The Story of the Great War, Volume 2
Produced by Merv McConnel, Christine P.
默夫·麦康奈尔、克里斯汀·P.
Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net; This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive
Travers 和在线分布式校对团队，网址：http://www.pgdp.net；该文件是根据互联网档案馆慷慨提供的图像生成的
[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected.
[抄写员注：明显的打印机错误已得到纠正。
Hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised, all other inconsistencies are as in the original.
连字符和重音已标准化，所有其他不一致之处均与原始版本相同。
The author's spelling has been maintained.
作者的拼写保持不变。
Page 365, 299 mm.
第 365 页，299 毫米。
is probably an error for .299-in.
0.299 英寸可能是一个错误。
Page 399, "could reach effectively the trenches of the Russians" should probably be "could reach effectively the trenches of the Austrians".]
第399页，“可以有效到达俄罗斯人的战壕”可能应该是“可以有效到达奥地利人的战壕”。]
THE STORY OF THE GREAT WAR
伟大战争的故事
History of the European War from Official Sources
官方资料中的欧洲战争历史
Complete Historical Records of Events to Date, Illustrated with Drawings, Maps, and Photographs
迄今为止事件的完整历史记录，配有图画、地图和照片
Prefaced by
序言为
What the War Means to America Major General Leonard Wood, U.S.A.
战争对美国意味着什么美国少将伦纳德·伍德
Naval Lessons of the War Rear Admiral Austin M.
战争中的海军教训奥斯汀·M·少将
Knight, U.S.N.
奈特，美国海军
The World's War Frederick Palmer
世界大战弗雷德里克·帕尔默
Theatres of the War's Campaigns Frank H.
战争战役的战区 Frank H.
Simonds
西蒙兹
The War Correspondent Arthur Ruhl
战地记者阿瑟·鲁尔
Edited by
编辑者
Francis J.
弗朗西斯·J.
Reynolds Former Reference Librarian of Congress
雷诺兹前国会参考图书馆馆长
Allen L.
艾伦·L。
Churchill Associate Editor, The New International Encyclopedia
丘吉尔副主编，新国际百科全书
Francis Trevelyan Miller Editor in Chieft, Photographic History of the Civil War
弗朗西斯·特里维廉·米勒 (Francis Trevelyan Miller) 《内战摄影史》主编
P.
P。
F.
F。
Collier & Son Company New York
Collier & Son 公司 纽约
[Illustration: _A great French siege gun in action near the much-contested battle field of Arras.
[插图：一门巨大的法国攻城炮在争夺激烈的阿拉斯战场附近作战。
During the terrific explosion the gunners cover their ears._]
在可怕的爆炸声中，枪手捂住了耳朵。_]
THE STORY OF THE GREAT WAR
伟大战争的故事
THE WAR BEGINS INVASION OF BELGIUM BATTLE OF THE MARNE CRACOW · WARSAW POLISH CAMPAIGN WAR IN EAST PRUSSIA
战争开始入侵比利时马恩克拉科夫战役·华沙波兰战役东普鲁士战争
VOLUME II
第二卷
P · F · Collier & Son · New York
P · F · 科利尔父子公司 · 纽约
Copyright 1916 By P.
版权所有 1916 P.
F.
F。
Collier & Son
科利尔父子公司
CONTENTS
内容
PART I.--GREAT BATTLES OF THE WESTERN ARMIES
第一部分——西方军队的伟大战役
CHAPTER Page
章节页码
I.
我。
Attack on Belgium 9
袭击比利时 9
II.
二.
Siege and Capture of Liege 12
围攻并占领列日 12
III.
三．
Belgium's Defiance 23
比利时的反抗23
IV.
四．
Capture of Louvain--Surrender of Brussels 27
占领鲁汶——布鲁塞尔投降 27
V.
五、
Coming of the British 33
英国人的到来 33
VI.
六．
Campaigns in Alsace and Lorraine 38
阿尔萨斯和洛林战役 38
VII.
七．
Siege and Fall of Namur 45
那慕尔的围攻和陷落 45
VIII.
八．
Battle of Charleroi 54
沙勒罗瓦之战 54
IX.
九．
Battle of Mons 60
蒙斯之战 60
X.
X.
The Great Retreat Begins 68
大撤退开始 68
XI.
十一.
Fighting at Bay 79
海湾战斗 79
XII.
十二．
The Marne--General Plan of Battle Field 87
马恩河--战场总体规划87
XIII.
十三．
Allied and German Battle Plans 95
盟军和德国的作战计划 95
XIV.
十四。
First Moves in the Battle 101
战斗101的第一步
XV.
十五。
German Retreat 111
德国撤退 111 号
XVI.
十六．
Continuation of the Battle of the Marne 116
马恩河战役的延续 116
XVII.
十七．
Continuation of the Battle of the Marne 119
马恩河战役的延续 119
XVIII.
十八。
Other Aspects of the Battle of the Marne 126
马恩河战役的其他方面 126
XIX.
十九。
"Crossing the Aisne" 130
《穿越埃纳河》130
XX.
XX。
First Day's Battles 135
第一天的战斗 135
XXI.
二十一．
The British at the Aisne 140
埃纳 140 的英国人
XXII.
第二十二．
Bombardment of Rheims and Soissons 146
轰炸兰斯和苏瓦松 146
XXIII.
第二十三．
Second Phase of Battle of the Aisne 149
埃纳河战役第二阶段 149
XXIV.
第二十四。
End of the Battle 153
153 战斗结束
XXV.
二十五．
"The Race to the Sea" 158
《奔向大海》158
XXVI.
二十六．
Siege and Fall of Antwerp 160
安特卫普的围攻和陷落 160
XXVII.
二十七．
Yser Battles--Attack on Ypres 168
伊瑟之战——进攻伊普尔 168
XXVIII.
二十八．
Attacks of La Bassée and Arras 177
攻击拉巴斯和阿拉斯 177
XXIX.
二十九。
General Movements on the French and Flanders Fronts 181
法国和佛兰德斯前线的总运动 181
XXX.
XXX。
Operations Around La Bassée and Givenchy 187
La Bassée 和 Givenchy 187 周边的运营
XXXI.
三十一.
End of Six Months' Fighting in the West 193
西部六个月战斗结束 193
PART II.--NAVAL OPERATIONS
第二部分——海军行动
XXXII.
三十二.
Strength of the Rival Navies 196
敌对海军的实力 196
XXXIII.
三十三．
First Blood--Battle of the Bight 208
第一滴血--海湾之战208
XXXIV.
三十四。
Battles on Three Seas 219
三海之战219
XXXV.
三十五。
The German Sea Raiders 225
德国海上突袭者 225
XXXVI.
三十六．
Battle Off the Falklands 230
马岛战役 230
XXXVII.
三十七。
Sea Fights of the Ocean Patrol 237
海洋巡逻队海战237
XXXVIII.
三十八。
War on German Trade and Possessions 242
对德国贸易和财产的战争 242
XXXIX.
三十九。
Raids on the English Coast 245
袭击英国海岸 245
XL.
XL。
Results of Six Months' Naval Operations 258
六个月海军作战的结果 258
PART III.--THE WAR ON THE EASTERN FRONT
第三部分——东部前线的战争
XLI.
XLI。
General Characteristics of the Theatre of Warfare 261
战区的一般特征261
XLII.
四十二．
The Strategic Value of Russian Poland 268
俄属波兰的战略价值 268
XLIII.
第四十三．
Austrian Poland, Galicia, and Bukowina 272
奥属波兰、加利西亚和布科维纳 272
XLIV.
四十四。
The Balkans--Countries and Peoples 275
巴尔干地区——国家和人民 275
XLV.
XLV。
The Caucasus--The Barred Door 286
高加索--铁门286
PART IV.--THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN CAMPAIGN
第四部分——奥地利-塞尔维亚战役
XLVI.
四十六．
Serbia's Situation and Resources 291
塞尔维亚的情况和资源 291
XLVII.
四十七．
Austria's Strength and Strategy 298
奥地利的实力和战略298
XLVIII.
四十八．
Austrian Successes 301
奥地利的成功 301
XLIX.
四十九。
The Great Battles Begin 305
第305章 大战开始
L.
L。
First Victory of the Serbians 310
塞尔维亚人的第一次胜利 310
PART V.--THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN CAMPAIGN
第五部分——奥地利-塞尔维亚战役
LI.
李。
Results of First Battles 321
初战结果321
LII.
五。
Serbian Attempt to Invade Austrian Territory 323
塞尔维亚企图入侵奥地利领土 323
LIII.
LIII.
Austria's Second Invasion 329
奥地利的第二次入侵 329
LIV.
利维。
End of Second Invasion--Beginning of Third 331
第331章 第二次入侵结束——第三次入侵开始
LV.
LV。
Preliminary Austrian Successes 335
奥地利的初步成功 335
LVI.
LVI。
Crisis of the Campaign--Austrian Defeat 339
战役危机——奥地利339战败
LVII.
第五十七章。
The Fate of Belgrade 345
贝尔格莱德的命运 345
LVIII.
五十八。
Attempts to Retake Belgrade 348
尝试夺回贝尔格莱德 348
LIX.
六号。
Serbians Retake the City--End of Third Invasion 353
塞尔维亚人夺回城市——第三次入侵结束 353
LX.
LX。
Montenegro in the War 358
战争中的黑山 358
PART VI.--AUSTRO-RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
第六部分——奥俄战役
LXI.
六十一。
Strength and Equipment of the Antagonists 362
第362章 对手的实力和装备
LXII.
六十二.
General Strategy of the Campaign 371
战役的总体策略 371
LXIII.
六十三．
Austria Takes the Offensive 376
奥地利进攻 376
LXIV.
六十四。
A Cautious Russian Advance -- Russian Successes -- Capture of Lemberg 379
俄罗斯的谨慎推进——俄罗斯的成功——夺取伦贝格 379
LXV.
LXV。
Dankl's Offensive and Retreat 390
丹克尔的进攻与撤退 390
LXVI.
六六。
Battle of Rawa-Russka 395
拉瓦-鲁斯卡战役 395
LXVII.
六七．
Russian Victories--Battles of the San 398
俄罗斯的胜利——桑 398 战役
LXVIII.
六十八．
Summary of Operations of September, 1914 403
1914 年 9 月行动概要 403
LXIX.
六十九。
Investiture of Przemysl 405
普热梅希尔 405 就职典礼
LXX.
七十士。
Austrian Retreat Begins 410
奥地利撤退开始 410
LXXI.
六二十一。
Fighting at Cracow 416
克拉科夫战斗 416
LXXII.
六十二。
Austrians Again Assume the Offensive 423
第423章 奥地利人再次发起进攻
PART VII.--RUSSO-GERMAN CAMPAIGN
第七部分——俄德战役
LXXIII.
七二十三。
First Clash on Prussian Frontier 430
普鲁士边境的第一次冲突 430
LXXIV.
六二十四。
Advance of Russians Against the Germans 435
俄国人对德国人的进攻 435
LXXV.
六二十五。
Battle of Tannenberg and Russian Retreat 438
坦能堡战役和俄罗斯撤退 438
LXXVI.
六十六。
Second Russian Invasion of East Prussia 446
俄罗斯第二次入侵东普鲁士 446
LXXVII.
七十七。
First German Drive Against Warsaw 450
德国首次进攻华沙 450
LXXVIII.
七二十八。
German Retreat from Russian Poland 458
德军从俄属波兰撤退 458
LXXIX.
六十九。
Winter Battles of the Polish Campaign 462
波兰战役 462 的冬季战役
LXXX.
LXXX。
Winter Battles in East Prussia 478
东普鲁士冬季战役 478
LXXXI.
LXXXI。
Results of First Six Months of Russo-German Campaign 482
俄德战役前六个月的结果 482
PART VIII.--TURKEY AND THE DARDANELLES
第八部分——土耳其和达达尼尔海峡
LXXXII.
LXXXII。
First Moves of Turkey 493
土耳其的第一步 493
LXXXIII.
LXXXIII。
The First Blow Against the Allies 501
第501章 对盟军的第一击
LXXXIV.
LXXXIV。
British Campaign in Mesopotamia 506
英国在美索不达米亚战役 506
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
插图清单
French Siege Gun at Arras _Frontispiece_
法国阿拉斯攻城炮_Frontispiece_
Opposite Page
对页
Bridge Destroyed by the Belgians at Liege 14
列日 14 号桥梁被比利时人摧毁
General Joffre 78
霞飞将军 78
Germans Refortifying Antwerp 158
德国人加固安特卫普 158
Emden Aground After the Sydney's Victory 222
悉尼号胜利后埃姆登搁浅 222
Wreck of the Blücher in the North Sea Battle 254
北海战役中的布吕歇尔号残骸 254
Serbian Infantrymen on Their Way to the Front 302
前往前线的塞尔维亚步兵 302
General von Hindenburg 382
冯兴登堡将军 382
Gerdauen, East Prussia, Destroyed in Russian Invasion 478
东普鲁士盖尔道恩，在 478 年俄罗斯入侵中被毁
LIST OF MAPS
地图列表
Page
页面
Peace Distribution of Army Corps and Naval Stations of Belligerent Powers (_Colored Map_) _Front Insert_
交战国陆军和海军基地的和平分布（_彩色地图_）_正面插入_
France, Pictorial Map of 11
法国，11 幅图画地图
Belgium, Beginning of German Invasion of 17
17 年德国入侵比利时
Alsace-Lorraine, French Invasion of 51
阿尔萨斯-洛林，法国入侵 51
Battle of Mons and Retreat of Allied Armies 71
蒙斯战役和盟军撤退 71
Battle of the Marne--Beginning on September 5, 1914 89
马恩河战役——1914 年 9 月 5 日开始 89
Battle of the Marne--Situation on September 9, 1914 98
马恩河战役——1914 年 9 月 9 日的局势 98
Battle of the Marne--End of German Retreat and the Intrenched Line on the Aisne River 107
马恩河战役——德军撤退的结束和埃纳河上的壕沟 107
Liege Fort, German Attack of 162
列日堡，德军 162 次进攻
Antwerp, Siege and Fall of 162
安特卫普，162 年的围攻和陷落
Flanders, Battle Front in 173
173 年佛兰德斯前线
German and English Naval Positions 199
德国和英国海军阵地 199
War in the East--Relation of the Eastern Countries to Germany 263
东方战争--东方国家与德国的关系263
The Balkans, Pictorial Map of 293
巴尔干半岛，293 个地图
Serbian and Austrian Invasions 296
塞尔维亚和奥地利入侵 296
Russia, Pictorial Map of 364
俄罗斯，364 幅图画地图
Galicia, Russian Invasion of 367
367 年俄罗斯入侵加利西亚
Battle of Tannenberg 440
坦能堡战役 440
[Illustration: Peace Distribution of Army Corps and Naval Stations of Belligerent Powers.]
[插图：交战国陆军部队和海军基地的和平分布。]
PART I--GREAT BATTLES OF THE WESTERN ARMIES
第一部分——西方军队的伟大战役
CHAPTER I
第一章
ATTACK ON BELGIUM
袭击比利时
The first great campaign on the western battle grounds in the European War began on August 4, 1914.
欧洲战争西部战场上的第一次伟大战役于 1914 年 8 月 4 日打响。
On this epoch-making day the German army began its invasion of Belgium--with the conquest of France as its ultimate goal.
在这个划时代的日子里，德国军队开始入侵比利时，最终目标是征服法国。
Six mighty armies stood ready for the great invasion.
六支强大的军队已准备好迎接伟大的入侵。
Their estimated total was 1,200,000 men.
他们的人数估计为 1,200,000。
Supreme over all was the Emperor as War Lord, but Lieutenant General Helmuth von Moltke, chief of the General Staff, was the practical director of military operations.
至高无上的是作为战争主帅的皇帝，但总参谋长赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇中将才是军事行动的实际指挥者。
General von Moltke was a nephew of the great strategist of 1870, and his name possibly appealed as of happy augury for repeating the former capture of Paris.
冯·毛奇将军是 1870 年伟大战略家的侄子，他的名字可能预示着再次占领巴黎的好兆头。
The First Army was assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle in the north of Belgium, within a few miles of the Dutch frontier.
第一集团军在比利时北部的艾克斯拉夏贝尔集结，距离荷兰边境仅几英里。
It was under the command of General von Kluck.
它由冯·克拉克将军指挥。
He was a veteran of both the Austrian and Franco-Prussian Wars, and was regarded as an able infantry leader.
他是奥地利战争和普法战争的老兵，被认为是一位有能力的步兵领袖。
His part was to enter Belgium at its northern triangle, which projects between Holland and Germany, occupy Liege, deploy on the great central plains of Belgium, then sweep toward the French northwestern frontier in the German dash for Paris and the English Channel.
他的任务是从位于荷兰和德国之间的北部三角地带进入比利时，占领列日，部署在比利时中部大平原上，然后在德国冲向巴黎和英吉利海峡的过程中横扫法国西北边境。
His army thus formed the right wing of the whole German offensive.
他的军队因此形成了整个德军攻势的右翼。
It was composed of picked corps, including cavalry of the Prussian Guard.
它由精挑细选的军团组成，其中包括普鲁士近卫军的骑兵。
The Second Army had gathered in the neighborhood of Limbourg under the command of General von Bülow.
第二集团军在冯·比洛将军的指挥下集结在林堡附近。
Its advance was planned down the valleys of the Ourthe and Vesdre to a junction with Von Kluck at Liege, then a march by the Meuse Valley upon Namur and Charleroi.
它的前进计划是沿着乌尔特河和维斯德尔河谷前进，到达列日与冯·克拉克的交汇处，然后经默兹河谷向那慕尔和沙勒罗瓦进军。
In crossing the Sambre it was to fall into place on the left of Von Kluck's army.
在渡过桑布尔河时，它位于冯·克拉克军队的左侧。
The German center was composed of the Third Army under Duke Albrecht of Württemberg, the Fourth Army led by the crown prince, and the Fifth Army commanded by the Crown Prince of Bavaria.
德国中军由符腾堡阿尔布雷希特公爵指挥的第三集团军、王储领导的第四集团军和巴伐利亚王储领导的第五集团军组成。
It was assembled on the line Neufchateau-Treves-Metz.
它是在 Neufchateau-Treves-Metz 生产线上组装的。
Its first offensive was the occupation of Luxemburg.
它的第一次进攻是占领卢森堡。
This was performed, after a somewhat dramatic protest by the youthful Grand Duchess, who placed her motor car across the bridge by which the Germans entered her internationally guaranteed independent state.
这是在年轻的女大公进行了一场戏剧性的抗议后进行的，她将自己的汽车停在桥上，德国人通过桥进入了她受到国际保障的独立国家。
The German pretext was that since Luxemburg railways were German controlled, they were required for the transport of troops.
德国的借口是，由于卢森堡铁路是德国控制的，因此需要它们来运输部队。
Preparations were then made for a rapid advance through the Ardennes upon the Central Meuse, to form in order upon the left of Von Bülow's army.
随后，他们准备迅速穿过阿登地区，向中部默兹河推进，在冯·比洛军队的左翼列队。
A part of the Fifth Army was to be detached for operations against the French fortress of Verdun.
第五集团军的一部分将被派出参加针对法国凡尔登要塞的行动。
The Sixth Army was concentrated at Strassburg in Alsace, under General von Heeringen.
第六集团军集中在阿尔萨斯的斯特拉斯堡，由冯·赫林根将军指挥。
As inspector of the Prussian Guards he bore a very high military reputation.
作为普鲁士近卫军督察，他享有很高的军事声誉。
For the time being General von Heeringen's part was to remain in Alsace, to deal with a possibly looked for strong French offensive by way of the Vosges or Belfort.
目前，冯·赫林根将军的职责是留在阿尔萨斯，应对法军可能通过孚日山脉或贝尔福发起的强大攻势。
The main plan of the German General Staff, therefore was a wide enveloping movement by the First and Second Armies to sweep the shore of the English Channel in their march on Paris, a vigorous advance of the center through the Ardennes for the same destination, and readiness for battle by the Sixth Army for any French force which might be tempted into Alsace.
因此，德国总参谋部的主要计划是，第一集团军和第二集团军在向巴黎进军时，进行广泛的包围行动，横扫英吉利海峡沿岸，中间部队通过阿登地区向同一目的地猛烈推进，第六集团军做好战斗准备，以应对任何可能被诱惑进入阿尔萨斯的法军。
That this plan was not developed in its entirety, was due to circumstances which fall into another place.
这个计划之所以没有得到完整的制定，是由于其他地方的情况造成的。
[Illustration: Pictorial Map of France.]
[插图：法国图画地图。]
The long anticipated _Day_ dawned.
期待已久的_Day_来临了。
Their vast military machine moved with precision and unity.
他们庞大的军事机器精确而团结地运转。
But there was a surprise awaiting them.
但等待他们的却是一个惊喜。
The Belgians were to offer a serious resistance to passage through their territory--a firm refusal had been delivered at the eleventh hour.
比利时人对通过他们的领土进行了严厉的抵抗——在最后一刻坚决拒绝了。
The vanguard was thrown forward from Von Kluck's army at Aix, to break through the defenses of Liege and seize the western railways.
先头部队从冯·克拉克在艾克斯的军队中派出，突破列日的防御并夺取西部铁路。
This force of three divisions was commanded by General von Emmich, one of them joining him at Verviers.
这支由三个师组成的部队由冯·埃米希将军指挥，其中一个师在韦尔维耶与他会合。
On the evening of August 3, 1914, Von Emmich's force had crossed into Belgium.
1914 年 8 月 3 日晚，冯·埃米希的部队进入比利时。
Early on the morning of August 4, 1914, Von Kluck's second advance line reached Visé, situated on the Meuse north of Liege and close to the Dutch frontier.
1914 年 8 月 4 日清晨，冯·克拉克的第二条先遣线抵达位于列日以北默兹河畔、靠近荷兰边境的维塞。
Here an engagement took place with a Belgian guard, which terminated with the Germans bombarding Visé.
在这里，与一名比利时卫兵发生了交战，最终德国人轰炸了维塞。
The Belgians had destroyed the river bridge, but the Germans succeeded in seizing the crossing.
比利时人摧毁了河桥，但德国人成功占领了渡口。
This was the first actual hostility of the war on the western battle grounds.
这是西部战场上第一次真正的战争交锋。
With the capture of Visé, the way was clear for Von Kluck's main army to concentrate on Belgian territory.
攻占维塞后，冯·克拉克的主力部队集中在比利时领土上的道路就畅通无阻了。
By nightfall, Liege was invested on three sides.
夜幕降临时，列日已被三面包围。
Only the railway lines and roads running westward remained open.
只有向西延伸的铁路线和公路仍然开放。
CHAPTER II
第二章
SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF LIEGE
围攻并占领领主
A view of Liege will assist in revealing its three days' siege, with the resulting effect upon the western theatre of war.
列日的景色将有助于揭示三天的围困，以及由此对西部战区造成的影响。
Liege is the capital of the Walloons, a sturdy race that in times past has at many a crisis proved unyielding determination and courage.
列日是瓦隆人的首府，这是一个坚强的民族，在过去的许多危机中证明了不屈的决心和勇气。
At the outbreak of war it was the center of great coal mining and industrial activity.
战争爆发时，它是大型煤矿开采和工业活动的中心。
In the commercial world it is known everywhere for the manufacture of firearms.
在商业世界中，它因制造枪支而闻名。
The smoke from hundreds of factories spreads over the city, often hanging in dense clouds.
数百家工厂的烟雾弥漫在城市上空，常常悬浮在浓密的云层中。
It might aptly be termed the Pittsburg of Belgium.
它可以被恰当地称为比利时的匹兹堡。
The city lies in a deep, broad cut of the River Meuse, at its junction with the combined channels of the Ourthe and Vesdre.
这座城市位于默兹河深而宽的河段，与乌尔特河和维斯德尔河的交汇处。
It stretches across both sides, being connected by numerous bridges, while parallel lines of railway follow the course of the main stream.
它横跨两岸，由众多桥梁连接，而平行的铁路线则沿着干流的路线延伸。
The trunk line from Germany into Belgium crosses the Meuse at Liege.
从德国到比利时的干线在列日穿过默兹河。
For the most part the old city of lofty houses clings to a cliffside on the left bank, crowned by an ancient citadel of no modern defensive value.
这座古老的城市大部分由高耸的房屋组成，紧邻左岸的悬崖边，顶部是一座没有现代防御价值的古老城堡。
Whatever picturesqueness Liege may have possessed is effaced by the squalid and dilapidated condition of its poorer quarters.
无论列日拥有多么美丽的风景，都会被其贫困地区的肮脏和破旧状况所抹杀。
To the north broad fertile plains extend into central Belgium, southward on the opposite bank of the Meuse, the Ardennes present a hilly forest, stream-watered region.
向北，广阔肥沃的平原延伸至比利时中部，向南，在默兹河对岸，阿登地区呈现出丘陵森林、溪流浇灌的地区。
In its downward course the Meuse flows out of the Liege trench to expand through what is termed the Dutch Flats.
在向下的过程中，默兹河流出列日海沟，通过所谓的荷兰平原扩展。
Liege, at the outbreak of the war, was a place of great wealth and extreme poverty--a Liege artisan considered himself in prosperity on $5 a week.
战争爆发时，列日是一个富裕而又极度贫困的地方——一位列日工匠认为自己每周靠 5 美元就可以过上富裕生活。
It was of the first strategic importance to Belgium.
它对比利时具有首要的战略意义。
Its situation was that of a natural fortress, barring the advance of a German army.
它的位置就像一个天然堡垒，阻止了德军的前进。
The defenses of Liege were hardly worth an enemy's gunfire before 1890.
1890 年之前，列日的防御工事几乎抵不上敌人的炮火。
They had consisted of a single fort on the Meuse right bank, and the citadel crowning the heights of the old town.
它们由默兹右岸的一座堡垒和位于老城高处的城堡组成。
But subsequently the Belgian Chamber voted the necessary sums for fortifying Liege and Namur on the latest principles.
但随后比利时商会根据最新原则投票决定了加固列日和那慕尔的必要资金。
From the plans submitted, the one finally decided upon was that of the famous Belgian military engineer Henri Alexis Brialmont.
根据提交的计划，最终确定的是比利时著名军事工程师亨利·亚历克西斯·布里阿尔蒙特的计划。
His design was a circle of detached forts, already approved by German engineers as best securing a city within from bombardment.
他的设计是一圈独立的堡垒，已经被德国工程师认可为保护城市免受轰炸的最佳方案。
With regard to Liege and Namur particularly, Brialmont held that his plan would make passages of the Meuse at those places impregnable to an enemy.
特别是关于列日和那慕尔，布里阿尔蒙特认为他的计划将使这些地方的默兹河通道对敌人来说坚不可摧。
When the German army stood before Liege on this fourth day of August, in 1914, the circumference of the detached forts was thirty-one miles with about two or three miles between them, and at an average of five miles from the city.
1914 年 8 月的第四天，当德国军队在列日面前时，独立堡垒的周长为 31 英里，堡垒之间的距离约为两到三英里，距离城市平均为五英里。
Each fort was constructed on a new model to withstand the highest range and power of offensive artillery forecast in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
每个堡垒均采用新模型建造，以承受十九世纪最后十年预测的最大射程和威力的进攻性火炮。
When completed they presented the form of an armored mushroom, thrust upward from a mound by subterranean machinery.
完成后，它们呈现出装甲蘑菇的形状，由地下机械从土堆中向上推。
The elevation of the cupola in action disclosed no more of its surface than was necessary for the firing of the guns.
行动中冲天炉的高度暴露的表面仅超出火炮射击所需的范围。
The mounds were turfed and so inconspicuous that in times of peace sheep grazed over them.
土丘上铺着草皮，非常不起眼，在和平时期，羊群会在上面吃草。
In Brialmont's original plan each fort was to be connected by infantry trenches with sunken emplacements for light artillery, but this important part of his design was relegated to the dangerous hour of a threatening enemy.
在布里阿尔蒙特最初的计划中，每个堡垒都由步兵战壕和凹陷的轻型火炮阵地连接起来，但他的设计的这一重要部分被推迟到敌人威胁的危险时刻。
This work was undertaken too late before the onsweep of the Germans.
这项工作在德国人发起进攻之前进行得太晚了。
Instead, Brialmont's single weak detail in surrounding each fort with an infantry platform was tenaciously preserved long after its uselessness must have been apparent.
相反，布里阿尔蒙特在每个堡垒周围都设有步兵平台的单一薄弱细节在其无用性明显显现后很长一段时间都被顽强地保留了下来。
Thus Liege was made a ring fortress to distinguish it from the former latest pattern of earth ramparts and outworks.
因此，列日被打造为环形要塞，以区别于以前最新的土城墙和外围工事模式。
Six major and six minor of these forts encircled Liege.
这些堡垒中的六个主要堡垒和六个较小的堡垒包围了列日。
From north to south, beginning with those facing the German frontier, their names ran as follows: Barchon, Evegnée, Fleron, Chaudfontaine, Embourg, Boncelles, Flemalle, Hollogne, Loncin, Lantin, Liers, and Pontisse.
从北到南，从面向德国边境的地方开始，它们的名字依次是：巴雄、埃维尼、弗莱隆、肖德方丹、恩堡、邦塞莱斯、弗莱马勒、霍洛涅、隆钦、朗廷、利尔斯和庞蒂斯。
The armaments of the forts consisted of 6-inch and 4.7-inch guns, with 8-inch mortars and quick firers.
堡垒的武器装备包括6英寸和4.7英寸火炮、8英寸迫击炮和速射器。
They were in the relative number of two, four, two and four for the major forts, and two, two, one and three for the minor _fortins_, as such were termed.
主要堡垒的相对数量为二、四、二、四，小堡垒的相对数量为二、二、一、三。
The grand total was estimated at 400 pieces.
总计估计有 400 件。
In their confined underground quarters the garrisons, even of the major forts, did not exceed eighty men from the engineer, artillery and infantry branches of the service.
在他们狭窄的地下宿舍里，即使是主要堡垒的驻军，来自工兵、炮兵和步兵部队的人员也不超过八十人。
Between Fort Pontisse and the Dutch frontier was less than six miles.
庞蒂斯堡和荷兰边境之间的距离不到六英里。
[Illustration: This bridge over the Meuse at Liege was blown up by the Belgians to delay the German advance.
[插图：列日的这座横跨默兹河的桥梁被比利时人炸毁，以拖延德军的前进。
The German army crossed on pontoon bridges.]
德国军队通过浮桥渡河。]
It was through this otherwise undefended gap that Von Kluck purposed to advance his German army after the presumed immediate fall of Liege, to that end having seized the Meuse crossing at Visé.
正是通过这个原本不设防的缺口，冯·克拉克打算在列日立即陷落后，向他的德军推进，并为此夺取了维塞的默兹渡口。
The railway line to Aix-la-Chapelle was dominated by Fort Fleron, while the minor Forts Chaudfontaine and Embourg, to the south, commanded the trunk line by way of Liege into Belgium.
通往艾克斯拉夏贝尔的铁路线由弗莱隆堡控制，而南部的肖德方丹堡和恩堡则控制着经由列日进入比利时的干线。
On the plateau, above Liege, Fort Loncin held the railway junction of Ans and the lines running from Liege north and west.
在列日上方的高原上，隆辛堡占据了安斯的铁路枢纽以及从列日向北和向西延伸的铁路线。
Finally, the forts were not constructed on a geometric circle, but in such manner that the fire of any two was calculated to hold an enemy at bay should a third between them fall.
最后，这些堡垒并不是建立在几何圆上，而是以这样的方式建造：如果其中有三分之一倒塌，任何两个堡垒的火力都可以将敌人拒之门外。
This was probably an accurate theory before German guns of an unimagined caliber and range were brought into action.
在德国拥有难以想象的口径和射程的火炮投入战斗之前，这可能是一个准确的理论。
In command of the Belgian forts at Liege was General Leman.
指挥位于列日的比利时堡垒的是莱曼将军。
He had served under Brialmont, and was pronounced a serious and efficient officer.
他曾在布里阿尔蒙特麾下服役，被认为是一位严肃而高效的军官。
He was a zealous military student, physically extremely active, and constantly on the watch for any relaxation of discipline.
他是一名热心的军校学生，身体极其活跃，时刻警惕着任何放松纪律的行为。
These qualities enabled him to grasp at the outset the weakness of his position.
这些品质使他能够从一开始就抓住自己职位的弱点。
If the Germans believed the refusal to grant a free passage for their armies through Belgium to be little more than a diplomatic protest, it would seem the Belgian Government was equally mistaken in doubting the Germans would force a way through an international treaty of Belgian neutrality.
如果德国人认为拒绝允许其军队自由通过比利时只不过是一种外交抗议，那么比利时政府怀疑德国人是否会强行通过一项比利时中立的国际条约似乎也是错误的。
Consequently, the German crossing of the frontier discovered Belgium with her mobilization but half complete, mainly on a line for the defense of Brussels and Antwerp.
因此，德国越过边境发现了比利时，但其动员工作尚未完成，主要是在保卫布鲁塞尔和安特卫普的防线上。
It had been estimated by Brialmont that 75,000 men of all arms were necessary for the defense of Liege on a war footing, probably 35,000 was the total force hastily gathered in the emergency to withstand the German assault on the fortifications.
据布里阿尔蒙特估计，在战争状态下保卫列日需要75,000名全副武装的士兵，在紧急情况下匆忙集结的总兵力可能有35,000人，以抵御德军对防御工事的攻击。
It included the Civic Guard.
其中包括公民警卫队。
General Leman realized, therefore, that, without a supporting field army, it would be impossible for him to hold the German hosts before Liege for more than a few days--a week at most.
因此，莱曼将军意识到，如果没有野战军的支援，他不可能在列日面前阻挡德军超过几天——最多一个星期。
But he hoped within such time the French or British would march to his relief.
但他希望法国或英国能够在这段时间内出兵解救他。
Thus his chief concern was for the forts protecting the railway leading from Namur down the Meuse Valley into Liege--the line of a French or British advance.
因此，他主要关心的是保护从那慕尔沿默兹河谷通往列日的铁路的堡垒——这是法国或英国的进攻路线。
On the afternoon of August 4, 1914, German patrols appeared on the left bank of the Meuse, approaching from Visé.
1914 年 8 月 4 日下午，德国巡逻队出现在默兹河左岸，从维塞逼近。
They were also observed by the sentries on Forts Barchon, Evegnée and Fleron.
巴雄堡、埃韦尼堡和弗莱隆堡的哨兵也观察到了他们。
German infantry and artillery presently came into view with the unmistakable object of beginning the attack on those forts.
德国步兵和炮兵很快就进入了人们的视野，他们的明确目标是开始攻击这些堡垒。
The forts fired a few shots by way of a challenge.
堡垒发射了几枪以示挑战。
As evening fell the woods began to echo with the roar of artillery.
夜幕降临，树林里开始回响着炮火的轰鸣声。
Later, Forts Fleron, Chaudfontaine and Embourg were added to the German bombardment.
后来，弗莱隆堡、肖德方丹堡和恩堡也加入了德军的炮击范围。
The Germans used long range field pieces with powerful explosive shells.
德国人使用带有强大爆炸弹的远程野战炮。
The fire proved to be remarkably accurate.
事实证明，火势非常准确。
As their shells exploded on the cupolas and platforms of the forts, the garrisons in their confined citadels began to experience that inferno of vibrations which subsequently deprived them of the incentive to eat or sleep.
当他们的炮弹在堡垒的圆顶和平台上爆炸时，封闭城堡中的驻军开始经历地狱般的振动，随后剥夺了他们吃饭或睡觉的动力。
The Belgians replied vigorously, but owing to the broken nature of the country, and the forethought with which the Germans took advantage of every form of gun cover, apparently little execution was dealt upon the enemy.
比利时人积极反击，但由于该国的破碎性质，以及德国人利用各种形式的枪支掩护的深谋远虑，显然没有对敌人造成任何处决。
However, the Belgians claimed to have silenced two of the German pieces.
然而，比利时人声称已经压制住了两架德国飞机。
In the darkness of this historic night of August 4, 1914, the flames of the fortress guns pierced the immediate night with vivid streaks.
1914 年 8 月 4 日，在这个历史性的夜晚的黑暗中，要塞炮的火焰以鲜明的条纹划破了夜色。
Their searchlights swept in broad streams the wooded slopes opposite.
他们的探照灯扫过对面树木繁茂的山坡上宽阔的溪流。
The cannonade resounded over Liege, as if with constant peals of thunder.
炮声在列日上空回响，仿佛雷鸣不断。
In the city civilians sought the shelter of their cellars, but few of the German shells escaped their range upon the forts to disturb them.
城里的平民纷纷到地窖寻求庇护，但德军炮弹很少能逃出堡垒的射程来打扰他们。
This exchange of artillery went on until near daybreak of August 5, 1914, when infantry fire from the woods to the right of Fort Embourg apprised the defenders that the Germans were advancing to the attack.
这种炮火交火一直持续到 1914 年 8 月 5 日黎明时分，当时步兵从恩堡堡右侧的树林中开火，通知守军德国人正在进攻。
The Germans came on in their customary massed formation.
德国人按照惯常的密集队形进攻。
The prevalent opinion that in German tactics such action was employed to hearten the individual soldier, was denied by their General Staff.
人们普遍认为，在德国战术中，这种行动是为了鼓舞单个士兵的士气，但遭到了总参谋部的否认。
In their opinion an advantage was thus gained by the concentration of rifle fire.
他们认为，集中步枪火力可以获得优势。
Belgian infantry withstood the assault, and counterattacked.
比利时步兵顶住了进攻，并进行了反击。
When dawn broke, a general engagement was in progress.
天亮时，一场全面的交战正在进行中。
About eight o'clock the Germans were compelled to withdraw.
大约八点钟，德军被迫撤退。
[Illustration: Beginning of German Invasion of Belgium.]
[插图：德国入侵比利时的开始。]
The first engagement of the war was won by the Belgians.
比利时人赢得了战争的第一场战斗。
It was reported that the Belgian fire had swept the Germans down in thousands, but this was denied by German authorities.
据报道，比利时大火已导致数千名德国人丧生，但德国当局否认了这一说法。
Up to this time the German forces before Liege were chiefly Von Kluck's vanguard under Von Emmich, his second line of advance, and detachments of Von Bülow's army.
到目前为止，列日之前的德军主要是冯·埃米希指挥下的冯·克卢克的先锋队、他的第二线进攻部队以及冯·布洛军队的分遣队。
On the Belgian side no attempt was made to follow up the advantage.
比利时方面并没有试图扩大优势。
The reason given is that the Germans were seen to be in strong cavalry force, an arm lost totally in the military complement of Liege.
给出的理由是，德国人被认为拥有强大的骑兵部队，而列日的军队完全失去了这一力量。
The German losses were undoubtedly severe, especially in front of Fort Barchon.
德军的损失无疑是严重的，尤其是在巴雄堡前。
This was one of the major forts, triangular in shape, and surrounded by a ditch and barbed wire entanglements.
这是主要堡垒之一，呈三角形，周围有沟渠和铁丝网。
The armament of these major forts had recently been reenforced by night, secretly, with guns of heavier caliber from Antwerp.
这些主要堡垒的武器装备最近在夜间秘密地用安特卫普的大口径火炮进行了加固。
As they outmatched the German field pieces of the first attack, presumably the German Intelligence Department had failed in news of them.
由于他们在第一次攻击中击败了德国野战部队，德国情报部门可能未能获得有关他们的消息。
An armistice requested by the Germans to gather in the wounded and bury the dead was refused.
德国人要求停战以收治伤员并埋葬死者，但遭到拒绝。
Thereupon the artillery duel recommenced.
于是炮战又开始了。
A hot and oppressive day disclosed woods rent and scarred, standing wheat fields shell-plowed and trampled, and farm houses set ablaze.
炎热而压抑的一天，树林被撕裂，麦田伤痕累累，麦田被犁耕和践踏，农舍着火。
The bringing of the Belgian wounded into Liege apprised the citizens that their side had also suffered considerably.
将比利时伤员带入列日让民众知道他们这边也遭受了相当大的痛苦。
Meanwhile, the Germans were reenforced by the Tenth Hanoverian Army Corps, from command of which General von Emmich had been detached to lead Von Kluck's vanguard, also artillery with 8.4-inch howitzers.
与此同时，德国人得到了汉诺威第十军团的增援，冯·埃米希将军已脱离该军团指挥冯·克拉克的先头部队，该部队也是配备8.4英寸榴弹炮的炮兵。
The bombardment on this 5th day of August, 1914, now stretched from Visé around the Meuse right bank half circle of forts to embrace Pontisse and Boncelles at its extremities.
1914 年 8 月 5 日的轰炸现在从维塞开始，围绕默兹右岸的半圈堡垒延伸到了庞蒂斯和邦塞莱斯的末端。
In a few hours infantry attack began again.
几个小时后，步兵进攻再次开始。
The Germans advanced in masses by short rushes, dropping to fire rifle volleys, and then onward with unflinching determination.
德国人以短距离冲锋的方式大规模推进，然后用步枪齐射，然后以坚定的决心继续前进。
The forts, wreathed in smoke, blazed shells among them; their machine guns spraying streams of bullets.
堡垒笼罩在烟雾中，炮弹在其中燃烧。他们的机关枪喷射出子弹流。
The Germans were repulsed and compelled to retire, but only to re-form for a fresh assault.
德军被击退并被迫撤退，但只是为了重新集结以进行新的进攻。
Both Belgian and German aeroplanes flew overhead to signal their respective gunners.
比利时和德国的飞机都飞过头顶向各自的炮手发出信号。
A Zeppelin was observed, but did not come within range of Belgian fire.
观察到一架齐柏林飞艇，但并未进入比利时火力射程内。
The Belgians claim to have shot down one German aeroplane, and another is said to have been brought to earth by flying within range of its own artillery.
比利时声称击落了一架德国飞机，另一架据说是在自己的火炮射程内飞行时被带到地球的。
During the morning of August 5, Fort Fleron was put out of action by shell destruction of its cupola-hoisting machinery.
8 月 5 日上午，弗莱伦堡的冲天炉起重机械遭到炮弹破坏，无法行动。
This proved a weak point in Brialmont's fortress plan.
这被证明是布里阿尔蒙特要塞计划中的一个弱点。
It was presently discovered that the fire of the supporting forts Evegnée and Chaudfontaine could not command the lines forming the apex of their triangle.
人们很快发现，支持埃维尼和肖德方丹的堡垒的火力无法控制形成三角形顶点的线条。
Further, since the Belgian infantry was not in sufficient force to hold the lines between the forts, a railway into Liege fell to the enemy.
此外，由于比利时步兵没有足够的兵力来守住堡垒之间的防线，一条通往列日的铁路落入了敌人手中。
The fighting here was of such a desperate nature, that General Leman hastened to reenforce with all his reserve.
这里的战斗非常激烈，莱曼将军急忙调动所有后备力量增援。
This battle went on during the afternoon and night of August 5, into the morning of August 6, 1914.
这场战斗从8月5日下午到晚上一直持续到1914年8月6日上午。
But the fall of Fort Fleron began to tell in favor of the Germans.
但弗莱隆堡的陷落开始对德国人有利。
Belgian resistance perforce weakened.
比利时的抵抗势必减弱。
The ceaseless pounding of the German 8.4-inch howitzers smashed the inner concrete and stone protective armor of the forts, as if of little more avail than cardboard.
德国8.4英寸榴弹炮的不间断轰击将堡垒内部的混凝土和石头防护装甲击碎，就像纸板一样无用。
At intervals on August 6, Forts Chaudfontaine, Evegnée and Barchon fell under the terrific hail of German shells.
8 月 6 日，肖德方丹要塞、伊韦尼要塞和巴雄要塞时不时地遭到德国炮弹的猛烈袭击。
A way was now opened into the city, though, for the most part, still contested by Belgian infantry.
现在，一条通往城市的道路已经打开，但大部分地区仍然受到比利时步兵的争夺。
A party of German hussars availed themselves of some unguarded path to make a daring but ineffectual dash to capture General Leman and his staff.
一队德国骠骑兵利用无人看守的小路，大胆但徒劳地冲向莱蒙将军和他的幕僚。
General Leman was consulting with his officers at military headquarters, on August 6, 1914, when they were startled by shouts outside.
1914 年 8 月 6 日，莱曼将军正在军事总部与他的军官们商量，这时他们被外面的喊叫声吓了一跳。
He rushed forth into a crowd of citizens to encounter eight men in German uniform.
他冲进人群中，遇到了八名身穿德国制服的男子。
General Leman cried for a revolver to defend himself, but another officer, fearing the Germans had entered the city in force, lifted him up over a foundry wall.
莱曼将军哭喊着要一把左轮手枪来自卫，但另一名军官担心德国人已大举进城，把他举到了铸造厂的墙上。
Both Leman and the officer made their escape by way of an adjacent house.
莱曼和这名警官都从邻近的房子逃走了。
Belgian Civic Guards hastening to the scene dispatched an officer and two men of the German raiders.
比利时公民卫队赶赴现场，派遣了一名军官和两名德国袭击者。
The rest of the party are said to have been made prisoners.
据说该党的其他成员都已被俘虏。
The end being merely a question of hours General Leman ordered the evacuation of the city by the infantry.
结束只是几个小时的问题，莱曼将军下令步兵撤离城市。
He wisely decided it could be of more service to the Belgian army at Dyle, than held in a beleaguered and doomed city.
他明智地认为，这对驻扎在戴尔的比利时军队来说，比驻扎在一座陷入困境、注定要灭亡的城市更有用。
Reports indicate that this retreat, though successfully performed, was precipitate.
报告显示，这次撤退虽然成功，但却是仓促的。
The passage of it was scattered with arms, equipment, and supplies of all kinds.
通道上散落着各种武器、装备和物资。
An ambulance train was abandoned, twenty locomotives left in the railway station, and but one bridge destroyed in rear beyond immediate repair.
一列救护车被遗弃，火车站留下二十辆机车，只有一座桥梁被毁坏，无法立即修复。
After its accomplishment, General Leman took command of the northern forts, determined to hold them against Von Kluck until the last Belgian gun was silenced.
行动完成后，莱曼将军接管了北部要塞，决心让他们对抗冯·克拉克，直到比利时最后一炮被压制。
Early on August 7, 1914, Burgomaster Kleyer and the Bishop of Liege negotiated terms for the surrender of the city.
1914 年 8 月 7 日早些时候，市长克莱尔和列日主教就该城市的投降条款进行了谈判。
It had suffered but slight damage from the bombardment.
它在轰炸中只受到了轻微的损坏。
Few of the citizens were reported among the killed or injured.
据报道，死伤者中几乎没有公民。
On behalf of the Germans it must be said their occupation of Liege was performed in good order, with military discipline excellently maintained.
对于德国人来说，必须说他们对列日的占领是井然有序的，军事纪律也得到了很好的维护。
They behaved at first fairly impartial in establishing their rule in the city, and paid for all supplies requisitioned.
他们起初在城市中建立统治时表现得相当公正，并支付了所有征用的物资。
They were quartered in various public buildings and institutions, probably to the number of 10,000.
他们驻扎在各种公共建筑和机构中，人数可能达到 10,000 人。
The German troops at first seemed to present an interesting spectacle.
德国军队起初似乎呈现出有趣的景象。
They were mostly young men, reported as footsore from their long march in new, imperfectly fitting boots, and hungry from the lack of accompanying commissariat.
他们大多是年轻人，据报道，他们穿着不合脚的新靴子长途跋涉，脚痛，而且由于缺乏随行的粮食而挨饿。
This is proof that the German's military machine did not work to perfection at the outset.
这证明德国的军事机器从一开始就没有发挥完美的作用。
Later, alleged hostile acts by Belgian individuals moved the German military authorities to seize a group of the principal citizens, and warn the inhabitants that the breaking of a peaceful attitude would be at the risk of swiftly serious punishment.
后来，据称比利时人的敌对行为促使德国军事当局逮捕了一批主要公民，并警告居民，破坏和平态度将面临迅速受到严厉惩罚的风险。
Precautions to enforce order were such as is provided in martial law, and carried out in the beginning with some show of fairness.
执行秩序的预防措施与戒严法中规定的一样，并且在开始时就表现出一定的公平性。
The Germans appeared anxious to restore confidence and win a feeling of good will.
德国人似乎急于恢复信心并赢得善意。
For some days after the capitulation of the city the northern forts continued a heroic resistance.
城市投降后的几天里，北部堡垒继续英勇抵抗。
So long as these remained uncaptured, General Leman maintained that, strategically, Liege had not fallen.
莱曼将军坚持认为，只要这些岛屿仍未被占领，从战略上讲，列日就没有陷落。
He thus held in check the armies of Von Kluck and Von Bülow, when every hour was of supreme urgency for their respective onsweep into central Belgium and up the Meuse Valley.
因此，他遏制了冯·克卢克和冯·布洛的军队，当时他们各自向比利时中部和默兹河谷发起进攻，每一个小时都是最紧迫的。
The Germans presently brought into an overpowering bombardment their 11-inch siege guns.
德国人随即用 11 英寸攻城炮进行了猛烈的轰炸。
On August 13, 1914, Embourg was stricken into ruin.
1914 年 8 月 13 日，恩堡沦为废墟。
On the same day the electric lighting apparatus of Fort Boncelles having been destroyed, the few living men of its garrison fought through the following night in darkness, and in momentary danger of suffocation from gases emitted by the exploding German shells.
同一天，邦塞勒斯堡的电力照明设备被摧毁，其驻军中为数不多的活着的人在第二天晚上在黑暗中奋战，并面临着被德军炮弹爆炸所释放的气体窒息的短暂危险。
Early in the morning of August 14, 1914, though its cupolas were battered in and shells rained upon the interior, the commander refused an offer of surrender.
1914 年 8 月 14 日清晨，尽管其圆顶被炸毁，炮弹如雨点般落在内部，但指挥官拒绝投降。
A little later the concrete inner chamber walls fell in.
不久之后，混凝土内室墙壁倒塌了。
The commander of Boncelles, having exhausted his defensive, hoisted the white flag.
邦塞莱斯的指挥官耗尽了防御力，升起了白旗。
He had held out for eleven days in a veritable death-swept inferno.
他在名副其实的死亡地狱中坚持了十一天。
Fort Loncin disputed with Boncelles the honor of being the last to succumb.
隆辛堡与邦塞莱斯争夺最后一个屈服的荣誉。
The experience of its garrison differed only in terrible details from Boncelles.
其驻军的经历与邦塞莱斯仅在可怕的细节上有所不同。
Its final gun shot was fired by a man with his left hand, since the other had been severed.
最后一枪是由一名男子用左手发射的，因为另一只手已被切断。
Apparently a shell exploded in its magazine, and blew up the whole fort.
显然，一枚炮弹在弹匣中爆炸，炸毁了整个堡垒。
General Leman was discovered amid its débris, pinned beneath a huge beam.
莱曼将军被发现在废墟中，被钉在一根巨大的横梁下。
He was released by his own men.
他被自己的人释放了。
When taken to a trench, a German officer found that he was merely unconscious from shock.
当一名德国军官被带到战壕时，发现他只是因震惊而失去知觉。
When sufficiently recovered, General Leman was conducted to General von Emmich to tender his personal surrender.
当莱曼将军完全康复后，他被带到冯·埃米奇将军那里，向他个人投降。
The two had previously been comrades at maneuvers.
两人此前曾是演习中的战友。
The report of their meeting is given by a German officer.
他们的会议报告是由一名德国军官作的。
The guard presented the customary salute due General Leman's rank.
守卫按照莱曼将军的军衔行礼。
General von Emmich advanced a few steps to meet General Leman.
冯·埃米奇将军向前走了几步，与莱曼将军会面。
Both generals saluted.
两位将军都行礼。
"General," said Von Emmich, "you have gallantly and nobly held your forts."
“将军，”冯·埃米奇说道，“您英勇而高尚地坚守住了自己的堡垒。”
"I thank you," Leman replied.
“我谢谢你，”莱曼回答道。
"Our troops have lived up to their reputation.
“我们的军队没有辜负他们的声誉。
War is not like maneuvers, _mon Général_," he added with a pointed smile.
战争不像演习，_mon General_，”他尖刻地微笑着补充道。
"I ask you to bear witness that you found me unconscious."
“我请你作证，你发现我昏迷不醒。”
General Leman unbuckled his sword to offer it to the victor.
莱曼将军解开剑，将其献给胜利者。
Von Emmich bowed.
冯·埃米奇鞠了一躬。
"No, keep it," he gestured.
“不，留着吧，”他做了个手势。
"To have crossed swords with you has been an honor."
“与你交锋是我的荣幸。”
Subsequently the President of the French Republic bestowed on Liege the Cross of the Legion of Honor.
随后，法兰西共和国总统授予列日荣誉军团十字勋章。
To its motto in this instance might have been added appropriately: Liege, the Savior of Paris.
在这种情况下，它的座右铭可能会被适当地添加：列日，巴黎的救世主。
The few days of its resistance to an overwhelming force enabled the Belgium army to improve its mobilization, the British to throw an expeditionary army into France, and the French to make a new offensive alignment.
几天的抵抗压倒性的力量，使比利时军队改善了动员，英国向法国派遣了一支远征军，而法国则形成了新的进攻阵型。
It will forever remain a brilliant page in war annals.
它将永远留在战争史册上辉煌的一页。
In a military estimate it proved that forts constructed on the latest scientific principles, but unsupported by an intrenched field army, crumple under the concentrated fire of long-range, high-power enemy guns.
一项军事评估证明，按照最新科学原理建造的堡垒，如果没有固守的野战军的支持，就会在敌方远程大威力火炮的集中火力下崩溃。
The fall of the northern and eastern Liege forts released Von Kluck's army for its march into central Belgium.
北部和东部列日要塞的陷落使得冯·克拉克的军队得以向比利时中部进军。
Meanwhile the Belgian army had been concentrated on a line of the River Dyle, with its left touching Malines and its right resting on Louvain.
与此同时，比利时军队集中在代尔河一线，左翼靠近马林岛，右翼紧靠鲁汶。
Its commander, General Selliers de Moranville, made his headquarters in the latter city.
它的指挥官塞利尔斯·德·莫兰维尔将军将其指挥部设在了后者的城市。
The Belgian force totaled 110,000 men of all complements.
比利时军队共有11万名各类兵力。
Whether this included the reenforcement by the Liege infantry is uncertain.
这是否包括列日步兵的增援尚不确定。
During August 10 and 11, 1914, General Moranville threw forward detachments to screen his main body in front of the German advance.
1914 年 8 月 10 日至 11 日期间，莫兰维尔将军派出分遣队在德军进攻前掩护他的主力。
On the 11th a rumor that the French had crossed the Sambre, moved General Moranville to extend his right wing to Eghezee, with the hope of getting in touch with the Allies.
11 日，有传言称法军已渡过桑布尔河，莫兰维尔将军将右翼延伸至埃吉泽，希望与盟军取得联系。
That the French and British were hastening to his support could not be doubted.
毫无疑问，法国和英国正在加紧支持他。
They were already overdue, but assuredly would come soon.
他们已经逾期了，但肯定很快就会来。
That was the Belgian reliance, passing from mouth to mouth among the Court, Cabinet Ministers, General Staff, down to the factory toilers, miners, and peasants on their farms.
这就是比利时人的信任，从宫廷、内阁部长、总参谋部到工厂工人、矿工和农场里的农民，人们都口口相传。
The Sambre report, like many others in various places, proved unfounded.
桑布尔的报告与各地的许多其他报告一样，被证明是毫无根据的。
CHAPTER III
第三章
BELGIUM'S DEFIANCE
比利时的反抗
A view of the general situation in Belgium will assist in clearing the way for swiftly following events.
对比利时总体局势的了解将有助于为迅速发生的后续事件扫清道路。
Germany had invaded Belgium against the diplomatic and active protests of its Government.
德国不顾比利时政府的外交和积极抗议入侵比利时。
But the German Government still hoped that the heroic resistance of Liege would satisfy Belgian national spirit, and a free passage of German troops now be granted.
但德国政府仍然希望列日的英勇抵抗能够满足比利时的民族精神，并允许德国军队自由通行。
The German Emperor made a direct appeal to the King of the Belgians through the medium of the Queen of Holland.
德国皇帝通过荷兰女王直接向比利时国王发出请求。
From the German point of outlook their victory could best be attained by the march through Belgium upon Paris.
从德国人的角度来看，他们的胜利最好是通过比利时向巴黎进军。
The German Government asserted that the French and British contemplated a similar breach of Belgian neutrality.
德国政府声称法国和英国也考虑采取类似措施来违反比利时的中立性。
To their mind, it was a case of which should be on the ground first.
在他们看来，这是一个应该首先在实地进行的案例。
On the other hand, the Allies pronounced the German invasion of Belgium an unprovoked assault, and produced countertestimony.
另一方面，盟军宣称德国对比利时的入侵是无端攻击，并提出了反证。
The controversy has continued to this day.
争论一直持续到今天。
But the war as it progressed has seen many breaches of neutrality, and a certain resignation to the inevitable has succeeded the moral indignation so easily aroused in its early stages.
但随着战争的进展，中立性遭到了许多破坏，早期阶段很容易引起的道德义愤已经取代了对不可避免的事情的某种顺从。
Let us now glance at the condition of Belgium when war was declared.
现在让我们看一下宣战时比利时的状况。
The Belgians were an industrial and not a militant people.
比利时人是一个工业民族，而不是一个好战民族。
They had ample reason to yearn for a permanent peace.
他们有充分的理由渴望永久和平。
Their country had been the cockpit of Europe from the time of Cæsar until Waterloo.
从凯撒时代到滑铁卢时期，他们的国家一直是欧洲的驾驶舱。
The names of their cities, for the most part, represented great historic battle fields.
他们的城市的名字在很大程度上代表了伟大的历史战场。
Again and again had the ruin of conflict swept over their unfortunately situated land.
冲突的废墟一次又一次地席卷了他们地理位置不幸的土地。
At all periods the Belgians were brave fighters on one side or the other, for Belgium had been denied a national unity.
在所有时期，比利时人无论在哪一方都是勇敢的战士，因为比利时被剥夺了国家统一。
Doubtless, therefore, they welcomed the establishment of their independent sovereignty and the era of peace which followed.
因此，毫无疑问，他们欢迎独立主权的建立以及随之而来的和平时代。
Historically, they had suffered enough, with an abundance to spare, from perpetual warfare.
从历史上看，他们因无休无止的战争而遭受了足够的苦难，还有很多剩余。
Their minds turned hopefully toward industrial and commercial activity, stimulated by the natural mineral wealth of their soil.
在土壤中天然矿产资源的刺激下，他们满怀希望地转向工业和商业活动。
Thus the products of their factories reached all countries, South America, China, Manchuria, and Central Africa, especially of later years, where a great territory had been acquired in the Congo.
因此，他们工厂的产品到达了所有国家，南美、中国、满洲和中非，特别是后来在刚果获得了大片领土。
The iron and steel work of Liege was famous, Antwerp had become one of the chief ports of Europe and growing into a financial power.
列日的钢铁厂闻名，安特卫普已成为欧洲主要港口之一，并发展成为一个金融强国。
But owing to the confined boundaries of Belgium, there grew to be a congestion of population.
但由于比利时边界有限，人口日益拥挤。
This produced a strong democratic and socialistic uplift which even threatened the existence of the monarchy.
这产生了强大的民主和社会主义进步，甚至威胁到君主政体的存在。
Also, all that monarchy seemed to imply.
而且，君主制似乎暗示着这一切。
The Belgians, doubtless with memories of the past, despised and hated the display of military.
比利时人无疑对过去有记忆，鄙视并憎恨军事展示。
Consequently it was only with difficulty, and in the face of popular opposition, that the Belgium Government had succeeded with military plans for defense, but imperfectly carried out.
因此，比利时政府在面对民众反对的情况下，艰难地制定了军事防御计划，但执行得并不完美。
Herein, perhaps, we have the keynote to Belgium's desperate resistance to the German invaders.
或许，这里就是比利时拼命抵抗德国侵略者的基调。
In the light of the foregoing, it is easily conceivable that the Germans represented to the Belgians the military yoke.
鉴于上述情况，很容易想象德国人对比利时人来说代表着军事枷锁。
They were determined to have none of it, upon any overtures or terms.
他们决心不接受任何提议或条件。
But they relied on France and England for protection, when common prudence should have made the mobilization of an up-to-date army of 500,000 men ready for the call to repel an invader on either of the frontiers, instead of the practically helpless force of 110,000.
但他们依靠法国和英国的保护，而出于普遍的谨慎考虑，本应动员一支由 50 万人组成的现代化军队，随时准备击退任何一个边境的入侵者，而不是实际上无助的 11 万人。
The German General Staff did not believe the Belgians intended to raise a serious barrier in their path.
德国总参谋部不相信比利时人打算在他们的道路上设置严重的障碍。
But with the crisis, democratic Belgium united in a rush to arms, which recalls similar action by the American colonists at the Revolution.
但随着危机的发生，民主的比利时团结起来，纷纷拿起武器，这让人想起美国殖民者在革命中采取的类似行动。
Every form of weapon was grasped, from old muskets to pitchforks and shearing knives.
从旧步枪到干草叉和剪草刀，各种武器都被掌握了。
It was remarked by a foreign witness that in default of properly equipped armories, the Belgians emptied the museums to confront the Germans with the strangest assortment of antiquated military tools.
据一位外国目击者称，由于缺乏装备精良的军械库，比利时人清空了博物馆，用各种最奇怪的陈旧军事工具来对抗德国人。
As testimony of Belgian feeling, the Labor party organ "Le Peuple" issued the following statement: "Why do we, as irreconcilable antimilitarists, cry 'Bravo!' from the bottom of our hearts to all those who offer themselves for the defense of the country?
作为比利时感情的见证，工党机关报《人民报》发表了以下声明：“为什么我们作为不可调和的反军国主义者要喊‘好极了！’”我们发自内心地向所有为保卫国家而献身的人们？
Because it is not only necessary to protect the hearths and homes, the women and the children, but it is also necessary to protect at the price of our blood the heritage of our ancient freedom.
因为不仅需要保护壁炉和家庭、妇女和儿童，而且还需要以我们的鲜血为代价来保护我们古老自由的遗产。
Go, then, sons of the workers, and register your names as recruits.
那么，工人的儿子们，去登记一下你们的名字，成为新兵吧。
We will rather die for the idea of progress and solidarity of humanity than live under a régime whose brutal force and savage violence have wiped outright."
我们宁愿为人类进步和团结的理念而死，也不愿生活在一个被残暴武力和野蛮暴力彻底消灭的政权之下。”
The Belgian General Staff, foreseeing dire consequences from the invading hosts, warned all to maintain as peaceful an attitude as possible.
比利时总参谋部预见到入侵东道主的可怕后果，警告所有人尽可能保持和平态度。
In spite of the efforts of Belgian officials, severe penalties were inflicted on the citizens.
尽管比利时官员做出了努力，公民还是受到了严厉的处罚。
On Wednesday, August 12, 1914, a German cavalry screen, thrown in advance of the main forces, came in touch with Belgian patrols.
1914 年 8 月 12 日星期三，德国骑兵在主力部队前面布置了掩护，与比利时巡逻队发生了接触。
A series of engagements took place.
发生了一系列的交战。
The Germans tried to seize the bridges across the Dyle at Haelen, and at Cortenachen on the Velpe, a tributary of the former river, mainly with the object of outflanking the Belgian left wing.
德军试图夺取黑伦和韦尔佩河支流科尔特纳琴河上的桥梁，主要目的是包抄比利时左翼。
The Belgians are said to have numbered some 10,000 of all arms, and were successful in repulsing the Germans.
据说比利时人拥有大约一万支武器，并成功击退了德国人。
On August 13, 1914, similar actions were continued.
1914年8月13日，类似的行动仍在继续。
At Tirlemont 2,000 German cavalry swept upon the town, but were beaten off.
在蒂尔蒙，2,000 名德国骑兵席卷了该镇，但被击退。
At Eghezee on the extreme Belgian right--close to Namur and the historic field of Ramillies--another brush with the Germans took place.
在比利时最右翼的埃吉泽（Eghezee）——靠近那慕尔和历史悠久的拉米利斯（Ramilies）——再次与德国人发生冲突。
Belgian cavalry caught a German cavalry detachment bivouacked in the village.
比利时骑兵捕获了驻扎在村庄里的一支德国骑兵分队。
Sharp fighting through the streets ensued before the Germans withdrew.
在德军撤退之前，街道上发生了激烈的战斗。
In spite of the warning of the Belgian General Staff, and similar advance German notices, the citizens of some of these and other places began sniping German patrols.
尽管比利时总参谋部发出了警告，并且德国也发出了类似的预先通知，但其中一些地方和其他地方的公民仍然开始狙击德国巡逻队。
Meantime, moving over the roads toward Namur, toiled the huge German 42-centimeter guns.
与此同时，德国 42 厘米大炮正在沿着道路向那慕尔移动。
The German General Staff had taken to mind the lesson of Liege.
德国总参谋部牢记了列日的教训。
Each gun was transported in several parts, hauled by traction engines and forty horses.
每门火炮都分成几个部分进行运输，由牵引发动机和四十匹马牵引。
Of this, with the advance of Von Kluck and Von Bülow, the Belgian General Staff was kept in total ignorance by the German screen of cavalry.
对此，随着冯·克卢克和冯·布洛的推进，比利时总参谋部完全被德国骑兵掩护所蒙蔽。
So ably was this screen work performed that the Belgians were led to believe the Germans had succeeded in placing no more than two divisions of cavalry, together with a few detachments of infantry and artillery, on Belgian soil.
这种掩护工作做得如此巧妙，以至于比利时人相信德国人已经成功地将不超过两个骑兵师以及一些步兵和炮兵分队部署在比利时的土地上。
They, in fact, regarded the German cavalry skirmishing as a rather clumsy offensive.
事实上，他们认为德国骑兵的小规模冲突是一种相当笨拙的进攻。
As we have seen, the resistance of Forts Boncelles and Loncin at Liege held back the main German advance from seven to ten days.
正如我们所看到的，列日的邦塞勒堡和隆钦堡的抵抗将德军的主力进攻阻挡了七到十天。
Their fall released into German control the railway junction at Ans.
他们的失败让德军控制了安斯的铁路枢纽。
With that was included the line from Liege up the left bank of the Meuse to Namur.
其中包括从列日沿默兹河左岸到那慕尔的线路。
Also, another line direct to Brussels.
此外，还有另一条线路直达布鲁塞尔。
On August 15, 1914, the cavalry screen was withdrawn, and four German army corps were revealed to the surprised Belgian line.
1914 年 8 月 15 日，骑兵屏障撤回，四个德国军团出现在令人惊讶的比利时防线上。
In this emergency, clearly their only hope lay with the French.
在这种紧急情况下，显然他们唯一的希望寄托在法国人身上。
In Louvain, Brussels, and Antwerp, anxious questions lay on all lips.
在鲁汶、布鲁塞尔和安特卫普，人们都在谈论焦虑的问题。
"Why do not the French hasten to our aid?
“为什么法国人不赶紧援助我们呢？
When will they come?
他们什么时候来？
Will the British fail us at the twelfth hour?"
英国人会在第十二个小时让我们失望吗？”
Eager watchers at Ostend beheld no sign of the promised transports to disembark a British army of support in the day of overwhelming need.
奥斯坦德的热心观察者没有看到承诺的运输工具的任何迹象，以便在迫切需要的日子里让英国军队下船提供支援。
About this time some French cavalry crossed the Sambre to join hands with the Belgian right wing near Waterloo.
大约在这个时候，一些法国骑兵渡过桑布尔河，与滑铁卢附近的比利时右翼联手。
But it was little more than a detachment.
但这只不过是一支支队。
The French General Staff was occupied with a realignment, and had decided not to advance into Belgium until they could do so in force sufficient to cope with the Germans.
法国总参谋部正忙于重新调整，并决定在他们的兵力足以对抗德国之前，不再向比利时挺进。
The Belgian General Staff saw there was no other course but to fall back, fighting rear-guard actions until the longed-for French army was heralded by the thunder of friendly guns.
比利时总参谋部认为除了撤退别无他法，与后卫作战，直到期待已久的法军被友军炮火的雷鸣声所预示。
The Belgian army was thus withdrawn from the River Gethe to hold Aerschot on its left stubbornly through August 14, 1914.
比利时军队因此从格特河撤出，顽固地守住其左侧的阿尔斯霍特直至 1914 年 8 月 14 日。
Diest, St. Trond, and Waremme fell before the German tidal wave without resistance.
迪斯特、圣特隆德和瓦雷姆毫无抵抗地在德国海浪面前沦陷。
Von Kluck's main army endeavored to sweep around the Belgian right at Wavre, but was checked for a brief space.
冯·克拉克的主力部队试图在瓦夫尔包围比利时军队，但遭到了短暂的阻击。
CHAPTER IV
第四章
CAPTURE OF LOUVAIN--SURRENDER OF BRUSSELS
占领卢旺——布鲁塞尔投降
During August 17, 1914, the German center was hurled forward in irresistible strength.
1914年8月17日，德国中锋以不可抗拒的力量向前推进。
The citizens of the villages in its path fled precipitously along the roads to Brussels.
沿途村庄的居民纷纷沿着通往布鲁塞尔的道路逃亡。
At intersections all kinds of vehicles bearing household effects, together with live stock, blocked the way to safety.
在十字路口，各种载有家庭物品的车辆以及牲畜挡住了通往安全的道路。
The uhlan had become a terror, but not without some provocation.
乌兰已经成为一种恐怖，但并非没有受到一些挑衅。
Tirlemont was bombarded, reduced, and evacuated by the Belgian troops.
蒂尔蒙特遭到比利时军队的轰炸、削弱和撤离。
The latter made a vigorous defensive immediately before Louvain, but their weakness in artillery and numbers could not withstand the overwhelming superiority of the Germans.
后者在鲁汶前进行了猛烈的防御，但他们在火炮和人数上的弱点无法抵挡德军的压倒性优势。
They were thrust back from the valley of the Dyle to begin their retreat on Antwerp, chiefly by way of Malines.
他们被迫从代尔河谷撤退，开始向安特卫普撤退，主要取道马林。
This was to elude a successful German envelopment on their Louvain right.
这是为了躲避德军对鲁汶右翼的成功包围。
They retired in good order, but their losses had been considerable.
他们退役的顺序很好，但损失却相当大。
This body was the Belgian right wing, which fell back to take up a position before Louvain.
这个机构就是比利时的右翼，它向后退到了鲁汶之前的位置。
Here it fought a well-sustained action on August 19, 1914, the purpose of which was to cover the retreat of the main army by way of Malines on Antwerp.
1914 年 8 月 19 日，他们在这里进行了一场持续良好的行动，其目的是掩护主力部队取道安特卫普的马林斯撤退。
The Belgian right wing thus became a rear guard.
比利时右翼因此成为后卫。
It withstood the German attack until the early morning of August 20, 1914, when, separated from the main body, the overpowering number of German guns and men drove it back to a final stand between Louvain and Brussels.
它一直抵挡住了德军的攻击，直到 1914 年 8 月 20 日凌晨，与主力分离后，数量惊人的德军枪炮和人员将它赶回了鲁汶和布鲁塞尔之间的最后阵地。
If its losses had been heavy, the carrying away of the wounded proved that it still maintained a fighting front.
如果说它的损失很惨重，那么伤员的运走就证明它仍然保持着战斗前线。
The retreat of the main army on Antwerp was part of Brialmont's plan for the defense of Belgium, since the position of Brussels was not capable of a strong defense.
主力部队撤退到安特卫普是布里阿尔蒙特保卫比利时计划的一部分，因为布鲁塞尔的阵地没有强大的防御能力。
By this time the main army was safely passing down the valley of the Dyle to the shelter of the Antwerp forts, leaving the right wing to its fate.
此时，主力部队已经安全地沿着戴尔河谷到达安特卫普堡垒的庇护所，而右翼则听天由命。
Louvain thus fell to the Germans.
鲁汶因此落入德国人之手。
Toward noon of August 20, 1914, the burgomaster and four sheriffs awaited at one of the city gates, the first German appearance.
1914 年 8 月 20 日中午，市长和四名治安官在城门等待，这是德国人第一次出现。
This proved to be a party of hussars bearing a white flag.
事实证明，这是一支举着白旗的骠骑兵队伍。
They conducted the burgomaster to the waiting generals at the head of the advance column.
他们把市长带到了先头部队等待的将军们面前。
In token of surrender the burgomaster was requested to remove his scarf of office, displaying the Belgian national colors.
为了表示投降，市长被要求摘下他的办公室围巾，展示比利时民族色彩。
The German terms were then pronounced.
然后宣读德语术语。
A free passage of troops through the city was to be granted, and 3,000 men garrisoned in its barracks.
军队可自由进出这座城市，并有 3,000 人驻扎在其军营中。
In return, cash was to be paid for all supplies requisitioned, and a guarantee given for the lives and property of the inhabitants.
作为回报，所有征用的物资都将以现金支付，并为居民的生命和财产提供保证。
The Germans further agreed to maintain the established civil power, but warned that hostile acts by civilians would be severely punished.
德国人进一步同意维持现有的民事权力，但警告说，平民的敌对行为将受到严厉惩罚。
These terms were in general in conformity with the rules of war governing the military occupation of an enemy city.
这些术语总体上符合军事占领敌方城市的战争规则。
The Germans put forward the claim that the hostile act of any civilian places him in the same position as a spy, to be punished by death.
德国人提出，任何平民的敌对行为都会使其处于与间谍同等的地位，应被处以死刑。
The Germans entered Louvain with bands playing, and singing in a great swelling chorus: "Die Wacht am Rhein" and "Hail to the War Lord." They marched to quick time, but in passing through the great square of the Gare du Nord broke into the parade goose step.
德国人进入鲁汶时，乐队演奏着，并以巨大的合唱声唱着：“莱茵河畔的守卫”和“向战争领主致敬”。他们行进的速度很快，但在经过巴黎北站的大广场时，却突然迈出了正步。
In the van were such famous regiments as the Death's Head and Zeiten Hussars.
先锋队中有著名的死亡之首军团和泽腾骠骑兵团。
The infantry wore heavy boots, which, falling in unison, struck the earth with resounding blows, to echo back from the house walls.
步兵穿着沉重的靴子，靴子齐齐落下，撞击地面，发出响亮的撞击声，从房屋的墙壁上回响。
Thus cavalry, infantry, and artillery poured through Louvain in a gray-green surge of hitherto unimagined military might.
因此，骑兵、步兵和炮兵以前所未有的灰绿色军事力量涌入鲁汶。
This, for the latter part of the 20th and the day following.
这是 20 日下旬和次日的情况。
At first the citizens looked on from the sidewalks in a spellbound silence.
起初，市民们在人行道上以一种令人着迷的沉默观看。
Scarcely one seemed to possess the incentive to breathe a whisper.
似乎几乎没有人有动力低声细语。
Only the babies and very small children regarded the awe-inspiring spectacle as something provided by way of entertainment.
只有婴儿和很小的孩子才将这种令人惊叹的奇观视为娱乐方式。
For the rest of the citizens it was dumbfounding beyond human comprehension.
对于其他公民来说，这是超出人类理解范围的令人目瞪口呆的事情。
Cavalry, infantry, and artillery rolled on unceasingly to the clatter of horses' hoofs, the tramp of feet, the rumble of guns, and that triumphant mighty chorus.
骑兵、步兵、大炮伴随着马蹄声、脚步声、枪炮声和胜利的雄壮合唱声，不断滚滚前进。
There was nothing of aforetime plumed and gold-laced splendor of war about it, but the modern Teutonic arms on grim business bent.
它没有任何以前的战争的羽毛和金色的辉煌，但现代条顿人的武器在严峻的任务中弯曲了。
Except for a curious glance bestowed here and there, the German troops marched with eyes front, and a precision as if being reviewed by the emperor.
除了时不时地投以好奇的目光外，德国军队行进时眼睛都注视着前方，精准得就像在接受皇帝检阅一样。
A few shots were heard to stir instant terror among the citizen onlookers, but these were between the German advance guard and Belgian stragglers left behind in the city.
几声枪响立即引起了围观民众的恐惧，但这些枪声是在德国先遣部队和留在城里的比利时掉队之间发生的。
Presently the side streets became dangerous to pedestrians from onrushing automobiles containing staff officers, and motor wagons of the military train.
不久之后，小巷对行人来说变得危险，因为载有参谋的汽车和军用列车的机动车辆冲来。
General von Arnim, in command, ordered the hauling down of all allied colors, but permitted the Belgian flag to remain flying above the Hôtel de Ville.
冯·阿尼姆将军指挥，下令撤下所有盟军旗帜，但允许比利时国旗继续飘扬在巴黎市政厅上空。
He promptly issued a proclamation warning all citizens to preserve the peace.
他立即发布公告，警告所有公民维护和平。
It was both placarded and announced verbally.
这既是张贴的，也是口头宣布的。
The latter was performed by a minor city official, ringing a bell as he passed through the streets accompanied by policemen.
后者是由一名城市小官员执行的，他在警察的陪同下穿过街道时按响了铃声。
Toward evening of August 20, 1914, the cafés and restaurants filled up with hungry German officers and men; every hotel room was occupied, and provision shops speedily sold out the stores on their shelves.
1914 年 8 月 20 日傍晚，咖啡馆和餐馆里挤满了饥饿的德国军官和士兵。酒店的每个房间都被占满了，杂货店的货架上的货物很快就被卖光了。
The Germans at first paid in cash for everything ordered, and preserved an attitude of nonaggression toward the citizens.
德国人起初用现金支付订购的一切，并对公民保持着互不侵犯的态度。
But subconsciously there ran an undercurrent of dread insecurity.
但潜意识里却涌动着一股可怕的不安全感。
At the outset a German officer was said to have been struck by a sniper's bullet.
据说一开始，一名德国军官被狙击手的子弹击中。
Somewhat conspicuously the wounded officer was borne on a litter through the streets, followed by the dead body of his assailant.
颇为引人注目的是，受伤军官被抬着担架穿过街道，后面跟着袭击者的尸体。
Very promptly a news curtain was drawn down around the city, cutting it off from all information of the world without.
很快，一座新闻幕布在这座城市周围拉了下来，隔绝了外界的所有信息。
Artillery fire was heard.
听到炮火声。
Presumably this came from the last stand of the Belgian rear guard in a valley of the hilly country between Louvain and Brussels.
据推测，这是来自鲁汶和布鲁塞尔之间丘陵地带山谷中的比利时后卫的最后一站。
With sustained optimism to the end, rumor had it that the artillery fire was that of French and British guns coming to the relief of Louvain.
带着持续的乐观情绪直到最后，有传言说，法国和英国的炮火正在救援鲁汶。
Toward nightfall one or two groups of alleged snipers were brought in from the suburbs and marched to the place of execution.
夜幕降临时，一两队所谓的狙击手从郊区被带入行刑地点。
The feeling of a threatened calamity deepened.
灾难威胁的感觉加深了。
Another warning proclamation was issued ordering all citizens to give up their arms.
还发布了另一份警告公告，命令所有公民放弃武器。
Further, everyone was ordered to bed at eight o'clock, all windows were to be closed and all doors unlocked.
此外，每个人都被命令在八点钟睡觉，所有窗户都必须关闭，所有门都必须解锁。
A burning lamp was to be placed in each window.
每个窗户都放置一盏燃烧的灯。
On the claim that German soldiers had been killed by citizens, the burgomaster and several of the city officials were secured as hostages.
由于声称德国士兵被公民杀害，市长和几名市政府官员被扣为人质。
A stern proclamation was issued threatening with immediate execution every citizen found with a weapon in his possession or house.
发布了一份严厉的公告，威胁立即处决每一个被发现拥有或家中携带武器的公民。
Every house from which a shot was fired would be burned.
每间开枪的房子都会被烧毁。
This was on August 22, 1914.
那是 1914 年 8 月 22 日。
By the evening of that day the German army had passed through Louvain, estimated to the number of 50,000 men.
到那天晚上，德军已经穿过鲁汶，估计人数有五万人。
Only the 3,000 garrison remained in the city.
城内只剩下三千守军。
Outwardly, the citizens resumed their usual daily affairs as if with a sense of relief, but whispers dropped now and then revealed an abiding terror beneath.
表面上，市民们恢复了平常的日常事务，仿佛松了一口气，但时不时传来的窃窃私语却透露出内心深处持久的恐惧。
Some time during the next day or two the anticipated calamity fell upon Louvain.
接下来一两天的某个时候，预期的灾难降临到了鲁汶。
The Germans without any proof insisted that sniping was going on, and the military authorities seized this pretext to put into force their threatened reprisal.
德国人在没有任何证据的情况下坚称正在进行狙击，军事当局利用这个借口实施了他们威胁的报复。
The torch was thrown into convicted houses.
火炬被扔进被定罪的房子里。
Larger groups of citizens were led to execution.
更多的公民被处决。
Thereupon the "brute" passion dormant in soldiers broke the bonds of discipline.
于是，士兵们潜藏的“野蛮”热情打破了纪律的束缚。
Flames burst forth everywhere.
到处都冒出火焰。
Beneath the lurid glow cast upon the sky above Louvain whole streets stood out in blackened ruin, and those architectural treasures of the Halles and the University, with its famous library, were destroyed beyond hope of repair.
在鲁汶上空投射的可怕光芒下，整条街道都变成了黑色的废墟，哈勒斯和大学的那些建筑瑰宝及其著名的图书馆都被毁坏了，无法修复。
Only the walls of St. Peter's Church, containing many priceless paintings, remained.
只剩下圣彼得教堂的墙壁，里面藏着许多无价的画作。
Meanwhile, on the morning of August 20, 1914, the German army had swept away the comparatively small Belgian rear-guard force before Brussels, and advanced upon the capital.
与此同时，1914年8月20日上午，德军在布鲁塞尔前扫除了规模相对较小的比利时后卫部队，并向首都挺进。
On the previous 17th the King of the Belgians removed his Government to Antwerp.
17 日，比利时国王将政府迁往安特卫普。
The diplomatic corps followed.
外交使团紧随其后。
Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minister, however, remained.
然而，美国部长布兰德·惠特洛克先生留了下来。
In his capacity as a neutral he had assisted stranded Germans in Brussels from hasty official and mob peril.
作为中立者，他帮助滞留在布鲁塞尔的德国人免遭官方和暴民匆忙的危险。
He stayed to perform a similar service for the Belgians and Allies.
他留下来为比利时人和盟军提供类似的服务。
His success in these efforts won for him German respect and the gratitude of the whole Belgian nation.
他在这些努力中取得的成功为他赢得了德国的尊重和整个比利时民族的感激。
A lingering plan for defending Brussels by throwing up barricades and constructing wire entanglements, to be manned by the Civic Guard, was abandoned in the face of wiser counsel.
一项挥之不去的计划，即通过设置路障和建造铁丝网来保卫布鲁塞尔，并由公民警卫队负责，但在更明智的建议面前被放弃了。
It would merely have resulted in a bombardment, with needless destruction of life and property.
它只会导致轰炸，对生命和财产造成不必要的破坏。
Brussels was defenseless.
布鲁塞尔毫无防备。
In flight before the German host, refugees of all classes were streaming into Brussels--young and old, rich and poor, priest and layman.
在德国东道主面前逃亡的过程中，各阶层的难民涌入布鲁塞尔——无论年轻还是年老、富有还是贫穷、牧师还是普通民众。
Nearly all bore some burden of household treasure, many some pathetically absurd family heirloom.
几乎所有人都背负着一些家庭财富，其中许多人都是可悲的荒谬的传家宝。
Every kind of vehicle appeared to have been called into use, from smart carriages drawn by heavy Flemish horses to little carts harnessed to dogs.
似乎每种车辆都被投入使用，从重型佛兰德马拉动的智能马车到拴着狗的小推车。
Over all reigned a stupefied silence, broken only by shuffling footfalls.
四周一片寂静，只有拖着脚步的脚步声打破。
Among them the absence of automobiles and light horses would indicate all such had been commandeered by the Belgian military authorities.
其中汽车和轻马的缺失表明所有这些都已被比利时军事当局征用。
Their cavalry was badly in need of good light-weight mounts.
他们的骑兵急需良好的轻型坐骑。
At crossroads passage to imagined safety was blocked by farm live stock driven by bewildered peasants.
在十字路口，通往想象中安全的通道被困惑的农民驱赶的农场牲畜挡住了。
On Thursday morning, August 20, 1914, the burgomaster motored forth to meet the Germans.
1914 年 8 月 20 日星期四早上，市长驱车前去迎接德国人。
His reception and the terms dictated by General von Arnim were almost identically the same as at Louvain.
冯·阿尼姆将军对他的接待和规定的条件几乎与鲁汶的情况相同。
The burgomaster was perforce compelled to accept.
市长被迫接受。
The scene of the entry of the German troops into Louvain was repeated at Brussels.
德国军队进入鲁汶的场景在布鲁塞尔重演。
There was the same stolidly silent-packed gathering of onlookers on the sidewalks, the same thundering triumphant march of the German host.
人行道上同样聚集着冷漠无声的围观者，德国主队同样雷鸣般地凯旋而行。
Corps after corps, probably of those who had fought at Liege, and subsequently passed around the city on the grand sweep toward the French frontier.
一个又一个的军团，可能是那些曾在列日战斗过的人，随后绕过这座城市，向法国边境发起了大扫荡。
Moreover, huge bodies of German troops were advancing up the valley of the Meuse and through the woods of the Ardennes.
此外，大批德国军队正沿着默兹河谷向阿登森林挺进。
As in Louvain, that night the hotels, restaurants, cafés, and shops of Brussels were patronized by a rush of trade which never before totaled such extent in a single day.
和鲁汶一样，那天晚上，布鲁塞尔的酒店、餐馆、咖啡馆和商店都迎来了前所未有的贸易热潮。
Bills of purchase were settled by the Germans in cash.
德国人以现金结算采购单。
The city was promptly assessed a war indemnity of $40,000,000.
该市立即被评估为 40,000,000 美元的战争赔款。
With the fall of Brussels, the first objective of the Germans may be said to have been gained.
随着布鲁塞尔的陷落，德国人的第一个目标可以说已经达到了。
But the right wing of Von Kluck's army was still operating northward upon Antwerp.
但冯·克拉克军队的右翼仍在安特卫普向北作战。
The Belgian army had escaped him within the circle of Antwerp's forts, so that he detailed a force deemed to be sufficient to hold the enemy secure.
比利时军队在安特卫普要塞的圈内逃离了他，因此他详细说明了一支被认为足以确保敌人安全的部队。
Then he struck eastward between Antwerp and Brussels at Alost, Ghent, and Bruges.
然后他向东进军，在安特卫普和布鲁塞尔之间的阿洛斯特、根特和布鲁日。
In his advance he swept several divisions of cavalry, also motor cars bearing machine guns.
在他的前进中，他横扫了几个骑兵师，还有装有机枪的汽车。
Beyond Bruges his patrol caught their first glimpse of the North Sea, drawing in toward another much-hoped-for goal on the English Channel.
在布鲁日之外，他的巡逻队第一次看到了北海，朝着英吉利海峡上的另一个期待已久的目标驶去。
But the Belgian army within security of Antwerp had not been routed.
但在安特卫普安全范围内的比利时军队并未被击溃。
It had retreated in good order, thanks to the resistance of its right-wing rear guard.
由于右翼后卫的抵抗，它撤退得井然有序。
General de Moranville promptly reenforced it with new volunteers to the extent of some 125,000 men.
德莫兰维尔将军立即派遣新志愿者增援，人数达到约 125,000 人。
In addition, he drew upon a fresh supply of ammunition, and new artillery well horsed.
此外，他还利用了新鲜的弹药和装备精良的新火炮。
His cavalry, however, were certainly no better and probably worse than that with which his army had been complemented originally.
然而，他的骑兵肯定并不比他最初补充的军队更好，甚至可能更差。
On August 23, 1914, obtaining information that the Germans were in considerably inferior force at Malines, the Belgians began a vigorous counteroffensive.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，比利时人得知德军在马林岛的兵力明显处于劣势后，开始了猛烈的反攻。
General de Moranville drove the Germans out of Malines on the day following.
第二天，德莫兰维尔将军将德国人赶出了马林。
That was in the nature of a master stroke, for it gave the Belgians control of the shortest railway from Germany into West Flanders.
这是一次绝妙的一击，因为它让比利时人控制了从德国到西弗兰德斯的最短铁路。
Further, since Von Kluck had reached Bruges, and reenforcements under General von Boehn had passed across the Belgian direct line on Brussels, the great German right wing was in danger of being caught in a trap.
此外，由于冯·克拉克已经到达布鲁日，而冯·博恩将军率领的增援部队已经越过比利时直达布鲁塞尔的防线，伟大的德国右翼就有陷入陷阱的危险。
Von Boehn, therefore, was hurriedly detached rearward to deal with the Belgian counteroffensive.
因此，冯·博恩急忙向后方部署，以应对比利时的反攻。
But this deprived Von Kluck of his needed reenforcements to overcome 2,000 British marines landed at Ostend, that, together with the Civic Guard, had beaten back German patrols from the place.
但这使得冯·克拉克失去了他所需的增援力量，无法战胜在奥斯坦德登陆的 2,000 名英国海军陆战队员，他们与公民卫队一起击退了当地的德国巡逻队。
Had the British now landed an army at Ostend, Von Kluck, between the Belgian and British forces, would have been in serious danger of annihilation.
如果英国现在在奥斯坦德登陆，位于比利时和英国军队之间的冯·克拉克将面临被歼灭的严重危险。
With the German right wing thus crumpled, the whole of their offensive would have broken down.
随着德国右翼的崩溃，他们的整个进攻就会崩溃。
But the British did not come, and so the Belgians were left to fight it out single handed.
但英国人没有来，所以比利时人只能孤军奋战。
This fighting went on for three weeks, with accurate details lacking.
这场战斗持续了三个星期，但缺乏准确的细节。
Mainly it was upon the line Aerschot-Dyle Valley-Termonde, with Antwerp for the Belgian base.
主要是在阿尔斯霍特-代尔谷-泰蒙德线上，以安特卫普为比利时基地。
On August 24, 1914, a German Zeppelin sailed over Antwerp and dropped a number of bombs.
1914年8月24日，一艘德国齐柏林飞艇飞越安特卫普上空，投下多枚炸弹。
The Belgians thrust their right wing forward and recaptured Alost.
比利时人将右翼向前推进，夺回了阿洛斯特。
They advanced their center to a siege of Cortenburg.
他们将他们的中心推进到了对科尔滕堡的围攻中。
Malines seemed secure.
马林斯似乎很安全。
To the Belgians this was a historic triumph.
对于比利时人来说，这是一次历史性的胜利。
Famous for its manufacture of lace under the name of Mechlin, almost every street contained some relic of architectural interest.
以梅赫林 (Mechlin) 的名义生产蕾丝而闻名，几乎每条街道都包含一些具有建筑意义的遗迹。
The Cathedral of St. Rombaut, the seat of a cardinal archbishop, held upon its walls some of Van Dyck's masterpieces.
圣隆博大教堂是一位红衣主教的所在地，墙上挂着范戴克的一些杰作。
Margaret of Austria had held court in its Palais de Justice.
奥地利的玛格丽特在司法宫开庭。
In this emergency, Von Boehn was heavily reenforced with the Third Army Corps, reserves from the south, and 15,000 sailors and marines.
在这种紧急情况下，冯·博恩得到了来自南方的第三军团、预备队以及 15,000 名水手和海军陆战队员的大力增援。
His army was now between 250,000 and 300,000 men.
他的军队现在有25万到30万。
This placed overwhelming odds against the Belgians.
这给比利时队带来了压倒性的优势。
But for four days they fought a stubborn battle at Weerde.
但他们在韦尔德进行了四天的顽强战斗。
This was from September 13 to 16, 1914, and resulted in the capture of the Louvain-Malines railway by the Germans.
1914 年 9 月 13 日至 16 日，德国人占领了鲁汶-马林铁路。
The Belgians had now fought to the extremity of what could be expected without aid from the Allies.
比利时人现在已经在没有盟军援助的情况下战斗到了极限。
The sole action left for them was to fall back for a defense of Antwerp.
他们唯一的行动就是撤退，保卫安特卫普。
Von Kluck's right wing of the whole German offensive had completed its task on Belgian soil.
冯·克拉克率领的德军右翼攻势已经在比利时领土上完成了任务。
CHAPTER V
第五章
COMING OF THE BRITISH
英国人的到来
We now come to the arrival of the British on the Continent.
现在我们来谈谈英国人登陆欧洲大陆的情况。
In using the term British, it is expressly intended to comprise the united forces of the British Isles.
在使用“英国”一词时，明确表示包括不列颠群岛的联合部队。
On August 3, 1914, the British Government practically gave up hope that war with Germany could be avoided, though it would appear to have lingered until the ultimatum to Germany to vacate Belgian soil remained unanswered.
1914 年 8 月 3 日，英国政府几乎放弃了避免与德国发生战争的希望，尽管这种希望似乎一直挥之不去，直到向德国发出要求其撤离比利时领土的最后通牒仍未得到答复。
On that day the army was mobilized at Aldershot.
那天，军队在奥尔德肖特动员起来。
On August 5, 1914, Lord Kitchener was recalled at the outset from a journey to Egypt, and appointed Minister of War.
1914 年 8 月 5 日，基奇纳勋爵在埃及之旅一开始就被召回，并被任命为战争部长。
No more fortunate selection than this could have been made.
没有比这更幸运的选择了。
Above all else, Lord Kitchener's reputation had been won as an able transport officer.
最重要的是，基奇纳勋爵作为一名能干的运输官员赢得了声誉。
In the emergency, as Minister of War, the responsibility for the transport of a British army oversea rested in his hands.
在紧急情况下，作为战争部长，海外运输英国军队的责任落在了他的手中。
On August 5, 1914, the House of Commons voted a credit of $100,000,000, and an increase of 500,000 men to the regular forces.
1914 年 8 月 5 日，下议院投票决定拨款 1 亿美元，并向正规军增加 50 万人。
Upon the same day preparations went forward for the dispatch of an expeditionary army to France.
同一天，向法国派遣远征军的准备工作开始进行。
The decision to send the army to France, instead of direct to a landing in Belgium, would seem to have been in response to an urgent French entreaty that Great Britain mark visibly on French soil her unity with that nation at the supreme crisis.
派遣军队前往法国而不是直接在比利时登陆的决定似乎是对法国紧急恳求的回应，英国在法国领土上明显地标志着她在最严重的危机中与该国的团结。
For some days previously British reluctance to enter the war while a gleam of hope remained to confine, if not prevent, the European conflagration, had created a feeling of disappointment in France.
此前几天，英国不愿参战，同时仍抱有一线希望，希望能够遏制甚至阻止欧洲的大火，这让法国产生了失望感。
The British expeditionary army consisted at first--that is previous to the Battle of the Marne--of two and a half army corps, or five divisions, thus distributed: First Corps, Sir Douglas Haig; Second Corps, General Smith-Dorrien; Fourth Division of the Third Corps, General Pulteney.
英国远征军最初（即在马恩河战役之前）由两个半军或五个师组成，其分布如下：第一军，道格拉斯·黑格爵士；第二军，道格拉斯·黑格爵士。第二军，史密斯-多里恩将军；第三军第四师，普尔特尼将军。
The Sixth Division of the Third Corps and the Fourth Corps under General Rawlinson were not sent to France till after the end of September, 1914.
罗林森将军指挥的第三军第六师和第四军直到1914年9月底才被派往法国。
It contained besides about one division and a half of cavalry under General Allenby.
它还包含艾伦比将军指挥的大约一个半的骑兵。
A British division varies from 12,000 to 15,000 men (three infantry brigades of four regiments each; three groups of artillery, each having three batteries of six pieces; two companies of sappers, and one regiment of cavalry).
一个英国师的人数从 12,000 人到 15,000 人不等（三个步兵旅，每个旅有四个团；三个炮兵群，每个炮兵群有三个连，每个连有六门炮；两个工兵连和一个骑兵团）。
The force totaled some 75,000 men, with 259 guns.
这支部队总共约有 75,000 人，拥有 259 门火炮。
The whole was placed under the command of Field Marshal Sir John French, with Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray, Chief of Staff.
整个部队由陆军元帅约翰·弗伦奇爵士和参谋长阿奇博尔德·默里中将爵士指挥。
Field Marshal French was sixty-two and was two years younger than Lord Kitchener.
法兰西元帅现年六十二岁，比基奇纳勋爵小两岁。
His responsibilities were great, how great no one at the beginning of the war realized his capabilities for the developing scope of the task untried, but as a serious and courageous officer he fully merited the honors he had already won.
他的责任重大，在战争开始时没有人意识到他在未尝试过的情况下扩大任务范围的能力，但作为一名严肃而勇敢的军官，他完全配得上他已经赢得的荣誉。
By August 7, 1914, Admiral Jellicoe was able to guarantee a safe passage for the British army across the English Channel.
1914 年 8 月 7 日，杰利科海军上将确保英国军队安全穿越英吉利海峡。
A fortunate mobilization of the British Grand Fleet in the North Sea for maneuvers shut off the German Grand Fleet from raiding the Channel.
英国大舰队幸运地在北海进行演习，阻止了德国大舰队袭击英吉利海峡。
There was nothing to criticize in the manner in which the Expeditionary Army was thrown into France.
远征军投入法国的方式没有什么可批评的。
Its equipment was ready and in all details fully worthy of German military organization.
它的装备已经准备就绪，在所有细节上都完全符合德国军事组织的要求。
From arms to boots--the latter not long since a scandal of shoddy workmanship--only the best material and skill had been accepted.
从武器到靴子——后者不久前就曾出现过劣质做工丑闻——只有最好的材料和技术才被接受。
Its transport proved the genius of Lord Kitchener in that brand of military service.
它的运输证明了基奇纳勋爵在军事服务方面的天才。
The railways leading to the ports of embarkation, together with passenger steamships--some of them familiar in American ports--were commandeered as early as the 4th of August.
通往登船港口的铁路以及客轮（其中一些在美国港口很常见）早在 8 月 4 日就被征用。
During the night of August 7, 1914, train after train filled with troops steamed toward Southampton, and some other south-coast ports.
1914 年 8 月 7 日夜间，一列列满载部队的火车驶向南安普敦和其他一些南海岸港口。
Complements were also embarked at Dublin, Avonmouth, and the Bristol Channel.
补充部队也在都柏林、埃文茅斯和布里斯托尔海峡上船。
In the middle of the night citizens of small towns along the route were awakened by the unceasing rumble of trains.
半夜，沿途小镇的居民都被火车不断的隆隆声吵醒。
They had no conception of its import.
他们不知道它的重要性。
They did not even realize that war had actually burst upon the serenity of their peaceful lives.
他们甚至没有意识到，战争实际上打破了他们平静的生活。
Each transport vessel was placed in command of a naval officer, and guarded in its passage across the channel by light cruisers and torpedo destroyers.
每艘运输船都由一名海军军官指挥，并在穿越海峡时由轻型巡洋舰和鱼雷驱逐舰守卫。
The transport of the whole Expeditionary Army was completed within ten days, without the loss of a man and with a precision worthy of all military commendation.
整个远征军的运输在十天之内就完成了，没有损失一个人，其精确程度值得所有军事人员赞扬。
But such secrecy was maintained that the British public remained in ignorance of its passage until successfully accomplished.
但由于如此保密，英国公众在成功完成之前一直不知道它的通过。
American correspondents, however, were not yet strictly censored, so that their papers published news of it on August 9.
然而，美国记者尚未受到严格审查，因此他们的报纸在8月9日就刊登了这一消息。
On Sunday, August 9, 1914, two British transports were observed making for the harbor of Boulogne.
1914 年 8 月 9 日星期日，有人观察到两艘英国运输船驶向布洛涅港。
The weather was all that could be wished, the crossing resembled a bank-holiday excursion.
天气真是太好了，这次穿越就像一次银行假日旅行。
For some days previously the French had taken a gloomy view of British support.
几天前，法国人对英国的支持持悲观态度。
But French fishermen returning from Scotland and English ports maintained confidence, for had not British fishermen told them the French would never be abandoned to fall a prey to the enemy.
但从苏格兰和英国港口返回的法国渔民仍保持信心，因为如果英国渔民没有告诉他们，法国人永远不会被抛弃，成为敌人的牺牲品。
When the two advance British transports steamed into view, "Les Anglais," at last everyone cried.
当两艘先进的英国运输船“英国人”驶入视野时，每个人都哭了。
At once a hugely joyful reversion of feeling.
顿时一种非常快乐的感觉回归。
The landing of the British soldiers was made a popular ovation.
英国士兵的登陆引起了民众的热烈鼓掌。
Their appearance, soldierly bearing, their gentleness toward women and children, their care of the horses were showered with heartfelt French compliments.
他们的外表、军人的举止、对妇女和儿童的温柔、对马匹的照顾，都受到了法国人发自内心的赞美。
Especially the Scotch Highlanders, after their cautious fashion, wondered at the exuberance of their welcome.
尤其是苏格兰高地人，在他们谨慎行事之后，对他们如此热烈的欢迎感到惊讶。
For the brave Irish, was not Marshal MacMahon of near-Irish descent and the first president of the Third Republic?
对于勇敢的爱尔兰人来说，麦克马洪元帅不正是具有近爱尔兰血统的第三共和国第一任总统吗？
The Irish alone would save that republic.
只有爱尔兰人才能拯救这个共和国。
Women begged for the regimental badges to pin on their breasts.
妇女们乞求将团徽章别在胸前。
In turn they offered delicacies of all kinds to the soldiers.
他们又为士兵们提供了各种美味佳肴。
For the first time in a hundred years the British uniform was seen on French soil.
一百年来，英国制服首次出现在法国土地上。
Then it represented an enemy, now a comrade in arms.
过去它代表敌人，现在代表战友。
The bond of union was sealed at a midnight military mass, celebrated by English-speaking priests, for British and French Catholic soldiers at Camp Malbrouch round the Colonne de la Grande Armée.
联合纽带是在午夜军事弥撒中签署的，由讲英语的牧师为大陆军柱周围马尔布鲁克营地的英国和法国天主教士兵庆祝。
The two names recalled the greatest of British and French victories--Blenheim, Ramillies, and Oudenarde, Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena.
这两个名字让人想起英国和法国最伟大的胜利——布伦海姆、拉米利斯、奥德纳德、乌尔姆、奥斯特利茨和耶拿。
Meanwhile, officers of the French General Staff had journeyed to London to confer with the British General Staff regarding the camping and alignment of the British troops.
与此同时，法国总参谋部的官员已前往伦敦，与英国总参谋部就英军的扎营和排列进行商议。
Meanwhile, also, the British reserves and territorials were called to the colors.
与此同时，英国的保留地和领土也被征召入伍。
The latter comprised the militia, infantry and artillery, and the volunteer yeomanry cavalry, infantry and artillery.
后者包括民兵、步兵和炮兵，以及志愿自耕骑兵、步兵和炮兵。
The militia was the oldest British military force, officered to a great extent by retired regular army men, its permanent staffs of noncommissioned officers were from the regular army, and it was under the direct control of the Secretary of State for War.
民兵是英国最古老的军事力量，其军官很大程度上由退役正规军人员组成，其常备军士人员来自正规军，并由战争大臣直接控制。
The volunteer infantry, artillery, and yeomanry cavalry were on a somewhat different basis, more nearly resembling the American militia, but the British militia were linked with regular-line battalions.
志愿步兵、炮兵和自耕骑兵的基础有所不同，更类似于美国民兵，但英国民兵与正规营有联系。
The reserves, militia and volunteers, added approximately 350,000 well-trained men for immediate home defense.
预备役部队、民兵和志愿者增加了大约 35 万名训练有素的人员，用于立即进行本土防御。
On Sunday, August 17, 1914, it was officially announced that the whole of the British Expeditionary Army had landed in France.
1914 年 8 月 17 日星期日，正式宣布整个英国远征军已登陆法国。
Conferences between the British and French General Staffs resulted in the British army being concentrated first at Amiens.
英国和法国总参谋部之间的会议导致英国军队首先集中在亚眠。
From that point it was to advance into position as the left wing of the united French and British armies, though controlled by their separate commanders.
从那时起，它就成为法国和英国联合军队的左翼，尽管由各自的指挥官控制。
The French Fifth Army had already moved to hold the line of the River Sambre, with its right in touch with Namur.
法国第五集团军已经采取行动，守住桑布尔河防线，其右翼与那慕尔接壤。
Cavalry patrols had been thrown forward to Ligny and Gembloux, where they skirmished with uhlans.
骑兵巡逻队被派往利尼和让布卢，在那里他们与乌兰发生了小规模冲突。
Charleroi was made French headquarters.
沙勒罗瓦成为法国总部。
It was the center of extensive coal-mining and steel industry.
它是广泛的煤炭开采和钢铁工业的中心。
Pit shafts and blast furnaces dominated the landscape.
坑井和高炉占据了景观的主导地位。
Historically it was the ground over which Blücher's Fourth Army Corps marched to the support of the British at Waterloo.
历史上，布吕歇尔的第四军团在此地进军滑铁卢支援英军。
Now the British were supporting the French upon it against their former ally.
现在英国人支持法国人反对他们的前盟友。
On Thursday, August 20, 1914, the British took up their position on the French left.
1914 年 8 月 20 日星期四，英国人占据了法国左翼的位置。
Their line ran from Binche to Mons, then within the French frontier stretched westward to Condé.
他们的战线从班什延伸到蒙斯，然后在法国边境内向西延伸到孔代。
From Mons to Condé it followed the line of the canal, thus occupying an already constructed barrier.
从蒙斯到孔代，它沿着运河线行驶，从而占据了已经建成的屏障。
Formerly Condé was regarded as a fortress of formidable strength, but its position was not held to be of value in modern strategy.
孔代曾经被认为是一座实力强大的堡垒，但它的地位在现代战略中并不具有价值。
Its forts, therefore, had been dismantled of guns, and its works permitted to fall into disuse.
因此，其堡垒的枪支已被拆除，其工程也被允许废弃。
But the fortress of Maubeuge lay immediately in rear of the British line.
但莫伯日要塞紧邻英军战线后方。
In rear again General Sordêt held a French cavalry corps for flank actions.
索尔德将军在后方指挥着一支法国骑兵军，负责侧翼作战。
In front, across the Belgian frontier, General d'Amade lay with a French brigade at Tournai as an outpost.
在前方，穿过比利时边境，达马德将军率领一个法国旅驻扎在图尔奈作为前哨基地。
Before proceeding to British headquarters, General French held a conference with General Joffre, Commander in Chief of all the French armies.
在前往英国总部之前，弗兰奇将军与法军总司令霞飞将军举行了一次会议。
Until the outbreak of the war, General Joffre was practically unknown to the French people.
在战争爆发之前，霞飞将军几乎不为法国人民所知。
He was no popular military idol, no boulevard dashing figure.
他不是受欢迎的军事偶像，也不是大街上的潇洒人物。
But he had seen active service with credit, and had climbed, step by step, with persevering study of military science into the council of the French General Staff.
但他在现役服役时获得了荣誉，并通过对军事科学的坚持不懈的研究，一步步晋升到法国总参谋部委员会。
As a strategist his qualities came to be recognized as paramount in that body.
作为一名战略家，他的品质在该机构中被认为是最重要的。
A few years previously he had been intrusted with the reorganization of the French army, and his plans accepted.
几年前，他受命重组法国军队，他的计划也被接受了。
Therefore, when war with Germany became a certainty, it was natural the supreme command of the French army should fall to General Joffre.
因此，当与德国的战争已成定局时，法国军队的最高指挥权自然就落在了霞飞将军的肩上。
CHAPTER VI
第六章
CAMPAIGNS IN ALSACE AND LORRAINE
阿尔萨斯和洛林的战役
The French staff apparently had designed a campaign in Upper Alsace and the Vosges, but the throwing of a brigade from Belfort across the frontier on the extreme right of their line on August 6 would seem to have been undertaken chiefly with a view of rousing patriotic enthusiasm.
法军参谋部显然计划在上阿尔萨斯和孚日山脉发动一场战役，但8月6日从贝尔福派遣一个旅越过边境到他们战线的最右端似乎主要是为了激发爱国热情。
French aeroplane scouts had brought in the intelligence that only small bodies of German troops occupied the left bank of the Rhine.
法国飞机侦察兵带来的情报显示，只有小股德国军队占领了莱茵河左岸。
Therefore the opportunity was presented to invade the upper part of the lost province of Alsace--a dramatic blow calculated to arouse the French patriotic spirit.
因此，有机会入侵失落的阿尔萨斯省的上部地区——这是一次旨在激发法国爱国精神的戏剧性打击。
Since the Germans had expended hardly any effort in its defense, leaving, as it were an open door, it may have been part of the strategic idea of their General Staff to draw a French army into that region, with the design of inflicting a crushing defeat.
