The Days of Darkness Are Passing

In a war against Nazi Germany, no statement was more dramatic than for Jewish American soldiers to proclaim their faith on German soil.

在对抗纳粹德国的战争中，没有什么比犹太美国士兵在德国土地上宣扬他们的信仰更引人注目的了。

Top Photo: Max Fuchs, New York City cantor, sings as Rabbi Sydney [sic] Lefkowitz, Richmond, VA, conducts the first Jewish services from Germany.

热门照片：纽约市领唱马克斯·福克斯 (Max Fuchs) 为来自弗吉尼亚州里士满的悉尼拉比·莱夫科维茨 (Rabbi Sydney [sic] Lefkowitz) 演唱，主持了来自德国的首次犹太仪式。

James Cassidy of NBC holds the microphone over which the services were broadcast to the United States.

美国全国广播公司 (NBC) 的詹姆斯·卡西迪 (James Cassidy) 手持麦克风，通过该麦克风向美国转播节目。

U.S. Army Signal Corps

美国陆军通讯兵

In late October 1944, a young war correspondent named James Cassidy fretted about an important story.

1944 年 10 月下旬，一位名叫詹姆斯·卡西迪 (James Cassidy) 的年轻战地记者为一个重要的报道而烦恼。

Assigned to record a Jewish prayer service for American soldiers on German soil for a joint broadcast by NBC and the American Jewish Committee, Cassidy worried that the event might not happen at all.

卡西迪被指派为美国士兵在德国领土上录制犹太祈祷仪式，并由 NBC 和美国犹太委员会联合播出，他担心这一活动可能根本不会发生。

The rabbi who initially agreed to lead the service had recently backed out, and arranging a relay to transmit the story from Germany to New York City and into the homes of American radio listeners was a complicated task.

最初同意领导这项服务的拉比最近退出了，安排中继将故事从德国传送到纽约市并进入美国广播听众的家中是一项复杂的任务。

As Cassidy wrote in his diary on Thursday, October 26, “I’ve spent damn near all week worrying about the show, which will probably flop.” 1

正如卡西迪在 10 月 26 日星期四的日记中所写，“我几乎整个星期都在担心这部剧，它可能会失败。” 1

In the end, Cassidy’s worries were unfounded.

最终，卡西迪的担心是多余的。

Three days later, on Sunday, October 29, his microphone recorded dozens of Jewish American soldiers gathered in prayer near the recently captured town of Aachen.

三天后，即 10 月 29 日（星期日），他的麦克风记录了数十名美国犹太士兵聚集在最近占领的亚琛镇附近祈祷的情况。

The assembled soldiers stood amidst the distinctive dragon’s teeth of the Siegfried Line, a series of German defensive positions built in the late 1930s to secure Germany’s western border.

集结的士兵站在齐格弗里德防线独特的龙牙之中，齐格弗里德防线是一系列德国防御阵地，建于 20 世纪 30 年代末，旨在确保德国西部边境的安全。

As US and Allied armies moved westward onto German soil, they met fierce resistance from German troops who were under orders to hold their positions at all costs.

当美国和盟军向西进入德国领土时，他们遭到了德国军队的猛烈抵抗，德国军队奉命不惜一切代价坚守阵地。

The prayer service was led Captain Sidney Lefkowitz, a rabbi who left his congregation in Richmond, Virginia to serve as a chaplain in the Army.

祈祷仪式由西德尼·莱夫科维茨上尉主持，他是一位拉比，离开弗吉尼亚州里士满的会众，在军队担任牧师。

Lefkowitz was assisted by Private First Class Max Fuchs of the 1st Infantry Division, who had been training to become a cantor when he was drafted into the U.S. Army.

莱夫科维茨得到了第一步兵师一等兵马克斯·福克斯的协助，后者在被征召入伍时一直在接受成为指挥员的训练。

Together, Lefkowitz, Fuchs, and the assembled soldiers sang two hymns, “Ein Keloheinu” and “Yigdal,” prayers that were routinely sung near the end of weekly services in Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox congregations.

莱夫科维茨、福克斯和聚集在一起的士兵一起唱了两首赞美诗，《Ein Keloheinu》和《Yigdal》，这是改革派、保守派和东正教教会每周礼拜结束时经常唱的祈祷文。

Both were well-known to a wide range of American Jews, and, conveniently, both were included in the Abridged Prayer Book for Jews in the Armed Forces of the United States , published by the Jewish Welfare Board.

