的历史遗址和保存或修复的第 343 团的 P-40 中，这些飞机上仍保留着其标志性的黄虎。

Top Photo: An 11th Fighter Squadron P-40E on Umnak in 1942.

上图：1942 年乌姆纳克的第 11 战斗机中队 P-40E。

Courtesy US Air Force

由美国空军提供

While most associate the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk with the “Flying Tigers” of General Claire Lee Chennault’s 1st American Volunteer Group, the airframe saw action throughout the war in almost every theater across the globe.

虽然大多数人将柯蒂斯 P-40 战鹰与克莱尔·李·陈纳德将军的第一美国志愿军大队的“飞虎队”联系在一起，但该机身在整个战争期间几乎在全球每个战区都参与了战斗。

In fact, one of the more overlooked Warhawk units serving in the cold north of the Alaskan Territory was tied closely to Chennault: the 343rd Fighter Group’s 11th Fighter Squadron, under the command of Chennault’s son, Lieutenant Colonel John “Jack” Stephen Chennault.

事实上，在阿拉斯加领地寒冷的北部服役的一支更容易被忽视的战鹰部队与陈纳德密切相关：第 343 战斗机大队的第 11 战斗机中队，由陈纳德的儿子约翰·“杰克”·斯蒂芬·陈纳德中校指挥。

John Chennault was born on May 20, 1913, in Eudora, Arkansas, to Claire Chennault and his wife, Nell.

约翰·陈纳德 (John Chennault) 于 1913 年 5 月 20 日出生于阿肯色州尤多拉 (Eudora)，父亲克莱尔·陈纳德 (Claire Chennault) 和妻子内尔 (Nell)。

Having grown up in a military family, he joined the US Army Air Corps on July 2, 1933, and learned to fly at Texas’s Kelly Field.

他成长于军人家庭，于 1933 年 7 月 2 日加入美国陆军航空队，并在德克萨斯州凯利机场学习飞行。

As war clouds loomed on the horizon and his father prepared to leave for China, then-First Lieutenant John Chennault received his initial exposure to the P-40 in February 1941 as an Army test pilot at the Curtiss plant in Buffalo, New York.

1941 年 2 月，当战争阴云笼罩在地平线上，他的父亲准备启程前往中国时，时任中尉的约翰·陈纳德 (John Chennault) 于 1941 年 2 月作为陆军试飞员在纽约州布法罗的柯蒂斯工厂首次接触到 P-40。

Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he deployed north to Alaska, serving as the commanding officer of the then-innocuous, P-40-equipped 11th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor).

日本偷袭珍珠港后不久，他向北部署到阿拉斯加，担任当时无害、装备 P-40 的第 11 追击中队（拦截机）的指挥官。

Film still of John Stephen Chennault in the Aleutians during 1942.

约翰·史蒂芬·陈纳德 1942 年在阿留申群岛的电影剧照。

Courtesy US Army

由美国陆军提供

Redesignated the 11th Fighter Squadron on May 15, 1942, the unit began their Alaskan operations alongside the 18th Fighter Squadron as the pursuit contingent for the Eleventh Air Force’s 28th Composite Group.

1942 年 5 月 15 日，该部队重新命名为第 11 战斗机中队，与第 18 战斗机中队一起开始阿拉斯加行动，作为第 11 空军第 28 混合大队的追击分队。

Officially equipped with 25 P-40Es but often functioning with far fewer due to operational and environmental problems, John Chennault and the 11th Fighter Squadron moved 10 of their airworthy planes from Elmendorf Field near Anchorage to the newly constructed secret airfield at Fort Glenn on the Aleutian Island of Umnak on May 26, 1942.

1942 年 5 月 26 日，约翰·陈纳德和第 11 战斗机中队正式装备了 25 架 P-40E，但由于操作和环境问题，实际运行的数量要少得多。约翰·陈纳德和第 11 战斗机中队将 10 架适航飞机从安克雷奇附近的埃尔门多夫机场转移到乌姆纳克阿留申群岛格伦堡新建的秘密机场。

It was from here that the men experienced their first combat with the Japanese and earned both their nickname and reputation.