由于德国人在防御上几乎没有付出任何努力，就像敞开的大门一样，他们的总参谋部战略思想的一部分可能是吸引法国军队进入该地区，目的是造成惨败。
Thus French resistance in the southern Vosges would have been weakened, the capture of Belfort, unsupported by its field army, a probability, and a drive beyond into France by the German forces concentrated at Neubreisach made triumphant.
因此，法军在孚日山脉南部的抵抗将会被削弱，在没有野战军支援的情况下夺取贝尔福是有可能的，而集中在诺伊布赖萨赫的德军向法国境内推进则取得了胜利。
Doubtless the French General Staff fully grasped the German intention, but considered a nibble at the alluring German bait of some value for its sentimental effect upon the French and Alsatians.
毫无疑问，法国总参谋部完全掌握了德国人的意图，但也认为德国人的诱饵具有一定的价值，因为它对法国人和阿尔萨斯人产生了情感影响。
Otherwise the invasion of Upper Alsace with a brigade was doomed at the outset to win no military advantage.
否则，以一个旅入侵上阿尔萨斯从一开始就注定不会赢得任何军事优势。
On August 7, 1914, the French dispersed a German outpost intrenched before Altkirch.
1914 年 8 月 7 日，法国人驱散了阿尔特基希前的一个德国前哨基地。
Some cavalry skirmishing followed, which resulted in the French gaining possession of the city.
随后发生了一些骑兵小冲突，导致法国人占领了这座城市。
As was to be expected, the citizens of Altkirch welcomed the French with enthusiasm.
正如所料，阿尔特基希市民热情欢迎法国人。
The following morning the French were permitted an uncontested advance to Mülhausen.
第二天早上，法军获准毫无争议地向米尔豪森挺进。
That such an important manufacturing center as Mülhausen should have remained unfortified within striking distance of the French frontier, that the French entered it without being compelled to fire a shot, was a surprise to every one with the probable exception of the German and French General Staffs.
像米尔豪森这样一个重要的制造中心，在法国边境的攻击距离内竟然没有设防，而法国人却没有被迫开枪就进入了它，这让每个人都感到惊讶，德国和法国总参谋部可能是个例外。
The citizens of Mülhausen repeated the joyous ovation bestowed on the French troops in Altkirch.
米尔豪森市民再次向阿尔特基希的法国军队欢呼雀跃。
The French uniform was hailed as the visible sign of deliverance from German dominion, and the restoration of the lost province to their kindred of the neighboring republic.
法国制服被誉为摆脱德国统治的明显标志，也是将失去的省份重新归还给邻近共和国的亲属的标志。
The climax of this ebullition was reached in a proclamation issued by direction of General Joffre.
在霞飞将军的指示下发布的一份公告使这种沸腾达到了顶峰。
"People of Alsace," it ran, "after forty years of weary waiting, French soldiers again tread the soil of your native country.
“阿尔萨斯人民，”它写道，“经过四十年的疲惫等待，法国士兵再次踏上你们祖国的土地。
They are the pioneers in the great work of redemption.
他们是伟大救赎工作的先驱。
What emotion and what pride for them!
他们是多么激动和自豪啊！
To complete the work they are ready to sacrifice their lives.
为了完成这项工作，他们准备牺牲自己的生命。
The French nation with one heart spurs them forward, and on the folds of their flag are inscribed the magical names Liberty and Right.
法兰西民族一心激励着他们前进，他们的旗帜褶皱上刻着自由和权利这两个神奇的名字。
Long live France!
法国万岁！
Long live Alsace!"
阿尔萨斯万岁！”
During August 8, 1914, some intermittent fighting went on in the vicinity of Mülhausen, which seems to have given the French general in command the impression that the Germans were not eager for a counterattack.
1914年8月8日，米尔豪森附近发生了一些断断续续的战斗，这似乎给法军统帅留下了德军并不急于反击的印象。
In turn the Germans may well have been puzzled that a French brigade instead of an army was thrown into Upper Alsace for the bait of Mülhausen.
反过来，德国人很可能对法国一个旅而不是一支军队被投入上阿尔萨斯作为米尔豪森的诱饵感到困惑。
Possibly they waited a little for the main body, which did not come.
可能他们等了一会儿主体，但主体没有来。
Sunday, August 9, 1914, revealed the Germans in such overpowering strength, that the French were left no other choice than to beat a hasty retreat.
1914 年 8 月 9 日星期日，德国人的实力如此强大，法军别无选择，只能仓促撤退。
They accordingly fell back upon Altkirch, to intrench a few miles beyond their own border.
因此，他们撤回了阿尔特基希，在距自己边界几英里的地方构筑了壕沟。
Thus ended the French initial offensive.
至此，法军初步攻势结束。
In military reckoning it achieved little of value.
从军事角度来看，它没有取得什么价值。
Meanwhile in the Ardennes on August 13, 1914, the German Crown Prince, commanding the Fourth Army, advanced from Luxemburg into the southern Ardennes and captured Neufchâteau.
与此同时，1914 年 8 月 13 日，在阿登地区，德国王储指挥第四集团军，从卢森堡挺进阿登地区南部，占领了纳沙托。
His further objective was to break through the French line somewhere near the historic ground of Sedan.
他的进一步目标是在色当历史场地附近的某个地方突破法军防线。
But at this point some change in the German plan seems to have taken place.
但此时德国的计划似乎发生了一些变化。
From the maze enveloping the opening events of the war, one can only conjecture a reason which would move such an irrevocable body as the German General Staff to alter a long-fixed plan.
从战争一开始的迷宫般的事件中，我们只能推测出一个原因，它会促使德国总参谋部这样一个不可撤销的机构改变一项长期制定的计划。
Probably, then, the unanticipated strength of Belgian resistance foreshadowed the summoning of reenforcements to Von Kluck's right wing of the whole German army.
那么，比利时抵抗力量的出乎意料的力量可能预示着冯·克拉克的整个德国军队的右翼将得到增援。
We have seen, in fact, how he came to be near a desperate need at Bruges, and only the heavy reenforcement of Von Boehn enabled that general to deliver a final defeat to the Belgian field army at Weerde.
事实上，我们已经看到他是如何在布鲁日陷入困境的，只有冯·博恩的大力增援才使这位将军在韦尔德最终击败了比利时野战军。
Whatever the cause of change of plan may have been, important forces attached to or intended for the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and the crown prince were withdrawn to support the armies of Von Kluck and Von Bülow.
无论计划改变的原因是什么，符腾堡公爵和王储的军队所附属或打算使用的重要部队都被撤回以支持冯·克卢克和冯·布洛的军队。
These forces went to form a unit under General von Hausen, a veteran of Sadowa.
这些部队在萨多瓦老兵冯·豪森将军的指挥下组建了一个部队。
This change left the Saxon army of the crown prince with hardly sufficient strength for a main attack on the French line at Sedan, but still formidable enough to feel its way cautiously through the Ardennes to test the French concentration on the central Meuse's west bank.
这一变化使得王储的撒克逊军队几乎没有足够的力量对色当的法军防线发起主攻，但仍然足够强大，可以小心翼翼地穿过阿登地区，测试法军在默兹中部西岸的集中力。
When the German right had finally settled Liege, the Saxon army could then join in the united great movement on Paris.
当德国右翼最终占领列日时，撒克逊军队就可以加入巴黎的联合大运动了。
Early on the morning of August 15, 1914, a French detachment of half an infantry regiment, thrown into Dinant, was surprised by a mobile Saxon advance force of cavalry, infantry and artillery.
1914 年 8 月 15 日清晨，一支由半个步兵团组成的法国分遣队被投入迪南，对一支由骑兵、步兵和炮兵组成的机动撒克逊先遣部队感到惊讶。
Dinant lies across the Meuse eighteen miles south of Namur.
迪南位于那慕尔以南十八英里的默兹河对面。
It is a picturesque ancient town, the haunt of artists and tourists.
这是一座风景如画的古镇，是艺术家和游客常去的地方。
In the vicinity are the estates of several wealthy Belgian families, particularly the thirteenth-century château of Walzin, once the stronghold of the Comtes d'Ardennes.
附近有几个富有的比利时家庭的庄园，特别是十三世纪的瓦尔津城堡，它曾经是阿登伯爵的据点。
A bridge crosses the Meuse at Dinant, which sits mainly on the east bank within shadow of precipitous limestone cliffs.
迪南有一座桥梁横跨默兹河，迪南主要位于东岸，在陡峭的石灰岩悬崖的阴影下。
A stone fort more imposing in appearance than modern effectiveness crowns the highest cliff summit overlooking Dinant.
一座石头堡垒的外观比现代的有效性更加雄伟，位于最高的悬崖顶峰，俯瞰着迪南。
The Germans came by way of the east bank to occupy the suburbs.
德国人取道东岸占领郊区。
They presently captured the fort and hoisted the German flag.
他们很快占领了堡垒并升起了德国国旗。
Meanwhile the French took possession of the bridge, being at a considerable disadvantage from German rifle fire from the cliffs.
与此同时，法国人占领了这座桥，在悬崖上的德国步枪射击面前处于相当不利的地位。
The solid stone abutments of the bridge, however, enabled the French to hold that position until strong reenforcements arrived early in the afternoon.
然而，桥上坚固的石质桥台使法国人能够坚守该阵地，直到下午早些时候强大的增援部队抵达。
While French infantry cleared the environs of Germans, their artillery bombarded the fort from the west bank.
当法国步兵清理德国人的包围圈时，他们的炮兵从西岸轰炸了这座堡垒。
Their shells played havoc with the old fort defenses, soon compelling its evacuation by the Germans.
他们的炮弹对古老的堡垒防御造成严重破坏，很快迫使德国人撤离。
One of the first French artillery shells blew into shreds the German flag flying triumphantly over the fort, thus depriving the French of the satisfaction of hauling it down.
法军的第一发炮弹将堡垒上空飘扬的德国国旗炸成了碎片，法国人也因此失去了将其推倒的满足感。
Toward evening the Germans retreated toward the Lesse, followed by the French.
傍晚时分，德军向莱瑟河撤退，法军紧随其后。
In previous wars the forces engaged were of sufficient strength to designate Dinant a battle, but with the vast armies of the present conflict it sinks to the military grade of a mere affair.
在以前的战争中，交战双方的力量足以将迪南战役定为一场战役，但由于目前冲突的军队规模庞大，这场战役就沦为一场纯粹的军事事件。
However, it is called by the French the Battle of Dinant.
然而，法国人称其为迪南战役。
The troops which entered Alsace on August 7, 1914, to the number of 18,000 to 20,000, belonged to the army of the frontier.
1914年8月7日进入阿尔萨斯的军队人数为18,000至20,000人，属于边防军。
This first army, which was under the orders of General Dubail, was intrusted with the mission of making a vigorous attack and of holding in front of it the greatest possible number of German forces.
这支第一集团军由杜拜勒将军指挥，肩负着发起猛烈攻击并牵制尽可能多的德军的使命。
The general in command of this army had under his orders, if the detachment from Alsace be included, five army corps and a division of cavalry.
指挥这支军队的将军在他的命令下，如果包括阿尔萨斯的支队的话，有五个军团和一个骑兵师。
His orders were to seek battle along the line Saarburg--Donon, in the Bruche Valley, at the same time possessing himself of the crests of the Vosges as well as the mountain passes.
他的命令是沿着布鲁什山谷的萨尔堡-多农一线寻求战斗，同时占领孚日山脉的山顶和山口。
These operations were to have as their theaters: (1) the Vosges Mountains, (2) the plateau of Lorraine to the northwest of Donon, and (3) the left bank of the Meurthe.
这些行动的战区是：（1）孚日山脉，（2）多农西北的洛林高原，以及（3）默尔特河左岸。
This left bank of the Meurthe is separated from the valley of the Moselle by a bristling slope of firs, which is traversed by a series of passages, the defiles of Chipotte, of the Croix Idoux, of the Haut Jacques d'Anozel, of Vanemont, of Plafond.
默尔特河左岸与摩泽尔河谷之间隔着一片冷杉林立的斜坡，斜坡上有一系列通道穿过，包括奇波特峡谷、十字伊杜峡谷、上雅克达诺泽尔峡谷、瓦内蒙峡谷、普拉丰峡谷。
In these passes, when the French returned to the offensive in September, 1914, furious combats took place.
1914 年 9 月，当法军重新发起攻势时，在这些隘口中发生了激烈的战斗。
The German forces opposed to this first army consisted of five active army corps and a reserve corps.
与这支第一集团军相对立的德军由五个现役军团和一个预备军组成。
The first French army, after a violent struggle, conquered the passes of the Vosges, but the conquest was vigorously opposed and took more time than the French had reckoned on.
法国第一支军队经过激烈的斗争，征服了孚日山口，但征服过程遭到了强烈反对，而且花费的时间比法国人预想的要长。
As soon as it had become master of the Donon and the passes, the first French army pushed forward into the defile of Saarburg.
一旦占领了多农河和山口，第一支法军就向萨尔堡的隘口挺进。
At St. Blaise it won the first German colors, took Blamont and Cirey (August 15, 1914), seized the defiles north of the canal of the Marne and the Rhine, and reached Saarburg.
在圣布莱斯，它赢得了第一支德国军队，占领了布莱蒙和西雷（1914 年 8 月 15 日），占领了马恩河和莱茵河运河以北的隘口，并到达萨尔堡。
Here a connection was established with the army of Lorraine, which had commenced its operations on the 14th.
这里与14日开始行动的洛林军队建立了联系。
A violent battle ensued, known under the name of the Battle of Saarburg.
随后发生了一场被称为萨尔堡之战的激烈战斗。
The left wing of the French army attacked August 19, 1914; it hurled itself at the fortified positions, which were copiously fringed with heavy artillery.
1914年8月19日，法军左翼发动进攻；它向周围布满重型火炮的防御工事发起进攻。
In spite of the opposition it made progress to the northwest of Saarburg.
尽管遭到反对，它仍向萨尔堡西北部推进。
On the 20th the attack was renewed, but from the beginning it was evident that it could not succeed and that the duty intrusted to the Eighth Army Corps of opening up the way for the cavalry corps could not be accomplished.
20日，进攻再次开始，但从一开始就明显无法成功，第八军团为骑兵部队开路的任务也无法完成。
This army corps had gone through a trying ordeal as a result of the bombardment by the heavy German artillery established in fortified positions, covering distances all measured in advance, with every group and French battery presenting a sure target and the action of the French cannon rendered useless.
这支军团经历了一场严峻的考验，因为德国重型火炮的轰炸是在防御工事中建立的，覆盖的距离都是预先测量的，每个小组和法军炮台都是确定的目标，法军大炮的作用变得毫无用处。
If the left wing of the First Army found itself checked, the center and the right on the other hand were in an excellent position and were able to advance.
如果第一集团军的左翼受到牵制，那么中军和右翼则处于有利位置，能够前进。
But at this point (August 21, 1914) the Second French Army the army of Lorraine met a serious reverse in the region of Morhange and was compelled to retreat.
但此时（1914年8月21日）法军第二集团军洛林军队在莫尔杭格地区遭遇严重挫败，被迫撤退。
This retreat left the flank of the First Army gravely unprotected, and as a consequence this army was also obliged to fall back.
这次撤退，使第一军侧翼严重失守，该军也被迫后退。
This rear-guard movement was accomplished over a very difficult piece of country down to the Baccarat-Ban de Sapt-Provenchère line, south of the Col du Bonhomme.
这次后卫运动是在一个非常困难的地区完成的，一直到博霍姆山口以南的巴卡拉-班德萨普特-普罗旺谢尔线。
It was found necessary to abandon the Donon and the Col de Sapt.
人们发现有必要放弃多农河和萨普特山口。
The task committed to the Second Army, that of Lorraine under De Castlenau, was to protect Nancy, then to transfer itself to the east, advancing later to the north and attacking in a line parallel to that taken by the First Army on the Dieuze-Château Salins front in the general direction of Saarbrücken.
第二集团军，即德卡斯尔瑙指挥的洛林集团军，其任务是保护南锡，然后向东转移，随后向北推进，沿着与第一集团军在迪厄泽-萨林堡战线上平行的路线，向萨尔布吕肯方向进攻。
Its mission was therefore at once both offensive and defensive: to cover Nancy and continue toward the west the attack of the First Army.
因此，它的任务既是进攻性的，又是防御性的：掩护南锡并继续向西发起第一集团军的攻击。
After having repulsed, August 10 and 11, 1914, the strong German attacks in the region of Spincourt and of Château Salins the Second Army took the offensive and went forward almost without stopping during four days of uninterrupted fighting.
1914 年 8 月 10 日至 11 日，德军在斯平库尔地区和萨林堡地区发起猛烈进攻，被击退后，第二集团军发起攻势，在四天不间断的战斗中几乎不间断地前进。
Penetrating into Lorraine, which had been annexed, it reached the right bank of the Selle, cut off Marsal and Château Salins, and pushed forward in the direction of Morhange.
深入已被吞并的洛林，到达塞勒河右岸，切断马萨尔和萨林城堡，并向莫尔罕格方向推进。
The enemy fell back; at Marsal he even left behind enormous quantities of ammunition.
敌人撤退了；他甚至在马萨尔留下了大量弹药。
As a matter of fact, he fell back on positions that had been carefully fortified in advance and whence his artillery could bombard at an almost perfectly accurate range.
事实上，他撤退到了事先精心防御的阵地，在那里他的火炮可以在几乎完美的射程上进行轰炸。
August 20, 1914, made a violent counterattack on the canal of Salines and Morhange in the Lake district.
1914年8月20日，对湖区萨林斯运河和莫汉格运河进行猛烈反击。
The immediate vicinity of Metz furnished the German army with a vast quantity of heavy artillery, which played a decisive rôle in the Battle of Morhange.
梅斯附近为德军提供了大量重型火炮，这些火炮在莫尔杭格战役中发挥了决定性作用。
The French retreated, and during this rear-guard movement the frontier city of Lunéville was for some days occupied by the Germans.
法军撤退，在这次后卫运动中，边境城市吕内维尔被德军占领了几天。
Thus the First and Second Armies failed in their offensive and saw themselves obliged to retreat, but their retreat was accomplished under excellent circumstances, and the troops, after a couple of days of rest, found themselves in a condition again to take the offensive.
因此，第一、二军进攻失败，被迫撤退，但撤退是在良好的情况下完成的，部队经过几天的休整，又具备了进攻的条件。
The First Army gave energetic support to the Second Army, which was violently attacked by the Germans in the second week of August.
第一集团军对在八月第二周遭到德军猛烈攻击的第二集团军给予了大力支援。
The German attack, which was first arrayed against Nancy, turned more and more to the east.
德军的进攻最初是针对南锡的，后来逐渐转向东面。
The battle, at first waged in the Mortagne basin, was gradually extended to the deep woods on the left bank of the Meurthe and on to Chipotte, Nompatelize, etc. The battles that have been named the Battle of Mortagne, the Battle of the Meurthe, the Battle of the Vosges, all waged by the First Army, were extremely violent in the last week of August and the first two weeks of September.
这场战斗最初是在莫尔塔涅盆地进行，后来逐渐扩展到默尔特河左岸的密林深处，以及奇波特、诺姆帕泰利兹等地。这场被称为莫尔塔涅战役、默尔特河战役、孚日河战役的战役，都是由第一集团军发动的，在8月的最后一周和9月的前两周，战斗极为激烈。
These combats partly coincided with the Battle of the Marne; they resulted, at the end of that battle, in the German retreat.
这些战斗部分与马恩河战役同时发生。在那场战斗结束时，他们导致德军撤退。
The Second Army renewed the offensive August 25, 1914; it decisively checked the march of the German army and commenced to force it back.
1914年8月25日，第二集团军再次发动攻势；它果断地阻止了德军的行进，并开始迫使其后退。
The instructions issued to General de Castelnau directed him everywhere to march forward and make direct attacks.
向德卡斯泰尔诺将军发出的指示指示他到处前进并进行直接攻击。
The day of August 25, 1914, was a successful day for the French; everywhere the Germans were repulsed.
1914 年 8 月 25 日，对于法国人来说是成功的一天；德国人到处都被击退。
From August 26 till September 2, 1914, the Second Army continued its attacks.
1914年8月26日至9月2日，第二军继续进攻。
At this point the commander in chief having need of important forces at his center and at his right relieved the Second Army of much of its strength.
此时，总司令需要在他的中央和右翼部署重要部队，从而减轻了第二集团军的大部分兵力。
This did not prevent it from engaging in the great Battle of Nancy and winning it.
这并没有阻止它参加伟大的南锡战役并取得胜利。
It was September 4, 1914, that this battle began and it continued till the 11th, the army sustaining the incessant assaults of the Germans on its entire front advanced from Grand Couronne.
这场战斗于1914年9月4日开始，一直持续到11日，在整个战线上承受着德军不断进攻的军队从大库罗纳推进。
The German emperor was personally present at this battle.
德国皇帝亲自出席了这场战斗。
There was at Dieuze a regiment of white cuirassiers at whose head it was his intention to make a triumphal entry into Nancy.
在迪厄兹有一个由白色胸甲骑兵组成的军团，他率领他的目的是凯旋进入南锡。
Heavy German artillery of every caliber made an enormous expenditure of ammunition; on the Grand Mont d'Amance alone, one of the most important positions of the Grand Couronne of Nancy, more than 30,000 howitzer shells were fired in two days.
德国各种口径的重型火炮都消耗了大量的弹药。仅在南锡大王冠最重要的阵地之一阿芒斯大山上，两天内就发射了三万多发榴弹炮。
The fights among the infantry were characterized on the entire front by an alternation of failure and success, every point being taken, lost and retaken at intervals.
步兵之间的战斗在整个战线上的特点是失败和成功的交替，每一个点都被占领，失去和重新占领。
The struggle attained to especial violence in the Champenoux Forest.
这场斗争在尚普努森林中尤其激烈。
On September 5, 1914, the enemy won Maixe and Remereville, which they lost again in the evening, but they were unable to dislodge the French from the ridge east of the forest of Champenoux.
1914 年 9 月 5 日，敌军占领了迈克斯和雷米尔维尔，但他们在晚上再次失利，但无法将法军赶出尚佩努森林东边的山脊。
The Mont d'Amance was violently bombarded; a German brigade marched on Pont-à-Mousson.
阿芒斯山遭到猛烈轰炸；一个德国旅向蓬阿穆松行进。
The French retook Crevic and the Crevic Wood.
法国人夺回了克雷维奇和克雷维奇森林。
On the 7th the Germans directed on Ste.
7 日，德国人瞄准了圣。
Geneviève, north of the Grand Couronne, a very violent attack, which miscarried.
在大皇冠以北的吉纳维耶夫，发生了一次非常猛烈的袭击，但失败了。
Ste.
圣。
Geneviève was lost for a time, but it was retaken on the 8th; more than 2,000 Germans lay dead on the ground.
吉纳维耶夫一度失守，但8日又被夺回；超过2000名德国人倒在地上。
The same day the enemy threw themselves furiously on the east front, the Mont d'Amance, and La Neuvelotte.
同一天，敌人猛烈地进攻东线、阿芒斯山和拉纽韦洛特。
South of the Champenoux Forest the French were compelled to retire; they were thrown back on the ridge west of the forest.
在尚普努森林以南，法军被迫撤退。他们被扔回森林西边的山脊上。
On the 9th a new bombardment of Mont d'Amance, a struggle of extreme violence, took place on the ridge west of the forest of Champenoux, the French gaining ground.
9 日，在尚普努森林西侧的山脊上，对阿芒斯山进行了新的轰炸，这是一场极端暴力的斗争，法军取得了进展。
General Castelnau decided to take the direct offensive, the Germans giving signs of great fatigue.
卡斯泰尔诺将军决定采取直接进攻，德军表现出极度疲劳的迹象。
On the 12th they retired very rapidly.
12日他们很快就退休了。
They evacuated Lunéville, a frontier town, where they left a great quantity of arms and ammunition.
他们撤离了边境城镇吕内维尔，并在那里留下了大量武器和弹药。
The French began immediately to pursue them, the Germans withdrawing everywhere over the frontier.
法国人立即开始追击他们，德国人则从边境各地撤退。
CHAPTER VII
第七章
SIEGE AND FALL OF NAMUR
那慕尔的围困和陷落
When the Germans occupied Brussels on August 20, 1914, we observed that corps after corps did not enter the city, but swept to the south.
1914年8月20日德军占领布鲁塞尔时，我们观察到一个又一个的军团并没有进入城市，而是向南席卷。
This was Von Kluck's left wing moving to attack the Allies on the Sambre-Mons front.
这是冯·克拉克的左翼，正在进攻桑布尔-蒙斯前线的盟军。
The forces which passed through Brussels were Von Kluck's center, advancing south by east to fall in line beside the right wing, which had mainly passed between Brussels and Antwerp to the capture of Bruges and Ghent.
穿过布鲁塞尔的部队是冯·克卢克的中心，由东向南推进，与右翼并列，右翼主要穿过布鲁塞尔和安特卫普之间，占领布鲁日和根特。
The whole line when re-formed on the French frontier would stretch from Mons to the English Channel--the great right wing of the German armies.
当法国边境重新组建时，整条防线将从蒙斯延伸到英吉利海峡——德国军队的伟大右翼。
Meanwhile, Von Bülow's second army had advanced up the valley of the Meuse, with its right sweeping the Hisbaye uplands.
与此同时，冯·比洛的第二军已向默兹河谷挺进，其右翼横扫希斯巴耶高地。
Some part of this army may have been transported by rail from Montmédy.
这支军队的一部分可能是通过铁路从蒙梅迪运来的。
Its general advance in columns was directed chiefly upon the Sambre crossings.
它的纵队总体推进主要是针对桑布尔渡口。
As Von Kluck's wide swing through Belgium covered a greater distance, Von Bülow's army was expected to strike the Allies some twenty-four hours earlier.
由于冯·克卢克在比利时的大范围挥动，覆盖了更远的距离，冯·布洛的军队预计会提前大约二十四小时袭击盟军。
Its march, therefore, was in the nature of an onrush.
因此，它的行军具有突袭的性质。
But Von Bülow was now in the full tide of fighting strength--an amazing spectacle to chance or enforced witnesses.
但冯·布洛现在正处于战斗力的巅峰状态——无论是偶然的目击者还是被迫的目击者，这都是一个令人惊奇的景象。
Well may the terrified peasants have stood hat in hand in the midst of their ruined villages.
但愿那些惊恐万状的农民能手拿帽子站在他们被毁的村庄里。
Any door not left open was immediately broken down and the interior searched.
任何未打开的门都会立即被打破并搜查内部。
Here and there a soldier could be seen carrying a souvenir from some wrecked château.
到处都可以看到一名士兵带着来自失事城堡的纪念品。
But for the most part everyone fled from before its path, leaving it silent and abandoned.
但大多数人都从它的路径前逃离，留下它的寂静和被遗弃。
The field gray-green uniforms were almost invisible in cover, in a half light, or when advancing through mist.
灰绿色的野战制服在掩体中、在昏暗的光线下或在雾气中前进时几乎看不见。
No conceivable detail seemed to have been overlooked.
似乎没有任何可以想象的细节被忽视。
Each man carried a complete equipment down to handy trifles, the whole weighed to the fraction of an ounce, in carefully estimated proportions.
每个人都携带着一套完整的设备，甚至是方便携带的小玩意儿，整个设备的重量精确到一盎司的零头，比例经过仔细估计。
But this was not enough.
但这还不够。
Waiting for each column to pass were men with buckets of drinking water, into which the soldiers dipped their aluminum cups.
等待每支纵队通过的都是拿着一桶饮用水的人，士兵们将铝杯浸入水中。
Temporary field post offices were established in advance, so that messages could be gathered in as the columns passed.
临时的外地邮局是提前建立的，以便在纵队经过时收集邮件。
Here and there were men to offer biscuits and handfuls of prunes.
到处都有人递上饼干和一把李子。
In methodical, machine-like progress came the ammunition wagons, commissariat carts, field kitchens, teams of heavy horses attached to pontoons, traction engines hauling enormous siege guns, motor plows for excavating trenches, aeroplanes, carriages containing surgeons, automobiles for the commanders, and motor busses in which staff officers could be seen studying their maps.
有条不紊地、机器般的进步出现了弹药车、粮食车、野战厨房、附在浮桥上的重型马队、牵引巨大攻城炮的牵引引擎、挖掘战壕的机动犁、飞机、载有外科医生的马车、指挥官的汽车以及可以看到参谋人员在研究地图的公共汽车。
On some of these vehicles were chalked Berlin-Paris.
其中一些车辆上用粉笔写着“柏林-巴黎”。
No branch of the service was absent, no serviceable part if it overlooked--not even a complement of grave diggers.
服务中没有一个部门缺席，如果忽视了，就没有一个有用的部分——甚至连掘墓人的补充也没有。
It moved forward always at an even pace, as if on parade, with prearranged signals passed down the line when there was any obstacle, a descent or bend in the road.
它总是以均匀的速度前进，就像在游行一样，当道路上出现任何障碍物、下坡或转弯时，预先安排好的信号会沿着线路传递。
The tramp of many thousands cast into the atmosphere clouds of fine dust, but even those in rear marched through it as if their lungs were made of steel.
数千人的脚步声将细尘带入大气中，但即使是后面的人也穿过其中，仿佛他们的肺是钢铁制成的。
No permission was granted to open out for the circulation of air, though it was the month of August.
尽管是八月，但没有获得开放空气流通的许可。
It is safe to assert there was not a single straggler in Von Bülow's army.
可以肯定地说，冯·布洛的军队中没有一个掉队的人。
At the first sign of it he was admonished with a vigor to deter his comrades.
一旦出现这种迹象，他就受到严厉的警告，以阻止他的同志们。
Discipline was severely maintained.
纪律得到严格维护。
At every halt the click of heels, and rattle of arms in salute went on down the line with the sharp delivery of orders.
每次停下来时，随着命令的迅速传达，队伍中都会响起高跟鞋的咔哒声和敬礼的手臂的嘎嘎声。
On Wednesday, August 12, 1914, the town of Huy, situated midway between Liege and Namur, was seized.
1914 年 8 月 12 日星期三，位于列日和那慕尔中间的休伊镇被占领。
It possessed an old citadel, but it was disarmed, and used now only as a storehouse.
它拥有一座古老的城堡，但已解除武装，现在仅用作仓库。
Some Belgian detachments offered a slight resistance at the bridge, but were speedily driven off.
一些比利时分遣队在桥上进行了轻微抵抗，但很快就被击退。
The capture of Huy gave the Germans control of the railway from Aix-la-Chapelle to France, though broken at Liege by the still standing northern forts.
占领于伊后，德国人控制了从艾克斯拉夏贝尔到法国的铁路，尽管在列日被仍然矗立的北部堡垒所破坏。
But they secured a branch line of more immediate service, running from Huy into Central Belgium.
但他们获得了一条提供更即时服务的支线，从休伊通往比利时中部。
On August 15, 1914, Von Bülow's vanguard came within sight of Namur.
1914 年 8 月 15 日，冯·比洛的先头部队进入了那慕尔的视野。
Before evening German guns were hurling shells upon its forts.
傍晚之前，德国炮弹就开始向其堡垒投掷炮弹。
Began then the siege of Namur.
那慕尔的围攻随即开始。
Namur, being the second fortress hope of the Allies--the pivot upon which General Joffre had planned to swing his army into Belgium in a sweeping attack upon the advancing Germans--a brief survey of the city and fortifications will be necessary.
那慕尔是盟军的第二个希望堡垒——霞飞将军计划以此为支点，将他的军队调入比利时，对前进的德军发起全面进攻——有必要对这座城市和防御工事进行一次简短的调查。
The situation of the city is not as imposing as that of Liege.
这座城市的情况并不像列日那么雄伟。
For the most part it sits on a hillside declivity, to rest in the angle formed by the junction of the Sambre and Meuse.
它的大部分坐落在山坡上，位于桑布尔河和默兹河交汇处形成的角度上。
It is a place of some historic and industrial importance, though in the latter respect not so well known as Liege.
它是一个具有一定历史和工业重要性的地方，尽管在后者方面不如列日那么出名。
To the west, however, up the valley of the Sambre, the country presents the usual features of a mining region--pit shafts, tall chimneys issuing clouds of black smoke, and huge piles of unsightly débris.
然而，在西边的桑布尔河谷上游，这个国家呈现出矿区的常见特征——矿井、冒着黑烟的高大烟囱和大堆难看的废墟。
While away to the north stretches the great plain of Central Belgium, southward the Central Meuse offers a more picturesque prospect in wooded slopes rising to view-commanding hilltops.
向北延伸的是比利时中部的大平原，而向南，默兹中部则提供了风景如画的景色，树木繁茂的山坡一直延伸到风景优美的山顶。
Directly east, the Meuse flows into the precipitous cut on its way to Liege.
默兹河在正东方向流入陡峭的山沟，最终流向列日。
But in Belgian eyes the fame of Namur lay to a great extent in its being the second of Brialmont's fortress masterpieces.
但在比利时人眼中，那慕尔的名气很大程度上在于它是布里阿尔蒙特的第二座堡垒杰作。
Its plan was that of Liege--a ring of outer detached forts, constructed on the same armor-clad cupola principle.
它的计划与列日计划相同——一圈外部独立的堡垒，按照同样的装甲冲天炉原理建造。
At Namur these were nine in number, four major forts and five _fortins_.
那慕尔有九个堡垒，四个主要堡垒和五个堡垒。
The distance between each fort was on the average two and a half miles, with between two and a half to five miles from the city as the center of the circumference.
每个堡垒之间的距离平均为二英里半，以城市为圆周中心，在二英里半到五英里之间。
Facing Von Bülow's advance, fort Cognelée protected the Brussels railway, while the guns of Marchovelette swept the space between it and the left bank of the Meuse.
面对冯·比洛的进攻，科涅莱堡保护了布鲁塞尔铁路，而马尔霍维莱特的炮火扫荡了铁路与默兹河左岸之间的空间。
In the southwest angle formed by the Meuse, forts Maizeret, Andoy and Dave continued the ring.
在默兹河形成的西南角，梅兹雷堡、安多伊堡和戴夫堡继续环绕。
Again in the angle of the Sambre and Meuse forts St. Héribert and Malonne protected the city.
圣赫里伯特和马洛讷再次在桑布尔和默兹堡垒的角度保护了这座城市。
North of the Sambre, forts Suarlée and Emines completed the circle.
桑布尔河以北的苏阿尔莱 (Suarlée) 和埃米内 (Emines) 堡垒构成了这一圈。
In the emergency Namur possessed one advantage over Liege.
在紧急情况下，那慕尔比列日拥有一项优势。
The resistance of Liege gave Namur due warning of the German invasion, and some days to prepare for attack.
列日的抵抗给那慕尔带来了德国入侵的应有警告，并为进攻做好了几天的准备。
General Michel was in command of the garrison of Namur, which comprised from 25,000 to 30,000 men.
米歇尔将军指挥着那慕尔的驻军，该驻军由 25,000 至 30,000 人组成。
Doubtless reports had come to him of the situation at Liege.
毫无疑问，他收到了有关列日局势的报告。
He immediately set to work to overcome the cause of the failure of Brialmont's plan at Liege, by constructing trenches between the forts, protected by barbed wire entanglements, and mines in advance of the German approach.
他立即着手解决布里阿尔蒙特在列日的计划失败的原因，在德军逼近之前，在堡垒之间修建了由铁丝网保护的战壕和地雷。
As his circumference of defense was less than that of Liege, his force promised to be capable of a more prolonged resistance.
由于他的防御范围小于列日，他的部队有望进行更长时间的抵抗。
Besides the Allies were close at hand.
此外，盟军近在咫尺。
Only eighteen miles separated him from strong detachments of French infantry and artillery at Dinant.
他与迪南的强大法国步兵和炮兵分队仅相距十八英里。
As we have seen French cavalry had been thrown forward as far as Gembloux on the road to Brussels, but ten miles to the northeast of Namur.
正如我们所看到的，法国骑兵在通往布鲁塞尔的路上被向前推进至让布卢，距那慕尔东北十英里。
Somewhere between that place and Charleroi French Chasseurs d'Afrique had advanced to occupy outpost positions.
在那个地方和沙勒罗瓦之间的某个地方，法国非洲猎兵已经前进并占领了前哨阵地。
His position appeared by no means hopeless--considerably better than the unsupported field army at Liege.
他的处境似乎并非毫无希望——比列日缺乏支援的野战军要好得多。
The armor of his forts was calculated to withstand the 36-lb.
他的堡垒的装甲经计算可以承受 36 磅的重量。
shells of the heaviest German fieldpieces, but comparatively slight damage was anticipated from the known heavier howitzers.
德国最重型野战炮的炮弹，但预计已知的重型榴弹炮造成的损害相对较小。
If the Germans purposed to assault Namur in mass formation, as they had done at Liege, General Michel had every reason to feel confident he could repulse them with tremendous losses.
如果德国人打算像在列日那样大规模进攻那慕尔，米歇尔将军完全有理由相信他能够击退他们并造成巨大损失。
But the Germans had learned a severely taught lesson at Liege.
但德国人在列日得到了惨痛的教训。
They had no intention of repeating those tactics.
他们无意重复这些策略。
Behind a remarkable screen of secrecy, they managed to conceal from General Michel--as they did from the Allies--the existence of their enormous siege guns.
在一个引人注目的秘密屏障后面，他们成功地向米歇尔将军隐瞒了他们巨大的攻城炮的存在，就像他们对盟军所做的那样。
Whether they brought into action at Namur their famous 42-centimeters, capable of throwing a shell of high explosive power weighing 2,500 lbs., is uncertain.
他们是否在那慕尔投入了他们著名的 42 厘米炮弹的战斗，该炮弹能够投掷重达 2,500 磅的高爆炸威力炮弹，目前还不确定。
In fact, it is still doubtful where they were first fired at the allied enemy.
事实上，他们首先向盟军敌人开火的地点仍然令人怀疑。
Two are said to have assisted in the final destruction of the northern forts of Liege, and two were seen rolling over the field of Waterloo.
据说有两辆帮助最终摧毁了列日北部的堡垒，还有两辆在滑铁卢战场上滚动。
The Germans remained silent upon the subject, and nothing definite about their first discharge was disclosed.
德国人对这个问题保持沉默，关于他们第一次被释放的具体情况也没有被透露。
But unquestionably their fire was capable of demolishing into ruin any fort on earth within a short period.
但毫无疑问，他们的火焰能够在短时间内将地球上的任何堡垒夷为废墟。
It is certain, however, the Germans brought against Namur their 28-centimeter guns, and probably some of 21-centimeter caliber.
然而，可以肯定的是，德国人用他们的 28 厘米火炮，可能还有一些 21 厘米口径的火炮来对抗那慕尔。
These artillery weapons were quite formidable enough to reduce the Namur forts.
这些火炮武器非常强大，足以摧毁那慕尔要塞。
The former threw a shell of 750 pounds from a range of three miles--beyond the reach of the Namur guns.
前者从 3 英里的射程内投掷了 750 磅的炮弹，超出了那慕尔炮的射程。
The latter projected shells of 250 pounds.
后者投射的炮弹重达 250 磅。
The Germans are said to have employed thirty-two of the heavier caliber guns, and a large number of 21-centimeter.
据说德国人使用了 32 门大口径火炮，以及大量 21 厘米火炮。
Thus Namur was doomed before the bombardment commenced.
因此，那慕尔在轰炸开始之前就注定了失败。
Von Bülow's left wing advanced up the Meuse north bank from Huy, some part of it crossing to the south bank at Ardenne, where it came in touch with the Saxon army.
冯·比洛的左翼从休伊向默兹北岸推进，其中一部分穿过阿登南岸，在那里与撒克逊军队接触。
At sundown of August 20, 1914, Von Bülow was in position before Namur, three miles from its defenses.
1914 年 8 月 20 日日落时，冯·布洛 (Von Bülow) 在那慕尔前就位，距其防御工事三英里。
Darkness fell upon a hot and sultry August atmosphere.
八月的气氛炎热闷热，夜色降临。
Presently the flashes and boom of the German guns began a bombardment of the trenches between forts Cognelée and Marchovelette.
不久，德军炮火的闪光和隆隆声开始轰炸科涅莱堡和马尔霍维莱特堡之间的战壕。
It continued through the night.
它持续了一夜。
But the Belgian fortress guns were outranged.
但比利时堡垒的火炮射程超出了他们。
It would have been a mere waste of ammunition to reply.
如果再回复的话，简直就是浪费弹药。
Neither could the Belgian infantry venture on a counterattack, for the Germans were clearly observed in overwhelming strength.
比利时步兵也无法冒险反击，因为人们清楚地看到德国人拥有压倒性的兵力。
At the outset the Germans devoted their efforts to clearing the trenches of the Belgian infantry, leaving the forts for subsequent demolition.
一开始，德国人致力于清理比利时步兵的战壕，留下堡垒以供随后拆除。
The unfortunate Belgian infantry, therefore, could do nothing but fire intermittent rifle volleys, without any effect upon the Germans.
因此，不幸的比利时步兵只能间歇性地用步枪齐射，对德国人没有任何影响。
They bravely bore this storm of shells for ten hours.
他们勇敢地承受了这如风暴般的炮弹长达十个小时。
Not a man who lifted his head above the German machine gun-swept parapets but was not instantly killed or wounded.
没有一个人只要将头抬过德国机枪扫过的护栏，就会立即被杀或受伤。
Thus the majority of the officers were killed, and the ranks within the trenches decimated.
因此，大多数军官被杀，战壕内的队伍被大量消灭。
Toward morning on August 21, 1914, the Belgians could stand the tornado of death no longer.
1914年8月21日早晨，比利时人再也无法忍受死亡的龙卷风了。
The demoralized troops fled from the trenches, leaving the gap between forts Cognelée and Marchovelette open.
士气低落的部队逃离战壕，使科涅莱堡垒和马尔霍维莱特堡垒之间的缺口敞开。
The Germans then opened fire on the forts.
德国人随后向堡垒开火。
In comparison with the new German siege howitzers, the old-fashioned Belgian guns proved to be weak weapons.
与德国新型攻城榴弹炮相比，老式比利时火炮被证明是弱武器。
The tremendous pounding of the German shells not only smashed the fort cupolas, and crumpled into ruin the interior stone and steel protective armor, but quickly put the Belgian guns out of action.
德军炮弹的巨大冲击力不仅击碎了堡垒的圆顶，毁坏了内部的石头和钢铁防护装甲，而且很快就使比利时的火炮失去了作用。
Thus while fort Maizeret received some 1,200 German shells at the speed of twenty to the minute, it was able to reply with only ten shots.
因此，虽然梅泽里特堡以每分钟 20 发炮弹的速度收到了约 1,200 发炮弹，但它只用 10 发炮弹进行了反击。
Forts Marchovelette and Maizeret were the first to fall.
马尔科维莱特堡和梅泽里特堡是最先陷落的。
Seventy-five men of the Marchovelette garrison were found dead amid its ruins--nearly its total complement.
马尔科维莱特驻军的 75 名士兵被发现死在废墟中——几乎是其全部兵力。
[Illustration: French Invasion of Alsace-lorraine.]
[插图：法国入侵阿尔萨斯-洛林。]
Early on Friday morning of August 21, 1914, forts Andoy, Dave, St. Héribert and Malonne were subjected to a similar furious bombardment.
1914 年 8 月 21 日星期五清晨，安多伊 (Andoy)、戴夫 (Dave)、圣赫里伯特 (St. Héribert) 和马洛讷 (Malonne) 堡垒遭受了类似的猛烈轰炸。
After three hours of the cannonade Andoy, Dave and St. Héribert surrendered.
经过三个小时的炮击，安德伊、戴夫和圣赫里伯特投降了。
During the morning the Germans thrust a force into the southern angle of the Sambre and Meuse.
早上，德军向桑布尔河和默兹河南角推进了一支部队。
Here the Belgian infantry offered a vigorous resistance.
比利时步兵在这里进行了顽强的抵抗。
It was hoped that the French at Dinant would hasten to their relief.
人们希望迪南的法军能够尽快救援。
But Dinant was for the second time within a few days the scene of conflict.
但几天之内，迪南第二次成为冲突现场。
Some 6,000 French Turcos and artillery did arrive, but too late to be of use in helping to save Namur.
大约 6,000 辆法国突厥人和大炮确实抵达，但为时已晚，无法帮助拯救那慕尔。
Shells now began to drop in the city while aeroplanes flung down bombs.
炮弹开始在城市中投掷，飞机投掷炸弹。
A thunderstorm rumbled in combination with the continuous roar of the German guns.
雷雨隆隆，德军炮火连绵不绝。
A panic took hold of the citizens.
恐慌笼罩着市民。
Distracted men, women and children huddled together in spellbound terror, or sought the shelter of their cellars.
心烦意乱的男人、女人和孩子要么在惊恐中挤在一起，要么到地窖寻求庇护。
The more superstitious pronounced this to be the end of all things, from the eclipse of the sun which darkened the sky.
更迷信的人宣称这是万物的终结，因为日食使天空变暗了。
Fort Malonne succumbed sometime during the afternoon of August 21, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 21 日下午，马洛恩堡 (Fort Malonne) 投降。
As at Liege, with General Leman, so in Namur General Michel foresaw the city and forts' fate was imminent.
就像在列日和莱蒙将军一样，米歇尔将军在那慕尔也预见到了这座城市和堡垒的命运即将来临。
Only the northwest forts Suarlée, Emines and Cognelée held out.
只有西北部的苏阿尔莱 (Suarlée)、埃米内 (Emines) 和科涅莱 (Cognelée) 堡垒还坚守着。
The Belgians and French had been defeated by the Germans in the angle of the Sambre and Meuse.
比利时人和法国人在桑布尔河和默兹河的角度被德国人击败。
The horizon revealed no sign of a French army advancing.
地平线上没有看到法军前进的迹象。
General Michel, therefore, decided upon the evacuation of the city by the Belgian infantry.
因此，米歇尔将军决定让比利时步兵撤离该市。
It was successfully accomplished, though even more in the nature of a flight than at Liege.
它成功地完成了，尽管比列日更像是一次飞行。
But General Michel went with them, instead of remaining, like General Leman, to fight the defense of his fortress to the last.
但米歇尔将军和他们一起去了，而不是像莱曼将军那样留下来，为保卫他的堡垒而战斗到最后。
The retreating Belgians on August 22, 1914, had some adventurous wandering before them.
1914 年 8 月 22 日撤退的比利时人在他们面前经历了一些冒险的徘徊。
They had first to cut their way through a body of German troops, then to become involved with a French force near Charleroi.
他们首先要杀出一条血路，然后在沙勒罗瓦附近与一支法国军队交战。
It took them seven days to reach Rouen by way of Amiens.
他们花了七天时间取道亚眠到达鲁昂。
There they were embarked for sea transport to Ostend.
他们在那里乘船前往奥斯坦德。
At Ostend, they joined the main Belgian army after its retreat from Antwerp.
在奥斯坦德，他们加入了从安特卫普撤退的比利时主力部队。
On Sunday morning, August 23, 1914, the Germans began the bombardment of Fort Suarlée.
1914 年 8 月 23 日星期日早上，德国人开始轰炸苏阿尔莱堡。
This fort repeated the heroic resistance of Fort Boncelles at Liege.
这座堡垒重复了列日邦塞勒斯堡的英勇抵抗。
It held out until the afternoon of August 25.
一直持续到8月25日下午。
It was apparently then blown up by the explosion of its own magazine, thus again repeating the end of Fort Loncin at Liege.
显然，它随后被自己的弹匣爆炸炸毁，从而再次重复了列日隆辛堡的结局。
Meantime the Germans had succeeded in reducing Forts Cognelée and Emines.
与此同时，德军成功攻克了科涅利堡和埃米内堡。
The Germans entered Namur on the afternoon of August 23, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 23 日下午，德军进入那慕尔。
There seems to have been some oversight in the plan, for the advance guard found themselves under fire of their own guns directed upon the citadel and the Grande Place.
该计划似乎存在一些疏忽，因为先头部队发现自己受到了瞄准城堡和大广场的自己枪支的射击。
This, however, was speedily rectified.
不过，这一问题很快得到了纠正。
Their behavior was much the same as at Louvain and Brussels.
他们的行为与鲁汶和布鲁塞尔的行为非常相似。
They marched in with bands playing and singing patriotic songs.
他们在乐队演奏和演唱爱国歌曲的伴奏下游行。
Proclamations were at once issued warning the citizens not to commit any hostile act.
立即发布公告，警告公民不要做出任何敌对行为。
The inhabitants were far too cowed to contemplate anything but submission.
居民们太害怕了，除了屈服之外什么也不敢想。
Good discipline was preserved.
良好的纪律得以保留。
The city took fire that night probably by deliberate design of the invaders.
那天晚上，这座城市着火了，这可能是入侵者故意设计的。
The citizens were induced to come forth from their cellars and hiding places to reopen the cafés and shops.
市民被诱导从地窖和藏身之处走出来，重新开放咖啡馆和商店。
General von Bülow entered Namur on Monday morning August 24, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 24 日星期一早上，冯·比洛将军进入那慕尔。
He was accompanied by Field Marshal Baron von der Goltz, recently appointed Governor General of Belgium.
陪同他的还有最近被任命为比利时总督的陆军元帅冯德戈尔茨男爵。
Previous to the former Balkan War he had been employed in reorganizing the Turkish army.
在前巴尔干战争之前，他曾受雇重组土耳其军队。
An onlooker in Namur thus describes the German Field Marshal:--"An elderly gentleman covered with orders, buttoned in an overcoat up to his nose, above which gleamed a pair of enormous spectacles."
那慕尔的一位旁观者这样描述这位德国陆军元帅：“一位年长的绅士，浑身挂着命令，大衣的扣子一直扣到鼻子，上面戴着一副巨大的眼镜。”
General Michel attributed his defeat to the German siege guns.
米歇尔将军将他的失败归咎于德国的攻城炮。
The fire was so continuous upon the trenches that it was impossible to hold them, and the forts simply crumpled under the storm of shells.
战壕上的火势如此之大，以至于根本无法守住它们，堡垒在炮弹的风暴下完全崩溃了。
But back of General Michel's plea the allied Intelligence Departments lacked efficiency or energy, or both, in not gaining more than a hint, at any rate, of the enormous German siege guns until they were actually thundering at the gates.
但在米歇尔将军的恳求背后，盟军情报部门缺乏效率或精力，或者两者兼而有之，至少在德国巨大的攻城炮真正轰鸣在城门之前，他们只获得了一点线索。
CHAPTER VIII
第八章
BATTLE OF CHARLEROI
沙勒罗伊之战
Toward the end of the third week of August, 1914, the atmosphere of every European capital became tense with the realization that a momentous crisis was impending.
1914 年 8 月第三周即将结束时，欧洲各国首都的气氛都变得紧张起来，因为人们意识到一场重大危机即将来临。
It was known that the French-British armies confronted German armies of equal, if not of superior strength.
众所周知，法英联军所面对的德国军队即使不是实力更胜，也是实力相当的。
In Paris and London the military critics wrote optimistically that the Germans were marching into a trap.
在巴黎和伦敦，军事批评家乐观地写道，德国人正在步入陷阱。
The British army had arrived at the front in splendid fighting trim.
英国军队以出色的战斗姿态抵达前线。
It was difficult to restrain the impetuous valor of the French soldiers.
很难抑制法军士兵的急躁勇猛。
The skies were bright and there was confidence that the Germans would unquestionably meet with a crushing defeat.
天空晴朗，人们相信德国人无疑会遭受惨败。
Let us glance at the line of the French and British armies stretched along the Belgian frontier.
让我们看一下沿着比利时边境延伸的法国和英国军队的战线。
It ran from within touch of Namur up the right bank of the Sambre, through Charleroi to Binche and Mons, thence by way of the coal barge canal just within the French frontier to Condé.
它从那慕尔附近沿桑布尔河右岸延伸，穿过沙勒罗瓦到达班什和蒙斯，从那里经过法国边境内的煤炭驳船运河到达孔代。
For the choice of a great battle ground there was nothing particularly attractive about it in a military sense.
对于大战场的选择，从军事意义上来说并没有什么特别的吸引力。
There is evidence to show in an official communiqué from General Joffre published on August 24, 1914, that it was intended to be merely the left wing of a gigantic French battle offensive--on the adopted German plan--from Condé to Belfort.
有证据表明，霞飞将军 1914 年 8 月 24 日发表的官方公报表明，它的目的只是作为法国从孔代到贝尔福的大规模战役攻势的左翼（按照德国的计划）。
"An army," runs the communiqué, "advancing from the northern part of the Woevre and moving on Neufchâteau is attacking the German forces which have been going through the Duchy of Luxemburg and are on the right bank of the Samoy.
公报中写道：“一支军队从沃弗尔北部挺进，向纳沙托前进，正在攻击穿过卢森堡公国、位于萨摩亚河右岸的德军。
Another army from the region of Sedan is traversing the Belgian Ardennes and attacking the German forces marching between the Lesse and the Meuse.
来自色当地区的另一支军队正在穿越比利时阿登地区，攻击在莱瑟河和默兹河之间行进的德军。
A third army from the region of Chimay has attacked the German right between the Sambre and the Meuse.
来自奇迈地区的第三支军队袭击了桑布尔河和默兹河之间的德军右翼。
It is supported by the English army from the region of Mons."
它得到了来自蒙斯地区的英国军队的支持。”
These attacks comprised chiefly the battle of Dinant and cavalry skirmishing, but the purpose of General Joffre was otherwise made plain in throwing advance French troops across the Belgian frontier into Ligny and Gembloux on the road to a recapture of Brussels.
这些袭击主要包括迪南战役和骑兵小冲突，但霞飞将军的目的很明显，就是将法国先头部队越过比利时边境，进入利尼和让布卢，以夺回布鲁塞尔。
This we have previously noted in another connection.
这一点我们之前在另一篇文章中已经提到过。
The rout of the French army in Lorraine, however, put an end to the grand Condé-Belfort offensive.
然而，法军在洛林的溃败结束了孔代-贝尔福的大规模攻势。
Thus the Namur-Condé line became a main defensive position instead of an offensive left wing sweep through Belgium upon Germany.
因此，那慕尔-孔代线成为主要的防御阵地，而不是进攻性的左翼横扫比利时攻击德国。
As such it was well enough--if its pivot on the fortress of Namur held secure.
因此，如果它在那慕尔要塞上的支点能够保持稳固的话，那就足够了。
Liege had already proved its vulnerability, but it would seem that the French General Staff joined with General Michel, the Commander of Namur, in believing the Namur forts would give a better account.
列日已经证明了它的脆弱性，但法国总参谋部似乎与那慕尔指挥官米歇尔将军一起相信那慕尔要塞会给出更好的说明。
The French General Staff were informed of the approximate strength of the advancing armies of Von Kluck and Von Bülow, and had nothing to fear from inferiority in numbers.
法国总参谋部得知了冯·克拉克和冯·布洛前进的军队的大致兵力，因此不必担心人数上的劣势。
The staff never gave out the strength of their forces, but there is reason for believing the great armies were nearly equally matched after mobilization--about 1,200,000 men.
参谋部从未透露过他们的兵力，但有理由相信，在动员之后，两支伟大的军队几乎势均力敌——大约有1,200,000人。
Let us now see what was developing in the Ardennes away to the French right.
现在让我们看看阿登地区远离法国右翼的情况正在发生什么。
It has been established that woods, particularly in summer, form the best cover from the observation or attacks of airmen.
事实证明，树林，尤其是在夏季，是躲避飞行员观察或攻击的最佳掩护。
The spreading, leafy boughs are difficult to penetrate visually from a height of even a few hundred feet, at least to obtain accurate information of what is transpiring beneath.
即使从几百英尺的高度，也很难通过视觉穿透这些枝繁叶茂的树枝，至少无法获得下面发生的情况的准确信息。
French air scouts brought in correct information that they had seen the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince massed along the southern Luxemburg and Belgian forest region.
法国空中侦察兵带来了正确的信息，他们看到符腾堡公爵和王储的军队沿着卢森堡南部和比利时森林地区集结。
But under the foliage there was another army unseen--that of General von Hausen.
但在树叶下还有另一支看不见的军队——冯·豪森将军的军队。
The French moved their Fifth Army up to position on the line of the Sambre.
法军将第五集团军调至桑布尔河沿岸阵地。
They advanced their Third Army, commanded by General Ruffey, upon Luxemburg, and their Fourth Army under General de Langle de Cary across the River Semois to watch the Meuse left bank and gain touch with General Lanzerac.
他们将鲁菲将军指挥的第三集团军向卢森堡推进，德朗格·德卡里将军指挥的第四集团军渡过塞穆瓦河，监视默兹河左岸并与兰泽拉克将军取得联系。
General de Cary came from Sedan, throwing out detachments upon the Meuse left bank.
德卡里将军从色当赶来，向默兹河左岸派遣了分遣队。
These operations were to confront the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince.
这些行动是为了对抗符腾堡公爵和王储的军队。
But the French apparently knew nothing of the movements of the army of General von Hausen.
但法国人显然对冯·豪森将军军队的动向一无所知。
Their air scouts either could not distinguish it from the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and the crown prince, amid the forest of the Ardennes, or they did not observe it at all.
他们的空中侦察兵要么无法将其与阿登森林中的符腾堡公爵和王储的军队区分开来，要么根本没有观察到它。
To the army of General von Hausen there clings a good deal of mystery.
对于冯·豪森将军的军队来说，这充满了神秘感。
When last noted by us, previous to the minor battle of Dinant, it had been formed by forces drawn from the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince.
当我们最后一次注意到时，在迪南的小战役之前，它是由符腾堡公爵和王储的军队抽调的部队组成的。
Ostensibly at that time, it was destined to support, as a separate field force, the armies of Von Kluck and Von Bülow.
表面上看，当时它注定要作为一支独立的野战部队支援冯·克拉克和冯·布洛的军队。
Possibly the Germans had begun to doubt how long Liege could hold out.
德国人可能已经开始怀疑列日能坚持多久。
Von Kluck was compelled to mark time in his impetuous march on Central Belgium.
冯·克拉克被迫在向比利时中部的急行军中原地踏步。
His losses had been heavy.
他的损失是惨重的。
Support in strength seemed urgent.
力量的支持似乎刻不容缓。
But this need passed as the Liege forts fell one after the other under the fire of the German siege guns.
但随着列日要塞在德军攻城炮的火力下一个接一个地陷落，这种需要就过去了。
General von Hausen was released for action elsewhere.
冯·豪森将军被释放去其他地方行动。
Thus we may assume, he was ordered to follow the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince down through the Ardennes to strike the Meuse south of Namur.
因此我们可以假设，他奉命跟随符腾堡公爵和王储的军队穿过阿登地区，攻击那慕尔以南的默兹河。
By this time he had been substantially reenforced.
此时他的实力已经得到了极大的增强。
Now under his command were the complete Twelfth and Nineteenth Corps, and the Eleventh Reserve Corps.
现在在他的指挥下的是完整的第十二军和第十九军，以及第十一预备军。
Also a cavalry division of the Prussian Guard, with some other detachments of cavalry.
还有普鲁士近卫军的一个骑兵师，以及其他一些骑兵分队。
His Eleventh Reserve Corps were Hessians, the Twelfth and Nineteenth Corps were Saxons.
他的第十一预备军是黑森人，第十二和第十九军是撒克逊人。
The latter two corps were regarded as among the best in the German army.
后两个军团被认为是德国军队中最优秀的军团之一。
In the Franco-Prussian War they fought with conspicuous bravery through every battle in which they were engaged.
在普法战争中，他们在每场战斗中都表现出惊人的英勇。
They won the battle for Prussia at Gravelotte by turning the French right and capturing St. Privat.
他们通过右转法军并占领圣普里瓦特，赢得了格拉沃洛特普鲁士之战。
They marched to Sedan under the crown prince--subsequently the Emperor Frederick--to occupy the first line in the hard fighting of the Givonne Valley.
他们在王储（后来的腓特烈皇帝）的带领下进军色当，占领吉翁河谷激战的第一线。
During the siege of Paris they occupied a part of the German northern line, finally to march in triumph into Paris.
在巴黎围攻期间，他们占领了德国北线的一部分，最终凯旋进军巴黎。
This infantry and cavalry of the Prussian Guard stiffened Von Hausen's force into an army of battle strength.
普鲁士近卫军的步兵和骑兵使冯·豪森的军队变得更加强大。
We have thus two factors to bear in mind with regard to the French defensive position at Charleroi--the resisting power of the Namur forts, and the unknown, to the French, proximity of Von Hausen's army.
因此，关于法军在沙勒罗瓦的防御阵地，我们要牢记两个因素：那慕尔要塞的抵抗力，以及冯·豪森军队对法军来说未知的距离。
However substantial was the measure of reliance that the French General Staff and General Michel placed on the Namur forts, evidently General von Bülow regarded them as little more than passing targets for his siege guns.
无论法国总参谋部和米歇尔将军对那慕尔要塞的依赖有多大，冯·比洛将军显然都将它们视为攻城炮的路过目标。
He seemed to have made a comparatively simple mathematical calculation of almost the number of shells necessary to fire, and the hours to be consumed in reducing the Namur forts to masses of débris.
他似乎对发射所需炮弹的数量以及将那慕尔堡垒夷为废墟所需的时间进行了相对简单的数学计算。
We can picture General von Bülow as he sat in the motor car with Marshal von der Goltz--the old gentleman with an overcoat buttoned up to his nose in August, and huge spectacles.
我们可以想象冯·比洛将军和冯·德·戈尔茨元帅坐在汽车里的情景——这位老绅士在八月份穿着一件大衣，扣子扣到鼻子上，戴着一副巨大的眼镜。
Doubtless discussion ran mainly upon the impending attack of their Second Army on the French right.
毫无疑问，讨论主要集中在第二集团军即将对法国右翼发动的进攻上。
Emphasis would have been laid on the positions of the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince advancing away to their left upon the forces of the French Generals Ruffey and de Cary.
重点将放在符腾堡公爵和王储的军队的位置上，他们向左翼推进，攻击法国将军鲁菲和德卡里的军队。
But there was apparently a German gap here between Von Bülow's army and the armies of the Duke of Württemberg and crown prince, though we noticed previously Von Bülow's army came in touch with Saxon troops half way between Huy and Namur, when a detachment of Von Bülow's left wing was thrown across the Meuse at Ardenne.
但冯·比洛的军队与符腾堡公爵和王储的军队之间显然存在德国人的差距，尽管我们之前注意到冯·比洛的军队在于伊和那慕尔之间的中途与撒克逊军队接触，当时冯·比洛的左翼分队在阿登的默兹河上投掷。
This gap was faced by the French extreme right resting on the southward Namur bend of the Meuse.
驻扎在默兹河南岸那慕尔河湾的法国极右翼势力就面临着这一差距。
It was possibly the "trap" military critics of the moment foresaw for the Germans.
这可能是当时军事批评家为德国人预见的“陷阱”。
Quite likely the two German generals Von Bülow and Von der Goltz, chatting in their motor car, referred to this gap, and it is hardly a stretch of imagination to suggest a twinkle in the huge glasses of the old gentleman in the August overcoat, when now and then the name of Von Hausen was mentioned.
两位德国将军冯·布洛和冯·德·戈尔茨在汽车里聊天时很可能提到了这一差距，当时不时提到冯·豪森的名字时，穿着八月大衣的老绅士的巨大眼镜中闪烁着光芒，这几乎不是一种想象。
The German attack on the French right began early in the morning of Friday, August 21, 1914.
德国于 1914 年 8 月 21 日星期五清晨开始对法国右翼发动进攻。
A party of German hussars crossed the Meuse, rode through Charleroi, and trotted on toward the Sambre.
一队德国骠骑兵渡过默兹河，穿过沙勒罗瓦，小跑向桑布尔河前进。
At first they were mistaken for a British cavalry patrol.
起初他们被误认为是英国骑兵巡逻队。
Probably the populace in Charleroi were not sufficiently familiar at that time with the British hussar uniform to distinguish it from the German.
也许沙勒罗瓦的民众当时对英国轻骑兵制服还不够熟悉，无法将其与德国轻骑兵制服区分开来。
In all armies hussar uniforms bear a close resemblance.
所有军队的骠骑兵制服都非常相似。
A French officer, however, presently detected the situation.
然而，一名法国军官很快发现了这一情况。
After a skirmish the German hussars were driven off with the loss of a few killed and wounded.
一场小冲突后，德国骠骑兵被赶走，并造成一些伤亡。
But the raid evidently came out of the gap as a surprise to the French.
但这次突袭显然让法国人大吃一惊。
The citizens were promptly ordered to their homes.
公民立即被命令回家。
Barricades were raised in the streets, and mitrailleuses were placed in sweeping positions.
街道上竖起了路障，并在清扫位置放置了米特雷勒斯。
An artillery engagement began at Jemappe, nine miles above Namur on the left bank of the Sambre, between Von Bülow's vanguard and the main French right.
炮火交战始于杰马佩（Jemappe），该处位于桑布尔河左岸那慕尔上方九英里处，位于冯·比洛（Von Bülow）的先头部队和法军右翼主力之间。
Later in the day Von Bülow's vanguard artillery had advanced to open fire on Charleroi and Thuin, seven miles beyond.
当天晚些时候，冯·比洛的先头炮兵向七英里外的沙勒罗瓦和图因开火。
On Saturday, August 22, 1914, Von Bülow attacked Charleroi in full strength.
1914 年 8 月 22 日星期六，冯·比洛全力进攻沙勒罗瓦。
As we have seen, he had already practically settled with Namur.
正如我们所看到的，他实际上已经与那慕尔达成了和解。
Their main assault on Saturday was delivered on the Sambre bridges at Chatelet and Thuin, below and above Charleroi, respectively.
他们周六的主要攻击是在沙勒罗瓦下方和上方的夏特莱和图因的桑布尔桥上进行的。
Sometime on Saturday they succeeded in crossing to turn Charleroi into one of the most frightful street battle grounds in history.
周六的某个时候，他们成功越境，将沙勒罗瓦变成了历史上最可怕的街头战场之一。
The conflict raged for the possession of iron foundries, glass works, and other factories.
为争夺铸铁厂、玻璃厂和其他工厂的所有权而发生的冲突愈演愈烈。
The thoroughfares were swept by storms of machine-gun fire.
机枪扫射了大街。
Tall chimneys toppled over and crashed to the ground, burying defenders grouped near under piles of débris.
高大的烟囱倒塌并坠落到地面，将聚集在附近的防御者埋在成堆的碎片下。
Desperate hand-to-hand encounters took place in workshops, electric-power stations, and manufacturing plants.
车间、发电站、制造工厂发生了绝望的肉搏战。
The normal whir of machinery, now silent, was succeeded by the crack and spitting of continuous rifle fire.
机器正常的轰鸣声现在已经安静了，取而代之的是连续不断的步枪射击声和喷溅声。
The French-Turco and Zouave troops fought with savage ferocity, with gleaming eyes, using bayonets and knives to contest alleys and passageways.
法军突厥军和轻步兵部队战斗凶猛，眼神闪烁，用刺刀和刀子争夺小巷和通道。
House doors were battered in to reach those firing from upper windows.
房屋的门被撞开，以打击从楼上窗户开火的敌人。
Roofs and yard walls were scaled in chase of fleeing parties.
屋顶和院子的墙壁在追赶逃跑的队伍时被削平。
The Germans were driven out of Charleroi several times, only to return in stronger force.
德国人多次被赶出沙勒罗瓦，但后来又以更强大的力量返回。
Similarly with the French.
法国人也同样如此。
With each change of victors, the losing side turned to bombard with a torrent of artillery shells the war-engulfed city.
随着胜利者的交替，失败的一方转而用洪流般的炮弹轰炸这座被战争吞噬的城市。
At nightfall on August 22, 1914, Charleroi burst into flames.
1914 年 8 月 22 日夜幕降临，沙勒罗瓦燃起了大火。
A dread and significant glow fell upon the sky.
一道可怕而显着的光芒落在天空上。
Absent were the usual intermittent flare of blast furnaces.
没有高炉通常的间歇性火炬。
The greater part of Charleroi had become a heap of ruins.
沙勒罗瓦的大部分地区已经变成了一堆废墟。
Those of its citizens still alive cowered in holes or corners for shelter.
那些还活着的公民蜷缩在洞里或角落里寻求庇护。
The battle of Charleroi went on throughout the night.
沙勒罗瓦之战持续了一整夜。
Early on the morning of Sunday, August 23, 1914, Von Hausen swept down through the gap between the armies of Von Bülow and the Duke of Württemberg.
1914 年 8 月 23 日星期日清晨，冯·豪森横扫冯·比洛和符腾堡公爵军队之间的缺口。
He crossed the Meuse, drove from before him the French detachments watching it, and advanced to attack the rear of the French right.
他渡过默兹河，赶走前方守卫的法军分遣队，然后向前进攻法军右翼的后方。
Von Hausen took the French at Charleroi completely by surprise.
冯·豪森让沙勒罗瓦的法军完全措手不及。
At the moment they could comprehend neither where he came from nor the measure of his strength.
此刻他们既不知道他来自哪里，也不知道他的力量有多大。
But he was in army force.
但他在军队服役。
The French were compelled to withdraw their right from Charleroi.
法国人被迫从沙勒罗瓦撤回他们的权利。
Von Hausen seized the advantage to hurl his forces upon their rear, while Von Bülow thundered in assault more vigorously than ever on the French front.
冯·豪森抓住了优势，将他的部队猛烈地攻击他们的后方，而冯·布洛则在法军前线发起了前所未有的猛烈进攻。
A powerful force was hurled upon them from an unexpected direction.
一股强大的力量从意想不到的方向袭来。
Presently the retreat of the French Fifth Army was threatened by the two Saxon corps of Von Hausen's army, pressing on the French right flank and rear.
不久，法国第五集团军的撤退受到了冯·豪森军队的两个撒克逊军的威胁，它们向法军右翼和后方施压。
In this emergency the retirement of the French Fifth Army appears to have been undertaken with spontaneous realization of utmost danger.
在这种紧急情况下，法国第五集团军的撤退似乎是在意识到极度危险的情况下自发进行的。
It gave way before the attacks of Von Bülow and Von Hausen to move southward, leaving their British left wing without information of defeat.
在冯·布洛和冯·豪森进攻之前，它屈服了，向南移动，使他们的英国左翼没有失败的信息。
CHAPTER IX
第九章
BATTLE OF MONS
蒙斯之战
On Friday, August 21, 1914, the British force began to take position on the French left, forming the line Binche-Mons-Condé.
1914 年 8 月 21 日星期五，英国军队开始在法国左翼占据阵地，形成班什-蒙斯-孔代防线。
When finally concentrated it comprised the First and Second Army Corps, and General Allenby's cavalry division.
当最终集中时，它包括第一和第二军团，以及艾伦比将军的骑兵师。
The regiments forming the cavalry division were the Second Dragoon Guards, Ninth Lancers, Fourth Hussars, Sixth Dragoon Guards, with a contingent of the Household Guards.
组成骑兵师的团有第二近卫龙骑兵团、第九枪骑兵团、第四骠骑兵团、第六近卫龙骑兵团，以及一支近卫军特遣队。
The First Army Corps was given the right of the line from Binche to Mons.
第一军团获得了从班什到蒙斯的战线右侧。
It was commanded by Sir Douglas Haig.
它由道格拉斯·黑格爵士指挥。
He was a cavalry officer like the commander in chief, and a comparatively young man for such a responsibility, but had seen active service with credit.
他和总司令一样是一名骑兵军官，担任这样的职责相对年轻，但曾在现役中获得过荣誉。
His corps was comprised of six guards' battalions.
他的军团由六个警卫营组成。
The First Black Watch, Second Munster Fusiliers, The Royal Sussex, North Lancashire, Northamptons, Second King's Royal Rifles, Third West Surreys, The South Wales Borderers, Gloucesters, First Welsh Regiment, Highland Light Infantry, Connaught Rangers, Liverpools, South Staffords, Berkshires, and First King's Royal Rifles.
第一黑卫、第二明斯特燧发枪团、皇家苏塞克斯、北兰开夏、北安普顿、第二国王皇家步枪团、第三西萨里、南威尔士边境、格洛斯特、第一威尔士军团、高地轻步兵、康诺特游骑兵、利物浦、南斯塔福德、伯克郡和第一国王皇家步枪团。
The First Irish Guards went into action for the first time in its history.
爱尔兰第一卫队历史上首次投入战斗。
The second corps extended from Mons to Condé, commanded by Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien.
第二军从蒙斯延伸到孔代，由霍勒斯·史密斯-多里安爵士指挥。
General Dorrien was a west of England man, and turning fifty-six.
多林将军是英格兰西部人，今年五十六岁。
He had seen active service in the Zulu War, Egypt, Sudan, the Chitral Relief Force, and Tirah campaign.
他曾在祖鲁战争、埃及、苏丹、吉德拉尔救援部队和提拉战役中服役。
He had occupied the positions of adjutant general in India, commander of the Quetta division, and commander in chief at Aldershot.
他曾担任印度副将、奎达师师长和奥尔德肖特总司令。
He was recognized as a serious military student, and possessing the approval and confidence of Lord Kitchener.
他被认为是一名认真的军事学生，并得到基奇纳勋爵的认可和信任。
The Second Corps was composed of Royal Irish Rifles, Wiltshires, South Lancashires, Worcesters, Gordons, Royal Scots, Royal Irish, Middlesex, Royal Fusiliers, Northumberland Fusiliers, Royal Scots Fusiliers, Lincolns, Yorkshire Light Infantry, West Kent, West Riding, Scottish Borderers, Manchesters, Cornwalls, East Surreys, and Suffolks.
第二军团由皇家爱尔兰步枪队、威尔特郡、南兰开夏郡、伍斯特、戈登、皇家苏格兰、皇家爱尔兰、米德尔塞克斯、皇家燧发枪团、诺森伯兰燧发枪团、皇家苏格兰燧发枪团、林肯、约克郡轻步兵、西肯特、西赖丁、苏格兰边境、曼彻斯特、康沃尔、东萨里和萨福克组成。
To the rear Count Gleichen commanded the Norfolks, Bedfords, Cheshires, and Dorsets.
后方由格莱兴伯爵指挥诺福克、贝德福德、柴郡和多塞特。
On the left of the Second Corps was stationed General Allenby's cavalry.
第二军团的左侧驻扎着艾伦比将军的骑兵。
In passing we may note that the commander in chief of the British forces was a cavalry officer, the commander of the First Army Corps a cavalry officer, and that the cavalry was in comparatively ample force.
顺便说一下，英军总司令是骑兵军官，第一军团司令是骑兵军官，骑兵兵力也比较充足。
Von Mackensen of the German force came from that branch of the service.
德国军队的冯·马肯森就来自该军种。
Cavalry officers are excellent soldiers, but their training as such is not promising for the command of modern armies, mainly of infantry and artillery, with other complements.
骑兵军官是优秀的士兵，但他们的训练本身并不适合指挥现代军队，主要是步兵和炮兵，还有其他补充。
In war much has changed since Waterloo, with the value of cavalry retreating into the background as aeroplanes sweep to the front for scouting and other purposes.
自滑铁卢战役以来，战争中发生了很大的变化，骑兵的价值逐渐退居幕后，而飞机则飞到前线进行侦察和其他用途。
From Binche to Condé the line assigned to the British was approximately twenty-five miles.
从班什到孔代，分配给英国人的防线大约有二十五英里。
Their force totaled some 75,000 men with 259 guns.
他们的部队总共约有 75,000 人，拥有 259 支枪。
General French, therefore, had 2,500 men to the mile of front.
因此，弗兰奇将军在前线一英里内部署了 2,500 名士兵。
This was an insufficient force, as the usual fighting front for a battalion of a thousand men in defense or in attack is estimated in all armies at about 425 yards.
这是一支不足的部队，因为在所有军队中，一个由 1000 人组成的营在防御或进攻时通常的战斗前线估计约为 425 码。
The British brigade of four battalions (4,000 rifles) covers a half-mile front.
英国旅由四个营组成（4,000支步枪），覆盖了半英里的战线。
General French's Third Army Corps having been utilized elsewhere, he was compelled to use his cavalry in four brigades as reserve.
弗兰奇将军的第三军团已被调往其他地方，他被迫使用四个旅的骑兵作为预备队。
Previous to the German attack on Charleroi, General Joffre still held to his plan of a left-wing attack, or rather a counterattack after the Germans were beaten.
在德军进攻沙勒罗瓦之前，霞飞将军仍然坚持他的左翼进攻计划，或者说是德军被击败后的反击计划。
But battles were commencing on other fronts, properly belonging to the general retreat, which made its execution doubtful even in an hour of victory.
但战斗正在其他战线上展开，这些战线本来就属于大撤退，这使得即使在胜利的一个小时内，其执行情况也令人怀疑。
The capture of Charleroi, of course, dissipated it as a dream.
当然，攻克沙勒罗瓦后，这一切就如同一场梦一样破灭了。
That General French realized the superiority in numbers of Von Kluck's advancing army both in infantry and artillery is nowhere suggested.
弗伦奇将军认识到冯·克拉克的前进军队在步兵和炮兵方面的数量优势，这一点没有被提及。
His airmen had merely brought in the information that the attack would be in "considerable force." The French Intelligence Service were led to believe and informed the British commander that Von Kluck was advancing upon him with only one corps, or two at the most.
他的飞行员只是带来了攻击将是“相当大的力量”的信息。法国情报部门相信并通知英国指挥官，冯·克拉克只带着一个军（最多两个军）向他推进。
Some of General French's cavalry scouting as far toward Brussels as Soignes, during the 21st and 22d, confirmed it.
21 日和 22 日期间，弗朗西斯将军的一些骑兵向布鲁塞尔远至苏瓦涅进行侦察，证实了这一点。
But the British proceeded to prepare for attack immediately on taking position.
但英国人一上阵就立即准备进攻。
They set to work digging trenches.
他们开始挖战壕。
While continuing their defensive efforts through Saturday, August 22, 1914, there floated to them a distant rumble from the eastward.
1914 年 8 月 22 日星期六，当他们继续进行防御工作时，从东方传来遥远的隆隆声。
Opinions differed as to whether it was the German guns bombarding Namur, or a battle in progress on the Sambre.
对于这是德国炮轰那慕尔还是桑布尔河上正在进行的战斗，意见不一。
For the most part British officers and men had but a vague idea of their position, or the progress of the fighting in the vicinity.
大多数英国军官和士兵对自己的位置或附近战斗的进展只有一个模糊的了解。
Even the headquarters staff remained uninformed of the desperate situation developing on the French right at Charleroi.
就连总部的工作人员也仍然不知道沙勒罗瓦法军右翼正在发展的绝望局势。
The headquarters of the British army was at Mons.
英国军队的总部位于蒙斯。
It lies within what is known as "le Borinage," that is the boring district of Belgium, the coal-mining region.
它位于所谓的“le Borinage”，即比利时煤矿区的无聊区。
In certain physical aspects it much resembles the same territory of Pennsylvania.
在某些物理方面，它与宾夕法尼亚州的同一领土非常相似。
Containing one or two larger towns such as Charleroi and Mons, it is sprinkled over with villages gathered near the coal pits.
它包含一两个较大的城镇，如沙勒罗瓦和蒙斯，散布着聚集在煤矿附近的村庄。
Everywhere trolley lines are to be seen running from the mines to supply the main railways and barge canals.
随处可见从矿井延伸出来的有轨电车线路，为主要铁路和驳船运河供电。
Formerly the people were of a rough, ignorant and poverty toiling type, but of late years have greatly improved with the introduction of organized labor and education.
以前，人民是粗野、愚昧、贫困的劳作型人民，但近年来，随着有组织的劳动和教育的引入，情况有了很大改善。
Previous bad conditions, however, have left their mark in a stunted and physically degenerate type of descendants from the mining population of those times.
然而，以前的恶劣条件在当时采矿人口的后代中留下了发育不良和身体退化的印记。
In contrast to later comers they resemble a race of dwarfs.
与后来者相比，他们就像一个矮人种族。
The men seldom exceed four feet eight inches in height, the women and children appear bloodless and emaciated.
男人的身高很少超过四英尺八英寸，女人和孩子看上去面无血色，憔悴不堪。
The output of the Borinage coal field exceeds twenty million tons a year.
博里纳日煤田年产量超过2000万吨。
Its ungainly features of shafts, chimneys, and mounds of débris are relieved in places by woodlands, an appearance of a hilly country is presented where the pit mounds have been planted with fir trees.
其笨拙的竖井、烟囱和碎石堆的特征在一些地方被林地所缓解，在坑丘上种植了冷杉树的地方呈现出丘陵地区的外观。
Apart from its mining aspect, Mons is a city of historic importance.
除了采矿业外，蒙斯还是一座具有重要历史意义的城市。
It contains a Gothic cathedral and town hall of medieval architectural note.
它包含一座哥特式大教堂和中世纪建筑风格的市政厅。
It also, cherishes a special yearly fête of its own on Trinity Sunday, when in the parade of the Limaçon, or snail, the spectacle of St. George and the Dragon is presented.
它还珍惜每年的圣三一星期日的特殊节日，在利马松（或蜗牛）游行中，呈现圣乔治和龙的奇观。
With great pride the citizens of Mons showed the British soldiers of occupation an ancient cannon, claimed to have been used by their forefathers as an ally of the English at Crécy.
蒙斯公民非常自豪地向英国占领军士兵展示了一门古老的大炮，声称这门大炮被他们的祖先用作克雷西的英国盟友。
Especially east of Mons, toward Binche, the British line ran through this district.
特别是在蒙斯以东、班什方向，英军防线穿过这个地区。
Several of the greatest European battles have been fought in its vicinity--Ramilles, Malplaquet, Jemappe, and Ligny.
欧洲几场最伟大的战役都发生在其附近——拉米尔斯战役、马尔普拉凯战役、杰马佩战役和利尼战役。
The night of Saturday, August 22, 1914, passed peacefully for the British soldiers, still working on their trenches.
1914 年 8 月 22 日星期六的夜晚，对于仍在战壕里工作的英国士兵来说，平静地度过了。
But distant boom of guns from the east continued to vibrate to them at intervals.
但从东方远方传来的炮声仍然时不时地向他们震动。
Of its portend they knew nothing.
对于它的预兆，他们一无所知。
Doubtless as they plied the shovel they again speculated over it, wondering and possibly regretting a chance of their having been deprived of the anticipated battle.
毫无疑问，当他们拿起铲子时，他们再次开始思考，想知道并可能后悔自己被剥夺了参加预期战斗的机会。
Sunday morning, August 23, 1914, dawned brightly with no sign of the enemy.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，星期日早晨，黎明时分，没有敌人的踪影。
In Mons and the surrounding villages the workmen donned their usual holiday attire, women stood about their doors chatting, children played in the streets.
在蒙斯和周围的村庄，工人们穿上了平常的节日服装，女人们站在门口聊天，孩子们在街上玩耍。
Church bells rung as usual summoning to public worship.
教堂的钟声像往常一样响起，召唤人们进行公众礼拜。
General French gathered his generals for an early conference.
弗兰奇将军提前召集了他的将军们召开会议。
General Joffre's message on Saturday morning, assured General French of victory, and positively informed him that Von Kluck was advancing upon him with no more than one or two army corps.
霞飞将军周六早上的消息，向弗兰奇将军保证了胜利，并明确地告诉他，冯·克拉克正在向他推进，他的兵力不超过一两个军团。
In testimony of it, General French thus wrote a subsequent official dispatch.
为了证明这一点，弗伦奇将军随后写了一份官方电报。
"From information I received from French headquarters, I understood that little more than one or at most two of the enemy's army corps, with perhaps one cavalry division, were in front of my position, and I was aware of no outflanking movement attempted by the enemy" (Von Hausen's advance on the right).
“根据我从法国总部收到的信息，我了解到，在我的阵地前面只有一个或最多两个敌军军团，也许还有一个骑兵师，而且我知道敌人没有尝试包抄”（冯·豪森在右侧推进）。
"I was confirmed in this opinion by the fact that my patrols encountered no undue opposition in their reconnoitering operations.
“我的巡逻队在侦察行动中没有遇到不正当的抵抗，这一事实证实了我的这一观点。
The observations of my aeroplanes seemed also to bear out this estimate."
我对飞机的观察似乎也证实了这一估计。”
To General French, therefore, his position seemed well secured.
因此，对于弗伦奇将军来说，他的地位似乎很稳固。
In the light of it he awaited Von Kluck's attack with confidence.
有鉴于此，他满怀信心地等待着冯·克拉克的进攻。
Toward mid-day some German aeroplanes swept up above the woods in front, and circled over the British line.
中午时分，一些德国飞机从前面的树林上空掠过，并在英军防线上空盘旋。
British marksmen at once fired on the bodies and hawklike wings of the intruders.
英国射手立即向入侵者的尸体和鹰一样的翅膀开火。
Some tense interest was roused among the men as British aeroplanes rose to encounter the German aircraft.
当英国飞机升起与德国飞机相遇时，人们引起了一些紧张的兴趣。
It was the first real battle of the sky they had witnessed.
这是他们第一次目睹真正的天空之战。
General French's cavalry patrols now brought information that the woods were thick with German troops, some of them deploying eastward toward their right at Binche.
弗兰奇将军的骑兵巡逻队现在带来的信息是，树林里布满了德军，其中一些在班什的右侧向东部署。
At twenty minutes to one the first shots swept from the woods upon the British line.
还剩二十分钟时，第一枪从树林中扫过英军战线。
Presently, Von Kluck's main attack developed with great rapidity.
目前，冯·克鲁克的主攻发展速度极快。
The German artillery was brought to the front edge of the woods to hurl a storm of shells on the British trenches.
德国炮兵被带到树林的前缘，向英军战壕投掷炮弹。
It was returned with equal vigor.
它以同样的力度返回。
But very soon it became apparent to British commanders along the line that the German artillery fire was in far greater volume than what might be expected from two army corps, whose normal complement would be some 340 guns.
但很快，沿线的英国指挥官就发现，德国炮兵的火力远远超出了两个军团的预期，后者的正常配备约为 340 门火炮。
Instead it was estimated 600 German guns were shortly brought into action.
相反，据估计有 600 门德国火炮很快投入使用。
The battle field was described by the Germans as "an emptiness." The term is intended to emphasize that the old martial display and pomp has completely gone.
战场被德国人形容为“一片空旷”。这个词的目的是强调旧的武术表演和排场已经完全消失了。
A grand advance upon each other, with trumpets sounding, banners fluttering, brilliant uniforms, and splendid cavalry charges, was impossible with long range weapons hailing storms of bullets and shells of devastating explosive power.
号角吹响、旗帜飘扬、制服华丽、骑兵冲锋的盛大进攻，如果使用远程武器发射的子弹和具有毁灭性威力的炮弹，是不可能的。
Cover was the all important immediate aim of both attack and defense.
掩护是进攻和防守最重要的直接目标。
In this respect as we have seen, the German gray-green uniform assisted by rendering them almost invisible within shelter of such woods as those before Mons.
在这方面，正如我们所看到的，德国灰绿色制服使他们在蒙斯之前的树林庇护下几乎看不见。
On the other hand, the brown khaki shade of the British field uniforms--originally designed for the same purpose on the sandy wastes of Egypt and Northern India--became conspicuous upon a green background.
另一方面，英国野战服的棕色卡其色——最初是为埃及和印度北部的沙质荒原的相同目的而设计的——在绿色背景下变得引人注目。
As the battle of Mons developed, the British line of the Condé Canal was swept with German shrapnel.
随着蒙斯战役的发展，英军在孔代运河的防线被德军的弹片扫荡。
German shells, also, began bursting in the suburbs of Mons and in the near-by villages.
德国的炮弹也开始在蒙斯郊区和附近的村庄爆炸。
Sir Douglas Haig's right thus came under strong fire.
道格拉斯·黑格爵士的右翼因此受到猛烈攻击。
German aeroplanes assisted by dropping smoke bombs over the British positions to give the angle of range for their artillery.
德国飞机向英军阵地投掷烟雾弹，以确定英军火炮的射程角度。
Thereupon fights above took place between British and German airmen, while the armies beneath thundered shot and shell upon each other.
于是，上面的英国和德国飞行员之间发生了战斗，而下面的军队则互相射击和炮击。
The Germans came on in massed formation of attack.
德国人以密集队形进攻。
The British were accustomed to attack in open extended line, and their shooting from any available cover was generally excellent.
英国人习惯于在开放的延长线中进攻，他们从任何可用的掩护处射击通常都非常出色。
They could not understand the German attack in such close order that they were mowed down in groups of hundreds.
他们无法理解德国人如此密集的进攻，以至于他们被数百人集体扫射。
The German infantry rifle fire, breaking from the shelter of the woods to encounter a stronger British fire than was anticipated, was at first ineffective.
德国步兵的步枪火力从树林的掩护中冲出来，遇到了比预期更强的英国火力，起初并没有什么效果。
As to the mass formation they depended upon overwhelming reserves to take the places of those dead piled in heaps before the British trenches.
至于群众编队，他们依靠压倒性的后备力量来取代英军战壕前成堆的死者。
It was General Grant's "food for powder" plan of attack repeated.
这是格兰特将军的“以粮换火药”的进攻计划的重复。
Thus the battle raged upon the entire length of the British line, with repeated advances and retreats on the part of the Germans.
因此，战斗在英军全线展开，德军不断进退。
Now and then the bodies almost reached the British trenches, and a breach seemed in certain prospect.
时不时地，尸体就快要到达英军战壕了，突破口似乎在所难免。
But the British sprang upon the invaders, bayonet in hand, and drove them back to the shelter of the woods.
但英国人手持刺刀向入侵者发起进攻，并将他们赶回树林的庇护所。
The Irish regiments, especially, were considered invincible in this "cold steel" method of attack, their national impulsive ardor carrying them in a fury through the ranks of an enemy.
尤其是爱尔兰军团，在这种“冷钢”攻击方式中被认为是无敌的，他们的民族冲动热情使他们在敌人的队伍中狂怒。
But at Mons always the Germans returned in ever greater numbers.
但在蒙斯，返回的德国人数量总是越来越多。
The artillery increased the terrible rain of shells.
大炮增加了可怕的炮弹雨。
Pen pictures by British soldiers vividly describe the battle somewhat conflictingly.
英国士兵的笔画生动地描述了这场战斗，但有些矛盾。
"They were in solid square blocks, standing out sharply against the skyline, and you couldn't help hitting them.
“它们呈实心方块状，在天际线上显得格外突出，你会情不自禁地撞到它们。
It was like butting your head against a stone wall....
就像把头撞在石墙上一样......
They crept nearer and nearer, and then our officers gave the word.
他们爬得越来越近，然后我们的军官发出了命令。
A sheet of flame flickered along the line of trenches and a stream of bullets tore through the advancing mass of Germans.
一道火焰沿着战壕一线闪烁，一串子弹撕裂了前进的德军大军。
They seemed to stagger like a drunken man hit between the eyes, after which they made a run for us....
他们就像一个醉汉被击中双眼一样摇摇晃晃，然后向我们跑来……
Halfway across the open another volley tore through their ranks, and by this time our artillery began dropping shells around them.
穿过空地的一半时，另一次齐射撕开了他们的队伍，此时我们的炮兵开始向他们周围投掷炮弹。
Then an officer gave an order and they broke into open formation, rushing like mad toward the trenches on our left.
然后一名军官发出命令，他们就排成开放队形，疯狂地冲向我们左边的战壕。
Some of our men continued the volley firing, but a few of our crack shots were told off for independent firing....
我们的一些人继续齐射，但我们的一些神枪手被告知要进行独立射击……
They fell back in confusion, and then lay down wherever cover was available.
他们困惑地向后退去，然后在任何有掩护的地方躺下。
We gave them no rest, and soon they were on the move again in flight....
我们没有让他们休息，很快他们又开始飞行了……
This sort of thing went on through the whole day."
这样的事情持续了一整天。”
From another view we gather that "We were in the trenches waiting for them, but we didn't expect anything like the smashing blow that struck us.
从另一个角度来看，我们得出这样的结论：“我们在战壕里等待他们，但我们没想到会发生像我们这样的毁灭性打击。
All at once, so it seemed, the sky began to rain down bullets and shells.
突然之间，天空开始下雨般的子弹和炮弹。
At first they went wide ...
起初他们走得很宽......
but after a time ...
但过了一段时间...
they got our range and then they fairly mopped us up....
他们得到了我们的射程，然后他们就把我们扫地出门......
I saw many a good comrade go out."
我看到很多好同志出去了。”
During the early part of the battle Von Kluck directed his main attack upon the British right, with a furious artillery bombardment of Binche and Bray.
在战斗的早期阶段，冯·克拉克将他的主要进攻方向瞄准了英国右翼，对班什和布雷进行了猛烈的炮轰。
This was coincident with the crumpling of the French right at Charleroi by the army of Von Bülow, and its threatened retreat by that of Von Hausen.
与此同时，法军在沙勒罗瓦的右翼被冯·布洛的军队瓦解，并受到冯·豪森的威胁撤退。
The retirement of the French Fifth Army, therefore, left General Haig exposed to a strong flank attack by Von Kluck.
因此，法国第五集团军的退役使黑格将军面临冯·克拉克的猛烈侧翼攻击。
Confronted with this danger, General Haig was compelled to withdraw his right to a rise of ground southward of Bray.
面对这种危险，黑格将军被迫撤回了布雷以南的高地。
This movement left Mons the salient of an angle between the First and Second British Army Corps.
这次行动使蒙斯成为英国第一军团和第二军团之间的一个突出角度。
Shortly after this movement was performed, General Hamilton, in command of Mons, found himself in peril of converging German front and flank attacks.
这次行动进行后不久，蒙斯指挥的汉密尔顿将军发现自己面临着德军正面和侧翼攻击的威胁。
If the Germans succeeded in breaking through the British line beyond Mons, he would be cut off and surrounded.
如果德军成功突破蒙斯以外的英军防线，他将被切断并包围。
General Hamilton informed his superior, General French, of this danger, and was advised in return "to be careful not to keep the troops in the salient too long, but, if threatened seriously to draw back the center behind Mons."
汉密尔顿将军向他的上司弗伦奇将军通报了这一危险，并被建议“小心不要让部队在突出部停留太久，但如果受到严重威胁，请将中军撤回蒙斯后面”。
A little after General French had sent General Hamilton this warning, he received a telegram from General Joffre which he describes as "a most unexpected message." General Joffre's telegram conveyed the first news to General French not only that the French Fifth Army had been defeated and was in retreat--the first intimation even that the French right at Charleroi under General Lanrezac was in peril--but that at least three German army corps were attacking the British.
在弗伦奇将军向汉密尔顿将军发出警告后不久，他收到了霞飞将军的一封电报，他将其描述为“最意想不到的消息”。霞飞将军的电报向法国将军传达了第一个消息，不仅是法国第五集团军已被击败并正在撤退——甚至是朗勒扎克将军领导下的法军在沙勒罗瓦的右翼处于危险之中的第一个消息——而且至少有三个德国军团正在攻击英国人。
Doubtless the German smashing of General Joffre's planned grand counterattack, after the Germans were to be beaten, was disheartening as well as a sore disappointment.
毫无疑问，在德军被击败之后，霞飞将军计划的大规模反击被德军粉碎，这令人沮丧，也令人极度失望。
General French possessed 75,000 men.
弗伦奇将军拥有 75,000 名士兵。
It was now disclosed that in front Von Kluck was hurling upon him 200,000 men, Von Bülow was hammering on his right, Von Hausen in pursuit of the French threatened his rear, while some 50,000 Germans were enveloping his left.
现在据透露，冯·克卢克在前面向他投掷了20万士兵，冯·布洛在他的右侧猛击，冯·豪森在追击威胁他后方的法国人，而大约5万名德国人正在包围他的左侧。
He had no option but to order a retreat.
没有办法，他只能下令撤退。
Dealing with the combined action of the French and British in this critical period a French military writer says:
在谈到法国和英国在这一关键时期的联合行动时，一位法国军事作家说道：
"The French armies of the center--that is to say, the Third and Fourth Armies--had as their mission the duty of attacking the German army in Belgian Luxembourg, of attempting to put it to flight and of crumpling it up against the left flank of the German main body at the north.
“法军中线，即第三集团军和第四集团军，其任务是攻击驻比属卢森堡的德军，试图将其击退，并在北部德军主力的左翼上将其击溃。
This offensive on the part of the French center began on August 21, 1914.
法国中军的这次攻势始于 1914 年 8 月 21 日。
The Third Army (General Ruffey) followed from the east to the west the course of the Semoy, a tributary on the right of the Meuse.
第三集团军（鲁菲将军）从东向西沿着默兹河右侧的支流塞莫伊河前进。
The Fourth Army operated between the Meuse and the Lesse.
第四集团军在默兹河和莱塞河之间活动。
The Germans occupied the plateau which extends from Neufchâteau to Paliseul.
德国人占领了从纳沙托到巴利瑟尔的高原。
It is uncertain territory, covered with heaths and thick woods, and lends itself poorly to the reconnaissance work of aviators or cavalry patrols.
这是一片不确定的领土，覆盖着荒原和茂密的树林，不太适合飞行员或骑兵巡逻队的侦察工作。
There are no targets for the artillery.
大炮没有目标。
The Germans had strongly fortified the ground.
德国人在地面上构筑了坚固的防御工事。
The infantry of the Fourth Army which hurled itself against these positions was thrown back; still fighting it fell back over the Meuse.
冲向这些阵地的第四集团军步兵被击退。仍在战斗中，它又落回了默兹河上。
The pursuit by the Germans was punctuated by strong counterattacks, which inflicted great losses on them.
德军的追击中夹杂着猛烈的反击，给他们造成了巨大的损失。
The Third Army was similarly checked in its march on Neufchâteau by the superior forces of the crown prince and was thrown back on the Semoy.
第三集团军在向纳沙托进军时也同样受到王储的优势部队的阻击，并被击退到塞莫伊河。
Thus the offensive actions undertaken by the armies of the French center miscarried.
因此，法国中军的进攻行动失败了。
Not only were they unable to lend their aid to the armies of the left, but they saw themselves obliged to retreat.
他们不仅无法向左翼军队提供援助，而且还认为自己不得不撤退。
"The situation could only be reestablished by a victory on the part of the Fifth French Army operating in conjunction with the army of General French.
“只有法国第五集团军与弗伦奇将军的军队联合行动取得胜利，局势才能得到重建。
This army, however, found itself in the presence of German forces of great strength, consisting of the crack corps of the German army.
然而，这支军队发现自己面对的是由德国军队精锐部队组成的强大力量。
On the 22d the Germans at the cost of considerable losses succeeded in passing the Sambre, and General Lanrezac fell back on Beaumont-Givet, being apprehensive of the danger which threatened his right.
22日，德军在损失惨重的情况下成功渡过了桑布尔河，兰勒扎克将军担心自己的权利受到威胁，于是撤回博蒙吉维。
On the 24th the British army retreated, in the face of a German attack, on to the Maubeuge-Valenciennes line.
24日，面对德军的进攻，英军撤退至莫伯日-瓦朗谢纳防线。
It appeared at first that the British had in front of them at most an army corps, with perhaps a corps of cavalry.
乍一看，英国人面前最多只有一个军团，也许还有一个骑兵军团。
They were apprised, however, about five o'clock in the evening that three army corps were advancing against them, while a fourth was marching against their left along the road from Tournai in a turning movement.
然而，他们在晚上五点左右接到通知，三个军团正在向他们进攻，而第四个军团正在从图尔奈出发的道路上向他们的左翼行进，进行转弯运动。
General French effected his retreat during the night behind the salient of Mons.
弗兰奇将军于夜间撤退到蒙斯突出部后面。
Threatened on August 24 by the strength of the whole German army, he fled backward in the direction of Maubeuge."
8月24日，他受到整个德军力量的威胁，向莫伯日方向向后逃亡。”
CHAPTER X
第十章
THE GREAT RETREAT BEGINS
大撤退开始
The German hosts now stood at the gates of France.
德国东道主现在已站在法国门口。
It was a mighty spectacle.
这是一个壮观的景象。
The soldiery of the Kaiser which had swept their way into Belgium, there to meet the unexpected resistance of the defenders of King Albert, had reached their goal--the French frontier.
德皇的军队横扫比利时，在那里遇到了阿尔伯特国王保卫者的意外抵抗，最终到达了他们的目标——法国边境。
About the middle of August, 1914, General Joffre, assigned to the British Expeditionary Force, commanded by Sir John French, the task of holding Mons against the powerful German advance.
1914 年 8 月中旬左右，霞飞将军被派往由约翰·弗伦奇爵士指挥的英国远征军，负责坚守蒙斯，抵御德军的强大进攻。
The British force formed the left wing of the line of front that stretched for some two hundred miles close to the Belgian frontier.
英国军队形成了靠近比利时边境绵延约两百英里的战线左翼。
Extending from Arras through the colliery towns of Mons and Charleroi, the extreme western front of the armies was held by General D'Amade at Arras, with about 40,000 reserve territorial troops; by General French, with 80,000 British regulars, at Mons; by the Fifth French Army of 200,000 first-line troops, under General Lanrezac, near Charleroi; and by a force of 25,000 Belgian troops at Namur.
从阿拉斯延伸到蒙斯和沙勒罗瓦的煤矿城镇，军队的最西线由阿拉斯的达马德将军控制，拥有大约 40,000 名领土后备部队；由法国将军和 80,000 名英国常客在蒙斯创作；由兰勒扎克将军率领的法国第五集团军的20万一线部队在沙勒罗瓦附近进行；以及驻扎在那慕尔的 25,000 名比利时军队。
The total Allied troops in this field of battle were thus about 345,000 men.
因此，该战场上的盟军总兵力约为 345,000 人。
Opposed to them, on the north, were about 700,000 German troops, General von Kluck farthest to the west, Generals von Bülow and von Hausen around the Belgian fortress of Namur, Grand Duke Albrecht of Württemberg in the neighborhood of Maubeuge, and finally, on the extreme left of the German line, the Army of the Moselle, under Crown Prince Wilhelm.
在北部与他们对峙的是大约70万德国军队，冯·克卢克将军在最西边，冯·比洛将军和冯·豪森将军在比利时那慕尔要塞周围，符腾堡大公阿尔布雷希特在莫伯日附近，最后，在德国战线的最左边，是威廉王储指挥的摩泽尔军团。
The position of the Allied armies was based on the resisting power of Namur.
盟军的阵地是基于那慕尔的抵抗力。
It was expected that Namur would delay the German advance as long as Liege had done.
预计那慕尔将像列日一样拖延德军的进攻。
Then the French line of frontier fortresses--Lille, with its half-finished defenses; Maubeuge, with strong forts and a large garrison; and other strongholds--would form a still more useful system of fortified points for the Allies.
然后是法国的边境要塞——里尔，其防御工事尚未完成；莫伯日，拥有坚固的堡垒和庞大的驻军；和其他据点——将为盟军形成一个更有用的防御点系统。
The German staff, however, had other plans.
然而，德国工作人员却另有计划。
At Liege they had rashly endeavored to storm a strong fortress by a massed infantry attack, which had failed disastrously until their new Krupp siege guns had been brought up.
在列日，他们鲁莽地试图通过大规模步兵进攻来猛攻一座坚固的堡垒，但在他们的新克虏伯攻城炮被调上来之前，这次进攻以灾难性的失败告终。
These quickly demolished the defenses.
这些防御很快就被摧毁了。
These siege guns, therefore, which had thus fully demonstrated their value against fortifications soon brought about the total defeat of the French offensive, and compelled the Allies to retreat from Belgium and northern France.
因此，这些攻城炮充分展示了其对抗防御工事的价值，很快就导致了法军攻势的彻底失败，并迫使盟军从比利时和法国北部撤退。
The Germans lost no time in investing Namur, and on Saturday, as noted above, August 22, 1914, the fortress fell into the invaders' hands.
德国人不失时机地进攻那慕尔，如上所述，1914 年 8 月 22 日星期六，这座堡垒落入入侵者手中。
On the same day, August 22, 1914, the Fifth French Army, under the lead of General Lanrezac, was enduring the double stress of Von Bülow's army thundering against its front, and Von Hausen's two army corps pressing hard upon its right flank and rear, threatening its line of retreat.
1914 年 8 月 22 日同一天，朗勒扎克将军领导的法国第五集团军正承受着冯·比洛的军队猛烈攻击其前线和冯·豪森的两个军团猛烈压迫其右翼和后方，威胁其撤退路线的双重压力。
Against such terrific odds the French line at Dinant and Givet broke, exposing the flank and rear of the whole army; and by the evening of that day, August 22, the passages of the River Sambre, near Charleroi, had been forced, and the Fifth Army was falling back, contesting every mile of the ground with desperate rear-guard action.
在如此巨大的困难下，法军在迪南和吉韦的防线被突破，暴露了全军的侧翼和后方。到了8月22日晚上，沙勒罗瓦附近的桑布尔河通道已被强行占领，第五集团军正在撤退，以绝望的后卫行动争夺每一英里的阵地。
The British, meanwhile, defending the Mons position, were in grave danger of being cut off, enveloped, and destroyed.
与此同时，保卫蒙斯阵地的英国人面临着被切断、包围和摧毁的严重危险。
Sir John French had put his two army corps into battle array.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士已将他的两个军团编入战斗列阵。
He had about thirty miles of front to defend, with Mons nearly in the center.
他有大约三十英里的战线需要防守，蒙斯几乎位于中央。
On Sunday afternoon, August 23, 1914, the full weight of the German onset fell for the first time upon the British.
1914 年 8 月 23 日星期日下午，德国进攻的全部力量首次落在了英国身上。
All that night the British were under the fire of German artillery.
整个晚上，英国人都受到德国炮火的攻击。
Sir John French realized the danger of his Maubeuge-Jenlain position, and on Monday evening, August 24, 1914, realizing the importance of putting a substantial barrier, such as the Somme or the Oise, between his force and the enemy, gave orders for the retirement to be continued at five o'clock the next morning, August 25, 1914.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士意识到他的莫伯日-让兰阵地的危险，并在 1914 年 8 月 24 日星期一晚间认识到在他的部队和敌人之间设置索姆河或瓦兹河等坚固屏障的重要性，下令于 1914 年 8 月 25 日第二天早上 5 点继续撤退。
He had decided upon a new position about the town of Le Cateau, east of Cambrai.
他已经决定在康布雷以东的勒卡托镇附近建立一个新阵地。
Before dawn, August 25, 1914, the southward march over rough, hilly country was resumed, and toward evening of August 25, 1914, after a long, hard day's fighting march over the highroads, in midsummer heat and thundershowers, the Guards Brigade and other regiments of the Second Corps, wet and weary, arrived at the little market town of Landrecies.
1914 年 8 月 25 日拂晓前，在崎岖的丘陵地区继续向南行军，到了 1914 年 8 月 25 日傍晚，在仲夏酷暑和雷阵雨中，在公路上经过一整天艰苦的战斗行军后，近卫旅和第二军团的其他团浑身湿透、疲惫不堪，抵达了朗德雷斯小集镇。
From Landrecies, after an encounter with a German column, they marched south toward Wassigny on Guise.
从兰德雷斯出发，与德国纵队遭遇后，他们向南向吉斯的瓦西尼进军。
[Illustration: Battle of Mons and Retreat of Allied Armies.]
[插图：蒙斯战役和盟军撤退。]
While the night attack on Landrecies was raging, the Germans, taxing their men to the uttermost, marched four other corps through the tract of country between the west side of the forest and the road from Valenciennes to Cambrai.
当对朗德雷西斯的夜袭如火如荼时，德国人在竭尽全力地征召他们的士兵，并派出另外四个军团穿过森林西侧和从瓦朗谢讷到康布雷的道路之间的一片乡村。
These corps were in a position along Smith-Dorrien's front before dawn of Wednesday, August, 26, 1914, and in the earliest hours of the morning it became apparent that the Germans were determined to throw the bulk of their strength against the British battalions which had moved up to a position south of the small town of Solesmes, extending to the south of Cambrai.
1914 年 8 月 26 日星期三黎明前，这些军已在史密斯-多林前线就位，凌晨时分，德军显然决心将其大部分兵力投入到英军的进攻中，英军已转移到索莱斯梅斯小镇以南的阵地，一直延伸到康布雷以南。
Thus placed, this force could shield the Second Corps, now beginning its retreat under pressure of the German army advancing from Tournai.
这样一来，这支部队就可以保护第二军团，该军团现在在从图尔奈推进的德军压力下开始撤退。
These troops under General Snow were destined to play an important part in the impending battle of Le Cateau.
斯诺将军麾下的这些部队注定会在即将到来的勒卡托战役中发挥重要作用。
By sunrise the guns of the four German corps were firing from positions facing the British left, and gray-green masses of infantry were pressing forward in dense firing lines.