两者都为广大美国犹太人所熟知，并且方便地，两者都被收录在犹太福利委员会出版的《美国武装部队中的犹太人简略祈祷书》中。

2 Speaking to The New York Times in 2009 at the age of 87, Fuchs recalled that these hymns were chosen for another reason: “They didn’t take too long.” 3 With the frontline close by and the war far from over, the soldiers returned to duty as soon as the service ended.

2 2009 年，87 岁的福克斯在接受《纽约时报》采访时回忆道，选择这些赞美诗还有另一个原因：“它们并没有花太长时间。” 3 前线已近，战争远未结束，服役结束后，士兵们立即返回岗位。

Rabbi Lefkowitz did more than recite scripture and sing hymns with his fellow soldiers.

莱夫科维茨拉比所做的不仅仅是背诵经文和与战友们一起唱赞美诗。

He also spoke about the larger importance of the service and this moment in the Allied fight to defeat Nazi Germany.

他还谈到了这项服务的更大重要性以及盟军击败纳粹德国的这一时刻。

With the noise of falling shells clearly audible on Cassidy’s recording, Lefkowitz calmly proclaimed that, in this historic moment, “The light of religious freedom has pierced the darkness of Nazi persecution, that freedom of conscience again exists in the land which had been denying men that right.

卡西迪的录音中清楚地听到炮弹落下的声音，莱夫科维茨平静地宣称，在这个历史性的时刻，“宗教自由的光芒刺破了纳粹迫害的黑暗，良心自由再次存在于这片一直剥夺人们这项权利的土地上。

That an eternal truth has lived through and will outlive the fanatical power which fought to destroy it.” 4

永恒的真理已经存在，并且将比那些为摧毁它而奋斗的狂热力量更长久。” 4

The First Jewish services are held in Germany in the middle of the concrete “dragon-teeth” tank barriers of the Siegfried Line, U.S. Army Signal Corps

第一次犹太仪式在德国齐格弗里德防线的混凝土“龙牙”坦克屏障中间举行，美国陆军通讯兵

The Jewish American soldiers were joined by two Christian chaplains—Catholic priest Edward J.

加入犹太裔美国士兵的还有两名基督教牧师——天主教神父爱德华·J.

Waters and Protestant minister Bernard F.

沃特斯和新教部长伯纳德·F.

Henry.

亨利.

Together, they presented a united interfaith front against the Nazi regime, which James Cassidy described in his introduction as one bent on “the destruction not only of the Jewish religion but of all religions.” 5 One newspaper account proclaimed that the prayer service “gave proof to thousands that one of the four freedoms had been restored in Allied occupied Germany.” 6

他们共同提出了反对纳粹政权的跨宗教联合阵线，詹姆斯·卡西迪在他的介绍中将其描述为“不仅要摧毁犹太宗教，还要摧毁所有宗教”。 5 一份报纸报道称，祈祷仪式“向数千人证明，盟军占领的德国已经恢复了四项自由之一”。 6

In her history of World War II’s impact on a generation of American Jews, Deborah Dash Moore noted that chaplains and prayer services took on added importance for Jewish servicemen when they deployed overseas, writing that “Declaring oneself a Jew in public made a dramatic statement.” 7 In the context of an ongoing war to defeat a regime in Germany that set out to eliminate the Jews of Europe, no statement could be more dramatic than for Jewish American soldiers to proclaim their faith on German soil.

黛博拉·达什·摩尔（Deborah Dash Moore）在讲述第二次世界大战对一代美国犹太人的影响的历史中指出，牧师和祈祷服务对于部署在海外的犹太军人来说变得更加重要，她写道，“公开宣布自己是犹太人是一个戏剧性的声明。” 7 在一场旨在击败旨在消灭欧洲犹太人的德国政权的战争中，没有什么比美国犹太士兵在德国土地上宣扬他们的信仰更引人注目的了。

Aachen was a powerful setting for a Jewish prayer service held by soldiers from the United States, which was then home to the largest Jewish population in the world outside of Europe.

亚琛是美国士兵举行犹太祈祷仪式的重要场所，当时这里是欧洲以外世界上犹太人口最多的地方。

As James Cassidy said in his introductory remarks to the broadcast, “In the minds of many of us who stand here at this moment is the memory of thousands of Jewish men, women and children who have died here in Germany because they also professed the Jewish faith.” 8

正如詹姆斯·卡西迪在广播的介绍性发言中所说的那样，“此刻站在这里的我们许多人的心中都怀念着成千上万在德国死去的犹太男女和儿童，因为他们也宣扬了犹太信仰。” 8

In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime came to power, there were more than 500,000 Jews living in Germany—less than one percent of the country’s population.

