The 1948 Women’s Armed Services Integration Act

Despite the restrictions on ranks, force strength, and combat, the 1948 Women’s Armed Services Integration Act still represented a major step in women’s military participation.

尽管对军衔、兵力和战斗力有限制，1948 年的《妇女武装部队一体化法案》仍然代表了妇女参军的重要一步。

Most significantly, it allowed women to pursue military service as a career.

最重要的是，它允许女性将服兵役作为一种职业。

Top Photo: President Harry S.

上图：哈里·S·总统

Truman Gets First Stamp Honoring Women in the Services.

杜鲁门获得第一枚纪念服役女性的邮票。

During a ceremony at the White House, Postmaster General Jesse M.

在白宫举行的仪式上，邮政局长杰西·M·杰西 (Jesse M.

Donaldson presented President Harry S.

唐纳森向哈里·S·总统介绍了

Truman booklets containing first issues of the new three-cent stamp honoring the women of the services.

杜鲁门小册子包含纪念女军人的新三美分邮票的第一期。

September 11, 1952.

1952 年 9 月 11 日。

National Museum of the U.S. Navy

美国海军国家博物馆

In 1942, the US Congress passed legislation establishing women’s military corps for each branch of the Armed Forces.

1942年，美国国会通过立法，为武装部队的各个军种建立女子军团。

The various groups—the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), Naval Women’s Reserve (WAVES), Coast Guard Women’s Reserve (SPARS), and Marine Corps Women’s Reserve—were all created to solve manpower shortages during the war.

各个团体——陆军女子军团（WAC）、海军女子预备役（WAVES）、海岸警卫队女子预备役（SPARS）和海军陆战队女子预备役——都是为了解决战争期间的人力短缺问题而成立的。

The idea was that if women could take on necessary military support roles, more men could serve in combat roles and strengthen the military’s fighting force.

这个想法是，如果女性能够承担必要的军事支持角色，更多的男性就可以担任战斗角色并增强军队的战斗力。

Initially, there was resistance from some members of the military and civilians to women serving in the Armed Forces.

最初，一些军人和平民对在武装部队服役的妇女存在抵制。

Some people believed women were too feminine to be successful in a traditionally masculine military and that they would be unable or unwilling to wear uniforms, obey commands, live in barracks, or perform the necessary jobs.

有些人认为，女性太过女性化，无法在传统的男性军队中取得成功，她们无法或不愿意穿制服、服从命令、住在军营或从事必要的工作。

Others believed that military service would harm women’s inherent femininity, causing them to become “too masculine,” and they would behave promiscuously and reject traditional family life and gender roles.

另一些人认为，服兵役会损害女性固有的女性气质，导致她们变得“过于男性化”，她们会表现得放荡，拒绝传统的家庭生活和性别角色。

Throughout the war, however, the servicewomen proved their value and often reassured a nervous American public of the benefit of women’s military service.

然而，在整个战争期间，女军人证明了她们的价值，并经常让紧张的美国公众相信女兵服兵役的好处。

Government officials and military leaders frequently praised servicewomen’s work and often requested additional units.

政府官员和军事领导人经常赞扬女军人的工作，并经常要求增加部队。

Although members of the women’s corps were initially limited in the types of jobs available, by the end of the war almost every noncombat job was offered to them.

尽管最初，女兵的工作类型受到限制，但到战争结束时，几乎所有非战斗工作都提供给了她们。

Government reports analyzed the work performed by servicewomen and offered suggestions on how to more effectively utilize women in the military in future conflicts.

政府报告分析了女军人所做的工作，并就如何在未来的冲突中更有效地利用军队中的妇女提出了建议。

As the War Department planned for the postwar period, there was a question of what to do with the women’s military corps.

在陆军部为战后制定计划时，存在一个如何处理女兵部队的问题。

When the initial legislation was approved, the plan was for the women to serve “for the duration” of the war, plus six months.

当最初的立法获得批准时，计划是让妇女在“战争期间”服役，再加上六个月。

The temporary nature of women’s service was emphasized in the early debates over their enlistment to reassure critics.

在早期关于女性入伍的辩论中，为了安抚批评者，强调了女性服役的临时性。

However, as the servicewomen proved their abilities and took on more jobs throughout the war, many government and military officials pushed for the establishment of permanent women’s military corps.