日出时分，德军四个军团的炮火已从英军左翼对面的阵地开火，灰绿色的步兵大群在密集的火线中向前推进。
In view of this attack, General Smith-Dorrien judged it impossible to continue his retreat at daybreak.
鉴于这次袭击，史密斯-多林将军判断不可能在黎明时继续撤退。
The First Corps was at that moment scarcely out of difficulty, and General Sordêt--whose troops had been fighting hard on the flank of the Fifth French Army, with General Lanrezac, against General von Bülow's hosts--was unable to help the British, owing to the exhausted state of his cavalry.
当时，第一军团几乎没有摆脱困境，索德将军的部队一直在法国第五集团军的侧翼与兰勒扎克将军一起对抗冯·比洛将军的军队，但由于他的骑兵疲惫不堪，无法帮助英国人。
The situation was full of peril; indeed, Wednesday bade fair to become the most critical day of the retreat.
形势充满了危险。事实上，周三理所当然地成为静修中最关键的一天。
As the day of August 26, 1914, wore on, General von Kluck, abandoning frontal attacks, began to use his superior numbers in a great enveloping move on both flanks, and some of his batteries secured positions from which they could enfilade the British line.
随着 1914 年 8 月 26 日的到来，冯·克卢克将军放弃了正面攻击，开始利用其优势兵力在两翼进行大规模包围行动，他的一些炮兵连占据了可以包围英军防线的阵地。
Smith-Dorrien, having no available reserves, was thus virtually ringed by enemy guns on one side and by hostile infantry on all sides.
史密斯-多里恩没有可用的后备力量，因此实际上一侧被敌方炮火包围，四面都被敌方步兵包围。
"It became apparent," says Sir John French's dispatch, "that if complete annihilation was to be avoided, a retirement must be attempted; and the order was given to commence it about 3.30 p.
“很明显，”约翰·弗伦奇爵士的快讯中写道，“如果要避免彻底毁灭，就必须尝试退役；下午 3 点 30 分左右开始退役的命令已下达。
m.
米。
The movement was covered with the most devoted intrepidity and determination by the artillery, which had suffered heavily, and the fine work done by the cavalry in the farther retreat from the position assisted materially in the completion of this difficult and dangerous operation.
这次运动中，遭受重创的炮兵表现出了最忠诚的勇敢和决心，而骑兵在从阵地进一步撤退时所做的出色工作，为完成这一艰难而危险的行动提供了物质上的帮助。
The saving of the left wing could never have been accomplished unless a commander" (Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien) "of rare coolness had been present to personally conduct the operation."
除非有一位“罕见的冷静的指挥官”（霍勒斯·史密斯-多林爵士）在场亲自指挥这次行动，否则左翼的拯救永远不可能完成。
This retirement foreshadowed the end of the battle.
这次退役预示着战斗的结束。
Worn out by repeated repulses, the Germans had suffered too heavily to continue their attacks or to engage in an energetic pursuit.
德军因反复的击退而精疲力尽，遭受了沉重的打击，无法继续进攻或进行猛烈的追击。
According to General French's estimate, the British losses during the trying period from August 23 to August 26, 1914, inclusive, were between 5,000 and 6,000 men and the losses suffered by the Germans in their pursuit and attacks across the open country, owing largely to their dense formation, were much greater.
根据弗兰奇将军的估计，1914年8月23日至8月26日期间，英军的损失在5000至6000人之间，而德军在开阔地带的追击和攻击中所遭受的损失则要大得多，这主要是由于其密集的队形。
The Battle of Le Cateau gave the Germans pause.
勒卡托战役让德国人停了下来。
Further retreat of the British could now be resumed in orderly array; for by now General Sordêt with his cavalry was relieving the pressure on the British rear, and General D'Amade with his two reserve divisions from the neighborhood of Arras was attacking General von Kluck's right, driving it back on Cambrai.
英国人现在可以有序地恢复进一步撤退；此时，索德将军和他的骑兵正在减轻英国后方的压力，而达马德将军和他来自阿拉斯附近的两个预备师正在攻击冯·克卢克将军的右翼，将其赶回康布雷。
Disaster to the British forces was averted, though the peril of German interposition between the Allied army and Paris would soon compel still further withdrawals.
尽管德国介入盟军和巴黎之间的危险很快就会迫使英军进一步撤军，但英军的灾难还是得以避免。
Covered by their gunners, but still under heavy fire of the German artillery, the British began again to retire southward.
在炮手的掩护下，但仍在德国炮兵的猛烈火力下，英国人再次开始向南撤退。
Their retreat was continued far into the night of August 26, 1914, and through the 27th and 28th; on the last date--after vigorous cavalry fighting--the exhausted troops halted on a line extending from the French cathedral town of Noyon through Chauny to La Fère.
他们的撤退一直持续到 1914 年 8 月 26 日深夜，并持续到 27 日和 28 日。在最后一天，经过激烈的骑兵战斗，精疲力竭的部队在从法国大教堂小镇努瓦永（Noyon）经肖尼（Chauny）到拉菲尔（La Fère）的一条线上停下来。
There they were joined by reenforcements amounting to double their loss.
在那里，增援部队加入了他们的行列，使他们的损失增加了一倍。
Guns to replace those captured or shattered by the enemy were brought up to the new line.
用于替换被敌人俘获或打碎的枪支的枪支被带到了新的战线上。
There was a breathing space for a day, while the British made ready to take part in the next great encounter.
英国队有一天的喘息时间，准备参加下一次伟大的相遇。
This fourth week in August marked a decisive period in the history of the Great War.
八月的第四周标志着第一次世界大战历史上的决定性时期。
All the French armies, from the east to the west, as well as the British army, were in retreat over their frontiers.
所有法国军队，从东到西，以及英国军队，都在边境上撤退。
To what resolution had the French commander in chief come?
法国总司令做出了什么决议？
That was the question on every lip.
每个人都在问这个问题。
What at that moment was the real situation of the French army?
此时法军的真实情况又是怎样呢？
Certainly the first engagements had not turned out as well as the French could have hoped.
当然，第一次交战的结果并没有法国人所希望的那么好。
The Germans were reaping the reward of their magnificent preparation for the war.
德国人正在从他们为战争所做的出色准备中获得回报。
Their heavy artillery, with which the French army was almost entirely unprovided, was giving proof of its efficacy and its worth.
他们的重炮，法军几乎完全没有配备，却证明了其功效和价值。
The moral effect of those great projectiles launched from great distances by the immense German guns was considerable.
德国巨炮从很远的距离发射的巨大炮弹所产生的道德影响是相当大的。
At such great distances the French cannons of 75, admirable as they were, could make no effective reply to the German batteries.
在如此远的距离上，法国的 75 门大炮尽管令人钦佩，却无法对德国的炮台做出有效的反击。
The French soldiers were perfectly well aware that they were the targets of the great German shells while their own cannon could make no parallel impression on the enemy.
法国士兵非常清楚，他们是德国大炮的目标，而他们自己的大炮却无法给敌人留下同样的印象。
The German army revealed itself as an extraordinary instrument of war.
德国军队显示出自己是非凡的战争工具。
Its mobility and accouterments were perfect.
它的机动性和装备都很完美。
It had over a hundred thousand professional noncommissioned officers or subofficers, admirably suited to their work, with their men marching under the control of their eye and finger.
它有超过十万名专业士官或副官，他们非常适合他们的工作，他们的士兵在他们的眼睛和手指的控制下行进。
In the German army the active corps, as well as the reserve corps, showed themselves, thanks to these noncommissioned officers, marvelously equipped.
在德国军队中，由于这些士官的帮助，现役军团和预备役军团都表现出了精良的装备。
In the French army the number of noncommissioned officers by profession totaled hardly half the German figures.
在法国军队中，按职业划分的士官人数总数还不到德国的一半。
The German army, moreover, was much more abundantly supplied with machine guns than the French.
此外，德国军队的机枪供应比法国军队丰富得多。
The Germans had almost twice as many, and they understood how to use them in defense and attack better than the French.
德国人的数量几乎是法国人的两倍，而且他们比法国人更了解如何使用它们进行防御和进攻。
They had moreover, to a degree far superior to that of the French, studied the use of fortifications in the field, trenches, wire entanglements, and so on.
此外，他们对战场防御工事、战壕、铁丝网等的使用进行了远远优于法国人的研究。
The Germans were also at first better trained than the French reservists; they had spent longer periods in the German army, and their reserve corps were almost equal to the active corps.
德国人一开始也比法国预备役军人接受了更好的训练。他们在德国军队服役的时间较长，预备役部队几乎与现役部队持平。
In the French army, on the other hand, an apprenticeship and training of several weeks were required to give to the divisions of reserve their full worth.
另一方面，在法国军队中，需要进行几周的学徒期和训练，才能让预备役师充分发挥其价值。
At the end of two weeks, nevertheless, thanks to the marvelous elasticity of the French soldier and the warlike qualities of the race, the training was completed.
尽管如此，两周结束后，由于法国士兵惊人的弹性和比赛的好战品质，训练还是完成了。
At the beginning of the month of September the reserve divisions fought with the same skill, the same keenness, and the same swing as the active army corps.
九月初，预备役师以与现役军团相同的技巧、相同的敏锐度和相同的摇摆进行战斗。
Moreover, certain incompetencies had revealed themselves in the French high command.
此外，法国最高统帅部也暴露出某些无能之处。
These General Joffre attended to without the loss of an instant.
霞飞将军一刻不停地照顾着这些人。
Every general that appeared to him incapable of fulfilling the task allotted to him was weeded out on the spot, without considering friendships or the bonds of comradeship, or intimacy that might be between them.
每一位在他看来无法完成分配给他的任务的将军都会被当场淘汰，而不考虑他们之间的友谊或同志关系或亲密关系。
As things were seen in Paris, all may be summed up in this formula: That the German army was better prepared for war than the French army, for the simple reason that Germany had long prepared for the war, because she had it in view, a thing which could not be said of France.
正如在巴黎所看到的情况，一切都可以用这个公式来概括：德国军队比法国军队做好了更好的战争准备，原因很简单，德国早就为战争做好了准备，因为她有这样的想法，而法国却不能这样说。
But the French army revealed right from the beginning the most admirable and marvelous qualities.
但法国军队从一开始就展现出了最令人钦佩和奇妙的品质。
The soldiers fought with a skill and heroism that have never been equaled.
士兵们以前所未有的技巧和英雄气概进行战斗。
Sometimes, indeed, their enthusiasm and courage carried them too far.
确实，有时候，他们的热情和勇气让他们走得太远了。
It mattered little.
这没什么关系。
In spite of losses, in spite even of retreat, the morale of the whole French army on the entire front from Alsace to the Somme remained extraordinarily high.
尽管遭受损失，尽管撤退，从阿尔萨斯到索姆河的整个战线上，整个法军的士气仍然异常高涨。
The violation of Belgian neutrality and the passage of the German armies through Belgium had been foreseen by the French General Staff, but opinions differed in regard to the breadth of the turning movement likely to be made by the German right wing in crossing Belgian territory.
法国总参谋部预见到了比利时中立的侵犯和德国军队穿越比利时的情况，但对于德国右翼穿越比利时领土可能进行的转向行动的范围存在不同意见。
Among French experts some were of opinion that the Germans would confine themselves to the right bank of the Meuse, while others thought that they would cross the Meuse, and make a much vaster turning movement, thus descending on France in a direction due north and south.
法国专家中，有人认为德军将把自己限制在默兹河右岸，而另一些人则认为他们将越过默兹河，进行更大规模的转向行动，从而从正北和正南方向进攻法国。
If the violation of Belgian neutrality was no surprise to the French Staff, it was nevertheless hardly expected that the Germans would be able to put in line with such rapidity at the outset all their reserve formations.
如果法国参谋部对比利时中立的违反并不感到意外，那么德国人一开始就很难预料到德国人能够以如此快的速度将所有后备队形调整到一致。
Each army corps was supported by its reserve corps, which showed itself as quick in mobilization and preparation as the active corps.
每个军团都得到其后备军的支持，预备役军的动员和准备速度与现役军一样快。
Germany, while maintaining sufficient forces on the Russian front, was still able to put in the field for its great offensive against France a more numerous body of troops than would have been believed in France.
德国虽然在俄国前线保持了足够的兵力，但仍然能够在对法国的大规模进攻中投入比法国想象的更多的军队。
This permitted them to maintain in Alsace, in Lorraine, and in Belgian Luxembourg armies as numerous as those which faced them on the French side, and at the same time to mass the major part of their troops on the right so as to pour into the valley of the Oise their chief invading forces.
这使得他们能够在阿尔萨斯、洛林和比属卢森堡维持与法国方面面对的军队一样多的军队，同时将大部分部队集结在右翼，以便将他们的主力入侵部队倾注到瓦兹河谷。
This explains why the French left, which was exposed to the offensive of the German right, was obliged to make a rapid retreat, permitting the German armies of General von Kluck and General von Bülow to advance with all speed in the direction of Paris.
这就解释了为什么面对德国右翼攻势的法国左翼被迫迅速撤退，让冯·克拉克将军和冯·比洛将军的德国军队全速向巴黎方向推进。
The French military staff, as soon as they perceived the danger that threatened, proceeded to a new alignment of forces.
法国军事人员一意识到威胁的危险，就开始重新部署部队。
As long as this alignment of forces could not be effected the retreat had to continue.
只要这种兵力排列无法实现，撤退就必须继续。
As soon as it was accomplished, as soon as General Joffre had his armies well in hand and the situation of his troops well disposed, he checked the retreat, gave the signal for the offensive, and so followed the great Battle of the Marne.
一旦完成，霞飞将军就掌握了他的军队并掌握了他的部队的情况，他检查了撤退，发出了进攻的信号，从而引发了伟大的马恩河战役。
The German plan consisted, therefore, in delivering the main blow through the medium of the right wing of the German forces, consisting of the army of Von Kluck, the army of Von Bülow, and the army of Von Hausen, which were to march with all speed in the direction of Paris.
因此，德军的计划是通过由冯·克拉克军队、冯·布洛军队和冯·豪森军队组成的德军右翼进行主要打击，这些军队将全速向巴黎方向行进。
What plan had the French staff in mind to oppose to this plan of the Germans?
法国参谋们到底有什么计划来反对德国人的这个计划呢？
Its plan aimed at checking and holding the greatest possible number of Germans by a vigorous offensive in Alsace and Lorraine so as to prevent them from joining the three first German armies which threatened Paris.
它的计划旨在通过对阿尔萨斯和洛林的猛烈进攻来遏制和控制尽可能多的德军，以防止他们加入威胁巴黎的德军第一支三支军队。
In support of this offensive of the armies of Alsace and Lorraine, the central French armies attacked in the direction of the Ardennes and Belgian Luxembourg with the object of checking the center of the German armies and then turning toward the west so as to cooperate in the offensive of the French forces which, aided by the British army and the Belgian army, were fighting in Belgium.
为了支援阿尔萨斯和洛林军队的进攻，法军中部军队向阿登和比属卢森堡方向进攻，目的是牵制德军的中心，然后转向西面，以配合在英军和比利时军队的协助下在比利时作战的法军的进攻。
The French armies, which are numbered from the right to the left--that is, from the east to the west--comprised: A detachment of the Army of Alsace that was dissolved toward the end of the month of August; the First Army (General Dubail); the Second Army (General de Castelnau); the Third Army (General Ruffey, replaced at the end of August, 1914, by General Sarrail); the Fourth Army (General de Langle de Cary); the Fifth Army (General Lanrezac, replaced in the last days of August, 1914, by General Franchet d'Espérey).
法国军队的编号从右到左，即从东到西，包括： 阿尔萨斯军团的一个支队，于八月底解散；第一集团军（杜拜尔将军）；第二集团军（卡斯特尔诺将军）；第三集团军（鲁菲将军，1914 年 8 月底由萨拉伊将军取代）；第四集团军（德·朗格·德·卡里将军）；第五集团军（Lanrezac 将军，1914 年 8 月最后几天由 Franchet d'Espérey 将军取代）。
At the right of this army was stationed the British army under the command of General French.
在这支军队的右侧驻扎着法国将军指挥的英国军队。
To what resolution did General Joffre come?
霞飞将军做出了什么决议？
On that memorable evening of the 24th, and on that morning of the 25th, two alternatives presented themselves before him.
在24日那个难忘的夜晚和25日的早上，两个选择出现在他面前。
Should they, rather than permit the enemy to invade the soil of France, make a supreme effort to check the Germans on the frontier?
他们是否应该尽最大努力遏制边境上的德国人，而不是允许敌人入侵法国领土？
This first apparent solution had the evident advantage of abandoning to the enemy no part of the national soil, but it had some serious inconveniences.
第一个明显的解决方案具有不将任何国家领土交给敌人的明显优点，但它也有一些严重的不便。
The attack of the German armies operating on the right (Generals von Kluck, von Bülow, von Hausen) were extremely menacing.
右翼德国军队（冯·克卢克、冯·比洛、冯·豪森将军）的进攻极具威胁性。
In order to parry this attack it was necessary considerably to reenforce the French left, and for that purpose to transfer from the right to the left a certain number of army corps.
为了抵御这次进攻，有必要大力增援法国左翼部队，并为此目的将一定数量的军团从右翼调往左翼。
That is what the military call, in the language of chess players, "to castle" the army corps.
用国际象棋棋手的语言来说，这就是军方所说的“占领”军队。
But this movement could not be accomplished in a few hours.
但这个动作不可能在几个小时之内完成。
It required, even with all the perfection of organization shown by the French railways during this war, a certain number of days.
尽管法国铁路在这场战争中表现出完美的组织能力，但它仍然需要一定的天数。
As long as this operation from the right to the left had not been accomplished, as long as the left wing of the French army and even the center remained without the reenforcement of elements taken from the right, it would have been extremely imprudent, not to say rash, for the French high command to attempt a decisive battle.
只要这次从右向左的行动没有完成，只要法军的左翼甚至中军还没有从右翼增援，法军最高统帅部试图进行决战就显得极其轻率，甚至可以说是鲁莽。
If General Joffre had risked a battle immediately he would have been playing the game without all his trumps in hand and would have been in danger of a defeat, and even of a decided disaster, from which it might have been impossible to recover.
如果霞飞将军立即冒着战斗的风险，那么他就会在手中没有所有王牌的情况下玩游戏，并且会面临失败的危险，甚至会面临一场决定性的灾难，而且可能无法挽回。
The second alternative consisted in drawing back and in profiting from a retreat by putting everything in shipshape order to bring about a new grouping of forces.
第二种选择是撤退，并通过将一切都安排妥当来组建新的部队集结，从而从撤退中获利。
They would allow the Germans to advance, and when the occasion showed itself favorable the French armies, along with the British army, would take the offensive and wage a decisive battle.
他们会让德国人前进，而当形势有利时，法国军队将与英国军队一起发起攻势并发动一场决定性的战斗。
It was to this second decision that General Joffre came.
霞飞将军正是做出了第二个决定。
As soon as on August 25, 1914, he had made up his mind as to what the French retreat was going to lead he gave orders for a new marshaling of forces and for preparations with a view to the offensive.
1914 年 8 月 25 日，他就决定了法军撤退的走向，并下令重新集结部队并做好进攻准备。
General Joffre has made no objection to the publication of his orders in detail from that date, August 25, 1914, down to the Battle of the Marne.
霞飞将军并不反对公布从 1914 年 8 月 25 日这一天起直至马恩河战役期间的详细命令。
They constitute an eloquent and convincing document.
它们构成了一份雄辩且令人信服的文件。
The series of orders were contained in the "Bulletin des Armées de la République Française," June 6, 1915, Sunday.
这一系列命令包含在 1915 年 6 月 6 日星期日的《法兰西共和国武装公报》中。
The first of these orders, dated August 25, 1914, runs as follows:
第一份命令于 1914 年 8 月 25 日发布，内容如下：
"The projected offensive movement not having been found possible of execution, the consequent operations will be so conducted as to put in line, on our left, by the junction of the Fourth and Fifth Armies, the British army, and new forces recruited from the eastern district, a body capable of taking the offensive while other armies for the needed interval hold in check the efforts of the enemy...."
“预计的进攻行动尚未被发现可能执行，随后的行动将这样进行，即在我们的左边，由第四和第五集团军、英国军队以及从东区招募的新部队组成的部队联合起来，组成一支能够采取进攻的部队，而其他军队则在必要的时间间隔内遏制敌人的努力……”
The retreating movement was regulated so as to bring about the following disposition of forces preparatory to an offensive:
对撤退运动进行了调整，以便为进攻做好以下准备：
"In the Amiens district a new grouping of forces, formed of elements conveyed by rail (Seventh Corps, four divisions of reserve, and perhaps another active army corps), brought together from August 27 to September 2, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 27 日至 9 月 2 日，在亚眠地区，由铁路运输的部队组成的新部队（第七军、四个预备役师，或许还有另一个现役军团）聚集在一起。
This body will remain ready to take the offensive in the general direction of St, Pol-Arras or Arras-Bapaume."
该机构将随时准备向圣、波尔-阿拉斯或阿拉斯-巴波姆的大方向发起攻势。”
The same general instructions of August 25, 1914, marks out the zones of march, and says:
1914 年 8 月 25 日的相同一般指示划出了行军区域，并说道：
"The movement will be covered by the rear guards spread out at favorable points of vantage so as to utilize every obstacle for the purpose of checking, by brief and violent counterattacks in which the artillery will play the chief part, the march of the enemy or at least to retard it."
“这次行动将由分散在有利位置的后卫掩护，以便利用一切障碍，通过以炮兵为主的短暂而猛烈的反击来阻止或至少阻止敌人的行进。”
(Signed) J.
（签名）J.
JOFFRE.
霞飞。
[Illustration: General Joffre.]
[插图：霞飞将军。]
The object of this maneuver is thus already on August 25, 1914, clearly indicated; it looked not to a defensive, but to an offensive movement, which was to be resumed as soon as circumstances appeared favorable.
因此，这次演习的目的早在 1914 年 8 月 25 日就已明确表明；它并不是要采取防御行动，而是要采取进攻行动，一旦情况有利，就应立即恢复进攻。
Much is made clear in these orders of General Joffre, which are characterized by perspicuity, foresight, and precision.
霞飞将军的这些命令阐明了很多内容，其特点是清晰、远见和精确。
The retreat was effected; but it was only a provisional retreat.
撤退已经完成；但这只是暂时的撤退。
Whenever an occasion presented itself to counterattack the enemy for the purpose of delaying his advance, that occasion was to be taken advantage of.
每当有反击敌人、拖延敌人前进的机会时，就必须利用这个机会。
And that is, in fact, what took place.
事实上，这就是所发生的事情。
Two days later, on August 27, 1914, General Joffre brought together, using army corps and divisions recruited elsewhere, a supplementary army, the Ninth Army, which was detailed to take its place between the Fourth and Fifth Armies.
两天后，即 1914 年 8 月 27 日，霞飞将军利用从其他地方招募的军团和师，组建了一支补充部队，即第九集团军，该集团军被指定接替第四集团军和第五集团军之间的位置。
He intrusted its command to a general, who, while commanding the Twentieth Corps, had distinguished himself by his brilliant conduct in Lorraine, General Foch.
他将指挥权交给了福煦将军，这位将军在指挥第二十军时曾在洛林表现出色。
The establishment of the army of Manoury on the left of the French armies so as to fall on the right flank of the Germans when they marched on Paris; the establishment of a strong army under one of the best French generals at the center for the purpose of encountering the main weight of the German army; such were the two decisions of the French commander in chief, taken on August 25 and 27, 1914, which contained in germ the victory of the Marne, waged and won two weeks later.
在法军左翼建立马努里军，以便在德军向巴黎进军时攻击其右翼；在法国最优秀的将军之一的领导下建立一支强大的军队作为中央，以对抗德国军队的主力；这就是法国总司令于 1914 年 8 月 25 日和 27 日做出的两项决定，其中包含了两周后发动并取得胜利的马恩河胜利的萌芽。
CHAPTER XI
第十一章
FIGHTING AT BAY
战斗在海湾
The forces of France also had been fighting to protect their retreat southward in these August days of 1914.
1914 年 8 月的日子里，法国军队也一直在为保护其向南撤退而进行战斗。
After the passages of the Sambre were forced, during the great Mons-Charleroi battle, the Fifth French Army was placed in very perilous straits by the failure of the Fourth Army, under General Langle, to hold the Belgian river town of Givet.
在桑布尔河被迫通过后，在蒙斯-沙勒罗瓦战役中，兰格尔将军领导的第四集团军未能守住比利时河畔城镇吉韦，法国第五集团军陷入了非常危险的困境。
Hard pressed in the rear by General von Bülow's army, and on their right by General von Hausen commanding the Saxon Army and the Prussian Guard, the Fifth Army of France had to retire with all possible speed, for their path of retreat was threatened by a large body of Teutons advancing on Rocroi.
法国第五集团军的后方受到冯·比洛将军的军队的重压，而右侧则受到冯·豪森将军指挥的撒克逊军队和普鲁士近卫军的重压，法国第五集团军不得不以尽可能快的速度撤退，因为他们的撤退路线受到向罗克鲁瓦推进的一大群条顿人的威胁。
On August 23, 1914, holding their indomitable pursuers in check by desperate rear-guard action, with their two cavalry divisions under General Sordêt galloping furiously along the lines of the western flank to protect the retiring infantry and guns, the Fifth Army unexpectedly turned at Guise.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，第五集团军以孤注一掷的后卫行动遏制了不屈不挠的追击者，索尔德将军率领的两个骑兵师沿着西翼战线猛烈驰骋，保护撤退的步兵和火炮，出人意料地转向吉斯。
At that point considerable reenforcements in troops and material arrived, making the Fifth Army the strongest in France.
此时，大量增援部队和物资抵达，使第五集团军成为法国最强大的集团军。
It now defeated and drove over the Oise the German Guard and Tenth Corps, and then continued its retirement.
现在，它击败并赶走了德军近卫军和第十军，然后继续退役。
But the left wing of the French army was unsuccessful, and Amiens and the passages of the Somme had to be abandoned to the invaders.
但法军左翼并未取得成功，亚眠和索姆河通道不得不被放弃给入侵者。
On Sunday, August 23, 1914, the Fourth Army, operating from the Meuse, was heavily outnumbered by the Saxon army around the river town of Dinant.
1914 年 8 月 23 日星期日，从默兹河出发的第四集团军在河边城镇迪南周围的撒克逊军队在数量上远远落后。
They fell back, after furious fighting for the possession of the bridges, which the French engineers blew up as the army withdrew southward to the frontier.
在为争夺桥梁的所有权而进行的激烈战斗后，他们撤退了，当军队向南撤退到边境时，法国工程师炸毁了桥梁。
Soon after, at Givet, the Germans succeeded in wedging their way across the Meuse.
不久之后，在吉维，德军成功渡过默兹河。
Some advanced on Rocroi and Rethel, and other corps marched along the left bank of the Meuse, through wooded country, against a steadily increasing resistance which culminated at Charleville, a town on the western bank of the river.
一些军向罗克鲁瓦和雷塞尔挺进，其他军则沿着默兹河左岸行进，穿过树木繁茂的乡村，抵抗不断增强的抵抗，最终在河西岸的小镇查勒维尔达到顶峰。
There a determined stand was made.
那里表明了坚定的立场。
On August 24, 1914, the town of Charleville was evacuated, the civilians were sent away to join multitudes of other homeless refugees, and then the French also retired, leaving behind them several machine guns hidden in houses, placed so that they commanded the town and the three bridges that connected it with Mézières.
1914 年 8 月 24 日，沙勒维尔镇被疏散，平民被送去加入众多其他无家可归的难民，随后法国人也撤退，留下了几挺藏在房屋中的机枪，以便他们控制该镇以及连接该镇与梅济耶尔的三座桥梁。
The German advance guards reached the two towns next day, August 25, 1914, which, as we know, witnessed the British retirement toward Le Cateau.
第二天，即 1914 年 8 月 25 日，德国先头部队到达了这两个城镇，据我们所知，这一天见证了英国向勒卡托撤退。
Unmolested, they rode across the three bridges into the quiet, empty streets.
他们不受干扰地骑马穿过三座桥，进入安静、空旷的街道。
Suddenly, when all had crossed, the bridges were blown up behind them by contact mines, and the German cavalrymen were raked by the deadly fire of the machine guns.
突然，当所有人都过河时，他们身后的桥梁被接触地雷炸毁，德国骑兵被机枪的致命火力扫射。
Nevertheless, finding their foes were not numerous, they made a courageous stand, waiting for their main columns to draw nearer.
然而，他们发现敌人并不多，于是勇敢地站了起来，等待主力部队逼近。
Every French machine gunner was silenced by the Guards with their Maxims; but when the main invading army swept into view along the river valley, the French artillery from the hills around Charleville mowed down the heads of columns with shrapnel.
每个法国机枪手都被近卫军用格言枪压制住了。但是，当入侵的主力部队沿着河谷扫进视野时，来自沙勒维尔周围山上的法军炮兵用弹片摧毁了纵队的头部。
Still the Teutons advanced with reckless courage.
条顿人仍然以不计后果的勇气前进。
While their artillery was engaged in a duel with the French, German sappers threw pontoon bridges across the river, and finally the French had to retire.
当他们的炮兵与法国人进行决斗时，德国工兵在河上架起了浮桥，最后法国人不得不撤退。
Between Charleville and Rethel there was another battle, resulting in the abandonment of Mézières by the French.
沙勒维尔和雷特尔之间又发生了一场战斗，导致梅济耶尔被法国人放弃。
The retreating army crossed the Semois, a tributary of the Meuse, which it enters below Mézières, and advanced toward Neufchâteau; but they were repulsed by the Germans under the Duke of Württemberg.
撤退的军队越过默兹河的支流塞穆瓦河，在梅济耶尔下方进入，并向纳沙托挺进。但他们被符腾堡公爵领导的德国人击退。
At Nancy on August 25, 1914, there was another engagement between the garrison of Toul and the army of the Crown Prince of Bavaria; after fierce onslaughts the garrison was compelled to yield and retire.
1914 年 8 月 25 日，图尔驻军与巴伐利亚王储的军队在南锡再次发生交战。经过激烈的攻击，驻军被迫投降并撤退。
Finally, on August 27, 1914, at Longwy, a fortified town near Verdun, the army of the German crown prince succeeded in bursting into France after a long siege, and marched toward the Argonne.
最终，1914年8月27日，在凡尔登附近的设防重镇朗维，德国王储的军队经过长时间的围困，成功突入法国，向阿尔贡河进军。
Thus from the western coast almost to Verdun there was a general Franco-British retreat.
因此，从西海岸几乎到凡尔登，法英军队全面撤退。
On August 28, 1914, pressed by the German armies commanded by Von Kluck on the west, by Von Hausen from Dinant and Givet, by Von Bülow from Charleroi and Namur, the Allies were pushed back upon a line stretching roughly from Amiens through Noyon-Le Fère to Mézières; while their forces east of the Meuse between Mézières and Verdun were retreating before Duke Albrecht of Württemberg, and to the southeast of Verdun before the Bavarians.
1914 年 8 月 28 日，在冯·克卢克（Von Kluck）西线指挥的德国军队、冯·豪森（Von Hausen）从迪南和吉韦指挥的军队、冯·比洛（Von Bülow）从沙勒罗瓦和那慕尔指挥的德国军队的压力下，盟军被击退到一条大致从亚眠经努瓦永-勒费尔到梅济耶尔的战线上；与此同时，他们的军队在梅济耶尔和凡尔登之间的默兹河以东，在符腾堡公爵阿尔布雷希特面前撤退，并在巴伐利亚人面前撤退到凡尔登东南部。
All northern France was thus open to the invaders.
整个法国北部都向入侵者开放。
After the battle of Le Cateau, however, the Germans slackened their pursuit for a very brief interval; partly because the terrific strain of marching and fighting was telling upon them no less than upon the Allies, partly because the engineers had blown up the bridges over every river, canal, and stream, behind the retreating armies, and partly because, under directions from the French commander in chief, General Manoury was organizing a new force on the British left, a new Sixth Army, mainly reserve troops, one corps of line troops, and General Sordêt's cavalry.
然而，勒卡托战役之后，德军在很短的时间内放松了追击；部分是因为行军和战斗的巨大压力对他们的影响不亚于对盟军的影响，部分是因为工兵炸毁了撤退军队后面的每条河流、运河和溪流上的桥梁，部分是因为在法国总司令的指示下，马努里将军正在英国左翼组织一支新部队，一支新的第六集团军，主要是预备役部队，一个军团的线列部队，以及索德将军的骑兵。
On the right of the British were General Lanrezac's troops; then, between Lanrezac's Fifth Army and the Fourth Army, came a Ninth Army, under General Foch, formed of three corps from the south.
英国人的右边是兰勒扎克将军的部队；然后，在朗勒扎克的第五集团军和第四集团军之间，出现了由福煦将军指挥的第九集团军，该集团军由南方的三个军团组成。
Counterattacks were ordered by the French general in chief, continued during the entire retreat and had frequently brilliant results.
反击是由法军总司令下令的，在整个撤退过程中持续进行，并且经常取得辉煌的成果。
On August 29, 1914, a corps of the Fifth Army and of the divisions of reserve attacked with success in the direction of St. Quentin with the object of withdrawing the pressure on the British army.
1914 年 8 月 29 日，第五集团军的一个军和预备役师向圣康坦方向成功进攻，目的是撤回对英军的压力。
Two other corps and a division of reserves joined issue with the Prussian Guard and the Tenth Corps of the German army which debouched from Guise.
另外两个军和一个预备队加入了与从吉斯出发的普鲁士近卫军和德军第十军的交战。
This was a very violent battle, known under the name of the Battle of Guise.
这是一场非常激烈的战斗，被称为吉斯战役。
At the end of the day, after various fluctuations in the fight, the Germans were thrown completely over the Oise and the entire British front was relieved.
最终，经过战斗的各种波动，德军被彻底抛到了瓦兹河上空，整个英军战线才松了口气。
The Prussian Guard on that occasion suffered great losses.
普鲁士近卫军在那次损失惨重。
August 27, 1914, the Fourth Army under General de Langle de Cary succeeded likewise in throwing the enemy across the Meuse as he endeavored to secure a footing on the left bank.
1914 年 8 月 27 日，德朗格·德·卡里将军领导的第四集团军在试图在左岸站稳脚跟时，同样成功地将敌人赶过默兹河。
The success continued on the 28th; on that day a division of this army (First Division of Morocco under the orders of General Humbert) inflicted a sanguinary defeat on a Saxon army corps in the region of Signy l'Abbaye.
28日继续取得成功；那天，这支军队的一个师（亨伯特将军指挥的摩洛哥第一师）在西尼修道院地区对撒克逊军团造成了血腥的失败。
Thanks to these brilliant successes, the retreat was accomplished in good order and without the French armies being seriously demoralized; as a matter of fact, they were actually put to flight at no point.
由于这些辉煌的胜利，撤退得以顺利完成，法军的士气并未受到严重打击。事实上，他们实际上从未被赶走。
All the French armies were thus found intact and prepared for the offensive.
至此，所有法国军队都完好无损，并做好了进攻准备。
The right wing of the German army marched in the direction of Paris at great speed, and the rapidity of the German onslaught obliged the French General Staff to prolong the retreat until they were able to establish a new alignment of forces.
德军右翼以极快的速度向巴黎方向行进，而德军的猛攻迫使法军总参谋部不得不延长撤退时间，直到他们能够建立新的兵力阵型。
The new army established on the left of the French armies, and intrusted to General Manoury, was not able to complete its concentration in the localities first intended.
在法军左翼建立并委托给马努里将军的新军队未能完成对最初预定地点的集结。
In place of concentrating in the region of Amiens it was obliged to operate more to the south.
它不得不在南部开展更多业务，而不是集中在亚眠地区。
The situation on the evening of September 2, 1914, as a result of the vigorous onward march of the German right, was as follows:
1914 年 9 月 2 日晚，由于德国右翼猛烈前进，局势如下：
A corps of German cavalry had crossed the Oise and had reached Château Thierry.
一队德国骑兵已经越过瓦兹河，到达蒂埃里堡。
The First German Army (General von Kluck), consisting of four active army corps and a reserve corps, had passed Compiègne.
由四个现役军和一个预备军组成的德国第一集团军（冯·克卢克将军）已通过贡比涅。
The Second Army (General von Bülow), with three active army corps and two reserve corps, had attained to the region of Laon.
第二集团军（冯·布洛将军）率领三个现役军和两个预备军，已到达拉昂地区。
The Third German Army (General von Hausen), with two active army corps and a reserve corps, had crossed the Aisne and reached Château Porcin-Attigny.
德国第三集团军（冯·豪森将军）率领两个现役军和一个预备军，渡过埃纳河，到达波钦-阿蒂尼城堡。
Farther to the east the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh German Armies, making about twelve active army corps, four reserve corps, and numerous Ersatz companies, were in contact with the French troops (Fourth and Fifth Armies) between Vouziers and Verdun, the others from Verdun to the Vosges.
再往东，德国第四集团军、第五集团军、第六集团军和第七集团军，包括大约十二个现役集团军、四个预备军和众多的代工连，在武齐耶和凡尔登之间与法军（第四和第五集团军）接触，其他集团军从凡尔登到孚日山脉。
Such was the situation.
情况就是这样。
It may be seen, if a map is consulted, that the Fifth French Army, commanded from August 30 by General Franchet d'Espérey, would have found itself in grave peril following on the backward bending of the British and French forces operating on its left, if the French had accepted the challenge of a decisive battle.
如果查阅地图，可以看出，从8月30日起由弗朗谢·德斯佩雷将军指挥的法国第五集团军，如果法国人接受决战的挑战，那么在其左翼英法军队向后弯曲之后，法国第五集团军就会发现自己处于严重危险之中。
The French commander in chief resolutely chose the alternative that obviated such a risk, that is, he decided on a postponement of the offensive and the continuation of the retreat.
法军总司令毅然选择了避免这种风险的替代方案，即决定推迟进攻，继续撤退。
Already on September 1, 1914, he prescribed as the extreme limits of the retreat the line running through Bray-sur-Seine, Nogent-sur-Seine, Arcis-sur-Aube, Vitry-le-François, and the region north of Bar-le-Duc.
早在 1914 年 9 月 1 日，他就将穿过塞纳河畔布雷、塞纳河畔诺让、奥布河畔阿尔西、维特里勒弗朗索瓦和巴勒迪克以北地区的防线规定为撤退的极限。
That line would have been reached had it been necessary.
如果有必要的话，早就达到了那条线。
On the other hand, it was his intention to attack before it was reached if the forces could be offensively arrayed, allowing of the cooperation of the British army and the army of Manoury on the left, and on the right that of the divisions of reserve that had been held on the heights of the Meuse.
另一方面，他的目的是在部队能够进攻的情况下，在到达之前发起攻击，让左边的英国军队和马努里军队以及右边驻扎在默兹河高地的预备部队进行合作。
Meanwhile, late in the afternoon of August 29, 1914, the British retirement began afresh, and 10,000 French troops also withdrew from the Somme, blowing up the bridges as they went.
与此同时，1914年8月29日下午晚些时候，英国重新开始撤退，一万名法国军队也从索姆河撤出，沿途炸毁了桥梁。
Everywhere along the roads were crowds of country folk and villagers with wagons and carts piled high with household goods or carrying aged persons and children, all in panic flight before the dreaded invaders, fleeing for refuge in Paris.
沿路随处可见成群结队的乡下人和村民，他们的马车和手推车堆满了生活用品，或者载着老人和儿童，在可怕的入侵者面前惊慌失措，逃往巴黎避难。
At various places these stricken multitudes joined the army ambulances, taking the shortest routes.
这些受灾群众在不同的地方加入了军队救护车，采取最短的路线。
Rumors of the coming of the uhlans ran along the straggling lines with tales of the grievous havoc and ruin which these horsemen, vanguards of the German columns, had wrought in the land.
关于乌兰人到来的谣言沿着零散的战线传播，讲述了这些骑兵，德国纵队的先锋队，在这片土地上造成的严重破坏和毁灭。
Hardly had the retirement begun, when a body of uhlans entered Amiens and demanded from the mayor the surrender of the town.
退休刚开始，一群乌兰人就进入亚眠，要求市长投降该镇。
This was formally given, and the civilians were ordered, on pain of death, not to create the slightest disturbance and not to take part in any action, overt or covert, against the soldiery.
这是正式下达的命令，并命令平民不得制造丝毫骚乱，也不得参与任何公开或秘密的针对士兵的行动，违者处死。
Afterward, cavalry, infantry, and artillery took possession of the town on August 30, 1914.
随后，骑兵、步兵和炮兵于 1914 年 8 月 30 日占领了该镇。
On the same day a German aeroplane dropped bombs on Paris.
同一天，一架德国飞机向巴黎投下炸弹。
While retiring from the thickly wooded country south of Compiègne, the British First Cavalry Brigade were surprised while dismounted and at breakfast in the early morning of September 1, 1914.
1914 年 9 月 1 日清晨，英国第一骑兵旅从贡比涅南部树木茂密的乡村撤退时，在下马吃早餐时感到惊讶。
Moving figures on the distant skyline first attracted the attention of those who had field glasses, but in the dim light their identity was not at first revealed.
远处地平线上移动的人影首先吸引了那些戴着望远镜的人的注意，但在昏暗的灯光下，他们的身份一开始并没有被揭露。
Suddenly all doubt was resolved by a rain of shells on the camp.
突然间，营地上的炮弹雨消除了所有疑虑。
Many men and a large number of horses were killed.
许多人和大量马匹被杀。
At once the order "Action front!" rang out, and the remaining horses, five to a man, were hurried to cover in the rear, while on the left a battery of horse artillery went into instant action.
立刻下令“前线行动！”一声号角响起，剩下的马匹，每人五匹，急忙掩护后方，而左边的一队马炮立即投入战斗。
The German attack was pressed hard, and the battery was momentarily lost until some detachments from the British Third Corps, with the guns of the artillery brigade, galloped up to its support.
德军的进攻受到了猛烈的压制，炮台暂时失去了作用，直到英国第三军团的一些分遣队带着炮兵旅的火炮驰来支援。
Then they not only recovered their own guns, but also succeeded in capturing twelve of the enemy's.
随后他们不仅找回了自己的枪支，还成功缴获了敌人的十二支枪支。
On the eventful day of September 3, 1914, the British forces reached a position south of the Marne between Lagny and Signy-Signets.
1914 年 9 月 3 日这个重要的日子，英军到达了马恩河以南拉尼和西格尼-西涅茨之间的一个阵地。
They had defended the passage of the river against the German armies as long as possible, and had destroyed bridges in the path of the pursuers.
他们尽可能长时间地防御德军的进攻，并摧毁了追击者道路上的桥梁。
Next, at General Joffre's request, they retired some twelve miles farther southward with a view to taking a position behind the Seine.
接下来，应霞飞将军的要求，他们向南撤退了约十二英里，以期占据塞纳河后方的阵地。
In the meantime the Germans had built pontoon bridges across the Marne, and were threatening the Allies all along the line of the British forces and the Fifth and Ninth French Armies.
与此同时，德国人在马恩河上修建了浮桥，并威胁着英国军队以及法国第五集团军和第九集团军沿线的盟军。
Consequently several outpost actions took place.
因此发生了一些前哨行动。
By the 1st of September, 1914, the day of the Russian victories at Lemberg, Von Kluck's army had reached Senlis, only twenty-five miles from Paris.
1914 年 9 月 1 日，即俄国在伦贝格取得胜利的那一天，冯·克拉克的军队已到达距离巴黎仅 25 英里的桑利斯。
Despite this imminent danger, the capital was remarkably quiet and calm; every day, as fateful event crowded upon event, seemed to renew the resolution and coolness of the population.
尽管危险迫在眉睫，首都却异常安静。每一天，当重大事件接二连三地发生时，人们似乎都恢复了决心和冷静。
It seemed advisable, however, to transfer the seat of government for the time being from Paris to Bordeaux, after assuring the defense of the city by every means that could be devised.
然而，在采取一切可能的手段确保城市的防御之后，暂时将政府所在地从巴黎转移到波尔多似乎是明智的。
The defenses of Paris consisted of three great intrenched camps, on the north, east, and southwest, respectively.
巴黎的防御工事由三个巨大的堑壕营地组成，分别位于北部、东部和西南部。
Of these the most important is the last, which includes all the fortified area to the south and west of the Seine.
其中最重要的是最后一个，其中包括塞纳河以南和以西的所有防御区域。
A railway over sixty miles in length connects all the works, and, under the shelter of the forts, it could not only keep them supplied with the necessary ammunition and stores, but also it could be utilized to convey troops from point to point as they might be needed.
一条长达六十多英里的铁路将所有工事连接起来，在堡垒的掩护下，不仅可以为他们提供必要的弹药和物资，而且还可以根据需要将部队从一点运送到另一点。
However, it was an open secret that even the outer and newer defenses were not of any great strength.
不过，即便是外围的、较新的防御，实力也不强，这已经是公开的秘密了。
If the Germans broke through the outlying circle of forts, the inner line would be of small value, and the city itself would be exposed to long-range bombardment.
如果德军突破了外围的堡垒圈，那么内线的价值就很小，而且城市本身也会受到远程轰炸。
Paris was not ready for a siege, and if attacked it would speedily fall.
巴黎还没有做好围攻的准备，如果受到攻击，它很快就会陷落。
Early in the morning of September 3, 1914, President Poincaré, accompanied by all the ministers, left Paris, and was followed at noon by the members of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and the reserves of the Banque de France.
1914年9月3日清晨，庞加莱总统在全体部长的陪同下离开巴黎，中午，参众两院议员以及法兰西银行储备金也随之离开。
The higher courts were also transferred to Bordeaux.
高等法院也转移到波尔多。
The municipal authority was constituted by the president of the City Council, and the Council of the Seine Department, who were empowered to direct civil affairs under the authority of General Galliéni as military governor, the prefect of Paris, and the prefect of police.
市政当局由市议会主席和塞纳河省议会组成，在担任军事总督的加利埃尼将军、巴黎省长和警察省长的领导下，被授权指导民政事务。
On his appointment to the command, Galliéni did what he could to strengthen the defenses.
加利埃尼被任命为司令后，尽其所能加强防御。
Trenches were dug, wire entanglements were constructed, and hundreds of buildings that had been allowed to spring up over the military zone of defense were demolished in order to leave a clear field of fire.
挖了战壕，搭建了铁丝网，拆除了军事防御区上空的数百座建筑物，以便留下清晰的火力范围。
The gates of the city were barred with heavy palisades backed by sandbags, and neighboring streets also were barricaded for fighting.
城门被沙袋支撑的重栅栏封锁，邻近的街道也因战斗而被封锁。
Certain strategic streets were obstructed by networks of barbed wire, and in others pits were dug to the depth of a man's shoulders.
某些重要的街道被铁丝网封锁，而在其他街道上则挖了深至肩膀的坑。
The public buildings were barricaded with sandbags and guarded with machine guns.
公共建筑用沙袋围起来，并用机关枪把守。
But while Paris was preparing for siege and assault the French staff were concentrating their efforts on making a siege impossible by a decisive stroke against the German advance.
但是，当巴黎准备围攻和进攻时，法国参谋人员正集中精力对德军的进攻发起决定性的打击，使围攻变得不可能。
Hardly had the Government left the city when tidings arrived that instead of marching on Paris, General von Kluck had swung southeastward toward the crossing of the Marne.
政府刚离开这座城市，就有消息传来，冯·克拉克将军没有向巴黎进军，而是转向东南方向渡过马恩河。
This news was obtained by the allied flying corps, which had made daring flights over the enemy's line.
这个消息是由勇敢地飞越敌军防线的盟军飞行队得到的。
CHAPTER XII
第十二章
THE MARNE--GENERAL PLAN OF BATTLE FIELD
马恩河--战场总体规划
On September 4, 1914, the bugler of Destiny sounded the "Halt!" to the retreat of the armies of the Allies from the Belgian frontier.
1914年9月4日，命运的号手吹响了“停！”协约国军队从比利时边境撤退。
The marvelous fighting machine of the German armies, perhaps the most superb organization of military potency that has been conceived by the mind of man, seemed to reach its limit of range.
德国军队的神奇战斗机器，也许是人类所构想出的最出色的军事力量组织，似乎已经达到了其射程的极限。
Success had perched upon the German eagles, and for two weeks there had been a steady succession of victories.
成功降临到了德国之鹰的身上，两周以来，他们取得了一系列的胜利。
Nevertheless the British and French armies were not crushed.
尽管如此，英国和法国军队并没有被击溃。
They were overwhelmed, they were overpowered, and, under stern military necessity, they were forced to fall back.
他们被压垮了，被压倒了，在严峻的军事需要下，他们被迫撤退。
Day after day, under the swinging hammer-head blows of the German drive, the flower of the forces of the Allies had been compelled to break.
日复一日，在德军猛烈的锤头式打击下，协约国的军队之花被迫折断。
A little less generalship on the part of the defenders, or a little more recklessness behind that smashing offensive might have turned this retirement into a rout.
如果防守者的指挥能力稍差一点，或者在猛烈的进攻背后多一点鲁莽，可能会把这次撤退变成一场溃败。
Even as it was, the official dispatches reveal that, while occasional and local retirements had been considered, such a sweeping retreat was far from contemplated by Generals Joffre and French.
即便如此，官方电报显示，虽然曾考虑过偶尔和当地的退休，但霞飞将军和弗伦奇将军远没有考虑到如此大规模的撤退。
German official dispatches bear testimony to the intrepid character of the defenders sullenly falling back and contesting every inch of the way, as much as they do to the daring and the vivid bravery of the German attackers who hurled themselves steadily, day after day, upon positions hastily taken up in the retreat where the retirement could be partly repaid by the heaviest toll of death.
德国官方的消息证明了守军的无畏性格，他们阴沉地撤退，寸步不让，就像他们证明了德国进攻者的大胆和生动的勇敢一样，他们日复一日地稳步向撤退中匆忙占据的阵地投去，在这些阵地上，退却可以通过最惨重的死亡人数来部分补偿。
The great strategical plan of the Germans, which had displayed itself throughout the entire operations on the western theatre of war from the very first gun of the campaign, came to its apex on this September 3, 1914.
德国人的伟大战略计划，从战役的第一炮起就贯穿了西部战区的整个行动，并在1914年9月3日达到了顶峰。
If the allied armies could develop a strong enough defense to halt the German offensive at this point, and especially if they could develop a sufficiently powerful counteroffensive to strike doubt into the confident expectations of the armies of the Central Powers, then the strategical plan had reached a check, which might or might not be a checkmate, as the fortunes of war might determine.
如果盟军此时能够发展出足够强大的防御力量来制止德军的进攻，特别是如果他们能够发展出足够强大的反攻来对同盟国军队的信心产生怀疑，那么战略计划就已经受到了遏制，这可能会也可能不会被将死，这取决于战争的命运。
If, on the other hand, the stand made by the Allies at this point should prove ineffective, and if the counteroffensive should reveal that the German hosts had been able to establish impregnable defenses as they marched, then the original strategic plan of the attackers must be considered as intact and the peril of France would become greatly intensified.
另一方面，如果盟军此时的立场被证明是无效的，如果反攻表明德国东道主在行军过程中已经能够建立坚不可摧的防御，那么攻击者最初的战略计划就必须被认为是完整的，法国的危险将大大加剧。
It is idle, in a war of such astounding magnitude, to speak about any one single incident as being a "decisive" one.
在一场规模如此惊人的战争中，将任何一个事件称为“决定性”事件都是无意义的。
Such a term can only rightly be applied to conditions where the opposing powers each have but one organized army in the field, and these armies meet in a pitched battle.
这一术语只能正确地适用于敌对双方都只有一支有组织的军队在战场上，并且这些军队在一场激烈的战斗中相遇的情况。
None the less, the several actions which are known as the Battles of the Marne may be considered as decisive, to the extent that they decided the limit of the German offensive at that point.
尽管如此，被称为马恩河战役的几次行动可能被认为是决定性的，因为它们决定了德军当时进攻的极限。
The German General Staff, taking the ordinary and obvious precautions in the case of a possible repulse, chose and fortified in the German rear positions to which its forces might fall back in the event of retreat.
德国总参谋部在可能遭到击退的情况下采取了普通和明显的预防措施，选择在德军后方阵地进行加固，以便其部队在撤退时可以撤退到那里。
These prepared positions had a secondary contingent value for the Germans in view of the grave Russian menace that might call at any moment for a transfer of German troops from the western to the eastern front.
鉴于俄罗斯的严重威胁随时可能要求德国军队从西线转移到东线，这些准备好的阵地对德国人来说具有次要的偶然价值。
The Battle of the Marne stopped the advance of the main German army on that line, forcing it back.
马恩河战役阻止了德军主力在该线上的前进，迫使其后退。
[Illustration: Battle of the Marne--Beginning on September 5, 1914.]
[插图：马恩河战役——1914 年 9 月 5 日开始。]
The scene of the battle ground is one of the most famous in Europe, not even the plains of Belgium possessing a richer historical significance than that melancholy plain, the Champagne-Pouilleuse, upon whose inhospitable flats rested for centuries the curse of a prophecy, that there would the fate of France be decided, a prophecy of rare connotation of accuracy, for it refrained from stating what that fate should be.
战场场景是欧洲最著名的战场之一，即使是比利时平原，也没有比那片令人忧郁的香槟普耶斯平原更具有丰富的历史意义的了，几个世纪以来，在这片荒凉的平原上，一直存在着一个预言的诅咒，即法国的命运将由这里决定，这是一个罕见的准确内涵的预言，因为它没有说明命运应该是什么。
Yet the historic sense is amplified even more by remembrance than by prophecy, for in the territory confronting that huge arc on which 1,400,000 German and Austrian soldiers lay encamped, awaiting what even the German generals declared to be "the great decision," there lies, on the old Roman road running from Châlons a vast oval mound, known to tradition as "the Camp of Attila." In that country, a Roman general, Aetius, leading a host of soldiers of whom many were Gauls, broke a vast flood wave of the Huns as those savage Mongol hordes hurled themselves against Rome's westernmost possession.
然而，纪念比预言更能增强历史意义，因为在面对那片巨大的弧形领土上，140万德国和奥地利士兵扎营，等待着德国将军们宣称的“伟大决定”，在从沙隆延伸出来的古罗马道路上，有一个巨大的椭圆形土丘，传统上被称为“阿提拉营地”。在那个国家，罗马将军埃提乌斯率领一队士兵（其中许多是高卢人），击退了匈奴人的洪流，而那些野蛮的蒙古部落则猛烈攻击罗马最西端的领地。
On that occasion, however, the Visigoths, under their King Theodoric, fought side by side with the Gauls.
然而，在那一次，西哥特人在国王狄奥多里克的领导下与高卢人并肩作战。
Then, the dwellers on the banks of the Rhine and on the banks of the Seine were brothers in arms, now, that same countryside shall see them locked in deadly conflict.
那时，莱茵河畔和塞纳河畔的居民是战友，现在，同一个乡村将看到他们陷入致命的冲突。
The morale of tradition is a curious thing, and often will nerve a sword arm when the most impassioned utterance of a beloved leader may fail.
传统的士气是一件奇怪的事情，当一位受人爱戴的领导人最慷慨激昂的言论可能失败时，传统的士气常常会激起剑臂的勇气。
There were few among the soldiers of France who forgot that in the south of this same plain of Champagne-Pouilleuse was the home of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, patriot and saint, and more than one French soldier prayed that the same voices which had whispered in the ear of the virgin of Domremy should guide the generalissimo who was to lead the armies of France upon the morrow.
法国士兵中很少有人忘记，在香槟普耶斯平原的南部，是奥尔良少女、爱国者和圣人圣女贞德的故乡，不止一名法国士兵祈祷，在多雷米圣母耳边低语的同样的声音应该指导明天将领导法国军队的大元帅。
Here, tradition again found old alliances severed and new ones formed, for the Maid of Orleans led the French against the English, while in the serried ranks awaiting the awful test of the shock of battle, English and French soldiers lived and slept as brothers.
在这里，传统再次发现旧的联盟被切断，新的联盟成立，因为奥尔良少女号带领法国人对抗英国人，而在严密的队伍中等待战斗冲击的可怕考验时，英国和法国士兵像兄弟一样生活和睡觉。
The topography of the region of the battle field is of more than common interest, for modern tactics deal with vaster stretches of country than would have been considered in any previous war.
战场区域的地形不仅仅是共同利益，因为现代战术所涉及的国家范围比以往任何一场战争都要考虑的更广阔。
This is due, partly, to the large armies handled, partly to the terrific range of modern artillery, and also to what may be called the territorial perceptiveness which aeronautical surveys make possible to a general of to-day.
这部分是由于所指挥的庞大军队，部分是由于现代火炮的惊人射程，还有航空测量使当今的将军能够获得所谓的领土感知能力。
While war has not changed, it is true that a commander of an army in modern campaign is compelled to review and to take into account a far larger group of factors.
尽管战争并没有改变，但现代战役中的军队指挥官确实不得不审视并考虑更多的因素。
A modern general must be capable of grasping increased complexities, and must possess a synthetic mind to be able to reduce all these complicating factors into a single whole.
现代将军必须能够应对日益增加的复杂性，并且必须拥有综合思维，能够将所有这些复杂因素简化为一个整体。
The first factor of the battles of the Marne was the topographical factor, the consideration of the land over which the action was to take place.
马恩河战役的第一个因素是地形因素，即对行动发生地的考虑。
Let the River Marne be used as a base from which this topography can be determined.
让马恩河作为确定地形的基础。
The Marne rises near Langres, which is the northwest angle of that pentagon of fortresses (Belfort, Epinal, Langres, Dijon, and Besançon), which incloses an almost impregnable recuperative ground for exhausted armies.
马恩河发源于朗格勒附近，朗格勒是五边形要塞（贝尔福、埃皮纳勒、朗格勒、第戎和贝桑松）的西北角，为精疲力竭的军队提供了几乎坚不可摧的休养生息之地。
From Langres the Marne flows almost north by west for about fifty miles through a hilly and wooded country, then, taking a more westerly course, it flows for approximately seventy-five miles almost northwest, across the Plain of Champagne, past Vitry-le-François and Châlons, thence almost due westward through the Plateau of Sézanne, by Epernay, Château Thierry, La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, and Meaux to join the Seine just south of Paris.
马恩河从朗格勒出发，几乎向北偏西流经约五十英里，穿过一片丘陵和树木繁茂的地区，然后，采取更西的路线，几乎向西北方向流约七十五英里，穿过香槟平原，经过维特里勒弗朗索瓦和沙隆，然后几乎正西穿过塞尚高原，经过埃佩尔奈、蒂埃里城堡、拉费泰苏茹阿雷和莫城，到达与巴黎以南的塞纳河交汇。
In the neighborhood of Meaux, three small tributaries flow into the Marne--the Ourcq from the north, and the Grand Morin and Petit Morin from the east.
在莫城附近，有3条小支流流入马恩河：从北部流入的乌尔克河，从东部流入的大莫兰河和小莫兰河。
The Marshes of St. Gond, ten miles long from east to west and a couple of miles across, lie toward the eastern borders of the Plateau of Sézanne, and form the source of the Petit Morin, which has been deepened in the reclamation of the marsh country.
圣贡德沼泽东西长十英里，宽几英里，靠近塞尚高原的东部边界，是小莫兰河的源头，在沼泽地的开垦过程中，小莫兰河的源头不断加深。
Once more considering the source of the Marne, near Langres, it will be noted that the River Meuse rises near by, flowing north by east to Toul, and then north-northwest past Verdun to Sedan, where it turns due north, flowing through the Ardennes country to Namur, in Belgium.
再次考虑朗格勒附近的马恩河源头，我们会发现默兹河发源于附近，向北向东流至图勒，然后向西北偏北经过凡尔登到达色当，在那里转向正北，流经阿登地区到达比利时的那慕尔。
To the east of the Meuse lies the difficult forest clad hill barrier, known as the Hills of the Meuse; to the east extends (as far as Triaucourt) the craggy and broken wooded country of the Argonne, a natural barrier which stretches southward in a chain of lakes and forests.
默兹河东面是险峻的森林覆盖的山丘屏障，被称为默兹河丘陵。向东延伸（远至特里奥库尔）崎岖不平、树木茂盛的阿贡河地区，这是一道向南延伸的一连串湖泊和森林的天然屏障。
West of this impassible country of the Meuse and the Argonne lies the plain of Champagne-Pouilleuse, which is almost a steppe, bare and open, only slightly undulating, overgrown with heath, and studded here and there by small copses of planted firs, naught but a small portion of the whole being under cultivation.
在默兹河和阿尔贡河这片不可通行的乡村的西边，坐落着香槟-普耶斯平原，这里几乎就是一片草原，光秃秃的，开阔的，只有轻微的起伏，长满了石南丛生，到处都散布着一小片种植的冷杉，只不过是整个地区的一小部分正在耕种。
Between the Forest of the Argonne and this great plain, which is over a hundred miles long from north to south and forty miles in width, lies a short stretch of miniature foothills, with upland meadows here and there, but crossed in every direction by small ravines filled with shrubs and low second-growth timber.
在阿贡森林和这片从北到南长一百多英里、宽四十英里的大平原之间，有一小段微型山麓，到处都是高地草甸，但四面八方都是长满灌木和低矮次生木材的小峡谷。
Here lies the source of the Aisne, a river destined to live in history; and on the farther side begins the great plain.
这里是埃纳河的源头，这条河注定会载入史册。另一边是大平原。
On the west of the plain of Champagne rises, 300 feet, with a curious clifflike suddenness, the Plateau of Sézanne.
塞尚高原 (Sézanne Plateau) 位于香槟平原西边，海拔 300 英尺，陡峭如悬崖，令人好奇。
The effect is as though a geological fault had driven the original plateau from north to south throughout its entire length, and then as though there had been a general subsidence of the plain, giving rise to the clifflike formations known as Les Falaises de Champagne, at the foot of which runs the road from La Fère-Champenoise to Rheims.
其效果就好像地质断层将原来的高原从北向南驱动到整个长度，然后好像平原普遍下沉，形成了被称为“香槟法莱斯”的悬崖状构造，其脚下是从拉菲尔香槟到兰斯的道路。
The disposition and arrangement of the German forces is next to be considered.
接下来要考虑的是德军的部署和安排。
It can be assumed that their objective was Paris.
可以假设他们的目标是巴黎。
It is also worthy of remembrance that the German tactical method has always favored the envelopment of the enemy's flanks rather than a frontal attack aiming to pierce the enemy's center, which latter was a favorite method of Napoleon I to reach decision.
还值得记住的是，德国的战术方法历来偏向于包围敌人的侧翼，而不是旨在刺穿敌人中心的正面攻击，后者是拿破仑一世最喜欢的决策方法。
The tactical method of envelopment demands great numerical superiority, and on account of the extreme extension of front necessitated is apt to become dangerous as perforce the center is left weak.
包围的战术方法要求在数量上有很大的优势，而且由于战线需要极度拉长，因此中军势必变得虚弱，因此很容易变得危险。
Attempts to envelop, with which the observer is confronted again and again when considering the military movements of the Central Powers on the western battle front, were revealed on the morning of September 3, 1914, in the position occupied by the German forces, and, correspondingly, in the arrangement of the allied armies.
1914年9月3日上午，观察者在考虑同盟国在西部战线的军事行动时，一次又一次地面临着包围的企图，这一点在德军占领的阵地以及相应的盟军的部署中得到了体现。
The German right, on September 3, 1914, and September 4, 1914, at which time it was nearest to its desired goal of Paris, held the banks of the Marne from Epernay to the banks of the little tributary the Ourcq, which runs into the Marne from the north.
德国右翼在 1914 年 9 月 3 日和 1914 年 9 月 4 日，也就是最接近其巴黎目标的时候，控制了从埃佩尔奈到从北部流入马恩河的小支流乌尔克河的河岸。
This extreme right comprised the Second Corps and the Fourth Reserve Corps, encamped on the western bank of the little stream the Ourcq; while the Fourth Corps was given the honor of the tip of the right, being camped on the Marne at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, supported by the Third Corps, the Seventh Corps and the Seventh Corps Reserve.
这个极右翼部队由第二军团和第四预备役军团组成，驻扎在乌尔克小河西岸。而第四军团则获得了右翼的荣誉，在马恩河上的拉费尔特苏茹阿尔扎营，得到了第三军团、第七军团和第七军团预备队的支援。
The Ninth Cavalry Division occupied an advanced position west of Crécy and the Second Cavalry Division occupied an advanced position near the British army, north of Coulommiers.
第九骑兵师占领了克雷西以西的前沿阵地，第二骑兵师占领了库洛米尔以北英军附近的前沿阵地。
These troops constituted the First German Army, under the command of General von Kluck.
这些部队组成了德国第一集团军，由冯·克卢克将军指挥。
The Allies' left, confronting this position, held strong reserves, and by the nature of the ground itself, was well placed to prevent any enveloping movement, dear to the German school of military tactics.
面对这一阵地，盟军左翼拥有强大的预备队，而且由于地形本身的性质，他们处于有利位置，可以防止任何包围行动，这对德国军事战术学派来说是很重要的。
It rested securely on the fortress of Paris, believed by its constructors to be the most fully fortified city in the world, and should the German right endeavor to encircle the left wing of the Allies, should it develop a farther westerly movement, it would but come in contact with the outer line of those defenses and thence be deflected in such an enormous arc as to thin the line beyond the power of keeping it strong enough to resist a piercing attack at all points.
它安全地坐落在巴黎要塞上，巴黎要塞被其建造者认为是世界上防御最完善的城市，如果德国右翼试图包围盟军的左翼，如果它进一步向西移动，它只会与这些防御工事的外线接触，从而以如此巨大的弧线偏转，从而使防线变薄，使其无法保持足够强大的力量来抵御所有点的穿刺攻击。
Clearly, then, as long as the extreme left of the Allies remained in contact with the defenses of Paris, an enveloping movement was not possible on the easterly flank.
显然，只要盟军的极左翼仍与巴黎的防线保持接触，就不可能在东侧发起包围行动。
Facing the German extreme right, was the Sixth French Army, one of the great reserves of General Joffre, which had been steadily building up since August 29, 1914, with its right on the Marne and its left at Betz, in the Ourcq Valley, encamped on the western side of that stream, facing the Second and Fourth Corps of the Germans.
面对德国极右翼的是法国第六集团军，它是霞飞将军的主要预备队之一，自1914年8月29日以来一直在稳步建立，其右翼位于马恩河，左翼位于乌尔克河谷的贝茨，扎营在河流西侧，面对德军第二和第四军团。
The strengthening of that army from the forces at Paris was hourly, and while three or four days before it had been felt that the Sixth French Army was too weak to be placed in so vital a point--that it should have been supplemented with the Ninth Army--the results justified the French generalissimo's plans and more than justified his confidence in the British Army, or Expeditionary Force, which faced the tip of the German right wing drive and was encamped on a line from Villeneuve le Comte to Jouy le Chatel, the center of the British army being at a point five miles southeast of Coulommiers.
巴黎的部队每小时都会对这支军队进行增援，虽然三四天前，人们还觉得法国第六集团军太弱，无法部署在如此重要的地点——应该用第九集团军来补充——但结果证明了法国大元帅的计划是正确的，也更证明了他对英国陆军或远征军的信心，这支部队面对着德国右翼进攻的尖端，并在维伦纽夫的一条线上扎营。从勒孔德到茹伊勒沙特尔，英国军队的中心位于库洛米尔东南五英里处。
This army was under the command of General Sir John French.
这支军队由约翰·弗伦奇爵士将军指挥。
The right center of the German line was held by General von Bülow's army, consisting of the Ninth Corps, the Tenth Corps, the Tenth Reserve Corps, and the Guard Corps.
德军战线的右中线由冯·比洛将军的军队控制，包括第九军、第十军、第十预备军和近卫军。
This army also was encamped upon the Marne, stretching from the eastern end of General Von Kluck's army as far as Epernay.
这支军队也在马恩河上扎营，从冯·克拉克将军军队的东端一直延伸到埃佩尔内。
This army thus held the Forests of Vassy but was confronted by the marshes of St. Gond.
这支军队因此占领了瓦西森林，但面临着圣贡德的沼泽。
Confronting this right center was, first of all, General Conneau's Cavalry Corps, which was in touch with the right wing of the British army under Sir John French.
与这个右翼中锋对抗的首先是康诺将军的骑兵军，该军与约翰·弗伦奇爵士率领的英军右翼有联系。
Then, holding the line from Esternay to Courtaçon lay the Fifth French Army under General d'Espérey.
随后，德埃斯佩雷将军率领的法军第五集团军负责坚守从埃斯特奈到库尔塔松的防线。
Full in face of the strongest part of the German right center stood one of the strongest of General Joffre's new reserves, the Ninth Army under General Foch, with the marshes of St. Gond in front of him, and holding a twenty-mile line from Esternay, past Sézanne to Camp de Mailly, a remarkably well-equipped army, very eager for the fray.
霞飞将军的新预备队中最强大的一支，即福煦将军指挥的第九集团军，完全面对德军中右翼最强大的部队，福煦将军指挥的第九集团军，前面是圣贡德沼泽，守住从埃斯特奈、经过塞尚到马利营的二十英里防线，这是一支装备精良的军队，非常渴望战斗。
The hastily replenished corps, largely of Saxons, which had been General von Hausen's army, lay next to General von Bülow, a little north of Vitry, and as it proved, a weak spot in the German line.
匆忙补充的军团主要是撒克逊人，曾是冯·豪森将军的军队，位于维特里以北不远的冯·比洛将军旁边，事实证明，这是德军战线上的一个薄弱环节。
The left center of the attacking force was under the command of the Duke of Württemberg and extended across the whole southern end of the plain of Champagne to the upper streams of the Aisne south of St. Menhould.
攻击部队的左中路由符腾堡公爵指挥，横跨香槟平原的整个南端，一直延伸到圣门胡尔德以南的埃纳河上游。
The extreme left of this advanced line was the army of the Imperial Crown Prince, holding the old line on the Argonne to the south of Verdun.
这条前线的最左端是皇太子的军队，守卫着凡尔登以南阿贡河畔的旧阵线。
In close relation to this advanced line, but not directly concerned with the battles of the Marne, were the armies of the Bavarian Crown Prince, encamped in the plateau of the Woevre, engaged largely in the task of holding open the various lines of communication, while far to the south, in the vicinity of the much battered little town of Mulhouse, lay the remains of the decimated army of the Alsace campaigns under General von Heeringen.
与这条前线密切相关，但与马恩河战役没有直接关系的是巴伐利亚王储的军队，驻扎在沃埃夫尔高原，主要从事保持各条交通线畅通的任务，而在遥远的南方，在饱受摧残的米卢斯小镇附近，则埋藏着冯·赫林根将军率领的阿尔萨斯战役中被摧毁的军队的残部。
Facing this left center came General Langle's Fourth French Army, covering the southern side of the plain of Châlons, it lay south of Vitry-le-François, and faced due north.
面对左中军的是兰格尔将军的法国第四集团军，覆盖沙隆平原的南侧，位于维特里勒弗朗索瓦以南，面朝正北。
On this army, it was expected, the brunt of the drive would fall.
预计这支军队将首当其冲。
At this point the French battle line made a sharp angle, the Third French Army, commanded by General Sarrail, occupying a base from Bar-le-Duc to Verdun.
此时法军战线形成了一个锐角，由萨拉伊将军指挥的法军第三集团军占领了从巴勒迪克到凡尔登的一个基地。
It thus faced almost west, skirting the lower edge of the Forest of Argonne.
因此，它几乎面朝西方，绕过阿贡森林的下边缘。
At the same time it was back to back with the Second French Army, which covered the great barrier of forts from Verdun to Toul and Epinal, while the First French Army held the line from Epinal to Belfort.
与此同时，法军第二集团军则背靠背，覆盖了从凡尔登到图勒和埃皮纳勒的堡垒屏障，而法军第一集团军则坚守着从埃皮纳勒到贝尔福的防线。
CHAPTER XIII
第十三章
ALLIED AND GERMAN BATTLE PLANS
盟军和德国的作战计划
So much for the actual disposition of the armies.
关于军队的实际部署就这么多。
The question of preponderance of numbers, of advantages of position, and of comparative fighting efficiency is the next factor with which to be reckoned.
数量优势、位置优势和相对战斗效率问题是下一个需要考虑的因素。
The numbers were fairly evenly matched.
数字相当均匀。
About twelve days before this fateful day of September 3, 1914, there were approximately 100 German divisions as against seventy-five French, British, and Belgian divisions.
1914 年 9 月 3 日这个决定性的日子之前大约 12 天，大约有 100 个德国师对抗 75 个法国、英国和比利时师。
But, during those twelve days, French and British mobilization advanced with hectic speed, while, at the same time, Germany was compelled to transfer ten or perhaps fifteen of her divisions to the eastern theater of war.
但是，在那十二天里，法国和英国的动员以惊人的速度推进，而与此同时，德国被迫将其十个或也许十五个师转移到东部战区。
It follows, therefore, that there were about 4,000,000 soldiers in all the armies that confronted each other in the week of September 3-10, 1914, of whom, probably, 3,000,000 were combatants.
因此，在 1914 年 9 月 3 日至 10 日这一周内，所有对峙的军队中约有 4,000,000 名士兵，其中可能有 3,000,000 名战斗人员。
An early estimate placed the German strength at 1,300,000 combatants, and the Allies at about 1,700,000.
初步估计，德国有 1,300,000 名战斗人员，而盟军约有 1,700,000 名。
A later French estimate put the Germans at 1,600,000, with the Allies between 1,400,000 and 1,500,000.
法国后来估计德军人数为 1,600,000，盟军人数在 1,400,000 到 1,500,000 之间。
The preponderance of efficiency of equipment lay with the Germans.
德国人在装备效率方面占据优势。
The plans of the German campaign at this time, so far as they can be determined from the official orders and from the manner in which the respective movements were carried out, were three-fold.
从官方命令和各次行动的实施方式来看，德国此时的战役计划有三层。
The first of these movements was the order given to General von Kluck to swirl his forces to the southeast of Paris, swerving away from the capital in an attempt to cut the communications between it and the Fifth French Army under General d'Espérey.
第一个行动是冯·克卢克将军下令将他的部队转向巴黎东南部，远离首都，试图切断巴黎与德埃斯佩雷将军领导的法国第五集团军之间的联系。
This plan evidently involved a feint attack upon the Sixth French Army under General Manoury (though General Pare took charge of the larger issues of this western campaign), coupled with a swift southerly stroke and an attack upon what was supposed to be the exposed western flank of General d'Espérey's army.
这一计划显然涉及对马努里将军指挥的法军第六集团军进行佯攻（尽管帕尔将军负责这次西线战役的更大问题），同时迅速向南进攻，攻击德埃斯佩雷将军军队本应暴露的西翼。
The cause of the failure of this attempt was the presence of the British army, as has been shown in the alignment of the armies given above, and as will be shown in detail later, in the recital of the actual progress of the fighting.
这次尝试失败的原因是英国军队的存在，正如上面给出的军队排列所表明的那样，并且正如稍后在战斗的实际进展的叙述中所详细表明的那样。
Important as was this movement, however, it was the least of the three elements in General von Moltke's plan for the shattering of the great defense line of the Allies.
尽管这一行动很重要，但它却是冯·毛奇将军粉碎盟军伟大防线计划的三个要素中最不重要的一个。
The second element in this plan was, contrary to Germany's usual tactics, the determination to attack the center of the French line and break through.
该计划的第二个要素是，与德国通常的战术相反，决心攻击法国战线的中心并突破。
Almost three-quarters of a million men were concentrated on this point.
几乎百万男人中有四分之三都集中在这一点上。
The armies of General von Bülow, General Hausen and the Duke of Württemberg were massed in the center of the line.
冯·比洛将军、豪森将军和符腾堡公爵的军队集结在战线中央。
There, however, General Foch's new Ninth Army was prepared to meet the attack.
然而，福煦将军的新第九集团军已准备好迎接进攻。
It will be remembered that, in the disposition of the troops, these respective armies were facing each other across the great desolate plain, the ancient battle ground.
值得注意的是，在兵力部署上，这两支军队是隔着古老战场的大荒平原对峙的。
If the German center could break through the French center, and if at the same time General von Kluck, commanding the German right, could execute a swift movement to the southeast, the Fifth French Army would be between two fires, together with such part of the Ninth Army as lay to the westward of the point to be pierced.
如果德军中军能够突破法军中军，同时指挥德军右翼的冯·克卢克将军能够向东南方向迅速移动，那么法军第五集团军以及位于被突破点以西的第九集团军的部分部队将处于两道火力之间。
This strategic plan held high promise, and it would have menaced the whole interior of France southward from the plain of Champagne, but even this second part of the plan, important as it was, does not appear to have been the crucial point in the campaign.
这一战略计划前景广阔，它将威胁到香槟平原以南的整个法国内陆地区，但即使是该计划的第二部分，尽管很重要，但似乎并不是战役的关键点。
The glory of the victory, if indeed victory it should prove, as the successes of the previous two weeks had led the Germans to believe, was to be given to the crown prince.
正如前两周的成功让德国人相信的那样，胜利的荣耀，如果确实是胜利的话，将被授予王储。
With a great deal of trouble and with far more delay than had been anticipated, the crown prince's army had at last managed to get within striking distance of the forefront of the great battle line.
历尽千辛万苦，而且比预想的还要耽误更多的时间，皇太子的军队终于到达了大战前线的攻击距离。
His forces occupied the territory north of Verdun to a southern point not far from Bar-le-Duc.
他的军队占领了凡尔登以北的领土，南端距巴勒迪克不远。
Here the German secret service seems to have been as efficient, as it failed to be with regard to conditions only fifty miles away.
在这里，德国特勤局的效率似乎很高，而在仅五十英里之外的情况下，德国特勤局却未能做到这一点。
General Sarrail's army, which confronted the army of the crown prince, was somewhat weak.
萨拉伊尔将军的军队，与王储的军队对峙，显得有些弱小。
It consisted of about two army corps with reserve divisions.
它由大约两个军团和预备役师组成。
Nor could General Joffre send any reenforcements.
霞飞将军也无法派遣任何增援部队。
Every available source of reenforcements had been drawn upon to aid the Sixth Army, encamped upon the banks of the Ourcq, in order that Paris might be well guarded.
一切可用的增援资源都被调动来援助驻扎在乌尔克河畔的第六集团军，以便巴黎能够得到严密的守卫。
No troops could be spared from the Fifth and Ninth Armies, which had to bear the brunt of the attack from the German center.
第五集团军和第九集团军无一幸免，它们首当其冲地受到德军中部的攻击。
General Sarrail, therefore, had to depend on the natural difficulties of the country and to avoid giving battle too readily against the superior forces by which he was confronted.
因此，萨雷尔将军必须依靠该国的自然困难，避免过于轻易地与他所面对的优势部队进行战斗。
It was a part of the plan of the French generalissimo, however, to feel the strength of the German center, and if it proved that they could be held, to release several divisions and send them to the aid of General Sarrail.
然而，法国大元帅计划的一部分是要感受德国中军的力量，如果证明可以控制住他们，就释放几个师并派他们去援助萨拉伊将军。
Subordinate to this contemplated attack by the crown prince, yet forming a part of it, and, in a measure, a fourth element in the campaign, was the double effort from the garrisons of Metz and Saarbrücken, combining with the armies of the Bavarian Crown Prince and the forces of General von Heeringen.
梅斯和萨尔布吕肯的卫戍部队与巴伐利亚王储的军队和冯·赫林根将军的部队联合起来，从属于王储这次计划中的进攻，但也是这次进攻的一部分，在某种程度上，是战役中的第四个因素。
The Second French Army, therefore, could not come to the aid of the Third, except in desperate need, for it was in the very forefront of the attack on Nancy.
因此，除非在迫切需要的情况下，法国第二集团军无法援助第三集团军，因为它处于进攻南锡的最前线。
If the German left could pierce the French lines at Nancy and pour through the Gap of Lorraine, it would be able to take General Sarrail's army in the rear at Bar-le-Duc, and would thus completely hem it in, at the same time isolating Verdun, which, thus invested in the course of time must fall, forming an invaluable advanced fortress to the German advance.
如果德军左翼能够突破法军在南锡的防线并冲过洛林缺口，那么它就能在巴勒迪克将萨雷尔将军的军队从后方截住，从而将其完全围堵起来，同时孤立凡尔登，随着时间的推移，凡尔登必定会陷落，成为德军前进的一个无价的先进堡垒。
[Illustration: Battle of the Marne--Situation on September 9, 1914.]
[插图：马恩河战役——1914 年 9 月 9 日的情况。]
Before proceeding to the actual working out of this plan of campaign it may be well to recapitulate it, in order that each development may be clear.
在开始实际制定该活动计划之前，最好重述一下该计划，以便使每项进展都清晰可见。
The German plan was to pierce the French line at three places, at Meaux, at Bar-le-Duc and at Nancy.
德国计划在三个地点突破法军防线：莫城、巴勒迪克和南锡。
General von Kluck, at Meaux, would cut off the Fifth and the Ninth Armies from communication with their base at Paris, the Bavarian Crown Prince would weaken General Sarrail's defense in the rear, and if possible come up behind him, and thus the stage would be set for the great onrush of the Imperial Crown Prince, who, with an almost fresh army, and with a most complete and elaborate system of communications and supplies, should be able to crush the weak point in France's defense, the army under General Sarrail.
冯·克卢克将军在莫城将切断第五集团军和第九集团军与巴黎基地的联系，巴伐利亚王储将削弱萨雷尔将军的后方防御，如果可能的话，他会在他身后出现，这样就为帝国王储的大突袭奠定了基础，他拥有一支几乎新鲜的军队，拥有最完整和最复杂的通讯和补给系统，应该能够粉碎法国防御的弱点，即萨雷尔将军领导的军队。
Such a victory was designed to shed an especial luster upon the crown prince and thus upon the Hohenzollern dynasty, a prestige much needed, for the delays in the advance of the crown prince's army had already given rise to mutterings of discontent.
这样的胜利旨在为王储乃至霍亨索伦王朝增添特别的光彩，这是非常需要的威望，因为王储军队前进的拖延已经引起了不满的抱怨。
From a strategical point of view the plan was sound and brilliant, the disposition of the forces was excellently contrived, and the very utmost of military skill had been used in bringing matters to a focus.
从战略上看，计划是周密而辉煌的，兵力部署是精心设计的，军事技巧是发挥到极致的。
The French plan, is the next to be considered.
法国的计划是下一个要考虑的。
From official orders and dispatches and also from the developments of that week, it is clear that General Joffre had perceived the possibility of such a plan as the Germans had actually conceived.
从官方命令和电报以及那一周的事态发展来看，霞飞将军显然已经意识到德国人实际上设想的这一计划的可能性。
He had brought back his armies--and there is nothing harder to handle than a retreating army--step by step over northern France without losing them their morale.
他带领他的军队一步步越过法国北部，没有什么比撤退的军队更难对付的了，而且没有丧失士气。
The loss of life was fearful, but it never became appalling.
生命的损失令人恐惧，但从未变得令人震惊。
The French soldiers had faith in Joffre, even as their faith in France, and, while the Germans had victories to cheer them on, the soldiers of the Allies had to keep up their courage under the perpetual strain of retreat.
法国士兵对霞飞充满信心，正如他们对法国的信心一样，虽然德国人有胜利为他们欢呼，但盟军士兵却必须在不断撤退的压力下保持勇气。
The administration had evacuated Paris.
政府已撤离巴黎。
Everywhere it seemed that the weakness of France was becoming apparent.
法国的弱点似乎无处不在。
To the three armies in the field, those commanded severally by General Manoury, Sir John French, and General Lanrezac, the generalissimo steadily sent reenforcements.
对于战场上由马努里将军、约翰·弗伦奇爵士和朗勒扎克将军分别指挥的三支军队，大元帅不断地派遣增援部队。
But he informed the French Government that he was not able to save the capital from a siege.
但他告诉法国政府，他无法将首都从围困中拯救出来。
Yet, as after events showed, while these various conditions could not rightly be considered as ruses upon General Joffre's part to lure on the Germans, there is no doubt that he understood and took full advantage of the readiness of the attacking hosts to esteem all these points as prophetic of future victory.
然而，正如事后所表明的那样，虽然这些不同的条件不能被正确地视为霞飞将军引诱德国人的诡计，但毫无疑问，他理解并充分利用了进攻方的准备状态，将所有这些视为未来胜利的预言。
The first feature of the French plan, therefore, was to lend color to the German belief that the armies of the Allies were disheartened and thereby to induce the attacking forces to join the issue quickly.
因此，法国计划的第一个特点是让德国人相信协约国军队已经灰心丧气，从而诱使进攻部队迅速加入进来。
The second part of the French plan lay in General Joffre's decision not to do the expected thing.
法国计划的第二部分在于霞飞将军决定不做预期的事情。
With General Sarrail placed at the extremest point of danger, it would have been a likely move to transfer the entire British Expeditionary Force from the left wing to the weak point at Bar-le-Duc.
由于萨拉伊将军处于最危险的境地，因此很可能将整个英国远征军从左翼转移到巴勒迪克的弱点。
There is reason to believe that General von Kluck believed that this had been done.
有理由相信冯·克鲁克将军相信这已经完成了。
The third part of the defensive prepared by General Joffre was that of a determination to turn the steady retreat into a counterdrive.
霞飞将军准备的防御的第三部分是决心将稳步撤退转变为反攻。
Time after time had the other generals implored their leader to give them leave to take the offensive, and on every occasion a shake of the head had been the reply.
其他将军一次又一次恳求他们的领袖允许他们进攻，每次得到的答复都是摇头。
Sir John French had wondered.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士想知道。
But when the French officers found themselves in the region of the Marne, close to the marshes of St. Gond, where in 1814 Napoleon had faced the Russians, they were more content.
但当法国军官发现自己身处马恩河地区，靠近圣贡德沼泽地（1814 年拿破仑曾在那里与俄国人交锋）时，他们就更满足了。
It was familiar as well as historic ground.
这是一个熟悉且具有历史意义的地方。
Even the youngest officer knew every foot of that ground thoroughly.
即使是最年轻的军官也对这片土地的每一寸土地都了如指掌。
It was, at the same time, the best point for the forward leap and one of the last points at which a halt could be made.
同时，这是向前跳跃的最佳点，也是最后可以停下来的点之一。
The fourth part of the plan was the holding fast to the point of Verdun, for thereby the communication of the armies of the Central Powers was seriously weakened.
该计划的第四部分是坚守凡尔登，从而严重削弱同盟国军队的联系。
It is to be remembered that this actual fighting army of more than a million men depended for food and for ammunition supplies upon the routes from Belgium and Luxemburg by way of Mézières and Montmédy, and the circuitous line to Brussels via St. Quentin.
值得注意的是，这支超过一百万人的实际战斗军队依赖从比利时和卢森堡经梅济耶尔和蒙梅迪的路线以及经圣康坦到达布鲁塞尔的迂回路线获取食物和弹药。
Had Maubeuge fallen a little earlier the situation of the Central Powers would have been less difficult, and both commissariat and ammunition problems would have been easier of solution.
如果莫伯日早一点陷落，同盟国的处境就不会那么困难，粮食和弹药问题都会更容易解决。
But Maubeuge held out until September 7, 1914, and by that time the prime results of the battles of the Marne had been achieved.
但莫伯日坚持到了 1914 年 9 月 7 日，那时马恩河战役已经取得了主要成果。
To this problem Verdun was the key, for from Metz through Verdun ran the main line, less than one-half the length of line to the Belgian bases of supplies, and, owing to the nature of the country, a line that could be held with a quarter the number of men.
对于这个问题，凡尔登是关键，因为从梅斯到凡尔登是主线，不到比利时补给基地线长度的一半，而且由于该国的性质，这条线只能用四分之一的人数来守卫。
But Verdun stood, and General Joffre held the two armies back to back, converging on the point at Verdun.
但凡尔登站了起来，霞飞将军让两军背靠背，在凡尔登的据点上会合。
Such was the country over which the battles of the Marne were fought, such were the numbers and dispositions of the several armies on each side, and such, as far as can be judged, were the plans and counterplans of the strategic leaders in the great conflict.
这就是马恩河战役的发生地，这就是双方军队的数量和部署，这就是可以判断的，这就是这场伟大冲突中战略领导人的计划和反计划。
CHAPTER XIV
第十四章
FIRST MOVES IN THE BATTLE
战斗中的第一步
The first movement in this concerted plan was taken by the German extreme right.
这一协同计划的第一个行动是由德国极右翼发起的。
This was the closing in of General von Kluck's army in a southeasterly direction.
这是冯·克拉克将军的军队向东南方向逼近。
It was a hazardous move, for it required General von Kluck to execute a flank march diagonally across the front of the Sixth French Army and the British Expeditionary Force.
这是一个危险的举动，因为它需要冯·克鲁克将军从侧翼斜行军穿过法国第六集团军和英国远征军的正面。
At this time, according to the dispatches from Sir John French, the British army lay south of the Marne between Lagny and Signy-Signets, defending the passage of the river and blowing up the bridges before General von Kluck.
此时，根据约翰·弗兰奇爵士的电报，英军位于马恩河以南拉尼和西尼-西涅茨之间，保卫河道并炸毁了冯·克拉克将军面前的桥梁。
On September 4, 1914, air reconnaissances showed that General von Kluck had stopped his southward advance upon Paris, and that his columns were moving in a southeasterly direction east of a line drawn through Nanteuil and Lizy on the Ourcq.
1914 年 9 月 4 日，空中侦察显示冯·克拉克将军已停止向巴黎南进，他的纵队正在乌尔克河上穿过南特伊和利齐的一条线以东向东南方向移动。
Meanwhile the French and British generals more effectually concealed their armies in the forests, doing so with such skill that their movements were unmarked by the German air scouts.
与此同时，法国和英国将军更有效地将他们的军队隐藏在森林中，他们的行动如此巧妙，以至于德国空中侦察兵没有注意到他们的行动。
All that day General von Kluck moved his forces, leaving his heavy artillery with about 100,000 men on the steep eastern bank of the Ourcq and taking 150,000 troops south across the Marne toward La Ferté Gaucher.
那一天，冯·克卢克将军调动部队，将大约 10 万名重炮兵留在乌尔克河陡峭的东岸，并率领 15 万名士兵向南越过马恩河向戈谢堡进发。
He crossed the Petit Morin and the Grand Morin, all unconscious that scores of field glasses were trained upon his troops.
他穿过小莫林河和大莫林河，全然没有意识到数十个望远镜正对准他的部队。
Probably believing that the British army had been hurried to the aid of General Sarrail, General von Kluck advanced confidently.
冯·克卢克将军可能认为英军已赶去援助萨拉伊尔将军，因此信心十足地向前推进。
Having concealment in view, the commanders of the French army and the British army between them had left a wide gap between the two armies.
考虑到隐蔽性，法军和英军的指挥官们在两军之间留下了很大的差距。
Through one of these apparently unguarded openings a strong body of uhlan patrols advanced, riding southward until they reached Nogent, south of Paris, and seemingly with the whole rich country of central France laid wide open to a sharp and sudden attack.
一支强大的乌兰巡逻队穿过其中一个显然无人防守的缺口，向南行进，直到到达巴黎南部的诺让，似乎整个法国中部的富裕国家都面临着猛烈而突然的攻击。
Among the many strange features of this series of the battles of the Marne this must certainly be reckoned as one.
在这一系列马恩河战役的众多奇怪特征中，这无疑是其中之一。
Though possessing an unequaled military organization, though priding itself on its cavalry scouts, though aided by aerial scouts, and though well supplied with spies, yet the Allied armies, with the age-old device of a forest, were able to cloak their movements from this perfectly organized and powerful invading army.
尽管盟军拥有无与伦比的军事组织，尽管以骑兵侦察兵为荣，尽管有空中侦察兵的协助，并且配备了充足的间谍，但盟军却凭借古老的森林装置，能够从这支组织完善、强大的入侵军队中隐藏自己的行动。
Much of the credit of this may be assigned to the French and English aircraft, which kept German scouting aircraft at a distance.
这在很大程度上要归功于法国和英国的飞机，它们使德国侦察机保持了一定的距离。
But the Allied generals were astounded at the result of their maneuver, which, as they admitted afterward, was merely a military precautionary measure against the discovery of artillery sites, and a device to keep the enemy in general ignorance.
但盟军将军们对他们的演习结果感到震惊，正如他们后来承认的那样，这只是针对发现炮兵地点的军事预防措施，也是一种让敌人不知情的装置。
On Saturday, September 5, 1914, at the extreme north of the line of the two armies facing each other across the Ourcq, an artillery duel began.
1914 年 9 月 5 日星期六，在两军隔乌尔克河对峙的战线最北端，一场炮兵对决开始了。
The offensive was taken by the French, and though in itself it was not more striking than any of the artillery clashes that had marked the previous month's fighting, it was significant, for it marked the beginning of the battles of the Marne.
这次攻势是由法国人发起的，虽然它本身并不比上个月的战斗中的任何炮兵冲突更引人注目，但它意义重大，因为它标志着马恩河战役的开始。
The plans of General Joffre were complete, but the actual point at which the furious contest should begin was not yet determined.
霞飞将军的计划已经完成，但激烈的较量真正开始的时间尚未确定。
In the northern Ourcq section, however, the realization by the French that they were actually on the offensive at last, that the long period of retreat was over, could not be restrained.
然而，在乌尔克北部地区，法军意识到他们实际上终于开始进攻了，长期的撤退已经结束，这一点是无法抑制的。
The troops were eager to get to work with the bayonet, and greatly aided by their field artillery, in which mobility had been sacrificed to power, they quickly cleared the hills to the westward of the Ourcq.
部队急于用刺刀作战，在野战炮的大力帮助下，他们很快就清理了乌尔克河以西的山丘，而野战炮的机动性被牺牲了。
By nightfall of September 5, 1914, the country west of the Ourcq was in French hands.
1914 年 9 月 5 日傍晚，乌尔克河以西的土地落入法国手中。
But to cross that river seemed impossible.
但渡过那条河似乎是不可能的。
General von Kluck's heavy artillery had been left behind to hold that position, and every possible crossing was covered with its own blast of death.
冯·克拉克将军的重炮被留在后面坚守这个阵地，每一个可能的渡口都充满了死亡的爆炸。
Here General von Kluck's generalship was successful.
在这里，冯·克卢克将军的指挥取得了成功。
It might have been regarded as risky to leave 100,000 men to guard a river confronted by 250,000 picked and reenforced French troops.
留下 10 万名士兵守卫一条河流，面对 25 万名精锐增援的法国军队，这可能被认为是冒险的。
But General von Kluck's faith in German guns and German gunnery was not ill-founded.
但冯·克卢克将军对德国枪支和德国炮术的信心并非毫无根据。
This was the first of the open-air siege conflicts, and the French army had no guns which could be used against the German heavy artillery.
这是第一次露天围攻冲突，法军没有可以用来对抗德军重炮的火炮。
Hence it followed that the brilliant work of the Sixth French Army on this first day of the battles of the Marne achieved no important result, for the long-range hidden howitzers, manned by expert German gunners and well supplied with ammunition, defied all attempts at crossing the little stream of the Ourcq.
因此，法军第六集团军在马恩河战役第一天的出色工作并没有取得重要成果，因为由德国专业炮手操纵、弹药供应充足的远程隐藏榴弹炮，挫败了所有穿越乌尔克河小河的企图。
This first day's fighting on the Marne revealed one of France's chiefest needs--heavy artillery.
马恩河第一天的战斗揭示了法国最重要的需求之一——重型火炮。
The French light quick-firing gun was a deadly weapon, but France had neglected the one department of artillery in which the Germans had been most successful--the use of powerful motor traction to move big guns without slackening the march of an army.
法国的轻型速射炮是一种致命武器，但法国忽视了德国人最成功的炮兵部门——利用强大的发动机牵引力移动大炮，同时又不减缓军队的行军速度。
General von Kluck's artillery was impregnable to the French.
冯·克卢克将军的炮兵对法国人来说是坚不可摧的。
Indeed, the Germans could not be dislodged from the Ourcq until the British Expeditionary Force sent up some heavy field batteries.
事实上，在英国远征军派出一些重型野战炮台之前，德国人无法被赶出乌尔克河。
It was then too late for the withdrawal from the Ourcq to be of any serious consequence in determining the result along the battle front.
那时为时已晚，从乌尔克河撤军无法对决定前线的结果产生任何严重后果。
The afternoon of that day, when the Zouaves were driving the Germans across the Ourcq with the bayonet and were themselves effectually stopped by the German wall of artillery fire, General Joffre and Sir John French met.
那天下午，当轻步兵用刺刀驱赶德国人渡过乌尔克河时，他们自己却被德国的炮火墙有效地阻止了，霞飞将军和约翰·弗伦奇爵士会面了。
At last the British commander received the welcome news from the generalissimo that retreat was over and advance was about to be begun.
英军指挥官终于收到了大元帅的喜讯：撤退已经结束，进攻即将开始。
"I met the French commander in chief at his request," runs the official dispatch, "and he informed me of his intention to take the offensive forthwith by wheeling up the left flank of the Sixth Army, pivoting on the Marne, and directing it to move on the Ourcq; cross and attack the flank of the First German Army, which was then moving in a southeasterly direction east of that river.
官方快报写道：“我应法军总司令的要求与他会面，他告诉我，他打算立即发起进攻，将第六集团军的左翼调到马恩河上，指挥它向乌尔克河前进；越过并攻击德军第一集团军的侧翼，当时德军第一集团军正在该河以东的东南方向移动。
"He requested me to effect a change of front to my right--my left resting on the Marne and my right on the Fifth Army--to fill the gap between that army and the Sixth.
“他要求我将战线转移到我的右边——我的左边靠在马恩河上，我的右边在第五集团军上——以填补该集团军和第六集团军之间的空缺。
I was then to advance against the enemy on my front and join in the general offensive movement.
然后我就要向我的前线敌人挺进，参加总攻运动。
German troops, which were observed moving southeast up the left bank of the Ourcq on the Fourth, were now reported to be halted and facing that river.
据观察，德军于四月四日沿乌尔克河左岸向东南移动，据报道现在已停止前进并面向该河。
Heads of the enemy's columns were seen crossing at Changis, La Ferté, Nogent, Château-Thierry, and Mezy.
敌人的纵队首部在樟宜、拉费尔特、诺让、蒂埃里堡和梅齐渡河。
"Considerable German columns of all arms were seen to be converging on Montmirail, while before sunset large bivouacs of the enemy were located in the neighborhood of Coulommiers, south of Rebais, La Ferté-Gaucher, and Dagny.
“德军各个兵种的相当多的纵队都在蒙米拉伊集结，而在日落之前，敌人的大片露营地位于雷拜斯以南的库洛米尔附近、拉费泰-戈谢尔和达格尼。
"These combined movements practically commenced on Sunday, September 6, at sunrise; and on that day it may be said that a great battle opened on a front extending from Ermenonville, which was just in front of the left flank of the Sixth French Army, through Lizy on the Marne, Maupertuis, which was about the British center, Courtaçon, which was the left of the Fifth French Army, to Esternay and Charleville, the left of the Ninth Army under General Foch, and so along the front of the Ninth, Fourth, and Third French Armies to a point north of the fortress of Verdun."
“这些联合行动实际上是在 9 月 6 日星期日日出时开始的；那天，可以说，一场伟大的战斗在一条战线上打响了，从埃梅农维尔（法军第六集团军左翼前方），经过马恩河上的利齐，到英军中部附近的莫佩尔蒂，库塔松（法军第五集团军左翼），一直延伸到埃斯特奈和沙勒维尔（福煦将军指挥的第九集团军左翼），以及法军第九、第四和第三集团军的前线。凡尔登要塞以北的一点。”
Sunrise on Sunday morning, on a summer day in sunny France, was the setting for the grim and red carnage which should show in the next five consecutive days that the German advance was checked, that the southernmost point had been reached, and that for a long time to come it would tax the resources of the invaders to hold the land that already had been won.
周日早晨的日出，在法国阳光明媚的夏日，是残酷而红色的大屠杀的背景，这场大屠杀将在接下来的连续五天里表明，德国的前进受到了遏制，最南端已经到达，并且在未来很长一段时间内，它将消耗入侵者的资源来控制已经赢得的土地。
General Joffre had so arranged his forces that the most spectacular--and the easiest--part fell to the British, and it was accomplished with perfection of detail.
霞飞将军如此安排他的部队，使得最壮观——也是最容易——的部分落到了英国人的肩上，而且细节完美地完成了。
But the honors of the battles of the Marne lay with General Sarrail's army and with the "Iron Division of Toul."
但马恩河战役的荣誉属于萨雷尔将军的军队和“图尔铁师”。
On the same morning, this special army order, issued by Sir John French, was read to the British troops:
同一天早上，约翰·弗伦奇爵士向英国军队宣读了这份特别的军队命令：
"After a most trying series of operations, mostly in retirement, which have been rendered necessary by the general strategic plan of the allied armies, the British forces stand to-day formed in line with their French comrades, ready to attack the enemy.
“经过一系列最艰难的行动（大部分是在退役期间），这是盟军总体战略计划所必需的，英国军队今天与法国战友列队，准备攻击敌人。
Foiled in their attempt to invest Paris, the Germans have been driven to move in an easterly and southeasterly direction with the apparent intention of falling in strength upon the Fifth French Army.
德国人进攻巴黎的企图遭到挫败，被迫向东和东南方向移动，其明显意图是对法国第五集团军进行攻击。
In this operation they are exposing their right flank and their line of communications to an attack from the combined Sixth French Army and the British forces.
在这次行动中，他们将右翼和交通线暴露在法国第六集团军和英国联合部队的攻击之下。
"I call upon the British army in France to now show the enemy its power and to push on vigorously to the attack beside the Sixth French Army.
“我呼吁驻法英军现在向敌人展示其力量，并与法国第六集团军一起积极推进进攻。
"I am sure I shall not call upon them in vain, but that, on the contrary, by another manifestation of the magnificent spirit which they have shown in the past fortnight, they will fall on the enemy's flank with all their strength and, in unison with the Allies, drive them back."
“我确信我不会徒劳地召唤他们，但相反，通过他们在过去两周所表现出的伟大精神的再次表现，他们将全力攻击敌人的侧翼，并与盟军齐心协力，将他们击退。”
As before, the day's fighting began with the efforts of the Sixth French Army against the Ourcq.
和之前一样，当天的战斗以法军第六集团军对乌尔克河的进攻开始。
Before the Germans could be driven from the east bank the few villages they occupied on the west bank had to be taken, and as these were covered by heavy artillery from the farther bank, the French loss of life was very severe.
在德军被赶出东岸之前，他们在西岸占领的几个村庄必须被占领，而且由于这些村庄被远岸的重型火炮覆盖，法国人的生命损失非常严重。
Yet these several combats--of which there were as many as there were villages--were stationary.
然而，这几次战斗——有多少个村庄就有多少次——是静止的。
In every case the Germans were compelled to cross the river; in every case the artillery made it impossible for the French to follow them.
在每一次情况下，德国人都被迫渡河。在所有情况下，大炮都使法国人无法跟踪他们。
At dawn also every one of the French armies advanced, and within two or three hours of sunrise found themselves engaged with the German front.
黎明时分，每一支法国军队都向前推进，日出后两三个小时内，他们发现自己与德国前线交战。
The spirited order to the troops issued that morning by General Joffre had left no doubt in the minds of Frenchmen on the importance of the issue.
霞飞将军那天早上向部队发出的充满活力的命令，使法国人对这个问题的重要性毫无疑问。
It read:
上面写着：
"At a moment when a battle on which the welfare of the country depends is going to begin, I feel it incumbent upon me to remind you all that this is no longer the time to look behind.
“在一场关系到国家福祉的战斗即将开始之际，我觉得我有责任提醒大家，现在不再是向后看的时候。
All our efforts must be directed toward attacking and driving back the enemy.
我们的一切努力必须是为了攻击和击退敌人。
An army which can no longer advance must at all costs keep the ground it has won, and allow itself to be killed on the spot rather than give way.
一支无法前进的军队必须不惜一切代价守住已经赢得的阵地，宁可当场被杀，也不能屈服。
In the present circumstance no faltering can be tolerated."
在目前的情况下，不能容忍任何动摇。”
Yet in spite of the powerful efforts of the French armies they were all held in check, and General Sarrail was beginning to give way.
然而，尽管法国军队做出了强有力的努力，但他们都受到了控制，萨雷尔将军开始屈服。
Though the fighting in the center had been stationary on this sixth of September, 1914, it had been desperate.
尽管 1914 年 9 月 6 日，市中心的战斗一直处于平静状态，但战斗已经陷入绝望。
D'Espérey was facing the 150,000 men of Von Kluck's army, and the effect of the British attack on Von Kluck's flank had not yet been felt.
德斯佩雷面对的是冯·克拉克军队的 150,000 人，英国人对冯·克拉克侧翼的攻击尚未感受到影响。
He more than held his own, but at great cost.
他不仅保住了自己的地位，而且付出了巨大的代价。
General Foch, with the Ninth Army, had a double problem, for he was wrestling with General von Bülow to hold the southern edge of the Sézanne Plateau, while General von Hausen's Saxon Army was trying to turn his right flank.
福煦将军率领的第九集团军面临着双重问题，因为他正在与冯·比洛将军争夺塞尚高原的南缘，而冯·豪森将军的撒克逊军则试图转向他的右翼。
A violent attack, which, for the space of over two hours seemed likely to succeed, was launched by the Duke of Württemberg against General Langle and the Fourth Army.
符腾堡公爵对兰格尔将军和第四集团军发动了一场猛烈的进攻，在两个多小时的时间里，这场进攻似乎很可能会成功。
The attack was repelled, but the French losses were proportionately great.
进攻被击退，但法国人的损失也相当大。
There could be no denial that many such attacks could break through the line.
不可否认，许多此类攻击都可能突破防线。
General Sarrail's army, fighting a losing game, showed marvelous stubbornness and gameness, but even so, it could not resist being pushed south of Fort Troyon, itself unable to support the battering it might expect to receive when the German siege guns should be brought into place.
萨拉伊尔将军的军队在一场失败的比赛中表现出了惊人的顽强和顽强，但即便如此，他们还是无法抗拒被推到特罗永堡以南，当德军攻城炮就位时，他们本身无法承受可能遭受的重击。
[Illustration: Battle of the Marne--End of German Retreat and the Intrenched Line on the Aisne River.]
[插图：马恩河战役——德军撤退的结束和埃纳河上的工事。]
At every point but one the Germans had a right to deem the day successful.
除了某一点之外，德国人在任何时候都有权认为这一天是成功的。
The only reversal had been a minor one before the forest of Crécy.
唯一的逆转是在克雷西森林之前发生的一个小逆转。
Yet, of all the generals on that front Von Kluck alone was in a position to see the gravity of the situation.
然而，在这条战线上的所有将军中，只有冯·克拉克能够看到局势的严重性。
The British had caught him on the flank as he tried to pierce the left wing of General d'Espérey's army, and if he should now retreat, that army could envelop him and thus catch him between two fires.
当他试图刺穿德埃斯佩雷将军军队的左翼时，英国人从侧翼抓住了他，如果他现在撤退，那支军队可能会包围他，从而将他困在两道火力之间。
Next morning, Monday, September 7, 1914, another glorious summer morning, saw a resumption of the battle along exactly the same lines, with the same persistent attack and defense along the eastern part of the front, and with the British making full use of the blunder made by the German right.
第二天早上，即 1914 年 9 月 7 日星期一，又一个灿烂的夏日早晨，战斗沿着完全相同的路线重新开始，在前线东部进行同样的持续进攻和防御，英国人充分利用了德国右翼所犯的错误。
General von Kluck had realized his plight, but, even so, he had not secured an understanding of the size of the force that was threatening his flank, and he sent as a reenforcement a single army corps which had been intrenched near Coulommiers on the Grand Morin.
冯·克卢克将军已经意识到了自己的困境，但即便如此，他仍然没有了解威胁他侧翼的兵力规模，因此他派出了一个在大莫林库洛米尔附近盘踞的军团作为增援。
The British had three full army corps and were well supplied with cavalry and artillery.
英国拥有三个完整的军团，并拥有充足的骑兵和炮兵。
Yet Coulommiers was Von Kluck's headquarters and actually, when the Germans were driven back and the British troops entered the town, Prince Eitel, the second son of the kaiser; General von Kluck and his staff were compelled to run down to their motor cars and escape at top speed along the road to Rebais, leaving their half-eaten breakfast on the table, and their glasses of wine half emptied.