正是在这里，这些人经历了与日本人的第一次战斗，并赢得了他们的绰号和声誉。

Fort Glenn airfield on the island of Umnak was later renamed Cape Field after 11th Fighter Squadron pilot John Jarvis Cape Jr. Courtesy US Air Force

乌姆纳克岛的格伦堡机场后来以第 11 战斗机中队飞行员约翰·贾维斯·开普 (John Jarvis Cape Jr.) 的名字更名为开普机场。图片由美国空军提供

When Japanese aircraft from the carriers Ryūjō (Prancing Dragon) and Jun'yō (Peregrine Falcon) attacked the American base at Unalaska’s Dutch Harbor on June 3, 1942, US forces were caught off-guard.

1942 年 6 月 3 日，当龙骧号和游隼号航空母舰上的日本飞机袭击乌纳拉斯卡荷兰港的美国基地时，美军措手不及。

As the Japanese aircraft withdrew, seven P-40s encountered four of the retreating Japanese aircraft, claiming one victory and damaging a second.

当日本飞机撤退时，7 架 P-40 与其中 4 架撤退的日本飞机遭遇，取得一架胜利并击伤另一架。

The next day, June 4, six of the squadron’s Warhawks encountered elements of the Japanese aerial attack force following their second raid on Unalaska.

第二天，即 6 月 4 日，该中队的六架战鹰在第二次袭击乌纳拉斯卡后遇到了日本空中攻击部队。

In the ensuing melee, two Japanese D3A “Val” dive bombers and one A6M “Zero” fighter were shot down.

在随后的混战中，两架日本D3A“瓦尔”俯冲轰炸机和一架A6M“零”战斗机被击落。

Two American P-40s were lost, and one pilot, Second Lieutenant John Jarvis Cape Jr., was killed in action.

两架美国 P-40 被击落，一名飞行员约翰·贾维斯·开普少尉在战斗中阵亡。

Pilots of the 11th Fighter Squadron play cards in front of their aircraft.

第 11 战斗机中队的飞行员在飞机前打牌。

Courtesy US Army

由美国陆军提供

Following this first foray into combat, John Chennault decided to christen his squadron’s planes with nose art.

在第一次投入战斗后，约翰·陈纳德决定用机头艺术来命名他中队的飞机。

Drawing inspiration from the Flying Tigers moniker of his father’s American Volunteer Group in China, each of Chennault’s 11th Fighter Squadron P-40s received a vibrant yellow Bengal tiger head.

陈纳德的第 11 战斗机中队的每架 P-40 战机都受到了其父亲驻华美国志愿军的“飞虎队”绰号的启发，并获得了鲜亮的黄色孟加拉虎头像。

These distinctive designs lent weight to the squadron’s new nickname of the “Alaskan Flying Tigers.” This name later evolved into the “Aleutian Tigers,” with the image of the yellow tiger heads being a well-remembered sight of the early Aleutian Islands Campaign.

这些独特的设计为该中队的新绰号“阿拉斯加飞虎队”增添了分量。这个名字后来演变成“阿留申虎”，黄色虎头的形象是早期阿留申群岛战役中令人难忘的景象。

These film stills from Report from the Aleutians shows an 11th Fighter Squadron pilot readying for an escort mission.

这些来自阿留申群岛的报告的电影剧照显示，第 11 战斗机中队飞行员正准备执行护航任务。

Courtesy US Army

由美国陆军提供

John Chennault and his unit both gained new assignments on September 11, 1942.

1942 年 9 月 11 日，约翰·陈纳德和他的部队双双获得了新的任务。

On that day, they became part of the newly formed 343rd Fighter Group, with the now Lieutenant Colonel Chennault appointed its first commanding officer.

那天，他们成为新组建的第343战斗机大队的一部分，现任中校陈纳德被任命为该大队的第一任指挥官。

Almost immediately, the fighter pilots found themselves operating out of Adak’s new Davis Army Air Field as escorts for bombing raids against the Japanese-held Aleutian Island of Kiska.

几乎立即，战斗机飞行员发现自己在埃达克的新戴维斯陆军机场执行任务，为对日本控制的阿留申群岛基斯卡岛的轰炸袭击进行护航。

Back in the United States, the actions of the 11th were featured on collectable cards in gum packages, in newspaper articles, and as part of newsreels on the Aleutian Campaign.