然而，随着女军人证明了自己的能力并在整个战争中承担了更多的工作，许多政府和军方官员推动建立永久性的女兵部队。

"Women's Place in War Weather Observer.

“妇女在战争气象观察员中的地位。

Women's Army Corps" Office for Emergency Management.

女子军团”应急管理办公室。

Office of War Information.

战争信息办公室。

Domestic Operations Branch.

国内运营分公司。

Bureau of Special Services.

特别服务局。

(03/09/1943 - 09/15/1945) National Archives

(03/09/1943 - 09/15/1945) 国家档案馆

The process of demobilization and occupation duties in Germany and Japan also contributed to the push toward extending women’s military service.

德国和日本的复员和占领义务进程也推动了延长女性兵役期的努力。

Women served in many of the administrative and clerical positions that were necessary for the demobilization process, which prevented their corps from being completely disbanded at the end of the war.

妇女担任复员进程所需的许多行政和文书职位，这使得她们的部队在战争结束时未能完全解散。

As the full demobilization dates approached for each of the women’s corps, the question over the future of women in the military gained more attention in Congress.

随着各女子军团全面复员日期的临近，有关女性在军队中的未来的问题在国会引起了更多关注。

With the goals of increasing manpower and improving the peacetime military, many members of Congress pushed for legislation that would allow women to continue serving in the military.

为了增加人力和改善和平时期军队的目标，许多国会议员推动立法允许妇女继续在军队服役。

Initially, the Army and Navy/Marine Corps each drafted their own legislation for postwar servicewomen; however, the Armed Forces subcommittee soon combined all the women’s corps into one bill, S.

最初，陆军和海军/海军陆战队各自起草了自己的战后女军人立法；然而，武装部队小组委员会很快将所有妇女军团合并为一项法案，S.

1641.

1641.

The bill also introduced the Women’s Air Force, or WAF, program, which would be part of the newly independent US Air Force.

该法案还引入了女子空军（WAF）计划，该计划将成为新独立的美国空军的一部分。

The Coast Guard was not included in the bill, as they operated under the Treasury Department in the postwar period.

海岸警卫队并未包含在该法案中，因为他们在战后时期隶属于财政部。

Despite the considerable praise from government and military officials about establishing a permanent women’s corps, the congressional hearings revealed continuing disputes over women’s roles and capabilities.

尽管政府和军方官员对建立一支永久性的妇女军团给予了相当多的赞扬，但国会听证会却暴露出关于妇女角色和能力的持续争议。

The bill underwent lengthy debates and changes throughout the process, and the various committees analyzed the bill line by line with numerous edits.

该法案在整个过程中经历了长时间的辩论和修改，各个委员会逐行分析该法案并进行了多次修改。

One of the primary points of contention in the hearings was the question of whether women should be restricted to reserve units or if they could serve in the regular military.

听证会的主要争论点之一是妇女是否应该被限制在预备役部队或者是否可以在正规军队服役。

Many of the congressmen pushed for a “reserve-only” bill, while military leaders like General Dwight D.

许多国会议员推动“仅限预备役”法案，而像德怀特·D·布什将军这样的军事领导人。

Eisenhower and Admiral Chester W.

艾森豪威尔和海军上将切斯特 W.

Nimitz wanted the women’s corps to be part of the regular military.

尼米兹希望女子军团成为正规军队的一部分。

Throughout the various committee meetings and hearings, the bill switched back and forth on the inclusion of regular military status.

在各个委员会会议和听证会上，该法案在将正规军事地位纳入其中的问题上来来回回。

However, as debates continued in early 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, backed by the Soviet Union, carried out a successful coup d’etat, and the Soviet Union began restricting traffic into West Berlin.

然而，随着1948年初争论的继续，捷克斯洛伐克共产党在苏联的支持下成功发动政变，苏联开始限制进入西柏林的交通。

With men’s military enlistment down, President Harry S.

随着男子入伍人数的减少，哈里·S·总统 (Harry S.

Truman asked for a peacetime draft.