然而，库洛米尔斯是冯·克卢克的总部，实际上，当德国人被击退、英国军队进入该镇时，德皇的次子艾特尔亲王也进驻了该镇。冯·克卢克将军和他的参谋们被迫跑下汽车，沿着前往雷拜斯的公路全速逃走，把吃了一半的早餐留在了桌子上，酒杯也喝了一半。
One of the most dramatic cavalry actions of this period of the war took place shortly before noon, when one hundred and seventeen squadrons of cavalry were engaged.
这一时期战争中最引人注目的骑兵行动之一发生在中午之前不久，当时有一百一十七个骑兵中队交战。
In this action the British were successful, but the German cavalry were tired and harassed, having been severely handled the day before.
在这次行动中，英国人取得了成功，但德国骑兵因前一天受到的严厉打击而疲惫不堪，饱受骚扰。
In this engagement between the British and the German right, all the odds had been in favor of the British, and success meant merely the grasping at opportunities that presented themselves.
在英国和德国右翼之间的这场交战中，所有的胜算都对英国有利，而成功仅仅意味着抓住出现的机会。
Still, by constantly striking at General von Kluck's exposed flank, his frontal attack of General d'Espérey was so weakened, that, toward evening at the close of two days of continuous and very severe fighting, the Fifth French Army was able to advance and hold the position from La Ferté-Gaucher to Esternay.
尽管如此，通过不断攻击冯·克卢克将军暴露的侧翼，他对德斯佩雷将军的正面攻击被削弱了，以至于在两天连续激烈的战斗结束时，法军第五集团军能够从拉费泰-戈谢尔向埃斯特奈推进并守住阵地。
The ground gained was valuable but not essential, yet it made a profound impression.
取得的进展很有价值，但不是必需的，但却给人留下了深刻的印象。
General d'Espérey's step forward was the Germans' step back.
德埃斯佩雷将军的前进一步就是德国人的后退一步。
It meant that the road to Paris was barred.
这意味着通往巴黎的道路被封锁了。
How fully this was realized may be seen from an order signed by Lieutenant General Tuelff von Tschepe und Weidenbach and found in the house that had been occupied by the staff of the Eighth German Army Corps when the victorious French entered Vitry-le-François.
这一目标的实现程度可以从图尔夫·冯·切佩和魏登巴赫中将签署的命令中看出，该命令在胜利的法国人进入维特里勒弗朗索瓦时德国第八军团参谋人员所居住的房屋中被发现。
The order was dated "September 7, 10:30 p.
该命令的日期为“9 月 7 日晚上 10:30”。
m." and it read as follows:
米。”内容如下：
"The object of our long and arduous marches has been achieved.
“我们长途跋涉的目标已经实现。
The principal French troops have been forced to accept battle, after having been continually forced back.
法国主力部队在不断被迫撤退后，被迫接受战斗。
The great decision is undoubtedly at hand.
毫无疑问，伟大的决定即将到来。
To-morrow, therefore, the whole strength of the German army, as well as all that of our Army Corps, are bound to be engaged all along the line from Paris to Verdun.
因此，明天，德军的全部兵力，以及我们陆军的全部兵力，都必须沿着从巴黎到凡尔登的战线进行交战。
To save the welfare and the honor of Germany I expect every officer and man, notwithstanding the hard and heroic fights of the last few days, to do his duty unswervingly and to the last breath.
为了拯救德国的福祉和荣誉，我希望每一位官兵，尽管在过去几天里经历了艰苦而英勇的战斗，仍然坚定不移地履行自己的职责，直到最后一口气。
Everything depends on the result of to-morrow."
一切都取决于明天的结果。”
Much did, indeed, depend on the result of the morrow, and for the third day, again, it was General von Kluck's initial move that brought disaster to the German side.
事实上，很大程度上取决于明天的结果，第三天，冯·克卢克将军的最初举动再次给德国方面带来了灾难。
Why was it that Von Kluck, instead of marching directly on Paris, as would have been expected, made a detour, having as his object not the capital but the French army?
为什么冯·克拉克没有像人们预期的那样直接向巴黎进军，而是绕道而行，他的目标不是首都而是法国军队？
It may be said in favor of it that the decision taken by the German General Staff was in conformity with the military doctrine of Napoleon.
可以说，德国总参谋部的决定符合拿破仑的军事学说。
According to this doctrine, a capital, whatever its importance, is never more than an accessory object, geographical or political.
根据这一学说，首都无论其重要性如何，都只不过是地理或政治的附属物体。
What is of importance is the strategical object.
重要的是战略目标。
The strategical object is the essential, the geographical object is only accessory.
战略目标是本质，地理目标只是辅助。
Once the essential object is attained, the accessory object is acquired of itself.
一旦达到了主要目标，附属目标就自然而然地获得了。
Once the French armies had been beaten, thrown back, and dispersed, Von Kluck could return to the capital and take it easily.
一旦法国军队被击败、击退并驱散，冯·克拉克就可以返回首都并轻松占领它。
Conceive of him, on the other hand, attacking the capital with the army of Manoury on his right, which constituted a serious menace to his left, and in front of him the British army and the Fifth French Army; he might have been caught as in a vise between these forces while all his activity was being absorbed by his attack on the intrenchments around Paris.
另一方面，设想他以右侧的马努里军队攻击首都，这对他的左侧构成了严重的威胁，而在他前面的是英国军队和法国第五集团军；当他所有的活动都集中在攻击巴黎周围的工事上时，他可能会被夹在这些部队之间。
It has been said that if Von Kluck had won the French capital, as it seemed he might, the French could not have gained the Battle of the Marne, and the result of the war might have been very different.
据说，如果冯·克拉克赢得了法国首都（看起来他可能会这样做），法国人就不可能赢得马恩河战役，战争的结果可能会大不相同。
It was, however, no mistake on the part of Von Kluck, no false maneuver on his part, that determined the victory of the Marne.
然而，决定马恩河胜利的并不是冯·克拉克的错误，也不是他的错误策略。
Von Kluck did exactly what he ought to have done; the decision taken by the German General Staff was exactly what it ought to have taken, and what was foreseen during the whole course of the war.
冯·克拉克完全做了他应该做的事；德国总参谋部做出的决定正是它应该做出的，也是整个战争过程中所预见的。
It was on September 4, 1914, in the morning, that the observations made by the French cavalry, as well as by British aviators and those of the army of Manoury and the military government of Paris, made it clear that the German right (Von Kluck's army) was bending its march toward the southeast in the direction of Meaux and Coulommiers, leaving behind it the road to Paris.
1914 年 9 月 4 日早上，法国骑兵、英国飞行员、马努里军队和巴黎军政府的观察清楚地表明，德国右翼（冯·克拉克的军队）正在向东南方向莫城和库洛米尔方向前进，留下了通往巴黎的道路。
At this moment the Fifth French Army of the left was ready to meet the German forces in a frontal attack, and it was flanked toward the northwest by the British army and by General Manoury's army to the northeast of the capital.
此时，左翼的法军第五集团军已准备好与德军正面进攻，其西北方向的侧翼是英军和首都东北部的马努里将军的军队。
The disposition of forces aimed at in General Joffre's order of August 25 was thus accomplished; the French escaped the turning movement, and they were in a position to counter with an enveloping movement themselves.
霞飞将军 8 月 25 日命令中的部队部署就这样完成了。法国人躲过了转弯运动，他们自己也能以包围运动进行反击。
The wings of the French forces found support in their maneuvering in their contact with the strongholds of Paris and Verdun.
法军两翼在与巴黎和凡尔登据点的接触中得到了机动支持。
Immediately the commander in chief decided to attack, and issued on the evening of September 4 the series of general orders, which announced the big offensive and eventually turned the tide of battle.
总司令立即决定进攻，并于9月4日晚发出一系列总令，宣布发起大进攻，最终扭转了战局。
CHAPTER XV
第十五章
GERMAN RETREAT
德国撤退
That morning of the 8th, then, saw General von Kluck in full retreat.
8 日早上，冯·克拉克将军全面撤退。
His frontal attack on General d'Espérey had failed and the Fifth French Army had advanced.
他对德埃斯佩雷将军的正面攻击失败了，法国第五集团军已经推进。
The British were at his flank, and besides, they had been able to spare some of their heavy artillery to send to the Sixth Army under General Maunoury, to enable him to cross the Ourcq.
英国人在他的侧翼，此外，他们还腾出了一些重型火炮，派往莫努里将军率领的第六集团军，帮助他渡过乌尔克河。
It is by no means certain that even with this assistance could the Sixth Army have silenced the terrible fire of those howitzers, but General von Kluck dared no longer leave his artillery there, it must be taken with him on his retreat, or become valuable booty.
不能肯定的是，即使有这样的援助，第六集团军能否压制住那些榴弹炮的可怕火力，但冯·克拉克将军不敢再把他的火炮留在那里，他必须在撤退时带着它，否则就会成为宝贵的战利品。
Leaving a few batteries to guard the crossings of the river, the Ourcq division of the German right retreated in good order, to rejoin their comrades who had been so unexpectedly mauled by the British.
德军右翼的乌尔克师留下了几个炮台守卫过河口，井然有序地撤退，与那些出人意料地遭到英军重创的战友会合。
The honor of this day was, curiously, not to the victorious, but to the defeated army.
奇怪的是，这一天的荣誉不是属于胜利的军队，而是属于战败的军队。
Had General von Kluck done nothing other than conduct his army in retreat as he did, he would have shown himself an able commander.
如果冯·克拉克将军像他那样指挥军队撤退，什么都不做，他就会证明自己是一位有能力的指挥官。
Sir John French and General d'Espérey followed up their advantage.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士和德埃斯佩雷将军继续发挥他们的优势。
The artillery fire of the British was good and in a running fight, such as this retreat, the light field artillery of the French did terrible execution.
英国人的炮火很好，在连续战斗中，比如这次撤退，法国人的轻型野战炮的表现却很糟糕。
The brunt of the British fighting was at La Trétoire.
英军在拉特雷图瓦尔的战斗中首当其冲。
General d'Espérey fought steadily forward all day, driving the retreating army as closely as he could, but proceeding warily because of General von Kluck's powerful counterattacks.
德斯佩雷将军一整天都在稳步前进，尽可能地逼近撤退的军队，但由于冯·克卢克将军的强大反击，他的行动十分谨慎。
The fighting was continuous from the first break of daylight until after dusk had fallen, and it was in the twilight that the French Army at last carried Montmirail on the Petit Morin, a feat of strategic value, since it exposed the right flank of Von Bülow's army, exposed by the retreat of General von Kluck.
战斗从黎明时分一直持续到黄昏后，法军终于在暮色中在小莫林河上占领了蒙米拉伊，这是一项具有战略价值的壮举，因为它暴露了冯·布洛军队的右翼，而冯·克拉克将军的撤退暴露了冯·布洛军队的右翼。
From this review of the forced retirement of General von Kluck, it will be seen that the German right was compelled to sustain an attack at three points, from the Sixth French Army on the banks of the Ourcq, from the British army in the region of Coulommiers and from the Fifth French Army near Courtaçon.
从冯·克卢克将军被迫退役的回顾中可以看出，德国右翼被迫在三个地点承受攻击：乌尔克河岸的法军第六集团军、库洛米尔地区的英军以及库塔松附近的法军第五集团军。
Each of these attacks was of a widely different character.
每一次攻击的特征都截然不同。
The result of this attack has been shown in the summary of the three days (four days on the Ourcq) which resulted in the British capture of Coulommiers and in the French capture of Montmirail.
此次袭击的结果已在三天（乌尔克河四天）的总结中有所体现，这场袭击导致英国占领了库洛米尔，法国占领了蒙米拉伊。
This was General Joffre's counteroffensive, and it developed in detail almost exactly along the lines that he had laid down.
这就是霞飞将军的反攻，其细节几乎完全按照他所制定的路线展开。
The scene of the fighting across the west bank of the Ourcq was that of a wide-open country, gently undulating, dotted with comfortable farmhouses, and made up of a mosaic of green meadow lands and the stubble of grain fields.
乌尔克河西岸的战斗场景是一片开阔的乡村，地势平缓，舒适的农舍星罗棋布，绿色的草地和麦茬组成了马赛克。
The German heavy guns came into action as soon as the French offensive developed.
法军攻势一发展，德军重炮就立即投入行动。
Tremendous detonations that shook the earth, and which were followed by sluggish clouds of an oily smoke showed where the high-explosive shells had struck.
巨大的爆炸震撼了大地，随之而来的是缓慢的油烟云，显示了高爆炮弹的击中地点。
Already, by the evening of the first day's fighting, there were blazing haystacks and farmhouses to be seen, and the happy and smiling plain showed scarred and rent with the mangling hand of war.
到了第一天战斗的晚上，已经可以看到熊熊燃烧的干草堆和农舍，幸福而微笑的平原在战争的大手的摧残下显得伤痕累累。
On the 6th, a sugar refinery, which had been held as an outpost by a force of 1,800 Germans, was set on fire by a French battery.
6 日，一座由 1,800 名德国人占领的糖厂被法军炮兵纵火焚烧。
The infantry had been successful in getting to within close range and as the invaders sought to escape from the burning building, they were picked off one by one by the French marksmen.
步兵成功地进入了近距离，当入侵者试图逃离燃烧的建筑物时，他们被法国射手一一击落。
The French infantry, well intrenched, suffered scarcely any loss.
法军步兵由于工事坚固，几乎没有遭受任何损失。
It was in brilliant sunshine that the fire broke out, and the conflagration was so fierce that the empty building sent up little smoke.
火灾是在灿烂的阳光下发生的，火势非常猛烈，空荡荡的大楼冒出了微弱的烟雾。
The flames scarcely showed in the bright light, and to the onlooker, it seemed as if some rapid leprous disease was eating up the building.
火焰在明亮的灯光下几乎看不到，在旁观者看来，似乎某种快速的麻风病正在吞噬这座建筑。
The situation was horrible for the Germans, either to be trapped and to perish in the flames, or to face the withering French infantry fire without any opportunity to fight back.
德军的处境十分可怕，要么被困在火海中灭亡，要么面对法军步兵的凋零火力而没有还手的机会。
Less than 300 of the occupants of the refinery won clear.
炼油厂内只有不到 300 名员工赢得了胜利。
Wherever the forces met, the slaughter was great and terrible.
双方力量相遇之处，屠杀都是巨大而可怕的。
In the excitement and the eagerness of the first offensive, the French seemed to have forgotten the lessons of prudence that the long retreat should have ingrained into their memory, and they sought to take every village that was occupied by the Germans with a rush.
在第一次进攻的兴奋和急切中，法国人似乎忘记了长期撤退应牢记在心的谨慎教训，他们试图迅速夺取德军占领的每一个村庄。
The loss of life was greatest at a point four miles east of Meaux.
莫城以东四英里处的人员伤亡最为严重。
There, on a sharp, tree-covered ridge, the Germans had intrenched, and gun platforms had been placed under the screen of the trees.
在那里，在一个树木覆盖的陡峭山脊上，德国人已经构筑了壕沟，炮台被放置在树荫下。
An almost incessant hail of shrapnel fell on these lines, and the French infantry charges were repulsed again and again, with but little loss on the German line.
弹片几乎源源不断地落在这些战线上，法军步兵的冲锋一次又一次被击退，而德军战线却几乎没有损失。
But, meantime, village after village had been attacked by the French and carried with the bayonet, and on Sunday, September 6th, 1914, that part of the battles of the Marne which dealt with the driving back of the Germans to the line of the Ourcq, was in some of its feature like a hand-to-hand conflict of ages long gone by.
但与此同时，一个又一个的村庄遭到法国人的袭击，并用刺刀攻击，1914 年 9 月 6 日星期日，马恩河战役中将德军赶回乌尔克河防线的那部分战役，在某些方面就像一场早已过去的肉搏战。
Yet, overhead aeroplanes circled, on every side shells were bursting, the heavy smell of blood on a hot day mingled with the explosive fumes, but the Zouaves and the Turcos fought without ceasing and with a force and spirit that went far to win for the French the cheering news that village after village had been freed of the invaders.
然而，头顶上飞机盘旋，炮弹在四面八方爆炸，炎热的天气里浓重的血腥味与爆炸性烟雾混合在一起，但轻骑兵和突厥人却从未停止过战斗，他们的力量和精神为法国人赢得了一个又一个村庄从入侵者手中解放出来的令人振奋的消息。
When the night of that Sunday fell, however, on the line of the Ourcq, the balm of darkness seemed to be almost as much a forgotten thing as the blessedness of silence.
然而，当那个周日的夜幕降临，在乌尔克河沿岸时，黑暗的安慰似乎和寂静的祝福一样被遗忘了。
There was no darkness that night.
那天晚上没有黑暗。
As the Germans evacuated each village they set fire to it.
当德国人撤离每个村庄时，他们放火焚烧了它。
The invaders actually held their machine guns at work in the burning village until the position was no longer tenable.
入侵者实际上在燃烧的村庄里举起了机关枪，直到阵地不再坚守为止。
The wind blew gustily that night, and all the hours long, the Germans collected their dead, built great pyres of wood and straw and cremated their comrades who had fallen on the field of battle.
那天晚上，风刮得很厉害，德国人整整几个小时都在收集死者，用木头和稻草堆起巨大的柴堆，火化了在战场上倒下的战友。
The next day, at this point, developed fighting of the same general character.
第二天，此时，发生了同样性质的战斗。
One of the most heroic defenses of General von Kluck's army was that of the Magdeburg Regiment, which held its advanced post ten minutes too long and consequently was practically annihilated.
冯·克卢克将军军队中最英勇的防御之一是马格德堡团，该团在前沿阵地停留了十分钟，结果几乎被全军覆没。
Although the French had everywhere shown themselves superior with the bayonet and at close infighting, even as the Germans had displayed an incredible courage in advance under gunfire, and rightly held their heavy artillery to be the finest in the world, in the mêlée around the colors of the Magdeburg Regiment, there was nothing to choose for either side.
尽管法国人在刺刀和近距离内战中处处表现出自己的优势，尽管德国人在枪林弹雨下提前表现出了令人难以置信的勇气，并理所当然地将他们的重型火炮视为世界上最好的，但在围绕马格德堡军团的混战中，双方都没有选择。
The lieutenant color bearer was killed, in the midst of a ring of dead, and not until almost the whole regiment had been killed under the impact of far superior numbers, were the tattered colors taken into the French lines.
旗手中尉在死者圈中被杀，直到几乎整个团在远远占优势的人数的冲击下被杀死，破烂的旗手才被带入法军战线。
It was on this day, Tuesday, September 8, 1914, that the British army realizing that it had turned the flank of General von Kluck's southern divisions sent its heavy batteries to the pressure on the banks of the Ourcq.
正是在这一天，也就是 1914 年 9 月 8 日星期二，英国军队意识到自己已经从冯·克拉克将军的南部师侧翼转向，于是派出重炮向乌尔克河岸施压。
A graphic picture of the artillery side of the fighting on the Ourcq was given by one of the artillery officers detached from the British force.
一名英国部队的炮兵军官提供了一张乌尔克河战斗中炮兵方面的生动图片。
"Meaux was still a town of blank shutters and empty streets when we got there this morning," he wrote, "but the French sappers had thrown a plank gangway across the gap in the ruined old bridge, built in A.
“当我们今天早上到达莫城时，那里仍然是一座百叶窗空荡荡、街道空荡荡的小镇，”他写道，“但法国工兵在这座建于 A.
D.
D .
800, that had survived all the wars of France, only to perish at last in this one.
800，在法国的所有战争中幸存下来，最后却在这场战争中灭亡。
"Smack, smack, smack, smack go the French guns; and then, a few seconds later, four white mushrooms of smoke spring up over the far woods and slowly the pop, pop, pop, pop, of the distant explosions comes back to you.
“法国人的枪响了，响了，响了，响了；然后，几秒钟后，四朵白色蘑菇状的烟雾从远处的树林中升起，远处的爆炸声慢慢地传回你的耳中。
But now it is the German gunners' turn.
但现在轮到德国炮手了。
Bang!
砰!
go his guns, two miles away; there is a moment of eerie and uncomfortable silence--uncomfortable because there is just a chance they might have altered their range--and then, quite close by, over the wood where the battery is, come the crashes of the bursting shells.
他的枪开到两英里外；一阵令人毛骨悚然、令人不安的寂静——令人不安是因为他们有可能改变了射程——然后，在很近的地方，在电池所在的树林上方，传来了炮弹爆炸的轰鸣声。
They sound like a Titan's blows on a gigantic kettle filled with tons of old iron.
它们听起来就像泰坦敲击装满大量旧铁的巨大水壶。
"At Trilport there is a yawning gap, where one arch of the railway bridge used to be, with a solitary bent rail still lying across it.
“在特里尔波特，有一个巨大的缺口，那里曾经是铁路桥的一个拱门，一根弯曲的铁轨仍然横亘在桥上。
And, among the wreckage of the bridge below, lying on its side and more than half beneath the water, is the smashed and splintered ruin of a closed motor car.
而且，在下面桥的残骸中，有一辆封闭的汽车被砸碎、破碎，废墟侧躺着，一半以上都在水下。
"Beyond the town was a ridge on which the French batteries were posted.
“城镇的另一边是一座山脊，法国的炮台就部署在上面。
We could see the ammunition wagons parked on the reverse slope of the hill.
我们可以看到弹药车停在山的反坡上。
More were moving up to join them.
更多人开始加入他们的行列。
"The village beyond, Penchard, was thronged with troops and blocked with ambulance wagons and ammunition carts.
“远处的彭查德村挤满了军队，并被救护车和弹药车封锁。
"Through the rank grass at the side came tramping a long file of dusty, sweating, wearied men.
“一长排满身灰尘、汗流浃背、疲惫不堪的男人们走过旁边的茂密草地。
They carried long spades and picks as well as their rifles.
他们携带长铲和镐以及步枪。
They had come out of the firing line and were going back to Penchard for food.
他们已经离开前线，准备返回彭查德寻找食物。
"Topping the next ridge ...
“登上下一个山脊......
the hill slopes steeply down to the hamlet of Chamvery, just below us.
山坡陡峭地向下延伸到我们脚下的尚弗里 (Chamvery) 小村庄。
The battery which I mentioned just now is in the wood on this side of it to our right.
我刚才提到的电池就在我们右边这一侧的木头里。
The Zouaves' firing line is lying flat on the hillside a little way beyond the village, and behind them, farther down the hill, are thick lines of supports in the cover of intrenchments.
轻步兵的火力线平放在距离村庄不远的山坡上，在他们身后，在山下更远的地方，在堑壕的掩护下有厚厚的支撑线。
It is a spectacle entirely typical of a modern battle, for there is scarcely anything to see at all.
这是完全典型的现代战争场面，因为几乎没有什么可看的。
If it were not for those shells being tossed to and fro on the right there, and an occasional splutter of rifle fire, one might easily suppose that the lines of blue-coated men lying about on the stubble were all dozing in the hot afternoon sun.
如果不是右边那些炮弹来来回回地投掷，再加上偶尔有步枪的射击声，人们很容易会认为，一排排蓝衣人躺在残茬上，都在午后炎热的阳光下打瞌睡。
"Even when some of them move they seem to do it lazily, to saunter rather than to walk....
“即使他们中的一些人移动，他们似乎也是懒洋洋的，是闲逛而不是走路......
It is only in the cinematograph or on the comparatively rare occasions of close fighting at short range that men rush about dramatically.
只有在电影中或在相对罕见的近距离近距离战斗中，人们才会戏剧性地奔走。
For one thing, they are too tired to hurry; and anyhow, what is the use of running when a shell may burst any minute anywhere in the square mile you happen to be on?
一方面，他们太累了，无法赶路；另一方面，他们也太累了。无论如何，当炮弹随时可能在你所在的方圆英里的任何地方爆炸时，跑步还有什么用呢？
"I walked with the company officers who were planning a fresh advance, map in hand.
“我和连长一起走着，他们手里拿着地图，正在计划新的推进。
They had gained the village in which we were that morning, but at tremendous loss.
他们占领了我们那天早上所在的村庄，但损失惨重。
"'Out of my company of 220,' said one captain, 'there are only 100 left.
“‘我的连队有 220 人，’一位上尉说道，‘只剩下 100 人了。
It's the same story everywhere--the German machine guns.
到处都是同样的故事——德国机枪。
Their fire simply clears the ground like a razor.
他们的火就像剃刀一样清理地面。
You just can't understand how anyone gets away alive.
你就是无法理解怎么会有人活着逃走。
I've had men fall at my right hand and my left.
我曾有人倒在我的右手和左手边。
You can't look anywhere, as you advance, without seeing men dropping.
当你前进时，你无法看到任何地方，而不看到人们倒下。
Of our four officers, two are wounded and one dead.
我们的四名军官中，两人受伤，一人死亡。
I am left alone in command.'"
我独自一人指挥。”
This hand-to-hand fighting for the possession of villages on the west bank of the Marne, this heavy loss to the French troops by the German artillery, and this sudden check at the Ourcq itself, until British heavy batteries were sent, marks the character of what may be called the battle of the Ourcq, the westernmost of the battles of the Marne.
这场争夺马恩河西岸村庄的肉搏战、德国炮兵对法军造成的惨重损失，以及对乌尔克河本身的突然阻击，直到英国派出重炮，标志着所谓的乌尔克河战役的特征，这是马恩河最西端的战役。
As General von Kluck had divided his forces, in order to carry out the attempt to pierce the left of General d'Espérey's army, the German forces in the battle of the Ourcq were outnumbered almost three to one.
由于冯·克拉克将军兵力分散，试图刺穿德斯佩雷将军军队的左翼，乌尔克河战役中德军的兵力几乎是三比一。
In spite of these odds against them, the extreme German right held for four days the position it had been given to hold.
尽管存在这些困难，德国极右翼仍坚持了四天的立场。
CHAPTER XVI
第十六章
CONTINUATION OF THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE
马恩河战役的延续
Remembering again the general outline of General von Kluck's plan, that of executing a diagonal movement with 150,000 of his men to attack the easternmost point of the Fifth Army, and possibly to envelop it by a flank movement, the continuation of the Battle of the Marne may be treated with more detail.
再次回忆一下冯·克卢克将军计划的大纲，即率领15万部下进行对角运动，攻击第五集团军的最东端，并可能通过侧翼运动将其包围，马恩河战役的继续可能会更详细地进行处理。
This part is called by some the Battle of Coulommiers.
这一部分被一些人称为库洛米尔之战。
In this battle there was as great a change in morale as in the battle of the Ourcq.
这场战斗与乌尔克河战役一样，士气发生了巨大变化。
There, the French had been stirred to high endeavor by the realization that the word to advance had at last been given.
在那里，法国人意识到前进的命令终于得到了，因此奋力拼搏。
This also operated in part on the British in the battle of Coulommiers, but, in addition, there was another very important factor.
这在库洛米尔战役中也对英国人产生了一定的影响，但除此之外，还有另一个非常重要的因素。
The dawn of that Sunday summer morning, September 6, 1914, was one of great exhilaration for the British forces.
1914 年 9 月 6 日，那个周日的夏日早晨，黎明令英国军队感到无比兴奋。
The offensive was begun, the time for striking back had come, and every column resounded with marching choruses.
进攻开始了，反击的时刻到了，各纵队里都响起了行进的合唱。
The countryside was lovely, as had been all the countryside through which the retreating armies had passed, gay with the little French homesteads, flower decked and smiling, heavily laden orchards, and rich grain fields, some as yet uncut, some newly stacked.
乡村很可爱，就像撤退的军队经过的所有乡村一样，法国的小农庄色彩缤纷，鲜花盛开，微笑着，果园里满是果实，还有肥沃的粮田，有的还没有割草，有的刚刚堆放。
Women and children, with here and there an old man, ran along the line of march ministering to the wants of their defenders.
妇女和儿童，以及随处可见的老人，沿着行军路线奔跑，满足保卫者的需要。
There was no need for language, as courtesy and gratitude are universal, and the English were fighting for "La Belle France." So the morning wore on.
不需要语言，因为礼貌和感激是普遍的，英国人正在为“美丽的法国”而战。早上就这样过去了。
Through the forested region of Crécy the British passed, and it has been told hereinbefore how they surprised the two cavalry commands thrust out as scouts by General von Kluck.
英国人穿过克雷西的森林地区，前面已经说过，他们如何让冯·克卢克将军派出的两个骑兵司令部感到惊讶。
But, as they reached the land that had been occupied by the German hosts, the bearing of the men changed, even as the country changed.
但是，当他们到达被德国军队占领的土地时，即使国家发生了变化，人们的举止也发生了变化。
The simple homes of the peasants were in ashes, every house that had showed traces of comfort had been sacked or gutted with fire.
农民们简陋的房屋已化为灰烬，每一座还算舒适的房屋都被洗劫一空或被大火烧毁。
Between noon and three o'clock in the afternoon of that day three burned churches were passed.
当天中午到下午三点之间，经过了三座被烧毁的教堂。
The songs stopped.
歌声停了。
A black silence fell upon the ranks.
队伍里一片漆黑的寂静。
Bloody business was afoot.
血腥的事情正在进行中。
It was in the middle of the afternoon, a slumbrous harvest afternoon, that a big gun boomed in the distance, and the shell shrieked dolefully through the air, its vicious whine ceasing with a tremendous sudden roar as it burst behind the advancing British lines.
那是一个午后，一个昏昏欲睡的收获下午，远处传来一门大炮的隆隆声，炮弹在空中发出悲惨的尖叫声，当它在前进的英军防线后面爆炸时，它的恶毒的哀鸣随着一声巨大的突然轰鸣而停止。
On the instant, Sir John French's batteries almost wiped out the German cavalry, and ten minutes had not elapsed before the full artillery on both sides had begun a terrific fire that was stunning to the senses.
刹那间，约翰·弗伦奇爵士的炮台几乎全歼了德军骑兵，不到十分钟，双方的全炮就开始了令人震惊的可怕火力。
Under cover of their own fire, the British infantry advanced and hurled themselves against the outer line of General von Kluck's Second Army.
在自己的火力掩护下，英国步兵向前推进，冲向冯·克拉克将军的第二集团军的外线。
The attack failed.
攻击失败了。
The British were driven back, but though the loss of life was sharp, it was not great, as the British commander had but advanced his men to test out the invader's strength.
英国人被击退，虽然伤亡惨重，但并不严重，因为英国指挥官只是派遣他的士兵来测试入侵者的实力。
The British artillery was well placed, and under its cover the British made a second advance, this time successful.
英国的炮兵部署得很好，在它的掩护下，英国人进行了第二次进攻，这次取得了成功。
The Germans replied with a counterattack which was repulsed, but in that forty minutes 10,000 men had fallen.
德国人发起反击，但被击退，但在那四十分钟内，一万人阵亡。
A dispatch has been quoted from a French soldier, showing the terrible havoc caused by the German machine guns, and a letter from a German officer, published in the "Intelligenzblatt" of Berne pays a like tribute to the artillery of the Allies.
一名法国士兵的一封电报被引用，显示了德国机枪造成的可怕破坏，伯尔尼《情报报》上发表的一封德国军官的信也对盟军的炮兵表示了同样的敬意。
Speaking of this very section of the battle front, he wrote:
谈到前线的这一段，他写道：
"We were obliged to retreat as the English were attempting a turning movement, which was discovered by our airmen.
“当英国人试图转弯时，我们不得不撤退，这被我们的飞行员发现了。
[This refers to the advance of the British First Army Corps under Sir Douglas Haig in the direction of La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, which, if it could have been successfully carried out, would have meant the entire loss of General von Kluck's southern army.] During the last two hours we were continually exposed to the fire of the enemy's artillery, for our artillery had all either been put out of action or had retreated and had ceased to fire.
[这是指道格拉斯·黑格爵士率领的英国第一军团向拉费尔特·苏·茹阿尔方向前进，如果能够成功的话，就意味着冯·克拉克将军的南方军队全部损失。]在过去的两个小时里，我们不断暴露在敌人炮火之下，因为我们的炮兵要么全部失去战斗力，要么撤退并停止射击。
[This dispatch was evidently, therefore, written toward the end of the second day, on Monday, September 7, 1914, when General von Kluck realized that his forward drive had failed and that he must fall back.]
[因此，这份快报显然是在 1914 年 9 月 7 日星期一，第二天快结束时写的，当时冯·克拉克将军意识到他的前进已经失败，他必须撤退。]
"The enemy's airmen flew above us, describing two circles, which means, 'there is infantry here.' The enemy's artillery mowed the ground with its fire.
“敌方飞行员在我们上空飞过，画了两个圆圈，意思是‘这里有步兵。’”敌人的大炮用火力扫过地面。
In one minute's time I counted forty shells.
一分钟内我数了四十发炮弹。
The shrapnel exploded nearer and nearer; at last it reached our ranks.
弹片爆炸的距离越来越近。最后它到达了我们的队伍。
I quickly hugged a knapsack to my stomach in order to protect myself as best I could.
我赶紧把背包抱在肚子上，尽量保护自己。
The shrieks of the wounded rang out on all sides.
四面八方响起伤员的惨叫声。
Tears came to my eyes when I heard the poor devils moaning with pain.
当我听到可怜的恶魔痛苦地呻吟时，我的眼泪夺眶而出。
The dust, the smoke, and the stench of the powder were suffocating.
灰尘、烟雾和粉末的恶臭令人窒息。
"An order rang out, and bending as low as possible, we started up.
“命令响起，我们尽可能弯腰出发。
We had to pass right in the line of fire.
我们必须从火线中通过。
The men began to fall like ninepins.
男人们开始像九柱游戏一样倒下。
God be thanked that I was able to run as I did.
感谢上帝让我能够像以前那样奔跑。
I thought my heart would burst, and was about to throw myself on the ground, unable to continue, when your image and that of Bolli rose before my eyes, and I ran on.
我以为我的心要爆炸了，正要扑倒在地，无法继续下去，这时你的身影和波利的身影出现在我眼前，我继续奔跑。
"At last we reached our batteries.
“我们终于到达了电池处。
Three guns were smashed to pieces, and the gun carriages were burned.
三门炮被砸成碎片，炮车也被烧毁。
We halted for a few seconds to take breath.
我们停了几秒钟喘口气。
And all the time that whistling and banging of the shells continued.
炮弹的呼啸声和撞击声始终持续不断。
It is a wonder one is not driven mad."
一个人没有被逼疯真是一个奇迹。”
Admiration cannot be withheld from General von Kluck for his splendid fight at the battle of Coulommiers.
冯·克鲁克将军在库洛米尔战役中的出色表现令人无法不钦佩。
He was out-generaled, for one thing, because of his plan--or his orders--to strike a southeasterly blow; he was outmaneuvered by the presence of a vastly larger British force than he had any reason to expect, and he was outnumbered almost two to one.
一方面，由于他的计划——或者他的命令——向东南方向发动进攻，他被击败了；另一方面，他也因为他的命令而被击败。他被一支比他预想的数量大得多的英国军队所击败，而且他的人数几乎是二比一。
Through the apple and pear orchards of La Trétoire the battle was sanguinary; the British (reenforced on September 7, 1914, by some French divisions) swept through the terrain in widely extended lines, for close formation was not to be thought of with artillery and machine guns in front.
穿过拉特雷图瓦尔的苹果园和梨园，战斗是血腥的。英军（1914 年 9 月 7 日得到一些法国师的增援）以宽阔的战线席卷整个地形，因为在前面有大炮和机枪的近距离编队是不可想象的。
It was bitter fighting, and the German right contested every inch of ground stubbornly.
这是一场艰苦的战斗，德国右翼顽强地争夺着每一寸土地。
Once, indeed, it seemed that General von Kluck would turn the tables.
事实上，冯·克拉克将军曾经一度似乎会扭转局势。
He rapidly collected his retreating troops, and with unparalleled suddenness hurled them back upon the advancing First Corps under Sir Douglas Haig.
他迅速集结撤退的部队，并以无与伦比的突然性将他们赶回道格拉斯·黑格爵士指挥下前进的第一军团。
Aeroplane scouts decided the issue.
飞机侦察员决定了这个问题。
Had the British been compelled to await the onset, or had they been forced to depend on cavalry patrols, there would have been no opportunity to resist that revengeful onslaught.
如果英国人被迫等待进攻，或者被迫依靠骑兵巡逻，那么就没有机会抵抗这种报复性的猛攻。
But no sooner had the Germans begun to re-form than Sir Douglas Haig moved his machine guns to the front and fell back a few hundred yards to a better position.
但德军刚开始重新编队，道格拉斯·黑格爵士就将机枪移至前方，并向后退了几百码，找到了一个更好的位置。
This happened on September 8, 1914, and may be regarded as the last offensive move made by General von Kluck's army in the west.
这件事发生在1914年9月8日，可能被视为冯·克卢克将军的军队在西部发动的最后一次进攻。
On that same day Coulommiers was invested and Prince Eitel compelled to flee, and the battle of Coulommiers was won.
同一天，库洛米尔斯被包围，艾特尔王子被迫逃亡，库洛米尔斯战役获胜。
CHAPTER XVII
第十七章
CONTINUATION OF THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE
马恩河战役的延续
The third part of the battle of the Marne, called by some the Battle of Montmirail, was not marked by special incident.
马恩河战役的第三部分，被一些人称为蒙米拉伊战役，并没有发生什么特殊事件。
General d'Espérey's part was to hold firm, and this he did.
德埃斯佩雷将军的职责是坚持立场，他也做到了。
Not only by reason of the British assistance on the left, but also because the strong army of General Foch to the right was a new army, of greater strength than was known to General von Moltke and the German General Staff.
不仅因为左翼有英国人的援助，还因为右翼福煦将军的强大军队是一支新军队，其力量比冯·毛奇将军和德国总参谋部所知的还要强大。
The battle of Montmirail was won by the steady resistance of the Fifth Army to the hammer blows of the German right, and to the quick advantage seized by General d'Espérey when the British weakened the flank of the force opposing him.
蒙米拉伊战役的胜利得益于第五集团军对德军右翼猛烈打击的顽强抵抗，以及德斯佩雷将军在英军削弱敌军侧翼时迅速占据的优势。
On September 8, 1914, General d'Espérey had not only held his ground, but had driven General von Kluck back across the Grand Morin River at La Ferté-Gaucher, and also across the Petit Morin at Montmirail.
1914 年 9 月 8 日，德斯佩雷将军不仅坚守阵地，而且将冯·克拉克将军赶回拉费尔特-戈谢尔渡过大莫兰河，并在蒙米拉伊渡过小莫兰河。
Since the British had butted the Germans back from the Petit Morin at La Trétoire, these three days of fighting in the battles of Coulommiers and Montmirail had won the Allies advanced positions across two rivers, and had so weakened the German right that it was compelled to fall back on the main army and forego its important strategic advantage on the east bank of the Ourcq River.
自从英国人在拉特雷图瓦尔从小莫兰击退德军以来，库洛米尔战役和蒙米拉伊战役这三天的战斗为盟军赢得了两河两岸的前沿阵地，削弱了德军右翼力量，使其被迫退回主力部队，放弃了乌尔克河东岸的重要战略优势。
These three battles, Ourcq, Coulommiers, and Montmirail, constitute the recoil from Paris, and at the same time they constitute the defeat of what was hereinbefore shown to be one of the four fundamentals of the great German campaign plan.
乌尔克战役、库洛米尔战役和蒙米拉伊战役这三场战役构成了来自巴黎的后坐力，同时也构成了前述伟大德国战役计划的四个基本要素之一的失败。
With the situation thus cleared, so to speak, one may now pass to the details of the second part of the German plan, which was to engage the powerful Ninth and Fourth Armies, under the command of Generals Foch and Langle, respectively, to break through them, if possible, but at all hazards to keep them sufficiently menaced to disable General Joffre from sending reenforcements therefrom to the army of General Sarrail, on which the whole force of the army of the crown prince was to be hurled.
可以说，形势已经明朗，我们现在可以讨论德国计划的第二部分的细节，即与分别由福煦将军和兰格将军指挥的强大的第九集团军和第四集团军交战，如果可能的话，突破它们，但要不惜一切危险，使它们受到足够的威胁，使霞飞将军无法从那里向萨拉伊将军的军队派遣增援部队，而王储的军队的全部力量都将投向萨拉伊将军的军队。
The next section of the Allied armies, then, was General Foch's Ninth Army, which encountered the German drive at Fère Champenoise, and which resulted in the severe handling of General von Bülow's forces.
盟军的下一个部分是福煦将军的第九集团军，该集团军在费雷香槟遭遇了德军的进攻，导致冯·比洛将军的部队遭受了严厉的打击。
With characteristic perception of the difference between a greater and a lesser encounter, General Foch called his share of the battles of the Marne, the "Affair of the Marshes of St. Gond." This did not culminate until Wednesday, September 9, 1914, so that the German retreat there was one day later than the final retreat of General von Kluck.
福煦将军对大遭遇战和小遭遇战之间的区别有着独特的认识，他将他在马恩河的战斗称为“圣贡德沼泽事件”。这种情况直到 1914 年 9 月 9 日星期三才达到顶峰，因此德军在那里的撤退比冯·克卢克将军的最后撤退晚了一天。
The clash between the armies of General von Bülow and of General Foch began, as did the battle wrath along the whole front, at dawn of that fateful Sunday, September 5, 1914.
1914 年 9 月 5 日那个决定命运的星期日黎明时分，冯·比洛将军和福煦将军的军队之间的冲突开始了，整个前线的战斗怒火也开始了。
General Foch, a well-known writer on strategy, had devised his army for defense.
福煦将军是一位著名的战略作家，他设计的军队是为了防御。
He was well supplied with the famous 75-millimeter guns, holding them massed in the center of his line.
他拥有充足的著名 75 毫米火炮，将它们集中在战线中央。
His extreme right and left were mobile and thrown partly forward to feel the attack of the invading army.
他的极右翼和极左翼可以活动，身体部分向前倾斜，以感受入侵军队的攻击。
But, in spite of all preparations, General Foch found himself hard-set to hold his own on September 5, 6, 7, and 8, 1914.
但是，尽管做好了一切准备，福煦将军还是发现自己很难在 1914 年 9 月 5 日、6 日、7 日和 8 日坚守阵地。
The battle continued incessantly, by night as well as by day, for the artillerists had found each other's range.
战斗在白天和黑夜持续不断，因为炮兵已经找到了对方的射程。
There was comparatively little hand-to-hand fighting at this point, General Foch only once being successful in luring the Germans to within close firing range.
此时的肉搏战相对较少，福煦将军只成功将德军引诱到近距离射击范围内一次。
The results were withering, and General von Bülow did not attempt it a second time.
结果令人沮丧，冯·比洛将军没有再尝试第二次。
There seems reason to believe that General von Bülow had counted upon acting as a reserve force to General von Kluck during the latter's advance, and that, consequently, he did not think it prudent to risk heavy loss of life until he knew the situation to westward of him.
似乎有理由相信，冯·比洛将军曾指望在冯·克卢克将军前进期间充当冯·克卢克将军的后备部队，因此，在他了解西边的情况之前，他认为冒重大生命损失的风险是不明智的。
There was some sharp "bomb" work at Fère Champenoise on September 8, and then came the night of the 8th.
9月8日，Fère Champenoise发生了一些尖锐的“炸弹”工作，然后是8日晚上。
It will be remembered that at the close of the battle of Montmirail on the evening of September 8, 1914, the western flank of Von Bülow's army had been exposed by the advance of General d'Espérey and the retreat of General von Kluck.
人们会记得，1914 年 9 月 8 日晚蒙米拉伊战役结束时，冯·比洛军队的西翼因德斯佩雷将军的前进和冯·克拉克将军的撤退而暴露。
Information of this reached Foch, and despite the danger of the maneuver, he thrust out his mobile left like a great tongue.
这一消息传到了福煦的耳朵里，他不顾这一举动的危险，像一条大舌头一样伸出了他的左手手枪。
That night the weather turned stormy, facilitating this move.
当天晚上，天气转为暴风雨，为这一行动提供了便利。
At one o'clock in the morning, the statement has been made, word reached General Foch indirectly that air patrols had observed a gap in the alignment of the German armies between General von Bülow's left and General von Hausen's right.
凌晨一点，声明已经发出，福煦将军间接收到消息称，空中巡逻队发现德国军队在冯·比洛将军的左翼和冯·豪森将军的右翼之间的阵线中存在一个缺口。
During the darkness and the rain, therefore, General Foch had worked two complete surprises on General von Bülow.
因此，在黑暗和雨中，福煦将军对冯·比洛将军造成了两次彻底的意外。
He had enveloped the German commander's right flank, and was safely ensconced there with General d'Espérey's army behind him, since the latter had by now advanced to Montmirail.
他包围了德军指挥官的右翼，并安全地驻扎在那里，德斯佩雷将军的军队在他身后，因为德斯佩雷将军此时已经推进到蒙米拉伊。
At the same time he had thrust a wedge between Von Bülow and General von Hausen, threatening General von Bülow's left flank as well.
与此同时，他在冯·比洛将军和冯·豪森将军之间插入了楔子，也威胁到了冯·比洛将军的左翼。
The first was a seizure of an opportunity, executed with military promptness, the second was a bold _coup_, and its risk might well have appalled a less experienced general.
第一个是抓住机会，并以军事行动迅速执行，第二个是大胆的政变，其风险很可能会让经验不足的将军感到震惊。
Considering the westernmost of these movements first, it will be seen at once how the enveloping action brought about the "Affair of the Marshes of St. Gond." General von Bülow's army was stretched in an arc around the marshes, which, it will be remembered, have been described as a pocket of clay, low-lying lands mainly reclaimed, but which become miry during heavy rains.
首先考虑这些运动中最西端的运动，很快就能看出包围行动是如何导致“圣贡德沼泽事件”的。冯·比洛将军的军队在沼泽地周围呈弧形展开，人们会记得，沼泽地被描述为一小片粘土、低洼地，主要是开垦的，但在大雨期间会变得泥泞。
It was General von Bülow's misfortune, that, on the very night that his flank was exposed, there should come a torrential downpour.
冯·比洛将军的不幸在于，就在他的侧翼暴露的当晚，一场倾盆大雨降临了。
These same marshes had figured more than once before in France's military history, and General Foch, as a master strategist, was determined that they should serve again.
这些同样的沼泽地在法国军事史上不止一次出现过，福煦将军作为一位战略大师，决定让它们再次服役。
When the rain came, he thanked his lucky stars and acted on the instant.
当雨来的时候，他感谢了他的幸运星并立即采取了行动。
When the morning of September 9, 1914, dawned, the left wing of General Foch's army was not only covering the exposed flank of General von Bülow's forces, but parts of it were two miles to the rear.
1914 年 9 月 9 日早晨天亮时，福煦将军军队的左翼不仅掩护了冯·比洛将军部队暴露的侧翼，而且部分部队位于后方两英里处。
Under the driving rain, morning broke slowly, and almost before a sodden and rain-soaked world could awake to the fact that day had come, General Foch had nipped the rear of the flank of the opposing army, and was bending the arc in upon itself.
在倾盆大雨中，黎明慢慢降临，几乎在整个被雨水浸透的世界醒来之前，福煦将军已经消灭了敌军侧翼的后部，并正在将弧线向自己弯曲。
Under normal circumstances, such an action would tend but to strengthen the army thus attacked, since it brings all parts of the army into closer communication.
在正常情况下，这样的行动只会增强被攻击的军队，因为它使军队的各个部分之间的联系更加密切。
But General Foch knew that the disadvantages of the ground would more than compensate for this, since the two horns of General von Bülow's army could not combine without crossing those marshes, now boggy enough, and growing boggier every second.
但福煦将军知道，地形的劣势足以弥补这一点，因为冯·比洛将军军队的两支部队如果不穿过那些沼泽地就无法汇合，现在沼泽地已经够沼泽了，而且每一秒都在变得更加沼泽。
The task was harder than General Foch anticipated, for the same rainy conditions that provided a pitfall for the Germans were also a manifest hindrance to the rapid execution of military maneuvers.
这项任务比福煦将军预想的更加艰巨，因为同样给德军带来陷阱的多雨天气也明显阻碍了军事演习的快速实施。
But, in spite of all difficulties, by evening of that day, the flank broke and gave way, and two entire corps from General von Bülow's right were precipitated into the marshes.
但是，尽管困难重重，到了那天晚上，侧翼溃败，冯·比洛将军右翼的两个军团全部陷入了沼泽地。
Forty guns were taken--to that time the largest capture of artillery made by the Allies--and a number of prisoners.
四十门枪被夺走——这是当时盟军缴获的最大的火炮——还有一些俘虏。
Hundreds perished miserably, but General Foch held back his artillery from an indiscriminate slaughter of men made helpless in the slimy mud.
数百人惨遭杀害，但福煦将军阻止了他的大炮，不分青红皂白地屠杀了在泥泞中无助的人们。
Thus ended the "Affair of the Marshes of St. Gond," which broke still further the German right wing.
至此，“圣贡德沼泽事件”结束了，该事件进一步瓦解了德国右翼。
Thanks to General Foch's further activities, General von Bülow had troubles upon his left wing.
由于福煦将军的进一步行动，冯·比洛将军的左翼遇到了麻烦。
When dawn of this same day of torrential rain, September 9, 1914, broke over the hill-road that runs from Mareuil to Fère-Champenoise, at which point lay the left of General von Bülow's army, it witnessed a number of 75-millimeter guns on selected gun sites commanding the right flank of the German right center.
1914 年 9 月 9 日，当同一天的黎明时分，暴雨冲破了从马勒伊到费雷-尚普努瓦兹的山路时，冯·比洛将军军队的左翼就在此处，在控制德军右翼中心右翼的选定炮位上，看到了许多 75 毫米火炮。
General Foch's daring, the success of the maneuver, and the fact that the conduct of all the French armies on that day and the day following seems to be with the full cognizance of this venture, led inevitably to the conclusion that those brilliant feats, conceived by General Foch, had been communicated to General Joffre in time for the French General Staff to direct the French armies to the right and left of General Foch to cooperate with his action.
福煦将军的大胆、这次演习的成功，以及当天和第二天所有法军的行动似乎都充分认识到了这次冒险，不可避免地得出这样的结论：福煦将军构想的那些辉煌功绩已及时传达给霞飞将军，以便法国总参谋部指挥法军到福煦将军的左右两侧，配合他的行动。
Had General Foch been less ably supported, his wedge might have proved a weak salient open to attack on both sides.
如果福煦将军得不到有力的支持，他的楔子可能会被证明是一个脆弱的突出部，容易受到双方的攻击。
But General Foch's main army to the west kept General von Bülow busy, and General Langle's army to the east fought too stubbornly for the Duke of Württemberg to dare detach any forces for the relief of General von Bülow.
但福煦将军在西边的主力部队让冯·比洛将军忙得不可开交，而兰格尔将军在东边的军队战斗得太顽强，符腾堡公爵不敢派出任何部队来救援冯·比洛将军。
General von Hausen's Saxon Army was weak, at best.
冯·豪森将军的撒克逊军队充其量也很弱。
What were the forces that operated to make this particular point so weak are not generally known.
究竟是什么力量使这一点变得如此脆弱，目前尚不清楚。
As, however, the divisions from Alsace were much in evidence three or four days later, it is more than probable that these divisions were intended for service at this point, and also to reenforce General von Kluck's army, but that, by the quick offensive assumed by General Joffre on the Ourcq, and, owing to the roundabout nature of the German means of communication, these expected reenforcements had not arrived.
然而，三四天后，来自阿尔萨斯的师就明显地出现了，这些师很可能是在此时服役，也是为了增援冯·克卢克将军的军队，但是，由于霞飞将军在乌尔克河上发起的快速进攻，并且由于德国交通方式的迂回性质，这些预期的增援部队并没有到达。
The German official dispatches point out that General von Bülow's retreat was necessitated by the retreat of General von Kluck.
德国官方电报指出，冯·比洛将军的撤退是由于冯·克卢克将军的撤退而造成的。
Of this there is no doubt, but even military necessity does not quite explain why General von Bülow bolted so precipitately.
这是毫无疑问的，但即使是军事上的必要性也不能完全解释为什么冯·比洛将军如此仓促地逃跑。
His losses were fearful, and the offensive of General Foch rendered it necessary for the Germans to fall back on the Aisne.
他的损失惨重，而福煦将军的攻势使得德军必须撤退到埃纳河。
The armies of the Duke of Württemberg and of the crown prince may be considered together, for they were combined in an effort to pierce the French line near the angle at Bar-le-Duc.
符腾堡公爵和王储的军队可以一起考虑，因为他们联合起来试图突破巴勒迪克角附近的法军防线。
General Langle held on desperately against the repeated attacks of the Duke of Württemberg.
兰格尔将军拼命抵抗符腾堡公爵的多次进攻。
Ground was lost and recovered, lost again and recovered, and every trifling vantage point of ground was fought for with a bitter intensity.
失地又收复，又失地又收复，每一个微不足道的有利位置都在激烈地争夺。
Though active, with all the other armies, on September 5 and 6, 1914, it was not until September 7 that General Langle found himself strained to his utmost nerve.
尽管兰格尔将军在 1914 年 9 月 5 日至 6 日期间与所有其他军队一起活跃，但直到 9 月 7 日，兰格尔将军才发现自己的神经已经紧张到了极点。
If he could hold, he could do no more, and when night fell on September 7, no person was more relieved than General Langle.
如果他能坚持下去，他就不能再做更多的事情了，当9月7日夜幕降临时，没有人比兰格将军更如释重负了。
Yet the next day was even worse.
然而第二天的情况更糟。
Instead of slackening in the evil weather, the German drive became more furious.
在恶劣的天气下，德国人的动力非但没有减弱，反而变得更加猛烈。
The exhausted Fourth Army fought as though in a hideous nightmare, defended their lines in a sullen obstinacy that seemed almost stuporous, and countercharged in a blind frenzy that approached to delirium.
精疲力尽的第四军像在一场可怕的噩梦中一样战斗，以一种近乎麻木的阴郁固执来保卫自己的防线，并以一种近乎疯狂的盲目疯狂进行反击。
It was doubtful if General Langle's army could hold out much longer.
兰格尔将军的军队是否能坚持更长时间值得怀疑。
But, when General von Bülow was compelled to retreat, when General Foch turned his attention to General von Hausen's Saxon Army, and when General Joffre found himself in a position to rush reenforcements and reserves to the aid of General Langle, a new color was given to the affair.
但是，当冯·比洛将军被迫撤退时，当福煦将军将注意力转向冯·豪森将军的撒克逊军队时，当霞飞将军发现自己能够紧急增援和预备队来援助兰格尔将军时，这件事被赋予了新的色彩。
The defense stiffened, and as rapidly as it stiffened, so much the more did it become patent that the Duke of Württemberg could not afford to be in an exposed position far in advance of all the other attacking armies.
防御变得更加僵化，而且随着防御的迅速僵化，符腾堡公爵无法承受远远领先于所有其他进攻军队的暴露位置。
Wednesday, September 9, 1914, revealed to the German center the need of falling back on the crown prince's army, which was the pivot on which the whole campaign swung.
1914 年 9 月 9 日星期三，他向德国中央政府透露，需要依靠王储的军队，这是整个战役的关键。
Meantime, the crown prince's army had been steadily victorious.
与此同时，太子军已经节节胜利。
The weak French army under General Sarrail had been pushed back, yielding only foot by foot, back, back, along the rugged hill country of the Meuse.
萨雷尔将军率领的法军力量薄弱，被击退，只能沿着默兹河崎岖的山地一步一步地退缩。
A determined stand was made to protect the little fort of Troyon, ten miles south of Verdun, for had the Germans succeeded in taking this, Verdun would have been surrounded.
我们坚决保护凡尔登以南十英里处的特罗永小堡垒，因为如果德国人成功占领这个堡垒，凡尔登就会被包围。
No army and no generalship could have done more than the Third Army and General Sarrail did, but they could not hold their ground before Troyon.
没有哪支军队和哪位将军能够比第三集团军和萨拉伊尔将军做得更多，但他们无法在特洛伊昂面前坚守阵地。
On September 7, 1914, the way to Troyon was open, and the army of the crown prince prepared to demolish it.
1914年9月7日，通往特洛昂的道路打开了，王储的军队准备摧毁它。
Then came September 9, 1914, when the allied successes in the western part of the Marne valley allowed them to send reenforcements.
1914 年 9 月 9 日，盟军在马恩河谷西部取得的胜利使他们能够派遣增援部队。
Thus the Third Army was perceptibly strengthened and hope for Troyon grew.
这样，第三集团军的力量明显增强，特洛伊昂的希望也随之增强。
One day more, certainly two days more, and nothing could have saved Troyon, but with the whole German line in retreat, the army of the crown prince could not be left on the advance.
再过一天，当然再过两天，没有什么能拯救特洛伊昂，但随着德军全线撤退，王储的军队不能再继续前进。
Incredible though it may seem, when the army of the crown prince besieging Troyon withdrew, that little fort was a mere heap of ruins.
尽管看起来令人难以置信，当围攻特洛伊昂的王储的军队撤退时，这座小堡垒只剩下一堆废墟。
There were exactly forty-four men left in the fort and four serviceable guns.
堡垒里只剩下四十四名士兵和四门可用的火炮。
Even a small storming party could have carried it without the least trouble, and its natural strength could have been fortified in such wise as to make it a pivotal point from which to harry Verdun.
即使是一个小规模的突击队也可以毫不费力地携带它，而且它的自然力量也可以得到加强，使其成为攻击凡尔登的关键点。
At the extreme east, on that ring of wooded heights known as the Grande Couronne de Nancy, and drawn up across the Gap of Nancy, the Second French Army, under General de Castelnau, successfully resisted the drive of the Crown Prince of Bavaria.
在最东边，在被称为“南锡大皇冠”的树木繁茂的高地环上，并穿过南锡峡，法国第二集团军在德卡斯特尔诺将军的领导下，成功地抵抗了巴伐利亚王储的进攻。
Great hopes had been placed on this attack, and on September 7, 1914, the German Emperor had viewed the fight at Nancy from one of the neighboring heights.
人们对这次袭击寄予厚望，1914 年 9 月 7 日，德国皇帝从附近的一处高地观看了南锡的战斗。
Surely a victory for the German arms might come either at the point where stood the German Emperor or where led the crown prince.
当然，德国军队的胜利可能会发生在德国皇帝所在的地方或王储领导的地方。
But the fortunes of war decided otherwise.
但战争的命运却另有决定。
Far from losing at Nancy, the French took the offensive.
法国人不但没有在南锡失利，反而发起进攻。
After an artillery duel of terrific magnitude, they drove the Bavarian army from the forests of Champenous and took Amance.
经过一场规模惊人的炮战后，他们将巴伐利亚军队赶出了尚彭努斯的森林，并占领了阿芒斯。
The line of the Meurthe was then found untenable by the Germans, and on September 12, 1914, General de Castelnau reoccupied the town of Lunéville, which had been in the hands of the Germans since August 22, 1914.
随后，德军发现默尔特河防线已站不住脚，德卡斯泰尔诺将军于 1914 年 9 月 12 日重新占领了自 1914 年 8 月 22 日以来一直处于德军手中的吕内维尔镇。
With General von Kluck in retreat on September 7, 1914, General von Bülow hastening to the rear on September 8, 1914, with the Duke of Württemberg falling back on September 9, 1914, and the Imperial Crown Prince and the Bavarian Crown Prince retreating to an inner ring of defense on September 10, 1914, the battles of the Marne may, in a measure, be said to have concluded.
随着冯·克卢克将军于 1914 年 9 月 7 日撤退，冯·比洛将军于 1914 年 9 月 8 日赶往后方，符腾堡公爵于 1914 年 9 月 9 日撤退，皇太子和巴伐利亚王储于 1914 年 9 月 10 日撤退到防御内圈，马恩河战役在某种程度上可以说已经结束。
As, however, the new alignments were made mainly by reason of the topographical relationships of the Marne and the Aisne Rivers and the territory contiguous thereto, it is perhaps more in keeping with the movement to carry forward the German retreat across the Marne as a part of the same group of conflicts.
然而，由于新的路线主要是根据马恩河和埃纳河及其毗邻领土的地形关系而做出的，这也许更符合作为同一组冲突的一部分推进德军越过马恩河撤退的运动。
CHAPTER XVIII
第十八章
OTHER ASPECTS OF THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE
马恩河战役的其他方面
In dealing with a battle as important as that of the Marne points of view are valuable.
在处理像马恩河这样重要的战斗时，观点是有价值的。
We therefore follow with an account of its general course and description of its main features by a French military writer, whose knowledge is based on information that is official.
因此，我们接下来将介绍一位法国军事作家对其一般过程和主要特征的描述，他的知识基于官方信息。
"Before the German armies," he says, "became engulfed in the vast depression that stretches from Paris to Verdun, General Joffre with admirable foresight had brought together a powerful army commanded by General Manoury and having as its support the fortified camp of Paris.
他说：“在德国军队陷入从巴黎一直延伸到凡尔登的巨大洼地之前，霞飞将军以令人钦佩的远见，集结了一支由马努里将军指挥的强大军队，并以巴黎的坚固营地为后盾。
As soon as General von Kluck, turning momentarily from the road to the French capital and bending his march to the southeast, laid bare his right wing, General Joffre vigorously launched against his flank the entire army of General Manoury.
冯·克卢克将军暂时离开通往法国首都的道路，向东南方行进，暴露了他的右翼，霞飞将军立即向他的侧翼猛烈进攻，马努里将军的整个军队。
The brilliant offensive of this army achieved success from the beginning; it threw back the German forces.
这支军队的辉煌攻势从一开始就取得了成功；它击退了德军。
Von Kluck perceived the danger that threatened him, and the danger was serious, for it only required that Manoury should advance a little further and he would have been almost totally defeated.
冯·克拉克察觉到了威胁着他的危险，而且危险非常严重，只要马努里再前进一点，他就几乎全军覆没了。
Resolutely, energetically, and with a sang-froid to which homage must be rendered, Von Kluck proceeded to circumvent this danger.
冯·克拉克坚决地、精力充沛地、以一种令人敬佩的冷静态度，开始规避这一危险。
He ordered back to the north two of his army corps, recrossed the Marne, and threw himself with intrepidity on Manoury.
他命令他的两个军团返回北方，重新渡过马恩河，勇敢地向马努里投去。
"But the retreat of these two army corps allowed General French and General Franchet d'Espérey both to drive forward vigorously.
“但这两个军团的撤退让弗朗西将军和弗朗谢·德斯佩雷将军都能够奋力前进。
Something resembling the phenomenon of a whirlwind then took place in the German ranks.
随后，德国军队中出现了类似旋风的现象。
The British army made progress toward the north, the Fifth French Army, commanded by General Franchet d'Espérey, did the same.
英军向北推进，弗朗谢·德斯佩雷将军指挥的法国第五集团军也向北推进。
General Manoury, assisted by all the troops that General Galliéni was able rapidly to put at his disposal, made headway against the furious onslaught of Von Kluck.
马努里将军在加利埃尼将军迅速调动的所有部队的协助下，在冯·克拉克的猛烈进攻中取得了进展。
Thus the entire German right found itself in a most critical situation.
因此，整个德国右翼发现自己处于最危急的境地。
It could not overcome Manoury, who was threatening its communications, and on the other hand it found itself powerless to resist the victorious advance of Generals French and de Franchet d'Espérey.
它无法战胜威胁其交通的马努里，另一方面，它发现自己无力抵抗弗伦奇和德·弗朗谢·德斯佩雷将军的胜利推进。
"It was the critical moment of the battle.
“这是战斗的关键时刻。
The German General Staff decided that there was only one method of putting an end to it, and that was to direct against the army of General Foch in the center an offensive so violent that the center would be pierced and the French armies cut in two.
德国总参谋部决定，只有一种方法可以结束这场战争，那就是向中路的福煦将军的军队发起猛烈的攻势，以至将中路贯穿，将法军一分为二。
If this attack succeeded it would free at once the German right and separate into two impotent parts the entire French military force.
如果这次袭击成功，德国右翼将立即解放，并将整个法国军队分成两个无力的部分。
During the 7th, 8th, and 9th of September the Imperial Prussian Guard directed to the compassing of that end all its energy and courage.
9月7日、8日和9日期间，普鲁士帝国卫队投入了全部精力和勇气来实现这一目标。
All in vain.
一切都是徒劳。
General Foch not only checked the German onslaught, but drove it back.
福煦将军不仅阻止了德军的进攻，而且将其击退。
Thus the French center was not pierced, Von Kluck was not relieved, and he found himself in a position that grew more and more critical.
因此法国中锋没有被刺穿，冯·克鲁克也没有松一口气，他发现自己的处境变得越来越关键。
The general retreat of the German armies was the inevitable result.
德军的全面撤退是必然的结果。
To this decision the German General Staff came, and on the evening of September 9 orders were given to all the armies of the right and center to retire sixty kilometers to the rear.
德国总参谋部做出了这一决定，并于 9 月 9 日晚向所有右翼和中翼集团军下达命令，向后退 60 公里。
Thus the battle of the Marne was won by the French."
因此，法国人赢得了马恩河战役。”
The writer then goes on to say: "It was on September 5, toward the end of the morning, that the general order of General Joffre, leading to the great battle, reached the French armies.
作者接着说道：“9 月 5 日凌晨，霞飞将军的一般命令到达了法国军队，导致了这场伟大的战役。
Each separate army immediately turned and vigorously engaged in battle.
各路大军立刻调转方向，全力投入战斗。
The army of Manoury, the first to get ready, sprang forward to the attack.
马努里的军队最先做好准备，立即发起攻击。
It thrust back the German forces which were at first inferior in number, and it attained on the evening of the 5th the Pinchard--St. Soulplet--Ver front; but Von Kluck threw two army corps over the Marne and hurled himself on Manoury.
它击退了最初数量上处于劣势的德军，并于 5 日晚到达了平查德-圣路易斯。 Soulplet--Ver正面；但冯·克拉克派了两个军团渡过马恩河，并投向马努里。
He summoned from Compiègne all the reenforcements at his disposal, and he placed all his heavy artillery between Vareddes and May-en-Multien.
他从贡比涅召集了所有可用的增援部队，并将所有重型火炮部署在瓦雷德和梅昂多恩之间。
During the day of September 6th Manoury made headway toward the Ourcq.
9月6日白天，庄园向乌尔克河前进。
On the following day he advanced at a lesser pace on its left bank, taking and then losing the villages of Marcilly and Chambry--murderous struggles maintained amid terrible heat.
第二天，他在左岸以较慢的速度前进，占领并随后失去了马西利和尚布里的村庄——在可怕的酷暑中，残酷的斗争仍在继续。
General Galliéni, who followed the battle with the utmost attention, hurriedly came to the assistance of Manoury; he sent to him on the 7th and 8th the Seventh Division, which had just arrived at Paris, half of the division being transferred by rail, the other half by means of thousands of automobiles requisitioned for the purpose.
加利埃尼将军高度关注战况，急忙赶来援助马努里。他于7日和8日向他派遣了刚刚抵达巴黎的第七师，其中一半通过铁路转移，另一半则通过为此目的征用的数千辆汽车转移。
General Joffre likewise sent to Manoury the Fourth Army Corps, recruited from the Third Army, though an almost entire division of it was called for by the British to safeguard the junction of forces.
霞飞将军同样向马努里派遣了从第三集团军招募的第四军团，尽管英国人要求其几乎整个师来保卫部队的交汇处。
"The day of September 8 turned out the most arduous for Manoury; the Germans, making attacks of extreme violence, won some success.
“9 月 8 日对马努里来说是最艰难的一天；德国人发动了极端暴力的袭击，取得了一些成功。
They occupied Betz, Thury-en-Vallois and Nanteuil-le-Haudouin.
他们占领了贝茨、图里昂瓦卢瓦和南特伊勒奥杜安。
Von Kluck attacked all his force on the right, and it was at that time he who threatened Manoury with an encircling movement.
冯·克拉克向他的右翼全部部队发起攻击，正是在这个时候，他用包围行动威胁了马努里。
The Fourth French Army Corps, sent forward at full speed by General Joffre and arriving at the spot, had the order to allow itself to be killed to the last man, but to maintain its ground.
霞飞将军派出的法国第四军团全速前进并到达现场，他们接到命令，要杀到最后一人，但要坚守阵地。
It maintained it.
它维持了它。
It succeeded toward evening in checking the advance of the Germans.
傍晚时分，它成功地阻止了德军的前进。
In a brilliant action the army of Manoury took three standards.
马努里军队采取了出色的行动，达到了三个标准。
It rallied the main body of its forces on the left and prepared for a new attack.
它在左翼集结了主力，准备发起新的进攻。
"During this time the British army, following on the retreat of part of the forces of Von Kluck, was able to make headway toward the north.
“在此期间，英国军队在冯·克拉克部分部队撤退后，得以向北推进。
It was the same with the Fifth French Army.
法国第五集团军也是如此。
The British, leaving behind it on September 6 the Rosoy--Lagny line, reached in the evening the south bank of the Great Morin.
英国人于 9 月 6 日离开罗索伊-拉格尼防线，于傍晚到达大莫兰河南岸。
On the 7th and 8th they continued their march; on the 9th they debouched to the north of the Marne below Château Thierry, flanking the German forces which on that day were opposing the army of Manoury.
七日、八日，他们继续行军； 9日，他们向蒂埃里堡下方的马恩河以北出发，侧翼包围当天与马努里军队对抗的德军。
It was then that the German forces began to retreat, while the British army, pursuing the enemy, took seven cannon and many prisoners and reached the Aisne between Soissons and Longueval.
就在那时，德军开始撤退，而英军则追击敌人，俘虏了七门大炮和许多俘虏，到达了苏瓦松和隆格瓦尔之间的埃纳河。
The British army continued till before Coulommiers, and after a brilliant struggle forced the passage of the Little Morin.
英国军队一直持续到库洛米尔之前，经过一场精彩的战斗，迫使小莫兰河通过。
The Fifth French Army under General Franchet d'Espérey made the same advance.
弗朗谢·德斯佩雷将军率领的法国第五集团军也取得了同样的进展。
It drove back the three active army corps of the Germans and the reserve corps that it found facing it.
它击退了德军的三个现役军团和与之对峙的预备军。
On September 7 it pressed forward to the Courtaçon--Cerneux--Monceaux--les--Provins--Courgivaux--Esternay line.
9月7日，它向库塔松-塞尔讷-蒙索-莱-普罗万-库尔吉沃-埃斯特奈线推进。
During the days that followed it reached and crossed the Marne, capturing in fierce combats some howitzers and machine guns.
在接下来的几天里，它到达并渡过马恩河，在激烈的战斗中缴获了一些榴弹炮和机枪。
"General Foch showed admirable sang-froid and energy.
“福煦将军表现出令人钦佩的冷静和活力。
At the most critical moment, the decisive hour of the battle, he accomplished a magnificent maneuver, which is known under the name of the _maneuver of Fère Champenoise_.
在战斗的最关键时刻、决定性的时刻，他完成了一次伟大的机动，这被称为“香槟之战”。
Foch noted a rift between the German army of Von Bülow and that of Von Hausen.
福煦注意到冯·布洛领导的德国军队和冯·豪森领导的德国军队之间存在裂痕。
The German Guard was engaged with the Tenth Division of the reserve in the region of the marshes of St. Gond.
德国近卫军在圣贡德沼泽地区与预备队第十师交战。
"On September 9 Foch resolutely threw into this rift the Forty-Second Division under General Grossetti, which was at his left, and his army corps of the left.
“9月9日，福煦坚决地将格罗塞蒂将军领导的第四十二师（位于他的左翼）和他的左翼军团投入到这个裂缝中。
He thus made a flank attack on the German forces, notably the Guard which had bent back his army corps on the right.
因此，他对德军进行了侧翼攻击，特别是对将他的集团军从右侧撤退的近卫军。
The effect produced by the flank attack of Manoury on the right of General von Kluck's army was renewed here.
马努里对冯·克拉克将军军队右侧的侧翼攻击所产生的影响在这里再次发生。
The enemy, taken aback by this audacious maneuver, did not resist and made a precipitate retreat.
敌人被这大胆的举动吓了一跳，没有抵抗，仓皇撤退。
On the evening of the 9th the game was thus lost to the Germans.
9日晚，比赛就这样输给了德国队。
Their armies of the right and of the center were beaten and the retreat followed.
他们的右翼和中间派军队被击败，随后撤退。
The Imperial Guard left in the marshes of St. Gond more than 8,000 men and almost all its artillery.
帝国卫队在圣贡德的沼泽地里留下了八千多人以及几乎所有的火炮。
Victory henceforth began to perch on the Allied banners over all the vast battle field."
从此，胜利的旗帜开始飘扬在广阔战场上的盟军旗帜上。”
Such was this battle of seven days in which almost 3,000,000 men were engaged.
这就是这场七日之战，近三百万大军投入战斗。
If it is examined in its ensemble, it will be seen that each French army advanced step by step, opening up the road to the neighboring army, which immediately gave it support, and then striking at the flank of the enemy which the other attacked in front.
如果从总体上看，法军各军都是一步步前进，为邻军打开道路，邻军立即支援，然后攻击对方在前面攻击的敌人的侧翼。
The efforts of the one were closely coordinated with the efforts of the other.
一方的努力与另一方的努力密切配合。
A deep unity of ideas, of methods, and of courage animated the whole Allied line.
思想、方法和勇气的深刻统一使整个盟军战线充满活力。
CHAPTER XIX
第十九章
"CROSSING THE AISNE"
《穿越埃纳河》
In order to gain a clear idea of what was involved in the feat of "crossing the Aisne," which more than one expert has declared to be the greatest military feat in river crossing in the history of arms, it is well to look at the topography of that point, first in its relation to the whole German line, and, second, in its relation to possible attack in September, 1914.
为了清楚地了解“渡过埃纳河”的壮举（不止一位专家宣称这是武器史上最伟大的渡河军事壮举），最好看看该点的地形，首先是它与整个德军战线的关系，其次是它与 1914 年 9 月可能发生的袭击的关系。
The prepared positions on the Aisne to which the Germans fell back after the battle of the Marne, were along a line of exceptionally strong natural barriers.
马恩河战役后德军撤退到埃纳河上的预备阵地，沿线有异常坚固的天然屏障。
The line extends from a point north of Verdun, on the heights of the Meuse, across the wooded country of the Argonne and the plain of Champagne to Rheims, thence northwest to Brimont, crossing the Aisne near its confluence with the Suippe, and from thence proceeding to Craonne, whence it takes a westerly course along the heights of the Aisne to the Forest of the Eagle, north of Compiègne.
这条线从凡尔登以北的默兹河高地起，穿过阿尔贡河树木繁茂的地区和香槟平原，到达兰斯，然后向西北到达布里蒙，在埃纳河与苏伊佩河交汇处附近穿过埃纳河，从那里行进到克拉奥纳，从那里沿着埃纳河高地向西行进，到达贡比涅北部的鹰森林。
The eastern end of this line has already been described in connection with the battles of the Marne, and it is the western section of this line which now demands consideration.
这条线的东端已经结合马恩河战役进行了描述，现在需要考虑的是这条线的西段。
Just as the River Marne was taken as a basis for the consideration of the topography of the battles that centered round the crossing of the Ourcq, Grand Morin, Petit Morin, and the Marne, so the Aisne is naturally the most important determinant in the problems of its crossing.
正如马恩河被作为考虑以乌尔克河、大莫兰河、小莫兰河和马恩河为中心的战役的地形基础一样，埃纳河自然是其渡河问题中最重要的决定因素。
The River Aisne rises in the Argonne, southwest of Verdun.
埃纳河发源于凡尔登西南的阿尔贡河。
Through the Champagne region its banks are of gradual slope, but shortly after it passes Rethel, on its westerly course, the configuration changes sharply, and at Craonne the bluffs overlooking the river are 450 feet high.
穿过香槟地区，河岸逐渐倾斜，但在经过雷塞尔后不久，在其向西的路线上，形状急剧变化，在克拉奥讷，俯瞰河流的悬崖高达 450 英尺。
It is easy to see what an inaccessible barrier is made by such a line of cliffs.
不难看出，这样一排悬崖构成了怎样一个难以接近的屏障。
For forty miles this line of bluffs continues, almost reaching to Compiègne, where the Aisne enters the Oise.
这条悬崖线绵延四十英里，几乎到达贡比涅，埃纳河在此汇入瓦兹河。
Not only are the banks of the Aisne thus guarded by steep bluffs, but the character of those bluffs is peculiarly fitted for military purposes.
埃纳河沿岸不仅有陡峭的悬崖守卫，而且这些悬崖的特征特别适合军事目的。
For long stretches along the north side the cliffs stand sheer and have spurs that dip down sharply to the valley.
沿着北侧的很长一段时间，悬崖都是陡峭的，并且有陡峭的山峰直达山谷。
The ridge, or the top of the bluff, which looks from below like the scarp of a great plateau, lies at an average of a mile or more from the stream.
山脊，或者说悬崖的顶部，从下面看起来就像一个伟大高原的悬崖，距离溪流平均一英里或更远。
Many of these spurs jut out in such a way that if fortified they could enfilade up and downstream.
许多支刺都以这样的方式突出，如果加强的话，它们可以向上和下游纵贯。
To add to the military value of such a barrier the edge of the scarp is heavily wooded, while the lower slopes are steep and grassy, with small woods at irregular intervals.
为了增加这种屏障的军事价值，陡坡的边缘树木繁茂，而较低的斜坡则陡峭且长满草，间隔不规则地生长着小树林。
Even from the high ground on the south bank of the stream, the top of the plateau on the north cannot be seen, and from below it is effectually cloaked.
即使从河南岸的高地看去，也看不到北边的高原顶部，而从下面看去，它实际上被遮盖住了。
Two tributaries are to be considered in this river valley which thus forms so natural a post of defense.
这条河谷有两条支流，因此形成了天然的防御工事。
Both flow in from the south, the Suippe, which joins the main stream at Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne and the Vesle, on which stands the ancient city of Rheims.
两条河均从南部流入，苏伊佩河在埃纳河畔纳沙泰尔与韦斯勒河汇合，河上矗立着兰斯古城。
This river joins the Aisne a little over seven miles east of Soissons, which is itself twenty miles east of Compiègne.
这条河在苏瓦松以东七英里多一点的地方与埃纳河汇合，苏瓦松本身也在贡比涅以东二十英里处。
The line taken by the German armies for their stand was not the river itself, but the northern ridge.
德国军队的阵地并不是河流本身，而是北部山脊。
At no place more than a mile and a half from the river, it was always within gunfire of any crossing.
在距离河流超过一英里半的任何地方，任何渡口总是在炮火范围内。
Every place of crossing was commanded by a spur.
每个过境点都由支线指挥。
Every road on the north bank was in their hands, every road on the south bank curved upward so as to be a fair mark for their artillery.
北岸的每一条道路都在他们的手中，南岸的每一条道路都向上弯曲，以便成为他们炮火的公平标记。
As the German drive advanced, a huge body of sappers and miners had been left behind to fortify this Aisne line, and the system developed was much the same along its entire distance.
随着德军的推进，大批工兵和矿工被留下来加固这条埃纳防线，而且沿途所开发的系统大致相同。
There were two lines of barbed-wire entanglements, one in the bed of the stream which would prevent fording or swimming, and which, being under water, could not easily be destroyed by gunfire from the southern bank.
有两排铁丝网，一排位于河床，可防止涉水或游泳，而且位于水下，不易被南岸的炮火摧毁。
Above this was a heavy chevaux-de-frise and barbed-wire entanglement, partly sunk and concealed from view; in many places pitted and covered with brushwood.
上面是沉重的马蹄铁和带刺铁丝网，部分下沉并隐藏在视线之外。许多地方坑洼不平，并覆盖着灌木丛。
Above this, following approximately a thirty-foot contour, came a line of trenches for infantry, and fifty yards behind a second line of trenches, commanding a further elevation of fifty feet.
在此之上，沿着大约三十英尺的轮廓，是一排步兵战壕，第二排战壕后面五十码，指挥着另外五十英尺的高程。
Two-thirds of the way up the hill came the trench-living quarters, the kitchens, the bakeries, the dormitories, and so forth, and the crest of the hill bristled along its entire length with field guns, effectually screened by trees.
上山的三分之二是战壕居住区、厨房、面包房、宿舍等等，山顶上布满了野战炮，有效地被树木遮挡。
On the further side of the ridge, in chalk pits, were the great howitzers, tossing their huge shells over the ridge and its defenses into the river itself, and even on the south bank beyond.
在山脊的另一边，在白垩坑里，有巨大的榴弹炮，它们将巨大的炮弹抛过山脊及其防御工事，扔进河里，甚至扔到更远的南岸。
Truly, a position of power, and one that the boldest of troops might hesitate to attack.
确实，这是一个权力地位，即使是最大胆的军队也可能会犹豫是否要进攻。
It is quite possible that had the entire strength of the German position been known, no attempt to cross would have been made, but there was always a possibility that the counterchecks of the German army were no more than the rear-guard actions of the three or four days immediately preceding.
很有可能，如果德军阵地的全部兵力都已知的话，他们就不会尝试越境，但德军的反击也有可能不过是前三四天的后卫行动。
Yet Sir John French seems to have expected the true state of affairs, for he remarks in his dispatches:
然而约翰·弗伦奇爵士似乎已经预料到了事情的真实情况，因为他在电报中说道：
"The battles of the Marne, which lasted from the morning of the 6th to the evening of the 10th, had hardly ended in the precipitate flight of the enemy when we were brought face to face with a position of extraordinary strength, carefully intrenched and prepared for defense by an army and staff which are thorough adepts in such work."
“从6日早上持续到10日晚上的马恩河战役，在敌人仓皇逃窜中刚刚结束，我们就遇到了一个非常强大的阵地，精心构筑的工事，并由一支完全擅长这项工作的军队和参谋人员做好防御准备。”
Yet it was evident that if the armies of the Allies were to secure any lasting benefit from the battles of the Marne, they must dislodge the invading hosts from their new vantage ground.
然而很明显，如果盟军想要从马恩河战役中获得任何持久的利益，他们就必须将入侵的军队从新的有利位置上赶走。
It was obvious that the task was one of great peril and one necessarily likely to be attended with heavy loss of life.
显然，这项任务是一项非常危险的任务，而且必然会造成严重的人员伤亡。
Sir John French, knowing the tactical value of driving a fleeing army hard, determined on forcing the issue without delay.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士深知严厉驱赶逃跑的军队的战术价值，决定立即强制解决这一问题。
Before proceeding to recount in detail the events of that six days' battle of the Aisne, which little by little solidified into an impasse, it might be well to trace the new positions that had been taken by the respective armies engaged in the struggle for the supremacy of western Europe.
在详细叙述那场逐渐陷入僵局的六天埃纳河战役之前，最好先回顾一下参与西欧霸权斗争的各支军队所采取的新立场。
General von Kluck, still in charge of the First German Army, was in control of the western section from the Forest of the Eagle to the plateau of Craonne.
冯·克卢克将军仍然指挥着德国第一集团军，控制着从鹰森林到克拉奥讷高原的西部地区。
He had forced his men to almost superhuman efforts, and by midnight of September 11 he had succeeded in getting most of his artillery across the Aisne, at Soissons, and had whipped his infantry into place on the heights north of the stream.
他迫使他的部下付出近乎超人的努力，到9月11日午夜，他成功地将大部分炮兵调到埃纳河对面的苏瓦松，并将步兵部署在溪流以北的高地。
That, with his exhausted troops, he succeeded remains still a tribute to his power as a commander.
他在精疲力竭的军队中取得了成功，这仍然是对他作为指挥官的权力的致敬。
But the men were done.
但男人们已经完成了。
Further attack meant rout.
进一步的进攻意味着溃败。
His salvation lay in his heavy field guns and howitzers, an arm of the service in which the French army, under General Maunoury (and General Pau, who had taken a superior command during the turning of the German drive at the Marne), was notoriously weak.
他的救赎在于他的重型野战炮和榴弹炮，这是莫努里将军（以及在德军转向马恩河时担任上级指挥的波将军）领导下的法军的一个兵种，是出了名的薄弱。
Still there was little comfort there, for the British army was well supplied with heavy artillery, and the Fifth French Army of General d'Espérey, also coming up to confront him, was not entirely lacking in this branch of the service.
但仍然没有什么令人安慰的地方，因为英国军队拥有充足的重型火炮供应，而德斯佩雷将军领导的法国第五集团军也前来对抗他，这支部队并不完全缺乏。
General von Bülow's army was combined with that of General von Hausen, who fell ill and was retired from his command.
冯·布洛将军的军队与冯·豪森将军的军队合并，冯·豪森将军患病并从他的指挥中退役。
Against this combined army was ranged the victorious and still fresh army of General Foch, lacking two corps, which had been detached for reserves elsewhere.
与这支联合军队对抗的是福煦将军率领的胜利而仍然生机勃勃的军队，该军队缺少两个军团，已被抽调到其他地方作为预备队。
One of these corps apparently went to the aid of General Sarrail, whose stand was still a weak point in the Allies' line.
其中一支军团显然是去援助萨拉伊尔将军的，他的立场仍然是盟军战线上的一个弱点。
General Sarrail, however, was now better supported by the movement of General Langle with the Fourth French Army, who advanced toward Troyon and confronted the combined armies of the Imperial Crown Prince and the Duke of Württemberg.
然而，萨雷尔将军现在得到了兰格尔将军率领的法国第四集团军的更好支持，后者向特罗永挺进，与帝国王储和符腾堡公爵的联军对峙。
This released General Sarrail to his task of intrenching and enlarging the defenses about Verdun, the importance of which had become more poignant than ever before in the events of the past week.
这使得萨雷尔将军得以承担起巩固和扩大凡尔登周围防御工事的任务，在过去一周发生的事件中，这一任务的重要性比以往任何时候都更加令人心酸。
The far eastern end of the line remained unchanged.
该线的远东端保持不变。
The credit for the crossing of the Aisne lies with the British troops.
渡过埃纳河的功劳在于英军。
The battles of the Marne had thrust Sir John French into a prominent position, wherein he was able to achieve a much-desired result without any great loss of life.
马恩河战役将约翰·弗伦奇爵士推上了重要的位置，他能够在没有造成重大人员伤亡的情况下取得令人期待的结果。
But the battle of the Aisne was different.
但埃纳河战役则不同。
It was a magnificent effort boldly carried out, and, as was afterward learned, it could not have been successful had the onset been delayed even one day.
这是一项大胆而伟大的努力，而且据事后得知，即使推迟一天，也不会成功。
General Maunoury's army, encamped in the forest of the Compiègne, was again the first to give battle, as it had been in the battles of the Marne.
驻扎在贡比涅森林的莫努里将军的军队再次率先投入战斗，就像在马恩河战役中一样。
Using some heavy guns that had been sent on from Paris, in addition to the batteries that had been lent him by the British, he secured some well-planned artillery positions on the south bank, and spent the morning in a long-range duel with the German gunners near Soissons.
他利用从巴黎运来的一些重炮，以及英国人借给他的炮台，在南岸占领了一些精心策划的炮兵阵地，并在苏瓦松附近与德国炮手进行了一场远程决斗。
The Germans had not all taken up their positions on the north side of the Aisne on the morning of September 12, 1914, and the heavy battery of the Fourth British Division did good service early in the morning, dislodging some of these before it wheeled in line beside the big French guns, in an endeavor to shell the trenches and level the barbed-wire entanglements, that an opportunity might be made to cross.
1914 年 9 月 12 日早晨，德军尚未全部占领埃纳河北岸的阵地，英军第四师的重炮在一大早就发挥了出色的作用，在法军大炮旁边排成一列之前，击退了其中一些德军，试图炮轰战壕，铲平铁丝网，以便有机会渡河。
But the results were not encouraging of success, for the reply from the further shore was terrific.
但结果并不令人鼓舞，因为来自彼岸的答复非常棒。
General von Kluck's army might be worn out, but the iron throats of his guns were untiring, and he knew that huge reenforcements were on the way.
冯·克卢克将军的军队可能已经精疲力竭，但他的枪口却不知疲倦，而且他知道大批援军即将到来。
CHAPTER XX
第二十章
FIRST DAY'S BATTLES
第一天的战斗
That first day of the battle of the Aisne, September 12, 1914, which was indeed rather preparatory than actual, was also marked by some unusually brilliant cavalry work in General Allenby's division.
1914 年 9 月 12 日，埃纳河战役的第一天，这场战役实际上只是准备阶段，而非实际阶段，艾伦比将军的师的骑兵表现异常出色。
The German line was on the farther side of the Aisne, but all the hill country between the Marne and the Aisne had to be cleared of the powerful rear guards of the retreating German army, or perhaps it would be more correct to say the advance guards of the new German line.
德军防线位于埃纳河的较远一侧，但马恩河和埃纳河之间的所有山地都必须清除撤退的德军强大的后卫，或者说德军新防线的先头部队更为正确。
Early in the morning the cavalry under General Allenby swept out from the town of Braisne on the Vesle and harried in every direction the strong detachments that had been sent forward, driving them back to the Aisne.
清晨，艾伦比将军率领的骑兵从韦勒河畔的布赖讷镇出击，向四面八方骚扰已派出的强大分队，将他们赶回埃纳河。
Over the high wooded ridge between the Vesle and the Aisne the Germans were driven back, and the Third Division, under General Hamilton, supported the cavalry in force, so that, by the evening, General Hamilton's division was able to camp below the hill of Brenelle, and even, before night fell, to get their guns upon that height, from which they could reply to the German batteries snugly ensconced upon the frowning ridge on the northern bank of the Aisne.
在韦勒河和埃纳河之间的树木繁茂的高山脊上，德军被击退，汉密尔顿将军领导的第三师对骑兵进行了强力支援，这样，到了晚上，汉密尔顿将军的师就能够在布勒内尔山下扎营，甚至在夜幕降临之前，将他们的火炮带到那个高度，从那里他们可以对紧贴在埃纳河北岸令人皱眉的山脊上的德军炮兵部队进行反击。
The Fifth British Division, under Sir Charles Fergusson, found itself in a tight place at the confluence of the Vesle and Aisne Rivers, for at that point lay a stretch of flat bottomland exposed to the German fire.
查尔斯·弗格森爵士指挥的英国第五师发现自己处于韦勒河和埃纳河交汇处的一个狭窄位置，因为此时有一片平坦的洼地暴露在德军的火力之下。
By a ruse, which returned upon their own heads, the Germans had preserved one bridge across the Aisne, the bridge at Condé.
德国人用了一个后来又回到自己头上的诡计，保留了一座横跨埃纳河的桥梁，即孔代桥。
This was done as a lure to Sir Charles Fergusson's forces, but even more so it was intended as a sallying point as soon as the German army deemed itself in a position to attack again.
这样做是为了引诱查尔斯·弗格森爵士的军队，但更重要的是，当德国军队认为自己处于再次进攻的位置时，它可以作为一个突破口。
The bridge was destined to figure in the events of the great conflict when the grapple should come.
当战斗到来时，这座桥注定会出现在这场伟大冲突的事件中。
One of the most graphic of all the accounts of the fighting of that day was from the pen of a major in the British field artillery, and it presented in sharp and vivid colors how the field artillery joined with the cavalry in clearing the German troops from the hills between the Marne and the Aisne.
对那天战斗的所有描述中，最生动的描述之一出自一位英国野战炮兵少校的笔，它以鲜明而生动的色彩呈现了野战炮兵如何与骑兵会合，清除马恩河和埃纳河之间山上的德军。
He wrote:
他写道：
"We got the order to go off and join a battery under Colonel ----'s orders.
“我们接到命令，出发前往——上校的命令下加入一个连。
We came en route under heavy shrapnel fire on the road.
我们在路上遭到猛烈的弹片射击。
I gave the order to walk, as the horses had hardly had any food for a couple of days, and also I wanted to steady the show.
我下令步行，因为马匹已经好几天没有吃东西了，而且我也想稳定局面。
I can't say I enjoyed walking along at the head with old ---- behind me, especially when six shrapnel burst right in front of us.
我不能说我喜欢走在前面，老家伙在我身后，尤其是当六枚弹片在我们面前爆炸时。
We got there just in time, rushed into action, and opened fire on a German counterattack at short range, destroying the lot so far as I could see.
我们及时赶到，迅速采取行动，对德军的近距离反击开火，摧毁了我所看到的一切。
"We then moved slightly to another position to take on a valley, down which they were attacking, and were at it the whole day, firing about 900 rounds into quantities of German attacks and counterattacks.
“然后我们稍微移动到另一个阵地，攻克他们正在进攻的一个山谷，我们一整天都在战斗，向德军的大量进攻和反击发射了大约 900 发子弹。
They cannot stand the shrapnel, and the moment I got one on them they turned and bolted back to the wood.
他们无法忍受弹片，当我一击中他们，他们就转身跑回树林里。
"I got on to their trenches; one shell dropped in.
“我进入了他们的战壕；一枚炮弹落入其中。
[It would appear from this that some of the advance guards of the new defense line were either intrenching or occupying trenches made during the battles of the Marne, probably the latter, or else the writer is speaking of the actions of his battery on the 10th as well as the 12th before the invaders had retreated across the Marne.] I was enfilading them, and they tore out of the trenches, and so on, each trench in turn, and fell in hundreds.
[由此看来，新防线的一些先头部队要么正在构筑工事，要么正在占领马恩河战役期间挖的战壕，很可能是后者，或者作者说的是入侵者撤过马恩河之前的10日和12日炮台的行动。]我正在包围他们，他们从战壕中冲出来，依此类推，每个战壕依次倒下，数百人倒下。
Also, through the range finder, ---- saw I'd hit a machine gun, and they had abandoned it and another.
另外，通过测距仪，----看到我击中了一挺机枪，他们已经抛弃了它和另一挺。
So it went all day, shells and bullets humming around, but only one of my staff horses was hit.
就这样一整天，炮弹和子弹嗡嗡作响，但只有我的一匹参谋马被击中。
Our infantry advancing and retiring--others advancing and coming back--Germans doing likewise, a hellish din of shell fire, and me pouring in fire whenever I could see them.
我们的步兵前进又撤退——其他人前进又回来——德国人也在做同样的事情，炮火发出地狱般的喧嚣，而我只要一看到他们就向他们倾注火力。
"At last I got six shrapnel into a wood and cleared a heap of them out and got into them with shrapnel.
“最后，我在树林里放了六块弹片，清理出一堆弹片，然后把弹片装进去。
It was awful!
太糟糕了！
The sergeant major put his hand up to his head and said: "Oh, sir, it's terrible!" That seemed to settle them, and at last we saw the infantry advancing to their positions without resistance.
军士长把手举到头上说道：“噢，长官，太可怕了！”这似乎让他们安定下来，最后我们看到步兵毫无抵抗地向他们的阵地推进。
"Now was my chance.
“现在是我的机会。
I determined to get those machine guns if I could, as otherwise the infantry would.
我决定如果可以的话就去拿那些机枪，否则步兵就会去拿。
So I left ---- in command and got the trumpeter, sergeant major, and six men with six rifles, and went forward 'to reconnoiter,' as I reported to ---- after I had gone.
于是，我离开了——担任指挥，并带着号手、军士长和六名拿着六支步枪的人，按照我在离开后所报告的那样，向前“侦察”。
It was a weird ride, through thick black woods, holding my revolver ready, going in front with the little trumpeter behind and the others following some way in the rear.
这是一次奇怪的旅程，穿过茂密的黑色树林，我拿着左轮手枪，走在前面，小号手在后面，其他人在后面跟着。
We passed some very bad sights, and knew the woods were full of Germans who were afraid to get away on account of the dreaded shell fire.
我们经过了一些非常糟糕的景象，并且知道树林里到处都是德国人，他们因为可怕的炮火而不敢逃跑。
We got in front of our infantry, who were going to fire at us, but I shouted just in time.
我们走到了步兵前面，他们正要向我们开火，但我及时喊道。
"At last we came to the edge of a wood, and in front of us, about 200 yards away, was a little cup-shaped copse, and the enemy's trenches with machine guns a little farther on.
“最后我们来到了一片树林的边缘，在我们前面，大约200码远的地方，有一片杯状的小树林，稍远一点的地方，敌人的战壕里布满了机关枪。
I felt sure this wood was full of Germans, as I had seen them go in earlier.
我确信这片树林里挤满了德国人，因为我早些时候曾看到他们进去过。
I started to gallop for it, and the others followed.
我开始向它疾驰，其他人也紧随其后。
Suddenly about fifty Germans bolted out, firing at us.
突然，大约五十个德国人冲了出来，向我们开火。
I loosed off my revolver as fast as I could, and ---- loosed off his rifle from the saddle.
我尽快松开左轮手枪，然后——从马鞍上松开他的步枪。
They must have thought we were a regiment of cavalry, for, except for a few, they suddenly yelled and bolted.
他们一定以为我们是一个骑兵团，因为除了少数人之外，他们突然大喊大叫，逃跑了。
I stopped and dismounted my lot to fire at them, to make sure that they didn't change their minds.
我停下来，下马向他们开枪，以确保他们不会改变主意。
"I waited for a lull, and mounted all my lot behind the bushes and made them spring as I gave the word to gallop for cover to the woods where the Welsh company was.
“我等待平静，然后把我所有的人都爬到灌木丛后面，让它们跳起来，同时我发出命令，奔向威尔士连队所在的树林寻找掩护。
There I got ----, who understands them (the guns), and an infantryman who volunteered to help, and ---- and I ran up to the Maxims and took out the breech mechanism of both and one of the belts, and carried away one whole Maxim.
在那里，我找到了 ----，他了解它们（枪），还有一名自愿提供帮助的步兵，然后 ---- 我跑到马克西姆那里，取出了两条腰带和其中一条腰带的后膛装置，并带走了整个马克西姆。
We couldn't manage the other.
我们无法管理对方。
"We got back very slowly on account of the gun, and the men went wild with excitement that we had got one gun complete and the mechanism and belt of the other."
“由于这把枪，我们回来得很慢，人们兴奋得发狂，因为我们已经完成了一把枪，另一把的机械装置和腰带。”
With such incidents the pursuit of the Germans across the Marne and to the Aisne was replete, and so thoroughly did the advance French and English troops scour that country that when the morning of September 13, 1914, dawned there was scarcely a German soldier left on the southern side of the Aisne, west of Rheims.
此类事件发生后，德军越过马恩河一直追击至埃纳河，法国和英国的先头部队对这个国家进行了如此彻底的搜查，以至于当 1914 年 9 月 13 日早晨天亮时，在兰斯以西的埃纳河南岸几乎已经没有一个德国士兵了。
The administration of the German armies meanwhile had been markedly changed.
与此同时，德国军队的管理方式也发生了显着变化。
In the turning movement on the Marne the plan was clearly outlined, each commander had his instructions, and that was all.
在马恩河上的转弯运动中，计划已经明确列出，每个指挥官都有他的指示，仅此而已。
But with the need for changes of plan there was need for a directing head, and Field Marshal von Heeringen was sent in a hurry to take charge of the Aisne.
但由于计划需要改变，需要一位指挥长，冯·赫林根元帅被紧急派往埃纳河。
This placed both General von Kluck and General von Bülow into subordinate positions.
这使得冯·克卢克将军和冯·布洛将军都处于从属地位。
Field Marshal von Heeringen held a deserved reputation as one of the most brilliant as well as one of the most iron-willed of the German military leaders.
冯·赫林根陆军元帅被誉为德国最杰出的军事领导人之一，也是最坚强的意志之一。
He had been the backbone of the crown prince's movement against Troyon, a movement which, given a day or two longer, might have meant the capture of Verdun.
他是王储反对特罗永运动的骨干，这场运动如果再拖延一两天，可能就意味着占领凡尔登。
This was not the only factor that was framing up to give the German armies a decided advantage.
这并不是给德国军队带来决定性优势的唯一因素。
The essential factor of the Aisne was the arrival of General von Zwehl and his guns.
埃纳河的重要因素是冯·兹韦尔将军和他的枪支的到来。
On September 13, 1914, at 6 a.
1914 年 9 月 13 日早上 6 点。
m., Zwehl arrived in Laon, and in less than an hour he was in action on the Aisne front.
下午，兹韦尔抵达拉昂，不到一个小时，他就在埃纳前线投入了行动。
The story of General von Zwehl and his guns is essential to an understanding of the causes that rendered the British victory of the Aisne a barren and a fruitless victory at best.
冯·兹韦尔将军和他的大炮的故事对于理解英国在埃纳河的胜利充其量是一场毫无结果的胜利的原因至关重要。
The week of September 5-12, 1914, witnessed the entire series of the battles of the Marne, which drove the Germans across the Marne and across the Aisne, as well as a German victory which exerted almost as powerful an influence in favor of the invaders as the check at the Marne did for the defenders.
1914 年 9 月 5 日至 12 日这一周，见证了整个系列的马恩河战役，这些战役迫使德军越过马恩河并越过埃纳河，而德国的胜利对入侵者的影响几乎与马恩河对守军的遏制一样强大。
This victory was the fall of Maubeuge.
这次胜利导致了莫伯日的陷落。
It is going too far to say--as several military writers have done--that General von Zwehl saved Germany, and that unless he had arrived as opportunely as he did the "German retreat to the Aisne valley would have been changed into a disastrous and overwhelming rout." But it is not going too far to say that the successful holding of the Aisne line was due to the victor of Maubeuge.
正如几位军事作家所做的那样，说冯·兹韦尔将军拯救了德国，而且除非他像他那样及时赶到，“德军向埃纳河谷的撤退将会变成一场灾难性的、压倒性的溃败”，这句话太过分了。但如果说埃纳防线的成功守住是由于莫伯日的胜利，也并不过分。
General von Zwehl was one of the iron-jawed battle-scarred warriors of 1870, a man with a will as metallic as his own siege guns, and a man who could no more be deflected from his purpose than a shell could be diverted in its flight.
冯·兹韦尔将军是 1870 年铁下巴、伤痕累累的战士之一，他的意志像他自己的攻城枪一样坚韧，他的目标无法偏离，就像炮弹在飞行中无法改变方向一样。
He had been set to reduce Maubeuge and he had done so with speed and with thoroughness.
他本来打算减少莫伯日，而且他做得很快而且很彻底。
Maubeuge was not protected by open-air earthworks, but by a circle of armor-plate concrete forts.
莫伯日并没有受到露天土方工程的保护，而是受到了一圈装甲板混凝土堡垒的保护。
To the mighty siege guns handled by General von Zwehl, these were no trouble, for Von Zwehl had not only the heavy batteries attached to the Seventh Army Reserve, but he also had a number of Von Kluck's guns and the majority of General von Bülow's, neither of whom was expected to need siege guns in the forward drive where mobility was an essential.
对于冯·兹韦尔将军所使用的强大攻城炮来说，这些都不是问题，因为冯·兹韦尔不仅拥有第七集团军预备队的重型炮台，而且他还拥有冯·克卢克将军的一些火炮和冯·比洛将军的大部分火炮，在机动性至关重要的前进道路上，他们都不需要攻城炮。
In addition to this, General von Zwehl also had the great siege train that had been prepared for the reduction of Paris.
除此之外，冯·兹韦尔将军还有为攻克巴黎而准备的攻城大列。
What chance had Maubeuge against such a potency?
莫伯日有什么机会对抗这样的力量呢？
On September 8, 1914, word reached General von Zwehl that the forward drive had failed, that the main armies had been beaten back and that he was to bring up his guns as rapidly as possible to cover the retreat.
1914 年 9 月 8 日，冯·兹韦尔将军接到消息称，前进的进攻失败了，主力部队已被击退，他必须尽快举起火炮掩护撤退。
As rapidly as he could, to General von Zwehl, meant but one thing--to get there!
对冯·兹韦尔将军来说，尽可能快地意味着一件事——到达那里！
He collected 9,000 reserve troops, which was almost immediately swelled by another 9,000, and with a total of 18,000 troops he started his siege trains for the town of Laon, where Field Marshal von Heeringen had taken up his headquarters.
他召集了 9,000 名预备役部队，几乎立即又增加了 9,000 名预备役部队，并以总共 18,000 名部队开始了对拉昂镇的攻城训练，冯·赫林根陆军元帅在那里占据了他的指挥部。
The weather turned bad, rendering the heavy guns extremely difficult to handle, but there could be no delay, no explanations, to General von Zwehl.
天气变坏，重炮极难操控，但对冯·兹韦尔将军来说，不能有任何拖延，也不能有任何解释。
If a gun was to be brought it was to be brought and that was all about it!
如果要带枪，那就要带枪，仅此而已！
Four days and three nights of almost continuous marching is killing.
四天三夜几乎连续行军，简直就是杀人。
The German commander cared nothing for that.
德国指挥官对此毫不关心。
The guns must be kept moving.
枪必须保持移动。
Could he get them there on time?
他能准时把他们送到那里吗？
In the last twenty-four hours of the march, his 18,000 troops covered 41 miles and they arrived in Laon at six o'clock in the morning of September 13, 1914, and were in action an hour later.
在行军的最后24小时里，他的18,000名部队走了41英里，于1914年9月13日早上六点到达拉昂，一小时后开始行动。
The problem, therefore, before the English and French at the Aisne, was not the carrying of the river against a disheartened and retreating army, but the carrying of the river against a well-thought-out and forceful plan--a plan, moreover, backed up by the most powerful artillery that the world has ever seen.
因此，在埃纳河上的英国人和法国人面前，问题不是针对灰心丧气、撤退的军队渡河，而是针对一个经过深思熟虑、强有力的计划——而且这个计划得到了世界上最强大的火炮的支持——渡河。
CHAPTER XXI
第二十一章
THE BRITISH AT THE AISNE
埃纳河畔的英国人
In the battles of the Marne, the brunt of the fighting had been borne mainly by the French armies, but the major part of work of the battle of the Aisne was borne by the British Expeditionary Force.
马恩河战役中，首当其冲的主要是法军，而埃纳河战役的大部分工作则由英国远征军承担。
Sir John French wasted no time.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士没有浪费时间。
Saturday night, September 12, 1914, was a night of labor for engineers and gunners.
1914 年 9 月 12 日星期六晚上，是工程师和炮手的劳动之夜。
The bridge trains belonging to the First and Second Army Corps were ordered to the edge of the river at daybreak, and as soon as the first gleam of dawn appeared in the sky, the heroic effort began.
天一亮，第一、二军的桥列就奉命开到江边，天空中第一缕曙光一出现，英雄的奋战就开始了。
At the risk of seeming a little detailed, in order to understand the somewhat involved maneuvers by which the British won the crossing of the Aisne, instead of dealing with the advance of the British army as a unit, in the manner that was done in discussing the battles of the Marne, their activities will be shown as army corps: the Third Army Corps to the westward, under General Pulteney; the Second Army Corps, under Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, and the First Army Corps to the eastward, under Sir Douglas Haig, all, of course, under the general direction of Sir John French.
冒着显得有点详细的风险，为了理解英国人赢得埃纳河渡口的多少复杂的演习，而不是以讨论马恩河战役的方式来处理英国军队作为一个整体的前进，他们的活动将显示为军团：向西的第三军团，由普尔特尼将军领导；霍勒斯·史密斯-多林爵士领导的第二军团，以及道格拉斯·黑格爵士领导的东边第一军团，当然，所有这些都在约翰·弗伦奇爵士的总体指挥下。
The British had no means of knowing what was in front of them.
英国人无法知道他们面前的是什么。
There was only one way to find out--a way, alas, often costly, a way that in every campaign costs thousands of lives apparently fruitlessly, and that is a frontal attack.
只有一种方法可以找到答案——可惜的是，这种方法往往代价高昂，在每次战役中都会造成数千人丧生，但显然毫无结果，那就是正面攻击。
Down over the slopes of the southern bank, into the bright, smiling river valley, where the little white villages in the distance were hiding their dilapidated state, marched the British army.
英国军队沿着南岸的山坡行进，进入明亮、微笑的河谷，远处的白色小村庄隐藏着破败的景象。
Not a sign of activity showed itself upon the farther shore.
更远的海岸上没有任何活动的迹象。
A summer haze obscured objects at a distance, but, shortly before nine o'clock, the German batteries opened fire with a roar that was appalling.
夏日的薄雾遮蔽了远处的物体，但是，在九点前不久，德国炮兵炮兵开火，发出令人震惊的轰鸣声。
The Third Army Corps, after a brief artillery duel, advanced on Soissons to cover the work of the engineers who were building a pontoon bridge for the French troops.
在短暂的炮火对决后，第三军团向苏瓦松推进，掩护正在为法军建造浮桥的工程师们的工作。
The German fire was deadly, yet though more than half their men fell, the engineers put the pontoon bridge across.
德国人的炮火是致命的，尽管他们一半以上的人倒下了，工程师们还是把浮桥架了过去。
German howitzer fire, from behind the ridge, however, soon destroyed the bridge.
然而，德国榴弹炮从山脊后面开火，很快就摧毁了这座桥。
The Turcos crossed the river in rowboats and had a fierce but indecisive struggle in the streets of the medieval city.