1933 年，也就是阿道夫·希特勒和纳粹政权上台的那一年，德国有超过 50 万犹太人，不到该国人口的百分之一。

9 Although the majority lived in large cities like Berlin, many lived in smaller cities and communities around the country, including Aachen, which was home to a synagogue built in 1862.

9 尽管大多数人居住在柏林等大城市，但许多人居住在全国各地的较小城市和社区，包括亚琛，那里有一座建于 1862 年的犹太教堂。

Synagogue in Aachen Germany, date unknown, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Stadtarchiv, Aachen

德国亚琛犹太教堂，日期未知，美国大屠杀纪念博物馆，由亚琛 Stadtarchiv 提供

In his history of German Jews from the 18th century to the rise of the Nazi regime, the Israeli journalist Amos Elon wrote that, despite their small numbers, “Jews loomed ominously larger than their number, a presumed threat to national integrity, identity, culture, ‘health,’ and the general well-being.” 10 In 1935, two years after coming to power, Hitler and his government approved a series of laws known as the Nuremberg Laws that forbade marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews, and stripped basic citizenship rights from Germany’s Jewish population.

以色列记10 1935 年，也就是上台两年后，希特勒和他的政府批准了一系列被称为《纽伦堡法律》的法律，禁止犹太人和非犹太人之间的婚姻和性关系，并剥夺了德国犹太人的基本公民权利。

Three years later in November 1938, the Nazi regime escalated its campaign against Jews in German-controlled territory by launching a pogrom known as Kristallnacht .

三年后的 1938 年 11 月，纳粹政权发动了一场名为“水晶之夜”的大屠杀，进一步升级了对德国控制区内犹太人的迫害。

Following the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, paramilitary forces from the SS and SA attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and houses of worship across Germany and Austria.

一名德国外交官在巴黎被暗杀后，党卫军和冲锋队的准军事部队袭击了德国和奥地利各地的犹太人住宅、企业和礼拜堂。

According to reports from the Reuters news agency, Aachen was one of many towns across western Germany where Jewish shops were destroyed and synagogues were broken into and trashed before being set on fire.

据路透社报道，亚琛是德国西部众多犹太商店被毁、犹太教堂被闯入和毁坏的城镇之一，然后被纵火焚烧。

11

11

View of the old synagogue in Aachen after its destruction on Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Stadtarchiv, Aachen

亚琛旧犹太教堂在水晶之夜被毁后的景观，美国大屠杀纪念馆，由亚琛 Stadtarchiv 提供

Observers recognized the significance of Aachen as the setting for the October 29 prayer service immediately.

观察家立即认识到亚琛作为 10 月 29 日祈祷仪式举办地的重要性。

A report from the United Press agency noted that “It would be hard to find a German Jew in this part of the world but these Americans held service in token for them.

美联社的一篇报道指出，“在世界这个地区很难找到德国犹太人，但这些美国人象征性地为他们服务。

They did not need a synagogue.

他们不需要犹太教堂。

They worshiped in the open air, close to a brick factory, and shells which the Germans dropped on Brand [Aachen] during the service were ignored.” 12

他们在露天礼拜，靠近一家砖厂，德国人在礼拜期间向布兰德[亚琛]投下的炮弹被忽视了。” 12

Aachen’s history mattered greatly to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party: as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, Germany’s first Reich, and a favorite city of the emperor Charlemagne, Hitler was determined that the city would not fall to the advancing Allied armies.

亚琛的历史对阿道夫·希特勒和纳粹党来说意义重大：作为神圣罗马帝国的首都、德国第一个帝国以及查理曼皇帝最喜欢的城市，希特勒决心不让这座城市落入前进的盟军之手。

As historian Charles MacDonald wrote in the US Army’s official history of the campaign, “To strike at Aachen was to strike at a symbol of Nazi faith.” 13

正如历史学家查尔斯·麦克唐纳在美国陆军官方战役历史中所写的那样，“袭击亚琛就是袭击纳粹信仰的象征。” 13

By the fall of 1944, Allied bombing had already devastated the city, and most of Aachen’s civilian population had fled, leaving only a German garrison in well-defended positions.