杜鲁门要求提供一份和平时期的草案。

The combination of events caused several congressmembers to change to supporting women in the regular military, fearful of constituent pushback if they turned down a large group of volunteers amid the threat of the draft.

这些事件的结合导致几名国会议员转而支持女性参军，他们担心如果在征兵威胁下拒绝大批志愿者，会遭到选民的抵制。

1 The issue was finally decided in May 1948, when the Senate and House of Representatives approved the bill with provisions for women’s enlistment in both the Regular and Reserve Armed Forces.

1 这个问题最终于 1948 年 5 月得到解决，当时参议院和众议院批准了该法案，其中规定了妇女应征入伍的正规部队和预备役部队。

Concerns over the possibility of women commanding men or competing with men for promotions led to regulations establishing separate promotion lists for men and women and limits on the highest ranks women could earn.

对女性指挥男性或与男性竞争晋升的可能性的担忧导致制定了针对男性和女性单独的晋升名单的法规，并对女性可以获得的最高级别进行了限制。

The highest permanent rank for women was lieutenant colonel, or lieutenant commander for the Navy, and no more than 10 percent of each women’s corps could hold that rank.

女性的最高永久军衔是中校或海军中校，每个女子军团中担任该军衔的人数不超过 10%。

One woman from each branch would serve in a directorial role and could hold a temporary rank of colonel, or captain for the Navy, during her tenure.

每个部门的一名女性将担任主管职务，并在任职期间可以临时担任海军上校或上尉军衔。

Another important question was the number of enlistments.

另一个重要问题是入伍人数。

Critics argued that if they tried to enlist too many women, there would be complaints that Congress was creating “an army of women.” 2 Each of the women’s corps had a cap of no more than two percent of each branch of service.

批评者认为，如果他们试图招募太多女性，就会有人抱怨国会正在创建“一支女性军队”。 2 每个女子军团的人数上限不得超过每个军种的百分之二。

This translated to a limit of 500 commissioned officers, 75 warrant officers, and 7,500 enlisted women for the Army.

这意味着陆军的军官人数限制为 500 名军官、75 名准尉和 7,500 名女兵。

The Navy’s limit for women was 500 commissioned officers, 20 warrant officers, and 6,000 enlisted women.

海军对女性的限制是 500 名军官、20 名准尉和 6,000 名女性入伍士兵。

The Air Force was limited to 300 commissioned officers, 40 warrant officers, and 4,000 enlisted, while the Marine Corps’ cap was the smallest, set at 100 commissioned officers, 10 warrant officers, and 1,000 enlisted women.

空军的上限为 300 名军官、40 名准尉和 4,000 名女兵，而海军陆战队的上限最小，为 100 名军官、10 名准尉和 1,000 名女兵。

Even though some people, including General Eisenhower, wanted a larger percentage, possibly up to five percent, pushback from several congressmembers kept the limit at two.

尽管包括艾森豪威尔将军在内的一些人希望获得更大的比例，可能达到百分之五，但几位国会议员的反对将这一比例保留在两个。

Under the act, women needed to be at least 18 years old to enlist, and parental consent was required for women under the age of 21.

根据该法案，女性必须年满 18 岁才能入伍，21 岁以下的女性必须征得父母同意。

This was a change from the wartime regulations, where women needed to be 20 years old to enlist.

这是对战时规定的修改，战时规定女性必须年满 20 岁才能入伍。

Although some congressmembers questioned lowering the age to 18, Colonel Mary E.

尽管一些国会议员质疑将年龄降低至 18 岁，但玛丽·E.

Hallaren, director of the WAC, explained that a peacetime enlistment age of 18 years old allowed for recent high-school graduates to enlist, while at 20 years old many women would already be in college or a civilian job.

WAC 主任哈拉伦解释说，和平时期的入伍年龄为 18 岁，允许刚高中毕业的女性入伍，而许多女性在 20 岁时就已经上大学或从事民事工作。

3 Significantly, this implied that women could choose the military as a career option, as opposed to the “for the duration” aspect of the wartime women’s corps.

3 值得注意的是，这意味着女性可以选择参军作为职业选择，而不是战时女兵的“长期服役”。

The act also set up the conditions for long-term service and retirement, further emphasizing that women could choose to remain in the military for a longer period of time.