突厥人划着小船渡河，在这座中世纪城市的街道上进行了一场激烈却又毫无决定性的斗争。
Meanwhile, with the failure of the pontoon bridge at Soissons, General Pulteney struck to the northeast along the road to Venizel.
与此同时，随着苏瓦松浮桥的垮塌，普尔特尼将军沿着通往韦尼泽尔的道路向东北进攻。
The bridge at that point had been blown up, but the British sappers repaired it sufficiently to set the Eleventh Brigade across, and even, despite the lurid hail of shot and shell, four regiments gathered at Bucy-de-Long by one o'clock on that Sunday, September 13, 1914.
当时桥梁已被炸毁，但英国工兵将其修复，足以让第十一旅渡河，甚至，尽管炮弹和炮弹如冰雹般可怕，四个团仍于 1914 年 9 月 13 日星期日一点钟前在布西德隆集结。
Over the heads of these courageous regiments towered the great hill of Vregny, a veritable Gibraltar of heavy guns with numerous machine guns along the wooded edge.
在这些勇敢的军团的头顶上，矗立着弗雷格尼的大山，这是名副其实的重炮直布罗陀，树木繁茂的边缘有无数机枪。
There was no protection, and no shelter against the terrible German Maxim fire, so that the moment came when to attempt further advance meant instant annihilation.
没有任何保护措施，也没有任何庇护所来抵御德国马克西姆可怕的火力，因此，试图进一步推进就意味着立即歼灭。
Still, under cover of the success of the Eleventh Brigade the engineers built a pontoon bridge at Venizel and the Twelfth Brigade crossed to Bucy-de-Long, with a number of the lighter artillery.
尽管如此，在第十一旅的成功掩护下，工兵们在韦尼泽尔建造了一座浮桥，第十二旅带着一些轻型火炮越过布西德隆。
As there was absolutely no shelter, to storm the height at that point was impossible, and to remain where they were was merely to court sudden death, so the Twelfth Brigade worked over the slopes to the ravine at Chipres, where they intrenched.
由于完全没有庇护所，在那个高度攻势是不可能的，留在原地只会招致突然死亡，因此第十二旅翻过斜坡，到达奇普雷斯的峡谷，在那里他们扎下工事。
The task in front of the Second Army Corps was no less difficult.
第二军团面前的任务同样艰巨。
The bridge at Condé was too strongly defended to be taken by assault, as Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien speedily found out, so he divided his forces into two parts, one of which was directed at the village of Missy, two and one half miles west of Condé, while the other concentrated its attack on a crossing at the town of Vailly, three miles east of Condé.
霍勒斯·史密斯-多林爵士很快发现，孔代桥梁的防御过于坚固，无法通过进攻攻克，因此他将部队分为两部分，其中一部分针对孔代以西两英里半半的米西村，另一部分则集中攻击孔代以东三英里的瓦利镇的一个渡口。
Both detachments made good their crossing, but the regiments that found themselves near Missy also realized that hasty, very hasty intrenchment was imperative, lest every one of them should be blown into kingdom come before half an hour had passed by.
两支分遣队都成功渡河了，但发现自己靠近米西的军团也意识到，仓促、非常仓促的筑垒势在必行，以免他们每个人都在半小时内被炸入王国。
During the night some troops were rafted over, three men at a time, and these encamped near Missy.
夜间，一些部队被筏运过来，每次三人，并在米西附近扎营。
It was a false move.
这是一个错误的举动。
For sixteen days thereafter the British troops had to remain in their dugouts, a large part of the time without food or water.
此后的十六天里，英军不得不呆在防空洞里，大部分时间没有食物或水。
To show a head above the trench was sudden death.
把头露出来就是突然死亡。
The regiments that crossed the river at Vailly found themselves in even a worse plight.
在韦利渡河的军团发现自己的处境更加糟糕。
No sooner had they crossed than the bombardment began, and the Germans knew every range in the place accurately.
他们一过河，炮击就开始了，德国人准确地知道了这个地方的每一个射程。
More than that, the line of trenches was open to enfilade fire from a hidden battery, which did not unmask until the trench was filled with soldiers.
更重要的是，战壕线是敞开的，可以从隐藏的炮台发射火力，直到战壕里挤满了士兵，炮台才暴露出来。
This Eighth Brigade had to retire in disorder.
这八旅只得乱退。
The Fifth Brigade, attached to the First Army Corps under Sir Douglas Haig, an Irish and Scotch group of regiments, were the most successful of all.
第五旅是其中最成功的，隶属于道格拉斯·黑格爵士指挥的第一军团，是一个爱尔兰和苏格兰军团。
The bridge at Pont Arcy had been destroyed, but still one of its girders spanned the stream.
阿西桥的桥梁已被摧毁，但其中一根大梁仍然横跨在河流上。
It would have been tricky walking, even under ordinary circumstances, but nerve racking to attempt, when from every hill and wood and point of land, Maxims, machine guns and a steady rifle fire are concentrated on the man crossing that one girder.
即使在一般情况下，步行也是很困难的，但当从每座山丘、每片树林、每一个陆地上，马克西姆枪、机枪和稳定的步枪火力集中在越过那根大梁的人身上时，尝试这种尝试会让人神经紧张。
By the afternoon, the engineers attached to the First Army Corps had also established a pontoon bridge, and the whole brigade crossed the river in the evening and dug itself in.
到了下午，第一军团所属工兵也架起了一座浮桥，晚上全旅渡河，自行挖坑。
Late on Sunday afternoon, however, a weak spot showed itself in the German line and Sir John French threw the First Division of the First Army Corps across the river near Bourg.
然而，周日下午晚些时候，德军防线上出现了一个弱点，约翰·弗伦奇爵士将第一军团的第一师扔到了布尔格附近的河对岸。
Some of the infantry crossed by a small pontoon bridge and a brigade of cavalry started to follow them.
一些步兵穿过一座小浮桥，一队骑兵开始尾随他们。
When they were in mid-stream, however, a terrific storm of fire smote them.
然而，当他们到达中流时，一场可怕的火焰风暴袭击了他们。
The cavalry pushed on, but could not ride up the hill in the teeth of the bombardment.
骑兵继续前进，但在炮击中无法上山。
The infantry were eager to go, but nothing was to be gained by the move, so the cavalry returned over the pontoon, by a most extraordinary occurrence not having lost a single member in the three hours it had been scouting on the hostile side of the Aisne.
步兵们急于出发，但此举没有任何收获，于是骑兵们从浮桥上返回，这是最不寻常的事情，在埃纳河敌方侦察的三个小时内没有损失任何成员。
The infantry intrenched themselves solidly to await the morning.
步兵们严阵以待，等待黎明。
The main forces of the First Division were especially lucky.
第一师团的主力尤其幸运。
Using the canal aqueduct they made their way toward Bourg, and drove the Germans back toward the main ridge.
他们利用运河渡槽向布尔格进发，并将德军赶回主山脊。
More than three-quarters of the summit of the ridge had been won, the entire Second Infantry Brigade was across, the Twenty-fifth Artillery Brigade was across, ready to support, and General Bulfin, instead of tiring his men by making them intrench there, ordered them to rest, throwing their outposts in front of the hamlet of Moulins.
山脊顶峰的四分之三以上已经被占领，整个第二步兵旅都已渡过，第二十五炮兵旅也已渡过，准备支援，布尔芬将军并没有让他的士兵在那里固守工事，让他们疲惫不堪，而是命令他们休息，把他们的哨所扔在穆兰小村庄前面。
This ended the first day's fighting on the battle of the Aisne.
埃纳河战役第一天的战斗就此结束。
Of the Third Army Corps, a small body of men had reached Chipres.
第三军团的一小部分人已经抵达奇普雷。
There they had been joined by a small force from the Second Army Corps.
在那里，第二军团的一小支部队加入了他们的行列。
In the First Army a strong detachment dug itself in not far from Pont d'Arcy.
第一集团军中有一支强大的分队驻扎在距达西桥不远的地方。
The incomparably superior position of the Germans, their huge numbers, their possession of innumerable guns, made even this shaky tenure dangerous, though all held on.
德国人无与伦比的优势地位、庞大的人数、拥有无数的枪支，使这一摇摇欲坠的统治变得危险，尽管他们都坚持了下来。
Sir John French had tested and found out the German strength and the result was not encouraging.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士曾测试过德国的实力，但结果并不令人鼓舞。
Although this repulse of the British army at every point was a decided victory for the German gunners, Field Marshal von Heeringen had been impressed by two things: the courage of the British attacking army, and the destructiveness of the French artillery on the south bank of the river.
虽然英军在每一点上的击退对于德国炮手来说都是决定性的胜利，但冯·赫林根元帅对两件事印象深刻：英军进攻的勇气，以及法军炮兵在河南岸的破坏力。
The German commander withdrew all his men from the advanced trenches on between the ridge and the river, keeping, however, strongly intrenched detachments of riflemen at all commanding points with powerful artillery as their support.
德国指挥官从山脊和河流之间的前沿战壕中撤出了所有人员，但在所有指挥点都保留了坚守阵地的步枪兵分队，并以强大的火炮作为支援。
Sunday night was a veritable pandemonium of destruction and tumult.
周日晚上是一场名副其实的破坏和骚乱的混乱。
All night long, without cessation, the batteries of both sides, knowing exactly their opponents' range, fired perpetually.
整个晚上，双方的炮台都清楚地知道对手的射程，不间断地开火。
All night long searchlight bombs were thrown.
整个晚上都投掷探照灯炸弹。
All night long, golden and red and yellow streams of flame or the sudden jagged flash of an explosion lit up the black smoke of burning buildings and fields in the valley, or showed the white puff-like low clouds of the bursting shrapnel.
整个夜晚，金色、红色、黄色的火焰流，或突然爆炸的锯齿状闪光，照亮了山谷中燃烧的建筑物和田野的黑烟，或显现出爆炸弹片的白色泡状低云。
Not for an instant did the roar diminish, not for a second was the kindly veil of night left unrent by a fissure of vengeful flame.
咆哮声一刻也没有减弱，温柔的夜幕也一刻也没有被复仇火焰的裂缝撕裂。
Yet, all night long, as ceaselessly as the great guns poured out their angry fury, so did men pour out their indomitable will, and in that hell light of battle flame engineers labored to construct bridges, small bodies of troops moved forward to join their comrades in the trenches who had been able to make a footing the day before, and all night long, those ghastly yet merciful accompaniments of a battle field--the ambulance corps--carried on their work of relief.
然而，整夜，就像大炮不断地倾泻出愤怒的怒火一样，人们也不断地倾注着不屈不挠的意志，在那地狱般的战斗火焰中，工兵们辛勤地搭建桥梁，小股部队前进，加入前一天在战壕里站稳脚跟的战友，而整夜，那些可怕而仁慈的战场伴奏者——救护队——继续着他们的工作。救济。
The searchlights swept up and down the valley, like great eyes that watched to give direction to the venom of war.
探照灯在山谷中上下扫视，就像一双大眼睛，注视着战争的毒液。
At three o'clock in the morning of Monday, September 14, 1914, two regiments were sent to capture a sugar factory strongly held by the enemy.
1914年9月14日星期一凌晨三点，两个团被派去攻占敌人坚守的一家糖厂。
That sugar factory became a maelstrom.
那个糖厂变成了一个漩涡。
Three more regiments had to be brought up and finally the guards, and even thus heavily overpowered, the Germans successfully defended it until noon.
又需要调动三个团，最后是守卫，尽管如此，德军还是成功地守住了它，直到中午。
They sold their lives dearly--those defenders.
他们付出了高昂的代价——那些捍卫者。
That sugar factory stood on that Monday as did Hogoumont at Waterloo.
那家糖厂在那个星期一停了下来，滑铁卢的霍古蒙特也是如此。
It delayed the advance of the entire First Corps, but at four o'clock in the afternoon, Sir Douglas Haig ordered a general advance.
它推迟了整个第一军团的前进，但下午四点，道格拉斯·黑格爵士下令全面推进。
The last afternoon and evening scored a distinct success for the English arms, and when at last it grew absolutely too dark to see, that corps held a position stretching from Troton to La Cour de Soupir.
最后一个下午和晚上，英军取得了明显的胜利，当最后天色变得完全黑得看不见时，该军占据了从特罗顿到拉库尔德苏皮尔的阵地。
Its chief importance, however, was that it gave the Allies a strongly intrenched position on the plateau itself.
然而，它最重要的是它为盟军在高原上提供了一个坚固的阵地。
It was of this day's fighting that, almost a month later, Sir John French was able to say in his official dispatches:
大约一个月后，约翰·弗伦奇爵士在他的官方电报中能够谈到今天的战斗：
"The action of the First Corps on this day under the direction and command of Sir Douglas Haig was of so skillful, bold, and decisive a character that he gained positions which alone have enabled me to maintain my position for more than three weeks of very severe fighting on the north bank of the river."
“这一天，第一军团在道格拉斯·黑格爵士的指导和指挥下采取的行动非常熟练、大胆和果断，他获得了阵地，仅凭这些就使我能够在河北岸的激烈战斗中维持我的阵地三周多。”
The offensive of this entire movement was intrusted to the First Corps.
整个运动的进攻任务都交给了第一军。
The artillery strength of the armies of General von Kluck and Von Bülow was such that it was almost impossible for the Second and Third British Army Corps to assail them by a charge up the bluff.
冯·克卢克将军和冯·布洛将军军队的炮兵力量如此之大，以至于英国第二和第三军团几乎不可能通过悬崖冲锋来攻击他们。
But, meantime, the French had not been idle.
但与此同时，法国人也没有闲着。
On September 13, 1914, General d'Espérey's Fifth Army crossed the Aisne east of Bourg, and on the following day commenced the assault on the Craonne plateau.
1914 年 9 月 13 日，德斯佩雷将军的第五集团军在布尔格以东渡过埃纳河，并于第二天开始进攻克拉奥讷高原。
The next day, Tuesday, September 15, 1914, was a day of several small victories for the Germans.
第二天，即 1914 年 9 月 15 日星期二，德国人取得了几场小胜利。
General von Zwehl was hard hitter and a quick hitter.
冯·兹韦尔将军是一名猛烈的击球手，也是一名快速的击球手。
Having disposed of his artillery where he thought it could be of the most use, he aided Field Marshal von Heeringen with counsels of counterattack, counsels that the Field Marshal fully indorsed.
他将火炮部署在他认为最有用的地方后，向陆军元帅冯·赫林根提出了反击建议，这一建议得到了陆军元帅的完全赞同。
The Sixth French Army under General Manoury, at the extreme west of the line, was the chief point of attack.
马努里将军指挥的法军第六集团军位于战线最西端，是主要攻击点。
Though well placed on a strong position at Nampcel, the Germans drove the French before them like clouds before the wind, recaptured the spurs, forced the French backward through the Morsain ravine and back to their original crossing place of the Aisne between Viv and Fontenoy.
尽管德军在南普塞尔占据有利位置，但他们却像风前云一样驱赶了法军，夺回了马刺，迫使法军向后穿过莫尔赛恩峡谷，回到他们原来在维夫和丰特努瓦之间的埃纳河渡口的地方。
The Third Corps of the British suffered heavy loss of life without any opportunity to retaliate, for it was too thoroughly and completely dominated by the guns of Vregny.
英国第三军团伤亡惨重，没有任何反击的机会，因为它太彻底、完全被弗雷尼的炮火所控制。
The lull of Wednesday, September 16, 1914, was a foretaste of the deadlock which was gradually forming.
1914 年 9 月 16 日星期三的平静是逐渐形成的僵局的预兆。
The French Fifth Army had been compelled to abandon all idea of a direct attack upon the Craonne plateau, the natural position being far too strong.
法国第五集团军被迫放弃了直接攻击克拉奥纳高原的所有想法，因为该高原的天然阵地过于坚固。
The Second and Third Corps of the British army could do nothing.
英军第二、第三军团无能为力。
Sir John French, though eager to push the advantage, secured by his position on the heights, was well aware that such a move was not possible unless the entire French line was ready to cooperate with him, for, if he tried to drive down upon the ridge of the Aisne, or, for that matter, tried to flank it, the line of the Duke of Württemberg would bend back upon him and nip him in a way which would render escape difficult.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士虽然急于扩大优势，但他清楚地知道，除非整个法国防线都准备好与他合作，否则这种行动是不可能的，因为如果他试图向埃纳河的山脊推进，或者就此而言，试图从侧翼包抄，符腾堡公爵的防线将向后弯曲到他身上并以一种使他难以逃脱的方式咬住他。
A sudden recrudescence of activity on the western front gave rise to the hope that the deadlock might yet be avoided, that the two great armies might come to handgrips again.
西线的活动突然卷土重来，使人们产生了避免僵局的希望，两支伟大的军队可能会再次交锋。
Bolstered up by reenforcements, General Manoury checked the German attack and regained all the ground that had been lost.
在增援部队的支持下，马努里将军阻止了德军的进攻，收复了所有失地。
Concentrating on the need of driving the invaders out of the quarries of Autreches, the French succeeded.
法国人集中精力将入侵者赶出奥特雷什的采石场，最终取得了成功。
This eased the western end of the line, and the Second and Third British Army Corps were left in peace.
这缓解了战线西端的压力，英国第二军团和第三军团得以安宁。
Friday, September 18, 1914, is again a date of moment, not because anything of importance was transacted, but because nothing was transacted.
1914 年 9 月 18 日星期五，又是一个重要的日子，不是因为发生了任何重要的事情，而是因为什么也没有发生。
It was a day of realizations.
这是感悟的一天。
It was a day that convinced the Allies that the German positions could not be broken down by frontal attack, just as the battles of the Marne had convinced the Germans that the road to Paris was not yet open.
这一天让盟军相信，正面进攻无法打破德军的阵地，就像马恩河战役让德国人相信通往巴黎的道路尚未开通一样。
The six days from September 12 to 18 had revealed beyond preadventure that the German line along the ridge of the Aisne was not merely a convenient halting place for a rear-guard action, but that it was formed of lines of strong fortifications, almost impregnable and absolutely beyond the hope of storming.
从9月12日到18日的六天时间，我们意外地发现，沿着埃纳河山脊的德军防线不仅是后卫行动的方便停留地，而且是由坚固的防御工事组成的，几乎坚不可摧，绝对不可能被猛攻。
The forces were too evenly balanced for any concerted action to produce a desired effect, the possession of air scouts eliminated any question of a surprise.
兵力过于均衡，任何协调一致的行动都无法产生预期的效果，拥有空中侦察兵消除了任何突然性的问题。
In other words, the conclusion was borne in upon the Allies with full force that, much as the German plan had failed at Marne, so had the Allies' plan failed at Aisne.
换句话说，盟军全力接受了这样的结论：就像德国的计划在马恩河失败一样，盟军的计划在埃纳也失败了。
The crossing of the Aisne, the winning of the heights by Sir Douglas Haig were victories--not only that, but they were full of that glory which goes with successful daring--yet they led nowhere.
道格拉斯·黑格爵士横渡埃纳河、夺取高地都是胜利——不仅如此，而且还充满了与成功的勇敢相伴的荣耀——但他们却一事无成。
The plan of the Allies must be abandoned and a new one formed.
必须放弃同盟国的计划并制定新的计划。
This decision of a change of strategical plan, then, closed the Allies' frontal attack upon the position of the Central Powers on the ridge of the Maise, and marks the end of the first phase of the battle of the Aisne.
这一改变战略计划的决定结束了盟军对梅斯河脊上同盟国阵地的正面进攻，并标志着埃纳河战役第一阶段的结束。
CHAPTER XXII
第二十二章
BOMBARDMENT OF RHEIMS AND SOISSONS
轰炸莱姆斯和苏瓦松
To be considered almost as a part of the advance upon the Aisne were the bombardments of Soissons and of Rheims, the former being a part of the first phase of the Aisne battles, the second belonging to the second phase.
对苏瓦松和兰斯的轰炸几乎被认为是向埃纳河进军的一部分，前者是埃纳战役第一阶段的一部分，后者属于第二阶段。
Soissons, it will be remembered, lies at the western end of the high bluffs that form a bank to the River Aisne for over fifty miles.
人们会记得，苏瓦松位于高耸悬崖的西端，这些悬崖构成了埃纳河的河岸，长达五十多英里。
It is on the high road between Rheims and Compiègne, and on the south side of the Aisne, and consequently returned into French hands on September 13, 1914.
它位于兰斯和贡比涅之间的公路上，埃纳河南岸，因此于 1914 年 9 月 13 日回到法国手中。
No sooner did the French armies enter the little town, however, than Soissons, dominated by the twin towers of its ancient cathedral, became a target for the concentrated fire of the Germans, whose artillery, it will be remembered, had been supplemented that morning by the huge guns brought on from Maubeuge by the magnificent forced marches of General von Zwehl.
然而，法国军队一进入这个小镇，以古老大教堂双塔为主的苏瓦松就成为德国人集中火力的目标，人们会记得，那天早上，德国人的炮兵得到了冯·兹韦尔将军的雄伟强行军从莫伯日带来的大炮的补充。
By noon the lower half of that once lovely city was in flames.
到了中午，这座曾经美丽的城市的下半部分已陷入火海。
On every hand walls collapsed as though they had been made of pasteboard.
四面八方的墙壁都倒塌了，就像是用纸板做的一样。
Women and children were buried beneath the ruins or blown to pieces as they fled into the streets.
妇女和儿童被埋在废墟下，或者在逃到街上时被炸成碎片。
One of the towers of the cathedral was damaged, and there was not a corner of the town that was safe from fire.
大教堂的其中一座塔楼被毁，城镇里没有一个角落能幸免于火灾。
The French batteries tried to cover the city and silence the batteries opposing them on the north front of the river, but the odds were too great.
法军炮台试图覆盖这座城市并压制在河北岸与他们对峙的炮台，但胜算太大了。
All day long, and throughout the greater part of every night, for the first three days of the battle of the Aisne, September 13, 14, and 15, 1914, the bombardment of Soissons was continual, and, in addition to being a wreck, the town became a shambles.
1914 年 9 月 13 日、14 日和 15 日，埃纳河战役的前三天，整个白天和每个晚上的大部分时间，苏瓦松的炮击持续不断，除了成为一片废墟之外，这座城镇也变成了一片废墟。
Closely allied to the Soissons bombardment, and occurring simultaneously with the battle of the Aisne, was the series of engagements occurring in the quarries around Autreches and Coucy-le-Château, fought by advanced bodies in front of the right wing of the German army encamped on the ridge of the Aisne.
与苏瓦松轰炸密切相关且与埃纳河战役同时发生的，是在奥特勒什和库西勒沙托周围的采石场发生的一系列交战，先头部队在驻扎在埃纳河山脊的德军右翼前方进行战斗。
These engagements developed the illuminating fact that during times of peace German capital had been invested in these quarries and with their usual intrigue the Germans had fortified these quarries, so that they were veritable fortresses, and indeed, formed a continuation of that line of defense the crowning point of which was the Aisne cliff near the plateau of the Craonne.
这些交战揭示了一个具有启发性的事实：在和平时期，德国资本投资于这些采石场，德国人以惯常的阴谋加固了这些采石场，使它们成为名副其实的堡垒，事实上，形成了这条防线的延续，其最高点是克拉奥纳高原附近的埃纳悬崖。
During the days when the British First Army Corps, under Sir Douglas Haig, was performing the astounding feat of crossing the Aisne and holding the land thus gained against a veritable tempest of counterattack, these stone quarries were taken and lost again every few hours.
当英国第一军团在道格拉斯·黑格爵士的指挥下，完成了穿越埃纳河并守住由此获得的土地以抵抗名副其实的反攻风暴的惊人壮举时，这些采石场每隔几个小时就会被占领和丢失。
The French infantry of General Manoury's army, far less exhausted than the harassed regiments of General von Kluck's forces, found little difficulty in forcing the Germans back from Autreches, but, no sooner were they well established, than the roar of the combined guns of General von Kluck and General von Zwehl would make the position untenable, and under cover of that appalling rain of death, the German infantry would creep back to reoccupy the positions from which they had been ousted by the bayonets only a few hours before.
马努里将军军队的法军步兵，远没有冯·克卢克将军部队的疲惫不堪，他们在迫使德军从奥特雷什撤退时没有遇到什么困难，但是，一旦他们站稳脚跟，冯·克卢克将军和冯·兹韦尔将军的联合炮轰鸣声就会使阵地变得难以维持，在可怕的死亡之雨的掩护下，德国步兵将悄悄返回，重新占领奥特雷什。就在几个小时前，他们还被刺刀赶出了阵地。
It was the German tactics of machine vs. men, a direful and cruel battle plan to the opposing forces.
这是德国人的机器与人战术，是对敌方可怕而残酷的作战计划。
Upon the day that the advance of the British definitely stopped, or, in other words, when General Joffre and Sir John French realized that further effort against the defenses of the Germans on the ridge beyond the Aisne would only mean loss of life to no gainful purpose, the bombardment of Rheims began.
当英国人的进攻完全停止的那一天，或者换句话说，当霞飞将军和约翰·弗伦奇爵士意识到，在埃纳河以外的山脊上进一步打击德军的防御只会意味着无益的生命损失，对兰斯的轰炸开始了。
The old city had suffered severely during the German advance upon the Marne.
在德军进攻马恩河期间，这座老城遭受了严重的破坏。
Still, it had not been pillaged, and when the Germans retreated across the Aisne the old city held much of its glory unimpaired.
尽管如此，它并没有被掠夺，当德国人撤过埃纳河时，这座老城的大部分荣耀并未受到损害。
Still the flawless beauty of Rheims Cathedral stood guard over the ancient city.
兰斯大教堂的完美美丽仍然守护着这座古城。
Then on September 18, 1914, the shelling of the city began and a bombardment of the most terrific character continued for ten days.
然后在 1914 年 9 月 18 日，对这座城市的炮击开始了，对最可怕人物的轰炸持续了十天。
Rheims Cathedral, which the French declared was outside the zone of direct fire and was used as a hospital with the Red Cross flag flying, and which the Germans asserted to have been used for a signal station and to have been surrounded by gun stations, was said to have been demolished by the German guns.
法国人宣称兰斯大教堂位于直接射击区之外，并被用作飘扬红十字旗的医院，而德国人则声称它被用作信号站并被炮台包围，据说已被德国炮火摧毁。
This act created a sensation throughout the world, for Rheims Cathedral was like a gem from Paradise, regarded by most art lovers as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
这一举动轰动了全世界，兰斯大教堂就像是来自天堂的宝石，被大多数艺术爱好者视为世界上最美丽的建筑之一。
Every civilized country was shaken with grief when the news of the disaster to Rheims Cathedral was published.
当兰斯大教堂遭受灾难的消息传出时，每个文明国家都为之悲痛。
The Germans were apparently unmoved by the world's indignation.
德国人显然对世界的愤怒无动于衷。
They claimed to have acted only from "military necessity," which, according to the old brutal theory, still regarded by the Huns, knows no law.
他们声称，他们的行动只是出于“军事需要”，而根据匈奴人仍然认为的古老的残酷理论，这种行为是没有法律依据的。
In an inspired article written by Major General von Ditfurth, in the "Hamburger Nachrichten," this latter point is emphasized.
冯·迪特福斯少将在《汉堡新闻》上发表的一篇受启发的文章中强调了后一点。
He wrote:
他写道：
"It is of no consequence if all the monuments ever created, all the pictures ever painted, and all the buildings ever erected by the great architects of the world were destroyed, if by their destruction we promote Germany's victory over her enemies....
“如果世界上伟大建筑师所创造的所有纪念碑、所有绘制的图画以及所有曾经建造的建筑物都被摧毁，如果我们通过摧毁它们来促进德国战胜她的敌人，那也没有什么影响……
The commonest, ugliest stone placed to mark the burial place of a German grenadier is a more glorious and perfect monument than all the cathedrals in Europe put together.
为纪念德国掷弹兵的墓地而放置的最常见、最丑陋的石头，却是一座比欧洲所有大教堂加起来还要光荣、更完美的纪念碑。
"Let neutral peoples and our enemies cease their empty chatter, which is no better than the twittering of birds.
“让中立人民和我们的敌人停止他们的空话，这并不比鸟儿的鸣叫更好。
Let them cease their talk about the cathedral at Rheims and about all the churches and castles of France which have shared its fate.
让他们停止谈论兰斯大教堂以及法国所有与它同命运的教堂和城堡。
These things do not interest us."
这些事情我们不感兴趣。”
Opinions have differed concerning Von Ditfurth's appraisal of the comparative values of Rheims Cathedral and the tombstone of a German grenadier, but even the champions of military necessity were glad to learn later that the cathedral still stood, though much damaged.
对于冯·迪特福斯对兰斯大教堂和德国掷弹兵墓碑的比较价值的评价，人们有不同的看法，但即使是军事必要性的拥护者也很高兴后来得知大教堂仍然屹立不倒，尽管遭到严重破坏。
There was military excuse for the bombardment of the city of Rheims.
轰炸兰斯市有军事借口。
But the cathedral was by far the most conspicuous object in the Rheims landscape.
但大教堂是迄今为止兰斯景观中最引人注目的物体。
It was optional with the Germans to spare it except for some casual shell that missed its aim.
对于德国人来说，除了一些没有击中目标的随意炮弹外，德国人可以选择不饶恕它。
On the contrary they chose the great church as a special target, as evidenced by repeated damage to the cathedral and by the destruction of buildings all about it by shell fire.
相反，他们选择了大教堂作为特殊目标，大教堂屡次遭到破坏，周围的建筑物也被炮火摧毁，就证明了这一点。
This was certainly not military necessity, though the city of Rheims had a place in the new strategical plan developed by Field Marshal von Heeringen upon the collapse of the drive on Paris, which was foiled by the battles of the Marne.
这当然不是军事上的必要，尽管兰斯市在冯·赫林根元帅制定的新战略计划中占有一席之地，该计划是在巴黎进攻失败后被马恩河战役挫败的。
CHAPTER XXIII
第二十三章
SECOND PHASE OF BATTLE OF THE AISNE
艾纳河战役第二阶段
The second phase of the battle of the Aisne contained two factors.
埃纳河战役的第二阶段有两个因素。
One, the simplest, was the maintenance of that line of defense against any force that could be brought up against it by the Allies.
其中最简单的一个就是维持这条防线，抵御盟军可能发起的任何力量的攻击。
It meant the ability to hold strongly fortified positions against all odds.
这意味着有能力克服一切困难坚守坚固的阵地。
The history of the trenches that winter, of which more will be said later, reveals the extent to which the Germans succeeded, aided by the iron craft of the old Prussian fighter General von Zwehl.
那年冬天战壕的历史（稍后将详细介绍）揭示了德国人在老普鲁士战士冯·兹韦尔将军的钢铁工艺的帮助下取得了多大的成功。
The other factor depended on the vexed question of means of communication.
另一个因素取决于棘手的通讯方式问题。
There was no cross-country railway linking the eastern German wing to the western German wing.
没有连接德国东翼和西德翼的跨国铁路。
As has been previously remarked, all supplies and munitions had to come in a roundabout way.
正如之前所说，所有补给品和弹药都必须绕道而来。
Verdun was a desired goal, but Field Marshal von Heeringen was wise enough to know that if the crown prince's effort against General Sarrail had failed, if the Third French Army had secured heavy reenforcement, and if it had been left unmolested for a week, the outer ring of defenses around Verdun would, by that time, have become so amazingly strengthened that direct or frontal attack would be impossible, while the flanking attack had failed.
凡尔登是一个理想的目标，但冯·赫林根元帅足够明智，他知道，如果王储对萨拉伊尔将军的努力失败了，如果法国第三集团军获得了重兵增援，如果一周内不受干扰，那么到那时，凡尔登周围的外环防御力量将变得惊人地加强，直接或正面攻击将是不可能的，而侧翼攻击则失败了。
It was vain, therefore, at the present time, to hope that the establishment of the direct communication between Metz and Verdun might pass into the hands of the invaders.
因此，目前希望梅斯和凡尔登之间建立的直接交通可能落入入侵者手中是徒劳的。
On the other hand, there was a direct line of railway running through Rheims, Rethel, Mezières to the great war depot, Coblenz on the Rhine.
另一方面，有一条直达铁路，穿过兰斯、雷特尔、梅济耶尔，到达莱茵河畔的科布伦茨伟大的战争仓库。
A branch line from Metz, through Luxemburg, thus gave communication to the eastern wing.
一条从梅斯出发，穿过卢森堡的支线，为东翼提供了通讯。
All the links of this were in German hands, except Rheims, and if that railroad center could be secured, the importance to the German advance would be enormous.
除兰斯外，所有这些环节都掌握在德国人手中，如果能够确保该铁路中心的安全，对德国的前进将具有巨大的重要性。
Under such circumstances, it can scarcely be held that Rheims was not necessarily a point, the attack of which was due to military necessity.
在这种情况下，很难认为兰斯不一定是一个点，其攻击是出于军事需要。
The formation for this began on September 17, 1914.
该组织于 1914 年 9 月 17 日开始组建。
Crossing the Aisne by the old ford of Berry-au-Bac, a powerful army under the direct leadership of Field Marshal von Heeringen debouched upon the open country between Berry-au-Bac and Suippes, east of Rheims.
在冯·赫林根元帅的直接领导下，一支强大的军队从贝里欧巴克的旧渡口跨过埃纳河，进入兰斯以东的贝里欧巴克和苏佩斯之间的开阔地带。
It was at this point that the German commander in chief of this section of the battle line intended to deliver a crushing blow by which might be regained the prestige secured at Charleroi and lost again at the Marne.
正是在这个时候，这条战线的德军总司令打算给予一次毁灭性的打击，以夺回在沙勒罗瓦获得并在马恩河再次失去的威望。
Surprise may be felt that so important a railway center as Rheims should not have been a strongly fortified place.
令人惊讶的是，像兰斯这样重要的铁路中心不应该是一个戒备森严的地方。
It had been so once, though the fortifications were old-fashioned.
曾经如此，尽管防御工事是老式的。
But, instead of bringing these points of natural defense up to the highest degree of modern efficiency, the French had dismantled them entirely, so as to make Rheims with its glorious cathedral an open town, safe from bombardment.
但是，法国人并没有将这些自然防御点提升到现代效率的最高水平，而是将它们完全拆除，以便使兰斯及其辉煌的大教堂成为一个开放的城镇，免受轰炸。
It was, according to the rules of war, safe from bombardment, but only in the event of its not being defended.
根据战争规则，它可以免受轰炸，但前提是它没有受到防御。
General Foch did not dare to take this stand.
福煦将军不敢采取这种立场。
He knew, as well as did General von Heeringen, the strategic value of Rheims as railroad center, and accepted the issue of battle.
他和冯·赫林根将军一样了解兰斯作为铁路中心的战略价值，并接受了战斗问题。
In the falling back of the several German armies from the Marne to the Aisne, the Germans had kept possession of the chief forts of the district around Rheims.
在德军几支军队从马恩河撤退到埃纳河的过程中，德军一直占据着兰斯周边地区的主要堡垒。
No strong effort had been made to dislodge them, for the forward movement of the Allies had been directed against the fortified heights of the Aisne, facing the Soissons-Craonne defense.
盟军并没有做出强有力的努力来驱逐他们，因为盟军的前进方向是针对埃纳河的防御高地，面对苏瓦松-克罗纳的防御。
It will be remembered that the armies of General Foch and Langle, especially the latter, had taken no part in the first phase of the Battle of the Aisne, but had stubbornly thrown back the armies of the Duke of Württemberg, which had combined with those of the crown prince.
人们会记得，福煦将军和兰格将军的军队，尤其是后者，没有参加埃纳河战役的第一阶段，但却顽固地击退了与王储合流的符腾堡公爵的军队。
The right wing of this large conjoined army had held the fort sites around Rheims and especially they had made full use of the chief fort on the wooded heights of Nogent l'Abbesse, a trifle less than half a mile from the cathedral city and therefore within easy destructive shelling range.
这支大型联军的右翼占领了兰斯周围的堡垒，特别是他们充分利用了位于诺让拉贝斯树木繁茂的高地的主要堡垒，距离大教堂城不到半英里，因此处于容易造成破坏性炮击的范围内。
The heavy artillery was planted here, the infantry intrenched around it, and strong defense trenches were established along the River Suippe that runs into the Aisne near Berry-au-Bac.
重型火炮驻扎于此，步兵在其周围构筑工事，并沿着苏伊佩河（在贝里欧巴克附近流入埃纳河）建立了坚固的防御壕沟。
On Friday, September 18, 1914, the first movement of the second phase was begun, when the Germans launched a sharp counterattack on the French center.
1914年9月18日星期五，第二阶段第一波进攻开始，德军向法军中路发起猛烈反攻。
This was the first German offensive movement since their retreat from the Marne, and it was powerful and well handled.
这是德军从马恩河撤退后的第一次进攻行动，威力强大且处理得当。
General Foch fell back into defensive positions, but had much ado to hold his own.
福煦将军退回防御阵地，但仍费尽心思坚守阵地。
He evaded giving battle around Rheims and took up a position at Souain, which he held with the jaunty obstinacy he had displayed so often in the retreat through northern France.
他避开了兰斯周围的战斗，并在苏安占据了一个阵地，他以在法国北部撤退时经常表现出的顽强固执坚守着这个阵地。
It was obvious that he could not hold out long, but by clever generalship, and especially by an extraordinarily brilliant use of the cavalry arm, he held off the army for that day.
显然他无法坚持太久，但凭借巧妙的将领，尤其是对骑兵部队的出色运用，他当天挡住了军队。
That night strong reenforcements came to his aid, and on September 19, 1914, the balance of the forces was more nearly equal.
那天晚上，强大的增援部队赶来援助他，1914 年 9 月 19 日，双方力量的平衡更加接近平等。
On September 19, 1914, therefore, the situation of the armies was much as follows: The Germans, acting under the general command of Field Marshal von Heeringen, controlled Rheims under the gunfire of their heavy artillery from two points, the heights of Nogent l'Abbesse to the southeast of Rheims, and the hill of Brimont a little over half a mile to the northeast.
因此，1914 年 9 月 19 日，军队的情况大致如下：德军在冯·赫林根元帅的指挥下，在重炮的炮火下从两个地点控制了兰斯：兰斯东南部的诺让拉贝斯高地和东北部半英里多一点的布里蒙山。
Their right flank was covered by the powerful defenses of the Aisne and the guns of the Craonne plateau, their left flank was a series of intrenchments along the river Suippe, which merged into the second line of defense of the main army under the Duke of Württemberg.
他们的右翼有埃纳河的强大防御和克拉奥讷高原的炮火掩护，他们的左翼是苏伊佩河沿岸的一系列堑壕，与符腾堡公爵指挥的主力军的第二道防线融为一体。
On the other side of Rheims, or to the west of the cathedral city, the Allies also held two heights, one at Pouillon, between the Aisle and the Vesle, and therefore to the northwest of the city, and the other on a sharp steep, known as the Mountain of Rheims, near Verzenay, on the south side of the river.
在兰斯的另一边，即大教堂城市的西边，盟军还占据了两个高地，一个位于普永，位于过道和韦斯勒之间，因此位于城市的西北部，另一个位于河南侧韦尔泽奈附近的一个陡峭的山上，被称为兰斯山。
This was therefore west and a little south of Rheims.
因此，这里位于兰斯以西略南的地方。
But, and herein lies the question that has so often arisen in the discussion of the comparative strength of the two armies--especially without the British batteries--the French lacked heavy long-range artillery.
但是，这就是在讨论两军实力对比时经常出现的问题——尤其是在没有英国炮兵连的情况下——法国人缺乏重型远程火炮。
They had no such howitzers as those of the German forces.
他们没有像德军那样的榴弹炮。
Thus the Germans could shell Rheims to their hearts' content, and the Allies could not silence that gunfire from their own fortified positions.
因此，德国人可以尽情炮击兰斯，而盟军则无法平息自己防御工事的炮火。
Once more, then, it became a battle between infantry and artillery, between men and machines.
于是，这又变成了步兵和炮兵、人和机器之间的战斗。
This time, however, the advance was not favorable to the Germans.
然而，这一次的进展对德国人来说并不有利。
Their heavy artillery commanded Rheims, but it did not command the French line to the west of Rheims.
他们的重炮指挥着兰斯，但并不指挥兰斯以西的法军战线。
The invaders performed prodigies of valor.
入侵者创造了英勇的奇迹。
Again and again they hurled themselves against the French line.
他们一次又一次地冲向法国人的防线。
But General Foch's troops were well supplied with that terrible engine of destruction--the French 3-inch fieldpiece, known, as the 75-mm., an extremely powerful gun for its caliber.
但福煦将军的部队配备了强大的毁灭性武器——法国 3 英寸野战炮，又名 75 毫米炮，就其口径而言，威力极其强大。
In four successive night attacks on September 19-20, 1914, the heaviest onset was made.
1914年9月19日至20日连续四次夜间袭击中，袭击最为猛烈。
Supported by a terrific gunfire, directed with the long pointing fingers of searchlights, the German infantry, invigorated by a week's rest, rolled up in gray-clad tidal waves against the French line.
在可怕的炮火支援下，在探照灯长长的手指的指引下，经过一周的休息，德军步兵充满了活力，在灰色的浪潮中卷起，对抗法国的防线。
General Foch had known how to post his defense, and within twenty-four hours he had made the line between Pouillon and the Mountain of Rheims almost as strong as the German line between Brimont and Nogent l'Abbesse.
福煦将军知道如何布置防御，在二十四小时内，他就使普永和兰斯山之间的防线几乎与布里蒙和诺让拉贝斯之间的德军防线一样坚固。
Poor Rheims lay between, wide open to the eruption of destruction that belched from the throats of the German howitzers.
可怜的兰斯位于两者之间，对从德国榴弹炮的喉咙中喷出的破坏敞开了大门。
CHAPTER XXIV
第二十四章
END OF THE BATTLE
战斗结束
After September 22, 1914, there was a lull in the fighting at Rheims, and as afterward appeared, this was due mainly to another change of plan on the part of the German Staff.
1914 年 9 月 22 日之后，兰斯的战斗陷入平静，后来看来，这主要是由于德国参谋部再次改变了计划。
But it was no part of General Foch's intentions to leave the bombardment of the cathedral unrevenged.
但福煦将军的本意并不是要对大教堂的轰炸不加报复。
He had, indeed, caused an unparalleled slaughter on the night of September 19, 1914, as has been stated, but his troops were avid for reprisal and the French strategist knew well how dangerous it is to allow an army, eager for action and revenge, to eat its heart out vainly.
正如前面所说，他确实在 1914 年 9 月 19 日晚上造成了一场史无前例的屠杀，但他的部队渴望报复，而这位法国战略家也深知，让一支渴望采取行动和复仇的军队徒劳地吃掉自己的心是多么危险。
He was too wise to run the risk of a countercharge, but four days later his opportunity came, and he took advantage of it to the full.
他太明智了，不会冒遭到反击的风险，但四天后，他的机会来了，他充分利用了这个机会。
At dawn on September 26, 1914, a detachment of 15,000 Germans, including all that remained of the famous Prussian Guards Corps, that same body that had fought so marvelously on many occasions, and which had suffered the most cruelly in the affair of the marshes of St. Gond, made a sortie from the base line at Nogent l'Abbesse to destroy the railway line between Rheims and Verdun, this line was, indeed, the principal link of communication to that all-important fortress that protruded its bristling salient into the heart of the German position.
1914 年 9 月 26 日拂晓，一支由 15,000 名德国人组成的分遣队，其中包括著名的普鲁士近卫军的所有剩余人员，这支部队在许多场合都表现出色，在圣贡德沼泽事件中遭受了最残酷的打击，从诺让拉贝斯的基线出击，摧毁了兰斯和凡尔登之间的铁路线，这条铁路线确实是通往德军阵地中心的最重要堡垒的主要联络纽带。
A French aviator, who had climbed into his machine when it was yet dark, in order to do a little daybreak scouting before the light should be sufficiently bright to make him an easy target, saw this movement and reported it immediately to General Foch.
一名法国飞行员在天黑时爬进他的飞机，以便在光线足够明亮以使他成为容易的目标之前进行一些黎明侦察，他看到了这一动静并立即向福煦将军报告。
That commander, who knew how to use cavalry, ordered a regiment at the gallop to occupy the village of Auberive, on the Suippe, and there harry the advancing column sufficiently to give him time to bring up the light artillery and to bring into action a large body of infantry encamped at Jouchery, five miles away.
这位懂得如何使用骑兵的指挥官命令一个团快速占领苏伊佩河上的奥贝里夫村，并在那里对前进的纵队进行充分的骚扰，以便他有时间调动轻型火炮，并让驻扎在五英里外的朱赫里的一大群步兵投入战斗。
Before six o'clock, the cavalry were in Auberive.
六点前，骑兵已抵达奥贝里夫。
The men worked like fiends.
这些人像魔鬼一样工作。
The streets were rapidly barricaded, machine guns hoisted to roofs and other points where they might command a wide sweep of fire.
街道很快被封锁，机枪被举到屋顶和其他可能指挥大范围扫射的地方。
Then the cavalry rode forward to meet the advancing column.
然后骑兵向前策马迎击前进的纵队。
Not knowing what might be in front of him, the German commander halted, awaiting reports from his air scouts.
由于不知道前方会发生什么，德国指挥官停下来等待空中侦察兵的报告。
The halt was but three-quarters of an hour, but that was of vast importance.
虽然停留时间只有三刻钟，但这却非常重要。
The scouts reported only a regiment of cavalry ahead, but a powerful detachment of French artillery on the road from Jouchery.
侦察兵报告称，前面只有一个骑兵团，但在从朱什里出发的路上却有一支强大的法国炮兵分队。
The German leader detached 2,000 of the Death's Head Hussars, his crack cavalry, to cut off, or at all events to delay, the French guns.
这位德国领导人派遣了 2,000 名死头骠骑兵（Death's Head Hussars），即他的精锐骑兵，去切断或无论如何拖延法军的火炮。
He was aware that the artillery would have no anticipation of this and, in the surprise, the guns might be captured.
他知道炮兵不会预料到这一点，而且在出乎意料的情况下，火炮可能会被缴获。
Meantime, he hurried his advance to Auberive, captured the village, though after another hour's delay, caused by the resistance of the cavalry, who retreated to St. Hilaire.
与此同时，他急忙向奥贝里夫进军，占领了该村庄，但由于骑兵的抵抗又耽误了一个小时，骑兵撤退到了圣伊莱尔。
Meantime, at St. Hilaire, the surprise charge of the Death's Head Hussars was launched.
与此同时，在圣伊莱尔，死头骠骑兵发起了突然冲锋。
It was scarcely a question of minutes, it was rather a matter of seconds.
这几乎不是几分钟的问题，而是几秒钟的问题。
But the French artillery knew their light fieldpieces as thoroughly as the Germans were masters of the heavy guns.
但法国炮兵对轻型野战炮的了解就像德国人对重型火炮的掌握一样透彻。
In less than two minutes the artillery teams were unharnessed, the guns were in position and the gunners took their places when the Hussars were so near the voices of their leaders could be heard.
不到两分钟，炮兵部队就卸下了装备，火炮就位，炮手就位，此时骠骑兵已经如此接近，可以听到他们领导人的声音。
Thirty seconds earlier, and the Hussars would have been in among the guns and made a notable capture.
三十秒前，骠骑兵就会进入炮火之中并取得显着的捕获。
There was just time enough for a man to breathe twice, when the order came to fire.
时间只够一个人喘两口气，开火的命令就传来了。
The Hussars were at less than a hundred yards' range.
骠骑兵距离我们不到一百码。
As the shrapnel burst, the front squadrons seemed to stumble and fall.
随着弹片的爆炸，前线中队似乎跌倒了。
The ranks were so near that the change from living human beings into mangled pieces of flesh and rags could clearly be seen.
队伍离得如此之近，可以清楚地看到从活人变成碎肉和破布的过程。
More than one veteran gunner felt squeamish at the sight.
不止一名经验丰富的炮手看到这一幕都感到恶心。
But the rear squadrons, though their horses' hoofs were squelching in the blood of their comrades of a moment before, never blenched or faltered but swept on at a thundering gallop.
但后方的中队，尽管他们的马蹄刚刚沾满了战友的鲜血，却没有退缩或动摇，而是以雷鸣般的疾驰继续前行。
Again the guns spoke, and again.
枪声再次响起，一次又一次。
That was all.
仅此而已。
Amid the vines, here and there a writhing figure could be seen, or a wounded horse endeavoring to rise, and here and there a straggler striving to escape.
藤蔓之中，时时可见一个扭动的身影，时而有受伤的马奋力起身，时而时时可见一个掉队的人在奋力逃跑。
It was level open country; twice again the guns roared, five rounds in all, and all movement ceased.
那是一片平坦的旷野；枪声又响了两声，一共开了五发，所有的动静都停止了。
The engagement had lasted less than five minutes and of those two thousand splendid horsemen not one escaped.
交战只持续了不到五分钟，那两千名出色的骑兵无一逃脱。
The French artillerists picked up the wounded and sent them back to Rheims to receive nursing and care, and then hurried on to the action whither they were bound when surprised by the Hussars.
法军炮兵救起伤员，将他们送回兰斯接受护理，然后在受到骠骑兵的袭击后，匆匆赶往他们所在的行动地点。
The infantry of the Germans and of the French were now coming to hand grips.
德国人和法国人的步兵现在正在交锋。
A battalion of Zouaves was creeping round to attack the advancing column in the rear.
一个轻步兵营正悄然迂回攻击后方前进的纵队。
The German commander at Nogent l'Abbesse learned from his air scouts what was happening.
诺让拉贝斯的德军指挥官从他的空中侦察兵那里得知了发生的情况。
He saw the peril of the advancing column, that it was almost surrounded, and he threw further columns into the fray, to cover the retreat.
他看到了前进的纵队的危险，因为它几乎被包围了，他把更多的纵队投入战斗，以掩护撤退。
The sortie on the railway had now become impossible.
铁路上的出击现在已经不可能了。
General Foch had moved too quickly.
福煦将军行动得太快了。
But, even so, the peril was great, for the German force was almost cut off.
但即便如此，危险仍然很大，因为德军的军队几乎被切断了。
It meant the loss of 15,000 men and artillery, or it meant the sacrifice of some one corps to cover the retreat.
这意味着损失15,000人和炮兵，或者意味着牺牲一个军团来掩护撤退。
The latter course was chosen.
选择了后者。
Three thousand of the Guards Corps, the flower of the Prussian Army, were sent like a catapult at the gap in the French line, immediately in front of Rheims.
三千近卫军，普鲁士军队的精锐，像弹射器一样被派往法军战线的缺口处，紧邻兰斯前方。
Five times they charged, and with such heroic daring and such penetrative energy that General Foch did not dare break from his position.
他们五次冲锋，如此英勇和具有穿透力，福煦将军不敢突破自己的阵地。
As they came up for the fifth assault, a wild cheer of admiration broke out along the French line.
当他们准备进行第五次进攻时，法军防线上爆发出一阵疯狂的钦佩欢呼。
But the rifles spoke steadily, none the less for that.
但尽管如此，步枪仍然发出稳定的声音。
After the fifth assault, barely a hundred men were left, nearly all wounded.
第五次袭击之后，只剩下一百人，几乎全部受伤。
They reversed rifles, a sign of surrender, and in all honor they were received by General Foch, who conducted them to the hospital in the rear.
他们倒转了步枪，这是投降的标志，福煦将军非常荣幸地接待了他们，并把他们带到了后方的医院。
They lived up to the full the most heroic traditions of the old Prussian corps and they saved that whole German force from destruction.
他们充分体现了旧普鲁士军团最英雄的传统，他们使整个德国军队免遭毁灭。
Still, with the annihilation of the Death's Head Hussars and the remainder of the Prussian Guards Corps on the same day, the forces under General Foch felt that in part Rheims had been avenged.
尽管如此，随着死头骠骑兵和普鲁士近卫军的剩余部队在同一天被歼灭，福煦将军麾下的部队感到兰斯在一定程度上得到了报仇。
The other section of this second phase of the Aisne consisted of the trench warfare, which solidified from September 19 to October 6, 1914, under conditions of extreme difficulty and more than extreme discomfort.
埃纳河第二阶段的另一部分是堑壕战，从1914年9月19日到10月6日，在极其困难和极度不适的条件下进行。
It was practically the establishment of a trench campaign that lasted all winter, and revived the centuries-old fortress warfare, applying it under modern conditions to field fortifications.
这实际上是建立了持续整个冬天的堑壕战，并复活了数百年历史的要塞战，并将其应用于现代条件下的野战工事。
The French during that winter on the Aisne never quite succeeded in rivaling the mechanical precision of the German movements; the Germans, on the other hand, never showed themselves to possess the emotional fervor of the French with the bayonet.
那个冬天，法国人在埃纳河上从未成功地与德国机芯的机械精度相媲美。另一方面，德国人却从未表现出拥有法国人用刺刀的热情。
In many places German and Allies' trenches almost touched each other.
在许多地方，德国和盟军的战壕几乎互相接触。
The first two weeks at the Aisne were one continual downpour, and the foundation of that ground is chalk.
埃纳河的前两周一直下着倾盆大雨，地面的地基是粉笔。
On the sides of the plateau of Craonne, after two weeks' rain, the chalky mud seemed bottomless.
经过两周的降雨，克拉奥讷高原两侧的白垩泥似乎深不见底。
"It filled the ears and eyes and throats of our men," wrote John Buchan, "it plastered their clothing and mingled generously with their diet.
“它充满了我们男人的耳朵、眼睛和喉咙，”约翰·巴肯写道，“它涂在他们的衣服上，并与他们的饮食大量混合。
Their grandfathers, who had been at Sebastopol, could have told them something about mud; but even after India and South Africa, the mire of the Aisne seemed a grievous affliction." The fighting was constant, the nervous strain exhausting, and the cold and wet were even harder to bear.
他们的祖父曾经在塞瓦斯托波尔，本可以告诉他们一些关于泥土的事情；但即使在印度和南非之后，埃纳河的泥潭似乎也是一种严重的痛苦。”战斗持续不断，神经紧张让人筋疲力尽，寒冷和潮湿更是让人难以忍受。
There had as yet been no time to build trenches with all conveniences, such as the Germans possessed on the crest of the ridge, and the trenches of the Allies were a chilled inferno of woe.
那时还没有时间建造像德国人在山脊顶部拥有的那样便利的战壕，而盟军的战壕是一个寒冷的灾难地狱。
A stretch of waste ground lay between the trenches, and often for days at a time the fire was too heavy to rescue the wounded or bring in the dead.
战壕之间有一片荒地，常常连续几天火势太猛，无法救援伤员或抬出死者。
The men in the trenches, on either side, were compelled to hear the groans of the wounded, lying in the open day after day, until exhaustion, cold and pain brought them a merciful release.
两侧战壕里的士兵被迫听到伤员的呻吟声，日复一日地躺在空旷的地方，直到精疲力尽、寒冷和疼痛才让他们得到仁慈的释放。
In letters more than one soldier declared that the hardest thing to bear was to hear a fellow comrade shrieking or groaning in agony a few steps away for hours--even days at a time--and to be able to do nothing to help.
不止一名士兵在信中宣称，最难以忍受的事情就是听到一位战友在几步之外痛苦地尖叫或呻吟，持续几个小时——有时甚至几天——却无法提供任何帮助。
The stench from the unburied bodies was so great that officially all the tobacco for the whole battle front was commandeered and sent to the trenches under the plateau of Craonne and on the hill to the westward, where the British First Army Corps was placed.
未掩埋的尸体散发出的恶臭非常严重，以至于官方征用了整个战线的所有烟草，并将其送往克拉奥讷高原下的战壕和西边的山上，那里是英国第一军团的所在地。
Such, for the two weeks between September 22, 1914, and October 6, 1914, was the trench warfare during the second phase of the battle of the Aisne, a condition never after repeated in the war, for such a feat as the crossing of the Aisne could scarcely be duplicated.
1914年9月22日至10月6日的两周内，埃纳河战役第二阶段的堑壕战就是这样，这种情况在战争中从未重演，因为渡过埃纳河这样的壮举几乎无法复制。
It was gallant, it was magnificent, and it was costly--the British casualty list for September 12 to October 6, 1914, being, killed, wounded and missing, 561 officers and 12,980 men--but it was useless, and only served to give the Allies a temporary base whereby General Foch was successful in checking the German attempt to capture the Rheims-Verdun railway.
这是英勇的、宏伟的、代价高昂的——1914年9月12日至10月6日期间英国的伤亡名单，有561名军官和12,980名士兵阵亡、受伤和失踪——但它毫无用处，只是为盟军提供了一个临时基地，福煦将军借此成功阻止了德国占领兰斯-凡尔登铁路的企图。
It was a victory of bravery, but not a victory of result.
这是勇敢的胜利，但不是结果的胜利。
During all these operations the Belgian army, now at Antwerp, had harassed the German troops by frequent sorties.
在所有这些行动中，目前驻扎在安特卫普的比利时军队频繁出动骚扰德国军队。
The capture of the city was at once undertaken by the German Staff, following the stalemate created by the operations at the Aisne.
在埃纳河行动造成僵局后，德军参谋部立即占领了这座城市。
CHAPTER XXV
第二十五章
"THE RACE TO THE SEA"
“奔向大海的竞赛”
The Germans, having failed in their first enveloping movement, attempted a second after the battle of the Marne.
德军在第一次包围行动失败后，在马恩河战役后尝试了第二次包围行动。
They tried to repeat their maneuver of August, endeavoring to overwhelm the French left; while the French, on their side, tried to overwhelm the German right.
他们试图重复八月的策略，力图压倒法国左派。而法国人则试图压倒德国右翼。
Each of these armies, by a converging movement, gradually drew its forces toward the west.
每一支军队都通过会合运动，逐渐将其力量拉向西方。
No sooner did the Germans bring up a new corps on their right than the French brought up another on their left.
德国人刚在右翼派出一个新的军团，法国人就在他们的左翼派出了另一个军团。
Thus the front of the battle ascended more and more to the west and north until arriving at the sea it could go no farther.
于是，战线不断向西、向北上升，直到到达海边，再也无法前行。
This is what has been called by French military critics "The Race to the Sea." In this race to the sea the Germans had a great advantage over the French.
这就是法国军事评论家所说的“向大海的竞赛”。在这场出海竞赛中，德国人比法国人有很大优势。
A glance at the map is enough to make it understood.
看看地图就足以明白了。
The concave form of the German front made the lines of transportation shorter; they were within the interior of the angle, while the French were at the exterior.
德国战线的凹形使得交通线更短。他们在角的内部，而法国人在角的外部。
On the German side this movement drew into the line more than eighteen army corps, or twelve active corps, six reserve corps, and four cavalry corps.
在德军方面，这场运动吸引了超过十八个陆军军，即十二个现役军、六个预备军和四个骑兵军。
[Illustration: These German soldiers are dragging a great siege gun into position for use in refortifying the city of Antwerp.]
[插图：这些德国士兵正在将一门巨大的攻城炮拖到指定位置，以用于加固安特卫普市。]
On the French side it resulted in the posting of the army of Castelnau on the left of Manoury's army, in the deployment of the army of General de Maud'huy to the left of the army of Castelnau, in the transference of the British army to the left of the army of Maud'huy, in the relegation of the army of Urbal to the left of the British army, the army of Urbal being later flanked by the Belgian army which came out of Antwerp.
在法国方面，这导致卡斯泰尔瑙军队部署在马努里军队的左侧，德莫德胡伊将军的军队部署在卡斯泰尔诺军队的左侧，英国军队转移到莫德胡伊军队的左侧，乌尔巴尔军队降级到英国军队的左侧，乌尔巴尔军队后来被来自比利时的比利时军队包围。安特卫普。
In order to accomplish this new and extended disposition of forces the French General Staff was compelled to reduce to their extreme limits the effective strengths of the armies of the east and of the Oise, and as a result to make the maximum use of the means of transport.
为了完成这一新的、扩大的兵力部署，法国总参谋部被迫将东部和瓦兹省军队的有效兵力削减到极限，从而最大限度地利用运输工具。
In this it succeeded.
在这一点上它成功了。
When the great battle of Flanders was waged toward the end of October, the Germans, trying to turn the French left and to pierce it, found themselves facing considerable French forces, which, allied with the British and Belgian armies, completely barred the passage against them.
当佛兰德斯大战在十月底爆发时，德国人试图将法国人转向左翼并刺穿法国人，却发现自己面对着相当大的法国军队，法国军队与英国和比利时军队结盟，完全封锁了他们的通道。
From the 15th of September, 1914, it was clear that the Germans were making a great effort to try and overwhelm the French left.
从 1914 年 9 月 15 日起，德国人显然正在竭尽全力试图压倒法国左翼。
General Joffre parried the attack, reenforcing at first the army of Manoury by an army corps, then transferring to the left of the army of Manoury the entire army of Castelnau that was in Lorraine.
霞飞将军挡住了进攻，首先用一个军团增援了马努里军队，然后将洛林的整个卡斯特尔瑙军队转移到马努里军队的左边。
A corps of cavalry and four territorial divisions commanded by General Brugère received the order to establish itself on both banks of the Somme and protect the detraining of the army of Castelnau.
布鲁盖尔将军指挥的一个骑兵军和四个地域师接到命令，在索姆河两岸扎根，保护卡斯泰尔瑙军队的脱轨。
From September 21 to September 26, 1914, all the French forces that had newly arrived were engaged in the Lassigny-Reye-Péronne region.
1914年9月21日至9月26日，所有新抵达的法军都在拉西尼-雷耶-佩罗讷地区交战。
They succeeded in withstanding, not without difficulty, the German attack, but they could not advance.
他们虽然困难重重地成功抵挡住了德军的进攻，但他们却无法前进。
The Germans determinedly and unweariedly continued to mass new forces on their right.
德国人坚定不移地继续在右翼集结新的部队。
On the left of the army of Castelnau it was therefore necessary to establish a new army.
因此，有必要在卡斯泰尔瑙军队的左翼建立一支新军队。
It was established on September 30, 1914, under the command of General Maud'huy.
它成立于 1914 年 9 月 30 日，由莫德休将军指挥。
From the first days of October this army waged violent conflicts in the region of Arras and of Lens.
从十月初开始，这支军队在阿拉斯和朗斯地区发动了暴力冲突。
It found facing it two German cavalry corps, the Guard, four active army corps, and two reserve corps.
它发现面对它的是两个德国骑兵军、近卫军、四个现役军团和两个预备军。
General Joffre continued without intermission to send new forces to the left.
霞飞将军继续不间断地向左翼派遣新的部队。
On October 4, 1914, he called on General Foch in the north and charged him with the duty of coordinating the action of all the armies in that region: those of De Castelnau, Maud'huy, and the territorial divisions.
1914 年 10 月 4 日，他拜访了北方的福煦将军，并责成他负责协调该地区所有军队的行动：德卡斯特尔诺、莫德胡的军队和领土师的军队。
At the beginning of October the British army, which was posted on the Aisne, was transferred to the left of the French armies and replaced by the armies of Manoury and d'Espérey.
10月初，驻扎在埃纳河上的英国军队被转移到法国军队的左侧，并由马努里和德斯佩雷的军队取代。
The Belgian army, issuing from Antwerp on October 9, 1914, effected its retreat, covered by the British naval forces and 6,000 French marines.
1914 年 10 月 9 日，比利时军队从安特卫普出发，在英国海军和 6,000 名法国海军陆战队员的掩护下撤退。
It took its place on the Yser Canal between Nieuport and Dixmude.
它位于尼厄波特和迪克斯穆德之间的伊瑟运河上。
The Germans continuing their efforts to turn the French left, it was found necessary again to strengthen that left considerably; and new French army corps were transferred to Flanders and Belgium.
德国人继续努力将法国人转向左翼，人们发现有必要再次大大加强左翼力量；新的法国军团被转移到佛兰德斯和比利时。
It was a new French army that was established and the command of it was intrusted to General d'Urbal.
这是一支新成立的法国军队，其指挥权交给了杜巴尔将军。
It consisted at first of two divisions of territorials and four divisions of cavalry of the corps of General de Mitry, along with a brigade of naval fusiliers.
它最初由德米特里将军军团的两个领土师和四个骑兵师以及一个海军燧发枪旅组成。
But from October 27 to November 11, 1914, it received considerable reenforcements.
但从1914年10月27日到11月11日，它得到了大量的增援。
During the second week in November the German attack revealing its purpose more clearly, General Joffre sent four more battalions of chasseurs and four more brigades of infantry.
11月的第二周，德军的进攻更加清楚地暴露了其目的，霞飞将军又派出了四个猎骑兵营和四个步兵旅。
The reenforcements sent to the French army of the north totaled as a result five army corps, a division of cavalry, a territorial division, sixteen cavalry regiments, and more than sixty pieces of heavy artillery.
向北方法军派遣的增援部队总共有五个军团、一个骑兵师、一个地方师、十六个骑兵团和六十多门重炮。
CHAPTER XXVI
第二十六章
SIEGE AND FALL OF ANTWERP
安特卫普的围困和陷落
The siege of Antwerp began on September 29, 1914, and in less than two weeks, October 10, 1914, this historic city, one of the most important trade centers of the world and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, was forced to capitulate, though it had always been believed to be impregnable.
对安特卫普的围攻始于 1914 年 9 月 29 日，不到两周，即 1914 年 10 月 10 日，这座历史悠久的城市，世界上最重要的贸易中心之一和欧洲最坚固的堡垒之一，被迫投降，尽管它一直被认为是坚不可摧的。
During the latter part of September, 1914, the forces of the belligerents were driving northward in that memorable race for the Channel in which both sides had the same object; each was trying to be the first to turn the other's front and crumble his line.
1914 年 9 月下旬，交战双方的部队向北推进，进行了一场令人难忘的英吉利海峡竞赛，双方目标相同；每个人都试图成为第一个扭转对方战线并瓦解对方阵线的人。
At the same time the German forces, then in the vicinity of Brussels, under the command of General von Beseler, pushed toward Antwerp, on which the Belgian army had fallen back to make its last stand.
与此同时，当时在布鲁塞尔附近的德军在冯·贝塞勒将军的指挥下向安特卫普推进，比利时军队已撤退到安特卫普进行最后的抵抗。
This move was necessary in order to cut off all danger of rear attacks which would menace General von Kluck's drive to the coast, a movement which had reached Douai on October 1, 1914.
这一行动是必要的，目的是切断所有可能威胁冯·克卢克将军向海岸推进的后方攻击的危险，这一行动已于 1914 年 10 月 1 日到达杜埃。
The German General Staff had decided to take Antwerp at all cost.
德国总参谋部决定不惜一切代价夺取安特卫普。
General von Beseler on the last day of September, 1914, reached a point within range of Antwerp's farthest outer forts.
1914 年 9 月的最后一天，冯·贝塞勒将军到达了安特卫普最远的外堡的射程范围内。
In order to understand the record of the following successive steps in the siege of Antwerp, a description of this city's position and the location of its double circle of forts is necessary.
为了了解围攻安特卫普的后续步骤的记录，有必要描述这座城市的位置及其双圈堡垒的位置。
Antwerp was considered one of the most formidable strongholds in the world.
安特卫普被认为是世界上最强大的堡垒之一。
The elaborate defenses of Antwerp evolved from the original fortifications of thirty years ago through continual additions.
安特卫普复杂的防御工事是在三十年前的原始防御工事的基础上不断扩建而演变而来的。
The location of the city offers very many natural advantages for its defense, and the engineering genius controlling the work made full use of these opportunities.
这座城市的地理位置为其防御提供了非常多的天然优势，而控制工程的工程天才充分利用了这些机会。
From the north Antwerp has access to the sea by the river Scheldt, of which the arm nearest to the city is narrow, with six strong forts on each bank, including the citadel.
从安特卫普北部经斯海尔德河入海，距离城市最近的河臂很窄，两岸各有六座坚固的堡垒，包括城堡。
[Illustration: Liege Forts, Showing German Attack.]
[插图：列日堡垒，显示德国的进攻。]
[Illustration: Siege and Fall of Antwerp.]
[插图：安特卫普的围困和陷落。]
Any armies approaching from the south must cross the rivers Rupel and Nethe, which practically, in the shape of a semicircle, swing around the city to the south at a distance varying from about six to twelve miles.
任何从南方逼近的军队都必须渡过鲁佩尔河和内瑟河，这两条河实际上呈半圆形，绕着城市向南旋转，距离约为六到十二英里。
Within this circle of flowing water, and about two miles from the city, is another circle, formed by twelve powerful forts.
在这一圈流水之中，距城市约两英里，还有另一圈，由十二座强大的堡垒组成。
At a point almost due east from the center of the city and commanding the railroad to Holland, by way of Turnhout, is located the first of eight forts, designated by numbers.
在城市中心几乎正东的一个地点，指挥着经由蒂恩豪特通往荷兰的铁路，坐落着八座堡垒中的第一座，以数字表示。
From there they swing to the south and west, with fort eight very close to the Scheldt and directly south to the village of Hoboken.
从那里开始，他们向南和向西摆动，第八堡非常靠近斯海尔德河，正南到霍博肯村。
On the other side of the river are Forts de Cruibeke and Zwyndrecht, the latter commanding the railroad to Ghent.
河的另一边是克鲁贝克堡和兹温德雷赫特，后者指挥着通往根特的铁路。
Further north and right on the banks of the Scheldt are Forts St. Marie, la Perle, and St. Philip, the first two on the left bank and the last on the right, all three opposite the new harbor and docks.
再往北和右岸，有圣玛丽堡、拉珀尔堡和圣菲利普堡，前两个堡位于左岸，最后一个位于右岸，这三个堡都面向新港口和码头。
In the northeast Fort de Merkem guards the railroad to Rotterdam.
东北部的默克姆堡守卫着通往鹿特丹的铁路。
Outside of this circle and in the south, outside of the Nethe-Rupel line, there is another complete circle of nineteen even stronger forts, at a distance from the city varying between five and ten miles.
在这个圆圈之外，在南部，在内特-鲁佩尔线之外，还有另一个完整的圆圈，由十九座更坚固的堡垒组成，距离城市五到十英里不等。
Starting again in the east--due east from fort one--and swinging south, these forts are named: Oeleghem, Broeckem, Kessel, Lierre, Koningshoyckt, Wavre St. Catherine, Waelhem--the last two only a few miles north of Malines--Breendonck, Liezel, Bornem, Rupelmonde, Haesdonck, Doel, Blauwgaren--the last two guarding the Scheldt at the point of its entrance into Holland, one on each bank--Stabroek, Ertbrand, Brasschaet, Schooten, and Gravenwezel.
再次从东方开始——从一号堡正东——向南摆动，这些堡垒被命名为：奥勒格姆、布勒克姆、凯塞尔、利尔、科宁斯霍伊克特、瓦夫尔圣凯瑟琳、瓦尔赫姆——最后两个堡垒位于马林以北几英里处——布林东克、利泽尔、博内姆、鲁佩尔蒙德、黑斯东克、多尔、布劳加伦——最后两个守卫着斯海尔德特岛位于荷兰入口处，两岸各有一个——斯塔布鲁克、埃特布兰德、布拉斯哈特、斯库滕和格拉文韦泽尔。
Between these outer forts there were redoubts of considerable strength, which were armed with 4-inch guns.
这些外围堡垒之间有相当坚固的堡垒，配备了 4 英寸火炮。
The forts of the inner ring are placed at regular intervals of 2,200 yards and at a distance of about 3,500 yards from the enceinte of the city, which itself had powerful defenses as well.
内环的堡垒以 2,200 码的规则间隔排列，距离城市的中墙约 3,500 码，而城市本身也有强大的防御力量。
Add to these defenses the important fact that the entire district surrounding Antwerp was subject to inundation to such a depth that all approach to the city could be made impracticable to an enemy force with heavy cannon and ammunition.
除了这些防御之外，一个重要的事实是，安特卫普周围的整个地区都遭受了如此严重的洪水淹没，以至于对于拥有重炮和弹药的敌军来说，所有接近该城市的行动都是不切实际的。
Military authorities held Antwerp to be of incomparable strength and as nearly impregnable as engineering genius could make it.
军事当局认为安特卫普拥有无与伦比的力量，并且在工程天才的努力下几乎是坚不可摧的。
During the latter part of September, 1914, several of the outer forts were subjected to bombardment, and many of these had become useless as defenses.
1914年9月下旬，几个外围堡垒遭到轰炸，其中许多已失去防御作用。
General von Beseler's advance was still barred by the river Nethe, upon the opposite bank of which the defense was concentrated.
冯·贝塞勒将军的前进仍然受到内特河的阻碍，防御力量集中在河对岸。
During the engagements which now ensued the German aircraft kept the commanders advised as to conditions behind the enemy's lines, now and then dropping bombs, apparently doing considerable damage.
在接下来的交战中，德国飞机不断向指挥官通报敌后的情况，时不时地投下炸弹，显然造成了相当大的损失。
On October 2, 1914, General von Beseler scattered from "Taube" aeroplanes a number of printed papers over the entire district.
1914 年 10 月 2 日，冯·贝塞勒将军从“陶布”飞机上向整个地区散布了一些印刷品。
These circulars contained a proclamation to the Belgian soldiers, advising them to stop fighting for England and Russia and to return home to their wives and children, as Germany was ready to help and befriend them.
这些通告包含向比利时士兵发出的公告，建议他们停止为英国和俄罗斯而战，回家与妻子和孩子团聚，因为德国已准备好帮助他们并与他们交朋友。
The Belgian Government, which had established itself in Antwerp after the occupation of Brussels, decided to leave the city as soon as possible.
占领布鲁塞尔后在安特卫普建立的比利时政府决定尽快离开这座城市。
Two small steamers were ordered to be held in readiness.
两艘小汽船奉命做好准备。
The foreign legations also decided to go with the Government.
外国使馆也决定支持政府。
Throughout this day a steady fire was kept up on the nearest outer forts, but the Belgian soldiers contested every inch of ground against the German advance.
一整天，最近的外围堡垒都持续不断地开火，但比利时士兵却在每一寸土地上争夺着德军的进攻。
This fighting continued throughout the entire day following, during which two of the minor outer forts were silenced.
这场战斗持续了一整天，期间两个小型外围堡垒被压制住了。
Rapid progress by the Germans was very difficult owing to the peculiar conformation of the course of the river Scheldt at the point of attack.
由于攻击点斯海尔德河河道的特殊构造，德军的快速推进非常困难。
This made especially difficult the laying of concrete foundations for the heavy guns.
这使得为重炮铺设混凝土地基变得尤其困难。
The first detachment of British troops, numbering about 8,000 marines, reached Antwerp on October 3, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 3 日，第一支英国军队约 8,000 名海军陆战队员抵达安特卫普。
This buoyed up the spirits of the Belgian soldiers and redoubled their efforts.
这让比利时士兵士气大振，加倍努力。
Under cover of the continuous fire of their guns, the Germans made determined efforts to cross the river Nethe at Waelhem.
在枪炮连续射击的掩护下，德军决心在瓦尔海姆渡过内特河。
Desperate fighting, which lasted all night and until early in the morning of October 4, took place.
惨烈的战斗持续了一整夜，一直持续到10月4日凌晨。
This attempt, however, failed.
然而，这一尝试失败了。
Later in the day the Germans succeeded in putting a pontoon bridge in place.
当天晚些时候，德国人成功地修建了一座浮桥。
Troops in solid masses hurried across; but as they reached the other side some well-directed shots from the Belgian guns blew the pontoon bridge to pieces, killing many.
成群结队的军队匆匆过去；但当他们到达对岸时，比利时炮兵的精准射击将浮桥炸成碎片，造成多人死亡。
Throughout the night of October 4, 1914, and the day and night of October 5, the battle raged about Lierre with savage ferocity.
1914 年 10 月 4 日夜间和 10 月 5 日昼夜，利埃尔的战斗异常激烈。
The British marines had by this time relieved the Belgians.
英国海军陆战队此时已经解救了比利时人。
The German fire, however, compelled the defenders to draw back a considerable distance.
然而，德军的火力迫使守军后退了相当远的距离。
At four o'clock in the morning of October 6, 1914, the Germans succeeded in crossing the river in force, and now the defenders were obliged to give way, as the outer forts had ceased to afford them any protection.
1914 年 10 月 6 日凌晨四点，德军成功渡河，现在守军被迫让步，因为外围的堡垒已不再为他们提供任何保护。
Late in the afternoon the members of the Belgian Cabinet and their official families went aboard one steamer, while the French and British Legations boarded another, both sailing early on October 7.
下午晚些时候，比利时内阁成员及其官方家属登上了一艘轮船，而法国和英国公使馆则登上了另一艘轮船，两者均于 10 月 7 日早些时候启航。
The Belgian troops had begun to withdraw the evening before.
比利时军队于前一天晚上开始撤退。
All the defending forces now hastened their retreat.
所有守军现在都加快了撤退的速度。
The actual evacuation had indeed begun.
真正的疏散行动确实开始了。
Time was taken, however, to put out of commission some thirty steamships lying at their docks and to set afire all the large oil tanks on the west side of the river Scheldt.
然而，花了很长时间才让停泊在码头上的约三十艘轮船停止使用，并点燃了斯海尔德河西侧的所有大型油罐。
The streets in Antwerp presented scenes of almost indescribable confusion.
安特卫普的街道呈现出几乎难以形容的混乱景象。
Even before the bombardment had been long in operation almost the entire civil population became panic-stricken.
甚至在轰炸进行很长时间之前，几乎所有平民都陷入了恐慌。
Hither and thither, wherever the crowd drifted, explosions obstructed their paths; fronts of buildings bent over and fell into the streets, in many cases crushing their occupants.
人群无论走到哪里，爆炸声都挡住了他们的去路。建筑物的正面弯曲并倒在街道上，在许多情况下压垮了居住者。
Although the burgomaster had issued a proclamation advising the people to remain calm--indoors, if possible--nothing could stop the stampede.
尽管市长发布公告建议人们保持冷静——如果可能的话，在室内——但没有什么能阻止踩踏事件。
The defending troops withdrawing through the city from the firing line destroyed everything that might possibly be of use to the enemy.
从火线撤出城市的守军摧毁了一切可能对敌人有用的东西。
The suburbs of Antwerp seemed to be ablaze in every direction; the village of Waerloos had been burning for some days; Contich, Duffel, and Lierre also, and Have, Linth, and Vieux Dieu had been destroyed by shell fire.
安特卫普郊区似乎四面八方都在燃烧。韦尔洛斯村已经燃烧了好几天了；孔蒂奇、达菲尔和利尔以及哈夫、林斯和维厄迪厄也被炮火摧毁。
Mortsel was practically obliterated by the Belgians clearing the range for the guns of the inner forts.
比利时人清理了内堡炮火的射程，莫特塞尔几乎被消灭了。
In the preparation for defense the Belgians destroyed upward of ten thousand buildings within a radius of twenty miles.
在防御准备过程中，比利时人摧毁了方圆二十英里内的一万座建筑物。
The exodus of the civil population began in earnest on October 8, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 8 日，平民开始大规模撤离。
Some of the streets in the heart of the city were choked with people, while other streets in the same vicinity were dead and deserted.
市中心的一些街道挤满了人，而同一地区的其他街道则死气沉沉、空无一人。
The withdrawal of the troops was well screened from the German guns, but their retreat to the west had been cut off to a great extent, and Holland was now the only refuge for many.
撤退的部队虽然受到了德军炮火的很好掩护，但他们向西的退路却在很大程度上被切断了，荷兰现在成了许多人唯一的避难所。
The Germans did not use their heaviest guns and high-explosive shells in bombarding the city.
德国人没有使用他们最重的火炮和高爆炮弹来轰炸这座城市。
During this terrible time, in utter darkness and confusion, crowds amounting to many thousands--men, and women with babies, and children of all ages--streamed through the streets that led to the quays or to the turnpike to Holland.
在这个可怕的时期，在完全的黑暗和混乱中，成千上万的人群——男人、带着婴儿的女人，以及各个年龄段的儿童——涌过通往码头或通往荷兰的收费公路的街道。
All sorts of vehicles, from dogcarts to motor trucks, the former drawn by dogs, men, and horses, carried the belongings of the fugitives that could not be carried away in person.
各种车辆，从狗车到机动卡车，前者由狗、人、马拉动，运载着逃犯无法亲自带走的物品。
The bombardment continued with varying severity throughout October 8, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 8 日，轰炸持续进行，强度不等。
As the Germans drew nearer to the city all the inner forts on the south and east sides of the circle took part in replying to the cannonade.
当德军逼近城市时，圆圈南侧和东侧的所有内堡都参加了炮击的反击。
Some of these forts--notably two, three, four, and five--were badly battered.
其中一些堡垒——特别是两个、三个、四个和五个——遭到严重破坏。
By afternoon the city seemed deserted--nothing but débris of fallen buildings and wreckage met the eyes, and a small remnant of the population was still struggling for escape.
到了下午，这座城市似乎已经荒废了——映入眼帘的只有倒塌建筑物的残骸和残骸，一小部分居民仍在挣扎着逃跑。
Along all the wayside immense crowds of men, women, and children gathered.
路边聚集着大量的男人、女人和孩子。
The railway stations were choked with struggling humanity.
火车站里挤满了挣扎的人类。
Their condition was pitiable.
他们的处境很可怜。
These scenes continued all day and throughout the entire night.
这些场景持续了一整天甚至整个晚上。
On the morning of October 9, 1914, the struggle to get away continued.
1914年10月9日上午，逃亡斗争仍在继续。
Long lines formed on the quay where it had been reported that two boats would leave for Ostend by eleven o'clock, and all those that could pay struggled to get their passage booked.
码头上排起了长队，据报道有两艘船将在十一点前开往奥斯坦德，所有能付钱的人都在努力预订船票。
There were between 35,000 and 40,000 people on the quays, every one buoyed up by the hope that safety was in sight at last.
码头上有 35,000 到 40,000 人，每个人都因为终于看到安全而感到振奋。
But the boats failed to sail and a murmur of disappointment rose from this vast multitude of unfortunates.
但船只未能航行，这群不幸的人发出了失望的低语。
However, there were other means of escape available, such as tugboats, plying between Flushing, Rotterdam, and other adjacent points in Holland.
然而，还有其他逃生方式，例如拖船，在法拉盛、鹿特丹和荷兰其他邻近地点之间往返。
These tugs had no great accommodations for passengers and comparatively few people escaped by this means.
这些拖船没有为乘客提供良好的住宿条件，因此通过这种方式逃生的人相对较少。
No trains were scheduled to run and in despair the crowds started to cross the bridge and make for the road to the Dutch frontier.
没有预定的火车运行，绝望的人群开始过桥，前往通往荷兰边境的道路。
Altogether from 150,000 to 200,000 of the population of the city escaped by one means or another.
该市共有15万至20万人口通过某种方式逃亡。
During a continuous bombardment of twelve hours the cathedral stood unharmed.
在十二个小时的连续轰炸中，大教堂毫发无伤。
The southern part of Antwerp was a desolate waste of ruins.
安特卫普南部是一片荒凉的废墟。
In some streets all the homes were ablaze, the flames leaping hither and thither with the wind.
一些街道上所有的房屋都着火了，火焰随风跳跃。
The great oil tanks burning fiercely on the opposite bank of the River Scheldt were fired upon by some well-directed shots to check the blaze, a huge black volume of thick smoke now rising from the flames.
斯海尔德河对岸正在猛烈燃烧的大型油罐被一些定向射击以阻止火势，现在火焰中冒出巨大的黑色浓烟。
To add to the difficulties and confusion the water supply had been cut off during the early stages of the bombardment through the destruction of the city's waterworks which were located in one of the suburbs to the south, and the consequences threatened to become alarming.
雪上加霜的是，在轰炸的早期阶段，位于南部郊区之一的城市供水系统遭到破坏，供水被切断，其后果可能会变得令人震惊。
Everywhere fires were burning.
到处都在燃烧。
This was the tragic scene when the German army entered the conquered city of Antwerp on October 10, 1914.
这就是1914年10月10日德军进入被占领的安特卫普城时的悲惨景象。
It is probable that a large part of the city would have been burned, if the Germans had not entered in time to check the conflagration.
如果德国人没有及时进入控制火势，这座城市的很大一部分很可能会被烧毁。
Without loss of time, forces were put to work fighting the fires and clearing the streets, propping up unsafe buildings and making order out of chaos, generally with good results.
不失时机地投入力量扑救火灾、清理街道、加固危房、拨乱反正，总体效果良好。
As soon as the bombardment had ceased proclamations were pasted on walls and houses throughout the city urging everyone to surrender any arms in their possession and begging for a calm demeanor when the German troops pass through the streets.
轰炸一停止，全城的墙壁和房屋上就贴满了公告，敦促每个人交出手中的武器，并恳求德国军队穿过街道时保持冷静。
About noon on October 10, 1914, a patrol of cyclist-mounted police escorted the burgomaster to the gate of the city to receive the German forces.
1914 年 10 月 10 日中午左右，骑自行车的警察巡逻队护送市长到城门口迎接德国军队。
When they entered order was restored without delay.
当他们进入后，秩序立刻恢复了。
Soldiers were immediately detached from their special command and formed into gangs under competent foremen and all put to work at once each according to his trade, fitness or adaptability.
士兵们立即脱离了他们的特殊指挥，并在称职的工头的领导下组成了帮派，并根据他的职业、健康状况或适应性立即投入工作。
The forts that had been dismantled were hastily patched up and new guns mounted for emergency use.
被拆除的堡垒被匆忙修补起来，并安装了新的枪支以备紧急使用。
On October 11, 1914, Field Marshal von der Goltz, the Governor General of Belgium, came from Brussels and made a tour of inspection of the double girdle of forts.
1914年10月11日，比利时总督冯德戈尔茨元帅从布鲁塞尔赶来视察了双环要塞。
Upon examination it was found that the actual damage done to the city by the bombardment was comparatively slight.
经检查发现，此次轰炸对城市的实际损害相对较小。
During the last days of Antwerp's reign of terror fully 300,000 fugitives sought shelter in Bergen-op-Zoom about twenty-five miles northward across the Dutch frontier.
在安特卫普恐怖统治的最后几天，共有 300,000 名逃犯在距离荷兰边境以北约 25 英里的 Bergen-op-Zoom 寻求庇护。
Most of these were in a condition almost indescribable, ragged, travel-worn, shoeless, and bespattered and hungry.
他们中的大多数人的状况几乎难以形容，他们衣衫褴褛，因旅行而疲惫不堪，赤脚，浑身溅满水，而且饥饿。
Few had money; valuables or other resources.
很少有人有钱；贵重物品或其他资源。
All they owned they carried on their backs or in bundles.
他们所拥有的一切都背在背上或打包成捆。
The little Dutch town of Bergen-op-Zoom with but 15,000 inhabitants was swamped; but the Hollanders did their best to meet this terrible pressure and its citizens went without bread themselves to feed the refugees.
仅有 15,000 名居民的荷兰小镇 Bergen-op-Zoom 被淹没；但荷兰人竭尽全力应对这种可怕的压力，其公民自己也没有面包来养活难民。
Slowly some sort of order was organized out of the chaos and when the Dutch Government was able to establish refugee camps under military supervision the worst was over.
慢慢地，混乱中出现了某种秩序，当荷兰政府能够在军事监督下建立难民营时，最糟糕的时期已经过去了。
A majority of this vast army was by degrees distributed in the surrounding territory where tent accommodations had been completed.
这支庞大的军队大部分都分散在已经搭建好帐篷的周边地区。
The good Hollanders provided for the children with especial care and sympathy.
善良的荷兰人对孩子们给予了特别的照顾和同情。
They supplied milk for the babies and children generally.
他们通常为婴儿和儿童提供牛奶。
Devoted priests comforted many; but military organization prevailed over all.
虔诚的牧师安慰了许多人；但军事组织压倒一切。
Among the thousands of these poor refugees that crossed the frontier at Maastricht and besieged the doors of the Belgian consul there was no railing or declaiming against the horror of their situation.
成千上万的可怜难民越过马斯特里赫特边境，围攻比利时领事馆的大门，但没有人对他们的可怕境况进行指责或大声疾呼。
The pathos of lonely, staring, apathetic endurance was tragic beyond expression.
孤独、凝视、冷漠的忍耐所带来的悲伤是无法形容的悲惨。
CHAPTER XXVII
第二十七章
YSER BATTLES--ATTACK ON YPRES
伊瑟之战——进攻伊普尔
A large part of the Belgian forces with some of the English marines were forced across the Dutch border, where they were promptly disarmed and interned, while the remnants of these forces retreated toward the west by way of St. Nicolas and reached Ostend on October 11 and 12, 1914, with greatly reduced numbers.
大部分比利时军队和一些英国海军陆战队员被迫越过荷兰边境，在那里他们立即被解除武装并被拘留，而这些部队的残余人员则取道圣尼古拉斯向西撤退，并于 1914 年 10 月 11 日至 12 日到达奥斯坦德，但人数大大减少。
Many were cut off and captured by the German forces, which entered Ghent on October 12, and pressed on to Ypres in one direction and to Lille in another.
许多人被德军切断和俘获，德军于 10 月 12 日进入根特，并向一个方向逼近伊普尔，另一个方向逼近里尔。
Next day, the thirteenth, they approached Ostend, forcing these Belgians who had managed to get through, to evacuate.
第二天，也就是十三号，他们逼近奥斯坦德，迫使那些设法通过的比利时人撤离。
Bruges was occupied by the German forces on October 14, 1914, and other detachments appeared in Thielt, Daume, and Esschen on the same day, thus getting under their control the entire Kingdom of Belgium, with the exception of the northwestern corner, north of Ypres, to the coast of the channel.
1914 年 10 月 14 日，布鲁日被德军占领，其他分遣队于同一天出现在蒂尔特、道姆和埃申，从而控制了整个比利时王国，除了伊普尔以北的西北角到英吉利海峡沿岸。
For Ostend, too, had fallen into their hands by October 15, after the English and Belgian troops had been taken away by an English fleet; the Belgians were transported to France where they were re-formed while the English marines were sent back to England.
10 月 15 日，英国和比利时军队被英国舰队带走后，奥斯坦德也落入了他们的手中。比利时人被送往法国重新组建，而英国海军陆战队则被送回英国。
In the meantime the Germans were drawing on reenforcements from the Vosges and the Champagne districts and every day their numbers increased.
与此同时，德国人从孚日和香槟地区调集增援，其人数每天都在增加。
West Flanders was swarming with German cavalry, and about this time they were as far west as Hazebrouck and Cassel, and only twenty-five miles distant from Dunkirk.
西弗兰德斯挤满了德国骑兵，大约在这个时候，他们已经向西远至阿兹布鲁克和卡塞尔，距离敦刻尔克只有二十五英里。
By October 20, 1914, the allied line was in position from Albert to the sea, a little short of 100 miles, eighty as the crow flies.
到 1914 年 10 月 20 日，盟军战线已就位，从艾伯特到大海，距离 100 英里，直线距离为 80 英里。
From south to north the allied front was commanded by General Maud'huy from Albert to Vermelles; General Smith-Dorrien from Vermelles to Laventie, opposite Lille; General Poultney, from Laventie to Messines; General Haig from Messines to Bixschoote; General de Mitry had French and Belgian mixed troops defending the line from Bixschoote to Nieuport and the sea, supported by an English and French fleet.
从南到北，盟军战线由莫德胡伊将军指挥，从阿尔伯特到韦尔梅勒。史密斯-多里恩将军 (General Smith-Dorrien) 从韦尔梅尔 (Vermelles) 前往拉文蒂 (Laventie)，对面是里尔 (Lille)；波尔特尼将军，从拉文蒂到梅西尼斯；黑格将军从梅西尼斯到比克斯霍特；德米特里将军率领法国和比利时混合部队保卫从比克斯霍特到尼厄波特的防线和海洋，并得到英国和法国舰队的支援。
For days this fleet under the British Admiral Hood had shelled the coast defenses under General von Beseler's command.
几天来，英国海军上将胡德率领的这支舰队一直在炮击冯·贝塞勒将军指挥下的海岸防御工事。
As the naval guns had a far better range than General von Beseler's artillery, it was an easy matter to hold the coast at Nieuport Bains, and even six miles inland without subjecting any of the ships to the fire of the German guns.
由于舰炮的射程比冯·贝塞勒将军的火炮射程要远得多，因此要守住尼厄波特贝恩斯的海岸，甚至是六英里内陆的海岸，而不让任何船只受到德国炮火的攻击，是轻而易举的事。
On the German side General von Bülow held the front against General Maud'huy, the Bavarian Crown Prince against General Smith-Dorrien, while the Duke of Württemberg commanded the forces on the balance of the line to the sea.
在德国方面，冯·比洛将军在前线与莫德胡伊将军对抗，而巴伐利亚王储则与史密斯·多林将军对抗，而符腾堡公爵则指挥着通往大海的平衡线的部队。
It is estimated that upward of thirty army corps covered the German front.
据估计，德国前线有超过三十个军团。
Throughout the balance of October, 1914, and well into November, 1914, a great many different actions and some of the heaviest fighting of this period took place all along this line.
从 1914 年 10 月到 1914 年 11 月，这一时期发生了许多不同的行动和一些最激烈的战斗。
On the 21st the new German formations pressed forward in great force all along the line.
21日，德军新编队全线猛烈推进。
On the south of the Lys the Germans assaulted Violaines.
在里斯河以南，德军袭击了维奥莱恩斯。
On the north of the Lys in the English center a fiercely contested action took place near La Gheir, which village the Germans captured in the morning.
在里斯河北部的英格兰中部，德军早上占领的拉盖尔村附近发生了一场激烈的战斗。
The German Twenty-sixth Reserve Corps pressed on to Passchendale, where they met with stout resistance from the English-Belgian forces.
德国第二十六预备役军向帕斯尚代尔推进，在那里遭到了英比联军的顽强抵抗。
On October 22, 1914, the Germans attacked from the La Bassée region and gained several small villages.
1914 年 10 月 22 日，德军从拉巴斯地区发起进攻，占领了几个小村庄。
Both Allies and Germans suffered immense losses.
盟军和德国都遭受了巨大损失。
Much of the slaughter was due to the point-blank magazine fire and the intermittent shrapnel explosions from both sides.
大部分屠杀是由于弹匣的近距离射击和双方间歇性的弹片爆炸造成的。
The most savage fighting was kept up all along the line, but no advantage accrued to either side until Friday, October 28, 1914, when the Germans succeeded in crossing the Yser at St. George and forcing their way two miles to Ramscapelle, retaken on the 30th by General Grossetti.
最残酷的战斗一直在沿线进行，但直到 1914 年 10 月 28 日星期五，双方都没有取得任何优势，当时德军在圣乔治成功渡过伊瑟河，强行推进两英里到达拉姆斯卡佩勒，并于 30 日被格罗塞蒂将军重新夺回。
This was accomplished by General von Beseler's troops, opposing the mixed troops of the Belgian and French.
这是由冯·贝塞勒将军的部队完成的，他们反对比利时和法国的混合部队。
On that night fourteen separate attacks were made by the Germans on Dixmude and they were repulsed each time.
当晚，德军对迪克斯穆德发动了十四次单独的进攻，但每次都被击退。
On October 24, 1914, about 5,000 German troops crossed the canal at Schoorbakke and next day there were more to come, so for the moment it looked as though the allied line on the Yser had been broken.
1914 年 10 月 24 日，大约 5,000 名德国士兵在斯库尔巴克渡过运河，第二天还会有更多士兵前来，因此目前看来，伊瑟河上的盟军防线已经被突破。
The struggle at this point continued until October 28, during which time the Allies contested every inch of ground.
此时的斗争一直持续到10月28日，在此期间，盟军寸土必争。
The kaiser was with the Duke of Württemberg on this day, expecting every moment that his great design to break through the lines and drive his forces to Dunkirk and Calais would be accomplished.
这一天，德皇与符腾堡公爵在一起，时刻期待着他突破防线并将军队驱赶到敦刻尔克和加来的伟大计划得以实现。
At the crisis the Belgians broke down the dykes and flooded the country for miles around.
在这场危机中，比利时人冲垮了堤坝，淹没了方圆数英里的国家。
Heavy rains during the last weeks had swelled the Yser.
过去几周的大雨导致伊瑟河水位上涨。
The Belgians had dammed the lower reaches of the canal; the Yser lipped over its brim and spread lagoons over the flat meadows.
比利时人在运河下游筑坝；伊瑟河淹没了它的边缘，在平坦的草地上铺满了泻湖。
Soon the German forces on the west bank were floundering in a foot of water, while their guns were waterlogged and deep in mud.
很快，西岸的德军就在一英尺深的水中挣扎，他们的枪也被水浸透，深陷泥浆中。
The Germans did not abandon their efforts.
德国人并没有放弃他们的努力。
The kaiser called for volunteers to carry Ramscapelle--two Württemberg brigades responded--and gained the place, but at terrible loss.
德皇号召志愿者运送拉姆斯卡佩尔——两个符腾堡旅响应——并获得了这个地方，但损失惨重。
On the 30th of October, 1914, again the Württembergers advanced to the attack.
1914年10月30日，符腾堡人再次发起进攻。
They waded through sloppy fields from the bridgeheads at St. George and Schoorbakke, and by means of table tops, boards, planks and other devices crossed the deeper dykes.
他们从圣乔治和斯库尔巴克的桥头堡涉水穿过崎岖的田野，并利用桌面、木板、木板和其他装置越过更深的堤坝。
So furious was the attack pressed home that they won the railway line and held their ground.
进攻如此猛烈，以至于他们赢得了铁路线并坚守阵地。
They were to do some severe fighting, however, for next day French-Belgian and African mixed troops fought fiercely to drive the Germans back but failed.
然而，他们将进行一些激烈的战斗，因为第二天法国、比利时和非洲的混合部队激烈战斗，将德国人击退，但失败了。
Seeing their success in partially flooding the battle field, the Belgians made more breaches in the dams, and, opening the sluices in the canal, threw a flood of water greater still over the area occupied by the Germans.
看到他们成功地淹没了部分战场，比利时人在水坝上制造了更多的缺口，并打开了运河中的水闸，向德国人占领的地区倾泻了更多的水。
In seething brown waves the water rose up to the high ground at the railway near Ramscapelle.
在沸腾的棕色波浪中，海水上升到拉姆斯卡佩勒附近铁路的高地。
The Germans were caught in this tide and scores of them were drowned.
德国人被卷入这股浪潮中，有数十人被淹死。
Many escaped, some struggled to land on the Allies front and were made prisoners.
许多人逃脱了，一些人挣扎着登陆盟军前线并被俘虏。
Sir John French summarized part of the fighting in Flanders, after the capture of Antwerp, in the following official report: "The Second Corps under General Smith-Dorrien was opposed by overpowering forces of Germans, but nevertheless advanced until October 18, 1914, when the German opposition compelled a reenforcement.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士在下面的官方报告中总结了占领安特卫普后佛兰德斯的部分战斗情况：“史密斯-多里恩将军领导的第二军团遭到了压倒性的德国军队的抵抗，但仍然继续前进，直到 1914 年 10 月 18 日，德国反对派迫使增援部队。
Six days later the Lahore Division of the Indian Army was sent to support the Second Corps.
六天后，印度陆军的拉合尔师被派去支援第二军团。
On October 16, Sir Henry Rawlinson, who had covered the retreat of the Belgian army from Antwerp, with two divisions of English cavalry and two divisions of French infantry, was stationed on the line east of Ypres under orders to operate over a wide front and to keep possession of all the ground held by the Allies until the First Army Corps could reach Ypres.
10月16日，亨利·罗林森爵士率领两个师的英国骑兵和两个师的法国步兵，掩护比利时军队从安特卫普撤退，他驻扎在伊普尔以东的战线上，奉命在广阔的战线上作战，并占领盟军占据的所有阵地，直到第一军团到达伊普尔。
"General Rawlinson was opposed by superior forces and was unable to prevent the Germans from getting large reenforcements.
“罗林森将军受到优势部队的反对，无法阻止德国人获得大量增援。
With four divisions holding a much wider front than their size justified he faced a rather awkward situation, as the enemy was massed from the Lys.
四个师的战线比其规模要宽得多，他面临着一个相当尴尬的局面，因为敌人从里斯河集结。
"The shattered Belgian army and the weary French troops advanced to check the Germans--but in vain.
“溃不成军的比利时军队和疲惫不堪的法国军队前去阻止德国人——但徒劳无功。
Sir Douglas Haig with the First Army Corps was sent to recapture Bruges on October 19, 1914, while the Belgian army intrenched along the Yser Canal.
1914 年 10 月 19 日，道格拉斯·黑格爵士率领第一军团奉命收复布鲁日，而比利时军队则沿伊瑟运河筑垒。
General Haig failed--owing to bad roads.
黑格将军失败了——因为路况不好。
October 21 brought the most severe attack made on the First Corps at Ypres, in the checking of which the Worcestershire Regiment did good work.
10 月 21 日，伊普尔第一军遭受了最猛烈的攻击，伍斯特郡团在阻击中表现出色。
This day marked the most critical period in the battle which resulted in the recapture of the village of Gheluvelt."
这一天是导致重新夺回 Gheluvelt 村的战斗中最关键的时刻。”
South of Dixmude is one of the most historic and quaintly attractive cities of Belgium, Ypres.
迪克斯穆德以南是比利时最具历史意义和古雅吸引力的城市之一——伊普尔。
It is situated on a tributary of the Yser called the Yperlee, and a railway runs through it from Roulers to the main Lille--St. Ower line at Hazebrouck and a very important canal runs from the Yser in the north to the Lys at Comines.
它位于伊瑟河的一条支流伊珀利河上，有一条铁路穿过它，从鲁勒斯到里尔的主干道——圣彼得堡。阿泽布鲁克的奥韦尔线和一条非常重要的运河从北部的伊瑟河延伸到科米讷的利斯河。
The allied lines were held by the British First and Third Corps and several cavalry divisions, at this point all under the chief command of General Haig, while the Bavarian Crown Prince directed the movements of the German forces.
盟军防线由英国第一军、第三军以及几个骑兵师控制，此时全部由黑格将军指挥，而巴伐利亚王储则指挥德军的行动。
On October 20, 1914, the allied line stretched--a few miles to the northeast of Ypres--from Bixschoote to the crossroads a mile and a half northwest of Zonnebeke.
1914 年 10 月 20 日，盟军战线从比克斯霍特延伸到伊普尔东北几英里处，一直延伸到佐讷贝克西北一英里半的十字路口。
The cavalry only were kept busy during this day, while the other forces were making elaborate preparations for the main drive.
这一天只有骑兵在忙碌，其他部队都在为主攻做着精心的准备。
The great attack was delivered October 21 against the point of the salient between Zonnebeke and Besselaere.
10 月 21 日，对佐讷贝克和贝塞拉雷之间的突出点发动了大规模进攻。
The allied line on the left was so much exposed that the Twenty-second Brigade was enfiladed by the Germans at the very beginning, and in the center the Germans pierced the line held by the Royal Scots Fusiliers, with the Yorkshires on the extreme right.
左边的盟军战线暴露得非常严重，以至于第二十二旅一开始就被德军包围，而在中间，德军突破了苏格兰皇家燧发枪团的防线，而约克郡则位于最右端。
The fierce assaults from both sides ended in a draw for this day.
双方激烈的进攻最终以平局收场。
On October 22, 1914, the fighting was most severe all day; but later in the day the most violent assault of all was made by the Germans upon the First Brigade on the left.
1914年10月22日，全天战斗最激烈；但当天晚些时候，最猛烈的攻击是德军对左侧第一旅发起的。
There the trenches were held by the Camerons, north of Pilkem on the Langemarck--Bixschoote road.
那里的战壕由卡梅伦家族守卫，位于皮尔肯以北的朗格马克-比克斯霍特公路上。
Here the Germans broke the line and succeeded in capturing part of the Camerons--the famous Red Tartans.
在这里，德国人突破了防线并成功占领了卡梅伦的一部分——著名的红色格子呢。
Further south, the Royal Scots Fusiliers were obliged to give way.
再往南，苏格兰皇家燧发枪团被迫让路。
The Germans pressed hard in the vicinity of Hollebeke which point opened a clear road to Ypres; but here the allied forces stood their ground.
德军在霍勒贝克附近猛烈逼近，开辟了通往伊普尔的畅通道路。但盟军在这里坚守阵地。
Still farther south the Essex Regiment and the Lancashire Fusiliers fought savagely, but were driven back upon Armentierre when night fell.
再往南，埃塞克斯军团和兰开夏燧发枪团进行了野蛮的战斗，但在夜幕降临时被赶回了阿门蒂尔。
[Illustration: Battle Front in Flanders.]
[插图：佛兰德斯前线。]
Early Friday morning, October 23, 1914, the Allies made a desperate assault upon the trenches lost by the Camerons on the previous day.
1914 年 10 月 23 日星期五清晨，盟军对卡梅伦在前一天失去的战壕发起了绝望的攻击。
The fighting culminated in a savage bayonet attack which resulted in the recapture of these trenches by the British composed of the King's Royal Rifles, the Royal West Surrey Regiment and the Northamptons.
战斗以野蛮的刺刀攻击达到高潮，导致由国王皇家步枪队、皇家西萨里团和北安普顿组成的英国人重新夺回了这些战壕。
On October 24, 1914, the Germans advanced upon the allied extreme left; but were successfully repulsed between Zonnebeke and Poelcapelle.
1914 年 10 月 24 日，德军向盟军极左翼发起进攻。但在 Zonnebeke 和 Poelcapelle 之间被成功击退。
Later in the day the Germans renewed their attack and compelled the allied troops to retire some distance.
当天晚些时候，德军再次发动进攻，迫使盟军后退一段距离。
The advance on the allied left was continued on Sunday, October 25, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 25 日星期日，左翼盟军继续推进。
Repeatedly the Germans succeeded in piercing the allied lines; but at one time, even though they had broken through, a momentary lack of reserves compelled them to retreat to avoid capture.
德国人多次成功地突破了盟军的防线。但有一次，虽然他们已经突破了，但由于暂时缺乏储备，他们不得不撤退，以免被俘。
A savage enveloping attack was made during the night, north of Zandvoorde, where again the Germans broke through the allied lines, but were unable to maintain their advantage through failure of reenforcements to come up in time.
夜间，德军在赞德福德以北发动了野蛮的包围攻击，再次突破了盟军的防线，但由于增援部队未能及时赶到，无法保持优势。
The Leicester Brigade were shelled out of their trenches and were obliged to fall back to the south of the River Lys.
莱斯特旅被炮击出战壕，被迫撤退到利斯河以南。
During the following three days--October 26, 27, 28, 1914--artillery fire was resorted to and desultory fighting and skirmishes along the entire line resulted in no noteworthy advantage to either belligerent.
在接下来的三天里——1914 年 10 月 26 日、27 日、28 日——双方都使用了炮火，整条战线都发生了断断续续的战斗和小规模冲突，导致交战双方都没有获得任何明显的优势。
Thursday, October 29, 1914, opened with clear and bracing weather which promised to continue throughout the day.
1914 年 10 月 29 日，星期四，一开始天气晴朗，天气晴朗，并且预计会持续一整天。
The German attack which had been preparing for the past three days now broke like an irresistible wave upon the salient of the Gheluvelt crossroads, where the British First Corps was stationed.
德国在过去三天里一直在准备的进攻现在像不可抗拒的浪潮一样爆发在英军第一军团驻扎的盖吕韦尔特十字路口的突出部上。
The first division was driven back from its trenches and after that the line swayed forward and backward for hours, but by two o'clock in the afternoon the position remained unchanged.
第一个师被从战壕中赶了回来，此后防线前后摇摆了几个小时，但到了下午两点，阵地仍然没有改变。
With the coming of the dawn on October 30, 1914, the fighting was resumed with even more savage determination on both sides.
1914年10月30日黎明到来，战斗重新开始，双方的决心更加野蛮。
The hottest engagement centered about the ridge of Zandvoorde.
最激烈的交战集中在赞德沃德山脊附近。
German artillery fire cleared the allied trenches, burying many of the British soldiers alive under mountains of earth and débris.
德国的炮火扫清了盟军的战壕，将许多英国士兵活埋在土堆和废墟下。
This forced the line to retreat a full mile to Klein Zillebeke to the north.
这迫使防线后退一英里，到达北部的克莱因齐勒贝克。
The kaiser witnessed this engagement and by his presence cheered the German soldiers on to the most desperate fighting.
德皇目睹了这场交战，并在场为德国士兵加油，以迎接最绝望的战斗。
On the following day October 31, 1914, the crisis came.
第二天，1914年10月31日，危机来临了。
The fighting began along the Menin-Ypres road early in the morning and advanced with great violence upon the village of Gheluvelt.
战斗于清晨沿着梅宁-伊普尔公路开始，并猛烈地向盖卢韦尔特村推进。
The First and Third Brigades of the First Division were swept back and the First Coldstream Guards were wiped out as a unit.