1944 年秋，盟军的轰炸已经摧毁了这座城市，亚琛的大部分平民都已逃离，只剩下一支防守严密的德国驻军。

Soldiers from the 1st Infantry Division enter Aachen Germany, October 13, 1944, US Army Signal Corps

1944 年 10 月 13 日，第一步兵师的士兵进入德国亚琛，美国陆军通讯兵

Throughout October 1944, soldiers from the US First Army fought to secure Aachen.

1944 年 10 月，美国第一集团军士兵为保卫亚琛而战。

Under orders from Hitler to hold the city at all costs, German defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the attacking American forces in close-quarter urban combat.

在希特勒的命令下，德国守军不惜一切代价守住这座城市，在近距离的城市战斗中给进攻的美军造成了重大伤亡。

One statistic underscores the ferocity of the battle for Aachen: American artillery units fired more than 9,000 rounds per day in support of the American forces trying to take the city, more than twice the number of shells fired by defending German troops.

一项统计数据突显了亚琛战役的激烈程度：美国炮兵部队每天发射超过 9,000 发炮弹来支援试图夺取这座城市的美军，是防御德军发射炮弹数量的两倍多。

14

14

Although Aachen was declared secure on October 21, the frontline was still very close to the site of the October 29 prayer service.

尽管亚琛在10月21日被宣布安全，但前线仍然非常接近10月29日祈祷仪式的地点。

The sounds of artillery shells landing nearby are clearly audible no less than three times during the 14-minute broadcast, which continued despite the proximity of the ongoing war.

在 14 分钟的广播中，可以清楚地听到不少于 3 次炮弹落在附近的声音，尽管战争仍在进行中，但广播仍在继续。

The October 29, 1944, service was not the first time that Jewish American soldiers gathered to pray on German soil.

1944 年 10 月 29 日的仪式并不是美国犹太士兵第一次聚集在德国土地上祈祷。

Just a few weeks earlier in September, Rabbi Lefkowitz led services for Jewish American soldiers on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year.

就在几周前的 9 月，莱夫科维茨拉比在犹太新年 (Rosh Hashanah) 领导了为美国犹太士兵举行的仪式。

According to a report from Reuters , the service took place near the border with Belgium and was briefly interrupted by a German air attack.

据路透社报道，该仪式在比利时边境附近举行，并因德国空袭而短暂中断。

Undaunted, Lefkowitz and the other Americans continued the service, and the only inconvenience came “when the chaplain had to repeat the page number of the prayer book, or shout to be heard while reading.” 15

莱夫科维茨和其他美国人毫不畏惧地继续祈祷，唯一的不便是“牧师必须重复祈祷书的页码，或者在阅读时大声喊叫才能被听到”。 15

Along with several other Jewish chaplains, Lefkowitz held services for Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, during the first week of October 1944.

1944 年 10 月的第一周，莱夫科维茨与其他几位犹太牧师一起为赎罪日举行了仪式。

In what the Jewish Telegraph Agency called “probably the first free Yom Kippur services held in Germany since, at least, the outbreak of the war,” Lefkowitz addressed Jewish servicemen from around the United States.

犹太电报社称，这“可能是自战争爆发以来德国首次举办的免费赎罪日仪式”，莱夫科维茨向来自美国各地的犹太军人发表讲话。

Given their proximity to the front lines and ongoing combat, they did not fast, as was called for under normal circumstances.

鉴于他们靠近前线且战斗仍在继续，他们没有像正常情况下所要求的那样禁食。

16

16

Capt.

船长。

Robert S.

罗伯特·S。

Marcus conducts outdoor services at the Siegfried Line in Germany, November 3, 1944, US Army Signal Corps

1944 年 11 月 3 日，美国陆军通讯兵马库斯在德国齐格弗里德防线进行户外服务

The October 29 service was also not the last ceremony conducted by Jewish American soldiers on the Siegfried Line.

10 月 29 日的仪式也不是美国犹太士兵在齐格弗里德防线上举行的最后一次仪式。

On November 5, less than a week after Rabbi Lefkowitz’s service, another Jewish chaplain, Captain Robert S.

11 月 5 日，莱夫科维茨拉比服役后不到一周，另一位犹太牧师罗伯特·S·拉比 (Robert S.

Marcus of the Ninth Tactical Air Force, held a similar service in a similar location.

第九战术空军的马库斯在类似的地点举行了类似的仪式。

As US and Allied troops advanced deeper into Germany, American Jewish soldiers continued to observe their faith traditions in newly-conquered enemy territory, often in deeply symbolic locations.