该法案还规定了长期服役和退休的条件，进一步强调女性可以选择在军队服役更长时间。

One aspect of military service was never up for debate during the congressional hearings—combat.

在国会听证会上，兵役的一个方面从未被讨论过——战斗。

Women were still restricted from combat roles, with the Navy specifically forbidding women from assignments on any ships that were not hospital ships or Navy transports, and the Air Force and Navy banning women from aircraft on combat missions.

女性在战斗中的角色仍然受到限制，海军明确禁止女性在医院船或海军运输机以外的任何船只上执行任务，空军和海军也禁止女性乘坐飞机执行战斗任务。

While the bill provided for an expansion of opportunities for women to serve in the Armed Forces, the question of combat was saved for future legislation.

虽然该法案规定扩大妇女在武装部队服役的机会，但战斗问题留待未来立法。

After the congressional discussions and edits, President Truman signed the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act on July 12, 1948, allowing women to be permanent members of the American military.

经过国会讨论和修改，杜鲁门总统于 1948 年 7 月 12 日签署了《妇女武装部队一体化法案》，允许妇女成为美国军队的永久成员。

Despite the restrictions on ranks, force strength, and combat, the act still represented a major step in women’s military participation.

尽管对军衔、兵力和战斗力有限制，该法案仍然代表着女性参军的重要一步。

Most significantly, it allowed women to pursue military service as a career.

最重要的是，它允许女性将服兵役作为一种职业。

The act also created a wider variety of job opportunities inside the military for women, as the fields and training available increased.

随着可用领域和培训的增加，该法案还为女性在军队内部创造了更广泛的就业机会。

An interview of new WAC recruits in the New York Times in December 1948 included quotes from several women who enlisted for the education, training, and career opportunities.

1948 年 12 月，《纽约时报》对 WAC 新兵的采访中引用了几位因接受教育、培训和职业机会而入伍的女性的话。

One unnamed recruit explained, “I need more of an education and my family couldn’t afford to give it to me,” while another added: “I just couldn’t see another way to get job security or plan for the future.

一位不愿透露姓名的新员工解释说，“我需要更多的教育，但我的家人无力承担，”而另一位新员工则补充道：“我只是看不到其他方式来获得工作保障或为未来做计划。

The Air Force offers me both.” 4

空军为我提供了两者。” 4

The Women’s Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 would not have been possible without the hard work and service of the around 350,000 women who served in uniform during World War II.

如果没有二战期间约 350,000 名女兵的辛勤工作和服务，1948 年《妇女武装部队一体化法案》就不可能实现。

In serving their country and demonstrating their abilities, servicewomen were able to show military and government officials that there was a logical place for women in the Armed Forces.

在为国家服务和展示自己的能力的过程中，女军人能够向军队和政府官员表明，妇女在武装部队中占有一席之地。

There were military jobs that women could do, and they wanted to do those jobs.

女性可以从事一些军事工作，而且她们也想从事这些工作。

As the postwar servicewomen continued the legacy of their predecessors, legislation involving military women would expand, leading to women’s continued service in the modern American military.

随着战后女军人继承她们前辈的遗产，涉及女军人的立法将会扩大，导致女性继续在现代美国军队服役。

Bettie J.

贝蒂·J。

Morden, The Women’s Army Corps, 1945-1978 , (Center of Military History, 1990), 55.

Morden，《女子军团，1945-1978 年》，（军事历史中心，1990 年），55。

Subcommittee Hearings on S.

小组委员会关于 S 的听证会

1641, To Establish the Women’s Army Corps in the Regular Army, To Authorize the Enlistment and Appointment of Women in the Regular Navy and Marine Corps and the Naval and Marine Corps Reserve, And for Other Purposes , 80th Cong., 2nd sess., February 23, 1948, 5624.

1641 年，在正规军中建立女子陆军军团，授权在正规海军和海军陆战队以及海军和海军陆战队预备役中招募和任命妇女，以及用于其他目的，第 80 届国会，第 2 次会议，1948 年 2 月 23 日，5624。

Subcommittee Hearings on S.