第一师的第一旅和第三旅被击退，第一冷溪近卫军被全歼。
The whole division was driven back from Gheluvelt to the woods between Veldhoek and Hooge.
整个师被从盖鲁维尔特赶回维尔德霍克和胡格之间的树林。
The allied headquarters at Hooge were shelled.
位于胡格的盟军总部遭到炮击。
General Lomas was wounded and six of the staff officers were killed.
洛马斯将军受伤，六名参谋被杀。
The Royal Fusiliers who desperately stuck to their trenches fighting savagely were cut off and destroyed.
拼命坚守战壕进行野蛮战斗的皇家燧发枪手被切断并摧毁。
Out of a thousand but seventy soldiers remained.
一千名士兵中只剩下七十名。
Between two and three o'clock there occurred the most desperate fighting seen in the battle of Ypres.
两点到三点之间，发生了伊普尔战役中最惨烈的战斗。
At 2:30 o'clock in the afternoon the Allies recaptured Gheluvelt at the point of the bayonet and by evening the Allies had regained their position.
下午 2 点 30 分，盟军在刺刀下重新夺回了盖卢维尔特，到了晚上，盟军又重新夺回了阵地。
Ypres had not been captured by the Germans by this time, but they had secured their position in all the suburbs of Ypres and had that city at their mercy, provided allied reenforcements ordered up did not obstruct their path.
此时伊普尔还没有被德军占领，但他们已经确保了伊普尔所有郊区的阵地，并且只要盟军增援部队不阻碍他们的道路，这座城市就可以由他们摆布。
The fighting still continued for part of November, 1914, but for the month of October no definite result was to be recorded.
1914 年 11 月的部分时间里，战斗仍在继续，但 10 月份没有明确的结果记录。
At Ypres, on November 2, 1914, the Germans captured 2,300 English troops and many machine guns.
1914 年 11 月 2 日，德国人在伊普尔俘获了 2,300 名英国士兵和许多机关枪。
Dixmude was stormed by the Germans on the 10th of November, and they crossed the Yser Canal, capturing the Allies position west of Langemark, also driving them out of St. Eloi.
11 月 10 日，迪克斯穆德遭到德军猛攻，他们越过伊瑟运河，占领了兰厄马克以西的盟军阵地，并将他们赶出了圣埃洛伊。
Snow and floods interfered with the fighting along the battle front.
雪和洪水干扰了前线的战斗。
Ypres was bombarded on several occasions and was repeatedly set on fire.
伊普尔多次遭到轰炸，并多次被纵火焚烧。
November 11, 1914, was another day of severe fighting.
1914年11月11日，又是激烈战斗的一天。
At daybreak the Germans opened fire on the allied trenches to the north and south of the road from Menin to Ypres.
黎明时分，德军向梅宁至伊普尔公路南北两侧的盟军战壕开火。
After a furious artillery fire the Germans drove their men forward in full force.
在猛烈的炮火之后，德国人驱赶着他们的士兵全力前进。
This attack was carried out by the First and Fourth brigades of the Prussian Guard Corps which had been especially selected to capture Ypres if possible, since that task had proved too heavy for the infantry of the line.
这次袭击是由普鲁士卫队的第一和第四旅进行的，这些旅是专门挑选来占领伊普尔的，如果可能的话，因为事实证明这项任务对于前线步兵来说太繁重了。
As the Germans surged forward they were met by a frontal fire from the allied lines, and as they were moving diagonally across part of the allied front, they were also attacked on the flank by the English artillery.
当德军向前猛冲时，他们遭到了盟军防线的正面火力，而当他们斜行穿过盟军战线的一部分时，他们的侧翼也遭到了英军炮兵的攻击。
Though the casualties of the Germans were enormous before they reached the English lines, such was their strength and the momentum of the mass that, in spite of the splendid resistance of the English troops, the Germans succeeded in breaking through the allied lines in several places near the road.
尽管德军在到达英军防线之前伤亡惨重，但他们的力量和群众势头如此之大，尽管英军进行了出色的抵抗，德军还是在公路附近的几个地方成功地突破了盟军的防线。
They penetrated some distance into the woods behind the English trenches, where some of the bloodiest fighting of the entire war took place.
他们深入英国战壕后面的树林一段距离，那里发生了整场战争中最血腥的战斗。
On November 12, 1914, comparative quiet reigned and with the exception of artillery duels and some desultory fighting no results were obtained on either side.
1914 年 11 月 12 日，局势相对平静，除了炮火对决和一些断断续续的战斗之外，双方都没有取得任何结果。
The British report makes this comment on this attempt upon Ypres: "Their (the Prussian Guard Corps') dogged perseverance in pursuance of their objective claims admiration.
英国的报告对这次袭击伊普尔的企图做出了这样的评论：“他们（普鲁士近卫军）顽强地坚持不懈地追求他们的客观主张，令人钦佩。
"The failure of one great attack, heralded as it was by an impassioned appeal to the troops made in the presence of the emperor himself, but carried out by partially trained men, has been only the signal for another desperate effort in which the place of honor was assigned to the corps d'élite of the German army.
“一次大规模进攻的失败，虽然是在皇帝本人面前向部队发出的慷慨激昂的呼吁，但却是由部分训练有素的人员进行的，这只是另一场孤注一掷的信号，在这场进攻中，荣誉的位置被分配给了德国军队的精英军团。
"It must be admitted that the Guard Corps has retained that reputation for courage and contempt of death which it earned in 1870, when Emperor William I, after the battle of Gravelotte, wrote: 'My Guard has formed its grave in front of St. Privat,' and the swarms of men who came up bravely to the British rifles in the woods around Ypres repeated the tactics of forty-four years ago, when their dense columns, toiling up the slopes of St. Privat, melted away under the fire of the French."
“必须承认，近卫军保留了 1870 年赢得的勇敢和蔑视死亡的声誉，当时威廉一世皇帝在格拉沃洛特战役后写道：‘我的近卫军已在圣普里瓦特前埋下了坟墓’，而在伊普尔周围的树林里勇敢地冲向英国步枪的士兵们重复了 44 年前的战术，当时他们密集的纵队在圣普里瓦特的山坡上艰难前行。普里瓦特在法国人的炮火下消失了。”
Ypres was now but a name.
伊普尔现在只是一个名字。
Nothing but a mass of ruins reminded the world of its previous quaint splendor.
除了一大片废墟之外，什么也没有，让世界想起了它以前的古雅辉煌。
For Ypres had been rich in historic buildings and monuments of past days.
因为伊普尔过去拥有丰富的历史建筑和纪念碑。
With the fall of Antwerp the Germans had made every effort to push forward strong forces toward the west and had hastened to bring up new army corps which had been hurriedly organized, their object being to drive the Allies out of Belgium and break through to Dunkirk and Calais.
安特卫普陷落后，德军全力向西推进大军，并抓紧调集仓促组建的新军团，目标是将盟军赶出比利时，突围敦刻尔克和加莱。
Altogether they collected 250,000 fresh men.
他们总共招募了25万名新兵。
Eventually the Germans had north of La Bassée about fourteen corps and eight cavalry divisions, a force of 750,000 men, with which to attempt to drive the Allies into the sea.
最终，德军在拉巴斯以北拥有约 14 个军和 8 个骑兵师，共计 75 万人，试图将盟军赶入大海。
In addition there was immensely powerful armament and heavy siege artillery, which also had been brought up from around Antwerp.
此外，还有威力巨大的武器和重型攻城火炮，它们也是从安特卫普周围运来的。
But in spite of these strong forces it became clearly evident by the middle of November that the attempt to break through to Calais had failed for the time being.
但尽管有这些强大的力量，到11月中旬，很明显，突围加莱的尝试暂时失败了。
The flooding of the Yser marks the end of the main struggle for Calais.
伊瑟河的洪水标志着加莱主要斗争的结束。
The battle fronts had shifted.
战线已经转移。
Between them there was a mile or two of mud and water.
他们之间有一两英里的泥浆和水。
The Belgians had lost a quarter of their effectives.
比利时人损失了四分之一的有效兵力。
The Germans had evacuated the west bank of the Yser and were obliged to return to the point from which they had started.
德国人已经撤离伊瑟河西岸，被迫返回出发地。
CHAPTER XXVIII
第二十八章
ATTACKS ON LA BASSÉE AND ARRAS
对拉巴斯和阿拉斯的袭击
While the engagement on the Yser was in progress in October, 1914, fierce fighting was kept up in the second section of the battle front, pivoting on Givenchy to the south and running east to the north of the La Bassée-Lille road.
1914 年 10 月，伊瑟河上的交战正在进行中，战线第二段的激烈战斗仍在继续，以南部的纪梵希为中心，向东延伸至拉巴斯-里尔公路以北。
In this section the forces of the Crown Prince of Bavaria opposed the troops under the command of General Smith-Dorrien.
在这一段中，巴伐利亚王储的军队与史密斯-多里恩将军指挥的军队对峙。
From October 1 to 3, 1914, considerable fighting went on in the flats east of Arras between Lens and the River Scarpe.
1914 年 10 月 1 日至 3 日，阿拉斯以东、朗斯河和斯卡普河之间的平地发生了激烈的战斗。
This resulted in the retirement of the Allies on the 4th.
这导致盟军于4日撤退。
The Germans began to bombard Arras, keeping it up until the 6th, when their attempt to take the city next day was successfully repulsed.
德军开始轰炸阿拉斯，一直持续到六日，第二天他们攻占这座城市的企图被成功击退。
On October 8, the Germans, then holding Douai and Lens, were shelling Lille, then held by the British territorials.
10 月 8 日，当时占领杜埃和朗斯的德国人炮轰当时由英国领土占领的里尔。
For the next two weeks artillery duels alternated with trench fighting and skirmishing.
在接下来的两周里，炮战与堑壕战和小规模冲突交替进行。
The main attack at La Bassée covered fully ten days, lasting from October 22, 1914, to November 2, 1914.
拉巴斯的主攻持续了整整十天，从1914年10月22日持续到1914年11月2日。
The first severe fighting came as has already been mentioned, on October 22, 1914.
正如已经提到的，第一次激烈的战斗发生在 1914 年 10 月 22 日。
The British were driven out of the village of Violaines, which is situated on the road between Lorgies and Givenchy, and General Smith-Dorrien was compelled to retreat to the village of Faugissant, to the south of Lavantie.
英国人被赶出了位于洛尔吉和纪梵希之间道路上的维奥兰村，史密斯-多林将军被迫撤退到拉万蒂以南的福吉桑村。
On October 24, 1914, the Germans attacked heavily along the entire line, and the First Gordon Highlanders were driven out of their trenches.
1914 年 10 月 24 日，德军全线猛烈进攻，第一戈登高地人被赶出了战壕。
For three days the most savage fighting continued, resulting in the capture of Neuve Chapelle by the Germans on October 27, which was defended by East Indian troops.
最残酷的战斗持续了三天，最终于 10 月 27 日德军占领了由东印度军队保卫的新沙佩勒。
The fighting was desperate on both sides and became much confused, as units here and there had succeeded in breaking through their respective opponents' lines.
双方的战斗都陷入了绝望和混乱，到处都有部队成功地突破了对方的防线。
All of this day and the next, October 28, this struggle continued, but the Germans maintained the ground they had won, forcing the allied forces to retire in order to re-form their lines.
从这一天到第二天（10 月 28 日），这场斗争仍在继续，但德军坚守着他们赢得的阵地，迫使盟军撤退以重新排列阵线。
On October 29, 1914, the Germans attacked at Festubert, and gained several of the allied trenches after a severe struggle lasting throughout the day.
1914 年 10 月 29 日，德军进攻费斯图伯特，经过一整天的激烈战斗，占领了盟军的几条战壕。
Again the Germans maintained their new position, compelling the Indian troops to retire to the defense of the La Bassée gate, where they were joined by several British brigades and the Second Corps Artillery.
德国人再次坚守他们的新阵地，迫使印度军队撤退到拉巴斯门的防御地带，几个英国旅和第二军炮兵部队也加入了他们的行列。
October 30, 1914, was consumed in continuous artillery duels, which held the lines while the troops enjoyed much needed rest.
1914 年 10 月 30 日，在持续不断的炮火对决中，部队坚守阵线，而部队则得到了急需的休息。
On October 31, 1914, the Indian forces were again savagely attacked by the Germans whose machine guns enfiladed them in their trenches.
1914年10月31日，印度军队再次遭到德国人的猛烈攻击，德国人的机枪包围了他们的战壕。
This attack has become noted for the great loss of British officers commanding the Hindus.
这次袭击因指挥印度教徒的英国军官遭受重大损失而闻名。
Concurrent with this fighting the Germans also made the most savage onslaughts further south, with the object of capturing Arras.
在这场战斗的同时，德军还在更南边发动了最野蛮的进攻，目的是占领阿拉斯。
The main attack against this important French city began on October 20, 1914, and lasted six days until the evening of October 26.
对这座法国重要城市的主攻始于 1914 年 10 月 20 日，持续了六天，直到 10 月 26 日晚。
The Germans in having possession of Lens had a great advantage, as they were thereby enabled to threaten the allied left center, which was stationed to the west of Lens; for, just south from the town, ran a railway which connected with the main line three miles east of Arras, called the Arras--Douai--Lille line.
占领朗斯的德军拥有很大的优势，因此他们能够威胁驻扎在朗斯以西的盟军左翼中锋。因为，就在该镇以南，有一条铁路与阿拉斯以东三英里处的主线相连，称为阿拉斯-杜埃-里尔线。
This gave the Germans a perfect system of lateral communications.
这为德国人提供了完美的横向通讯系统。
The German general, Von Bülow, commanding the Prussian Guard Corps led the attack on October 24, 1914, when he pushed his forces, fighting for every inch of the ground, to within gun range of the city of Arras.
1914 年 10 月 24 日，指挥普鲁士近卫军的德国将军冯·比洛 (Von Bülow) 领导了这次进攻，他将自己的部队逼入阿拉斯市的射程之内，寸土必争。
All day the most desperate fighting continued and had not General Maud'huy received the reenforcements which hurriedly came up just when needed the northern gates of Arras would have been gained by the Germans, who were held back in a position near enough, however, to subject Arras to another bombardment and the shell fire from this position rained upon Arras to the end of the month and some six days into November.
最绝望的战斗持续了一整天，如果不是莫德胡伊将军得到了在需要时匆忙赶来的增援部队，阿拉斯的北门就会被德军占领，但德军被困在足够近的位置，使阿拉斯遭受另一次轰炸，从这个位置开始的炮火一直持续到月底和进入十一月的六天左右。
From the date of the entry of the French into Alsace on August 7, 1914, the battle front in France extended from the Swiss frontier, north through western Alsace, thence in a northwesterly direction to a point where the line met the front of the German forces advancing on Paris.
从1914年8月7日法军进入阿尔萨斯之日起，法国的战线从瑞士边境向北延伸，穿过阿尔萨斯西部，然后向西北方向延伸到与向巴黎挺进的德军正面交汇的地方。
On October 1, 1914, this battle front extended in an unbroken line from Switzerland to the city of Douai in northeastern France.
1914年10月1日，这条战线从瑞士不间断地延伸到法国东北部的杜埃市。
The Crown Prince of Bavaria commanded in the first section from Alsace to midway between Nancy and Verdun; the Crown Prince of Prussia directed the Verdun section reaching from west of Thiaucourt to Montfaucon; the Duke of Württemberg to Massiges; General von Hausen thence to Bery-au-Bac; General von Bülow to a point directly north of Soissons; General von Kluck in a northwesterly direction to a point west of Noyon and onward to the north and northeast to Douai, which is about fifteen miles northeast of Arras, from which point north the campaign has been described.
巴伐利亚王储指挥了从阿尔萨斯到南锡和凡尔登之间的第一路段；普鲁士王储指挥凡尔登部分从蒂奥古以西延伸至蒙福孔；符腾堡公爵到马西吉斯；冯·豪森将军从那里前往贝里欧巴克；冯·比洛将军前往苏瓦松正北的某个地点；冯·克卢克将军沿西北方向到达努瓦永以西的一点，然后向北和东北到达杜埃，杜埃位于阿拉斯东北约十五英里处，战役从该点向北描述。
The French army opposing this German front was under the supreme command of General Joffre.
对抗德国战线的法军由霞飞将军指挥。
The commanding officers in the various sectors of this front were being continually changed, making it difficult to name the commanders in each sector, except when some more or less noteworthy engagement had taken place along the line.
这条战线各个战区的指挥官不断更换，因此很难说出每个战区指挥官的名字，除非沿线发生了一些或多或少值得注意的交战。
The battle front here described did not materially change throughout the months of October, 1914, to February 1, 1915.
这里描述的战线从 1914 年 10 月到 1915 年 2 月 1 日这几个月没有发生重大变化。
Continual engagements took place along this entire front--a gain of a few yards here balanced by a loss of a like distance elsewhere.
沿着整个战线，持续不断的交战——这里增加了几码，而其他地方则损失了类似的距离。
Both belligerents had securely intrenched themselves.
双方交战双方都已安全地筑起工事。
The pickax and spade were far more in use than the rifle, so that now cold weather coming on, the soldiers on both sides of the front were able to make the trenches quite comfortable.
镐和铁锹的使用量远远多于步枪，所以现在天气寒冷，前线两侧的士兵都可以在战壕里打得相当舒服。
In many instances they laid down plank floors and lined the walls with boards, put up stoves, constructed sleeping bunks and tables, stools and benches, and even decorated the rooms thus evolved with anything suitable for the purpose.
在许多情况下，他们铺设木板地板，在墙壁上铺上木板，架起炉灶，建造床铺和桌子、凳子和长凳，甚至用任何适合其用途的东西来装饰房间。
Pictures and photographs from home were the favorite decorations.
家里的照片和照片是最受欢迎的装饰品。
All this was impossible for their brethren in the north and in Flanders, where the activities of the conflict subjected the soldiers to continual changes and removals.
对于他们在北方和佛兰德斯的弟兄来说，这一切都是不可能的，那里的冲突活动使士兵们不断受到变动和调遣。
The main objective of the Germans was the French fortresses Belfort, Epinal, Toul, and Verdun, for these obstructed the march to Paris.
德军的主要目标是法国的贝尔福、埃皮纳勒、图尔和凡尔登堡垒，因为这些堡垒阻碍了向巴黎的进军。
The continual onslaughts and counterassaults made upon this line left it practically unchanged during the month of October, 1914, in which time no engagements worthy of the name "battle" occurred.
1914年10月期间，对这条防线的持续攻击和反攻使其几乎没有发生任何变化，在此期间没有发生任何名副其实的“战斗”。
The fighting in the north had been so desperate that it completely obscured the activities on the entire line to the south.
北方的战斗如此激烈，以至于完全掩盖了南方整条战线的活动。
The net gains during the months of October and November, 1914, for either belligerent were practically nil.
1914 年 10 月和 11 月期间，交战双方的净收益几乎为零。
From Belfort in the south to Arras in the north the advance or retreat in any given section was but a matter of yards; a ridge, a farm, a hill, or other choice gun position, the farther bank of a rivulet or stream or canal occupied or captured--here by the French, there by the Germans--generally proved to be but temporary possessions and wasted efforts.
从南部的贝尔福到北部的阿拉斯，任何特定路段的进退都只有几码的距离；山脊、农场、山丘或其他选择的炮位、小溪或溪流或运河的更远的岸边被法国人占领或占领——那里被德国人占领——通常被证明只是暂时的财产和浪费的努力。
It was incidents such as these that made up the record of events along this line.
正是诸如此类的事件，构成了这条线上事件的记录。
During all this time the military aeroplanes were busy dropping explosives upon the enemy's lines, and extending their operations far to the rear, circling above the larger towns and cities, doing considerable damage in many places.
在这段时间里，军用飞机忙着向敌人的战线投掷炸药，并将其行动延伸到后方，在较大的城镇上空盘旋，对许多地方造成了相当大的破坏。
But this was not the only purpose of these daring sky pilots; for the principal object in flying over the adversary's country was to make observations and report movements of troops.
但这并不是这些勇敢的飞行员的唯一目的；因为飞越敌方国家的主要目的是观察并报告部队的动向。
In this respect the aeroplane had done immense service throughout the campaign.
在这方面，这架飞机在整个战役中做出了巨大的贡献。
CHAPTER XXIX
第二十九章
GENERAL MOVEMENTS ON THE FRENCH AND FLANDERS FRONTS
法国和佛兰德斯前线的总体动向
We have seen that at the end of November, 1914, Ypres was still in the Allies' hands, though the Germans were exerting a fierce pressure in that region, and were gradually, even if very slowly, getting closer and closer to it.
我们已经看到，1914年11月底，伊普尔仍然掌握在盟军手中，尽管德国人正在该地区施加猛烈的压力，并且正在逐渐地，尽管非常缓慢地，越来越接近它。
At the beginning of December, 1914, the Germans drew their forces close up to Ypres, so closely in fact that they could bring into play their small-caliber howitzers, and before many hours Ypres was in flames in many places.
1914 年 12 月初，德军将其部队逼近伊普尔，实际上距离非常近，以至于他们可以使用小口径榴弹炮，几个小时后，伊普尔的许多地方就陷入了火海之中。
The allied forces fought fiercely to compel the Germans to withdraw.
盟军进行了激烈的战斗，迫使德军撤退。
Hand-to-hand fighting, bayonet charges, and general confusion was the order of the day.
肉搏战、刺刀冲锋和普遍混乱是当时的常态。
Thousands of men would creep out of their holes in the ground and crawl, availing themselves of whatever covering presented itself, to some vantage point and there stand up as one man and charge directly into the adversary's ranks.
成千上万的人会从地上的洞里爬出来，利用任何可以覆盖的东西，爬到某个有利位置，然后像一个人一样站起来，直接冲进对手的队伍。
All this was part of the general scheme worked out miles from the spot where the conflict was going on.
所有这些都是在距冲突发生地点数英里之外制定的总体计划的一部分。
There in some quaint little town occupying some out-of-the-way house was the General Staff.
在某个古色古香的小镇上，总参谋部坐落在一座偏僻的房子里。
The rooms were filled with officers; the walls were hung with large and small field and detail maps, upon which were plainly marked the name of every commanding officer and the forces under his command.
房间里挤满了军官。墙上挂满了大大小小的野战地图和详细地图，上面清楚地标有每一位指挥官和他所指挥部队的名字。
Every detail of the armies' strength--names of the commanders, and any other detail was plainly in view.
军队实力的每一个细节——指挥官的名字，以及任何其他细节都一目了然。
It was here decided to turn the entire command of the allied forces along the Yser over to the British to avoid confusion.
正是在这里，决定将伊瑟河沿岸盟军的全部指挥权交给英国人，以避免混乱。
It was well that this was done just at this time, for on December 3, 1914, the Germans made a fierce onslaught along the entire front of thirteen miles between Ypres and Dixmude, bringing into use a great number of stanch rafts propelled by expert watermen, thus carrying thousands of the German forces over and along the Ypres River.
幸好这件事正是在这个时候完成的，因为1914年12月3日，德军沿着伊普尔和迪克斯穆德之间长达13英里的整条战线发起了猛烈的进攻，动用了由专业船夫推动的大量固定筏，从而将数千名德军运过伊普尔河。
Again the belligerents came to a hand-to-hand conflict, and so well directed was the allied counterattack that no advantage to the Germans was obtained.
交战双方再次陷入肉搏战，盟军的反击非常有针对性，德国人没有获得任何优势。
For three days this severe fighting continued.
这场激烈的战斗持续了三天。
The struggle was most sharp between Dixmude and the coast at Westende, where the Germans hoped to break through the allied lines, and thus crumple up their entire front, making a free passage.
迪克斯穆德和韦斯滕德海岸之间的斗争最为激烈，德军希望在那里突破盟军的防线，从而摧毁他们的整个战线，从而获得自由通道。
On December 7, 1914, the French captured Vermelles, a minor village a few miles southwest of La Bassée.
1914 年 12 月 7 日，法国人占领了拉巴斯西南几英里处的一个小村庄韦尔梅勒 (Vermelles)。
This little village had been the center of a continuous struggle for mastership for nearly two months.
近两个月来，这个小村庄一直是争夺统治权的持续斗争的中心。
At last the French occupied this rather commanding point, important to the Allies, as it afforded an excellent view over a wide stretch of country occupied by the Germans.
最后，法国人占领了这个对盟军来说很重要的制高点，因为它提供了俯瞰德国占领的大片土地的绝佳视野。
The German Staff headquarters were removed from Roulers, which is about twelve miles distant from Ypres, on December 8, 1914, from the vicinity of Ypres, while their own forces had been concentrated upon Dixmude, twelve miles to the north.
1914 年 12 月 8 日，德军参谋部总部从距伊普尔约 12 英里的鲁勒斯撤出，而他们自己的部队则集中在以北 12 英里的迪克斯穆德。
This town had suffered severely before, but the allied forces using what shelter they could improvise, were doing considerable damage from this point.
这个城镇之前曾遭受过严重的损失，但盟军利用他们可以临时搭建的庇护所，从此时起造成了相当大的破坏。
Therefore the Germans began to bombard the place.
因此，德国人开始轰炸这个地方。
On December 9, 1914, the Germans succeeded in gaining slightly toward Ypres.
1914 年 12 月 9 日，德军成功略微逼近伊普尔。
Farther north they were by this time also in a position to take Furnes under fire.
在更北的地方，他们此时也已经能够在火力下攻击弗内斯了。
This town lies on the frontier between Belgium and France, in the path of some of the most savage onslaughts on the part of the Germans to break through the allied lines in order to reach the channel towns of Dunkirk and Calais.
这座城镇位于比利时和法国之间的边境，德国人为了突破盟军防线、到达海峡城镇敦刻尔克和加来而进行最野蛮的进攻。
On December 10, 1914, the allied forces made an ineffectual attack on Roulers, which the German General Staff had just left.
1914 年 12 月 10 日，盟军对德国总参谋部刚刚离开的鲁勒斯发动进攻，但没有效果。
South of Ypres the allied forces made a severe attack upon the town of Armentières, about eight miles from Ypres, but gained no permanent advantage.
在伊普尔以南，盟军对距离伊普尔约八英里的阿尔芒蒂耶尔镇发动了猛烈攻击，但没有获得永久优势。
During this time the Germans had also so far succeeded in consolidating their positions in the neighborhood of Ostend, that they could put their heavy guns in position near the shores of that famous watering place.
在此期间，德国人还成功地巩固了他们在奥斯坦德附近的阵地，他们可以将重炮部署在那个著名的水源地的海岸附近。
This was a very necessary precaution to meet the attacks of English gunboats, and even larger cruisers that were patrolling that coast.
这是应对英国炮艇，甚至是在该海岸巡逻的大型巡洋舰攻击的非常必要的预防措施。
On December 12, 1914, the severest fighting was along the Yser Canal, which was crossed and recrossed several times.
1914 年 12 月 12 日，最激烈的战斗发生在伊瑟运河沿岸，双方多次交战。
On December 13, 1914, the Allies succeeded in repulsing the Germans on the River Lys, where for three days the Germans had inaugurated a hot offensive.
1914年12月13日，盟军在利斯河畔成功击退德军，德军在此展开了三天的猛烈攻势。
These engagements were exact counterparts of the fighting at other points in Flanders, where both opponents were apparently well matched, and where advantages were won and lost in rapid succession.
这些交战与佛兰德斯其他地点的战斗一模一样，双方的对手显然势均力敌，而且优势的赢得和失去都在快速连续的过程中。
There was severe fighting also on December 14, 1914, extending along the entire front in Flanders from Nieuport to below Ypres.
1914 年 12 月 14 日，佛兰德斯整个前线也发生了激烈的战斗，从尼厄波尔一直延伸到伊普尔以下。
In the north the Germans made severe onslaughts, all more or less held up or repulsed by the Belgians, French, and English.
德国人在北方发动了猛烈的进攻，但都或多或少地被比利时人、法国人和英国人阻挡或击退。
The fighting was hottest near Nieuport, where the Allies made some small temporary gains.
纽波特附近的战斗最为激烈，盟军在那里暂时取得了一些小成果。
Besides the three armies participating in the conflict, the British fleet also took part in bombarding the German coast positions.
除了参与冲突的三支军队外，英国舰队也参与了对德国海岸阵地的炮击。
Three British barges equipped with naval machine guns entered the River Yser in order to cooperate in the fighting.
三艘配备海军机枪的英国驳船进入伊瑟河以配合战斗。
These boats took the two villages Lombaertzyde and St. Georges.
这些船驶过 Lombaertzyde 和 St. Georges 两个村庄。
In this action some of the heaviest fighting was done by the French marines.
在这次行动中，法国海军陆战队进行了一些最激烈的战斗。
Some slight advantages were also gained by the Allies in the neighborhood of St. Eloi and Klein Zillebeke.
盟军在圣埃洛伊和克莱因齐勒贝克附近也取得了一些轻微的优势。
Following these minor successes, attack was made upon the German lines on the west side of Wytschaete, a village which the Germans had succeeded in holding during the great battle of Ypres.
在取得这些小小的胜利之后，德军在伊普尔战役中成功占领了 Wytschaete 西侧的德军防线。
To the west of this village is a wood called the Petit Bois, and to the southwest is the Maedelsteed spur, an eminence on hilly ground.
这个村庄的西边是一片叫做小森林的树林，西南边是梅德尔斯蒂德山刺，这是丘陵地带的一个高地。
From both of these places the Germans covered the village, prepared to hold it against all comers.
德国人从这两个地方包围了这个村庄，准备抵抗所有来者。
Major Duncan, commanding the Scots, and Major Baird leading the Royal Highlanders, attacked the Petit Bois, and in the flare of terrible machine gun and rifle fire, carried a trench west of the woods, while the Gordon Highlanders advanced upon the spur, taking the first trench.
指挥苏格兰人的邓肯少校和率领皇家高地人的贝尔德少校攻击了小布瓦，在可怕的机枪和步枪火力的照射下，在树林以西开辟了一条战壕，而戈登高地人则沿着支线前进，占领了第一条战壕。
They were, however, obliged to fall back to the position from which they had started, with no advantage gained.
然而，他们不得不退回到开始的位置，没有获得任何优势。
This engagement at Wytschaete gave a good illustration of the difficulty of fighting in heavy, winter ground, devoid of cover, and so waterlogged that any speed in advance was next to impossible.
Wytschaete 的这场交战很好地说明了在寒冷的冬季地面上进行战斗的难度，这里没有掩护，而且积水过多，任何速度的前进几乎都是不可能的。
Just prior to the battle the ground had thawed, and the soldiers sank deep into the mud at every step they took.
就在战斗之前，地面已经解冻，士兵们每走一步都深深地陷进泥里。
On December 15, 1914, the Germans attacked a little to the south of Ypres, but no definite result was obtained.
1914年12月15日，德军向伊普尔以南稍远的地方进攻，但没有取得明确的结果。
On the following day the Allies replied by an onslaught at Dixmude with a similar result.
第二天，盟军在迪克斯穆德发动猛攻，也取得了类似的结果。
The Germans attempted to turn and strike at Westende the next day.
第二天，德军试图转身进攻韦斯滕德。
Roulers was temporarily occupied by the Allies on December 18, 1914, and in another location, about twenty-five miles farther southwest, in the neighborhood of Givenchy, the Allies' Indian troops were put to the test.
1914 年 12 月 18 日，鲁勒斯被盟军暂时占领，在西南约 25 英里处的纪梵希 (Givenchy) 附近的另一个地点，盟军的印度军队受到了考验。
The attack was launched on the morning of the 19th.
袭击于19日上午发起。
The Lahore and the Meerut divisions both took part.
拉合尔和密拉特师都参加了。
The Meerut division succeeded in capturing a trench; but a little later on a counterattack, launched by the Germans, forced the Indians back.
密拉特师成功占领了一条战壕；但不久之后，德国人发动反击，迫使印度人撤退。
The Lahore division, including the First Highland Light Infantry and the Fourth Gurkhas, took two lines of the enemy's trenches with hardly any casualties.
拉合尔师，包括第一高地轻步兵和第四廓尔喀步兵，几乎没有造成任何伤亡，占领了敌人的两条战壕。
These captured trenches were at once occupied, and when they were full to capacity, the Germans exploded the previously prepared mines, and blew up the entire Hindu force.
这些被占领的战壕立即被占领，当它们满员时，德军引爆了先前准备的地雷，炸毁了整个印度教军队。
At daylight on the morning of December 20, 1914, the Germans commenced a heavy artillery fire along the entire front.
1914 年 12 月 20 日清晨，德军沿整个战线开始猛烈炮火。
This was followed by an infantry charge along the entire line between Givenchy and La Quinque Rue to the north.
随后，步兵沿着纪梵希街和拉昆克街之间的整条战线向北发起冲锋。
The defense of Givenchy was in the hands of the India Sirhind Brigade, under General Brunker.
纪梵希的防御任务由布伦克将军指挥的印度西欣德旅负责。
At ten o'clock the Sirhinds became confused and fled, enabling the Germans to capture Givenchy.
十点钟，西尔欣德家族感到困惑并逃跑，使德国人占领了纪梵希。
The Fifty-seventh Rifles and the Ninth Bhopals were stationed north of La Bassée Canal and east of Givenchy, and the Connaught Rangers were waiting at the south of the canal.
第五十七步枪团和第九博帕尔团驻扎在拉巴斯运河以北、纪梵希以东，康诺特游骑兵团则在运河以南等待。
The Forty-seventh Sikhs were sent to support the Sirhind Brigade, with the First Manchesters, the Fourth Suffolks, and two battalions of French Provincials, the entire force being under command of General Carnegy.
第四十七锡克教徒被派去支援西尔欣德旅，其中包括第一曼彻斯特军团、第四萨福克军团和两个法国省营，整个部队由卡内基将军指挥。
All these mixed forces now essayed a combined counterattack in order to recover the ground lost by the Sirhind Brigade, but this failed.
现在，所有这些混合力量试图联合反击，以收复西尔欣德旅失去的阵地，但失败了。
The Allies called up reserves and re-formed the ranks broken by that day's reverses.
盟军召集了预备队并重新组建了因当天的失利而被打破的队伍。
With the Seventh Dragoon Guards under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lemprière, they began another attack.
在朗普里埃中校的指挥下，第七近卫龙骑兵又开始了进攻。
This, too, failed.
这也失败了。
When the Sirhind Brigade fell back, the Seaforth Highlanders were left entirely exposed.
当西尔欣德旅撤退时，西福斯高地人完全暴露在外。
The Fifty-eighth Rifles went to the support of their left.
第五十八步兵团前往支援他们的左翼。
Throughout the entire afternoon the Seaforths had made strenuous efforts to capture the German trenches to the right and left of their position.
整个下午，西福斯部队都在奋力攻占阵地左右两侧的德军战壕。
Upon the arrival of the Fifty-eighth the fighting redoubled in ferocity, but no advance was made.
五十八军团到来后，战斗更加激烈，但没有取得任何进展。
Finally word was given to retreat.
最后传来了撤退的消息。
The Allies lost heavily in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
盟军伤亡惨重，俘虏和伤亡惨重。
The First Brigade was detached, and by midnight it had reached Bethune, about five miles west of Givenchy.
第一旅被分出，午夜时分到达了白求恩，距纪梵希以西约五英里。
Sir Douglas Haig was ordered to move also, the entire First Division in support of the exhausted Indian troops.
道格拉斯·黑格爵士也奉命调动整个第一师支援疲惫不堪的印度军队。
Action was begun on December 20, 1914, early in the afternoon by a simultaneous attack, and was continued until nightfall without important results.
行动于 1914 年 12 月 20 日下午早些时候开始，同时发起进攻，一直持续到夜幕降临，但没有取得重要成果。
The next morning General Haig in person took the command, but little ground was gained.
第二天早上，黑格将军亲自指挥，但收效甚微。
While this contest was in progress around Givenchy, the Germans took possession of the city of Arras, ten miles to the south.
当这场竞赛在纪梵希周围进行时，德国人占领了以南十英里的阿拉斯市。
Between December 23 and 30, 1914, the Belgian army, strongly reenforced by French troops, began a series of violent attacks upon the German lines; but the Germans replied by a ceaseless bombardment of Nieuport, which is about a mile inland.
1914年12月23日至30日期间，比利时军队在法国军队的大力增援下，开始对德国防线进行一系列猛烈攻击；但德国人的回应是对距内陆约一英里的尼厄波特进行不间断的轰炸。
No results of importance were obtained on either side.
双方均未取得重要成果。
The last week of December, 1914, bore a relieving holiday aspect, for it seemed as though by general consent the carnival of blood was to be considered not consonant with the solemnity of the season.
1914 年 12 月的最后一周，充满了轻松的节日氛围，因为人们普遍认为，血腥狂欢与这个季节的庄严不相称。
But for all that the French succeeded in blowing up some German trenches with a new howitzer they were anxious to try out, and the Belgian-French forces retook St. Georges in northern Flanders.
但尽管如此，法国人还是成功地用迫不及待的新型榴弹炮炸毁了德国的一些战壕，比利时和法国联军重新夺回了佛兰德斯北部的圣乔治。
St. Georges had been held by the Germans for some time; the village stands on the right hand of the Yser, and it was the only position they retained on that side of the river.
圣乔治已被德国人占领了一段时间。这个村庄位于伊瑟河的右手边，这是他们在河的这一边保留的唯一位置。
It seems from the very ease with which the village was taken that the Germans felt their position there untenable, and withdrew to their own side of the river in order to enjoy a quiet Christmas with their comrades, whose singing of Christmas songs was forever being wafted over that river of blood.
从轻而易举地占领村庄来看，德国人感到自己的阵地站不住脚，于是撤退到自己的河边，以便与战友们一起享受安静的圣诞节，他们的圣诞歌曲永远在血河上飘荡。
Although the general action continued on both sides, no serious battles are to be recorded in Flanders for the balance of the year 1914.
尽管双方的总体行动仍在继续，但在 1914 年余下的时间里，佛兰德斯没有发生任何严重的战斗。
CHAPTER XXX
第三章
OPERATIONS AROUND LA BASSÉE AND GIVENCHY
LA BASSÉE 和纪梵希周边的业务
On the whole, the results obtained during the first days of 1915 on the Belgian battle front favored the Germans.
总体而言，1915 年头几天在比利时前线取得的战果有利于德国人。
Of this front the Belgians held but three miles more or less, and the British were defending a line of about twenty miles, while the French covered the balance of about twelve miles, all of which included about the entire front in Flanders from the dunes at Nieuport on the Channel to Armentières in the south, a line--by no means straight--about thirty-five miles in length.
在这条战线上，比利时人只控制了大约三英里，英国人防守着大约二十英里的防线，而法国人则负责大约十二英里的余下部分，所有这一切都包括佛兰德斯的整个防线，从英吉利海峡的尼厄波特沙丘到南部的阿尔芒蒂耶尔，一条长约三十五英里的防线——绝不是笔直的。
Activities along the extended front in the Champagne district having proved successful for the German forces to a considerable extent, the General Staff turned its attention now to the La Bassée region.
事实证明，德军在香槟区延伸前线的活动在很大程度上取得了成功，总参谋部现在将注意力转向拉巴斯地区。
There was good tactical reason for this move, because the British were seriously threatening the position, straddling La Bassée Canal where it flows between Cuinchy and Givenchy, and there was danger that they might capture La Bassée, where the Germans held a salient of considerable strategical importance, as it covered their line of communication to the south.
此举有充分的战术理由，因为英国人正在严重威胁这个位置，横跨库因希和纪梵希之间的拉巴斯运河，而且他们有可能占领拉巴斯运河，德国人在那里拥有相当重要的战略意义，因为它覆盖了他们向南的交通线。
Previous successful operations by the British at Richebourg and Festubert north of Givenchy, and at Vermelles, south of Cuinchy, evidently prompted the Germans to attempt a counterattack.
英国人此前在纪梵希以北的里什堡和费斯图伯特以及坎奇以南的韦尔梅勒的成功行动显然促使德军尝试反击。
Besides it was desirable for the Germans to test the strength of the Allies at this point, and to do this with some measure of success the Germans massed a considerable force for this purpose.
此外，德国人希望在此时测试盟军的实力，并且为了取得一定程度的成功，德国人为此目的集结了相当大的兵力。
Beginning about January 14, 1915, the British met with varying and minor successes and defeats in this region, but no noteworthy action had taken place for upward of ten days, until January 25, under the eye of the German Kaiser, the principal attack, which had been carefully planned, took place.
大约从 1915 年 1 月 14 日开始，英国人在该地区取得了不同程度的胜利和失败，但在长达十天的时间里没有发生任何值得注意的行动，直到 1 月 25 日，在德国皇帝的注视下，经过精心策划的主要进攻发生了。
On the morning of January 25, 1915, a demonstration along the front from Festubert to Vermelles and as far north as Ypres and Pervyse was inaugurated.
1915 年 1 月 25 日上午，沿着从 Festubert 到 Vermelles 以及最北至 Ypres 和 Pervyse 的前线举行的示威活动开始了。
The Germans began to shell Bethune, which was within the allied lines about eight or nine miles west of La Bassée.
德国人开始炮击白求恩，白求恩位于拉巴斯以西约八九英里的盟军防线内。
An hour later, in the neighborhood of nine o'clock, following up heavy artillery fire, the Fifty-sixth Prussian Infantry and the Seventh Pioneers advanced south of the canal, which runs eastward from Bethune, where the British line formed a salient from the canal forward to the railway near Cuinchy, and thence back to the Bethune and La Bassée road where the British joined the French forces.
一个小时后，在九点左右，随着猛烈的炮火，普鲁士第五十六步兵团和第七先锋队向运河以南挺进，这条运河从白求恩向东延伸，英军防线在那里形成了一个突出部，从运河向前延伸到坎奇附近的铁路，然后又回到白求恩和拉巴西公路，英国在那里与法国军队会合。
This salient was occupied by the Scots and the Coldstream Guards.
这个突出部被苏格兰人和冷溪卫队占领。
The Germans were obliged to advance by the road, as the fields were too soft for the passage of the troops; even the roads were in a terrible condition, deep ruts and thick, sticky mud greatly retarding the onward march of the German forces.
德国人被迫沿路前进，因为田野太软，不适合部队通过。甚至道路状况也很糟糕，深深的车辙和又厚又粘的泥浆极大地阻碍了德军的前进。
But the Allies fared little better in this respect.
但盟军在这方面的表现也好不到哪儿去。
In fact the entire engagement was fought out in a veritable sea of mud and slush.
事实上，整个战斗是在名副其实的泥泞海洋中进行的。
Well-directed artillery fire by the Germans blew up the British trenches in this salient, and the Germans at once penetrated the unsupported British line.
德军精确的炮火炸毁了这个突出部的英军战壕，德军立即突破了没有支援的英军防线。
The Germans also had the advantage of an armored train, which they ran along the tracks from La Bassée almost into Bethune, sufficiently close to throw considerable shell fire into this town.
德国人还拥有装甲列车的优势，他们沿着从拉巴斯到白求恩的铁轨行驶，距离足够近，可以向这个城镇发射大量炮火。
The Germans advanced in close formation, throwing hand grenades.
德国人以密集队形前进，并投掷手榴弹。
They came on so rapidly and with such momentum that the Guards, trying in vain to stem the tide with the bayonet, were overwhelmed, and the British, in spite of desperate resistance, were forced back step by step.
他们来得如此迅速，势头如此之大，以至于试图用刺刀阻止潮流的近卫军徒劳无功，被击溃了，而英国人尽管拼命抵抗，却被一步步逼退。
At some points the distance between the trenches was so small that it was utterly impossible to stop the onrush from one trench to the other.
在某些地方，战壕之间的距离是如此之小，以至于完全不可能阻止从一个战壕到另一个战壕的突袭。
The Germans swept and broke through the British lines, treading their fallen opponents under foot as they advanced.
德国人席卷并突破了英国人的防线，在前进时将倒下的对手踩在脚下。
At this point the British turned and fled, as there was no hope of successful resistance.
此时英国人转身逃跑，因为没有成功抵抗的希望。
As the great momentum forced the German advance through the allied lines into the open field beyond and was joined by a heavy column, which had debouched from the vicinity of Auchy, British guns opened a murderous fire and inflicted terrible slaughter upon these ranks.
当强大的势头迫使德军穿过盟军战线进入远处的开阔场地，并与一支从奥希附近出发的重兵纵队汇合时，英国的大炮开出了致命的火力，对这些队伍造成了可怕的屠杀。
The Coldstream and the Scots Guards retreated to their second line of defense, where they joined others of their command held in reserve there.
科尔德斯特里姆和苏格兰近卫军撤退到第二道防线，在那里与他们指挥的其他预备队会合。
Once again they turned to meet the oncoming Germans, and again were forced to give way, leaving the Germans in possession of all the ground previously gained.
他们再次转向迎面而来的德国人，并再次被迫让路，让德国人占据了之前占领的所有阵地。
The remnants of the Guards retreated until they were met by the London-Scottish regiment sent to reenforce them.
近卫军的残余人员撤退，直到遇到派来增援的伦敦-苏格兰军团。
Here they halted while a counterattack was being organized by the First Royal Highlanders, part of the Camerons, and the Second King's Rifle Corps which also came up.
他们在这里停下来，同时卡梅伦的一部分第一皇家高地军和也赶来的第二国王步枪军正在组织反击。
At one o'clock on January 25, 1915, and with the cooperation of the French on their right, this rapidly improvised force moved forward, making unobstructed progress on their wings by the canal and the road.
1915 年 1 月 25 日凌晨，在右翼法军的配合下，这支快速拼凑的部队向前推进，两翼沿着运河和道路畅通无阻。
For some reason their center was delayed and held back.
由于某种原因，他们的中心被推迟并被推迟。
When they did finally arrive and pressed forward with a rush to meet the German forces, who were ready to receive them, the impact was fearful, and the casualties on both sides enormous; but no gains were made by the Allies, and the Germans held the ground they had won.
当他们最终到达并冲向准备迎接他们的德军时，其影响是可怕的，双方伤亡惨重。但盟军没有取得任何进展，德国人守住了他们赢得的阵地。
At the height of the battle the Second Royal Sussex rushed into the fray in support of their hard-pressed comrades, but all to no purpose, for these as the others were forced back to the rear of their starting point with but a fraction of their forces remaining to report the events of the day.
在战斗最激烈的时候，第二皇家苏塞克斯号冲入战斗，支援他们陷入困境的战友，但一切都毫无意义，因为其他战友被迫退回出发点的后方，只剩下一小部分部队留下来报告当天发生的事件。
While this terrible slaughter was in progress, the French left on the other side of La Bassée road, which separated the Allies at this point, had been attacked by the right of the German line, and driven back to a considerable distance, but not as far back as the British, so that the French left was in advance of the British right and badly exposed to flank attack from the northward.
当这场可怕的屠杀正在进行时，位于此时将盟军分开的拉巴斯公路另一侧的法军左翼，受到了德军战线右翼的攻击，被击退了相当远的距离，但没有英军那么远，因此法军左翼领先于英军右翼，严重暴露于来自北方的侧翼攻击。
This obliged the entire allied forces to retreat some distance farther to the rear, and as night came on and the severity of the action had ceased, the Allies had an opportunity to realign their positions and somewhat strengthen the same by the First Guard Brigade which now came up, showing the terrible suffering to which they had been subjected.
这迫使整个盟军向后撤退一段距离，随着夜幕降临，激烈的行动结束，盟军有机会重新调整阵地，并由现在出现的第一近卫旅加强阵地，显示出他们所遭受的可怕痛苦。
Finally, however, it was found advisable to withdraw the Guard altogether and replace them by the First Infantry Brigade.
然而，最终人们发现，完全撤回警卫队并由第一步兵旅取代是明智的。
Now the German tactical idea became clear.
现在德军的战术思路已经清晰了。
It was to force the British to concentrate on the exposed line between Festubert and Givenchy, north of the canal, and then to turn the British right by the German forces in their new position just south of the canal, thus calling for simultaneous action on both sides of the canal.
其目的是迫使英军集中力量攻击运河以北费斯图贝尔和纪梵希之间暴露的防线，然后在运河以南的新阵地上利用德军的力量使英军右转，从而要求在运河两侧同时采取行动。
The Germans delivered an equally severe attack upon the allied position in the village of Givenchy, about a mile north of the canal, which bounded the scene of the attack just described.
德国人对位于运河以北约一英里处的纪梵希村的盟军阵地发动了同样猛烈的攻击，该村就是刚才描述的攻击现场的边界。
As in the other attack, the Germans opened action by severe artillery fire, using high-explosive shells, and after due preparation, at about 8.15 in the morning, the infantry advanced, as is customary with the Germans, in close formation.
与另一次进攻一样，德军以猛烈的炮火和高爆炮弹开始行动，经过适当的准备，上午 8 点 15 分左右，步兵按照德军的惯例，以密集队形前进。
The British met this advance by somewhat weak artillery fire, which, it was afterward explained was due to continued interruption of the telephonic communications between the observers and the batteries in the fight.
英国人用稍微微弱的炮火来应对这一进展，后来解释说，这是由于战斗中观察员与炮兵之间的电话通讯持续中断所致。
However, as it was, this fire, added to the machine gun and rifle fire from the trenches, served to turn the German advance from their original direction, with the result that they crowded together in the northeast corner of Givenchy after passing over the first-line trenches of the Allies' front.
然而，事实上，这种火力加上战壕里的机枪和步枪火力，使德军的前进方向偏离了原来的方向，结果他们在越过盟军前线的第一线战壕后，聚集在纪梵希的东北角。
Their momentum carried the Germans far into the center of the village, with remarkably few casualties considering the murderous fire to which they had been subjected throughout their impetuous advances.
他们的势头将德军带到了村庄的中心深处，考虑到他们在猛烈的进攻中所遭受的致命火力，伤亡非常少。
In the village of Givenchy, however, the Second Welsh Regiment and the First South Wales Borderers, which had been stationed there and held in reserve, gave the Germans a warm reception, and when the First Royal Highlanders came up they delivered a fierce counterattack.
然而，在纪梵希村，驻扎预备队的威尔士第二军团和南威尔士边境第一军团对德军进行了热情接待，当皇家高地第一军团上来后，他们发起了猛烈的反击。
In this they were supported by the fire of the French artillery, which assistance, however, proved costly to the Allies, as the French fire and bursting shells killed friend and foe alike.
在此过程中，他们得到了法国炮火的支援，然而事实证明，这种援助对盟军来说代价高昂，因为法国的炮火和爆炸的炮弹杀死了朋友和敌人。
Street fighting became savage, amid the explosions of shells sent to enliven the occasion by the French.
法国人发射炮弹，让场面变得更加热闹，巷战变得更加野蛮。
This concluded the action for the day and when the smoke cleared away both sides found their position comparatively little changed and nothing but the thinned ranks of the combatants reminded the observer that the most severe kind of fighting had taken place for the best part of a day.
当天的战斗就这样结束了，当硝烟散去之后，双方发现自己的位置几乎没有什么变化，除了战斗人员稀疏的队伍之外什么都没有提醒观察者，一天中的大部分时间里，最激烈的战斗已经发生了。
The following day, January 26, 1915, the action was resumed, and the attack opened along the Bethune and La Bassée road.
第二天，即 1915 年 1 月 26 日，行动恢复，进攻沿白求恩路和拉巴斯路展开。
This soon died out, as though by general consent, each side reoccupying their position of the previous evening.
这种情况很快就消失了，仿佛得到了普遍同意，双方都重新占据了前一天晚上的位置。
But on Friday, January 29, 1915, early in the morning, the Germans again opened with severe artillery fire which directed its attention particularly to the British line, where the First Army Corps lay between La Bassée Canal and the Bethune road near Cutchy.
但在 1915 年 1 月 29 日星期五清晨，德军再次以猛烈炮火开火，将注意力特别集中在英军防线上，第一军团位于拉巴斯运河和卡奇附近的白求恩公路之间。
After an hour's shelling the Germans sent one battalion of the Fourteenth Corps toward the redoubt, and two battalions of the same corps were sent to the north and south of this redoubt.
经过一个小时的炮击后，德军将第十四军的一个营派往堡垒，同一军的两个营被派往堡垒的北部和南部。
Now upon this point and to the north of it stood the Sussex Regiment and to the south of it the Northamptonshire Regiment.
现在，在这一点上，其北边是苏塞克斯军团，其南边是北安普敦郡军团。
The attack was severe, but the defense was equal to it and the net results were summed up in the casualty lists on both sides.
攻击虽然猛烈，但防御也与之相当，最终的结果总结在双方的伤亡名单中。
An attack upon the French, south of Bethune, on the same day met with like results.
同一天，法军在白求恩以南发动进攻，也取得了类似的结果。
The great German objective was to open another road to Dunkirk and Calais, and had they been successful in the engagements of the past few days it is probable that they would have succeeded.
德国的伟大目标是开辟另一条通往敦刻尔克和加来的道路，如果他们在过去几天的交战中取得成功，他们很可能会成功。
To the north in the coast district the Belgians had succeeded in flooding a vast area, which served for the time to separate the combatants for a considerable distance, obliging the Germans to resort to rafts, boats and other floating apparatus to carry on a somewhat haphazard offensive and resulting in nothing more than a change from gunfire slaughter to drowning.
在北部的海岸地区，比利时人成功地淹没了一大片地区，一度将战斗人员分开了相当长的距离，迫使德国人依靠木筏、小船和其他漂浮装置进行有点随意的进攻，结果只不过是从枪林弹雨变成了溺水。
The immense inconvenience attendant to this mode of warfare decided the Germans to drain this area and they succeeded in doing this by the end of January, 1915.
由于这种战争方式带来的巨大不便，德国人决定抽干该地区的水，并于 1915 年 1 月底成功做到了这一点。
On the other hand the Belgians captured two German trenches in the north on January 17, 1915, and the British sent a force to attack Lille on January 18.
另一方面，比利时人于 1915 年 1 月 17 日占领了德国北部的两个战壕，英国人于 1 月 18 日派出部队进攻里尔。
The Belgian trenches were reoccupied by the Germans and the Lille attack was successfully repulsed.
比利时战壕被德军重新占领，里尔的进攻被成功击退。
Then, for a week, there was nothing of importance until January 23, 1915, when the Germans made a strong attack upon Ypres which was repulsed.
接下来的一周里，没有什么重要的事情发生，直到 1915 年 1 月 23 日，德军对伊普尔发动猛烈进攻，但被击退。
On January 24 the Germans recaptured St. Georges and bombarded a few of the towns and villages harboring allied troops.
1 月 24 日，德军重新夺回圣乔治，并轰炸了一些驻有盟军的城镇和村庄。
The Belgians continued in their endeavor to flood the German position along the Yser, on January 25, 1915, and succeeded in obliging their opponents to vacate for a time at least, and on the last day of January allied forces consisting of Zouaves, Gurkhas and other Indian companies made an attack upon the German trenches upon the dunes at Lombaertzyde, gaining a temporary advantage at an expense of considerable loss in casualties.
1915 年 1 月 25 日，比利时人继续努力淹没德军沿伊瑟尔河的阵地，并成功迫使对手至少撤离一段时间。1 月的最后一天，由轻骑兵、廓尔喀骑兵和其他印度连组成的盟军对位于隆巴尔齐德沙丘上的德军战壕发起攻击，以大量伤亡为代价获得了暂时的优势。
In reviewing the activities during the month of January, 1915, the disagreeable state of the weather must be taken into consideration; this resulted in terrible suffering, to which the battling forces were subjected during the actual fighting and even more so while at rest, either on the open field or in the questionable comfort of an inhospitable and leaky trench.
在回顾 1915 年 1 月的活动时，必须考虑到恶劣的天气状况；这导致了可怕的痛苦，交战部队在实际战斗中遭受了可怕的痛苦，而在休息时，无论是在开阔的战场上，还是在荒凉且漏水的战壕中，舒适度都令人怀疑。
While every effort was made by the respective General Staffs to supply their fighting troops with such comforts as were absolutely necessary to keep body and soul together and in trim for the next day's work, little could be accomplished and it is a marvel how these poor soldiers did withstand the rigorous weather which blighted the prospect of victory, so dear to all who wear a uniform.
尽管各总参谋部竭尽全力为战斗部队提供绝对必要的舒适设施，以保持身心健康，为第二天的工作做好准备，但收效甚微，令人惊奇的是，这些可怜的士兵如何经受住了严酷的天气，胜利的前景黯淡了，这对所有穿制服的人来说都是如此珍贵的。
CHAPTER XXXI
第三十一章
END OF SIX MONTHS' FIGHTING IN THE WEST
西部地区六个月的战斗结束
There were few military movements on the French battle front during December, 1914, along the Aisne, the Oise and in the northern Champagne.
1914 年 12 月期间，法国前线、埃纳河沿岸、瓦兹河沿岸和香槟北部几乎没有军事行动。
The fighting was mostly artillery duels and skirmishes by separate units.
战斗主要是不同部队之间的炮兵对决和小规模冲突。
In the Argonne, however, the Crown Prince of Germany was active and there, as well as along the Moselle and on the heights of the Vosges, many engagements were fought out resulting in varying advantages to either opponent.
然而，在阿贡，德国王储很活跃，在那里以及摩泽尔河沿岸和孚日山脉的高地，发生了许多交战，导致双方都获得了不同的优势。
Both sides had been strongly intrenched and the ground was covered by snow to great depths, making progress impossible except upon skis and snowshoes.
双方都设有坚固的工事，地面被厚厚的积雪覆盖，除了滑雪板和雪鞋之外，无法前进。
On December 3, 1914, the French captured Burnhaupt, a hill east of Mülhausen in Upper Alsace, only to give up their advantage after a German counterattack.
1914 年 12 月 3 日，法军占领了上阿尔萨斯米尔豪森以东的伯恩霍普特山，但在德军反击后放弃了优势。
On December 16 the Germans attacked in the Woevre region and in Alsace; but were repulsed the following day.
12月16日，德军袭击了Woevre地区和阿尔萨斯；但第二天就被拒绝了。
On December 31, 1914, the French attacked Steinbach in Alsace, but were driven out again.
1914年12月31日，法军进攻阿尔萨斯的斯坦巴赫，但再次被赶出。
The New Year of 1915 opened gently along the battle front in France below Arras.
1915 年的新年沿着阿拉斯下方的法国战线缓缓拉开帷幕。
The first large movement in 1915 began on January 8, at Soissons.
1915 年的第一次大规模运动于 1 月 8 日在苏瓦松开始。
This city lies on both banks of the river Aisne and was in the possession of the French.
这座城市位于埃纳河两岸，曾为法国人占领。
The French forces attacked during a drenching rain, pushing up the rising ground to the north with their heavy guns, regardless of the soft ground which rapidly turned to deep mud and slush.
法军冒着大雨发起进攻，用重炮将高地推向北方，不顾松软的地面迅速变成深泥和雪泥。
They succeeded in carrying the first line of German trenches on a front a mile wide, thus gaining the top of the hill, which gave them an excellent position for their artillery.
他们成功地突破了一英里宽的正面德军战壕的第一线，从而到达了山顶，这为他们的炮兵提供了绝佳的位置。
The next day the Germans counterattacked, but failed to dislodge the French.
第二天，德国人发起反击，但未能驱逐法国人。
Nothing occurred on Sunday, January 10, 1915, but on Monday, about noon, January 11, the Germans came on with great force.
1915 年 1 月 10 日星期日什么也没发生，但在 1 月 11 日星期一中午左右，德国人猛烈进攻。
The delay on the part of the Germans was due to their awaiting reenforcements then on the road to Soissons.
德国人之所以拖延，是因为他们在前往苏瓦松的路上等待增援。
For four days there had been a steady downpour of rain which had not even stopped at this time.
倾盆大雨已经连续四天了，到现在还没有停过。
The River Aisne was much swollen and some of the bridges had been carried away, cutting off all supplies for the French, who were slowly giving way but fighting desperately.
埃纳河水位暴涨，一些桥梁被冲走，切断了法军的所有补给，法军正在缓慢溃退，但仍在拼命战斗。
On January 12, 1915, and on the 13th the French were driven down the slopes in a great rush.
1915 年 1 月 12 日和 13 日，法军被赶下山坡。
This predicament was a terrible one--the onrushing Germans 500 feet in front of them and the swollen river making successful retreat impossible, with the ground between almost impassable with mud and slush.
这种困境是可怕的——猛冲的德军就在他们面前500英尺处，而汹涌的河流使得成功的撤退变得不可能，地面上满是泥浆和雪泥，几乎无法通行。
French reserves had improvised a pontoon bridge across the Aisne at Missy, in the rear of their now precarious position.
法军预备队在米西的埃纳河上临时搭建了一座浮桥，位于他们现在岌岌可危阵地的后方。
This bridge was just strong enough to carry the men and ammunition; but not the heavy guns.
这座桥的强度仅足以承载人员和弹药；但不是重枪。
The retreat turned into a rout--a general stampede for the bridge and river.
撤退变成了溃败——一场向桥梁和河流的全面踩踏。
The slaughter was terrible, the river swollen as it was seemed choked with floating soldiers.
屠杀是可怕的，河水上涨，似乎被漂浮的士兵堵塞了。
The few who safely got across the bridge and those who were successful in reaching the farther bank of the Aisne alive, reached Soissons eventually.
少数安全过桥的人和成功活着到达埃纳河对岸的人最终到达了苏瓦松。
The German gain in prisoners and booty was enormous and their gain in ground advanced their line a full mile, on a front extending five miles to Missy and a little beyond.
德军在俘虏和战利品方面获得了巨大的收获，他们的阵地推进了整整一英里，战线向米西延伸了五英里，稍远一些。
The Germans strongly intrenched their new position without loss of time.
德国人不失时机地强力巩固了他们的新阵地。
Farther along this front, in the neighborhood of Perthes, a less important engagement took place.
沿着这条战线更远的地方，在佩尔特斯附近，发生了一场不太重要的交战。
The Germans, under General von Einem, opposed General Langle de Cary and his French forces.
德国人在冯·埃纳姆将军的领导下反对兰格尔·德·卡里将军和他的法国军队。
The results of this engagement were negligible.
这次接触的结果可以忽略不计。
On January 18, 1915, a savage attack by the Germans was successfully repulsed at Tracy-le-Val and on the 19th the French made an assault upon the German position at St. Mihiél, in the Verdun section without gaining any ground.
1915 年 1 月 18 日，德军在特雷西勒瓦尔的野蛮进攻被成功击退，19 日，法军向凡尔登地区圣米耶尔的德军阵地发起进攻，但未取得任何进展。
Farther north on this section the French pressed on and gained a little ground near the German fortress Metz; but the very vicinity of this fortress counterbalanced this gain.
在这一地区再往北，法军继续前进，在德国要塞梅斯附近取得了一点进展。但这座堡垒的邻近地区抵消了这一收益。
On January 21, 1915, the Germans recaptured the Le Prêtre woods near St. Mihiél, and next day the belligerents fought a fierce engagement in the Vosges without advantage to either side.
1915 年 1 月 21 日，德军重新夺回了圣米耶尔附近的 Le Prêtre 森林，第二天交战双方在孚日山脉展开激烈交战，双方均不占优势。
Prince Eitel, the second son of the Kaiser, commanded an attack upon Thann in Alsace on January 25, 1915, but was repulsed by the French defenders.
1915 年 1 月 25 日，德皇次子艾特尔亲王指挥进攻阿尔萨斯的坦恩，但被法国守军击退。
On January 28, 1915, the Germans made some gains in the Vosges and in Upper Alsace, but in their attempt to cross the River Aisne on the 29th they were unsuccessful.
1915 年 1 月 28 日，德军在孚日山脉和上阿尔萨斯取得了一些进展，但在 29 日试图渡过埃纳河时却没有成功。
January 30, 1915, brought some successes to the Germans in the Argonne forest, where throughout the month the most savage fighting was going on in thick underbrush and from tree tops.
1915 年 1 月 30 日，德军在阿尔贡森林取得了一些胜利，整个月最残酷的战斗都在茂密的灌木丛和树顶上进行。
PART II--NAVAL OPERATIONS
第二部分——海军行动
CHAPTER XXXII
第三十二章
STRENGTH OF THE RIVAL NAVIES
对手海军的实力
Sea fights, sea raids, and the hourly expectation of a great naval battle--a struggle for the control of the seas between modern armadas--held the attention of the world during the first six months of the Great War.
在第一次世界大战的头六个月里，海战、海上袭击以及每小时都在等待的一场伟大的海战——现代无敌舰队之间争夺制海权的斗争——吸引了全世界的注意力。
These, with the adventures of the _Emden_ in the waters of the Far East, the first naval fight off Helgoland, the fight off the western coast of South America, the sinking of the _Lusitania_, and the exploits of the submarines--held the world in constant expectancy and threatened to involve neutral nations, thus causing a collapse of world trade and dragging all the peoples of the earth into the maelstrom of war.
这些，连同埃姆登号在远东海域的冒险、黑尔戈兰岛附近的第一次海战、南美洲西海岸的战斗、卢西塔尼亚号的沉没以及潜艇的功绩，都让世界不断期待并威胁到中立国家的参与，从而导致世界贸易的崩溃，并将地球上所有人民拖入战争的漩涡。
This chapter will review the navies as they gather for action.
本章将回顾各国海军聚集采取行动的情况。
It will follow them through the tense moments on shipboard--the days of watching and waiting like huge sea dogs tugging at the leash.
它将跟随他们度过船上的紧张时刻——像巨大的水手拉着皮带一样观察和等待的日子。
Interspersed are heroic adventures which have added new tales of valor to the epics of the sea.
英雄的冒险故事穿插其间，为海洋史诗增添了新的英勇故事。
The naval history of the great European conflict begins, not with the first of the series of declarations of war, but with the preliminary preparations.
欧洲伟大冲突的海军历史不是从一系列宣战中的第一次宣战开始的，而是从初步准备开始的。
The appointment of Admiral von Tirpitz as Secretary of State in Germany in 1898 is the first decisive movement.
1898年任命冯·提尔皮茨海军上将为德国国务卿是第一个决定性的行动。
It was in that year that the first rival to England as mistress of the world's seas, since the days of the Spanish Armada, peeped over the horizon.
正是在这一年，自西班牙无敌舰队时代以来，英国作为世界海洋霸主的第一个对手在地平线上窥视。
Two years before the beginning of the present century, Von Tirpitz organized a campaign, the object of which was to make Germany's navy as strong as her military arm.
本世纪初两年前，冯·提尔皮茨组织了一场战役，其目的是使德国海军与其军事力量一样强大。
A law passed at that time created the present German fleet; supplementary laws passed in 1900 and 1906 through the Reichstag by this former plowboy caused the German navy to be taken seriously, not only by Germans but by the rest of the world.
当时通过的一项法律创建了现在的德国舰队。这位前农夫于 1900 年和 1906 年通过德国国会通过的补充法律，使德国海军不仅受到德国人的重视，也受到世界其他国家的重视。
England, jealous of her sea power, then began her maintenance of two ships for each one of her rival's.
英国嫉妒其海上力量，于是开始为对手的每艘船维护两艘船。
Germany answered by laying more keels, till the ratio stood three to two, instead of two to one.
德国的回应是铺设更多龙骨，直到比例达到三比二，而不是二比一。
Two years before the firing of the pistol shot at Sarajevo, which precipitated the Great War, the British admiralty announced that henceforth the British naval base in the Mediterranean would be Gibraltar instead of Malta.
在萨拉热窝手枪射击引发第一次世界大战的两年前，英国海军部宣布，今后英国在地中海的海军基地将从马耳他改为直布罗陀。
Conjectures were made as to the significance of this move; it might have meant that England had found the pace too great and had deliberately decided to abandon her dominance of the eastern Mediterranean; or that Gibraltar had been secretly reequipped as a naval base.
人们纷纷猜测此举的意义；这可能意味着英国发现步伐太大，故意决定放弃其对东地中海的统治地位；或者说直布罗陀已被秘密重新装备为海军基地。
What it did mean was learned when the French Minister of Marine announced in the following September that the entire naval strength of France would thereafter be concentrated in the Mediterranean.
当法国海军部长在第二年九月宣布法国全部海军力量此后将集中在地中海时，人们才知道这意味着什么。
This was the first concrete action of the _entente cordiale_--the British navy, in the event of war, was to guard the British home waters and the northern ports of France; the French navy was to guard the Mediterranean, protecting French ports as well as French and British shipping from "the Gib" to the Suez.
这是友好协约的第一个具体行动——一旦发生战争，英国海军将保卫英国本土水域和法国北部港口；法国海军负责保卫地中海，保护法国港口以及法国和英国从“吉布河”到苏伊士河的航运。
What was the comparative strength of these naval combinations when the war started?
战争爆发时，这些海军联合体的相对实力如何？
From her latest superdreadnoughts down to her auxiliary ships, such as those used for hospital purposes, oil carrying and repairing, England had a total of 674 vessels.
从最新的超级无畏舰到辅助舰艇，例如用于医院、石油运输和维修的舰艇，英国总共拥有 674 艘船只。
Without consideration of ages and types this total means nothing, and it is therefore necessary to examine her naval strength in detail.
如果不考虑年龄和类型，这个总数毫无意义，因此有必要详细检查她的海军实力。
She had nine battleships of 14,000 tons displacement each, built between 1895 and 1898--the _Magnificent_, _Majestic_, _Prince George_, _Jupiter_, _Cæsar_, _Mars_, _Illustrious_, _Hannibal_, and _Victorious_--with engines developing 12,000 horsepower that sent them through the water at 17.5 knots, protected with from nine to fourteen inches of armor, and prepared to inflict damage on an enemy with torpedoes shot from under and above the water, and with four 12-inch guns, twelve 6-inch guns, sixteen 3-inch guns, and twenty guns of smaller caliber but of quicker firing possibilities.
她拥有九艘排水量为 14,000 吨的战列舰，于 1895 年至 1898 年间建造——“壮丽号”、“雄伟号”、“乔治王子号”、“朱庇特号”、“凯撒号”、“火星号”、“辉煌号”、“汉尼拔号”和“胜利号”——发动机功率为 12,000 马力，可让它们通过其速度为 17.5 节，配备 9 至 14 英寸的装甲防护，并准备使用从水下和水面发射的鱼雷以及四门 12 英寸火炮、十二门 6 英寸火炮、十六门 3 英寸火炮和二十门较小口径但发射速度更快的火炮对敌人造成伤害。
Her next class was that of the _Canopus_--the _Goliath_, _Vengeance_, _Ocean_, _Albion_, and _Glory_--2,000 tons lighter than the first class named above, but more modern in equipment and construction, having been built between the years 1900 and 1902.
她的下一级是_Canopus_——_Goliath_、_Vengeance_、_Ocean_、_Albion_和_Glory_——比上面提到的第一级轻2,000吨，但设备和结构更现代化，建于1900年至1902年之间。
Their motive power was heavier, being 13,500 horsepower, and their speed was almost a knot faster.
他们的动力更重，有13500马力，速度也快了近一节。
Increase in the power of naval guns had made unnecessary any increase in the thickness of their armor, and consequently ranged from 6 to 12 inches in thickness.
舰炮威力的增强使得其装甲厚度没有必要增加，因此厚度在 6 至 12 英寸之间。
Their armament was about the same as that of the older class, but each carried two more torpedo tubes.
它们的武器装备与旧级的大致相同，但每艘都多携带两个鱼雷发射管。
[Illustration: Map of German and English Naval positions.]
[插图：德国和英国海军阵地地图。]
Discussion in naval circles throughout the world turned then to the question of whether it were better to build heavier ships with heavier armament, or to build lighter and faster ships designed to "hit and get away." The British authorities inclined toward the former view, and between 1901 and 1904 the British navy was augmented with the _Implacable_, _London_, _Bulwark_, _Formidable_, _Venerable_, _Queen_, _Irresistible_, and _Prince of Wales_--each of the heretofore unheard-of displacement of 15,000 tons.
世界各地海军界的讨论转向了这样的问题：是建造配备更重武器的重型舰艇更好，还是建造旨在“击中后逃跑”的更轻更快的舰艇更好。英国当局倾向于前一种观点，1901年至1904年间，英国海军扩充了“无情”号、“伦敦”号、“堡垒”号、“强大”号、“可敬”号、“女王”号、“不可抗拒”号和“威尔士亲王”号——每艘排水量都达到了前所未有的15,000吨。
In spite of their size they were comparatively fast, having an average speed of 18 knots; they did not need, and were not equipped with heavier armor, having plates as thin as 3 inches and as thick as 12.
尽管它们体型较大，但速度相对较快，平均速度为 18 节；他们不需要，也没有配备较重的装甲，装甲薄至3英寸，厚至12英寸。
They were built to "take punishment," and therefore they had no greater armament than the vessels previously named.
它们是为了“接受惩罚”而建造的，因此它们没有比之前命名的船只更强大的武器装备。
The naval program of 1908 and 1904 also included the _Duncan_, _Albemarle_, _Russell_, _Cornwallis_, and _Exmouth_, each 1,000 tons lighter than the ships of the _Implacable_ type, but with the same equipment, defensive and offensive, and of the same speed.
1908 年和 1904 年的海军计划还包括“邓肯”号、“阿尔伯马尔”号、“罗素”号、“康沃利斯”号和“埃克斯茅斯”号，每艘都比“无情”型舰艇轻 1,000 吨，但装备相同，防御和进攻性以及速度相同。
And in the same program, as if to offset the argument for heavier and stronger ships, there were included the lighter and faster ships, _Swiftsure_ and _Triumph_, displacing only 11,500 tons, but making 19 knots.
在同一个计划中，似乎是为了抵消更重、更强的船舶的争论，还包括更轻、更快的船舶，_Swiftsure_ 和 _Triumph_，排水量仅为 11,500 吨，但航速为 19 节。
Their speed permitted and necessitated lighter armor--10 inches through at the thickest points--and their armament was also of a lighter type, for their four largest guns were capable of firing 10-inch shells.
他们的速度允许并且需要较轻的装甲——最厚处为10英寸——而且他们的武器也是较轻的，因为他们的四门最大的火炮能够发射10英寸的炮弹。
Germany was becoming a naval rival worthy of notice, and the insular position of England came to be a matter of serious concern by 1906.
德国正在成为一个值得关注的海军对手，而到 1906 年，英国的孤立地位开始引起人们的严重关注。
Britain has never considered the building of land forts for her protection--her strength has always been concentrated in floating war machines.
英国从未考虑过建造陆地堡垒来保护自己——她的力量一直集中在漂浮的战争机器上。
She now began to build veritable floating forts, ships of 16,350 tons displacement.
她现在开始建造名副其实的浮动堡垒，排水量为16,350吨的船只。
By the end of 1906 she had ready to give battle eight ships of this class, the _King Edward VII_, _Commonwealth_, _Dominion_, _Hindustan_, _Africa_, _Hibernia_, _Zealandia_, and _Britannia_.
到 1906 年底，她已准备好八艘该级舰艇投入战斗：爱德华国王七世号、英联邦号、自治领号、印度斯坦号、非洲号、希伯尼亚号、新西兰号和不列颠尼亚号。
Speed was not sacrificed to weight, for they were given a speed of 18.5 knots, developed by engines of 18,000 horsepower.
速度并没有因为重量而牺牲，因为它们的速度为 18.5 节，由 18,000 马力的发动机驱动。
Their thinnest armor measured 6 inches, and their heavy guns were protected with plates 12 inches thick.
他们最薄的装甲有 6 英寸，而他们的重炮则用 12 英寸厚的钢板保护。
The 12-inch gun was still the heaviest piece of armament in the British navy, and these eight ships each carried four of that measurement, as well as four 9.2-inch guns, ten 6-inch guns, fourteen rapid-fire guns of 3 inches, two machine guns, and four torpedo tubes.
12英寸火炮仍然是英国海军最重的武器，这8艘舰艇每艘都携带4门12英寸火炮，以及4门9.2英寸火炮、10门6英寸火炮、14门3英寸速射炮、两挺机枪和四个鱼雷发射管。
Now that it was seen that ships of enormous displacement could also be swift, England committed herself to the building of ships of even greater size.
既然人们发现大排水量的船舶也可以行驶得很快，英国就致力于建造更大尺寸的船舶。
In 1907 came the first of the modern dreadnoughts, so-called from the name which was given to the original ship of 17,900 tons displacement.
1907 年，第一艘现代无畏舰问世，其名称源于排水量 17,900 吨的原舰。
The _Dreadnought_ made the marvelous speed (for a ship of that size) of 21 knots, which she was enabled to do with turbine engines of 23,000 horsepower.
无畏号凭借 23,000 马力的涡轮发动机实现了 21 节的惊人速度（对于同等尺寸的船舶而言）。
Her armor measured from 8 to 11 inches in thickness, and her great size enabled her to carry as high as ten 12-inch guns.
她的装甲厚度为 8 至 11 英寸，巨大的体型使她能够携带多达 10 门 12 英寸的火炮。
Her minor batteries were strong in proportion.
她的小电池比例很坚固。
Then, as if taking her breath after a stupendous effort, England in the following year built two ships of 16,000 tons displacement, the _Lord Nelson_ and the _Agamemnon_, with speed, armor, and armament much lower than those of the _Dreadnought_.
然后，仿佛在付出了巨大的努力之后，英国在第二年建造了两艘排水量为 16,000 吨的舰艇：纳尔逊勋爵号和阿伽门农号，其速度、装甲和武器装备都比无畏舰低得多。
But having taken a rest, Britain was again to make a great effort, launching in 1909 the _Temeraire_, _Superb_, and _Bellerophon_, monsters displacing 18,600 tons.
但在休息之后，英国再次做出巨大努力，于 1909 年推出了排水量达 18,600 吨的庞然大物“Temeraire”、“Superb”和“Bellerophon”。
With engines of 23,000 horsepower that could drive them through the seas at 21 knots, ready to ward off blows with armor from 8 to 11 inches thick, firing at the same time volleys from ten 12-inch guns down to sixteen 4-inch rapid firers.
拥有 23,000 马力的发动机，可以驱动它们以 21 节的速度穿越海洋，准备好抵御 8 至 11 英寸厚的装甲的打击，同时从 10 门 12 英寸火炮到 16 门 4 英寸快速发射器齐射。
Naval architecture had now taken a definite turn, the principal feature of which was the tremendous size of the destructive floating machines.
海军建筑现在已经发生了明显的转变，其主要特征是破坏性浮动机器的巨大尺寸。
England, a leader in this sort of building, in 1910 built the _Vanguard_, _Collingwood_, and _St.
英国是此类建筑的领导者，于 1910 年建造了_Vanguard_、_Collingwood_ 和_St. John's 大楼。
Vincent_, each displacing 19,250 tons.
Vincent_，每艘排水量19,250吨。
Nor were they lacking in speed, for they made, on an average, 21 knots.
它们的速度也不慢，平均速度为 21 节。
The 20,000-ton battleship was then a matter of months only, and it came in the following year, when the _Colossus_, _Hercules_, and _Neptune_ were launched.
20000吨级战列舰当时只需要几个月的时间，就在第二年“巨像”号、“大力神”号和“海王星”号下水时就完成了。
It was only in the matter of displacement that these three ships showed any difference from those of the _Vanguard_ class; there were no great innovations either in armament or armor.
这三艘舰只在排水量上与先锋级舰艇有所不同。无论是在武器装备还是装甲方面都没有伟大的创新。
But in the same year, 1911, there were launched the _Thunderer_, _Monarch_, _Orion_, and _Conqueror_, each of 22,500 tons, and equipped with armor from 8 to 12 inches thick, for the days of 3-inch armor on first-class warships had gone forever.
但同年，即1911年，又推出了“雷霆号”、“君主号”、“猎户座号”和“征服者号”，每艘重22,500吨，装甲厚度为8至12英寸，一流战舰3英寸装甲的时代已经一去不复返了。
These had a speed of 21 knots, and were the first British ships to have anything greater than a 12-inch gun.
这些船的航速为 21 节，是第一艘拥有超过 12 英寸火炮的英国船只。
They carried as a primary battery ten 13.5-inch guns, and sixteen 4-inch guns, along with six more of small caliber as their secondary battery.
他们携带 10 门 13.5 英寸火炮作为主炮，16 门 4 英寸火炮，以及另外 6 门小口径火炮作为副炮。
In 1912 and 1913 there was only one type of warship launched having 23,000 tons displacement with 31,000 horsepower, a half a knot faster than previous dreadnoughts, and carrying, like the previous class, ten 13.5-inch guns, along with some of smaller caliber.
1912年和1913年，只有一种类型的战舰下水，排水量为23,000吨，功率为31,000马力，比以前的无畏舰快半节，并像以前的级别一样携带10门13.5英寸火炮，以及一些较小口径的火炮。
The ships of this class were the _King George V_, _Ajax_, _Audacious_, and _Centurion_.
该级舰艇有_国王乔治五世_、_埃贾克斯_、_大胆_和_百夫长_。
The year 1914 saw even more terrible machines of death launched.
1914 年，更可怕的死亡机器诞生了。
Two types were put into the water, the first that of the _Iron Duke_ class, of which the other members were the _Benbow_, _Emperor of India_, and _Marlborough_.
两种类型被放入水中，第一种是“铁公爵”级，其他成员是“本博”号、“印度皇帝”号和“马尔伯勒”号。
They showed great improvement in every point; their speed was 22.5 knots, their displacement 25,000 tons, and their torpedo tubes five.
他们在每一点上都表现出了很大的进步；它们的航速为 22.5 节，排水量为 25,000 吨，鱼雷发射管为 5 个。
Like their immediate predecessors, they carried a primary battery of ten 13.5-inch guns, along with the smaller ones, and their armor measured from 8 to 12 inches in thickness.
和他们的前辈一样，他们携带了一个由 10 门 13.5 英寸火炮和较小火炮组成的主炮，装甲厚度从 8 到 12 英寸不等。
The second type of the year was that of the _Queen Elizabeth_ and _Warspite_ class.
今年的第二种类型是_伊丽莎白女王_和_厌战_级。
They surpassed all the warships when they were built.
它们在建造时就超越了所有的战舰。
Their speed for their size was the greatest--25 knots.
就其尺寸而言，它们的速度是最大的——25节。
They had the largest displacement among warships--27,500 tons; they had the thickest armor, ranging from 8 to 13.5 inches; they had the most improved form of engines--oil burners, developing 58,000 horsepower; and most marvelous of all was their primary battery, which consisted of eight 15-inch guns.
它们是军舰中排水量最大的——27500吨；他们的装甲最厚，从8英寸到13.5英寸不等；他们拥有最先进的发动机——燃油燃烧器，可输出 58,000 马力；最奇妙的是他们的主炮，由八门 15 英寸火炮组成。
The largest gun yet made had been the 16-inch gun, for use in permanent position in land forts, and, with the German army, for a mobile force.
迄今为止制造的最大的火炮是 16 英寸火炮，用于陆地堡垒的永久部署，并与德国军队一起用于机动部队。
It now was shown that the modern warship could carry a gun as heavy as any on land.
现在事实证明，现代军舰可以携带与陆地上任何舰艇一样重的火炮。
There were in the course of construction when the war broke out eight more such monsters, the _Malaya, Valiant_, and _Barham_, sister ships of the _Queen Elizabeth_, and the _Royal Oak_, _Resolution_, _Royal Monarch_, _Ramillies_, and _Renown_, each of 29,000 tons displacement, but having the same armament as the _Queen Elizabeth_.
战争爆发时，还有八艘这样的怪物正在建造中，它们是伊丽莎白女王号的姐妹舰“马来亚”号、“英勇”号和“巴勒姆”号，以及“皇家橡树”号、“决心”号、“皇家君主”号、“拉米利斯”号和“名望”号，排水量均为 29,000 吨，但拥有与伊丽莎白女王号相同的武器装备。
All of these were hastened to completion as soon as war was declared.
所有这些都是在宣战后就匆忙完成的。
At the time of the declaration of war England had, in addition to these greatest ships, a number of supporting ships such as the ten battle cruisers, _Indomitable_, _Invincible_, _Indefatigable_, _Inflexible_, _Australia_, _New Zealand_, _Queen Mary_, _Princess Royal_, _Lion_, and the _Tiger_.
宣战时，英国除了这些最伟大的舰艇外，还有许多支援舰艇，例如十艘战列巡洋舰，“不屈”号、“无敌”号、“不倦”号、“不屈”号、“澳大利亚”号、“新西兰”号、“玛丽女王”号、“皇家公主”号、“狮子”号和“老虎”号。
Their displacements ranged from 17,250 to 28,000 tons, and their speeds from 25 to 30 knots, the last being that of the _Tiger_.
它们的排水量从 17,250 吨到 28,000 吨不等，航速从 25 节到 30 节不等，最后的是“虎”号。
Their speed is their greatest feature, for their armament and batteries are much lighter than those of the first-line ships.
它们的速度是它们最大的特点，因为它们的武器和电池比一线舰艇轻得多。
Next, there were ready thirty-four high-speed cruisers of quite light armament and armor.
接下来，准备好了三十四艘高速巡洋舰，装备相当轻型的武器和装甲。
There were six of the _Cressy_ type, four of the _Drake_ type, nine of the same type as the _Kent_, six of the same class as the _Antrim_, six like the _Black Prince_, three of the same class as the _Shannon_, together with seventeen heavily protected cruisers, of which the _Edgar_ was the prototype.
其中有六艘克雷西型、四艘德雷克型、九艘与肯特号同型、六艘与安特里姆号同级、六艘与黑王子号同级、三艘与香农号同级，以及十七艘重防护巡洋舰，其中埃德加号是原型。
The rest of the British navy needs no detailed consideration.
英国海军的其余部分无需详细考虑。
It consisted at the outbreak of the war of 70 protected light cruisers, 134 destroyers, and a number of merchant ships convertible into war vessels, together with submarines and other small ships.
战争爆发时，它包括 70 艘受保护的轻型巡洋舰、134 艘驱逐舰和一些可改装成战舰的商船，以及潜艇和其他小型船只。
The navy of France stood fourth in the list of those of the world powers at the time the war started.
战争开始时，法国海军在世界强国名单中排名第四。
There were eighteen old vessels, built between 1894 and 1909, including the _Carnot_ class (corresponding to the British ship _Magnificent_), the _Charlemagne_, _Bouvet_, _Suffren_, _République_, and _Démocratie_ classes.
共有 18 艘旧船，建于 1894 年至 1909 年间，包括卡诺级（相当于英国的华丽号）、查理曼级、布韦级、萨弗朗级、共和级和民主级。
The most modern of these types displaced no more than 14,000 tons, made no more than 18 knots, and carried primary batteries of 12-inch guns.
其中最现代化的型号排水量不超过 14,000 吨，航速不超过 18 节，并携带 12 英寸火炮主炮。
Some improvement was made in the six ships of the _Danton_ class which were built in 1911 and 1912.
1911年和1912年建造的六艘丹东级舰艇进行了一些改进。
They displaced 18,000 tons, had armor from 9 to 12 inches thick and carried guns of 12-inch caliber.
它们的排水量为 18,000 吨，装甲厚度为 9 至 12 英寸，并携带 12 英寸口径的火炮。
They correspond to the British ship _Temeraire_.
它们对应于英国泰米艾尔号船。
In 1913 and 1914 were launched the _Jean Bart_, _Courbet_, _Paris_, and _France_ of the dreadnought type, but much slower and not so heavily armed as the British ships of the same class.
1913年和1914年，无畏舰型的让·巴特号、库尔贝号、巴黎号和法国号相继下水，但速度慢得多，而且武装程度不如英国同级舰艇那么重。
In eight ships which were incomplete when war was declared the matter of speed received greater attention, and they are consequently faster than the older vessels of the same type.
在宣战时尚未完工的八艘舰艇中，速度问题受到了更多关注，因此它们比同类型的旧舰艇更快。
It is in the nineteen French armored cruisers--France has no battle cruisers--that the French showed better efforts as builders of speedy ships, for they made 23 knots or more.
正是在十九艘法国装甲巡洋舰上——法国没有战列巡洋舰——法国人在建造高速舰艇方面表现出了更好的努力，因为它们的航速达到了 23 节或更高。
In the list of French fighting ships there are in addition two protected cruisers, the _D'Entrecasteaux_ and the _Guichen_, together with ten light cruisers.
在法国战舰名单中，还有两艘防护巡洋舰，“D'Entrecasteaux”号和“Guichen”号，以及十艘轻型巡洋舰。
But the French "mosquito fleet," consisting of destroyers, torpedo boats and submarines, is comparatively large.
但法国的“蚊子舰队”由驱逐舰、鱼雷艇和潜艇组成，规模相对较大。
Of these she had 84, 135, and 78, respectively.
其中她分别有 84、135 和 78。
After the Russo-Japanese War the battle fleets of Russia were entirely dissipated, so that when the present conflict came she had no ships which might have been accounted worthy aids to the navies of England and France.
日俄战争结束后，俄罗斯的战列舰队完全被消灭，因此当当前的冲突发生时，她没有任何可以对英国和法国海军提供有价值帮助的舰艇。
In so far as is known, her heaviest ships were the _Andrei Pervozvannyi_ and the _Imperator Pavel I_, each displacing only 17,200 tons, and of the design of 1911.
就目前所知，她最重的舰艇是 _Andrei Pervozvannyi_ 和 _Imperator Pavel I_，每艘排水量仅为 17,200 吨，设计于 1911 年。
Against these fighting naval forces of the allied powers were ranged the navies of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
德国和奥匈帝国的海军与这些盟军海军作战。
The former had, at the outbreak of hostilities, 36 battleships, 5 battle cruisers, 9 armored cruisers, and 48 cruisers.
敌对行动爆发时，前者拥有36艘战列舰、5艘战列巡洋舰、9艘装甲巡洋舰和48艘巡洋舰。
Instead of giving attention to torpedo boats she gave it to destroyers, of which she had 130.
她没有把注意力集中在鱼雷艇上，而是把重点放在了驱逐舰上，她拥有 130 艘驱逐舰。
And of submarines she had 27.
她拥有 27 艘潜艇。
In detail her naval forces consisted, first, of the _Kaiser Friedrich III_, _Kaiser Karl der Grosse_, _Kaiser Barbarossa_, _Kaiser Wilhelm II_, and _Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_, all built as a result of the first agitation of Von Tirpitz, between the years 1898 and 1901.
详细来说，她的海军首先包括“德皇腓特烈三世”号、“德皇卡尔大帝”号、“德皇巴巴罗萨”号、“德皇威廉二世”号和“德皇威廉大帝”号，所有这些都是在 1898 年至 1901 年间冯·提尔皮茨第一次煽动下建造的。
They each displaced 10,614 tons, had a speed of 18 knots, required 13,000 horsepower, were protected with from 10 to 12 inches of armor, and carried four 9.4-inch guns, fourteen of 5.9 inches, twelve of 3.4-inches, and twenty of smaller measurement.
每艘排水量为 10,614 吨，航速为 18 节，需要 13,000 马力，有 10 至 12 英寸的装甲保护，并携带四门 9.4 英寸火炮、十四门 5.9 英寸火炮、十二门 3.4 英寸火炮和二十门较小尺寸的火炮。
Roughly they corresponded to the British ships of the _Canopus_ class, both in design and time of launching.
它们在设计和下水时间上大致相当于英国的_Canopus_级舰艇。
Following this class came that of the _Wittelsbach_, including also the _Wettin_, _Zähringen_, _Mecklenburg_, and _Schwaben_, built between 1901 and 1903, displacing 11,643 tons, making 18 knots, protected with from 9 to 10 inches of armor and carrying a primary battery of four 9.4-inch guns, eighteen 5.9-inch guns, and a large secondary battery.
紧接着这个级的是_Wittelsbach_，包括_Wettin_、_Zähringen_、_Mecklenburg_和_Schwaben_，建于1901年至1903年间，排水量11,643吨，航速18节，有9至10英寸的装甲保护，并携带由四门9.4英寸火炮组成的主炮，18门5.9英寸火炮和大型二次电池。
The similar type in the British navy was the _Canopus_--for England was far ahead of Germany, both in the matter of displacement and primary battery.
英国海军的类似型号是老人号——因为英国在排水量和主电池方面都远远领先于德国。
During the same years England had launched ships of the type of the _Implacable_.
同年，英国下水了“无情号”型舰艇。
In 1904 came the German ships _Hessen_, _Elsass_, and _Braunschweig_, and in 1905 and 1906 the _Preussen_ and _Lothringen_.
1904 年，德国舰艇“黑森”号、“埃尔萨斯”号和“布伦瑞克”号抵达，1905 年和 1906 年，“普鲁士”号和“洛特林根”号抵达。
They were well behind the English ships of the same years, for they displaced only 12,097 tons, made 18 knots, carried armor of from 9 to 10 inches in thickness, and a primary battery of four 11-inch guns, fourteen 6.7-inch guns, and twelve 3.4-inch guns, together with rapid firers and other guns in a secondary battery.
它们远远落后于同年的英国舰艇，因为它们的排水量仅为 12,097 吨，航速为 18 节，装甲厚度为 9 至 10 英寸，主炮由 4 门 11 英寸火炮、14 门 6.7 英寸火炮和 12 门 3.4 英寸火炮组成，副炮中还有速射器和其他火炮。
England at this time was putting 12-inch guns in the primary battery of such ships as the _King Edward VII_.
英国当时正在爱德华七世国王号等舰艇的主炮台上安装 12 英寸火炮。
Still Germany kept up the race, and in 1906, 1907, and 1908 launched the _Hannover_, _Deutschland_, _Schlesien_, _Schleswig-Holstein_, and _Pommern_, with 12,997 tons displacement, 16,000 horsepower, a speed of 18 knots, and only 11-inch guns in the primary batteries.
德国仍然继续竞争，并于1906年、1907年和1908年推出了“汉诺威”号、“德国”号、“石勒苏益格”号、“石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因”号和“波美拉尼亚”号，排水量为12,997吨，马力为16,000马力，航速为18节，主炮只配备11英寸火炮。
Whereas England, at the same time, was building ships of the dreadnought type.
而与此同时，英国正在建造无畏舰类型的船只。
Next came four ships of the _Vanguard_ class--the _Westfälen_, _Nassau_, _Rheinland_, and _Posen_, built in 1909 and 1910.
接下来是四艘先锋级舰艇——威斯特法伦号、拿骚号、莱茵兰号和波森号，分别建于 1909 年和 1910 年。
Their heaviest guns measured 11 inches, while those of the English ships of the same class measured 12 inches.
他们最重的火炮尺寸为 11 英寸，而英国同级舰艇的火炮尺寸为 12 英寸。
The displacement of these German fighting ships was 18,600 tons.
这些德国战舰的排水量为18,600吨。
In point of speed they showed some improvement over the older German ships, making 19.5 knots.
在速度方面，它们比老式德国舰艇有所进步，达到 19.5 节。
Germany, like England, was now committed to the building of larger and larger ships of the line.
德国和英国一样，现在致力于建造越来越大的战列舰。
The _Helgoland_, _Thüringen_, _Oldenburg_, and _Ostfriesland_, which were put into the water in 1911 and 1912, were consequently of 22,400 tons displacement, with a speed of 20.5 knots and carrying twelve 12-inch guns, fourteen 5.9-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen 3.9-inch rapid-fire guns, a few smaller guns, and as many as six torpedo tubes.
赫尔戈兰号、图林根号、奥尔登堡号和东弗里斯兰号分别于 1911 年和 1912 年下水，排水量为 22,400 吨，航速为 20.5 节，搭载十二门 12 英寸火炮、十四门 5.9 英寸速射炮、十四门 3.9 英寸速射炮和一些较小的舰炮。火炮和多达六个鱼雷发射管。
While England was maintaining her "two to three" policy, and while the United States stood committed to the building of two first-class battleships a year, Germany, in 1913, put five of them into the water.
当英国维持“二到三”政策、美国承诺每年建造两艘一流战列舰时，德国却在 1913 年将其中五艘下水。
These were the _König Albert_, _Prinz Regent Luitpold_, _Kaiserin_, _Kaiser_, and _Friedrich der Grosse_, each capable of speeding through the water at a rate of 21 knots, displacing 23,310 tons and carrying an armament of ten 12-inch guns, fourteen 5.9-inch guns, and a large number of rapid-fire guns of smaller measurement.
这些是阿尔伯特国王号、路易波德摄政亲王号、皇后号、皇帝号和腓特烈大帝号，每艘都能够以 21 节的速度在水中航行，排水量 23,310 吨，并携带 10 门 12 英寸火炮、14 门 5.9 英寸火炮和大量较小尺寸的速射炮。
Their armor was quite heavy, being 13 inches thick on the side and 11 inches thick where protection for the big guns was needed.
他们的装甲相当重，侧面厚13英寸，需要保护大炮的地方厚11英寸。
The largest ships in the German navy which were launched, fitted, and manned at the time that the war began, were those which were built in 1914 and which had a displacement of 26,575 tons.
战争开始时德国海军下水、安装和配备人员的最大舰艇是 1914 年建造的舰艇，排水量为 26,575 吨。
These ships were the _König_, _Grosser Kurfürst_, and the _Markgraf_.
这些舰艇是“国王号”、“大选帝侯号”和“总督号”。
The corresponding type in the British navy was that of the _Iron Duke_, built in the same year.
英国海军的相应型号是同年建造的“铁公爵”号。
The British ships of this class were 1,000 tons lighter in displacement, a bit faster--making 22.5 knots to the 22 knots made by the German ships--and their armament was not so strong as that of the German type, for the German ships carried ten 14-inch guns, whereas the English carried ten 13.5-inch guns.
英国此类舰艇的排水量轻了1000吨，速度也快了一些——航速为22.5节，而德国舰艇为22节——而且其武器装备不如德国舰艇强大，因为德国舰艇配备了10门14英寸火炮，而英国舰艇则配备了10门13.5英寸火炮。
In addition to these first-class battleships, Germany had certain others, individual in type, such as the _Von der Tann_, _Moltke_, _Goeben_, _Seydlitz_, _Derfflinger_, _Fürst Bismarck_, _Prinz Heinrich_, _Prinz Adalbert_, _Roon_ and _Yorck_, _Scharnhorst_ and _Gneisenau_, _Blücher_, _Magdeburg_, _Strassburg_, _Breslau_, _Stralsund_, _Rostock_, and _Karlsruhe_.
除了这些一流战列舰之外，德国还有其他一些个别型号的战列舰，如冯德坦号、毛奇号、戈本号、塞德利茨号、德夫林格号、俾斯麦首爵号、海因里希亲王号、阿达尔伯特亲王号、罗恩号和约克号、沙恩霍斯特号和_格奈森瑙_、_布吕歇尔_、_马格德堡_、_斯特拉斯堡_、_布雷斯劳_、_施特拉尔松德_、_罗斯托克_和_卡尔斯鲁厄_。
These may be reckoned as scout cruisers, for they showed much speed, the fastest making 30 knots and the slowest 19 knots.
这些可以被视为侦察巡洋舰，因为它们显示出很高的速度，最快的为 30 节，最慢的为 19 节。
The oldest dates from 1900, and the newest from 1914.
最古老的可追溯至 1900 年，最新的可追溯至 1914 年。
Germany had, also, thirty-nine more fast protected cruisers which were designed for scout duty.
德国还拥有三十九艘专为侦察任务而设计的快速防护巡洋舰。
In destroyers she was well equipped, having 143 ready for service when war was declared.
她的驱逐舰装备精良，宣战时有 143 艘驱逐舰做好服役准备。
Her twenty-seven submarines were of the most improved type, and much about their construction and armament she was able to keep secret from the rest of the world.
她的二十七艘潜艇都是最先进的类型，她能够对世界其他地方保守秘密，了解它们的构造和武器装备。
It is probable that even their number was greater than the intelligence departments of foreign navies suspected.
甚至他们的数量很可能比外国海军情报部门怀疑的还要多。
The best type had a speed on the surface of 18 knots and could travel at 12 knots when submerged.
最好的型号在水面上的速度为 18 节，在水下时可以以 12 节的速度行驶。
The type known as _E-21_, of the design of 1914, measured 213 feet 8 inches in length and had a beam of 20 feet.
被称为 _E-21_ 的型号于 1914 年设计，长 213 英尺 8 英寸，横梁长 20 英尺。
Austria, though not renowned for her naval strength, had certain units which brought up the power of the Teutonic powers considerably.
奥地利虽然不以海军实力闻名，但其某些部队却大大增强了条顿势力的实力。
She had nine first-class battleships, the _Erzherzog Karl_, _Erzherzog Ferdinand Max_, _Erzherzog Friedrich_, _Zrinyi_, _Radetzky_, _Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand_, _Teggethoff_, _Prinz Eugen_, and _Viribus Unitis_.
她拥有九艘一级战列舰：“卡尔大号”、“费迪南大号”、“弗里德里希号”、“兹林尼号”、“拉德茨基号”、“弗朗茨·斐迪南号”、“特格霍夫号”、“欧根亲王号”和“团结号”。
These, at the time Austria went to war, ranged in age from nine years to one year, and varied in displacement from 10,000 tons to 20,000 tons.
这些船在奥地利参战时，船龄从九年到一年不等，排水量从 10,000 吨到 20,000 吨不等。
The largest guns carried by any of them measured 12 inches, and the fastest, the _Prinz Eugen_, made 20 knots.
它们携带的最大火炮长度为 12 英寸，最快的欧根亲王号航速为 20 节。
Of secondary importance were the battleships _Kaiserin Maria Theresia_, _Kaiser Karl VI_, and _St.
其次重要的是战列舰“玛丽亚·特蕾莎皇后号”、“卡尔六世皇帝号”和“圣彼得堡号”。
Georg_.
乔治_。
The register of battleships was supplemented with ten light cruisers of exceptionally light displacement, the highest being only 3,966 tons.
战列舰登记册上还补充了十艘排水量极轻的轻巡洋舰，最大的排水量仅为3,966吨。
Scouting was their chief function.
侦察是他们的主要职能。
Austria had, also, 18 destroyers, 63 torpedo boats, and 6 submarines.
奥地利还拥有 18 艘驱逐舰、63 艘鱼雷艇和 6 艘潜艇。
Such were the respective strengths of the opponents on that day in July, 1914, when the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary lost his life.
这就是 1914 年 7 月奥匈帝国王储去世的那一天，双方各自的实力。
For ten years the officers of the navy created by the German Admiral von Tirpitz had at all dinners come to their feet, waved their wine glasses and had given the famous toast "Der Tag"--to the day on which the English and German naval hosts would sally forth to do battle with each other.
十年来，德国海军上将冯·提尔皮茨创建的海军军官们在每次晚宴上都会站起来，挥舞着酒杯，举杯庆祝英国和德国海军主力出征交战的那一天。
"Der Tag" found both forces quite ready, though the British naval authorities stole a march on their German rivals in the matter of mobilization.
《Der Tag》发现两支军队都已做好充分准备，尽管英国海军当局在动员方面领先于德国对手。
It had been the custom for years in the British navy to assemble the greater part of the British ships during the summer at the port of Spithead, where, decorated with bunting, with flags flying, with visitors in holiday spirit, and with officers and men in smart dress, the vessels were reviewed by the king on the royal yacht.
多年来，英国海军的惯例是在夏季将大部分英国舰艇聚集在斯皮特海德港，在那里，彩旗装饰，旗帜飘扬，游客充满节日气氛，军官和官兵穿着考究，国王在皇家游艇上接受检阅。
But in the eventful year of 1914, perhaps by accident, perhaps by design, for the truth may never be known, the review had a different aspect.
但在多事的 1914 年，也许是偶然，也许是有意为之，因为真相可能永远不会为人所知，这篇评论却呈现出不同的一面。
There was no gaiety.
没有什么欢乐的气氛。
The number of ships assembled this time was greater than ever before--216 actual fighting ships passed slowly before the royal yacht--there were no flags, no bunting, no holiday crowds, no smart dress for officers and men.
这次集结的舰船数量比以往任何时候都多——216艘实战舰艇在皇家游艇前缓缓驶过——没有旗帜，没有彩旗，没有节日的人群，没有官兵的盛装。
Instead, the fleet was drawn up ready for battle, with decks cleared, guns uncovered, steam up, and magazines replenished.
相反，舰队已做好战斗准备，甲板已清理完毕，火炮已打开，蒸汽已启动，弹匣也已补充。
During the tense weeks in which the war clouds gathered over southern Europe this great fighting force remained in the British home waters, and when, at fifteen minutes after midnight on August 4, "Der Tag" had come, this fleet sailed under sealed orders.
在战争阴云笼罩南欧的紧张的几周里，这支强大的战斗力量一直留在英国本土水域，当8月4日午夜后十五分钟，“德塔格”号到来时，这支舰队在密封的命令下航行。
And throughout the seven seas there were sundry ships flying the Union Jack which immediately received orders by cable and by wireless.
在七大洋中，各种各样的船只都悬挂着英国国旗，它们立即通过电报和无线电接收命令。
Of the disposition of the naval forces of Germany less was known.
关于德国海军的部署，人们知之甚少。
Her greatest strength was concentrated in the North Sea, where the island of Helgoland, the Gibraltar of the north, and the Kiel Canal with its exits to the Baltic and North Seas, furnished excellently both as naval bases and impenetrable protection.
她最大的力量集中在北海，那里的黑尔戈兰岛、北部的直布罗陀以及通向波罗的海和北海的基尔运河，都提供了出色的海军基地和坚不可摧的保护。
Throughout the rest of the watery surface of the globe were eleven German warships, to which automatically fell the task of protecting the thousands of ships which, flying the German red, white, and black, were carrying freight and passengers from port to port.
遍布全球其余水域的十一艘德国战舰自然而然地承担起了保护数千艘船只的任务，这些船只悬挂着德国红、白、黑三色的旗帜，在港口之间运送货物和乘客。
The first naval movements in the Great War occurred on the morning of August 5, 1914.
第一次世界大战中的第一次海军行动发生在 1914 年 8 月 5 日上午。
The British ship _Drake_ cut two cables off the Azores which connected Germany with North and South America, thus leaving these eleven German fighting ships without communication with the German admiralty direct.
英国舰“德雷克”号切断了连接德国与北美和南美的亚速尔群岛的两条电缆，从而使这十一艘德国战舰无法与德国海军部直接联系。
And the war was not a day old between England and Germany before the German ship _Königin Luise_ was caught sowing mines off the eastern English ports by the British destroyer _Lance_.
英国和德国之间的战争还不到一天，德国舰艇“路易国王号”在英国东部港口布设水雷就被英国驱逐舰“兰斯号”发现。
CHAPTER XXXIII
第三十三章
FIRST BLOOD--BATTLE OF THE BIGHT
第一滴血——海湾之战
The Germans had taken heed of the value of mines from lessons learned at the cost of Russia in the war with Japan, and set about distributing these engines of destruction throughout the North Sea.
德国人从俄罗斯在与日本的战争中付出的代价中吸取了教训，注意到了水雷的价值，并开始在整个北海分布这些毁灭性的发动机。
The British admiralty knowing this, sent out a fleet of destroyers to scour home waters in search of German mine layers.
英国海军部知道这一点后，派出了一支驱逐舰舰队在本土海域搜寻德国布雷层。
About ten o'clock on the morning of August 5, 1914, Captain Fox, on board the _Amphion_, came up with a fishing boat which reported that it had seen a boat "throwing things overboard" along the east coast.
1914 年 8 月 5 日上午十点左右，安菲翁号上的福克斯船长来到一艘渔船上，渔船报告说，它看到一艘船沿着东海岸“把东西扔到海里”。
A flotilla, consisting of the _Lance_, _Laurel_, _Lark_ and _Linnet_, set out in search of the stranger and soon found her.
由_Lance_、_Laurel_、_Lark_和_Linnet_组成的小船队出发寻找这个陌生人，很快就找到了她。
She was the _Königin Luise_, and the things she was casting overboard were mines.
她是“路易丝国王”号，她扔到海里的东西是水雷。
The _Lance_ fired a shot across her bow to stop her, but she put on extra speed and made an attempt to escape.
长枪号向她的弓射了一枪以阻止她，但她加快了速度并试图逃跑。
A chase followed; the gunners on the British ship now fired to hit.
接下来是一场追逐。英国船上的炮手现在开火击中。
The first of these shots carried away the bridge of the German ship, a second shot missed, and a third and fourth hit her hull.
第一发炮弹打走了德国舰艇的舰桥，第二发炮弹未击中，第三发和第四发击中了她的船体。
Six minutes after the firing of the first shot her stern was shot away, and she went to the bottom, bow up.
第一发炮响六分钟后，她的船尾被击飞，她沉入海底，船头向上。
Fifty of her 130 men were picked up and brought to the English shore.
她的 130 名士兵中的 50 人被救起并带到了英国海岸。
The first naval blood of the Great War had been drawn by Britain on August 5, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 5 日，英国在第一次世界大战中流下了第一支海军的血。
The _Königin Luise's_ efforts had not been in vain.