回到美国，第 11 团的行动出现在口香糖包装中的收藏卡、报纸文章以及阿留申战役新闻短片中。

In 1942, the squadron’s airbase even hosted director John Huston, cinematographer Rey Scott, and producer Daryl Zanuck for six months as the men worked on an in-depth documentary chronicling the air war against Kiska.

1942 年，该中队的空军基地甚至接待了导演约翰·休斯顿 (John Huston)、电影摄影师雷伊·斯科特 (Rey Scott) 和制片人达里尔·扎努克 (Daryl Zanuck)，为期六个月，他们一起制作一部记录对基斯卡空战的深度纪录片。

Shot in color and premiering on July 30, 1943, Report from the Aleutians featured Lieutenant Colonel Chennault, several members of the 343rd, and some of the 11th’s tiger-head P-40s alongside other airframes from the fighter group.

《来自阿留申群岛的报告》于 1943 年 7 月 30 日以彩色拍摄并首映，其中包括陈纳德中校、第 343 中校的几名成员、第 11 中队的一些虎头 P-40 战斗机以及该战斗机群的其他机身。

The film would go on to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary of 1943, ultimately losing out to the British-produced film Desert Victory.

该片随后获得了 1943 年奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖提名，但最终输给了英国制作的电影《沙漠胜利》。

P-40s from the 343rd Fighter Group fly over Kiska in November 1943.

1943 年 11 月，第 343 战斗机大队的 P-40 飞越基斯卡上空。

Courtesy National Archives

由国家档案馆提供

Time would take its toll on the Aleutian Tigers.

时间会给阿留申猛虎队带来损失。

The P-40Es were slowly joined by newer P-40K models, and 1943 saw the introduction of P-38 Lightnings into the 11th Fighter Squadron.

P-40E 慢慢地加入了更新的 P-40K 型号，1943 年，第 11 战斗机中队引入了 P-38 闪电。

John Chennault himself was called away from the theater, transferring to California where he assumed command of the 360th Fighter Group in May 1943 to train new P-38 pilots in combat tactics.

约翰·陈纳德本人被调离战区，调往加利福尼亚州，并于 1943 年 5 月担任第 360 战斗机大队的指挥官，对新 P-38 飞行员进行战术培训。

By the summer of 1943, the now war-weary tiger nose art began to disappear under fresh coats of olive drab or through the replacement of worn parts.

到 1943 年夏天，已经厌倦了战争的虎鼻艺术开始消失在新的橄榄褐色外套下或通过更换磨损的部件。

The men and machines remained active throughout the period, participating in actions against Japanese-held Attu and Kiska until completing their last combat sortie against raiding Japanese bombers on October 13, 1943.

在此期间，这些人员和机器仍然活跃，参加了针对日军占领的阿图和基斯卡的行动，直到 1943 年 10 月 13 日完成针对袭击日本轰炸机的最后一次战斗。

The men of the 343rd remained stationed in the Aleutians through the end of the war, flying patrols and carrying out other airborne assignments along the island chain.

战争结束后，第 343 中队的士兵一直驻扎在阿留申群岛，沿岛链进行飞行巡逻和执行其他空降任务。

The 11th Fighter Squadron’s last duty station would be the Aleutian Island of Shemya, with the unit finally being demobilized on August 15, 1946.

第 11 战斗机中队的最后一个驻地是阿留申群岛的谢米亚，该部队最终于 1946 年 8 月 15 日复员。

John Chennault continued his military career after the war, joining the newly independent Air Force and commanding a bomber wing in Germany during the Korean War.

约翰·陈纳德在战后继续他的军事生涯，加入新独立的空军，并在朝鲜战争期间指挥德国的轰炸机联队。

He died on December 4, 1977, at the age of 64, having retired from the military as a Colonel.

他于 1977 年 12 月 4 日去世，享年 64 岁，以上校身份从军队退役。

Though the Aleutian Tigers have largely faded from public memory of World War II, their legacy lives on in both Alaskan historical sites and in the preserved or restored P-40s of the 343rd that still bear their iconic yellow tigers.