小组委员会关于 S 的听证会

1641, To Establish the Women’s Army Corps in the Regular Army, To Authorize the Enlistment and Appointment of Women in the Regular Navy and Marine Corps and the Naval and Marine Corps Reserve, And for Other Purposes , 80th Cong., 2nd sess., February 23, 1948, 5662.

1641 年，在正规军中建立女子陆军军团，授权在正规海军和海军陆战队以及海军和海军陆战队预备役中招募和任命妇女，以及用于其他目的，第 80 届国会，第 2 次会议，1948 年 2 月 23 日，5662。

Nona Brown, “The Armed Forces Find Woman Has a Place,” New York Times , 26 December 1948.

诺娜·布朗 (Nona Brown)，“武装部队发现女性有一席之地”，《纽约时报》，1948 年 12 月 26 日。

Brittany Huner joined the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy as a Research Historian in June 2025.

布列塔尼·胡纳 (Brittany Huner) 于 2025 年 6 月加入珍妮·克雷格战争与民主研究所，担任研究历史学家。

Despite facing resistance and discrimination, more than 150,000 women served in the Women's Army Corps during World War II, performing vital noncombat roles and paving the way for women's permanent inclusion in the US military.

尽管面临阻力和歧视，二战期间仍有超过 150,000 名女性在女子军团服役，发挥着重要的非战斗作用，为女性永久加入美国军队铺平了道路。

Despite early challenges to women’s place in the Navy, the WAVES’s establishment as a part of the Navy itself, not a corps or auxiliary like the WAACs, was “precedent-breaking.”

尽管女性在海军中的地位早期受到挑战，但将 WAVES 建立为海军本身的一部分，而不是像 WAAC 那样作为一个军或辅助部队，是“打破先例的”。

During the war, nearly 1,100 highly trained women tested, flew, and ferried 12,650 aircraft over 60 million miles as Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).

战争期间，近 1,100 名训练有素的女性作为女空军服役飞行员 (WASP) 测试、驾驶和运送 12,650 架飞机，飞行里程超过 6,000 万英里。

The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League served as inspiration for young women across the country and opened the door further for women’s professional sports.

全美女子职业棒球联盟为全国年轻女性提供了灵感，并进一步为女子职业运动打开了大门。

A surplus of Army rations and goodwill helped improve the lives of many Europeans impoverished by World War II.

过剩的陆军口粮和善意帮助改善了许多因二战而陷入贫困的欧洲人的生活。

Rosie the Riveter represents the more than six million women from a wide variety of backgrounds who entered the workforce to support the American war effort.

铆工罗西代表了超过 600 万来自不同背景的女性，她们进入劳动力市场支持美国的战争努力。

This month, we invite you to consider how the war that changed the world changed life for women in the United States.

这个月，我们邀请您思考这场改变世界的战争如何改变了美国女性的生活。

Nuremberg and the real Nuremberg Trials illustrate how the Allies sought to end World War II with justice, using law rather than vengeance to rebuild the postwar world.

纽伦堡和真正的纽伦堡审判说明了盟军如何寻求以正义结束第二次世界大战，利用法律而不是复仇来重建战后世界。

A main goal of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment was to attack German morale and keep enemy soldiers sleep-deprived from nights of almost endless bombing raids.

第 588 夜间轰炸机团的主要目标是打击德军士气，让敌方士兵在夜间几乎无休无止的轰炸袭击中失眠。

Women lawyers at the Nuremberg Trials were more than assistants.

纽伦堡审判中的女律师不仅仅是助手。

They played important roles in shaping international criminal law.

他们在制定国际刑法方面发挥了重要作用。

Their contributions add nuance to the Nuremberg narrative and shed light on the early presence of women in international justice.

她们的贡献为纽伦堡的叙述增添了细微差别，并揭示了妇女早期参与国际司法的情况。

The London Agreement and Charter not only shaped the prosecution of Nazi leaders after World War II but also marked a revolutionary moment in the development of international criminal law, setting precedent for holding individuals, not just states, accountable for war crimes.

《伦敦协定和宪章》不仅塑造了二战后对纳粹领导人的起诉，而且标志着国际刑法发展的革命性时刻，为追究个人（而不仅仅是国家）战争罪责任奠定了先例。

945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944

945 Magazine Street, 新奥尔良, LA 70130 info@nationalww2museum.org 504-528-1944