路易丝国王号的努力没有白费。
She had posthumous revenge on the morning of August 6, when the _Amphion_, flagship of the third flotilla of destroyers, hit one of the mines which the German ship had sowed.
8月6日早上，她进行了死后复仇，当时第三驱逐舰舰队的旗舰安菲翁号击中了德国舰艇埋设的水雷之一。
It was seen immediately by her officers that she must sink; three minutes after her crew had left her there came a second explosion, which, throwing débris aloft, brought about the death of many of the British sailors in the small boats, as well as that of a German prisoner from the _Königin Luise_.
她的军官们立即看出她必须沉没；在她的船员离开她三分钟后，发生了第二次爆炸，碎片被抛向高处，导致小船上的许多英国水手以及国王路易丝号上的一名德国囚犯死亡。
All the world, with possibly the exception of the men in the German admiralty, now looked for a great decisive battle "between the giants" in the North Sea.
全世界，可能除了德国海军部的人之外，现在都在期待北海“巨人之间”的一场伟大的决定性战斗。
The British spoke of it as a coming second Trafalgar, but it was not to take place.
英国人称其为即将到来的第二次特拉法加，但它并没有发生。
For reasons of their own the Germans kept their larger and heavier ships within the protection of Helgoland and the Kiel Canal, but their ships of smaller type immediately became active and left German shores to do what damage they might to the British navy.
由于自身原因，德国人将其较大和较重的船只保留在黑尔戈兰岛和基尔运河的保护范围内，但他们的小型船只立即开始活跃并离开德国海岸，对英国海军造成可能的损害。
It was hoped, perhaps, that the naval forces of the two powers could be equalized and a battle fought on even terms after the Germans had cut down British advantage by a policy of attrition.
也许，在德国人通过消耗政策削弱了英国的优势之后，两国的海军力量能够达到平衡，并以平等的条件进行战斗。
A flotilla of German submarines on August 9 attacked a cruiser belonging to the main British fleet, but was unable to inflict any damage.
8 月 9 日，一支德国潜艇舰队袭击了英国主力舰队的一艘巡洋舰，但未能造成任何损害。
The lord mayor of the city of Birmingham received the following telegram the next morning: "Birmingham will be proud to learn that the first German submarine destroyed in the war was sunk by H.
第二天早上，伯明翰市市长收到了以下电报：“伯明翰将自豪地得知，在战争中被摧毁的第一艘德国潜艇是被 H.
M.
M。
S.
S。
_Birmingham_." Two shots from the British ship had struck the German _U-15_, and she sank immediately.
_伯明翰_。”英国舰艇的两发炮弹击中了德国_U-15_号，她立即沉没。
The German admiralty, even before England had declared war, suspected that the greatest use for the German navy in the months to come would be to fight the British navy, but they ventured to show their naval strength against Russia beforehand.
德国海军部甚至在英国宣战之前就怀疑德国海军在未来几个月的最大用途就是与英国海军作战，但他们却冒险提前向俄罗斯展示了自己的海军实力。
Early in August they sent the _Augsburg_ into the Baltic Sea to bombard the Russian port of Libau, but after doing a good bit of damage the German ship retired.
八月初，他们派遣奥格斯堡号进入波罗的海轰炸俄罗斯利鲍港，但在造成一定程度的破坏后，德国舰艇退役了。
It is probable that this raid was nothing more than a feint to remind Russia that she continually faced the danger of invasion from German troops landed on the Baltic shores under the cover of German ships, and that she must consequently keep a large force on her northern shores instead of sending it west to meet the German army on the border.
这次袭击很可能只是一个佯攻，目的是提醒俄罗斯，她不断面临着在德国船只掩护下登陆波罗的海沿岸的德国军队入侵的危险，因此她必须在其北部海岸保留一支大部队，而不是派往西边与德国军队在边境会师。
Among the German ships which were separated from the main fleet in the North Sea, and which were left without direct communication with the German admiralty after the cutting of the cables off the Azores by the _Drake_, were the cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_.
德雷克号切断亚速尔群岛的电缆后，在北海与主力舰队分离的德国船只中，有巡洋舰“格本”号和“布雷斯劳”号，无法与德国海军部直接联系。
When England declared war these two German ships were off the coast of Algeria.
当英国宣战时，这两艘德国船只正在阿尔及利亚海岸附近。
Both were very fast vessels, having a speed of 28 knots, and they were designed to go 6,000 knots without needing replenishment of their coal bunkers.
这两艘船的速度都非常快，航速为 28 节，设计航速为 6,000 节，无需补充煤仓。
On the morning of August 5, after having bombarded some of the coast cities of Algeria they found themselves cut off on the east by a French fleet and on the west by an English fleet, but by a very clever bit of stratagem they escaped.
8月5日早上，在轰炸了阿尔及利亚的一些沿海城市后，他们发现自己的东部被法国舰队切断，西部被英国舰队切断，但他们通过一个非常聪明的策略逃脱了。
The band of the _Goeben_ was placed on a raft and ordered on a given moment to play the German national airs after an appreciable period.
戈本号的乐队被安置在木筏上，并被命令在一段相当长的时间后在特定时刻演奏德国民族乐曲。
Meanwhile, under the cover of the night's darkness the two German ships steamed away.
与此同时，在夜色的掩护下，两艘德国船只驶走了。
After they had a good start the band on the raft began to play.
有了良好的开端后，木筏上的乐队开始演奏。
The British patrols heard the airs and immediately all British ships were searching for the source of the music.
英国巡逻队听到了音乐声，所有英国船只立即开始寻找音乐的来源。
To find a small raft in mid-sea was an impossible task, and while the enemy was engaged in it the two Germans headed for Messina, then a neutral port, which they reached successfully.
在海中央找到一个小木筏是一项不可能的任务，当敌人参与其中时，两个德国人成功地到达了当时的中立港口墨西拿。
The Italian authorities permitted them to remain there only twenty-four hours.
意大利当局只允许他们在那里停留二十四小时。
Before leaving they took a dramatic farewell, which received publicity in the press of the whole world, and which was designed to lead the British fleet commanders to believe that the Germans were coming out to do battle.
离开之前，他们进行了一场戏剧性的告别，全世界媒体都对此进行了宣传，目的是让英国舰队指挥官相信德国人即将出战。
Instead, they headed for Constantinople.
相反，他们前往君士坦丁堡。
They escaped all the ships of the British Mediterranean fleet with the exception of the cruiser _Gloucester_.
他们逃离了英国地中海舰队除格洛斯特号巡洋舰之外的所有船只。
With this ship they exchanged shots and were in turn slightly damaged, but they reached the Porte in seaworthy condition, and were immediately sold to the Turkish Government, which was then still neutral.
他们与这艘船交火并受到轻微损坏，但它们在适航状态下到达了门，并立即被卖给了当时仍保持中立的土耳其政府。
The crews were sent to Germany and were warmly welcomed at Berlin.
船员们被派往德国，并在柏林受到热烈欢迎。
The officers responsible for their escape were disciplined by the British authorities.
负责逃跑的警官受到了英国当局的纪律处分。
Both Germany and England, the former by means of the eleven ships at large, and the latter by means of her preponderance in the number of ships, now made great efforts to capture trading ships of the enemy.
德国和英国，前者凭借着11艘战舰，而后者则凭借着舰船数量上的优势，竭力夺取敌方的商船。
When England declared war there was issued a royal proclamation which stated that up to midnight of August 14 England would permit German merchantmen in British harbors to sail for home ports, provided Germany gave British merchantmen the same privilege, but it was specified that ships of over 5,000 tons would not receive the privilege because they could be converted into fighting ships afterward.
英国宣战时发布了一份皇家公告，规定在8月14日午夜之前，英国允许英国港口的德国商船驶回母港，前提是德国给予英国商船同样的特权，但规定5000吨以上的船只不会获得这种特权，因为它们随后可以改装成战舰。
But on the high seas enemy ships come upon were captured.
但在公海上遇到的敌舰均被俘获。
The German admiralty on August 1 had issued orders to German merchantmen to keep within neutral ports, and by this means such important ships as the _Friedrich der Grosse_ and the _Grosser Kurfürst_ eluded capture.
德国海军部于 8 月 1 日向德国商船发出命令，要求其留在中立港口内，这样，诸如“腓特烈大帝”号和“大选帝侯号”等重要船只就逃脱了捕获。
In the harbor of New York was the _Kronprinzessin Cecilie_, a fast steamer of 23.5 knots.
纽约港停泊着塞西莉王储号，这是一艘时速 23.5 节的快船。
She left New York on July 28 carrying a cargo of $10,000,000 in gold, and was on the high seas when England declared war.
7月28日，她载着价值1000万美元的黄金离开纽约，在英国宣战时正在公海上航行。
Naturally she was regarded by the British as a great prize, and the whole world awaited from day to day the news of her capture, but her captain, showing great resourcefulness, after nearly reaching the British Isles, turned her prow westward, darkened all exterior lights, put canvas over the port holes and succeeded in reaching Bar Harbor, Me., on the morning of August 5.
自然，她被英国人视为重奖，全世界日复一日地等待着她被捕的消息，但她的船长表现出足智多谋，在几乎到达不列颠群岛后，将船头向西转向，熄灭了所有外部灯光，在舷窗上铺上帆布，于8月5日早上成功抵达缅因州巴港。
Similarly the _Lusitania_ and the French liner _Lorraine_, leaving New York on August 5, were able to elude the German cruiser _Dresden_, which was performing the difficult task of trying to intercept merchantmen belonging to the Allies as they sailed from America, while she was keeping watch against warships flying the enemies' flags.
同样，8月5日离开纽约的卢西塔尼亚号和法国客轮洛林号也能够躲避德国巡洋舰德累斯顿号，当时德累斯顿号正在执行艰巨的任务，试图拦截从美国驶来的盟军商船，同时她还监视着悬挂敌方旗帜的军舰。
Still more important was the sailing from New York of the German liner _Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_.
更重要的是德国客轮“威廉皇帝号”从纽约启航。
This ship had a speed of 22.5 knots and a displacement of 14,349 tons.
该船航速22.5节，排水量14,349吨。
During the first week of the war she cleared the port of New York with what was believed to be a trade cargo, but she so soon afterward began harassing British trading ships that it was believed that she left port equipped as a vessel of war or fitted out as one in some other neutral port.
在战争的第一周，她带着据信是贸易货物的货物在纽约港清关，但不久之后她就开始骚扰英国商船，以至于人们相信她在离开港口时装备了战舰，或者在其他中立港口装备了战舰。
The continued story of the German raids on allied trading ships must form a separate part of this narrative.
德国袭击盟军商船的持续故事必须成为这个叙述的一个单独的部分。
It was only a month after the outbreak of hostilities that the fleets of the allied powers had swept clean the seven seas of all ships flying German and Austrian flags which were engaged in trade and not in warlike pursuits.
敌对行动爆发仅一个月后，盟军舰队就扫荡了七大洋中所有悬挂德国和奥地利国旗、从事贸易而非战争活动的船只。
The first naval battle of the Great War was fought on August 28, 1914.
第一次世界大战的第一次海战于 1914 年 8 月 28 日打响。
"A certain liveliness in the North Sea" was reported through the press by the British admiralty on the 19th of August.
英国海军部8月19日通过媒体报道称，“北海有些热闹”。
Many of the smaller vessels of the fleet of Admiral von Ingenohl, the German commander, such as destroyers, light cruisers, and scouting cruisers, were sighted.
德国司令冯·英格诺尔海军上将的舰队中的许多小型舰艇，例如驱逐舰、轻型巡洋舰和侦察巡洋舰，都被发现了。
Shots between these and English vessels of the same types were exchanged at long range, but a pitched battle did not come for still a week.
这些舰艇与英国同型舰艇之间进行了远距离交火，但激战一周后才开始。
Meanwhile the British navy had been doing its best to destroy the mine fields established by the Germans.
与此同时，英国海军一直在尽最大努力摧毁德国人设置的雷区。
Trawlers were sent out in pairs, dragging between them large cables which cut the mines from the sea-bottom moorings: On being loosened they came to the surface and were destroyed by shots from the trawlers' decks.
拖网渔船成对出动，在它们之间拖着大缆绳，将水雷从海底系泊处切断：松开后，它们浮出水面，并被拖网渔船甲板上的炮弹摧毁。
On the 28th of August came the battle off the Bight of Helgoland.
8 月 28 日，黑尔戈兰湾附近爆发了战斗。
The island of Helgoland had been a British possession from 1807 till 1890, when it was transferred to Germany by treaty.
从 1807 年到 1890 年，黑尔戈兰岛一直是英国的领土，1890 年根据条约将其转让给德国。
It was seen immediately by the Germans that it formed an excellent natural naval base, lying as it does, thirty-five miles northwest of Cuxhaven and forty-three miles north of Wilhelmshaven.
德国人立即发现，它是一个优秀的天然海军基地，位于库克斯港西北三十五英里、威廉港以北四十三英里处。
They at once began to augment the natural protection it afforded with their own devices.
他们立即开始用自己的设备增强自然保护。
Two Zeppelin sheds were erected, concrete forts were built and 12-inch guns were installed.
建造了两个齐柏林飞艇棚屋，建造了混凝土堡垒并安装了12英寸火炮。
The scene of the battle which took place here was the Bight of Helgoland, which formed a channel eighteen miles wide some seven miles north of the island and near which lay the line of travel for ships leaving the ports of the Elbe.
这里发生的战斗的地点是黑尔戈兰湾，该湾在该岛以北约七英里处形成了一条十八英里宽的航道，附近是离开易北河港口的船只的航行路线。
British submarines which had been doing reconnaissance work on the German coast since August 24 reported to the British commander, Admiral Jellicoe, that a large force of German light cruisers and smaller craft were lying under the protection of the Helgoland guns, and he immediately arranged plans for leading this force away from that protection in order to give it battle.
自8月24日起一直在德国海岸进行侦察工作的英国潜艇向英国指挥官杰利科海军上将报告称，一大群德国轻巡洋舰和小型船只正处于黑尔戈兰炮的保护之下，他立即安排了引导这支部队脱离保护的计划，以便与他们作战。
Briefly the plans made provided that three submarines were to proceed on the surface of the water to within sight of the German ships and when chased by the latter were to head westward.
简而言之，制定的计划规定三艘潜艇将在水面上行驶到德国舰艇的视线范围内，并在被后者追赶时向西行驶。
The light cruisers _Arethusa_ and _Fearless_ were detailed to run in behind any light German craft which were to follow the British submarines, endeavoring to cut them off from the German coast, and these two vessels were backed by a squadron of light cruisers held in readiness should the first two need assistance.
轻型巡洋舰阿雷图萨号和无畏号被指定追随任何跟随英国潜艇的轻型德国船只，努力切断它们与德国海岸的联系，这两艘船得到了一个轻型巡洋舰中队的支持，以防前两艘船需要援助。
Squadrons of cruisers and battle cruisers were detailed to stay in the rear, still further to the northwest, to engage any German ships of their own class which might get that far.
由巡洋舰和战列巡洋舰组成的中队被指定留在后方，更远的西北方向，以与任何可能到达那么远的同级德国舰艇交战。
It was at midnight on August 26 that Commodore Keyes moved toward Helgoland with eight submarines accompanied by two destroyers.
8月26日午夜，凯斯准将率领8艘潜艇和两艘驱逐舰前往黑尔戈兰岛。
During the next day--August 27--this force did nothing more than keep watch for German submarines and scouting craft, and then took up its allotted position for the main action.
第二天（8 月 27 日），这支部队除了监视德国潜艇和侦察艇外什么也没做，然后就进入了主要行动的分配位置。
The morning of the 28th broke misty and calm.
28日早晨，天空一片迷蒙，一片平静。
Under half steam three of the British submarines, the _E-6_, _E-7_, and _E-8_ steamed toward the island fortress, showing their hulls above water and followed by the two detailed destroyers.
三艘英国潜艇“E-6”、“E-7”和“E-8”以半功率驶向岛屿要塞，其船体露出水面，两艘驱逐舰紧随其后。
The mist thickened.
雾气变浓了。
Still more slowly and cautiously went the British submersibles, and while they went above water, five of their sister craft traveled under the surface.
英国潜水器的航行更加缓慢和谨慎，当它们浮出水面时，它们的五艘姊妹船在水面下航行。
Here was the bait for the German ships under Helgoland's guns.
这里是赫尔戈兰岛炮下德国船只的诱饵。
Would they bite?
他们会咬人吗？
The Germans soon gave the answer.
德国人很快给出了答案。
First there crept out a German destroyer which took a good look at the situation and then gave wireless signals to some twenty more of her type, which soon came out to join her.
首先，一艘德国驱逐舰悄悄出现，它仔细观察了情况，然后向大约二十艘同类型驱逐舰发出无线信号，这些驱逐舰很快也出来加入了她的行列。
The twenty-one little and speedy German boats bravely came out and chased the two British destroyers and three submarines, while a German seaplane slowly circled upward to see if the surrounding regions harbored enemies.
二十一艘小而快的德国船只勇敢地出来追击两艘英国驱逐舰和三艘潜艇，而一架德国水上飞机则缓慢地向上盘旋，看看周围是否有敌人。
Presumably the airman found what he sought for he soon flew back to report to Helgoland.
想必这名飞行员找到了他想要的东西，他很快飞回赫尔戈兰岛报告。
The peaceful aspect of the waters to the east of the island immediately changed, as a squadron of light cruisers weighed anchor and put out after the retiring Britishers.
岛东海域平静的面貌立即发生了变化，一队轻型巡洋舰起锚追击退役的英国人。
Before a description of the fighting can be given it is necessary to understand the plan of the fight as a whole.
在描述战斗之前，有必要了解整个战斗的计划。
Assuming that the page on which these words are printed represents a map of the North Sea and that the points of the compass are as they would be on an ordinary chart, we have the island of Helgoland, half an inch long and a quarter of an inch wide, situated in the lower right-hand corner of this page, with about half an inch separating its eastern side from the right edge of the page and the same distance separating it from the bottom.
假设打印这些文字的页面代表北海地图，并且指南针的点与普通海图上的位置相同，则我们可以看到赫尔戈兰岛，长半英寸，宽四分之一英寸，位于该页面的右下角，其东侧与页面右边缘的距离约为半英寸，与底部的距离相同。
The lower edge of the page may represent the adjoining coasts of Germany and Holland, and the right-hand edge may represent the coast of the German province of Schleswig and the coast of Denmark.
页面的下边缘可以代表德国和荷兰的毗邻海岸，并且右侧边缘可以代表德国石勒苏益格省的海岸和丹麦的海岸。
At seven o'clock on the morning of August 28 the positions of the fighting forces were as follows: The decoy British submarines were making a track from Helgoland to the northwest, pursued by a flotilla of German submarines, destroyers, and torpedo boats, and a fleet of light cruisers.
8 月 28 日早上 7 点，战斗部队的位置如下：英国诱饵潜艇从黑尔戈兰岛向西北航行，德国潜艇、驱逐舰、鱼雷艇和轻巡洋舰组成的舰队紧追不舍。
On the west--the left edge of the page, halfway up--there were the British cruisers _Arethusa_ and _Fearless_ accompanied by flotillas, and steaming eastward at a rate that brought them to the rear of the German squadron of light cruisers, thus cutting off the latter from the fortress.
在西边——页面的左边缘，中间位置——有英国巡洋舰“阿雷图萨号”和“无畏号”，由小舰队陪同，以一定的速度向东航行，使它们到达德国轻巡洋舰中队的后方，从而切断了后者与堡垒的联系。
In the southwest--the lower left-hand corner of the page--there was stationed a squadron of British cruisers, ready to close in when needed; in the northwest--the upper left-hand corner of the page--there were stationed a squadron of British light cruisers and another of battle cruisers, and it was toward these last two units that the decoys were leading the German fleets.
在西南方——页面的左下角——驻扎着一个英国巡洋舰中队，随时准备在需要时接近；在西北面——页面的左上角——驻扎着一个英国轻型巡洋舰中队和另一个战列巡洋舰中队，诱饵部队正带领德国舰队驶向这最后两支舰队。
The _Arethusa_ and _Fearless_ felt the first shock of battle, on the side of the British.
_Arethusa_ 和_Fearless_ 感受到了战斗的第一次冲击，站在英国人一边。
The German cruiser _Ariadne_ closed with the former, while the latter soon found itself very busy with the German cruiser _Strassburg_.
德国巡洋舰阿里阿德涅号与前者接近，而后者很快发现自己非常忙于德国巡洋舰斯特拉斯堡号。
For thirty-five minutes--before the _Fearless_ drew the fire of the _Strassburg_--the two German vessels poured a telling fire into the _Arethusa_, and the latter was soon in bad condition, but she managed to hold out till succored by the _Fearless_, and then planted a shell against the _Ariadne_ which carried away her forebridge and killed her captain.
在无畏号引燃斯特拉斯堡号之前的三十五分钟内，两艘德国舰艇向阿瑞图萨号倾泻了猛烈的火力，后者很快就陷入了困境，但她设法坚持到了无畏号的救援，然后向阿里阿德涅号发射了一枚炮弹，这枚炮弹夺走了她的前桥并杀死了她的船长。
The scouting which had been done by the smaller craft of the German fleets showed their commanders that there were other British ships in the neighborhood besides the two they had first engaged, and it was thought wiser to withdraw in face of possible reenforcement of the British, consequently the _Strassburg_ and _Ariadne_ turned eastward to seek the protection of the fortress.
德国舰队较小的船只进行的侦察向他们的指挥官表明，除了他们首先交战的两艘之外，附近还有其他英国船只，并且认为面对英国可能增援的情况下撤退更为明智，因此斯特拉斯堡号和阿里阿德涅号转向东去寻求堡垒的保护。
The _Arethusa_, a boat that had been in commission but a week when the battle was fought, was in a bad way; all but one of her guns were out of action, her water tank had been punctured and fire was raging on her main deck amidships.
阿瑞图萨号是一艘在战斗打响时才服役一周的船，情况很糟糕。除了一门炮外，她的所有火炮均已失效，水箱被刺穿，船中部的主甲板上熊熊燃烧。
The _Fearless_ passed her a cable at nine o'clock and towed her westward, away from the scene of action, while her crew made what repairs they could.
无畏号在九点钟给了她一根缆绳，并将她向西拖离行动现场，同时她的船员们尽其所能进行修理。
The flotillas of both sides had meanwhile been busy.
与此同时，双方的舰队都在忙碌着。
At the head of the squadron of German destroyers that came out of the waters behind Helgoland was the _V-187_.
从黑尔戈兰岛后方水域驶出的德国驱逐舰中队的领头舰是_V-187_。
Without slacking speed she steamed straight for the British destroyers, her small guns spitting rapidly, but she was outnumbered by British destroyers, which poured such an amount of steel into her thin sides that she went under, her guns firing till their muzzles touched the water and her crew cheering as they went to their deaths.
她没有放慢速度，径直向英国驱逐舰驶去，她的小炮快速射出，但英国驱逐舰在数量上超过了她，英国驱逐舰将如此多的钢材倾注到她薄弱的侧面，导致她沉没，她的炮一直开火，直到枪口接触到水面，她的船员在死亡时欢呼。
A few managed to keep afloat on wreckage, and during a lull in the fighting, which lasted from nine o'clock till ten, boats were lowered from the British destroyers _Goshawk_ and _Defender_ to pick up these stranded German sailors.
一些人设法在残骸上漂浮，在从九点一直持续到十点的战斗间歇期间，英国驱逐舰苍鹰号和卫士号上放下船只来接这些被困的德国水手。
The commanders of the German fleet, perceiving these small boats from afar, thought that the British were resorting to the old principle of boarding, and the German light cruiser _Mainz_ came out to fire upon them.
德国舰队的指挥官从远处看到这些小船，认为英国人正在诉诸旧的登船原则，德国轻型巡洋舰美因茨号出来向它们开火。
Two of the British small boats had to be abandoned as their mother ships made off before the oncoming German.
两艘英国小船不得不被抛弃，因为它们的母船在迎面而来的德国船面前离开了。
They were in a perilous position, right beneath the guns of the fortress.
他们处于危险的位置，就在要塞的炮火之下。
But now a daring and unique rescue took place.
但现在，一场大胆而独特的营救行动发生了。
The commander of the British submarine _E-4_ had been watching the fighting through the periscope of his craft, and seeing the helpless position of the two small boats, he submerged, made toward them, and then, to the great surprise of the men in them, came up right between them and took their occupants aboard his boat.
英国潜艇_E-4_的指挥官一直通过他的潜艇的潜望镜观察战斗，看到两艘小船的无助位置，他潜入水中，向它们驶去，然后，令船上的人大吃一惊的是，他正好出现在它们之间，并将它们的乘客带上他的艇。
Repairs had been made on the _Arethusa_ which enabled her to go into action again by ten o'clock.
_Arethusa_号已经修复完毕，使其能够在十点钟之前再次投入行动。
Accompanied again by two light cruisers of ten four-inch guns and the _Fearless_, she turned westward in answer to calls for assistance from the destroyers _Lurcher_ and _Firedrake_, which accompanied the submarines and which reported that they were being chased by fast German cruisers.
她再次在两艘配备十门四英寸火炮的轻型巡洋舰和无畏号的护航下转向西行，以响应驱逐舰鲁彻尔号和火龙号的求援，这两个驱逐舰伴随着潜艇，并报告说它们正在被快速的德国巡洋舰追赶。
Suddenly the light cruiser _Strassburg_ again came out of the mist and bore down on the British cruisers.
突然，斯特拉斯堡号轻型巡洋舰再次从迷雾中冲出，向英国巡洋舰猛冲过来。
Her larger guns were too heavy and had too long a range for those of the British craft, and the latter immediately sent out calls which brought into action for the first time certain ships belonging to the squadron of British light cruisers, which had been stationed to the northwest--the upper left-hand corner of the page.
她的大型火炮对于英国舰艇来说太重，射程太远，英国舰艇立即发出呼叫，使驻扎在西北（页面左上角）的英国轻型巡洋舰中队的某些舰艇首次投入行动。
The vessels which answered the calls were the light cruisers _Falmouth_ and _Nottingham_ with eight eight-inch and nine six-inch guns respectively, but before arriving the _Strassburg_ still had time to inflict more damage on the _Arethusa_.
响应呼叫的船只是轻型巡洋舰法尔茅斯号和诺丁汉号，分别配备八门八英寸炮和九门六英寸炮，但在抵达之前斯特拉斯堡号仍有时间对阿雷图萨号造成更多伤害。
The cruisers _Köln_ and _Mainz_ joined the _Strassburg_, and the British vessels were having a bad time of it when their commander ordered the _Fearless_ to concentrate all fire on the _Strassburg_.
巡洋舰科隆号和美因茨号加入了斯特拉斯堡号，当英国舰艇的指挥官命令无畏号将所有火力集中在斯特拉斯堡号时，英国舰艇正经历着一段糟糕的时光。
This, and a concentrated fire from the destroyers, proved too strong for her and she turned eastward, disappearing in the mist off Helgoland.
事实证明，这一点以及驱逐舰的集中火力对她来说太强大了，她转向东方，消失在黑尔戈兰岛附近的薄雾中。
The _Mainz_ then received the attention of all available British guns, including the battle cruiser _Lion_, and soon fire broke out within her hold.
随后，美因茨号受到了包括狮子号战列巡洋舰在内的所有英国火炮的注意，很快她的货舱内就起火了。
Next her foremast, slowly tottering and then inclining more and more, crashed down upon her deck, a distorted mass.
接下来，她的前桅慢慢摇晃，然后越来越倾斜，摔在甲板上，变成一团扭曲的东西。
Following that came down one of her funnels.
接下来是她的一个漏斗。
The fire which was raging aboard her was hampering her machinery, and her speed slackened; the moment to strike with a torpedo had come, and one of these "steel fishes" was sent against her hull below water.
船上熊熊燃烧的火焰阻碍了她的机器，她的速度也减慢了。用鱼雷攻击的时刻已经到来，其中一艘“钢鱼”被发射到水下的船体上。
In the explosion which followed one of her boilers came out through her deck, ascended some fifty feet and dropped down near her bow; her engines stopped, and she began to settle slowly, her bow going down first.
在随后发生的爆炸中，她的一台锅炉从甲板上冲了出来，上升了大约五十英尺，落到了她的船头附近；她的引擎停止了，她开始慢慢地稳定下来，她的船头首先下降。
It was now noon.
现在已经是中午了。
From behind the veil of the surrounding mist came the _Falmouth_ and _Nottingham_, which with the guns in their turrets completely finished the hapless _Mainz_, and their sailors openly admired the bravery of her crew, which, while she sank, maintained perfect order and sang the German national air.
法尔茅斯号和诺丁汉号从周围的薄雾后面驶来，它们的炮塔里的火炮彻底消灭了倒霉的美因茨号，它们的水手们公开钦佩她的船员们的勇敢，在她沉没的同时，他们仍然保持着完美的秩序，唱着德国民族的歌谣。
There was yet the _Köln_ with which the _Arethusa_ had to do battle.
还有科隆号，阿雷图萨号必须与之交战。
But by now the heavy British battle cruisers _Lion_ and _Queen Mary_ had also come down from the northwest to take part in the fighting, and letting the _Arethusa_ escape from the range of the light cruiser _Köln_, they went for the German, which, overpowered, fled toward Helgoland.
但此时，英国重型战列巡洋舰“狮子”号和“玛丽女王”号也从西北过来参加战斗，让“阿瑞图萨”号逃离了轻型巡洋舰“科隆”号的射程，他们去攻击德国人，德国人被击败后逃往黑尔戈兰岛。
While the chase was on the _Ariadne_ again made her appearance and came to the aid of the _Köln_, but the light cruiser _Ariadne_ carried no gun as effective in destructive power as the 13.5-inch guns of the _Lion_, and she, too, had to seek safety in flight.
当追逐在阿里阿德涅号上再次出现并前来援助科隆号时，但是轻型巡洋舰阿里阿德涅号没有携带像狮号的 13.5 英寸火炮那样有效的火炮，因此她也必须在飞行中寻求安全。
The British ships then finished the _Köln_; so badly was she hit that when the British small boats sought the spot where she quickly sank they found not a man of her crew afloat.
英国舰艇随后完成了科隆号；她受到的打击如此严重，以至于当英国小船寻找她很快沉没的地方时，他们发现船上没有一个人漂浮。
Every man of the 370 of her crew perished.
370 名船员全部遇难。
The afternoon came, and with its advent the mist, which had kept the guns of Helgoland's forts out of action, had cleared off the calm waters of the North Sea.
下午到来了，随着它的到来，原本使赫尔戈兰要塞的火炮无法发挥作用的薄雾也清除了北海平静的海水。
By the time the sun had set only floating wreckage gave evidence that here brave men had fought and died.
当太阳落山时，只有漂浮的残骸证明勇敢的人们曾经在这里战斗并牺牲过。
By evening the respective forces were in their home ports, being treated for their hurts.
到了晚上，相关部队就已抵达各自的港口，接受伤势治疗。
The Germans had lost the _Mainz_, _Köln_, and _Ariadne_, and the _Strassburg_ had limped home.
德国人失去了“美因茨”号、“科隆”号和“阿里阿德涅”号，而“斯特拉斯堡”号则一瘸一拐地回家了。
The loss in destroyers and other small craft in addition to that of the _V-187_ was not known.
除了 _V-187_ 之外，驱逐舰和其他小型船只的损失尚不清楚。
The loss on the British side had not entailed that of a large ship, but the _Arethusa_ when she returned to her home port was far from being in good condition, and some of the smaller boats were in the same circumstances.
英国方面的损失并不是大型船只的损失，但阿雷图萨号返回母港时的状况远非良好，一些较小的船只也有同样的情况。
Admiral von Ingenohl was committed more strongly than ever, as a result of this engagement, to the belief that the best policy for his command would be to keep his squadrons within the protection afforded by Helgoland and that the most damage could be done to the enemy by picking off her larger ships one by one.
由于这次交战，冯·英格诺尔海军上将比以往任何时候都更加坚定地相信，他的指挥部的最佳政策是让他的中队处于黑尔戈兰岛的保护范围内，并且通过一艘一艘地摧毁敌人的大型舰艇可以对敌人造成最大的伤害。
In other words, he again turned to the policy of attrition.
换句话说，他再次转向消耗政策。
He immediately put it into force.
他立即付诸实施。
On the 3d of September the British gunboat _Speedy_ struck a mine in the North Sea and went down.
9月3日，英国炮舰_Speedy_在北海触雷并沉没。
It was only two days later that the light cruiser _Pathfinder_ was made the true target of a torpedo fired by a German submarine off the British eastern coast, and she, too, went to the bottom.
仅仅两天后，探路者号轻巡洋舰就成为英国东海岸一艘德国潜艇发射鱼雷的真正目标，她也沉入海底。
But the British immediately retaliated, for the submarine _E-9_ sighted the German light cruiser _Hela_ weathering a bad storm on September 13 between Helgoland and the Frisian coast.
但英国立即进行了报复，因为 9 月 13 日，E-9 号潜艇在赫尔戈兰岛和弗里斯兰海岸之间发现了正在经历一场猛烈风暴的德国轻巡洋舰海拉号。
A torpedo was launched and found its mark, and the _Hela_ joined the _Köln_ and _Mainz_.
一枚鱼雷发射并找到目标，海拉号加入了科隆号和美因茨号。
Up to this point the results of attrition were even, but the Germans scored heavily during the following week.
到目前为止，消耗的结果是均匀的，但德国人在接下来的一周得分很高。
On September 22 the three slow British cruisers _Cressy_, _Hogue_, and _Aboukir_ were patrolling the waters off the Dutch coast, unaccompanied by small craft of any kind, when suddenly, at half past six in the morning, the _Aboukir_ crumpled and sank, the victim of another submarine attack.
9月22日，三艘缓慢的英国巡洋舰克雷西号、霍格号和阿布基尔号正在荷兰海岸附近海域巡逻，没有任何小型船只的陪伴，突然，早上六点半，阿布基尔号崩溃沉没，成为另一次潜艇袭击的受害者。
But the commander of the _Hogue_ thought she had been sunk by hitting a mine, and innocently approached the spot of the disaster to rescue such of the crew of the _Aboukir_ as were afloat.
但霍格号的指挥官以为她是因触雷而沉没，并天真地接近灾难现场，营救阿布基尔号漂浮的船员。
The work of mercy was never completed, for the _Hogue_ itself was hit by two torpedoes in the next few moments, and she joined her sister ship.
仁慈的工作从未完成，因为霍格号本身在接下来的几分钟内被两枚鱼雷击中，她加入了她的姊妹舰。
The commander of the _Cressy_, failing to take a lesson from what he had witnessed, now approached, and his ship was also hit by two torpedoes, making the third victim of the German policy of attrition within an hour, and Captain Lieutenant von Weddigen, commander of the _U-9_, which had done this work, immediately became a German hero.
克雷西号的指挥官没有从他所目睹的事情中吸取教训，现在接近了，他的船也被两枚鱼雷击中，成为德国消耗政策在一小时内的第三个受害者，而完成这项工作的_U-9_号指挥官冯韦迪根上尉中尉立即成为德国英雄。
CHAPTER XXXIV
第三十四章
BATTLES ON THREE SEAS
三海之战
So stood the score in the naval warfare in the North Sea at the end of the second month of the Great War.
第一次世界大战第二个月末，北海海战的比分就是如此。
But while these events were taking place in the waters of Europe, others of equal import had been taking place in the waters of Asia.
但是，虽然这些事件发生在欧洲水域，但其他同等重要的事件也发生在亚洲水域。
On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and immediately set about scouring the East for German craft of all kinds.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，日本向德国宣战，并立即开始在东方搜寻各种德国船只。
Japan brought to the naval strength of the Allied powers no mean unit.
日本给同盟国带来了不小的海军力量。
Hers was the only navy in the world which had seen the ultramodern battleships in action; the Russian navy which had had the same experience was no more.
她的海军是世界上唯一一支见证过超现代战列舰实战的海军；曾经有过同样经历的俄罗斯海军已经不复存在了。
Eight of her first-class battleships were, at the time of her entrance into the Great War, veterans of the war with Russia.
在她参加第一次世界大战时，她的八艘一流战列舰都是与俄罗斯战争的老兵。
The _Fugi_, _Asahi_, _Kikasa_, and _Shikishima_ had gone into the former war as Japanese ships, and the remaining four had gone into it as Russian ships, but had been captured by the Japanese.
富士号、朝日号、木笠号和敷岛号作为日本舰艇参加了前次战争，其余四艘作为俄罗斯舰艇参加了战争，但被日本人俘获。
These were the _Hizen_, _Sagami_, _Suwo_, and _Iwami_.
这些是_肥前_、_相模_、_Suwo_和_Iwami_。
Their value was not great, for the _Fugi_ had been launched as far back as 1896.
它们的价值并不大，因为_Fugi_ 早在 1896 年就已经下水了。
Nevertheless she carried 12-inch guns and displaced 12,300 tons.
尽管如此，她还是携带了 12 英寸火炮，排水量为 12,300 吨。
But her speed was only 17 knots at the most.
但她的航速最多只有17节。
She had been built in England as had the _Asahi_ and _Shikishima_, which were launched in 1900 and 1901.
她与 1900 年和 1901 年下水的“朝日号”和“敷岛号”一样，都是在英国建造的。
They also carried 12-inch guns and had a speed of 18.5 knots.
他们还携带 12 英寸火炮，航速为 18.5 节。
Their tonnage was 15,000.
他们的吨位为15,000。
Admiral Togo's former flagship, the _Mikasa_, was also of the predreadnought type, having been built in 1900, and carrying a main battery of 12-inch guns.
东哥海军上将的前旗舰“三笠”号也是前无畏舰型，建于 1900 年，搭载 12 英寸火炮主炮。
Her speed was 18.5 knots.
她的航速为 18.5 节。
Of the former Russian ships the rechristened _Iwami_ was of French build, protected with Krupp steel armor to the thickness of 7.5 inches.
在前俄罗斯舰艇中，重新命名的“石见”号是法国建造的，采用厚度为 7.5 英寸的克虏伯钢装甲保护。
Her displacement was 13,600 tons, and her speed 18 knots.
她的排水量为13,600吨，航速为18节。
Like the other ships of this class in the Japanese navy, she carried a main battery of 12-inch guns.
与日本海军的其他同级舰艇一样，她配备了一个由 12 英寸火炮组成的主炮。
The _Hizen_ was an American product, having been built by Cramps in 1902.
_Hizen_ 是美国产品，由 Cramps 于 1902 年建造。
Her displacement was 12,700 tons, made a speed of 18.5 knots, was also protected with Krupp steel and carried four 10-inch guns.
她的排水量为 12,700 吨，航速为 18.5 节，也采用克虏伯钢保护，并携带四门 10 英寸火炮。
She was a real veteran, for she had undergone repairs necessitated by having been torpedoed off Port Arthur and had been refloated after being sunk in later action there.
她是一位真正的老兵，因为她在亚瑟港附近被鱼雷击中而进行了必要的修理，并在后来在那里的行动中沉没后又重新浮出水面。
The _Sagami_ and the _Suwo_ had been built in 1901 and 1902.
相模号和Suwo号分别建于1901年和1902年。
They displaced 13,500 tons, had a speed of 18.5 knots, and carried as their heaviest armament 10-inch guns.
它们的排水量为 13,500 吨，航速为 18.5 节，最重的武器是 10 英寸火炮。
In addition to these eight ships Japan had also nine protected cruisers, all of the same type and all veterans of the war with Russia.
除了这八艘舰艇之外，日本还有九艘防护巡洋舰，全部是同一类型，并且都是与俄罗斯战争的老兵。
They were of such strength and endurance that the Japanese admiralty rated them capable of taking places in the first line of battle.
他们的力量和耐力如此之强，以至于日本海军部认为他们有能力参加第一线战斗。
These were the _Nisshin_ and _Kasuga_, purchased from Italy and built in 1904, displacing 7,700 tons, and making a speed of 22 knots; the _Aso_, French built and captured from the Russians, and of the same design and measurements as the other two; and the protected cruisers _Yakumo_, _Asama_, _Idzumo_, _Tokiwa_, _Aguma_, and _Iwate_, built before the war with Russia, slightly heavier than their sister ships but not as fast.
这些是_Nisshin_ 和_Kasuga_，从意大利购买，建于1904 年，排水量7,700 吨，航速22 节；阿苏号是法国建造的，是从俄罗斯人手中夺取的，其设计和尺寸与其他两艘相同；以及与俄罗斯战争前建造的防护巡洋舰_八云_、_浅间_、_出云_、_常盘_、_阿古玛_和_岩手_，比它们的姐妹舰稍重，但速度不那么快。
None of this type has been added to the Japanese navy since 1907.
自 1907 年以来，日本海军就没有再加入过这种类型的舰艇。
Japan has, instead, given attention to scouting cruisers, with the result that she possessed three excellent vessels of this class, the _Yahagi_, _Chikuma_, and _Hirato_, with the good speed of 26 knots and displacing 5,000 tons.
日本则重视侦察巡洋舰，拥有矢萩号、千曲号、平户号三艘优秀的此类舰艇，航速高达26节，排水量5000吨。
They were built in 1912.
它们建于 1912 年。
And not so efficient were the other ships of similar design, the _Soya_, built in America, _Tone_ and _Tsugaru_.
而其他类似设计的船只，例如美国建造的_Soya_号、_Tone_号和_Tsugaru_号，效率就不那么高了。
The veteran Japanese navy was supplemented with 52 destroyers and 15 submarines, all built since the war with Russia, and a number of heavier vessels.
经验丰富的日本海军补充了 52 艘驱逐舰和 15 艘潜艇，这些都是自与俄罗斯战争以来建造的，以及一些重型舰艇。
Among the latter were the first-class battleships _Kashima_ and _Katori_, completed in 1906, and displacing 16,400 tons.
其中，一级战列舰鹿岛号和香取号于 1906 年竣工，排水量 16,400 吨。
Their heavy guns measured 12 inches, and they made a speed of 19.5 knots.
他们的重炮长 12 英寸，航速为 19.5 节。
There were also the vessels _Ikoma_ and _Tsukuba_, individual in type, with corresponding kinds in no other navy, and which might be called a cross between an armored cruiser and battle cruiser.
还有“生驹”号和“筑波”号舰艇，它们的型号各不相同，没有其他海军有相应的型号，可以说是装甲巡洋舰和战列巡洋舰的结合体。
Though displacing no more than 13,766 tons, they carried four 12-inch guns, and made the comparatively low speed of 20.5 knots.
虽然排水量不超过 13,766 吨，但它们携带四门 12 英寸火炮，航速相对较低，为 20.5 节。
In 1909 and 1910 the Japanese added two more ships of this kind to their navy, the _Ibuki_ and _Kurama_, slightly heavier and faster and with the same armament.
1909 年和 1910 年，日本在其海军中又增加了两艘此类舰艇：“伊吹”号和“鞍马”号，它们稍重、更快，并配备相同的武器。
The dreadnought _Satsuma_ also came in 1910--a vessel displacing 19,400 tons, but making a speed of only 18.2 knots, and with an extraordinarily heavy main battery consisting of four 12-inch guns and twelve 10-inch guns.
无畏舰萨摩号也于 1910 年问世，排水量为 19,400 吨，但航速仅为 18.2 节，主炮极其重型，由四门 12 英寸火炮和十二门 10 英寸火炮组成。
The _Aki_, launched in 1911, was 400 tons heavier than the _Satsuma_, and was more than 2 knots faster, and her main battery was equally strong.
1911 年下水的秋号比萨摩号重 400 吨，速度快 2 节多，主炮也同样强大。
The dreadnoughts _Settsu_ and _Kawachi_, completed in 1913 and 1912 respectively, displaced 21,420 tons, but were able to make not more than 20 knots.
无畏舰摄津号和河内号分别于 1913 年和 1912 年完工，排水量为 21,420 吨，但航速不超过 20 节。
At this time the Japanese admiralty, perhaps on account of lessons learned in the war with Russia, was building dreadnoughts with less speed than those in the other navies, but with much heavier main batteries.
此时，日本海军部也许是吸取了与俄罗斯战争的教训，正在建造速度低于其他海军的无畏舰，但主炮要重得多。
These two vessels carried a unique main battery of twelve 12-inch guns, along with others of smaller measurement.
这两艘船携带了一个独特的主炮，由 12 门 12 英寸火炮以及其他较小尺寸的火炮组成。
What the dreadnoughts lacked in speed was made up in that of four battle cruisers launched after 1912.
无畏舰速度上的不足是由 1912 年之后下水的四艘战列巡洋舰弥补的。
These were the _Kirishima_, _Kongo_, _Hi-Yei_, and _Haruna_, with the good speed of 28 knots.
这些是“雾岛”号、“刚果”号、“Hi-Yei”号和“榛名”号，航速高达 28 节。
Their displacement was 27,500 tons, and they carried in their primary batteries eight 14-inch guns and sixteen 6-inch guns.
它们的排水量为 27,500 吨，主炮配备 8 门 14 英寸火炮和 16 门 6 英寸火炮。
At the time Japan entered the war she had in building four superdreadnoughts with the tremendous displacement of 30,600 tons.
日本参战时已建造了四艘排水量高达 30,600 吨的超级无畏舰。
These vessels, the _Mitsubishi_, _Yukosaka_, _Kure_, and _Kawasaki_, had been designed to carry a main battery of the strength of the U.S.S.
这些舰艇，即“三菱”号、“汤坂”号、“吴”号和“川崎”号，被设计用来携带美国海军实力的主炮。
_Pennsylvania_, and to have a speed of 22.5 knots.
_宾夕法尼亚州_，速度为 22.5 节。
The first move of the Japanese navy in the Great War was to cooperate with the army in besieging the German town of Kiaochaw on the Shantung Peninsula in China, but the operation was soon more military than naval.
日本海军在一战中的第一个举动是配合陆军围攻位于中国山东半岛的德国城镇胶州，但这一行动很快就变得军事化而非海军化。
Japanese warships captured Bonham Island in the group known as the Marshall Islands, and, having cleared eastern waters of German warships, scoured the Pacific in such a manner as to chase those which escaped into the regions patrolled by the British navy.
日本军舰占领了马绍尔群岛中的博纳姆岛，并在清除了东部水域的德国军舰后，在太平洋上搜寻了那些逃入英国海军巡逻地区的军舰。
The German vessels which made their escape were among the eleven which were separated from the rest of Germany's navy in the North Sea at the outbreak of hostilities.
敌对行动爆发时，逃亡的德国船只是在北海与德国海军其他船只失散的 11 艘船只之一。
They were, with the exception of the _Dresden_, the _Leipzig_, _Nürnberg_, _Scharnhorst_, and _Gneisenau_.
除德累斯顿号外，它们分别是莱比锡号、纽伦堡号、沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号。
It was weeks before they were first reported--on September 22 at the harbor of Papeete, where they destroyed the French gunboat _Zelie_, and after putting again to sea their location was once more a mystery.
几周后，他们首次被报道——9 月 22 日，他们在帕皮提港摧毁了法国炮舰 _Zelie_，在再次出海后，他们的位置再次成为一个谜。
On the evening of November 1 a British squadron consisting of the vessels _Good Hope_, _Otranto_, _Glasgow_, and _Monmouth_, all except the _Good Hope_ coming through the straits, sighted the enemy.
11 月 1 日晚，由“好望号”号、“奥特朗托号”、“格拉斯哥号”和“蒙茅斯号”号舰艇组成的英国分舰队（除了“好望号”号外）均通过海峡发现了敌人。
The British ships lined up abreast and proceeded in a northeasterly direction.
英国船只并排排列，向东北方向前进。
The Germans took up the same alignment eight miles to the westward of the British ships and proceeded southward at full speed.
德国人在英国舰艇以西八英里处采取了同样的路线，并全速向南前进。
Both forces opened fire at a distance of 12,000 yards shortly after six o'clock off Coronel near the coast of Chile.
六点刚过，双方部队在智利海岸附近的科罗内尔附近12,000码处开火。
The _Gneisenau_ was struck by a 9.2-inch shot from the _Good Hope_.
格奈森瑙号被好望号发射的 9.2 英寸炮弹击中。
The _Scharnhorst_ and _Gneisenau_ picked the _Good Hope_ as their first target, but finding that they could do no damage at that range and that they were safe from the fire of the British ship, they came to within 6,000 yards of her.
沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号选择了好望号作为他们的第一个目标，但发现在这个射程内他们无法造成任何伤害，并且可以安全地避开英国舰艇的火力，于是他们来到了距离好望号 6,000 码以内的地方。
Her fire in reply was augmented by that of the _Monmouth_.
她的还击火力因蒙茅斯号的火力而增强。
Excellent aim on the part of the Germans soon had the _Good Hope_ out of action, and fire broke out aboard her.
德国人的出色瞄准很快就让好望号失去了行动，船上起火了。
Soon after general action her magazine exploded.
总体行动后不久，她的杂志就爆炸了。
The _Monmouth_ then received the brunt of the fire from the German ships, and came in for more than her share of the destructive fire, being put virtually out of action, and at the same time there occurred an explosion on board the _Good Hope_ and she sank immediately, carrying Admiral Cradock to his death.
随后，蒙茅斯号受到了德国舰艇的首当其冲，并遭受了超过其应有的破坏性火力，几乎无法继续行动，与此同时，好望角号上发生爆炸，她立即沉没，克拉多克海军上将身亡。
There remained of the British force only the _Otranto_--a converted liner and not really a battleship of the line--the _Glasgow_ and the hopelessly disabled _Monmouth_ to continue the fight with an efficient German force.
英军只剩下奥特朗托号——一艘经过改装的客轮，而不是真正的战列舰——格拉斯哥号和完全瘫痪的蒙茅斯号，继续与一支高效的德军作战。
The British commander ordered the former two to get away by making speed, but the officer in charge of the _Glasgow_, paying no heed to the order, kept in the fight.
英国指挥官命令前两人加速离开，但负责格拉斯哥号的军官没有理睬命令，继续战斗。
[Illustration: The famous German raider "Emden" beached on one of the Cocos Islands after being wrecked by the "Sydney's" shells.]
【图解：德国著名袭击舰“埃姆登”号被“悉尼”号炮弹击沉后搁浅在科科斯群岛之一。
Dusk was then coming on and the _Glasgow_ sought to take advantage of it by getting between the German ships and the limping _Monmouth_, concealing the latter from them with her smoke.
黄昏即将到来，格拉斯哥号试图利用这一时机，进入德国舰艇和跛行的蒙茅斯号之间，用烟雾将后者隐藏起来。
But the Germans had now come to within 4,500 yards.
但德国人现在已经来到了 4,500 码以内。
To escape possible attack from torpedoes the German ships spread out their line, but perceiving that such a danger was not present, they again closed in to finish the crippled British ships.
为了躲避可能的鱼雷攻击，德国舰艇分散了战线，但在意识到这种危险并不存在后，他们再次逼近，以消灭受损的英国舰艇。
All of the German ships now went for the _Glasgow_, and she had to desert the _Monmouth_, which first sailed northward, in bad condition, and later made an attempt to run ashore at Santa Maria, but was unable to do so.
现在所有的德国舰只都前往格拉斯哥号，她不得不抛弃蒙茅斯号，蒙茅斯号先是向北航行，状况很差，后来又试图在圣玛丽亚号上岸，但未能成功。
The inevitable "if" played its part in the battle.
不可避免的“如果”在这场战斗中发挥了作用。
When the British fleet first went after the Germans it had as one of its units the battleship _Canopus_.
当英国舰队第一次追击德国人时，它的舰队之一是“老人星”号战列舰。
But her speed was not up to that of the other ships, and she fell far to their stern.
但她的速度比不上其他船，她远远地落在了他们的船尾。
By the time the action was on she was too distant to take part in it.
当活动开始时，她距离太远，无法参与其中。
No attempt was made to go together owing to the slowness of the battleship.
由于战列舰速度缓慢，没有尝试并肩前进。
The _Canopus_ was never in the action at all, being 150 miles astern.
老人号根本没有参与行动，位于后方 150 英里处。
Had Cradock not desired to he need not have taken on the action but retired in the _Canopus_.
如果克拉多克不愿意，他就不必采取行动，而是在_Canopus_中退休。
The setting of the sun also played its part; if daylight had continued some hours more the British squadron might have held out till the _Canopus_ brought up, for the almost horizontal rays of the sun were in the eyes of the German gunners.
太阳的落山也起了一定的作用。如果白天再持续几个小时，英国分舰队可能会坚持到老人星升起，因为几乎水平的太阳光线照在德国炮手的眼睛里。
But as it dropped below the watery horizon it left the British ships silhouetted against a clear outline.
但当它下降到地平线以下时，英国船只的轮廓就清晰可见。
The _Canopus_ did not get into the fight, and the greatest concern of the _Glasgow_ as she steamed off was to warn the British battleship to keep off, for of less speed than the German ships, and outnumbered by them, her appearance meant her destruction.
老人号没有参加战斗，而格拉斯哥号在启航时最关心的是警告英国战列舰不要靠近，因为它的速度比德国舰只慢，而且数量也不如德国舰只，她的出现就意味着她的毁灭。
The _Glasgow_, later joined by the _Canopus_, arrived in battered condition at the Falkland Islands.
格拉斯哥号后来与老人星号会合，在受损的情况下抵达福克兰群岛。
The _Monmouth_, after the main action was over, was found and finished by the German squadron and went down.
主要行动结束后，蒙茅斯号被德国中队发现并击落并沉没。
Seventy shots were fired at her when she lay sinking, on fire and helpless, and unable to fire her guns.
当她躺在地上时，七十发子弹正在下沉，她着火了，无助，无法开枪。
Germany had evened the score in the second battle between fleets.
德国队在第二次舰队交战中扳平了比分。
The _Dresden_ after the Falkland action took refuge in Fiordes of Terra del Fuego and after being there for a couple of months proceeded to the head of the Island of Juan Fernandez where she was found by the _Glasgow_, _Kent_ and auxiliary cruiser _Orama_ and was destroyed.
福克兰群岛行动后，德累斯顿号在火地岛的峡湾避难，在那里停留了几个月后，前往胡安·费尔南德斯岛的顶端，在那里被格拉斯哥号、肯特号和辅助巡洋舰奥拉马号发现并被摧毁。
Most remarkable had been the career of the German third-class cruiser _Nürnberg_, which had joined the other German ships that went to make up the German squadron which fought in this battle off Coronel.
最引人注目的是德国三级巡洋舰纽伦堡号的职业生涯，它与其他德国舰艇一起组成了在科罗内尔附近战斗的德国分舰队。
This vessel, on the day after Germany and England went to war, was lying near Yap, an island in the Pacific, that had been, until captured by the Japanese, the wireless station of most importance to the Germans in the Pacific Ocean.
德国和英国开战后的第二天，这艘船停泊在太平洋上的雅浦岛附近，在被日本占领之前，该岛一直是太平洋上德国人最重要的无线电站。
She immediately, after being apprised that she was part of a navy engaged in a war, set sail and was not reported again until the 7th of September, when she appeared at Fanning Island, a cable station maintained by Britain, and from which cables run to Vancouver to the east and Australia to the west.
在得知她是参与战争的海军的一员后，她立即起航，直到9月7日才再次被报道，当时她出现在英国维护的范宁岛电缆站，电缆东至温哥华，西至澳大利亚。
Here she hid her identity by entering the harbor flying the tricolor of France and appearing as though she was making a friendly visit.
在这里，她隐藏了自己的身份，飘扬着法国三色旗进入港口，看上去就像是在进行友好访问。
Officials on the island, happy to think they would have such a visitor, saw two cutters leave the warship.
岛上的官员很高兴看到这样一位访客，他们看到两艘快艇离开了军舰。
Great was the surprise of those watching events from the shore when they saw the French flag lowered from the masthead of the visitor and in its place the German naval ensign run up.
当那些在岸上观看事件的人们看到法国国旗从来访者的桅顶降下并取而代之的是德国海军旗时，他们感到非常惊讶。
The cutters were just about reaching knee-deep water at the shore when this surprise came, and it was augmented when, with the protection of the guns of the vessel, the men in these cutters showed themselves to be a hostile landing party.
当快艇即将到达岸边齐膝深的海水时，这种意外发生了，而在船上火炮的保护下，快艇上的人表现出自己是一支敌对的登陆部队，这让意外更加严重。
Her presence was not reported to the rest of the world for the good reason that she cut all cables leading from the island.
她的存在没有被报道给世界其他地方，因为她切断了所有从岛上通向的电缆。
All the British men there were put under guard, and after damaging all cable instruments she could find, the _Nürnberg_, accompanied by a collier that had come with her, again took to the high seas.
那里的所有英国人都受到了看守，在损坏了她能找到的所有电缆仪器后，纽伦堡号在一艘随行的煤船的陪伴下，再次驶向公海。
She next turned up at the island of St. Felix, 300 miles west of the Chilean coast, but did not come to the harbor.
她接下来出现在智利海岸以西 300 英里的圣菲利克斯岛，但没有到达港口。
During the night of October 14 the inhabitants of that island saw the flash and heard the roar of an explosion miles out to sea, and for a number of days later they picked up on their beach the wreckage of what must have been a collier.
10 月 14 日夜间，岛上的居民看到了闪光，听到了数英里外的爆炸声，几天后，他们在海滩上发现了一艘煤船的残骸。
As has been related in preceding paragraphs, the _Nürnberg_ took part in that fight.
正如前几段所述，纽伦堡号参加了那场战斗。
The end of her career came in the battle off the Falkland Islands, which will be dealt with later.
她的职业生涯在福克兰群岛附近的战斗中结束，这将在稍后讨论。
CHAPTER XXXV
第三十五章
THE GERMAN SEA RAIDERS
德国海袭者
While British men-o'-war were capturing German merchantmen and taking them to British ports, the German raiders which were abroad were earning terrifying reputations for themselves because the enemy merchantmen with which they came upon had to be destroyed on the high seas, for there were no ports to which they could be taken.
当英国战舰俘获德国商船并将其带到英国港口时，在国外的德国袭击者却为自己赢得了可怕的声誉，因为他们遇到的敌方商船必须在公海被摧毁，因为没有港口可以将他们带到那里。
Prominent among these was the _Königsberg_, a third-class cruiser.
其中最突出的是三级巡洋舰柯尼斯堡号。
When the war came she was in Asiatic waters and immediately made the east coast of Africa her "beat." While patrolling it she came upon two British merchant ships, and after taking from their stores such supplies as were needed she sent them to the bottom.
战争爆发时，她正身处亚洲海域，并立即将非洲东海岸作为她的“攻击目标”。在巡逻时，她遇到了两艘英国商船，从他们的商店中取出了所需的物资后，她把它们送到了海底。
On September 20, 1914, she made a dash into the harbor of Zanzibar and found there the British cruiser _Pegasus_, which on account of her age was undergoing a complete overhauling.
1914 年 9 月 20 日，她冲进桑给巴尔港，在那里发现了英国巡洋舰“飞马号”，由于其年龄原因，该舰正在进行彻底检修。
She was easy prey for the German ship, for besides the fact that she was stationary her guns were of shorter range than those of her adversary.
她很容易成为德国舰艇的猎物，因为除了她静止不动之外，她的火炮射程比她的对手更短。
Shell after shell tore into her till she was battered beyond all resemblance to a fighting craft.
一枚又一枚的炮弹撕扯着她，直到她被打得不像一艘战斗机。
But her flag flew till the end, for though it was shot down from the masthead, two marines held it aloft, one of them losing his life.
但她的旗帜一直飘扬到最后，尽管它从桅顶被击落，但两名海军陆战队员将其高高举起，其中一人丧生。
And when the _Königsberg_, her task of destruction complete, sailed off, the lone marine still held up the Union Jack.
当柯尼斯堡号完成了她的摧毁任务并扬帆离去时，孤独的海军陆战队员仍然举着英国国旗。
The British ships in those waters made a systematic hunt for her and located her at last, on the 30th of October.
英国船只在这些水域对她进行了系统的搜寻，并于 10 月 30 日终于找到了她。
She was hiding in her favorite rendezvous, some miles up the Rufigi River in German East Africa.
她躲在她最喜欢的地点，位于德属东非鲁菲吉河上游几英里处。
The ship which found her was the _Chatham_, a second-class cruiser, with a draft much heavier than that of the _Königsberg_, and the difference gave the latter a good advantage, for she ran up the river and her enemy could not follow.
发现她的船是查塔姆号，一艘二等巡洋舰，吃水比柯尼斯堡号重得多，这种差异给后者带来了很大的优势，因为她沿河而上，敌人无法跟上。
Nor could the English ship use her guns with much effect, for the gunners could not make out the hull of the German ship through the tropical vegetation along the river banks.
英国舰艇的火炮也无法发挥多大作用，因为炮手无法透过河岸的热带植被辨认出德国舰艇的船体。
All that the British ship could do was to fire shells in her general direction and then guess what effect they had.
这艘英国船所能做的就是朝她的大致方向发射炮弹，然后猜测它们会产生什么效果。
But to prevent her escape, colliers were sunk at the mouth of the river.
但为了防止她逃跑，在河口沉没了煤船。
She had come to as inglorious an end as her victim, the _Pegasus_.
她的结局和她的受害者“飞马号”一样不光彩。
The account of another raider, the _Kronprinz Wilhelm_, which left New York on the evening that England declared war, with her bunkers loaded with coal and other supplies for warships, has already been related.
另一艘袭击者“威廉王储号”的描述已经与英国宣战当晚离开纽约，其掩体中装载着煤炭和其他军舰补给品有关。
The mystery concerning this sailing was cleared up when she was caught coaling the _Karlsruhe_ in the Atlantic.
当她被发现在大西洋给卡尔斯鲁厄号涂煤时，这次航行的谜团就被解开了。
Both ships made off in safety that time, and soon after a British cruiser reported that she had been heard in wireless communication with the _Dresden_.
当时两艘船都安全离开，不久之后一艘英国巡洋舰报告说有人听到她与德累斯顿号进行无线通信。
Thereafter the fate of this ship remained a mystery till she put in at Hampton Roads on April 11, 1915.
此后，这艘船的命运一直是个谜，直到 1915 年 4 月 11 日她在汉普顿路停靠。
Most spectacular was the career of the _Emden_, a third-class cruiser, which sailed from Japanese waters at the same time as the _Königsberg_.
最引人注目的是三级巡洋舰埃姆登号的生涯，它与柯尼斯堡号同时从日本水域航行。
Through the ability of her commander, Captain Karl von Müller, she earned the soubriquet "Terror of the East," for by using a clever system of supply ships she was able to raid eastern waters for ten weeks without making a port or otherwise running the risk of leaving a clue by which British ships might find her.
凭借其指挥官卡尔·冯·穆勒船长的能力，她赢得了“东方恐怖”的绰号，因为通过使用巧妙的补给船系统，她能够袭击东部水域十周，而无需建立港口或冒着留下英国船只可能找到她的线索的风险。
Her favorite occupation was that of stopping enemy merchantmen which she sank.
她最喜欢的工作是阻止被她击沉的敌方商船。
But her captain always allowed one--the last one--of her prizes to remain afloat, and in this he sent to the nearest port the officers, passengers, and crews of those that were destroyed.
但她的船长总是允许她的一件——最后一件——她的战利品继续漂浮，并在这过程中将被摧毁的军官、乘客和船员送往最近的港口。
At times he used prizes as colliers, putting them under command of his petty officers.
有时他把战利品当作煤矿工人，让他们听从下级军官的指挥。
By way of diversion, Captain von Müller steamed into the harbor of Madras in the Bay of Bengal and opened with his guns on the suburbs of the town, setting on fire two huge oil tanks there.
为了转移注意力，冯·穆勒船长驶入孟加拉湾的马德拉斯港，向该镇郊区开枪，点燃了那里的两个巨大油罐。
The fort there returned the fire, but the _Emden_ after half an hour sailed away unharmed.
那里的堡垒进行了还击，但半小时后埃姆登号毫发无伤地驶走了。
She had been enabled to come near the British guns on shore by flying the French flag, which she continued to display until her guns began to boom.
她通过悬挂法国国旗得以接近岸上的英国炮兵，她继续展示法国国旗，直到她的炮开始轰鸣。
She then left the waters of Bengal Bay, but not before she had ended the journey of $30,000,000 worth of exports to India, and had sent to the bottom of the sea some $15,000,000 worth of imports.
随后，她离开了孟加拉湾水域，但在此之前，她结束了向印度出口价值3000万美元的货物的旅程，并将价值约1500万美元的进口货物送入海底。
Twenty-one steamers had been her victims, their total value having been about $3,250,000, and their cargoes were worth at least $15,000,000.
二十一艘轮船成为她的受害者，它们的总价值约为 3,250,000 美元，其中货物价值至少为 15,000,000 美元。
Very expensive the British found her, and they were willing to go to any length to end her career.
英国人非常昂贵地找到了她，他们愿意不惜一切代价来结束她的职业生涯。
They curtailed her activities somewhat when the _Yarmouth_ captured the converted liner _Markomannia_, which was one of her colliers, and recaptured the Greek freighter _Pontoporos_, which had been doing the same duty.
当“雅茅斯”号俘获了改装后的班轮“马科曼尼亚号”（它是她的一艘煤船），并重新俘获了一直在执行同样任务的希腊货轮“蓬托波罗斯号”时，他们在一定程度上限制了她的活动。
This took place off the coast of Sumatra.
这发生在苏门答腊岛海岸附近。
But Von Müller was undaunted, even though his coal problem was becoming serious.
但冯·穆勒毫不畏惧，尽管他的煤炭问题正变得越来越严重。
He knew that the _Yarmouth_ had sailed from Penang near Malacca and that she was not at that base, since she was searching for his own vessel.
他知道雅茅斯号是从马六甲附近的槟城出发的，而且她并不在那个基地，因为她正在寻找他自己的船只。
He therefore conceived the daring exploit of making a visit to Penang while the _Yarmouth_ was still away.
因此，他萌生了趁雅茅斯号还在航行时前往槟城的大胆尝试。
He came within ten miles of the harbor on the 28th of October, and disguised his ship by erecting a false funnel made of canvas upheld by a wooden frame, much like theatrical scenery.
10 月 28 日，他来到距港口不到 10 英里的地方，用木架支撑着一个用帆布制成的假漏斗来伪装他的船，就像戏剧布景一样。
This gave the _Emden_ four funnels, such as the _Yarmouth_ carried.
这给埃姆登号提供了四个烟囱，就像雅茅斯号所携带的那样。
Coming into the harbor in the twilight of the dawn, she was taken by those on shore to be the British ship, not a hostile gun ready for her.
在黎明的暮色中，她进入港口，岸上的人以为她是英国船，而不是为她准备的敌方大炮。
Lying in the harbor was the Russian cruiser _Jemchug_ and three French destroyers and a gunboat.
港口里停泊着俄罗斯巡洋舰耶姆楚格号、三艘法国驱逐舰和一艘炮艇。
The watch on the Russian ship questioned her, and was told by the wireless operator on the _Emden_ that she was the _Yarmouth_ returning to anchor.
俄罗斯船上的值班人员对她进行了询问，埃姆登号上的无线电操作员告诉她，她是正在返回锚地的雅茅斯号。
By this ruse the German ship was enabled to come within 600 yards of the Russian ship before the false funnel was discovered.
通过这个诡计，在假漏斗被发现之前，德国舰艇能够进入距离俄罗斯舰艇 600 码以内的范围。
Fire immediately spurted from the Russian guns, but a torpedo from the _Emden_ struck the _Jemchug's_ engine room and made it impossible for her crew to get ammunition to her guns.
俄罗斯炮立即开火，但埃姆登号的一枚鱼雷击中了杰姆楚格号的发动机舱，导致其船员无法为舰炮获取弹药。
Von Müller poured steel into her from a distance of 250 yards with terrible effect.
冯·穆勒 (Von Müller) 从 250 码的距离向她倾注钢铁，产生了可怕的效果。
The Russian ship's list put many of her guns out of action, and she was unable to deliver an effective reply.
俄罗斯舰艇的名单使其许多火炮无法发挥作用，她无法做出有效的答复。
Another torpedo from the _Emden_ exploded her magazine.
来自埃姆登号的另一枚鱼雷炸毁了她的弹药库。
Fifteen minutes after the firing of the first shot the Russian had gone to the bottom.
发射第一枪十五分钟后，俄罗斯人已经沉入海底。
Von Müller now put the prow of the _Emden_ to sea again, for he feared that both the _Yarmouth_ and the French cruiser _Dupleix_ had by then been summoned by wireless.
冯·穆勒现在将“埃姆登”号的船头再次投入海上，因为他担心“雅茅斯”号和法国巡洋舰“杜普利克斯”号此时已被无线电召唤。
Luck was with him.
幸运与他同在。
Half an hour after leaving the harbor he sighted a ship flying a red flag, which showed him at once that she was carrying a cargo of powder.
离开港口半小时后，他看到一艘悬挂着红旗的船，这立即表明她载着一批火药。
He badly needed the ammunition, and he prepared to capture her.
他急需弹药，他准备抓捕她。
But this operation was interrupted by a mirage, which caused the small French destroyer _Mosquet_ to appear like a huge battleship.
但这次行动被海市蜃楼打断了，导致法国小型驱逐舰“清真寺”号看起来像一艘巨大的战列舰。
When he discovered the truth, Von Müller closed with the Frenchman, who came to the rescue of the _Glenturret_, the powder ship.
当冯·穆勒发现真相后，他与前来营救火药船_Glenturret_的法国人结下了不解之缘。
Destroyer and cruiser closed for a fight, the former trying to get close enough to make work with torpedoes possible, but the long range of the _Emden's_ guns prevented this, and the _Mosquet_ was badly damaged by having her engine room hit.
驱逐舰和巡洋舰接近战斗，前者试图靠得足够近，以便能够使用鱼雷，但埃姆登号火炮的远射程阻止了这一点，而清真寺号则因机舱被击中而严重受损。
Soon she was in a bad way, and Von Müller ordered his guns silenced, thinking the destroyer would now give up the fight.
很快她的处境就变得很糟糕，冯·穆勒下令关闭他的炮火，认为驱逐舰现在会放弃战斗。
But the Frenchman was valiant and refused to do so; he let go with two torpedoes which did not find their mark, and was immediately subjected to a withering fire, which caused his ship to sink, bow first.
但法国人很勇敢，拒绝这样做。他发射了两枚鱼雷，但没有找到目标，立即遭到烈火的攻击，导致他的船首先沉没。
One of the destroyers which had been in the harbor now came out to take issue with the _Emden_, but it was the business of the latter to continue destroying merchant ships and not to run the risk of having her career ended by a warship, so she immediately put off for the Indian Ocean.
原本停泊在港口的一艘驱逐舰现在出来向埃姆登号提出异议，但埃姆登号的任务是继续摧毁商船，而不是冒着被一艘军舰结束职业生涯的风险，所以她立即向印度洋驶去。
A storm which then came up permitted her to make a better escape.
随后发生的一场暴风雨使她得以更好地逃脱。
It was not until the 9th of November that the world at large heard more of her, and it proved to be the last day of her reign of terror.
直到 11 月 9 日，全世界才更多地听到她的消息，事实证明，这是她恐怖统治的最后一天。
There was a British wireless and cable station on the Cocos (Keeling) Isles, southwest of Java, and Von Müller had determined to interrupt the communication maintained there connecting India, Australia, and South Africa.
在爪哇西南部的科科斯（基林）群岛上有一个英国无线电和有线电视站，冯·穆勒决定中断那里连接印度、澳大利亚和南非的通信。
Forty men and three officers, with three machine guns, were detailed by him as a landing party to destroy instruments and cut the cables.
他派出四十名男子和三名军官，带着三挺机枪，作为登陆部队摧毁仪器并切断电缆。
But such a thing had been partially forestalled by the British authorities, who had set up false cable ends.
但这样的事情已经被英国当局部分阻止，他们设置了假电缆末端。
These were destroyed by the deceived Germans.
这些都被受骗的德国人摧毁了。
When the _Emden_ had first made her appearance the news had been sent out by the wireless operator on shore, not knowing what ships would pick up his calls.
当埃姆登号第一次出现时，岸上的无线电操作员已经将消息发送出去，但不知道哪些船只会接听他的电话。
This time luck was against Von Müller, for it so happened that a convoy of troop ships from Australia was passing within one hundred miles.
这次冯·穆勒的运气不好，因为一百英里内正好有一支来自澳大利亚的军舰船队经过。
They were accompanied by the Australian cruisers _Melbourne_ and _Sydney_.
随行的还有澳大利亚巡洋舰_墨尔本_和_悉尼_。
The latter was dispatched to go to the Cocos Islands, and by getting up a speed of 26 knots she reached them in less than three hours.
后者被派往科科斯群岛，以 26 节的速度在不到三个小时内到达了那里。
Von Müller knew that escape by flight was impossible, for his ship had been weeks at sea; her boilers were crusted, her machinery badly in need of repair, and she had not too much coal.
冯·穆勒知道逃跑是不可能的，因为他的船已经在海上航行了几个星期。她的锅炉结痂了，她的机器急需修理，而且她没有太多的煤炭。
He therefore decided to give battle, and went straight for the _Sydney_ at full speed.
因此，他决定战斗，全速直奔悉尼号。
His object was to meet her on even terms, for her advantage was that her guns had much greater range than those of the _Emden_.
他的目标是以平等的条件与她会面，因为她的优势是她的火炮射程比埃姆登号大得多。
If he could get close enough he might be able to use his torpedo tubes.
如果他能靠得足够近，他也许能够使用鱼雷发射管。
But Captain Glossop of the _Sydney_ saw through this maneuver and maintained good distance between the two ships.
但悉尼号的格洛索普船长看穿了这一举动，并在两艘船之间保持了良好的距离。
About the first shot from the _Emden_ killed the man at the range finder on the fore bridge of the _Sydney_.
埃姆登号的第一发子弹杀死了悉尼号前桥上测距仪上的男子。
Captain Glossop was standing within a few feet of him at the time.
格洛索普船长当时就站在距离他几英尺的地方。
The replies from the Australian ship were fatal.
澳大利亚船只的答复是致命的。
The foremost funnel of the _Emden_ crumpled and fell; her fire almost ceased, and then she began to burn; the second funnel and the third fell also; there was nothing left but to beach her, which Von Müller did, just before noon.
埃姆登号最前面的烟囱塌陷了；她的火几乎熄灭了，然后她开始燃烧。第二个漏斗和第三个漏斗也落了下来；冯·穆勒在中午之前就这么做了，除了把她搁浅之外别无他法。
While she lay there helpless the _Sydney_ shot more steel into her, leaving her quite helpless, and then went off to chase a merchant ship which had been sighted during the fighting and which, when caught, proved to be the British ship _Buresk_, now manned by Germans and doing duty as collier to the _Emden_.
当她无助地躺在那里时，悉尼号向她发射了更多的钢材，让她非常无助，然后去追一艘在战斗中被发现的商船，当被抓住时，证明是英国船“布列斯克号”，现在由德国人操纵，作为埃姆登号的运煤船。
Returning to the latter, Captain Glossop saw that she still flew the German flag at her masthead.
回到后者，格罗索普船长发现她的桅顶上仍然飘扬着德国国旗。
He signaled her, asking whether she would surrender, but receiving no reply after waiting five minutes he let her have a few more salvos.
他向她示意，问她是否投降，但等了五分钟没有得到答复，他让她再射击几枪。
The German flag came down and the white flag went up in its place.
德国国旗降下，白旗升起。
The _Jemchug_ had been avenged, and the terribly costly career of the _Emden_ brought to an end.
杰姆楚格号已经报了仇，埃姆登号代价高昂的生涯也结束了。
Von Müller was taken prisoner, and on account of his valor was permitted to keep his sword.
冯·穆勒被俘，由于他的勇敢，他被允许保留他的剑。
But the landing party, which had cut the false cables, was still at large.
但切断假电缆的登陆队仍然逍遥法外。
The adventures of these three officers and forty men form a separate story, which will be narrated later.
这三名军官、四十名士兵的冒险经历，构成一个单独的故事，稍后叙述。
CHAPTER XXXVI
第三十六章
BATTLE OFF THE FALKLANDS
福克兰群岛之战
The defeat of the British squadron back in the first week of November had sorely tried the patience of the British public, and the admiralty felt the necessity of retrieving faith in the navy.
11 月第一周英国分舰队的失败极大地考验了英国公众的耐心，海军部感到有必要恢复对海军的信心。
Von Spee was still master of the waters near the Horn, and till his ships had again been met the British could not boast of being rulers of the waves.
冯·斯佩仍然是非洲之角附近海域的主人，在他的船只再次遭遇之前，英国人不能自夸自己是波浪的统治者。
Consequently Admiral Fisher detailed the two battle cruisers _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_ to go to the Falkland Islands.
因此，费舍尔海军上将派出两艘战列巡洋舰“无敌号”和“不灵活号”前往福克兰群岛。
They left England November 11, 1914, and on the outward journey met with and took along the light cruisers _Carnarvon_, _Kent_, and _Cornwall_, the second-class cruiser _Bristol_, and the converted liner _Macedonia_.
他们于 1914 年 11 月 11 日离开英国，在出发途中遇到并搭载了轻型巡洋舰卡那封号、肯特号和康沃尔号、二等巡洋舰布里斯托尔号和改装客轮马其顿号。
The _Canopus_ and the _Glasgow_, now repaired, all joined the squadron, which was commanded by Admiral Sturdee.
现已修复的_Canopus_号和_Glasgow_号都加入了由斯特迪海军上将指挥的分舰队。
The vessels coaled at Stanley, Falkland Islands, and while so engaged on December 8 were warned by a civilian volunteer watcher on a near-by hill that two strange vessels had made their appearance in the distance.
这些船只在福克兰群岛的斯坦利加煤，12 月 8 日，附近一座山上的一名平民志愿者观察员警告说，远处出现了两艘奇怪的船只。
British naval officers identified them and other vessels which were coming into view as the ships of Von Spee's squadron, the one which had been victorious off Coronel.
英国海军军官确认这些船只和其他进入视野的船只是冯·斯佩分舰队的船只，该分舰队在科罗内尔附近取得了胜利。
During the interval that had elapsed since that engagement these German ships had not been idle.
在那次交战之后的这段时间里，这些德国舰艇并没有闲着。
Von Spee knew that the _Glasgow_ had gone to the Falklands and that there were important wireless stations there, but he put off going after those prizes and picked up others.
冯·斯佩知道格拉斯哥号已经前往福克兰群岛，那里有重要的无线电台，但他推迟了对这些战利品的追求，并获得了其他战利品。
The _Nürnberg_ had cut communication between Banfield and Fanning Islands.
纽伦堡号切断了班菲尔德岛和范宁群岛之间的通讯。
Two British trading ships had fallen victims to the _Dresden_, and four more had met the same end at the hands of the _Leipzig_.
两艘英国商船成为德累斯顿号的受害者，另外四艘英国商船在莱比锡号手中也遭遇了同样的结局。
For coal and other supplies Von Spee had been relying on the Chilean ports, but now came trouble between him and the port authorities, for England was accusing the South American nation of acting without regard to neutrality.
对于煤炭和其他供应，冯·施佩一直依赖智利港口，但现在他和港口当局之间出现了麻烦，因为英国指责这个南美国家不顾中立性行事。
It was for this reason that Von Spee turned southward to take the Falkland Islands.
正是因为这个原因，冯·施佩才转向南下，夺取了福克兰群岛。
The world at large, and of course Von Spee, had no knowledge of the ships which had set out from Plymouth for the Falklands on the eleventh of the month, so he approached in full expectation of making not only a raid but for occupation.
全世界，当然还有冯·施佩，对本月十一日从普利茅斯出发前往福克兰群岛的船只一无所知，因此他满怀期待地接近，不仅进行袭击，而且占领。
He knew that he would have to exchange shots with the _Glasgow_ and perhaps some small ships, and he believed the islands weakly defended by forts, but there was nothing in that to defer his attack.
他知道他将不得不与格拉斯哥号或许还有一些小船交火，而且他相信这些岛屿的堡垒防御薄弱，但这并不能推迟他的攻击。
The result--the lookout near Stanley had reported the oncoming warships _Gneisenau_ and _Scharnhorst_, followed by the rest of the German squadron.
结果——斯坦利附近的了望台报告了格奈森瑙号和沙恩霍斯特号战舰迎面而来，随后是德国分舰队的其余舰艇。
German guns were trained on the wireless station, and great was the surprise of the unfortunate Von Spee and his officers when there was heard the booming of guns which they knew immediately must be mounted on warships larger than their own.
德国的火炮是在无线电台上进行训练的，当不幸的冯·施佩和他的军官们听到炮火的轰鸣声时，他们立即知道这些炮一定安装在比他们自己的军舰上更大的炮弹上，这让他们大吃一惊。
Their scouting had been defective, and the presence of the _Inflexible_ and _Invincible_ had till then not been discovered.
他们的侦察有缺陷，直到那时才发现“不屈”号和“无敌”号的存在。
They then reasoned that these were the guns of the _Canopus_--a critical and fatal error.
然后他们推断这些是老人号的火炮——这是一个严重且致命的错误。
The _Canopus_ from behind the hills fired on the German ships in an endeavor to protect the wireless station.
老人号从山后向德国船只开火，试图保护无线电站。
Beyond the range of her guns hovered the lighter German cruisers _Dresden_, _Leipzig_, and _Nürnberg_ to await the outcoming of the _Glasgow_.
在她的火炮射程之外，德国轻型巡洋舰德累斯顿号、莱比锡号和纽伦堡号盘旋着，等待着格拉斯哥号的到来。
Both the _Gneisenau_ and _Scharnhorst_ concentrated their fire on the _Canopus_, and when the _Glasgow_, accompanied by the _Carnarvon_, _Cornwall_, and _Kent_, made her appearance it did not change the battle formation of the Germans, for the _Canopus_ was still the only large vessel they were aware of.
格奈森瑙号和沙恩霍斯特号都将火力集中在老人星号上，而当格拉斯哥号在卡那封号、康沃尔号和肯特号的陪伴下出现时，德国人的战斗阵型并没有改变，因为老人星号仍然是他们所知道的唯一大型船只。
Now the _Leipzig_ came nearer in order to take up the fight with the lighter British ships.
现在莱比锡号靠得更近，以便与较轻的英国舰艇展开战斗。
By nine in the morning the German ships were drawn out in single file, running parallel with the shore in a northeasterly direction.
到了早上九点，德国船只排成一列，与海岸平行地向东北方向行驶。
At the head of the line was the _Gneisenau_, followed by the _Dresden_, _Scharnhorst_, _Nürnberg_, and _Leipzig_, in that order.
排在最前面的是格奈森瑙号，随后依次是德累斯顿号、沙恩霍斯特号、纽伦堡号和莱比锡号。
They thought that this would entice what they believed to be the whole of the British force present into coming out for a running fight, and in which the old _Canopus_ would be left behind to be finished after the lighter vessels were done for.
他们认为这会引诱他们认为在场的整个英国部队出来进行一场连续战斗，而在轻型船只完成后，旧的老人星将被留下来完成。
But all this time the _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_ were silent with their guns, though there was bustle enough aboard them while their coaling was being hurried.
但自始至终，无敌号和不屈号都没有开炮，尽管在匆忙加煤的过程中，船上已经足够热闹了。
By ten o'clock these two larger ships were ready with steam up and decks cleared, and they came out from behind the hill.
到了十点钟，这两艘较大的船已准备就绪，已准备好蒸汽，甲板也已清理干净，它们从山后出来了。
Von Spee saw that discretion was the better part of valor and gave orders for his ships to make off at full speed.
冯·施佩认为谨慎是勇敢的重要组成部分，因此下令他的船只全速起飞。
For a time the two squadrons kept parallel to each other at a distance of twelve miles, with the British squadron--the _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_ leading--north of the German ships.
有一段时间，两个分舰队以十二英里的距离保持平行，英国分舰队——无敌号和不屈号在前面——在德国舰只的北边。
The _Baden_ and _Santa Isabel_, two transports that had been part of the German squadron, were unable to keep up with the others and headed south, pursued by the _Bristol_ and _Macedonia_.
德国分舰队的两艘运输舰巴登号和圣伊莎贝尔号无法跟上其他运输舰，在布里斯托尔号和马其顿号的追击下向南航行。
The two British battle cruisers were faster than any other ships in either squadron, and while pulling up on the German ships were in danger of pulling away from their own ships.
两艘英国战列巡洋舰的速度比任何一个中队中的任何其他舰艇都快，在拉近德国舰艇时，有脱离自己舰艇的危险。
To avoid the latter, Admiral Sturdee kept down their speed and was content with taking a little longer to get within gun range of Von Spee's ships.
为了避免后者，斯特迪海军上将放慢了速度，并满足于花更长的时间才能进入冯·施佩舰艇的射程内。
By two o'clock the distance between them was about 16,000 yards; the _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_ had now left the rest of the British squadron far behind and took issue with the _Scharnhorst_ and _Gneisenau_ respectively.
到两点钟时，他们之间的距离约为 16,000 码；现在，“无敌”号和“不灵活”号已将英国分舰队的其余舰艇远远抛在了后面，并分别与“沙恩霍斯特”号和“格奈森瑙”号发生了冲突。
The remaining British ships, with the exception of the _Carnarvon_, gave attention to the three lighter German cruisers and the _Eitel Friedrich_, which had broken from the first formation and were now pointing southeast.
除卡那封号外，其余的英国舰艇都将注意力集中在三艘轻型德国巡洋舰和艾特尔·弗里德里希号上，后者已脱离第一编队，现在指向东南方向。
Von Spee ordered the _Scharnhorst_ and _Gneisenau_ to turn broadside to the enemy.
冯·施佩命令沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号转向舷侧攻击敌人。
Shells were falling upon the German ships with fair accuracy, but their return fire could do little damage to the British ships, because the range was a little too great for the German 8.2-inch guns.
炮弹相当准确地落在德国船只上，但它们的还击对英国船只造成的伤害很小，因为射程对于德国 8.2 英寸火炮来说有点太大了。
Those of the _Inflexible_ and _Invincible_ were of the 12-inch type.
_Inflexible_和_Invincible_的尺寸为12英寸。
All four ships were belching forth heavy black smoke that hung low over the water after it left the funnels.
所有四艘船在离开烟囱后都喷出浓重的黑烟，低低地悬在水面上。
A moderate breeze carried it northward, and Von Spee moved his ships this way and that till his smoke blew straight against the guns of the British ships, making it almost impossible for the British gunners to take aim and note effect.
一阵温和的微风将它吹向北方，冯·施佩将他的船只左右移动，直到他的烟雾直接吹向英国船只的火炮，使英国炮手几乎不可能瞄准和注意到效果。
But the superior speed of the two British battle cruisers stood them in good stead, and their commanders brought them up south of the enemy--on their other side.
但两艘英国战列巡洋舰的超快速度使他们处于有利地位，他们的指挥官将他们带到敌人的南边——在他们的另一侧。
It was now the German gunners who found the smoke in their faces, and the advantage was with the British.
现在是德国炮手发现了他们脸上的烟雾，而英国人则占据了优势。
By three o'clock in the afternoon fire had broken out on the _Scharnhorst_ and Von Spee replied to Sturdee's inquiry that he would not quit fighting, though some of his guns were out of action and those which still replied to the Britisher did now only at intervals.
到了下午三点钟，沙恩霍斯特号已经起火，冯·斯佩回答斯特迪的询问，表示他不会停止战斗，尽管他的一些火炮已经停止工作，而那些仍然对英国人做出反应的火炮现在只是偶尔停止工作。
There was evidently something wrong with the machinery that brought shells and ammunition to her guns from out of her hold, the fire probably interfering with it.
显然，从她的货舱中将炮弹和弹药运送到她的枪上的机器出了问题，火灾可能会干扰它。
A 12-inch shell cut right through her third funnel and carried it completely off the ship.
一枚 12 英寸的炮弹直接切穿了她的第三个漏斗，并将其完全带离了船。
She turned so that she could bring her starboard guns into action, and they did so feebly.
她转身以便让她的右舷炮投入战斗，但它们却无力行动。
The fire on board her grew worse and worse, and it could be seen blood-red through holes made by the shells from the _Invincible_ whenever her hull showed through the dense clouds of escaping steam that enveloped her.
她身上的火越来越大，每当她的船体透过包围着她的浓密的逸出蒸汽云时，就可以通过无敌号的炮弹留下的孔看到血红色的火。
Just at four o'clock she began to list to port, thus having her starboard guns put out of action, for they pointed toward the sky, and the shells which came from them described parabolas, dropping into the water at safe distance from the English ship.
就在四点钟，她开始向左舷倾斜，因此她的右舷炮失去了作用，因为它们指向天空，从它们发射的炮弹呈抛物线形状，落入距离英国船安全距离的水中。
More and more she listed, till her port beam ends were in the cold waters of the South Atlantic, and while in that position she sank some fifteen minutes later.
她越来越倾斜，直到她的左舷横梁末端落入南大西洋的寒冷水域，在这个位置上，她大约十五分钟后沉没。
Meanwhile the duel between the _Gneisenau_ and _Inflexible_ had been going on.
与此同时，格奈森瑙号和不灵活号之间的决斗一直在进行。
A 12-inch shell from one of the British cruisers struck one of the after gun turrets of the _Gneisenau_ and swept it overboard.
一艘英国巡洋舰发射的一发 12 英寸炮弹击中了格奈森瑙号的一个后炮塔，并将其扫下船外。
The German ship used the sinking _Scharnhorst_ as a screen and tried to take on both British ships.
德国舰艇利用正在下沉的沙恩霍斯特号作为掩护，试图攻击两艘英国舰艇。
Still she was able to plant some effective shells against the _Invincible_ as a final reply.
尽管如此，她仍然能够对无敌号发射一些有效的炮弹作为最后的答复。
By half-past five she was listing heavily to starboard and her engines had stopped.
到了五点半，她的右舷严重倾斜，引擎也停止了。
The British ship, thinking she was surely done for, ceased firing at her and watched her for ten minutes, while a single gun on board of her fired at intervals.
英国船认为她肯定完蛋了，停止向她开火，并观察了她十分钟，而船上的一门炮每隔一段时间就开火。
The three ships _Carnarvon_, _Inflexible_, and _Invincible_ now closed in on her and punished her till the flag at her stern was hauled down.
三艘船“卡那封号”、“不屈号”和“无敌号”现在逼近她并惩罚她，直到她船尾的旗帜被拉下来。
But the ensign at her peak continued to fly.
但巅峰时期的少尉仍在继续飞行。
Just at six o'clock, with this color still in position, she suddenly heeled to starboard, while the men of her crew made hastily up her slanting decks and then climbed over on to the exposed part of her upturned port side.
就在六点钟，在这种颜色仍然存在的情况下，她突然向右舷倾斜，而她的船员们则匆忙地爬上她倾斜的甲板，然后爬到她上翘的左舷暴露的部分。
Many of these unfortunate men had time to jump into the sea, but others were caught when she suddenly disappeared beneath the surface.
这些不幸的人中有许多人有时间跳入海中，但当她突然消失在水面下时，其他人被抓住了。
There remained the task of picking up her survivors, but they were not numerous, for the shock of the cold water killed a large number.
剩下的任务仍然是救起她的幸存者，但幸存者人数并不多，因为冷水的冲击杀死了很多人。
Having picked up those whom they could, the three British ships signaled the news of their victories to the distant cruisers which were fighting it out with the _Dresden_, _Leipzig_, _Nürnberg_, and _Eitel Friedrich_.
三艘英国舰艇在找到了他们能找到的人后，向远处正在与德累斯顿号、莱比锡号、纽伦堡号和艾特尔·弗里德里希号交战的巡洋舰发出了胜利的消息。
These lighter German cruisers had left the line of battle and had turned southward at just about the time that the action between the _Scharnhorst_ and _Gneisenau_ and _Inflexible_ and _Invincible_ began.
就在沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号以及不屈号和无敌号之间的战斗开始时，这些轻型德国巡洋舰离开了战线并转向南边。
They started off with the _Dresden_ at the foremost point of a triangle and with the other two at the two remaining points.
他们从_德累斯顿_号开始，位于三角形的最前点，另外两艘位于剩下的两个点。
The _Glasgow_, _Cornwall_, and _Kent_ went after them, while the _Carnarvon_, because her speed was not high enough to accompany them, remained with the battle cruisers.
格拉斯哥号、康沃尔号和肯特号追击他们，而卡那封号由于航速不够高，无法陪伴他们，所以留在战列巡洋舰旁边。
The _Glasgow_ drew up with the German ships first, and at three o'clock began to fire on the _Leipzig_ at a distance of 12,000 yards.
格拉斯哥号首先与德国舰只会合，三点钟开始在12,000码外向莱比锡号开火。
As in the other action of that afternoon, the British ship took advantage of the fact that her guns had longer range, and she drew back from the German ships so that their guns could not reach her, though her own shells began to fall upon their decks.
正如那天下午的另一次行动一样，英国舰艇利用了她的火炮射程更远的优势，她从德国舰艇上撤退，这样他们的炮弹就无法到达她，尽管她自己的炮弹开始落在他们的甲板上。
It was her object to keep them busy until she could be joined by her accompanying ships.
她的目标是让他们忙碌起来，直到她的随行船只加入。
[Illustration: Plan--Vice Admiral Sir Doveton Surdee's Action off the Falkland Islands.
[插图：计划——海军中将多维顿·苏迪爵士在福克兰群岛附近的行动。
Dec 8, 1914.]
1914 年 12 月 8 日。]
The _Cornwall_ by four o'clock was also near enough to the _Leipzig_ to open fire on her, and three hours later the German cruiser was having a time of it with a large fire in her hold.
四点钟时，康沃尔号也已足够接近莱比锡号，可以向她开火，三小时后，这艘德国巡洋舰的货舱里起火了。
British faith in heavy armament with long range had again been vindicated.
英国对远程重型武器的信心再次得到证实。
There was something of human interest in this duel between the _Glasgow_ and the _Leipzig_.
格拉斯哥号与莱比锡号之间的这场决斗颇具人类趣味。
In their previous meeting, off Coronel, the German ship had had all the better of it and now the men of the British ship were out for revenge.
在他们上次在科罗内尔附近的会面中，德国船已经取得了更好的成绩，现在英国船上的人正准备复仇。
Consequently the _Glasgow_ signaled to the other British ships: "Stand off--I can manage this myself!" By eight o'clock in the evening the _Glasgow_ had her in bad condition, and the _Carnarvon_ came up to assist in raking her till there was nothing left but a mass of wreckage on her decks.
因此，格拉斯哥号向其他英国船只发出信号：“远离——我自己能搞定！”到了晚上八点钟，格拉斯哥号的状况已经很糟糕了，而卡那封号则前来协助对她进行扫掠，直到甲板上只剩下一大堆残骸为止。
But her flag was still flying and the British ships kept circling around her, thinking she still wished to fight, but not coming near enough to permit the use of her torpedo tubes.
但她的旗帜仍在飘扬，英国舰艇不断在她周围盘旋，认为她仍然希望战斗，但距离不够近，无法使用她的鱼雷发射管。
Miserable was the plight of the _Leipzig's_ crew, for the two hundred men who were still alive were unable to get to her flag on account of the fire aboard her, and they had to remain inactive while the _Carnarvon_ and _Glasgow_ poured round after round into their ship.
莱比锡号船员的处境悲惨，因为船上起火，两百名幸存的船员无法到达她的旗帜，而在卡那封号和格拉斯哥号一轮又一轮地涌入他们的船上时，他们不得不保持静止状态。
Only twelve remained alive at nine o'clock, when she began to list to port.
九点钟，当她开始向左舷倾斜时，只剩下十二人活着。
Slowly more and more of the under-water part of her hull showed above the sea, and she continued to heel until her keel was right side up.
慢慢地，越来越多的船体水下部分露出海面，她继续倾斜，直到龙骨正面朝上。
In this position she sank, a large bubble marking the spot.
她就这样沉下去了，一个大气泡标记了这个位置。
When the _Nürnberg_ left the line of German ships at one o'clock, it was the British cruiser _Kent_ that went after her, a vessel more heavily armed than the German ship, yet about a knot slower.
当纽伦堡号在一点钟离开德国舰艇防线时，英国巡洋舰肯特号紧随其后，这艘舰艇的武装比德国舰艇更重，但速度却慢了约一节。
But by hard work on the part of the engineers and stokers of the _Kent_ she was able, by five o'clock, to get within firing distance of the _Nürnberg_.
但是，通过肯特号的工程师和加油工的辛勤工作，她在五点钟时到达了纽伦堡号的射程范围内。
By a strange trick of fate the _Kent_ was sister ship to the _Monmouth_ which had fallen victim to one of the _Nürnberg's_ torpedoes in the battle off Coronel.
由于命运的奇怪捉弄，肯特号是蒙茅斯号的姊妹舰，蒙茅斯号在科罗内尔附近的战斗中被纽伦堡号的一枚鱼雷击中。
Here, too, was a duel with human interest in it.
这也是一场充满人类兴趣的决斗。
In their desire for revenge, the men of the _Kent_ made fuel of even her furniture in order to speed up her engines.
为了复仇，肯特号的船员们甚至用她的家具制造燃料，以加速她的引擎。
Her 6-inch guns now began to strike the German ship, and soon a fire broke out aboard her.
她的 6 英寸火炮现在开始攻击德国船，很快船上就起火了。
She could have ended the German vessel by keeping a fire upon her while remaining too distant to be within range of the _Nürnberg's_ 4-inch guns, but dusk was gathering and an evening mist was settling down upon the water.
她本来可以通过继续向她开火来结束这艘德国舰艇，同时保持太远的距离，使其无法进入纽伦堡号的 4 英寸火炮的射程内，但黄昏正在来临，晚雾正在水面上沉降。
Consequently the _Kent_ drew nearer to her adversary.
因此，肯特号离她的对手更近了。
The firing of the _Nürnberg_ was then effective and more than twenty of her shells took good effect on the British ship.
纽伦堡号的射击随后取得了成效，她的二十多发炮弹对英国舰艇产生了良好的效果。
It was only through prompt action on the part of her crew that her magazine was kept from exploding, for a shell set fire to the passage leading to it.
只有船员们迅速采取行动，她的弹匣才没有爆炸，因为一枚炮弹点燃了通往弹匣的通道。
By seven o'clock in the evening the _Nürnberg_ was practically "blind," for the flames from the fire that was raging on her had reached her conning tower.
到了晚上七点钟，纽伦堡号几乎已经“失明”了，因为她身上熊熊燃烧的火焰已经到达了她的指挥塔。
A member of her crew hauled down her flag, and the _Kent_, thinking that the fight was over, came close to her.
她的一名船员拉下了她的旗帜，肯特号以为战斗已经结束，便靠近了她。
While within a few hundred yards of her, however, she was greeted with new firing from the German cruiser.
然而，当她距离她几百码时，德国巡洋舰又向她开火。
But this ceased under a raking from the _Kent's_ starboard guns, and once again the flag of the _Nürnberg_, which had been run up on resumption of shooting, was hauled down.
但在肯特号右舷炮的扫射下，这一切停止了，在恢复射击时升起的纽伦堡号旗帜再次被拉了下来。
Members of her crew then had to jump into the sea to escape death from burning--the fire was quenched only when she went down at half past seven.
随后，她的船员们不得不跳入海中，以免被烧死——直到七点半沉没时，大火才被扑灭。
The overworked engineers and stokers of the _Kent_ were rewarded for their hard work by being permitted to come on deck to watch the _Nürnberg_ go down, and all were soon engaged in helping to save the lives of the German sailors in the water.
肯特号劳累过度的工程师和司炉们因他们的辛勤工作而得到了回报，他们被允许登上甲板观看纽伦堡号沉没，所有人很快就致力于帮助拯救水中德国水手的生命。
Just as the red glow of the sinking _Nürnberg_ was dying down a large four-masted sailing ship, with all sails set, came out of the mist, her canvas tinged red by the flames' rays.
就在纽伦堡号下沉的红光即将熄灭时，一艘挂满帆的大型四桅帆船从迷雾中出现，她的画布被火焰的光芒染成红色。
Silently she went by, disappearing again into the mist, a weird addition to an uncanny scene.
她悄无声息地走过，再次消失在雾气中，为这离奇的场景增添了一丝奇怪。
Chasing the various units of the broken line of German ships had taken the British ships miles from each other, but after ten o'clock they began to reach each other by wireless signals and all made again for Stanley.
追击德国舰艇折线内的各个部队，使英国舰艇彼此相距数英里，但十点后，它们开始通过无线信号相互联系，并全部再次驶向斯坦利。
It was not until the afternoon of the next day, however, that word came from the _Kent_, for her pursuit had taken her farther than any of the other British ships.
然而，直到第二天下午，肯特号才传来消息，因为她的追击比任何其他英国船只都走得更远。
The _Bristol_ and _Macedonia_ had made good in their pursuit of the _Santa Isabel_ and _Baden_, but in going after the _Dresden_ the _Bristol_ was not successful; the German ship got away in the rainstorm which came up during the evening, and the _Bristol_, which had hurried out of the harbor at Stanley not quite ready for battle, was unable to keep on her trail.
布里斯托尔号和马其顿号在追击圣伊莎贝尔号和巴登号的过程中取得了成功，但在追击德累斯顿号时，布里斯托尔号却没有成功；德国舰艇在傍晚的暴雨中逃走了，而布里斯托尔号则匆匆驶出斯坦利港，尚未做好战斗准备，无法继续追踪。
The fast _Eitel Friedrich_, which as a merchant ship converted into a man-o'-warsman had greater speed than any of the ships on either side, was able to get away also.
快速的艾特尔·弗里德里希号，作为一艘商船改装成的战舰，其速度比两边的任何船只都快，也能够逃脱。
These two German ships now took up their parts as raiders of allied commerce, and were not accounted for till months later.
这两艘德国船现在承担了盟军商业袭击者的角色，直到几个月后才被查明。
There was now on the high seas no German squadron.
现在公海上已经没有德国分舰队了。
CHAPTER XXXVII
第三十七章
SEA FIGHTS OF THE OCEAN PATROL
海洋巡逻队的海战
There were some minor naval operations in the waters of Europe which have been neglected while larger actions elsewhere were recorded.
欧洲水域发生了一些小型海军行动，但这些行动被忽视了，而其他地方则记录了更大规模的行动。
During the month of September, 1914, the British admiralty established a blockade of the mouth of the River Elbe with submarines, and the German boats of the same type were showing their worth also.
1914年9月，英国海军部用潜艇封锁了易北河河口，德国同型潜艇也大显身手。
On August 28,1914, the day after the raid on Libau by the German cruiser _Augsburg_, the date of the battle of the Bight of Helgoland, the two Russian protected cruisers _Pallada_ and _Bayan_, while patrolling the Russian coast in the Baltic Sea, were attacked by German submarines.
1914 年 8 月 28 日，即德国巡洋舰奥格斯堡袭击利鲍的第二天，即黑尔戈兰湾战役的日期，两艘俄罗斯防护巡洋舰帕拉达号和巴彦号在波罗的海的俄罗斯海岸巡逻时遭到德国潜艇的袭击。
Surrounded by these small craft, which made poor targets, the two Russian ships sought to escape by putting on full speed, but the former was hit by a torpedo and sank.
两艘俄罗斯舰艇被这些小艇包围，目标不佳，试图全速逃跑，但前者被鱼雷击中沉没。
The other got away.
另一个逃走了。
All of the Allies, with the exception of France, had by the beginning of September, 1914, suffered losses in their navies.
到 1914 年 9 月初，除法国外，所有盟国的海军均遭受损失。
The navy of the republic was engaged in assisting a British fleet in maintaining supremacy in the Mediterranean, and kept the Austrian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea.
共和国海军致力于协助英国舰队维持地中海霸权，并将奥地利舰队困在亚得里亚海。
French warships bombarded Cattaro on September 10, 1914, to assist the military operations of the Montenegrin Government.
1914 年 9 月 10 日，法国军舰炮击卡塔罗，以协助黑山政府的军事行动。
These ships then proceeded to the island of Lissa and there destroyed the wireless station maintained by Austria.
这些船只随后前往利萨岛并摧毁了奥地利维护的无线电站。
The Austrian navy made no appearance while the allied fleets scoured the lower coast of Dalmatia, bringing down lighthouses, destroying wireless stations, and bombarding the islands of Pelagosa and Lesina.
奥地利海军没有露面，而盟军舰队则搜寻了达尔马提亚下游海岸，击毁了灯塔，摧毁了无线电台，并轰炸了佩拉戈萨岛和莱西纳岛。
On the 19th of September, 1914, they returned to Lissa and landed a force which took possession of it, thus establishing a new naval base against the Central Powers' navies.
1914 年 9 月 19 日，他们返回利萨并登陆并占领了该地，从而建立了一个对抗同盟国海军的新海军基地。
Duels between pairs of ships took place in various seas.
成对船只之间的决斗在不同的海域进行。
The career of the raider _Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_, a fast converted liner, was ended by the British ship _Highflyer_, a cruiser, near the Cape Verde Islands, on August 27, 1914, after the former had sunk the merchantman _Hyades_ and had stopped the mail steamer _Galician_.
1914 年 8 月 27 日，在佛得角群岛附近，英国巡洋舰“Highflyer”号击沉了商船“Hyades”号并阻止了邮船“加利西亚”号，从而结束了快速改装的袭击者“威廉皇帝号”号的职业生涯。
The greater speed of the German vessel was of no advantage to her, for she had been caught in the act of coaling.
德国船的更快速度对她来说没有任何优势，因为她在加煤的过程中被困住了。
What then transpired was not a fight, for in armament the two were quite unequal.
随后发生的事情并不是一场战斗，因为两人的武器装备完全不平等。
She soon sank under the _Highflyer_'s fire, her crew having been rescued by her colliers.
她很快就在“高飞者号”的火力下沉没，她的船员被她的煤船救起。
The next duel took place between the _Carmania_ and _Cap Trafalgar_, British and German converted liners, respectively.
下一场决斗发生在分别由英国和德国改装的客轮“卡马尼亚号”和“特拉法加角号”之间。
They met on September 14,1914, in the Atlantic off South America.
他们于 1914 年 9 月 14 日在南美洲附近的大西洋相遇。
In view of the fact that at the beginning of the war these two ships had been merchantmen and had been armed and commissioned after the outbreak of hostilities, this engagement was something of the nature of those between privateersmen in the old days.
鉴于战争开始时这两艘船都是商船，并在敌对行动爆发后才装备和服役，这种交战有点像过去私掠船之间的交战性质。
In speed, size, and armament they were about equal.
在速度、体型和武器装备方面，他们几乎旗鼓相当。
For nearly two hours they exchanged shots between 3,000 and 9,000 yards, and markmanship was to determine the victory.
在近两个小时的时间里，他们在3000码到9000码之间交锋，枪法决定胜负。
The shots from the _Carmania_ struck the hull of the other ship near the water line repeatedly, and the British commander was wise enough to present his stern and bow ends more often than the length of the _Carmania_'s sides.
卡马尼亚号的炮弹多次击中吃水线附近的另一艘船的船体，英国指挥官足够明智，他的船尾和船头端部暴露的次数多于卡马尼亚号船侧的长度。
At the end of the fight the German ship was afire and sank.
战斗结束时，德国船起火沉没。
Her crew got off safely in her colliers, and the British ship made off because her wireless operator heard a German cruiser, with which the _Cap Trafalgar_ had been in communication, signaling that she was hastening to the liner's aid.
她的船员们在她的煤船上安全地离开了，这艘英国船离开了，因为她的无线电操作员听到了一艘德国巡洋舰的声音，特拉法尔加角号一直在与这艘巡洋舰保持联系，表明她正在赶往该班轮的救援。
Only two days before this the British cruiser _Berwick_ captured the converted liner _Spreewald_ in the North Atlantic, where she had been trying to interrupt allied commercial vessels.
就在两天前，英国巡洋舰“伯威克”号在北大西洋捕获了经过改装的“施普雷瓦尔德”号客轮，她当时正试图干扰盟军商船。
Germany kept up her policy of attrition by clever use of submarines and mines.
德国通过巧妙地使用潜艇和水雷来维持其消耗政策。
The British battleship _Audacious_, while on patrol duty off the coast of Ireland in the early days of the war, met with a disaster of some sort and was brought to her home port in a sinking condition.
战争初期，英国战列舰“大胆”号在爱尔兰海岸执行巡逻任务时遭遇了某种灾难，并在沉没的情况下被带回母港。
The rigors of the British censorship almost kept the news of this out of the British papers and from the correspondents of foreign papers.
英国严格的审查制度几乎使英国报纸和外国报纸的记者无法报道这一消息。
It was reported that she had struck a mine, that she had been torpedoed, and that she had been made the victim of either a spy or a traitor who caused an internal explosion.
据报道，她触雷，被鱼雷击中，并成为间谍或叛徒造成内部爆炸的受害者。
The truth was never made clear.