随着美国和盟军深入德国，美国犹太士兵继续在新征服的敌方领土上遵守他们的信仰传统，通常是在具有深刻象征意义的地点。

In early April 1945, approximately a month before the end of World War II in Europe, Jewish servicemen from the 42nd Infantry Division held Passover services in the city of Dahn, on Adolf Hitler Strasse.

1945 年 4 月上旬，即欧洲第二次世界大战结束前大约一个月，第 42 步兵师的犹太军人在达恩市的阿道夫·希特勒大街举行了逾越节仪式。

Rabbi Eli A.

拉比·伊莱·A.

Bohnen, a chaplain in the 42nd Division from Buffalo, New York, led the service.

来自纽约州布法罗的第 42 师的牧师博宁 (Bohnen) 领导了此次仪式。

Also present was the division commander, Major General Harry Collins, who told his Jewish soldiers, “You have shown by your deeds what the American soldier can do when he fights for a cause in which he believes.” 17

也在场的还有师长哈里·柯林斯少将，他对他的犹太士兵说：“你们用你们的行动展示了美国士兵在为自己所信仰的事业而战时可以做什么。” 17 号

Soldiers from the 42nd Infantry Division celebrate Passover in Dahn, Germany, April 1945, Rabbi Eli A.

1945 年 4 月，第 42 步兵师的士兵在德国达恩庆祝逾越节，拉比 Eli A.

Bohnen photograph collection, USHMM

博南照片集，USHMM

James Cassidy, NBC Goes to War: The Diary of Radio Correspondent James Cassidy from London to the Bulge (New York: Fordham University Press, 2022), 113.

詹姆斯·卡西迪，《NBC 开战：广播记者詹姆斯·卡西迪从伦敦到突出部的日记》（纽约：福特汉姆大学出版社，2022 年），113。

See Abridged Prayer Book for Jews in the Armed Forces of the United States (New York City: Jewish Welfare Board, 1941), 8-9 and 33-34.

请参阅《美国武装部队中的犹太人祈祷书》（纽约市：犹太福利委员会，1941 年），8-9 和 33-34。

Paul Vitello, “A Soldier’s Voice Rediscovered,” The New York Times , September 17, 2009.

Paul Vitello，“重新发现士兵的声音”，《纽约时报》，2009 年 9 月 17 日。

“First Broadcast of Jewish Religious Service from Nazi Germany: Auspices of the American Jewish Committee,” National Broadcasting Company, October 29, 1944, pp.

“纳粹德国犹太宗教服务的首次广播：美国犹太委员会的主持”，国家广播公司，1944 年 10 月 29 日，第 173 页。

2, American Jewish Committee Archives.

2、美国犹太委员会档案馆。

(URL: https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940 ).

（网址：https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940）。

Accessed 10/14/2025.

访问日期：2025 年 10 月 14 日。

“First Broadcast of Jewish Religious Service from Nazi Germany: Auspices of the American Jewish Committee,” National Broadcasting Company, October 29, 1944, pp.

“纳粹德国犹太宗教服务的首次广播：美国犹太委员会的主持”，国家广播公司，1944 年 10 月 29 日，第 173 页。

1, American Jewish Committee Archives.

1、美国犹太委员会档案馆。

(URL: https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940 ).

（网址：https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940）。

Accessed 10/14/2025.

访问日期：2025 年 10 月 14 日。

“Jewish Services At Aachen Mark Despotism’s End,” Brooklyn Eagle (Brooklyn, NY), October 30, 1944.

“亚琛马克专制主义终结时的犹太服务”，Brooklyn Eagle（纽约州布鲁克林），1944 年 10 月 30 日。

Deborah Dash Moore, GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 140-141.

Deborah Dash Moore，《大兵犹太人：第二次世界大战如何改变了一代人》（马萨诸塞州剑桥：哈佛大学出版社贝尔纳普出版社，2004 年），140-141。

“First Broadcast of Jewish Religious Service from Nazi Germany: Auspices of the American Jewish Committee,” National Broadcasting Company, October 29, 1944, pp.

“纳粹德国犹太宗教服务的首次广播：美国犹太委员会的主持”，国家广播公司，1944 年 10 月 29 日，第 173 页。

2, American Jewish Committee Archives.

2、美国犹太委员会档案馆。

(URL: https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940 ).

（网址：https://ajcarchives.org/Portal/Default/en-US/RecordView/Index/1940）。

Accessed 10/14/2025.

访问日期：2025 年 10 月 14 日。

Marion A.

马里恩·A.

Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, 1998), 10-11.