尽管阿留申虎队已基本从第二次世界大战的公众记忆中消失，但他们的遗产仍然存在于阿拉斯加的历史遗址和保存或修复的第 343 团的 P-40 中，这些飞机上仍保留着其标志性的黄虎。

Charles Ross Patterson II is a Curator at The National WWII Museum.

查尔斯·罗斯·帕特森二世 (Charles Ross Patterson II) 是国家二战博物馆的馆长。

In 1943, the US Army’s 7th Infantry Division captured Attu in the Western Aleutians, effectively removing the Japanese threat from America’s backyard.

1943年，美军第7步兵师占领了西阿留申群岛的阿图，有效消除了日本对美国后院的威胁。

In early June 1942, Japanese forces attacked the American military facilities at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, kicking off the 13 month Aleutian Islands Campaign.

1942 年 6 月上旬，日军袭击了阿拉斯加荷兰港的美国军事设施，拉开了为期 13 个月的阿留申群岛战役的序幕。

Marguerite Frances Hunold, a pioneering aerologist in the US Navy’s WAVES program during World War II, became the first woman in her field to serve in Alaska, where she helped shape naval aviation forecasting in one of the world’s most challenging weather environments.

玛格丽特·弗朗西斯·胡诺尔德 (Marguerite Frances Hunold) 是二战期间美国海军 WAVES 计划的先驱气象学家，她成为该领域第一位在阿拉斯加服役的女性，在那里她帮助制定了在世界上最具挑战性的天气环境之一的海军航空预报。

Initially, hell ships moved Allied POWs to areas where their labor was needed, such as the Japanese main islands and other recently conquered regions, but later, they also moved prisoners to prevent them from being liberated by advancing Allied forces.

最初，地狱船将盟军战俘转移到需要他们劳动力的地区，例如日本主岛和其他最近征服的地区，但后来，它们也转移囚犯，以防止他们被前进的盟军解放。

A product of post Great War naval treaties and launched amid rising global tensions, the USS New Orleans forged a bond with its namesake city in the years before World War II

新奥尔良号航空母舰是一战后海军条约的产物，在全球紧张局势不断升级的情况下下水，在第二次世界大战前的几年里与同名城市建立了联系

Not only was the vessel a hometown hero, the USS New Orleans also participated in almost every major campaign against Japan.

新奥尔良号航空母舰不仅是家乡英雄，而且还参加了几乎所有对日重大战役。

And when faced with great tragedy, she always bounced back, much like the people of New Orleans did after disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

当面对巨大的悲剧时，她总是能振作起来，就像新奥尔良人民在 2005 年卡特里娜飓风等灾难之后所做的那样。

One of the last living survivors of the December 7, 1941, attack, Schab was serving as a musician and sailor aboard the USS Dobbin when Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor.

沙布是 1941 年 12 月 7 日袭击事件中最后的幸存者之一，当日本飞机袭击珍珠港时，他正在多宾号航空母舰上担任音乐家和水手。

Although the attack on the USS Panay did not ignite a war between the United States and Japan, it marked a turning point in their relationship.

尽管班乃号遭到袭击并没有引发美日之间的战争，但这标志着两国关系的转折点。

Even though he grew up surrounded by WWII veterans in his small Arkansas town, Rod Fortner knew very little about where his dad served and what he had experienced as a young Marine.

尽管罗德·福特纳在阿肯色州的小镇上长大，周围都是二战老兵，但他对父亲在哪里服役以及他作为一名年轻海军陆战队员的经历知之甚少。

The New Orleans not only lost her bow, but she staggered away from Ironbottom Sound with over 180 men in her crew dead or missing.

新奥尔良号不仅失去了船头，而且摇摇晃晃地离开了铁底湾，船上有超过 180 名船员死亡或失踪。

But like the city for which she was named, quitting was never an option.

但就像她以这个名字命名的城市一样，放弃从来都不是一个选择。

More than 80 years after the Battle of Saipan, DNA analysis helped identify and account for Marine Sergeant Frank L.

塞班岛战役 80 多年后，DNA 分析帮助识别并解释了海军陆战队中士 Frank L.

Schmaltz.

施马尔茨。

He was finally brought home to Louisiana and laid to rest with full military honors.

他最终被带回路易斯安那州，并以完全军事荣誉安息。

945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944

945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944