卡普兰，《尊严与绝望之间：纳粹德国的犹太人生活》（牛津大学出版社，1998 年），10-11。

Amos Elon, The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933 (New York: Picador, 2002), 6.

阿莫斯·埃隆，《这一切的遗憾：德国犹太时代的肖像，1743-1933》（纽约：Picador，2002），6。

“Anti-Jewish Terror in Germany,” The Daily Echo (Bournemouth, Dorset, England), November 10, 1938.

“德国的反犹太恐怖”，《每日回声》（英国多塞特郡伯恩茅斯），1938 年 11 月 10 日。

“GI Jews Ignore Nazi Shells to Hold Service in Germany,” The Washington Daily (Washington, D.C.), October 30, 1944.

“大兵犹太人无视纳粹炮弹在德国服役”，《华盛顿日报》（华盛顿特区），1944 年 10 月 30 日。

Charles B.

查尔斯·B.

MacDonald, The Siegfried Line Campaign (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center for Military History, 1963), 281.

麦克唐纳，《齐格弗里德防线战役》（华盛顿特区：美国陆军军事历史中心，1963 年），281。

“Jewish Rites Held in Reich,” Times Herald (Washington, D.C.), September 24, 1944.

“帝国举行的犹太仪式”，《时代先驱报》（华盛顿特区），1944 年 9 月 24 日。

“Yanks Observe Yom Kippur on German Ground,” The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), October 6, 1944.

“美国佬在德国境内庆祝赎罪日”，《威斯康星犹太纪事报》（威斯康星州密尔沃基），1944 年 10 月 6 日。

“Rabbi Bohnen Conducts Passover Services in Nazi Meeting Hall on Adolf Hitler Street,” Buffalo Jewish Review (Buffalo, NY), April 13, 1945.

“博宁拉比在阿道夫·希特勒街的纳粹会议厅举行逾越节仪式”，《布法罗犹太评论》（纽约州布法罗），1945 年 4 月 13 日。

Sean Scanlon is a World War II Military Historian at the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy.

肖恩·斯坎伦 (Sean Scanlon) 是珍妮·克雷格战争与民主研究所的二战军事历史学家。

The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League served as inspiration for young women across the country and opened the door further for women’s professional sports.

全美女子职业棒球联盟为全国年轻女性提供了灵感，并进一步为女子职业运动打开了大门。

Joseph R.

约瑟夫·R。

Beyrle's experience captures the initiative demanded of airborne soldiers, the brutality endured by prisoners of war, and the unlikely battlefield cooperation between American and Soviet soldiers during the final months of the war.

拜尔的经历体现了空降兵所需要的主动性、战俘所遭受的残酷以及战争最后几个月美国和苏联士兵之间不太可能的战场合作。

In the letter, Major Richard “Dick” Winters responded to Stephen Ambrose's request for his thoughts on the strain of command, the problems he faced during the war, and the living conditions his soldiers endured.

在信中，理查德·“迪克”·温特斯少校回应了斯蒂芬·安布罗斯关于他对指挥压力、他在战争期间面临的问题以及他的士兵所忍受的生活条件的看法的请求。

What emerged was also a concise explanation of Winters’s leadership philosophy.

随之而来的是对温特斯领导哲学的简洁解释。

At The National WWII Museum, remembering the anniversary of September 11 means remembering all those who perished that day and recognizing the many different stories they carried with them.

在国家二战博物馆，纪念 9 月 11 日的周年纪念意味着纪念那天所有遇难的人，并认识到他们所承载的许多不同的故事。

At The National WWII Museum, visitors can discover artifacts carried, worn, and used by paratroopers of the 101st Airborne alongside items that tell the story of Band of Brothers itself.

在国家二战博物馆，游客可以发现第 101 空降师伞兵携带、佩戴和使用的文物，以及讲述兄弟连本身故事的物品。

During World War II, ship names often referenced earlier eras of American history.

第二次世界大战期间，舰艇名称经常引用美国历史的早期时期。

Today, the US Navy continues its efforts to memorialize the country’s origins by upholding naming traditions that hark back more than 160 years.

如今，美国海军继续努力维护 160 多年前的命名传统，以纪念国家的起源。

Initially, hell ships moved Allied POWs to areas where their labor was needed, such as the Japanese main islands and other recently conquered regions, but later, they also moved prisoners to prevent them from being liberated by advancing Allied forces.

最初，地狱船将盟军战俘转移到需要他们劳动力的地区，例如日本主岛和其他最近征服的地区，但后来，它们也转移囚犯，以防止他们被前进的盟军解放。

945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944

945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944