真相从未明朗。
Rumors that she had gone down were denied by the British admiralty some months later, when they reported her repaired and again doing duty, but this was counteracted by a report that one of the ships that was completed after the start of hostilities had been given the same name.
几个月后，英国海军部否认了她沉没的谣言，当时他们报告说她已修复并再次执行任务，但有报道称，敌对行动开始后完工的一艘舰艇被赋予了相同的名称，这一消息被抵消了。
About the sinking of the _Hawke_ there was less conjecture.
关于霍克号的沉没，人们的猜测较少。
This vessel had gained notoriety in times of peace by having collided with the _Olympic_ as the latter left port on her maiden voyage to New York.
这艘船在和平时期因与奥林匹克号相撞而声名狼藉，当时奥林匹克号正离开港口前往纽约。
On the 15th of October, 1914, while patrolling the northern British home waters she was made the target of the torpedo of a German submarine and went down, but the _Theseus_, which had been attacked at the same time, escaped.
1914年10月15日，在英国北部本土海域巡逻时，她被一艘德国潜艇的鱼雷击中而沉没，但同时遭到攻击的忒修斯号却逃脱了。
Four German destroyers were to be the next victims of the war in European waters.
四艘德国驱逐舰将成为欧洲水域战争的下一个受害者。
On October 17,1914, the _S-115_, _S-117_, _S-118_, and _S-119_ while doing patrol duty off the coast of the Netherlands, came up with a British squadron consisting of the cruiser _Undaunted_ and the destroyers _Legion_, _Lance_, and _Loyal_.
1914 年 10 月 17 日，_S-115_、_S-117_、_S-118_ 和_S-119_ 在荷兰海岸执行巡逻任务时，遇到了一支由巡洋舰_Undaunted_ 和驱逐舰_Legion_、_Lance_ 和_Loyal_ 组成的英国中队。
An engagement followed, in which damage was done to the British small boats and the four German destroyers were sunk.
随后发生交战，英国小船受损，四艘德国驱逐舰被击沉。
Captain Fox, senior British officer, had been on the _Amphion_ when she sank the _Königin Luise_ and had been rescued after being knocked insensible by the explosion of the mine that sent the _Amphion_ to the bottom.
福克斯船长是英国高级军官，当安菲翁号击沉路易丝国王号时，他就在她身边，并被导致安菲翁号沉入海底的水雷爆炸击昏，失去知觉后获救。
The exploit of Lieutenant Commander Horton in the British submarine _E-9_ when he sank the _Hela_ has already been narrated.
霍顿中校在英国潜艇_E-9_中击沉_海拉_的功绩已经被叙述过。
The same commander, with the same craft, during the first week of October, 1914, proceeded to the harbor of the German port of Emden, whence had sailed many dangerous German submarines and destroyers that preyed on British ships.
1914 年 10 月的第一周，同一名指挥官驾驶同一艘船前往德国埃姆登港，那里曾航行过许多危险的德国潜艇和驱逐舰，它们袭击了英国船只。
He lay submerged there for a long period, keeping his men amused with a phonograph, and then carefully came to the surface.
他在水下躺了很长一段时间，用留声机逗他的手下人开心，然后小心翼翼地浮出水面。
Through the periscope he saw very near him a German destroyer, but he feared that the explosion of a torpedo sent against her would damage his own craft, so he allowed her to steam off, and when she was 600 yards away he let go with two torpedoes.
通过潜望镜，他看到一艘德国驱逐舰离他很近，但他担心向她发射的鱼雷爆炸会损坏他自己的飞船，所以他让她离开，当她距离600码时，他用两枚鱼雷放走了。
The second found its mark, and the _S-126_ was no more.
第二枚找到了它的踪迹，而 _S-126_ 已经不复存在了。
He immediately went beneath the surface and escaped the cordon of destroyers which immediately searched for him.
他立即潜入海面，逃离了立即搜寻他的驱逐舰的封锁线。
By October 7 the _E-9_ was back in Harwich, its home port.
10 月 7 日，_E-9_ 回到其母港哈里奇。
On the 31st of October, 1914, the cross-channel steamer _Invicta_ received the S.
1914 年 10 月 31 日，跨海峡轮船 _Invicta_ 获得 S.
O.
奥。
S.
S。
signal and went to rescue the crew of the old British cruiser _Hermes_, which had been struck by two torpedoes from a German submarine near Dunkirk.
信号并前往营救旧英国巡洋舰“赫尔墨斯”号的船员，该巡洋舰在敦刻尔克附近被德国潜艇的两枚鱼雷击中。
All but forty-four of her men were saved.
除了四十四名部下外，其他人都得救了。
The next victim of a German submarine was the gunboat _Niger_, which, in the presence of thousands of persons on the shore at Deal, foundered without loss of life on November 11, 1914.
德国潜艇的下一个受害者是尼日尔号炮舰，它于 1914 年 11 月 11 日在迪尔岸边数千人的见证下沉没，无人丧生。
But one of the German submarines was to go to the bottom in retaliation.
但其中一艘德国潜艇将沉入海底进行报复。
On the 23d of November the _U-18_ was seen and rammed off the Scotch coast, and some hours later was again seen near by.
11 月 23 日，人们看到了 _U-18_ 并在苏格兰海岸撞毁，几个小时后又在附近出现。
This time she was floating on the surface and carrying a white flag.
这次她漂浮在水面上，举着一面白旗。
The British destroyer _Garry_ brought up alongside of her and took off her crew, just as she foundered.
当她沉没时，英国驱逐舰加里号在她旁边浮起并带走了她的船员。
Three days later the _Bulwark_, a British battleship of 15,000 tons and carrying a crew of 750 officers and men, was blown up in the Thames while at anchor at Sheerness.
三天后，一艘载有 750 名官兵、排水量 15,000 吨的英国战舰“堡垒”号在谢尔内斯停泊时在泰晤士河中被炸毁。
It was never discovered whether she was a victim of a torpedo, a mine, or an internal explosion.
从未发现她是否是鱼雷、水雷或内部爆炸的受害者。
It is possible that a spy had placed a heavy charge of explosives within her hull.
间谍可能在她的船体内放置了大量炸药。
Only fourteen men of her entire complement survived the disaster.
她的整个部队中只有十四名男子在这场灾难中幸存下来。
It was in November, 1914, also, that the sometime German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_, now flying the Turkish flag, became active again.
同样是在 1914 年 11 月，曾经悬挂土耳其国旗的德国巡洋舰“格本”号和“布雷斯劳”号再次活跃起来。
As units in a Turkish fleet they bombarded unfortified ports on the Black Sea on the first day of the month.
作为土耳其舰队的一部分，他们在本月的第一天轰炸了黑海不设防的港口。
Retaliation for this was made by the Allies two days later when a combined fleet of French and English battleships bombarded the Dardanelles forts, inflicting a certain amount of damage.
两天后，盟军对此进行了报复，法国和英国战列舰联合舰队轰炸了达达尼尔海峡要塞，造成了一定程度的损失。
On the 18th of November, 1914, the _Goeben_ and _Breslau_ engaged a Russian fleet off Sebastopol.
1914 年 11 月 18 日，戈本号和布雷斯劳号在塞瓦斯托波尔附近与俄罗斯舰队交战。
The composition of this Russian fleet was never made public by the Russian admiralty, but it is known that the Russian battleship _Evstafi_ was the flagship.
俄罗斯海军部从未公开过这支俄罗斯舰队的组成，但众所周知，俄罗斯战列舰“叶夫斯塔菲”号是其旗舰。
She came up on the starboard side of the two German ships and opened fire on the nearer, the _Goeben_, at a distance of 8,000 yards.
她出现在两艘德国舰艇的右舷，在 8,000 码处向较近的戈本号开火。
The latter, hit by the Russian 12-inch guns was at first unable to reply because the first shots set her afire in several places, but she finally let go with her own guns and after a fourteen-minute engagement she sailed off into a fog.
后者被俄罗斯 12 英寸火炮击中，一开始无法反击，因为第一发炮弹在几处起火，但她最终用自己的火炮开枪，经过 14 分钟的交战后，她驶入浓雾中。
Her sister ship the _Breslau_ took no part in the exchange of shots, and also made off.
她的姊妹舰布雷斯劳号没有参与交火，也离开了。
The damage done to the _Goeben_ was not enough to put her out of commission; the _Evstafi_ suffered slight damage and had twenty-four of her crew killed.
对戈本号造成的损坏并不足以使她无法服役；埃夫斯塔菲号受到轻微损坏，二十四名船员丧生。
The British submarine commander, Holbrook, with the _B-11_ upheld the prestige of this sort of craft in the British navy.
英国潜艇指挥官霍尔布鲁克凭借 _B-11_ 维护了此类潜艇在英国海军中的威望。
He entered the waters of the Dardanelles on the 13th of December, 1914, and submerging, traveled safely through five lines of Turkish mines and sent a torpedo against the hull of the Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_.
1914 年 12 月 13 日，他进入达达尼尔海峡水域，潜入水中，安全穿过五道土耳其水雷，并向土耳其战列舰 _Messudiyeh_ 的船体发射了一枚鱼雷。
The _B-11_ slowly came to the surface to see what had been the result of her exploit, and her commander, through the periscope saw her going down by the stern.
_B-11_ 慢慢浮出水面，查看她的功绩，她的指挥官通过潜望镜看到她在船尾沉没。
It was claimed later by the British that she had sunk, a claim which was officially denied by the Turks.
英国后来声称她已经沉没，但土耳其人正式否认了这一说法。
Her loss to Turkey, if it did occur, was not serious, for she was too old to move about, and her only service was to guard the mine fields.
如果真的输给土耳其，她的损失并不严重，因为她太老了，无法走动，她唯一的服务就是守卫雷区。
The _B-11_ after being pursued by destroyers again submerged for nine hours and came successfully from the scene of the exploit.
被驱逐舰追击后的_B-11_再次潜入水中九个小时并成功从事故现场返回。
CHAPTER XXXVIII
第三十八章
WAR ON GERMAN TRADE AND POSSESSIONS
对德国贸易和财产的战争
With the exceptions of the deeds done by the German sea raiders the remaining naval history of the first six months of the war had to do for the most part with British victories.
除了德国海上袭击者的所作所为之外，战争前六个月的剩余海军历史在很大程度上与英国的胜利有关。
When Von Spee's squadron, with the exception of the light cruiser _Dresden_, which was afterward sunk at the Island of Juan Fernandez, was dispersed off the Falkland Islands there was no more possibility of there being a pitched fight between German and British fleets other than in the North Sea.
当冯·施佩的分舰队除了后来在胡安·费尔南德斯岛被击沉的轻型巡洋舰德累斯顿号被分散到福克兰群岛外时，德国和英国舰队之间除了在北海之外再也没有可能发生激烈的战斗。
England began then to hit at the outlying parts of the German Empire with her navy.
英国随后开始用海军打击德意志帝国的边远地区。
The cruiser _Pegasus_, before being destroyed by the _Königsberg_ at Zanzibar on September 20, 1914, had destroyed a floating dock and the wireless station at Dar-es-Salaam, and the _Yarmouth_, before she went on her unsuccessful hunt for the _Emden_, captured three German merchantmen.
巡洋舰飞马座号于 1914 年 9 月 20 日在桑给巴尔被柯尼斯堡号摧毁之前，还摧毁了达累斯萨拉姆的一个浮船坞和无线电台，而雅茅斯号则在继续追捕埃姆登号但未成功之前俘获了三艘德国商船。
As far back as the middle of August, 1914, the capture of German Samoa had been planned and directed from New Zealand.
早在 1914 年 8 月中旬，占领德属萨摩亚的行动就由新西兰策划和指挥。
On the 15th of that month an expedition sailed from Wellington, and in order to escape the _Gneisenau_ and _Scharnhorst_, went first to French New Caledonia, where the British cruisers _Psyche_, _Philomel_, and _Pyramus_ were met with.
当月 15 日，一支探险队从惠灵顿出发，为了躲避格奈森瑙号和沙恩霍斯特号，首先前往法属新喀里多尼亚，在那里与英国巡洋舰普赛克号、菲洛梅尔号和皮拉姆斯号相遇。
On the 23d of the month, this force, which was augmented by the French cruiser _Montcalm_ and the Australian battleships _Australia_ and _Melbourne_, sailed first for the Fiji Islands and then to Apia on Upolu Island off Samoa.
本月23日，这支部队在法国巡洋舰“蒙卡尔姆”号以及澳大利亚战列舰“澳大利亚”号和“墨尔本”号的增援下，首先驶向斐济群岛，然后前往萨摩亚附近乌波卢岛的阿皮亚。
They reached there on the 30th.
他们于30日到达那里。
There was, of course, no force on the island to withstand that of the enemy, and arrangements for surrender of the place were made by signal.
当然，岛上没有任何力量可以抵挡敌人的攻击，投降的安排是通过信号进行的。
Marines were sent ashore; the public buildings were occupied, the telegraph and telephone wires cut, the wireless station destroyed and the German flag hauled down, to be replaced by the Union Jack.
海军陆战队被派上岸；公共建筑被占领，电报和电话线被切断，无线电台被摧毁，德国国旗被降下，取而代之的是英国国旗。
The Germans taken prisoners were rewarded for the kind treatment they had accorded British residents before the appearance of this British force, and were sent to New Zealand.
被俘虏的德国人因在这支英国军队出现之前给予英国居民的善意待遇而得到奖励，并被送往新西兰。
The next German possession to be taken was that in the Bismarck Archipelago.
德国下一个占领的领地是俾斯麦群岛。
It was known that there was a powerful wireless station at Herbertshöhen, the island known as New Pomerania.
众所周知，赫伯特松恩（新波美拉尼亚岛）有一个强大的无线电站。
A small landing party was put ashore on the island in the early morning of September 11, 1914, and made its way, without being discovered, to the town.
1914 年 9 月 11 日清晨，一支小型登陆部队在岛上登陆，并在没有被发现的情况下抵达城镇。
The surprised inhabitants were too frightened to do anything until this party left to go further on to the wireless station.
惊讶的居民们吓得不敢做任何事，直到这群人离开，继续前往无线电台。
By that time it met with some resistance, but overcame it.
当时它遇到了一些阻力，但克服了它。
A few days later another landing party had captured the members of the staff of the governor of New Pomerania, together with the governor himself, at Bougainville, Solomon Islands, whence they had fled.
几天后，另一支登陆部队在所罗门群岛布干维尔抓获了新波美拉尼亚总督的幕僚和总督本人，他们随后逃离了那里。
The wireless stations on the island of Yap, in the Carolines, and on Pleasant Island were destroyed during the following month.
雅浦岛、加罗林群岛和普莱森特岛上的无线电台在接下来的一个月里被摧毁。
Perhaps the strangest operations of naval character ever performed were the inland "sea" fights in Africa.
也许有史以来最奇怪的海军行动是非洲内陆“海上”战斗。
The great Nyassa Lake in Africa was the scene of this fighting.
非洲的尼亚萨湖就是这场战斗的发生地。
With its entire western shore in British possession and with a goodly part of its waters within the territory of German East Africa, it was not unnatural that fighting should take place there.
由于其整个西海岸都被英国占领，而且其大部分水域位于德属东非领土内，因此在那里发生战斗并不奇怪。
Both countries maintained small armed vessels on the lake.
两国都在湖上驻有小型武装船只。
The British ship _Gwendolen_, a 350-ton craft, had been built on the Clyde and had been sent to Nyassa Lake in sections and there assembled and launched in 1898.
英国船_Gwendolen_是一艘重达350吨的船只，在克莱德河上建造，并被分段送往尼亚萨湖，并于1898年在那里组装并下水。
During August she fought with a German ship and captured it.
八月期间，她与一艘德国船只交战并俘获了它。
The fighting on the lake could not, however, determine the success of the military operations taking place in those regions.
然而，湖上的战斗并不能决定这些地区军事行动的成功。
The preponderance of British naval strength was beginning to tell severely upon German trade by the end of 1914, and her boast that through her navy she would starve out Germany aroused the German Government greatly.
到 1914 年底，英国海军力量的优势开始对德国贸易产生严重影响，她吹嘘通过海军将饿死德国，这极大地激怒了德国政府。
In answer to these British threats, Grand Admiral von Tirpitz, German Secretary of Marine, in an interview given to an American newspaper correspondent, hinted that Germany's retaliation would be a war on British merchant ships by German submarines.
为了回应英国的这些威胁，德国海军陆战队部长冯·提尔皮茨元帅在接受美国报纸记者采访时暗示，德国的报复将是德国潜艇对英国商船发动战争。
The interview at the time aroused but mild comment; the idea was a new one, and the question immediately arose as to whether such action would be within the limits of international law.
当时的采访引起了温和的评论；这是一个新想法，立即产生了这样的问题：这种行动是否符合国际法的范围。
For the time being, however, Von Tirpitz's words remained nothing more than a threat.
不过，提尔皮茨的话暂时还只是威胁而已。
It was not until months later that the threat was made good, and the consequences must form a separate part of this narrative.
直到几个月后，威胁才得到落实，其后果必须成为这个叙述的一个单独的部分。
The seaplane, the newest naval machine at the time, and as yet an untried factor, was to see maiden service first at the hands of the British, when on the 25th of December a raid on Cuxhaven was made.
这架水上飞机是当时最新的海军机器，也是一种未经尝试的因素，当 12 月 25 日对库克斯港进行突袭时，它首先在英国人手中首次服役。
Seven naval seaplanes attacked a fleet of German cruisers and destroyers lying off Schilling Roads near the German port.
七架海军水上飞机袭击了位于德国港口附近席林路附近的一支由德国巡洋舰和驱逐舰组成的舰队。
The men who thus made history in aviation were Francis E.
创造航空历史的人是弗朗西斯·E·
T.
T。
Hewlett, son of the famous novelist, accompanied by seven pilots.
休利特，著名小说家的儿子，与七名飞行员同行。
A naval force consisting of a light cruiser, a flotilla of destroyers and another of submarines brought up near Helgoland during the morning.
上午，一支由一艘轻型巡洋舰、一支驱逐舰和另一支潜艇组成的海军部队在赫尔戈兰岛附近停靠。
When this naval force was first discovered by the lookouts on Helgoland, there immediately appeared approaching from the German base two Zeppelins and a number of German seaplanes, together with some submarines.
当这支海军部队首次被黑尔戈兰岛的瞭望台发现时，立即出现两架齐柏林飞艇和多架德国水上飞机以及一些潜艇从德国基地驶来。
Meanwhile, from the decks of the British craft there went up the seven British seaplanes.
与此同时，七架英国水上飞机从英国船只的甲板上升起。
In order to give them a place for landing after they returned from their raid, it was necessary for the British ships to remain in the vicinity for three hours.
为了让他们劫掠回来后有一个登陆的地方，英舰需要在附近停留三个小时。
The _Undaunted_ and _Arethusa_, with the rest of the British force, had to "dance" about, dodging the submarines which were attacking them from beneath the surface of the water and the aircraft hovering over them.
无畏者号和阿雷图萨号以及其他英国部队必须“跳舞”，躲避从水面下攻击它们的潜艇和在它们上空盘旋的飞机。
Bombs dropped from the latter failed to find their targets, and by swift maneuvering the torpedoes shot at them were also caused to go far wide of the mark.
后者投下的炸弹未能找到目标，而且由于快速机动，射向它们的鱼雷也偏离了目标。
The British airmen dropped their bombs on points of military importance at Cuxhaven, but their effect was kept secret by the German authorities.
英国飞行员在库克斯港的军事要地投下了炸弹，但德国当局对炸弹的影响保密。
Six of the seven returned to the squadron and were picked up by submarines.
七人中的六人返回中队并被潜艇接走。
Three of the seaplanes were wrecked and had to be abandoned.
其中三架水上飞机失事，不得不被遗弃。
Fog not only prevented the British airmen from doing their best work, but it kept the marksmen on the German aircraft also from hitting the ships on the waters beneath them.
大雾不仅阻碍了英国飞行员的最佳工作，而且还阻碍了德国飞机上的射手击中下方水域的船只。
This raid had been made in answer to a great outcry that had gone up from the British public after German warships had raided the eastern coast of England.
这次袭击是为了回应德国军舰袭击英格兰东海岸后英国公众的强烈抗议。
CHAPTER XXXIX
第三十九章
RAIDS ON THE ENGLISH COAST
英国海岸的袭击
During the first days of November, 1914, the Germans planned and carried out a general surprise for the British navy.
1914 年 11 月的头几天，德国人策划并实施了对英国海军的一次全面突击。
After the battle in the Bight of Helgoland, back in August, the British thought that Germany would continue to keep her navy within the protection of her coast defenses, perhaps forever.
八月份的黑尔戈兰湾战役之后，英国人认为德国将继续将其海军置于其海岸防御的保护之下，也许永远如此。
But such was not her intention.
但这并不是她的本意。
On the afternoon of November 2, 1914, there gathered off some part of Germany's northern shore a squadron consisting of the battle cruisers _Von der Tann_, _Seydlitz_, and _Moltke_, the protected cruisers _Kolberg_, _Strassburg_, and _Graudenz_, the armored cruisers _Yorck_ and _Blücher_, together with some destroyers.
1914 年 11 月 2 日下午，一支由战列巡洋舰冯德坦恩号、塞德利茨号和毛奇号、防护巡洋舰科尔贝格号、斯特拉斯堡号和格劳登茨号、装甲巡洋舰约克号和布吕歇尔号以及一些驱逐舰组成的中队在德国北岸的部分地区集结。
The slowest of these vessels could make a speed of 25 knots, and the fastest, the _Graudenz_ and _Moltke_, could make 28 knots.
这些船只中最慢的可以达到 25 节，最快的“格劳登茨”号和“毛奇”号可以达到 28 节。
The guns of the _Blücher_ were the heaviest in the squadron, those of her primary battery being 12-inch cannon.
布吕歇尔号的火炮是该中队中最重的，其主炮是 12 英寸火炮。
Ten-inch guns were on the decks of the other ships.
其他舰艇的甲板上都装有十英寸大炮。
The first that the rest of the world knew of the gathered force was at evening, November 2, 1914, when a fleet of British fishermen hailed them with friendly signs, thinking them British ships, not far from Lowestoft some time after six o'clock.
世界其他地方第一次知道这支集结的部队是在 1914 年 11 月 2 日晚上，当时六点过后，一群英国渔民用友好的手势向他们致意，认为他们是英国船只，距离洛斯托夫特不远。
The fishermen started at once for their home ports in order to apprise the British authorities, but they had not gone far when the news was flashed to the British admiralty office from the wireless room of the British gunboat _Halcyon_.
渔民们立刻启程返回母港，向英国当局通报情况，但他们没走多远，消息就从英国炮舰“翡翠号”的无线电室传到了英国海军部。
But only the first few words of the warning were able to get through, for the wireless operators on the German ships "jammed" their keys, and a few shots from the German guns were sufficient to bring down the wireless apparatus of the gunboat as well as one of her funnels.
但只有警告的前几句话能够传达，因为德国船上的无线电操作员“卡住”了他们的钥匙，德国炮的几声射击就足以击落炮艇的无线电装置以及其中一个烟囱。
She turned off and made for her home port to report the news some hours later.
几个小时后，她熄火前往母港报告这一消息。
It was only ten miles from the British shores that the _Halcyon_ had sighted the German ships, but they were able, nevertheless, to elude all British warships in those regions and proceeded to Yarmouth, firing at the wireless station, the naval yards, and the town itself.
翡翠号在距英国海岸仅十英里的地方发现了德国舰艇，但它们仍然能够躲避这些地区的所有英国军舰，并前往雅茅斯，向无线电台、海军造船厂和城镇本身开火。
Fearing mines near the coast, the German commander did not attempt to come in too close, with the result that many of the German shots fell short, and, in spite of the fact that the bombardment lasted for nearly half an hour, the damage done by them was not great.
由于担心海岸附近有水雷，德军指挥官并没有试图靠得太近，结果德军的许多炮弹都未能命中，尽管炮击持续了近半个小时，但造成的伤害并不大。
The inhabitants of the towns of Lowestoft and Yarmouth were asleep in the early hours of the morning when they first heard the booming of the German guns.
清晨，洛斯托夫特镇和雅茅斯镇的居民正在熟睡中，第一次听到德军炮火的轰鸣声。
In the darkness of the British winter they hurriedly went down to the water front, where, far out at sea, they could make out faintly the hull of but one vessel, but the red flashes from the booming guns showed that other ships were present.
在英国冬天的黑暗中，他们匆忙下到海滨，在那里，在遥远的海上，他们只能隐约看到一艘船的船体，但炮火发出的红色闪光表明还有其他船只。
The crowds on the shore watched two British destroyers and two submarines, which had been lying in the harbor, put out after the German force.
岸上的人群看着停在港口里的两艘英国驱逐舰和两艘潜艇追击德国军队。
The latter by that time had started off, dropping in its wake a number of floating mines.
后者当时已经出发，在其尾迹中投下了许多漂浮的水雷。
This strategy resulted in the loss of the submarine _D-5_, which hit one of the mines and sank immediately.
这一策略导致了潜艇_D-5_的损失，它击中了其中一个水雷并立即沉没。
The German cruiser _Yorck_ was claimed by the British to have hit a mine also, with the result that she sank and carried down with her some 300 of her crew.
英国声称德国巡洋舰_约克_也触雷，结果她沉没并带走了大约300名船员。
This was denied later by the German admiralty, and like all such controversies must remain a secret with the officials of both Governments.
德国海军部后来否认了这一点，并且像所有此类争议一样，两国政府官员必须保密。
Judged by material effects, this raid was a failure.
从物质效果来看，这次袭击是失败的。
But in view of the fact that the Germans had shown that a squadron could actually elude the large number of British warships patrolling the North Sea, and was actually able to strike at the British coast, it was a moral victory for Germany.
但鉴于德国人已经证明，一个分舰队实际上可以躲避在北海巡逻的大量英国军舰，并且实际上能够对英国海岸进行打击，这对德国来说是道义上的胜利。
"We must see clearly that in order to fight with success we must fight ruthlessly, in the proper meaning of the word." These were the words of Count Reventlow, when he heard the news of the defeat of the German squadron commanded by Von Spee off the Falkland Islands.
“我们必须清楚地看到，为了战斗取得成功，我们必须进行无情的战斗，这是正确的。”这是雷文特洛伯爵在听到冯·施佩指挥的德国分舰队在福克兰群岛被击败的消息时所说的话。
As a result, and in revenge for this defeat, the German admiralty planned a second raid on the coast towns of England.
结果，为了报复这次失败，德国海军部计划对英格兰沿海城镇进行第二次袭击。
The towns chosen for attack this time were Hartlepool, Scarborough, and Whitby.
这次选择攻击的城镇是哈特尔普尔、斯卡伯勒和惠特比。
The first of these was a city of 100,000 persons, and its principal business was shipbuilding.
第一个是一座拥有10万人口的城市，其主要业务是造船。
Scarborough was nothing more than a seaside resort, to which each summer and at Christmas were attracted thousands of Englishmen who sought to spend their vacations near the water.
斯卡伯勒只不过是一个海滨度假胜地，每年夏天和圣诞节都会吸引成千上万的英国人前往海边度假。
Whitby, though it had some attractions for holiday crowds, such as a quaint cathedral, was at most nothing more than a home port for a number of fishing boats.
惠特比虽然对度假人群有一些吸引力，例如古色古香的大教堂，但最多不过是一些渔船的母港。
It was brazenly claimed later by the Germans that these three towns, according to definitions in international law, were fortified ports, and consequently open to attack by hostile forces.
德国人后来公然声称，根据国际法的定义，这三个城镇是设防港口，因此容易受到敌对势力的攻击。
In reply the British claimed that there was nothing in any of the three which could bring them into that category.
英国人在答复中声称，这三个国家中没有任何一个可以将他们归入这一类别。
This controversy is still another which the war developed.
这场争论是战争发展起来的又一争议。
There is, however, the fact that the information which the German Government had obtained about them, and which it made public, must necessarily have been less comprehensive than that supplied to the world at large by the British authorities.
然而，事实上，德国政府获得并公开的有关他们的信息必然不如英国当局向全世界提供的信息全面。
Guidebooks, as well as tourists who have visited the place, reported that an old castle stood in Scarborough which in past centuries had been a fort, but which at the outbreak of the war was nothing more than a show place.
旅游指南以及参观过这个地方的游客都报道说，斯卡伯勒有一座古老的城堡，在过去的几个世纪里一直是一座堡垒，但在战争爆发时，它只不过是一个表演场所。
The only gun in place at the castle was an obsolete piece that had seen service in the Crimean War.
城堡里唯一的枪是一把在克里米亚战争中服役过的过时的枪。
Whitby, in times of peace, at least, had not even such "armament."
至少在和平时期，惠特比连这样的“武器”都没有。
It was on the 16th of December, 1914, that this second raid took place.
1914 年 12 月 16 日，第二次袭击发生。
Over the North Sea there hung a light mist.
北海上空笼罩着一层薄雾。
The German admiralty did not afterward make public the names of the cruisers which participated in this expedition, but they are believed to have been the _Derfflinger_, _Blücher_, _Von der Tann_, _Seydlitz_, and _Graudenz_.
德国海军部后来没有公开参加这次远征的巡洋舰的名称，但据信它们是“德夫林格号”、“布吕歇尔号”、“冯德坦恩号”、“塞德利茨号”和“格劳登茨号”。
It was at eight o'clock in the morning that the residents of the three English towns first heard the booming of the German guns, and coast guards near by were able, with the aid of very strong glasses, to make out the hulls of the attacking cruisers some miles out to sea.
早上八点，三个英国城镇的居民第一次听到德国炮火的隆隆声，附近的海岸警卫队借助非常强的眼镜，能够在几英里外的海上辨认出攻击巡洋舰的船体。
It was not thought possible that the Germans could again elude the British ships on patrol in these waters, and the guards therefore thought that the firing came from ships flying the Union Jack and tried to signal to them.
人们认为德国人不可能再次躲避在这些水域巡逻的英国船只，因此守卫认为射击来自悬挂英国国旗的船只，并试图向他们发出信号。
But they came to realize the truth when they received no answering signals.
但当他们没有收到应答信号时，他们才意识到真相。
As it was not known but that the Germans would make an attempt to land, the guards in the obsolete fort at Hartlepool took their positions and two small patrol boats in the harbor made ready to give what resistance they could.
由于不知道德国人是否会尝试登陆，哈特尔普尔废弃堡垒中的警卫人员就位，港口里的两艘小型巡逻艇做好了尽可能抵抗的准备。
These, the _Doon_ and the _Hardy_, drew the fire of the German guns, and, seeing it was impossible to withstand the German fire, they made off and escaped.
这些“杜恩”号和“哈代”号吸引了德军炮火，由于无法抵挡德军的火力，它们便起飞逃跑了。
This time the Germans were better informed about the conditions they dealt with, and evidently had no fear of mines, for they came to within two miles of the shore.
这一次，德国人对他们所面临的情况有了更多的了解，并且显然不再担心地雷，因为他们来到了距离海岸不到两英里的地方。
The forts on shore were bombarded and private houses near by were hit by German shells, killing two women who lived in one of them.
岸上的堡垒遭到轰炸，附近的私人房屋被德国炮弹击中，其中一所房屋中的两名妇女丧生。
The forts tried to reply to the German guns, but those of the English battery were by no means modern, and firing them only served to further convince the Germans that the place was fortified; they inflicted no damage on the German ships.
这些堡垒试图对德军的火炮进行反击，但英国炮台的炮台绝不是现代化的，开火只能进一步让德国人相信这个地方是有防御工事的。他们没有对德国船只造成任何损害。
The lighthouse was the next target chosen by the Germans, one of their shells going right through it, but leaving it standing.
灯塔是德国人选择的下一个目标，他们的一发炮弹直接穿过灯塔，但它仍然矗立着。
Within fifty minutes 1,500 German shells were fired into the town and harbor.
五十分钟之内，1,500 枚德军炮弹射入城镇和港口。
While two of the three cruisers which were engaged in bombarding drew off further to sea and fired at Hartlepool, the third remained to finish the battery on shore, but in spite of the fact that it was subjected to long and heavy firing, it was not so terribly damaged.
正在进行轰炸的三艘巡洋舰中的两艘进一步驶向大海并向哈特尔普尔开火，而第三艘则留下来完成岸上的炮台，但尽管它遭受了长时间和猛烈的射击，但它并没有受到如此严重的损坏。
Many of the shells from the other two ships went over the towns entirely and buried themselves in the countryside that heretofore had been turned up only by the peaceful plow.
另外两艘船的许多炮弹完全越过了城镇，埋在了乡村里，而迄今为止，只有和平的犁才能把乡村埋起来。
Other shells did havoc in the business and residential sections of Hartlepool and West Hartlepool, bringing down buildings and killing civilians in them as well as on the streets.
其他炮弹对哈特尔普尔和西哈特尔普尔的商业和住宅区造成严重破坏，摧毁了建筑物并杀死了其中和街道上的平民。
At about the same hour the coast guards near Scarborough reported the approach of foreign ships off the coast, and then telephoned that the strangers were German cruisers and that they had begun to bombard the town.
大约在同一时间，斯卡伯勒附近的海岸警卫队报告说外国船只接近海岸，然后打电话说这些陌生人是德国巡洋舰，他们已经开始轰炸该镇。
A German shell destroyed the shed from which the telephone message had come and the warnings from it ceased.
德国的一枚炮弹摧毁了发出电话留言的小屋，警报也随之停止。
It was seen by those on shore that the attack here was being made by four ships, two of them cruisers and two of them mine layers, only 800 yards out in the water.
岸上的人看到，这里的攻击是由四艘船发起的，其中两艘巡洋舰和两艘布雷舰，距离水面只有 800 码。
This time they were not handicapped by the fact that they had to stand out so far from shore, and it was a surprise to the natives to see ships of such draft come so close to land--a fact which convinced the British authorities that spies had been at work since the first raid, sending to the German admiralty either charts or detailed descriptions of the region.
这一次，他们并没有因为必须远离海岸而受到阻碍，而且对于当地人来说，看到如此吃水的船只如此靠近陆地，这让他们感到惊讶——这一事实让英国当局相信，自第一次袭击以来，间谍就一直在工作，向德国海军部发送该地区的图表或详细描述。
The castle was badly damaged by their fire; the town itself came next, the Grand Hotel coming in for its share of destruction.
城堡因大火而严重受损。接下来是城镇本身，格兰德酒店也遭受了破坏。
They did little injury to a wireless station in the suburbs, but hit quite a number of residences, the gas and water works.
他们对郊区的一个无线电站造成的伤害不大，但袭击了相当多的住宅、煤气和自来水厂。
Half an hour afterward the two cruisers which had fired upon Scarborough appeared off Whitby and began to fire at the signal station there.
半小时后，向斯卡伯勒开火的两艘巡洋舰出现在惠特比附近，并开始向那里的信号站开火。
In the ten minutes that the bombardment of Whitby lasted some 200 shells fell into the place.
对惠特比的轰炸持续了十分钟，大约有 200 发炮弹落入该地。
This time the fact that the German ships came close to the shore worked against them, for there are high cliffs close to the water at the spot and it was necessary for the German gunners to use a high angle, which did not give them much chance to be accurate.
这次德军舰艇靠岸的事实对他们不利，因为该处靠近水面的悬崖很高，德军炮手必须使用高角度，这并没有给他们太多的机会进行精确射击。
The German ships next turned seaward and made for their home ports.
德国船只随后转向海上，驶向本国港口。
The scenes enacted in the three towns during the bombardment and afterwards were tragic.
轰炸期间及之后三个城镇所发生的场面十分悲惨。
Considering the fact, however, that the persons under fire were civilians, many of them women and children, their coolness was remarkable.
然而，考虑到被击中的人是平民，其中许多是妇女和儿童，他们的冷静是惊人的。
They did not know what should be done, for the thought of bombardment was the last thing that had come into the minds of the authorities when England went to war, and as a result no instructions for such an emergency had been issued by the authorities.
他们不知道该怎么办，因为当英国参战时，当局最不愿意想到的就是轰炸，因此当局没有针对这种紧急情况发出任何指示。
Some thought it best to stay within doors, some thought it best to go into the streets.
有些人认为最好呆在室内，有些人认为最好走上街头。
In Hartlepool a large crowd gathered in the railway station, some fully dressed, some only in night clothes.
在哈特尔普尔，一大群人聚集在火车站，有些人衣冠楚楚，有些人只穿着睡衣。
Many of the women carried babies in their arms and were followed by older children who clung to their skirts.
许多妇女怀里抱着婴儿，后面跟着的大孩子则紧紧抓住她们的裙子。
Policemen led this crowd out of the station and started them along a street which would bring them out into the country, but while they were passing the library they were showered by the stone work as it fell when hit by the German shells.
警察带领这群人走出车站，让他们沿着一条街道进入乡下，但当他们经过图书馆时，他们被德国炮弹击中时掉落的石雕砸中。
One shell, striking the street itself, killed three of the six children who were fleeing along it in company with their mother.
一枚炮弹击中街道本身，杀死了与母亲一起沿着街道逃亡的六名儿童中的三名。
Many other persons met deaths as tragic either within their own homes or on the streets.
许多其他人在自己的家中或街头惨遭死亡。
St. Mary's Catholic Church as well as the Church of St. Hilda were damaged, as were the shipyards and the office of the local newspaper.
圣玛丽天主教堂和圣希尔达教堂、造船厂和当地报纸的办公室都遭到破坏。
The destruction of the gas works left the town in almost complete darkness for many nights afterward.
煤气厂的毁坏使该镇在随后的许多夜晚几乎处于完全黑暗中。
The authorities issued a proclamation ordering all citizens to remain indoors for a time, and then began to count the number of dead and injured.
当局发布公告，命令所有公民暂时留在室内，然后开始统计死伤人数。
The first estimate gave the former as 22 and the latter as 50, but subsequent reckoning showed that both figures were too low.
最初的估计是前者为22，后者为50，但后来的推算表明，这两个数字都太低了。
In Scarborough most of the inhabitants were still in bed when the bombardment started and for a few minutes did not become excited, thinking the booming of the guns was the sound of thunder.
轰炸开始时，斯卡伯勒的大多数居民还躺在床上，有几分钟没有变得兴奋，认为枪声是雷声。
But when the shells began to drop on their houses they knew better.
但当炮弹开始落在他们的房子上时，他们就知道了。
Many were killed or wounded while they hastily got into their clothes.
许多人在匆忙穿好衣服时被杀或受伤。
One shell hit St. Martin's Church while communion was being held.
圣马丁教堂正在举行圣餐仪式，一枚炮弹击中了教堂。
Here, too, the railway station was made the objective of many refugees, and the police did what they could to send the women and children out of range of fire by putting them on trains of extra length.
在这里，火车站也成为许多难民的目标，警察尽其所能，将妇女和儿童安置在加长的火车上，以将他们送出火力范围。
As in all such scenes there were humorous sides to it.
正如所有此类场景一样，其中也有幽默的一面。
One old workman, while hurrying along a street was heard to say: "This is what comes of having a Liberal Government." In all, about 6,000 people left the town immediately and did not return for some days.
一位老工人在街上匆匆忙忙时，有人听到他说：“这就是自由党政府的后果。”总共约有 6,000 人立即离开该镇，并有几天没有返回。
Similar were the scenes enacted in Whitby when the turn of that town came.
当轮到惠特比时，该镇上演的场景也类似。
Only two persons were killed in that town, while thirteen casualties were reported from Scarborough.
该镇只有两人死亡，而斯卡伯勒则报告有十三人伤亡。
The raid immediately became the subject for discussion in the newspapers of every country on the globe.
这次突袭立即成为全球各国报纸讨论的话题。
In England it was bitterly denounced, and the term "baby killers" was applied to the men of the German navy.
在英国，这种行为遭到了严厉的谴责，“婴儿杀手”一词被用来形容德国海军的士兵。
In Germany it was justified on the ground that the German admiralty had information and proof that the bombarded cities were fortified, and therefore, under international law, subject to bombardment.
在德国，这是合理的，因为德国海军部掌握了信息和证据，证明被轰炸的城市有防御工事，因此根据国际法，它们应该受到轰炸。
Nor did the German journalists lose the opportunity to declare that Great Britain no longer ruled the waves nor to show pride over the fact that their fleet had successfully left the German coast and had successfully returned to its home port.
德国记者也不失时机地宣布英国不再统治海浪，也不失时机地为他们的舰队成功离开德国海岸并成功返回母港而感到自豪。
The war, they said, had been brought to England's door.
他们说，战争已经被带到英国家门口了。
The year 1914 ended gloomily for the British public; nothing could have disappointed them more than the failure to catch the Germans.
1914 年对英国公众来说是悲观的一年。没有什么比未能抓住德国人更令他们失望的了。
Nor did the new year open brightly for Britain, for on the first day of January, 1915, there came the news of disaster to the _Formidable_, sister ship to the _Bulwark_.
英国的新年也并不光明，因为在 1915 年 1 月的第一天，就传来了“堡垒”号姊妹舰“可畏”号遭遇灾难的消息。
The lesson of the _Hogue_, _Cressy_, and _Aboukir_ had not been learned, for this ship went down under the same circumstances.
霍格号、克雷西号和阿布基尔号的教训尚未吸取，因为这艘船是在同样的情况下沉没的。
While patrolling near Torbay during a night on which there was a bright moon and a calm sea, this ship, in company with seven other large ships unaccompanied by a "screen" of destroyers, was hit by a torpedo fired from a German submarine.
在月亮明亮、海面平静的夜晚，这艘船在托贝附近巡逻时，与其他七艘没有驱逐舰“屏障”的大型船只一起，被一艘德国潜艇发射的鱼雷击中。
Most of her crew were asleep when the torpedo struck and damaged the engine room so much that no lights could be turned on.
当鱼雷击中并损坏机舱时，她的大多数船员都在睡觉，以至于无法打开灯。
In the darkness they hurried to the deck, which was slanting from her list.
在黑暗中，他们匆忙来到甲板上，甲板从她的名单上倾斜了。
In obedience to orders issued by the admiralty after the sinking of the _Cressy_ and the ships with her, the rest of the fleet immediately sailed away from the scene, so that no more of them would be hit.
克雷西号及其随舰沉没后，根据海军部发布的命令，其余舰队立即驶离现场，以免再受到袭击。
Only a light cruiser stood by the sinking _Formidable_.
只有一艘轻型巡洋舰站在正在下沉的_可畏号_旁边。
A second torpedo struck her and this had the effect of letting water into her hold on the side which was slowly coming out of the water.
第二枚鱼雷击中了她，导致水进入她缓慢从水中流出的一侧。
She took a position with even keel after that, and this fact enabled most of her crew to get off safely before she sank.
此后，她的龙骨保持平稳，这使得她的大部分船员在她沉没之前安全下船。
Once more the Germans were to attempt a raid on the coast cities of England.
德国人将再次尝试袭击英格兰沿海城市。
The date of this third attempt was January 24, 1915.
第三次尝试的日期是 1915 年 1 月 24 日。
This time the British were a bit better prepared, for a squadron of battle cruisers, consisting of the _Lion_, _Tiger_, _Princess Royal_, _New Zealand_, and _Indomitable_, put out from a port in the north of England at about the same time that the Germans left their base.
这次英国人准备得更好一些，一支由“狮子”号、“虎”号、“皇家公主”号、“新西兰”号和“不屈”号组成的战列巡洋舰中队，大约在德国人离开基地的同时从英格兰北部的一个港口出发。
All of these ships, with the exception of the last named, were quite fast, having speeds of from 25 to 28.5 knots; they were at the same time carrying heavy armament--13.5-inch guns in the main batteries.
所有这些船只，除了最后提到的那艘之外，速度都相当快，速度为 25 至 28.5 节；他们同时携带重型武器——主炮中的13.5英寸火炮。
In company with them went four cruisers of what is known in England as the "town class"; these were the _Nottingham_, _Birmingham_, _Lowestoft_, and _Southampton_, together with the three light cruisers _Arethusa_, _Aurora_, and _Undaunted_, and a squadron of destroyers.
与他们同行的是四艘在英格兰被称为“城镇级”的巡洋舰。这些是_诺丁汉_、_伯明翰_、_洛斯托夫特_和_南安普顿_，以及三艘轻巡洋舰_阿瑞图萨_、_奥罗拉_和_无畏者_，以及一个驱逐舰中队。
The German fleet which was engaged in this raid consisted of the _Seydlitz_, _Moltke_, _Derfflinger_, and _Blücher_, in company with a fleet of destroyers.
参与这次袭击的德国舰队包括塞德利茨号、毛奇号、德夫林格号和布吕歇尔号，以及一支驱逐舰舰队。
The German ships were not quite as fast as the English ships, nor did they carry guns of such range or destructive power as their British opponents.
德国战舰的速度不如英国战舰，它们的火炮射程和破坏力也不像英国对手那样大。
Early in the first hours of January 24, these two forces, unknown to each other were steaming head on, the Germans taking a course leading northwest and the English a course leading southeast.
1 月 24 日凌晨，这两支互不相识的部队正迎头迎面而来，德军的航向为西北方向，英军的航向为东南方向。
At twenty minutes past seven in the morning the _Aurora_ first sighted the enemy and engaged him immediately with her two 6-inch guns, sending at the same time word of her discovery to Admiral Beatty.
早上七点十分二十分，奥罗拉号第一次发现了敌人，并立即用她的两门 6 英寸火炮与他交战，同时将她发现的消息发送给贝蒂海军上将。
Admiral Hipper, the German commander, as soon as he knew the enemy had sighted him, turned about and started to steam in a southeasterly direction.
德国指挥官希佩尔海军上将一得知敌人发现了他，就掉头向东南方向航行。
In view of the results of this battle, it is best to go into the matter of the tactics involved.
鉴于这一战的结果，最好还是谈谈其中的战术问题。
Tactics may be of two kinds--spontaneous or premeditated.
策略可以有两种——自发的或有预谋的。
When two hostile fleets meet on the high sea far from the base of either, the object of each is the complete destruction of the other, and the tactics employed are spontaneous.
当两支敌对舰队在远离各自基地的公海上相遇时，双方的目标都是彻底摧毁对方，所采用的战术都是自发的。
Such an action was that off Coronel.
科罗内尔就是这么做的。
But on a closed sea such as the North Sea spontaneous tactics can rarely be used, for the reason that naval bases are too near, and from these there may slyly come reenforcements to one or the other or to both of the fighting fleets, making the arrangement of traps an easy matter.
但在北海这样的封闭海域，自发战术很少能使用，因为海军基地距离太近，可能会从这些海军基地偷偷地增援一支或另一支或两支作战舰队，因此布置陷阱是一件容易的事。
This is particularly true of the North Sea, on which it is possible for a fleet to leave Cuxhaven early in the evening and to be at Scarborough early the following morning.
北海尤其如此，舰队有可能在傍晚离开库克斯港，并于第二天清晨抵达斯卡伯勒。
In addition, sailing is restricted because an unusually large portion of its waters is too shallow to permit of the passage of large ships.
此外，航行受到限制，因为其大部分水域太浅，不允许大型船只通过。
The Germans on this occasion had arranged a trap.
德国人这次布置了一个陷阱。
They knew that after making two successful raids on the English coast the British would keep even a closer watch for them.
他们知道，在对英国海岸进行两次成功的袭击之后，英国人会更加密切地监视他们。
When they sailed from their base, it was with the expectation of meeting a hostile force, as was undoubtedly their expectation on the first two raids.
当他们从基地出发时，就怀着与敌对势力相遇的预期，这无疑也是他们对前两次袭击的预期。
But they did not intend to fight matters out on high waters.
但他们并不打算激烈争斗。
What they wanted to do was to get the British involved in a good running engagement, steering a southeasterly course the while and luring the British ships within striking force of a waiting fleet of superdreadnoughts and perhaps land guns and mines.
他们想要做的是让英国人参与一场良好的奔跑交战，同时将英国船只转向东南航向，并引诱英国船只进入等待的超级无畏舰舰队的打击力量，也许还有陆地火炮和水雷。
This explains why Admiral Hipper turned stern as soon as he got into touch with the enemy.
这就解释了为什么希佩尔海军上将一接触敌人就变得严厉。
There was a distance of fourteen miles between the two fleets when the _Lion_ got her heavy guns into action.
当雄狮号让她的重炮投入战斗时，两支舰队之间的距离有十四英里。
The German line was off her port (left) bow.
德国战线位于她的左舷船头之外。
At the head of that line was the _Moltke_, and following her came the _Seydlitz_, _Derfflinger_, _Blücher_, and the destroyers in the order given.
这条战线的最前面是毛奇号，紧随其后的是塞德利茨号、德夫林格号、布吕歇尔号，以及按照给出的顺序排列的驱逐舰。
At the head of the British line was the _Lion_, followed by the _Tiger_, _Princess Royal_, _New Zealand_, and _Indomitable_ in the order named.
英国战列队的最前面是“狮子”号，后面依次是“老虎”号、“皇家公主”号、“新西兰”号和“不屈”号。
The other cruisers and the destroyers of the British fleet brought up the rear.
英国舰队的其他巡洋舰和驱逐舰在后面。
In the chase which followed the Germans were handicapped by the fact that the _Blücher_ was far too slow to be brought into action, which meant that either the other ships must leave her behind to certain destruction or that they must slow down to keep with her.
在随后的追击中，德国人因布吕歇尔号速度太慢而无法投入行动，这意味着其他船只要么必须将她抛在后面，使其遭受一定的破坏，要么必须放慢速度以跟上她。
They chose the latter course, while her stokers did their best to increase her speed.
他们选择了后者，而她的司炉则尽最大努力提高她的速度。
In the English fleet there was the same trouble with the _Indomitable_, but inasmuch as the British were the pursuers and had a preponderance in ships and in the range of their guns, this did not matter so much to them.
在英国舰队中，“不屈号”也遇到了同样的麻烦，但由于英国人是追击者，并且在船只和火炮射程方面拥有优势，所以这对他们来说并不那么重要。
But the stokers of the _Indomitable_ worked as hard, if not harder, than those of the _Blücher_.
但是，“不屈号”号的司炉们工作得和“布吕歇尔号”号的司炉们一样努力，甚至更辛苦。
By half past nine the two forces were seven miles apart and the battle was on.
九点半时，两军相距七英里，战斗已经开始。
It is necessary here to give certain facts about gunnery on a large modern battleship.
这里有必要提供有关大型现代战舰炮兵的某些事实。
Firing at a range of seven miles means a test of mathematics rather than of the mere matter of pointing guns.
在七英里的射程内射击意味着对数学的考验，而不仅仅是瞄准枪的问题。
At that distance the target--the ship to be hit--is barely visible on the sky line on the clearest and calmest sea.
在这个距离上，目标——即将被击中的船只——在最清澈、最平静的海上的天际线上几乎看不见。
If a hole the size of the head of a pin be made in a piece of cardboard and the latter be held about a foot and a half from the eye, the distant ship will just about fill the hole.
如果在一块纸板上打一个大头针大小的孔，并将纸板放在距眼睛约一英尺半的地方，远处的船将刚好填满这个孔。
The guns on the modern battleships are not "laid"; that is, they are not aimed as were the cannon of past days or the rifle of to-day.
现代战列舰上的火炮并不是“铺设”的；也就是说，它们不像过去的大炮或今天的步枪那样瞄准。
It is set toward its target by two factors.
它是由两个因素决定的。
The first is known as "traverse," which means how far to the left or right it must be pointed in a horizontal plane.
第一个被称为“遍历”，这意味着它必须在水平面上向左或向右指向多远。
The second factor is "elevation"--how far up or down it must be pointed in a vertical plane.
第二个因素是“高度”——在垂直平面上它必须指向多远或多远。
The latter factor determines how far it will throw its projectile, and up to a certain point the higher the gun is pointed the further will go the shell.
后一个因素决定了炮弹的投掷距离，在一定程度上，枪指向越高，炮弹射程就越远。
A certain paradox seems to enter here.
这里似乎出现了某种悖论。
It is a fact that a distant ship presents a target more easily hit if its bow or stern is toward the gunner.
事实上，如果船头或船尾朝向炮手，远处的船只就更容易击中目标。
If it presents a broadside there is the danger that the shells will go either beyond the ship or will fall short of it, for the greatest beam on a warship is not much more than 90 feet.
如果它是侧舷排炮，则存在炮弹超出舰船或低于舰船的危险，因为军舰上最大的横梁不超过 90 英尺。
If the bow or stern is toward the gunner he has a chance of landing a shell on any part of the 600 or more feet of the ship's length.
如果船头或船尾朝向炮手，他就有机会将炮弹落在船长 600 英尺或以上的任何部分。
The first firing in a battle at a distance is known as "straddling," by which is meant that a number of shots are sent simultaneously, some falling short, some falling beyond the target, and some hitting it.
远距离战斗中的第一次射击被称为“跨射”，意思是同时发射多发子弹，有的未射中，有的超出目标，有的击中目标。
[Illustration: The german cruiser "Blücher" turning on her side as she sank in the North Sea battle of January 24.
[插图：1月24日的北海海战中，德国巡洋舰“布吕歇尔”号侧翻沉没。
1915.
1915年。
The other vessels of the German squadron escaped.]
德国分舰队的其他船只逃脱了。]
The man who really "aims" the gun never sees what he is shooting at.
真正用枪“瞄准”的人永远看不到他射击的对象。
At some point of vantage on his ship one of the officers observes the enemy and reports to the chief gunner the distance, the direction, and the effect of the first shots.
一名军官在船上的某个有利位置观察敌人，并向主炮长报告第一轮射击的距离、方向和效果。
The gunnery officer then makes certain calculations, taking into consideration the speed of his own ship and the speed of the enemy ship.
然后，炮兵军官会考虑己方舰艇的速度和敌方舰艇的速度，进行一定的计算。
He knows that at a given moment his target will be at a given point.
他知道在特定时刻他的目标将在特定点。
He knows also just how fast his shells will travel and makes calculations that enable him to place a shell at that point at just the right second.
他还知道他的炮弹的飞行速度有多快，并进行计算，使他能够在正确的时刻将炮弹放置在该点。
In this battle the shells of the British ship took about twenty seconds to go from the mouths of the guns to the German hulls.
在这场战斗中，英国舰艇的炮弹从炮口到达德国舰体大约需要二十秒的时间。
And they made a curve at the highest point of which they reached a distance of more than two miles; and most wonderful of all was the fact that at the beginning of the firing a man standing on the deck of one of the German ships could not even see the ship which was firing the shells at her, though the weather was very clear.
他们在最高点拐了一个弯，到达了两英里多的地方。最奇妙的是，在射击开始时，尽管天气晴朗，站在一艘德国舰艇甲板上的人甚至看不到向她发射炮弹的那艘船。
By a quarter to ten o'clock the _Lion_ had come up with and had passed the slow _Blücher_, firing broadsides into her as she went by.
到十点一刻钟时，狮子号追上来并超过了缓慢的布吕歇尔号，在她经过时向她开炮。
The _Tiger_ then passed the unfortunate German ship, also letting her have a heavy fire, and then the _Princess Royal_ did likewise.
随后，“虎”号超过了这艘不幸的德国船，也让她遭到猛烈火力攻击，然后“公主”号也做了同样的事情。
Finally the _New Zealand_ was able to engage her and later even the slow _Indomitable_ got near enough to do so.
最后，新西兰号能够与她交战，后来，即使是缓慢的“不屈号”也足够接近，可以这样做。
By that time the _Blücher_ was afire and one of her gun turrets, with its crew and gun, had been swept off bodily by a British shell.
那时，布吕歇尔号已起火，其中一座炮塔及其舰员和火炮已被英国炮弹炸飞。
Meanwhile the _Lion_, _Tiger_, and _Princess Royal_ kept straight ahead till they were able to "straddle" even the leading ship of the enemy's line.
与此同时，“狮子”号、“老虎”号和“皇家公主号”继续笔直前进，直到它们甚至能够“跨过”敌方战线的领头舰。
The _Tiger_ and _Lion_ poured shells into the _Seydlitz_, but were unable to do much damage to the _Moltke_.
虎号和狮号向塞德利茨号倾泻炮弹，但未能对毛奇号造成太大伤害。
While they were thus engaged the _Princess Royal_ singled out the _Derfflinger_ for her target.
当他们如此交战时，_皇家公主_挑选了_德夫林格_作为她的目标。
The light British cruiser _Aurora_, _Arethusa_, and _Undaunted_ were far ahead of the rest of the British fleet and were firing at the _Moltke_, but thick black smoke which poured from their funnels as their engines were speeded up got between the gunners of the _Lion_ and their target, the _Moltke_, completely obscuring the latter.
英国轻型巡洋舰奥罗拉号、阿瑞图萨号和无畏号远远领先于英国舰队的其余舰艇，正在向毛奇号开火，但随着发动机加速，从烟囱中喷出的浓浓黑烟挡在了雄狮号的炮手和目标毛奇号之间，完全掩盖了后者。
As a result the three light British cruisers were ordered to slow down and to take positions to the rear.
结果，三艘英国轻型巡洋舰被命令减速并在后方就位。
By eleven o'clock there were fires raging on both the _Seydlitz_ and the _Derfflinger_, and Admiral Hipper decided to try to save his larger ships by sacrificing the destroyers that accompanied them.
到了十一点钟，塞德利茨号和德夫林格号都起火了，希佩尔海军上将决定牺牲随行的驱逐舰来拯救他的大型舰艇。
Consequently the German destroyers put their bows right toward the large British ships and charged, but the fire which they drew was too much for them and they gave up this maneuver.
因此，德国驱逐舰将船头直接冲向英国大型舰艇并冲锋，但它们所引来的火力对它们来说太大了，所以它们放弃了这一机动。
The British destroyer _Meteor_, which had been maintaining a perilous position between the battleships, then attempted to torpedo the _Blücher_, which had fallen far to the rearward to be abandoned by the rest of the German fleet.
英国驱逐舰流星号一直保持在战列舰之间的危险位置，随后试图用鱼雷攻击布吕歇尔号，布吕歇尔号已远远落后，被德国舰队的其余舰艇抛弃。
Badly damaged as the _Blücher_ was, the crew of one of her guns managed to get in some final shots, one of them nearly ending the career of the British destroyer.
尽管布吕歇尔号受损严重，但其一门炮的船员仍成功进行了最后几枪，其中一枪几乎结束了这艘英国驱逐舰的职业生涯。
The _Arethusa_ had also come up and prepared to launch a torpedo.
阿雷图萨号也出现并准备发射鱼雷。
Cruiser and destroyer torpedoed her at about the same moment, and later, while within 200 yards of the sinking German ship the _Arethusa_ sent another torpedo at her.
巡洋舰和驱逐舰几乎在同一时刻向她发射了鱼雷，随后，在距正在沉没的德国舰艇 200 码范围内时，阿雷图萨号向她发射了另一枚鱼雷。
She now began to list, although not greatly damaged, on her port side till her keel showed.
她现在开始在左舷侧倾斜，直到龙骨露出为止，尽管受损程度并未严重。
Her crew showed remarkable bravery.
她的船员表现出了非凡的勇敢。
The men lined up as though at a review and began to sing the German national airs, intending to go to their deaths in that formation.
这些人像检阅一样排成一排，开始唱德国民族乐曲，打算以这种队形赴死。
But an officer on the _Arethusa_ shouted to them through a megaphone to jump while they could to save their lives.
但阿雷图萨号上的一名军官通过扩音器向他们喊话，要求他们尽快跳下去，以挽救自己的生命。
This had a psychological effect, and as the starboard side of her hull slowly came up her men were seen scrambling on it from behind her taffrail and creeping down toward her keel.
这产生了心理影响，当她的船体右舷慢慢升起时，人们看到她的手下从船尾栏杆后面爬上船体，并向她的龙骨爬去。
Some of them almost walked into the water while she was in that position.
当她处于那个位置时，他们中的一些人几乎走进了水里。
Her guns were pointing toward the sky, one of them slowly revolving.
她的枪指向天空，其中一把正在缓慢旋转。
Finally, when she was completely upside down she went under.
最后，当她完全倒立时，她就沉下去了。
Many of her crew were picked up by British small boats, and her captain, who was one of them, was taken to England, where he died later from the results of this experience and was buried with full naval honors.
她的许多船员被英国小船救起，她的船长（其中之一）被带到英国，后来他因这次经历而去世，并以完全海军荣誉被埋葬。
The German destroyers had meanwhile come between their own cruisers and those of the enemy and emitted volumes of heavy smoke, which they hoped would form an effective screen between the former and the gunners on the latter.
与此同时，德国驱逐舰来到己方巡洋舰和敌方巡洋舰之间，并喷出大量浓烟，他们希望这些烟雾能够在前者和后者的炮手之间形成有效的屏障。
Admiral Hipper then ordered all of his ships to turn northward, in the hope of getting away behind this screen, but the British admiral anticipated this maneuver and changed the course of his ships so that he again had the German ships in view after both fleets had driven through the smoke.
希佩尔海军上将随后命令他的所有舰艇向北转向，希望能逃离这个屏障后面，但英国海军上将预见到了这一机动，并改变了他的舰艇的航向，以便在两支舰队驶过烟雾后，他再次看到了德国舰艇。
The _Lion_ of the British fleet was chosen as the target for the German ships, and by keeping a concentrated fire upon her were able to do considerable damage.
英国舰队的“狮”号被选为德国舰艇的目标，通过集中火力对她造成相当大的伤害。
One shell penetrated the bow of the _Lion_ as it was partly lifted out of the water on account of the great speed she was making; this shot hit her water tank and made it impossible for her to use her port engine from that time on.
一枚炮弹击穿了“狮子”号的船头，当时“狮子”号由于速度极快，部分被提出了水面。这颗子弹击中了她的水箱，使她从此无法使用她的左舷发动机。
She slowed down.
她放慢了速度。
When she fell out of the line it was necessary for Admiral Beatty to leave her, and he transferred his flag to the destroyer _Attack_.
当她脱离战列线时，贝蒂海军上将必须离开她，他将自己的旗帜转移到了驱逐舰_攻击号上。
But all of this took time and it was quite long before he was able to rejoin his leading ships.
但这一切都需要时间，过了很长一段时间他才能够重新加入他的领导舰船。
By twenty minutes past twelve he had got aboard the _Princess Royal_.
十二点二十分，他登上了_皇家公主号_。
Rear Admiral Moore automatically took up command of the British fleet while his senior officer was making these changes.
当他的高级军官进行这些改变时，摩尔少将自动接管了英国舰队的指挥权。
It is not known what Admiral Moore's orders had been, but it is known that he suddenly ordered all ships to cease firing and allowed the German warships to proceed without further engaging them.
目前尚不清楚摩尔海军上将的命令是什么，但众所周知，他突然命令所有舰艇停止射击，并允许德国军舰继续前进，而不再与它们进一步交战。
By the time that Admiral Beatty was again on a battle cruiser the action was virtually over.
当贝蒂海军上将再次登上战列巡洋舰时，行动实际上已经结束了。
The _Indomitable_ passed a cable to the crippled _Lion_ and towed the latter home, the rest of the British fleet keeping to the rearward to be ready for possible resumption of fighting.
不屈号将一根电缆传递给受伤的狮子号，并将后者拖回家，英国舰队的其余舰艇则留在后方，为可能重新开始的战斗做好准备。
Much criticism was made by the British press and by laymen on account of the sudden termination of the fight, and there was great complaint in England because the career of all the raiding German ships had not been brought to an end.
英国媒体和外行人士对战斗的突然结束提出了很多批评，英国国内也有很大的抱怨，因为所有袭击德国船只的生涯还没有结束。
But when the engagement ended the opposing fleets were within seventy miles of Helgoland, and the German admiralty had ready a fleet of dreadnoughts and another of battle cruisers to engage the British ships when they got within striking distance.
但当交战结束时，对方舰队已距离黑尔戈兰岛七十英里以内，德国海军部已准备好一支由无畏舰组成的舰队和另一艘战列巡洋舰，以便在英国舰艇进入攻击距离时与它们交战。
By ending the fight when he did the British commander chose not to be led into this trap.
当他结束战斗时，英国指挥官选择不被引入这个陷阱。
Nor was there dissatisfaction in England alone.
不满情绪不仅仅出现在英格兰。
In Germany the complaint was that the ruse had not worked, and not long afterward Admiral von Ingenohl was replaced as commander of the High Sea Fleet by Admiral von Pohl.
德国方面抱怨称，这一诡计并未奏效，不久之后，冯·英格诺尔海军上将被冯·波尔海军上将取代，担任公海舰队司令。
None of the blame for the failure was laid at the door of the officer who had actually been engaged in the fighting--Admiral Hipper--which showed that his senior officers had considered the engagement as part of a larger action.
失败的责任并没有归咎于实际参与战斗的军官——希佩尔海军上将——这表明他的高级军官已将这次交战视为更大行动的一部分。
CHAPTER XL
第二十章
RESULTS OF SIX MONTHS' NAVAL OPERATIONS
六个月海军行动的结果
The first six months of naval operations in the Great War came to a close without battle between the main fleets of the navies of the warring nations.
第一次世界大战的前六个月的海军行动在交战国海军主力舰队之间没有发生战斗的情况下结束了。
The British navy had kept open communication with the Continent, allowing the Expeditionary Force, as well as later military contingents, to get to the trenches in Flanders and France.
英国海军与欧洲大陆保持开放的沟通，允许远征军以及后来的军事特遣队到达佛兰德斯和法国的战壕。
It had, in addition, made possible the transportation of troops from Canada and Australia.
此外，它还使加拿大和澳大利亚的部队运输成为可能。
The ports of France were open for commerce with America, which permitted the importation of arms and munitions, and the same privilege had been won for the ports in the British Isles.
法国的港口对美国开放，允许进口武器和弹药，不列颠群岛的港口也获得了同样的特权。
The northern ports of the Central Powers were closed to commerce with all but the Scandinavian countries, and the oversea German possessions, where they were accessible to naval attack, had been taken from her.
同盟国的北部港口禁止与斯堪的纳维亚国家以外的所有国家通商，德国的海外领地也被夺走了，因为那里容易受到海上攻击。
The German and Austrian flags had been swept from the seven seas, with the exception of those on three or four German cruisers that now and then showed themselves capable of sinking a merchantman.
德国和奥地利的旗帜已从七大洋上被扫除，只有三四艘德国巡洋舰上的旗帜除外，它们时不时地表现出自己有能力击沉商船。
In the four engagements of importance which had been fought by the end of January, 1915, the British had been the victors in three--the battles of the Bight of Helgoland, the Falkland Islands, and the third German raid of January 24, 1915--the Germans had been victors in one--the fight off Coronel.
在 1915 年 1 月底之前进行的四场重要战役中，英国人在三场战役中获胜——赫尔戈兰湾战役、福克兰群岛战役和 1915 年 1 月 24 日德军第三次袭击——德国人在一场战役中获胜——科罗内尔海战。
British and other allied ships were unable to inflict damage on the coast defenses of Germany, but the latter in two successful raids had been able to bombard British coast towns, offsetting in a way the loss of oversea dominions.
英国和其他盟国的船只无法对德国的海岸防御造成损害，但德国在两次成功的袭击中轰炸了英国沿海城镇，在某种程度上抵消了海外领土的损失。
Great Britain, after six months of naval warfare had lost three battleships, the _Bulwark_, _Formidable_, and _Audacious_;[1] the five armored cruisers _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, _Hogue_, _Monmouth_, and _Good Hope_; the second-class cruisers _Hawke_ and _Hermes_; the two third-class cruisers _Amphion_ and _Pegasus_; the protected scout _Pathfinder_ and the converted liner _Oceanic_; losses in destroyers and other small vessels were negligible.
英国经过六个月的海战，损失了三艘战列舰：“堡垒”号、“强大”号和“大胆”号；[1] 五艘装甲巡洋舰“阿布基尔”号、“克雷西”号、“霍格”号、“蒙茅斯”号和“好望”号；二等巡洋舰_霍克_和_赫尔墨斯_；两艘三级巡洋舰安菲翁号和飞马座号；受保护的侦察机_Pathfinder_和改装后的班轮_Oceanic_；驱逐舰和其他小型船只的损失可以忽略不计。
[Footnote 1: The British admiralty did not clear up the mystery of her disaster.]
[脚注1：英国海军部并没有解开她的灾难之谜。]
Germany had lost no first-class battleships, but in third-class cruisers her loss was great, those that went down being the eleven ships _Ariadne_, _Augsburg_, _Emden_, _Graudenz_, _Hela_, _Köln_, _Königsberg_, _Leipzig_, _Nürnberg_, _Magdeburg_, _Mainz_, and the _Dresden_; she lost, also, the four armored cruisers _Blücher_, _Scharnhorst_, _Gneisenau_, and _Yorck_; the old cruiser _Geier_ (interned); the three converted liners _Spreewald_, _Cap Trafalgar_, and _Kaiser Wilhelm_; and the mine layer _Königin Luise_.
德国没有损失任何一流战列舰，但在三级巡洋舰方面损失惨重，被击沉的有十一艘舰艇：阿里阿德涅号、奥格斯堡号、埃姆登号、格劳登茨号、海拉号、科隆号、柯尼斯堡号、莱比锡号、纽伦堡号、马格德堡号、美因茨号和_德累斯顿_；她还失去了四艘装甲巡洋舰布吕歇尔号、沙恩霍斯特号、格奈森瑙号和约克号；旧巡洋舰_盖尔_（被拘留）；三艘改装的客轮：_施普雷瓦尔德_、_特拉法尔加角_和_凯撒威廉_；和矿层_Königin Luise_。
The German policy of attrition had not taken off as many ships as had been lost by Germany herself, and, as England's ships so far outnumbered her own, it may well be said that the "whittling" policy was not successful.
德国的消耗政策并没有像德国自己损失的船只那么多，而且由于英国的船只数量迄今为止超过了她自己的船只，可以说“削减”政策并不成功。
She made up for this by having still at large the cruiser _Karlsruhe_ which damaged a great amount of commerce, and by the exploits of her submarines, far outshining those of the Allies.
她通过仍然逍遥法外的卡尔斯鲁厄号巡洋舰来弥补这一点，这艘巡洋舰对商业造成了巨大的损害，而且她的潜艇的功绩远远超过了盟军。
Russia had lost the armored cruiser _Pallada_, and the _Jemchug_, a third-class cruiser, and the losses of the French and Austrian navies were not worth accounting.
俄罗斯损失了“帕拉达”号装甲巡洋舰和三级巡洋舰“杰姆楚格”号，法国和奥地利海军的损失更是不值一提。
With regard to interned vessels both sides had losses.
关于扣留的船只，双方都有损失。
While the Germans were unable to use the great modern merchantmen which lay in American and other ports, and had to do without them either as converted cruisers or transports, the Allies were forced to detail warships to keep guard at the entrance of the various ports where these interned German liners might at any moment take to the high seas.
虽然德国人无法使用停泊在美国和其他港口的大型现代商船，并且不得不将它们改装为巡洋舰或运输船，但盟军被迫派出军舰在各个港口的入口处守卫，这些被扣留的德国客轮随时可能驶入公海。
In naval warfare the number of ships lost is no determining factor in figuring the actual victory--the important thing being the existence or nonexistence of the grand fleets of the combatants after the fighting is finished.
在海战中，损失的船只数量并不是决定实际胜利的决定性因素——重要的是战斗结束后交战双方的大型舰队是否存在。
Viewed from such an angle, the fact that the Allies had left no German ships at large other than those in the North Sea, cannot entitle them to victory at the end of the first six months of war.
从这个角度来看，盟军除了北海以外没有留下任何德国战舰，这一事实并不能保证他们在战争的头六个月结束时取得胜利。
So long as a German fleet remained intact and interned in neutral ports, naval victory for the Allies had not come, though naval supremacy was indicated.
只要德国舰队完好无损并被扣押在中立港口，盟军就不会取得海上胜利，尽管已经表明了海上霸权。
The fact was apparent, moreover, that while the Central Powers were being deprived of all their trade on the seas, the world's commerce endangered only by submarines was remaining wide open to the Allies.
此外，事实很明显，虽然同盟国被剥夺了所有海上贸易，但仅受潜艇威胁的世界贸易仍然向盟国敞开。
PART III--THE WAR ON THE EASTERN FRONT
第三部分——东部前线的战争
CHAPTER XLI
第 XLI 章
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THEATRE OF WARFARE
战区的一般特征
World war--the prophecy of the ages--now threatened the foundations of civilization.
世界大战——千古预言——现在威胁着文明的基础。
Whether or not the modern era was to fall under the sword, as did the democracy of Greece and the mighty Roman Empire, was again to be decided on battle grounds that for seventy centuries have devoured the generations.
现代时代是否会像希腊和强大的罗马帝国的民主一样落入刀剑之下，将再次取决于七十个世纪以来吞噬了几代人的战场。
The mountain passes were once more to reverberate with the battle cry--the roar of guns, the clank of artillery, the tramp of soldiery.
山口再次回荡着战斗的呐喊声——枪声、炮声、士兵的脚步声。
The rivers were to run crimson with the blood of men; cities were to fall before the invaders; ruin and death were to consume nations.
河流将因人类的鲜血而变成深红色；城市将在入侵者面前沦陷；毁灭和死亡将吞噬国家。
It was as though Xerxes, and Darius, and Alexander the Great, and Hannibal, and all the warriors of old were to return to earth to lead again gigantic armies over the ancient battle fields.
就好像薛西斯、大流士、亚历山大大帝、汉尼拔以及所有古代的战士都将回到地球，再次率领庞大的军队穿越古老的战场。
While the war was gaining momentum on the western battle grounds of Europe, gigantic armies were gathering in the East--there to wage mighty campaigns that were to hold in the balance the destiny of the great Russian Empire, the empire of Austria, the Balkan kingdoms--Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Bulgaria.
当战争在欧洲西部战场上愈演愈烈时，庞大的军队正在东方集结，在那里发动强大的战役，以平衡伟大的俄罗斯帝国、奥地利帝国、巴尔干诸国——塞尔维亚、黑山、罗马尼亚、保加利亚的命运。
The Turks were again to enter upon a war of invasion.
土耳其人再次发动入侵战争。
Greece once more was to tremble under the sword.
希腊再次在剑下颤抖。
Even Egypt and Persia and Jerusalem itself, the battle grounds of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Trojans, the bloody fields of paganism and early Christianity, were all to be awakened by the modern trumpets of war.
甚至埃及、波斯和耶路撒冷本身，亚述人、巴比伦人和特洛伊人的战场，异教和早期基督教的血腥之地，都被现代战争的号角唤醒了。
Before we enter upon these campaigns in the East it is well to survey the countries to be invaded, to review the battle lines and travel in these pages over the fighting ground.
在我们开始在东方开展这些战役之前，最好先调查一下将被入侵的国家，回顾一下战线，并在这些页面中游历战场。
The eastern theatre in the first six months of the war, from August 4, 1914, to February 1, 1915, includes the scenes of the fighting in the historic Balkans and in the Caucasus.
战争前六个月（从 1914 年 8 月 4 日到 1915 年 2 月 1 日）的东部战区包括历史悠久的巴尔干半岛和高加索地区的战斗场景。
But the eastern front proper is really that region where the Teutonic allies and the Russians opposed each other, forming a fighting line almost a thousand miles long.
但东线确实是条顿同盟和俄国人对峙的地区，形成了近千英里长的战线。
It stretches from rugged old Riga on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the far north, down through Poland to the Carpathian Mountains, touching the warm, sunlit hills on the Rumanian frontier.
它从遥远北部波罗的海沿岸崎岖不平的老里加一直延伸到波兰，到达喀尔巴阡山脉，触及罗马尼亚边境温暖、阳光明媚的山丘。
When the total losses of the Great War are finally counted it will probably be found that here the heaviest fighting has occurred.
当最终统计一战的总损失时，很可能会发现这里发生了最激烈的战斗。
This is the longest battle line in the world's history.
这是世界历史上最长的战线。
Partly on account of its great length, and partly because of the nature of the country, we see the two gigantic forces in this region locked together in their deadly struggle, swaying back and forth, first one giving way, then the other.
部分由于其漫长的长度，部分由于该国的性质，我们看到该地区的两股巨大力量在殊死搏斗中纠缠在一起，来回摇摆，先是让步，然后是另一个。
This was especially the case in the northern section, along the German-Russian frontier.
在德俄边境的北部地区尤其如此。
[Illustration: The War in the East--The Relation of the Eastern Countries to Germany.]
【图解：东方战争——东方国家与德国的关系】
As we view the armies marshaling along this upper section, along the Baltic shore, southward, including part of East Prussia as well as Baltic Russia, we look upon the ancient abode of the Lithuanians, supposed to be the first of the Slavic tribes to appear in Europe.
当我们看到军队沿着这个上部地区，沿着波罗的海沿岸，向南，包括东普鲁士和波罗的海俄罗斯的一部分集结时，我们看到了立陶宛人的古老住所，他们被认为是第一个出现在欧洲的斯拉夫部落。
Hardly any part of Europe has a more forbidding aspect than this region.
欧洲几乎没有任何地方比这个地区更令人生畏。
There the armies must pass over a flat, undulating country, almost as low in level as the Baltic, and therefore occupied in large part by marshes and lagoons through which they must struggle.
在那里，军队必须经过一片平坦、起伏的国家，其海拔几乎与波罗的海一样低，因此大部分地区都是沼泽和泻湖，他们必须在其中奋力挣扎。
In all parts the soil is unproductive.
所有地区的土壤都贫瘠。
At one time it was a universal forest: thick, dark, and dank.
曾经，这里是一片普遍的森林：茂密、黑暗、潮湿。
A century ago, however, Catherine the Great distributed large areas of this comparatively worthless land among her favorites and courtiers.
然而，一个世纪前，叶卡捷琳娜大帝将这片相对一文不值的土地的大片土地分配给了她的宠臣和朝臣。
In this way a certain percentage was reclaimed, and with the incoming of the sunlight more favorable conditions for human life were established.
通过这种方式，一定比例的资源被回收，并且随着阳光的到来，为人类的生活创造了更有利的条件。
Yet even now it is very thinly settled.
但即使是现在，问题也还很薄弱。
Through this region the armies must cross big rivers: the Oder, Dvina, Warthe, Vistula, Pregel, and Niemen, northward and northeastward.
通过这个地区，军队必须渡过大河：奥得河、德维纳河、瓦尔特河、维斯瓦河、普雷格尔河和涅门河，向北和东北延伸。
Just above or eastward of that point, where the German-Russian frontier touches the shore, the Baltic curls into a dent, 100 miles deep, forming the Gulf of Riga.
就在德俄边境接触海岸的那一点的上方或东边，波罗的海蜿蜒成一个100英里深的凹痕，形成里加湾。
Near the southern extremity of this gulf, eight miles from the mouth of the Dvina, is the city of Riga, ranking second only to Petrograd in commercial importance as a seaport, and with a population of about 300,000.
靠近海湾南端、距德维纳河口 8 英里的里加市是里加市，其作为海港的商业重要性仅次于彼得格勒，人口约 30 万。
As the armies move across the frontier they come to a vast domain projecting into this marsh country, like a great, broad tongue licking the shore of the Baltic; this wide strip of German territory is East Prussia--a country to be beleaguered.
当军队越过边境时，他们来到了一片伸入这片沼泽国家的广阔领域，就像一条巨大而宽阔的舌头舔着波罗的海的海岸；这片宽阔的德国领土就是东普鲁士——一个被围困的国家。
Not far below the tip of this tongue, about five miles from the mouth of the Pregel River in the Frische Haff, and about twenty-five miles from the seacoast, is situated another embattled stronghold--the city of Königsberg which, since 1843, has been a fortress of the first rank.
在这个舌尖下方不远的地方，距离弗里舍哈夫普雷格尔河河口约五英里，距离海岸约二十五英里，坐落着另一个严阵以待的要塞——柯尼斯堡市，自 1843 年以来，它一直是一流的堡垒。
These two cities in the following pages will be the immediate objectives of the enemy forces operating on this section of the eastern front.
在接下来的几页中，这两座城市将成为东线此段敌军的直接目标。
It will be obvious why the lines of battle were less permanently fixed here than in the more solid and mountainous sections of northern France.
很明显，为什么这里的战线不像法国北部更坚固、多山的地区那样永久固定。
Railroads and fairly well-laid highways do indeed traverse these swamps in various parts, especially in German territory, but trenches could not be dug in yielding mire.
铁路和相当完善的高速公路确实在各个地方穿过这些沼泽，特别是在德国领土上，但无法在松软的泥沼中挖战壕。
In yet another feature were the military operations hampered by the nature of the terrain here; the use of heavy artillery.
另一个特点是这里的地形阻碍了军事行动。使用重型火炮。
We have seen that one of the chief causes of success attending German attacks in the other theatres of the war has been their use of heavy guns.
我们已经看到，德国在战争其他战区的攻击取得成功的主要原因之一是他们使用了重型火炮。
But in the fighting before Riga, we shall see when the Germans seemed on the point of taking that city their heavy artillery was so handicapped that it was rendered practically useless.
但在里加之前的战斗中，我们将看到，当德国人似乎即将占领该城市时，他们的重型火炮受到如此严重的削弱，几乎变得毫无用处。
Being restricted by the marshes to an attack over a comparatively narrow front, they were compelled to leave their heavy guns behind on firmer soil.
由于沼泽地的限制，他们只能在相对狭窄的战线上发起进攻，他们被迫把重炮留在了更坚硬的土地上。
The guns which they could take with them were matched by the Russians; the fighting was, therefore, almost entirely limited to infantry engagements, in which the Russians were not inferior to the Germans.
他们携带的枪支与俄罗斯人相当。因此，战斗几乎完全限于步兵交战，其中俄罗斯人并不逊色于德国人。
Thus, we shall find the German advance on Riga was stopped before it could attain its object.
因此，我们会发现德军对里加的进攻在达到其目的之前就被阻止了。
In studying the fighting in this part of the eastern front, it will be seen why the Germans were more successful below Riga, and why the Russians were compelled to evacuate Vilna.
通过研究东线这一地区的战斗，我们就会明白为什么德国人在里加以下取得了更大的成功，以及为什么俄罗斯人被迫撤离维尔纳。
Here is a broad rise, something like the back of a half-submerged submarine, which seems to cross the country, where the land becomes more solid.
这里有一片宽阔的隆起，有点像半潜潜艇的背面，似乎横穿了整个国家，那里的土地变得更加坚固。
The armies must move, instead of through marshes, along innumerable small lakes, most of the lakes being long and narrow and running north and south, with a fairly thick growth of timber among them, mostly pine and spruce and fir.
军队必须沿着无数的小湖泊而不是穿过沼泽前进，大多数湖泊狭长，南北走向，其中生长着相当茂密的木材，主要是松树、云杉和冷杉。
In character this section is rather similar to parts of Minnesota.
从性质上来说，该地区与明尼苏达州的部分地区非常相似。
There are two cities to be conquered in this drier region, Dvinsk, and, further south, Vilna, once the chief city or capital of the Lithuanians.
在这个干燥的地区，有两个城市需要征服：德文斯克，以及更南边的维尔纳，维尔纳曾经是立陶宛人的主要城市或首都。
We shall see the Russians thrust back from Königsberg, and the heavy fighting shifted over to this section; yet even here, where the huge guns of the Germans could find footing, the terrain was not suited to trench warfare, and every arrival of reenforcements on either side would swing the lines back or forth.
我们将看到俄国人从柯尼斯堡撤退，激烈的战斗转移到了这一地区。然而，即使在这里，德国人的大炮可以立足，地形也不适合堑壕战，任何一方增援部队的到来都会使战线前后摇摆。
In studying the military movements in a country of this character, special attention must be paid to the railway lines.
在研究这样一个国家的军事行动时，必须特别注意铁路线。
Railways, and more especially those running parallel to the fronts, are absolutely necessary to success.
铁路，尤其是那些与前线平行的铁路，对于成功来说是绝对必要的。
In looking, therefore, for a key to the object of any particular movement, the first step must be a close study of this railroad situation.
因此，在寻找任何特定运动目标的关键时，第一步必须是仔细研究该铁路的情况。
We find from Riga to the fortress of Rovno there is a continuous line of railroad, running generally north and south and passing through Dvinsk, Vilna, Lida, Rovno, and thence down through Poland to Lemberg.
我们发现从里加到罗夫诺要塞有一条连续的铁路线，大致南北延伸，穿过德文斯克、维尔纳、利达、罗夫诺，然后穿过波兰到达伦贝格。
Every effort of the Russian armies in the succeeding chapters will be made to keep to the westward of and parallel to this line, and for a very good reason.
在接下来的章节中，俄罗斯军队将尽一切努力保持在这条线的西边并与这条线平行，这是有充分理由的。
Feeding into this great north and south artery are the branch lines from Petrograd to Dvinsk; from Moscow to the junction at Baranovitschi; from Kiev to Sarny.
从彼得格勒到德文斯克的支线流入这条南北大动脉。从莫斯科到巴拉诺维茨基 (Baranovitschi) 交汇处；从基辅到萨尔内。
Aside from these three important branch lines, there are a few other single-track off-shoots, but from a military point of view they are of no importance.
除了这三条重要的支线外，还有一些其他的单线支线，但从军事角度来看，它们并不重要。
This line was the main objective (short of capturing Riga itself) of the German operations.
这条防线是德军行动的主要目标（除了占领里加本身）。
This line proves especially vital to the Russians, for nowhere east of it is there another such line which could be used for the same purpose.
事实证明，这条线对俄罗斯人来说尤其重要，因为在它以东的任何地方都没有另一条这样的线可以用于同样的目的。
If, in the campaigns to be described, this railroad falls into Russian hands, it gives every facility for strengthening or reenforcing any part of the Russian front where German pressure becomes excessive.
如果在即将描述的战役中，这条铁路落入俄罗斯人手中，它将为加强或加强德国压力过大的俄罗斯前线任何部分提供一切便利。
It is, in addition, a solution to the difficult problem of transportation of supplies.
此外，它还解决了物资运输的难题。
To use a military term, it gives the Russian army a mobility not possessed by the enemy because of a lack of similar facilities.
用军事术语来说，它赋予了俄军一种敌方因缺乏类似设施而不具备的机动性。
But should this railroad be taken by the Germans, the advantage would immediately be reversed.
但如果这条铁路被德国人占领，优势就会立即逆转。
And if once the Russian lines were driven back beyond the railroad, a division of their forces would be forced upon them; their armies would be obliged to group themselves beside the three east and west branches already mentioned, for only by these three systems could their forces be supplied, lateral communications being absolutely lacking.
如果一旦俄国人的防线被赶到铁路之外，他们的兵力就会被迫分出一部分来对付他们。他们的军队将不得不集结在已经提到的东西三个分支旁边，因为只有这三个系统才能给他们的部队提供补给，而横向交通绝对缺乏。
And this is the key to the fighting, not only in the northern section of the front, but all along the line, down to Galicia.
这是战斗的关键，不仅是在前线的北部，而且是整个战线，一直到加利西亚。
Naturally, only the Russian railroads need be considered, for in the first months of the war the Germans are the invaders in the northern half of the eastern front, except for a few short periods in the beginning.
当然，只需要考虑俄罗斯铁路，因为在战争的头几个月里，德国人是东线北半部的入侵者，除了开始时的几个短暂时期。
Compared to the German railway lines near the frontier, the Russian lines are very few.
与德国边境附近的铁路线相比，俄罗斯的铁路线很少。
There are two distinct railway lines running from Germany into East Prussia, with innumerable branches leading to all points of the Russian frontier, laid especially for military purposes.
从德国到东普鲁士有两条不同的铁路线，还有无数条铁路线通向俄罗斯边境的各个地点，这些铁路线是专门为军事目的而铺设的。
It was along these that we shall witness the German forces rushed from Belgium to drive back the first Russian advance.
正是沿着这些路线，我们将目睹德军从比利时赶来，击退了俄军的第一次进攻。
But, of course, the moment the Germans enter Russian territory they have no advantage over the Russians, since even their wonderful efficiency does not enable them to build railroads as fast as an army can advance.
但是，当然，一旦德国人进入俄罗斯领土，他们就比俄罗斯人没有任何优势，因为即使他们出色的效率也无法使他们建造铁路的速度与军队前进的速度一样快。
Hence, we observe their efforts to gain possession of the Russian railroads.
因此，我们观察到他们为获得俄罗斯铁路而做出的努力。
We come now to the central part of the eastern front.
我们现在来到东部前线的中部地区。
Here, just below East Prussia, Russian Poland projects into German territory in a great salient, about 200 miles wide and 250 long, resembling a huge bite in shape.
在这里，就在东普鲁士下方，俄属波兰以一个巨大的突出部伸入德国领土，该突出部宽约 200 英里，长 250 英里，形状类似一个巨大的咬合体。
This land is a monotonous, wind-swept plain, slightly undulating, its higher parts not even 500 feet above sea level.
这片土地是一片单调、多风的平原，略有起伏，较高的部分海拔甚至不到 500 英尺。
To the northward and eastward it descends gradually into the still lower lands of East Prussia and White Russia, but in the south it lifts into the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains.
向北和向东，它逐渐下降到东普鲁士和白俄罗斯的地势较低的地区，但在南部，它上升到喀尔巴阡山脉的山麓。
Gigantic armies are to move over this plateau, timbered in parts with oak, beech, and lime, and in some sections deeply cut by small rivers and streams forming fissures, some narrow and craggy, others broad and sloping with marshy bottoms.
庞大的军队将在这片高原上移动，部分地区用橡树、山毛榉和石灰建造，有些地区被小河流和溪流深深切割，形成裂缝，有些狭窄而崎岖，有些宽阔且倾斜，底部沼泽。
Toward the south the soldiers must cross narrow ravines in all directions, often covered with wild, thick undergrowth.
向南，士兵们必须穿过各个方向的狭窄峡谷，这些峡谷通常覆盖着野生、茂密的灌木丛。
The chief river is the Vistula, which enters by the southern boundary and flows first north, then northwest, skirting the plateau region at a height of 700 feet, finally making its exit near Thorn, thence on to the Baltic through East Prussia.
主要河流是维斯瓦河，从南部边界流入，先向北流，然后向西北流，在700英尺高处绕过高原地区，最后在托恩附近流出，从那里流经东普鲁士注入波罗的海。
Its valley divides the hilly tracts into two parts: Lublin heights in the east and the Sedomierz heights to the westward.
它的山谷将丘陵地带分为两部分：东部的卢布林高地和西部的塞多梅日高地。
Picture in your mind the great armies approaching these ridges, the most notable of which is the Holy Cross Mountains, rising peaks almost 2,000 feet above sea level.
在你的脑海中想象伟大的军队逼近这些山脊，其中最著名的是圣十字山脉，山峰海拔近 2,000 英尺。
The fighting forces in the northeast, where the plain slopes gradually into the Suwalki Province, must pass over a country dotted with lakes and lagoons, which farther on take on the character of marshes, stagnant ponds, peat bogs, with small streams flowing lazily from one to the other.
东北部的平原逐渐向苏瓦乌基省倾斜，战斗部队必须经过一个散布着湖泊和泻湖的国家，进一步呈现出沼泽、死水池塘、泥炭沼泽的特征，小溪从一处缓慢地流向另一处。
Here and there are patches of stunted pine forests, with occasional stretches of fertile, cultivated soil.
到处都是一片片发育不良的松树林，偶尔还有大片肥沃的耕地。
Throughout this section many rivers flow along broad, level valleys, separating into various branches which form many islands and, during the rainy seasons, flood the surrounding country.
在整个这一地区，许多河流沿着宽阔平坦的山谷流动，分成不同的支流，形成许多岛屿，在雨季淹没周围的国家。
Farther west the armies pass through broad valleys or basins, once the beds of great lakes, whose rich, alluvial soil give forth abundant crops of cereals.
再往西，军队穿过宽阔的山谷或盆地，这些山谷或盆地曾经是大湖的湖床，其肥沃的冲积土壤出产丰富的谷物。
Here, too, flows the Niemen, 500 miles in length, watering a basin 40,000 square miles in area and separating Poland from Lithuania.
尼门河也在这里流过，全长 500 英里，浇灌着面积达 40,000 平方英里的盆地，并将波兰和立陶宛分隔开来。
It advances northward in a great, winding pathway, between limestone hills covered with loam or amid forests, its banks rising to high eminences in places, past ruined castles built in the Middle Ages.
它沿着一条蜿蜒的大路向北前进，穿过覆盖着壤土的石灰岩山丘或森林，河岸在某些地方高耸入云，经过中世纪建造的城堡废墟。
In the yellowish soil along its banks grow rich crops of oats, buckwheat, corn, and some rye.
沿岸的淡黄色土壤上生长着丰富的燕麦、荞麦、玉米和一些黑麦作物。
Naturally such a section would be thickly populated, not only on account of the fertile soil, but because the Niemen, like the Vistula, is one of the country's means of communication and transportation.
当然，这样的地区人口稠密，不仅因为土壤肥沃，而且因为涅门河和维斯瓦河一样，是该国的通讯和运输手段之一。
As many as 90,000 men earn their livelihoods in navigating the steamers and freight barges passing up and down this great waterway.
多达 90,000 名男子靠驾驶汽船和货运驳船谋生，在这条伟大的水道上穿行。
At Yurburg the Niemen enters East Prussia on its way to the Baltic.
涅门号在尤尔堡进入东普鲁士，然后驶向波罗的海。
CHAPTER XLII
第四十二章
THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF RUSSIAN POLAND
俄罗斯波兰的战略价值
It is in the southern part of Russian Poland, among the foothills of the Carpathians, that the armies come into possession of its mineral resources, a fact which will have some influence on the German military movements in this region.
军队正是在俄属波兰南部喀尔巴阡山麓获得了矿产资源，这一事实将对德国在该地区的军事行动产生一定影响。
Up in the Kielce hills copper has been mined for 400 years, though the value of these mines has decreased on account of the much greater quantity found in America.
凯尔采山上的铜矿开采已有 400 年历史，但由于美国发现的铜矿数量多得多，这些矿的价值已经下降。
A hundred years ago the Kielce mines produced nearly 4,000 tons of copper a year.
一百年前，凯尔采铜矿每年生产近 4,000 吨铜。
Brown iron ore is also found here in deposits 40 per cent pure, while there are also veins of zinc sometimes 50 feet thick, yielding ore of 25 per cent purity.
这里还发现了纯度为 40% 的褐铁矿石，同时还有有时厚达 50 英尺的锌矿脉，产出的矿石纯度为 25%。
Sulphur, one of the ingredients for the manufacture of explosives, is found at Czarkowa in the district of Pinczow.
硫磺是制造炸药的原料之一，在平措夫区的恰科瓦发现。
In the southwest, in Bedzin and Olkuz, there are coal deposits about 200 square miles in area.
在西南部的贝德津 (Bedzin) 和奥尔库兹 (Olkuz)，有面积约 200 平方英里的煤炭矿藏。
In the southern districts wheat is also grown in some abundance.
南部地区的小麦也有一定的种植。
The military value of this country is further enhanced by political conditions.
这个国家的军事价值因政治条件而进一步增强。
Like the greater part of Galicia to the southward, it is peopled by the Poles, who form one of the important branches of the great Slavic family.
与加利西亚南部的大部分地区一样，这里居住着波兰人，他们是斯拉夫大家族的重要分支之一。
At one time Poland was a kingdom whose territory and possessions spread from the Carpathians up to the Baltic and far into the center of Russia, ruling its subject peoples with quite as much rigor as the Poles have themselves been ruled by Russia and Germany.
波兰曾经是一个王国，其领土和财产从喀尔巴阡山脉一直延伸到波罗的海，一直延伸到俄罗斯中部，它对臣民的统治与俄罗斯和德国对波兰人的统治一样严格。
Poland is a seat of conquest in the Great War.
波兰是第一次世界大战中的征服地。
For not much over a hundred years ago what remained of this old kingdom was divided among the three great powers: Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
一百多年前，这个古老王国的残余被三个强国瓜分：普鲁士、奥地利和俄罗斯。
Austria, on the whole, has been much the best master.
总体而言，奥地利是最好的主人。
Germany tried in various ways to Germanize her subjects in German Poland, thereby rousing their bitter hatred.
德国试图以各种方式将其在德属波兰的臣民日耳曼化，从而激起他们的深仇大恨。
Russia was no less autocratic in attempting to extinguish the spirit of nationality among the Poles under her rule.
俄罗斯在试图消灭其统治下的波兰人的民族精神方面也同样专制。
But, naturally, the fact remains that between the Poles and the Russians there are still ties of blood.
但事实上，波兰人和俄罗斯人之间仍然存在着血缘关系。
In moving westward, by this route Russia would be moving among a race who, in spite of all they had suffered at the hands of the Czar, still would naturally prefer Slav to Teuton.
在向西移动的过程中，俄罗斯将沿着这条路线进入一个种族，尽管他们在沙皇手中遭受了一切苦难，但他们仍然自然地更喜欢斯拉夫人而不是条顿人。
We shall soon stand with the invading armies in the center of Russian Poland, and enter the great city of Warsaw.
我们很快就会在俄属波兰中部与入侵的军队站在一起，进入伟大的城市华沙。
This conquered citadel with more than 400,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Vistula.
这座被征服的城堡位于维斯瓦河沿岸，拥有超过 40 万居民。
It was, next to Paris, the most brilliant city of Europe in the early part of last century.
它是上世纪初仅次于巴黎的欧洲最辉煌的城市。
But under Russian influence it became a provincial town in spirit, if not in size.
但在俄罗斯的影响下，它在精神上成为了一个省级城镇，即使不是在规模上。
It once had the character of prodigal splendor; within late years it became a forlorn, neglected city, not the least effort being made by the Russian authorities to modernize its appearance and improvement.
它曾经具有浪子辉煌的特质；近年来，它变成了一座被遗弃、被忽视的城市，俄罗斯当局不遗余力地对其外观进行现代化改造。
From a sanitary point of view it became one of the least progressive cities of Europe.
从卫生角度来看，它成为欧洲最不进步的城市之一。
And yet, as the armies march into the capital, there are still signs of the city's past glory: over thirty palaces rear their lofty turrets above the tile roofs of the houses, among them the palace of the long-dead Polish kings.
然而，当军队进军首都时，这座城市昔日辉煌的迹象仍然存在：三十多座宫殿在房屋的瓦屋顶上矗立着高耸的塔楼，其中包括死去已久的波兰国王的宫殿。
However, from a military point of view, Warsaw maintained great importance in the Great War.
然而，从军事角度来看，华沙在第一次世界大战中保持着非常重要的地位。
It is at this time one of the strongest citadels of Europe, and around it lies the group of fortresses called the Polish Triangle.
它是当时欧洲最坚固的城堡之一，周围是被称为波兰三角的堡垒群。
The southern apex is Ivangorod on the Vistula; the eastern, Brest-Litovsk; the northern being Warsaw itself.
南端是维斯瓦河上的伊万哥罗德；东部，布列斯特-立托夫斯克；北部是华沙本身。
To the northwest lies the advanced fort of Novo Georgievsk.
西北面是新乔治耶夫斯克的先进堡垒。
This triangle is a fortified region with three fronts: two toward Germany and one toward Austria, and the various forts are fully connected by means of railroads.
这个三角地带是一个防御区域，拥有三个战线：两个面向德国，一个面向奥地利，各个堡垒通过铁路完全连接起来。
It would appear, therefore, that Russian Poland would offer excellent conditions for an army on the defensive.
因此，俄属波兰将为军队的防御提供极好的条件。
And this is quite true, the Vistula, especially, serving as a screen against the attacking armies from the west.
这是千真万确的，尤其是维斯瓦河，它充当了抵御来自西方的进攻军队的屏障。
As a matter of fact, it would have been extremely difficult to take Warsaw by a frontal attack.
事实上，正面进攻拿下华沙是极其困难的。
Warsaw's weakness lay in the north in the swamp regions.
华沙的弱点在于北部的沼泽地区。
One of the greatest dangers in all wars, against which a military commander has to guard his army, is that of being flanked.
在所有战争中，军事指挥官必须保护他的军队免受侧翼包围的最大危险之一。
The road or roads leading from the rear to the base of supplies, along which not only food supplies for the soldiers, but, quite as important, ammunition, is brought up, either in wagons, automobiles, or in railroad trains, are the most sensitive part of an army's situation.
从后方通向补给基地的一条或多条道路，沿着这条道路不仅可以为士兵提供粮食供应，而且还可以通过货车、汽车或火车运送同样重要的弹药，这是军队局势中最敏感的部分。
Unless they are very short--that is, unless an army is very close to its base of supplies--it is impossible to guard these lines of communication adequately.
除非它们非常短——也就是说，除非一支军队非常接近其补给基地——否则就不可能充分保卫这些交通线。
Therefore, if the enemy is able to break through on either side of the front, there is great danger that he may swing his forces around and cut these lines of communication.
因此，如果敌人能够从战线的两侧突破，那么就有很大的危险，他可能会调转兵力，切断这些交通线。
The army that is thus deprived of its sources of supply has nothing left then but to surrender, sometimes even to inferior forces.
军队一旦失去了补给来源，就别无选择，只能投降，有时甚至是向劣势部队投降。
Sometimes, of course, if the army is within the walls of a fortified city and is well supplied with food and ammunition, it may hold out and allow itself to be besieged.
当然，有时，如果军队在一座坚固的城墙内，并且有充足的食物和弹药，它可能会坚持下去并让自己被围困。
This may even be worth while, for the sake of diminishing the enemy's strength to the extent of the forces required for besieging, usually many times larger than the besieged force.
为了将敌人的力量削弱到围攻所需的兵力（通常比被围攻的兵力多很多倍），这甚至是值得的。
But in the case of Warsaw we shall see that that would not have been a wise plan; hardly any food supply that could have been laid by would have maintained the large civil population, and the big guns of the Germans would soon have battered down the city's defenses.
但就华沙而言，我们将看到这不是一个明智的计划。几乎没有任何食物供应可以维持大量的平民人口，而德国人的大炮很快就会摧毁这座城市的防御工事。
This the Russians realized from the very beginning.
俄罗斯人从一开始就意识到了这一点。
As is well known now, Russia had never intended to hold Poland against the Teutons.
众所周知，俄罗斯从未打算让波兰对抗条顿人。
Her real line of defense was laid much farther back.
她真正的防线设在更远的地方。
It was only on account of the protest of France, when the two Governments entered into their alliance, that any fortifications at all were thrown up in Poland.
只是由于法国的抗议，当两国政府结成联盟时，波兰才修建了任何防御工事。
A real line of defense must be more or less a straight line, with no break.
真正的防线必须或多或少是一条直线，没有断裂。
And the marshes in the north, as well as the tongue of East Prussia projecting in along the shores of the Baltic toward Riga made that impossible.
而北部的沼泽，以及东普鲁士的舌头沿着波罗的海沿岸伸向里加，使得这一切变得不可能。
Russia's real line of defense was farther east, along the borders of Russia proper and along the line of railroad already referred to.
俄罗斯真正的防线在更远的东部，沿着俄罗斯本土的边界和前面提到的铁路线。
By studying this territory east of Poland it will become obvious why Russia should prefer this as her main line of defense against a German invasion.
通过研究波兰东部的这片领土，我们就会明白为什么俄罗斯应该选择这里作为抵御德国入侵的主要防线。
As we witness the armies moving along what was once the frontier between Poland and Russia proper we shall find the plain of Poland dips into a region which apparently was once a vast lake which drained into the Dnieper, but the outlet becoming choked, this stagnant water formed into those immense morasses known as the Pripet Marshes, forming over two-fifths of the whole province of Minsk and covering an area of over 600 square miles.
当我们目睹军队沿着曾经是波兰和俄罗斯之间的边境行进时，我们会发现波兰平原陷入了一个地区，该地区显然曾经是一个流入第聂伯河的大湖，但出水口被堵塞，这些死水形成了那些被称为普里佩特沼泽的巨大沼泽，形成了整个明斯克省的五分之二以上，面积超过600平方英里。
Even when more than 6,000,000 acres have been reclaimed by drainage, the armies found some of these marshes extending continuously for over 200 miles.
即使通过排水开垦了超过 6,000,000 英亩的土地，军队仍然发现其中一些沼泽连续延伸超过 200 英里。
In the upper Pripet basin the woods were everywhere full of countless little channels which creep through a wilderness of sedge.
在普里佩特盆地上游，树林里到处都是无数的小沟渠，蜿蜒穿过莎草荒野。
Along the right bank of the Pripet River the land rises above the level of the water and is fairly thickly populated.
普里佩特河右岸的土地高于水面，人口相当稠密。
Elsewhere extends a great intricate network of streams with endless fields of bulrushes and stunted woods.
在其他地方，有一个错综复杂的溪流网络，还有一望无际的芦苇和矮小的树林。
Over these bogs hang unhealthy vapors, and among the rank reeds there is no fly, nor mosquito, nor living soul or sound in the autumn.
这些沼泽上空弥漫着不健康的蒸气，在秋天的芦苇丛中，没有苍蝇，没有蚊子，也没有活生生的灵魂或声音。
Not even infantry could pass over this region--not to consider cavalry or artillery, save in the depth of a cold winter when the water and mire is frozen.
就连步兵也无法越过这个地区——更不用说骑兵和炮兵了，除非是在深冬，水和泥沼都结冰的时候。
Even then it would be impossible to venture over the ice with heavy guns.
即便如此，用重炮冒险穿越冰面也是不可能的。
An invading army must, therefore, split in two parts and pass around the sides, and nothing is more dangerous than splitting an army in the face of the enemy.
因此，入侵的军队必须分成两部分，从两侧绕过，没有什么比在敌人面前分裂军队更危险的了。
It is behind these vast marshes that we shall find the Russians planned to make their first determined stand.
正是在这些广阔的沼泽后面，我们将发现俄罗斯人计划进行他们的第一个坚定的抵抗。
Here, too, the Russians expected to have the advantage of being surrounded by their own people, for this is the country of the White Russians, so called on account of their costumes.
在这里，俄罗斯人也希望拥有被自己人民包围的优势，因为这是白俄罗斯人的国家，因其服装而得名。
Here the purest Slavic type is preserved; they have not blended with other stocks, as the Great Russians with the Finns and the Little Russians, farther south, with the Mongols.
这里保留了最纯粹的斯拉夫风格；他们没有与其他种族混合，就像大俄罗斯人与芬兰人以及更南边的小俄罗斯人与蒙古人混合一样。
For a while this territory was subject to the kings of Poland, who oppressed its inhabitants most barbarously, from the effects of which they have not even fully recovered.
有一段时间，这片领土受到波兰国王的统治，他们对当地居民进行了最野蛮的压迫，他们甚至还没有完全摆脱这种压迫。
To-day White Russia is one of the poorest and most backward parts of the empire.
今天的白俄罗斯是帝国最贫穷、最落后的地区之一。
And even yet the great bulk of the landlords are Poles.
即便如此，大部分地主都是波兰人。
CHAPTER XLIII
第四十三章
AUSTRIAN POLAND, GALICIA AND BUKOWINA
奥地利波兰、加利西亚和布科维纳
Let us now pass ahead of the armies into the southern section of the eastern front.
现在让我们先行进入东部前线的南段。
Here we have to consider only Austrian Poland, Galicia and Bukowina, for here there is much less swaying back and forth, the Russians maintaining their lines much more steadily than farther north.
在这里，我们只需要考虑奥属波兰、加利西亚和布科维纳，因为这里的来回摇摆要少得多，俄罗斯人比更北的地方更稳定地维持着自己的战线。
This section is an undulating terrace which slopes down to the Vistula and the Dniester; behind rise the Carpathian ranges, forming the natural frontier between the broad, fertile plains of Hungary and Russia.
这一段是一个起伏的阶地，向下倾斜到维斯瓦河和德涅斯特河；后面耸立着喀尔巴阡山脉，形成了匈牙利和俄罗斯广阔、肥沃的平原之间的天然边界。
Here the population is quite dense, there being 240 inhabitants to the square mile.
这里人口相当密集，每平方英里有240人。
Nearly half of the total area is in farm lands, about one-fourth woodland, and the rest mostly meadow and pasture, less than a quarter of one per cent being lake or swamp.
总面积的近一半是农田，约四分之一是林地，其余大部分是草地和牧场，不到四分之一的面积是湖泊或沼泽。
Rich crops of barley, oats, rye, wheat, and corn are grown here, while the mineral resources include coal, salt, and petroleum, the latter especially being important in modern warfare on account of the great quantities of fuel necessary for motor carriages.
这里盛产大麦、燕麦、黑麦、小麦和玉米等农作物，矿产资源包括煤炭、盐和石油，后者在现代战争中尤其重要，因为汽车需要大量燃料。
Here, in Galicia, we shall witness the conquests of the important city of Lemberg--with its 160,000 population--fourth in size of all Austrian cities, only Vienna, Prague, and Triest being larger.
在加利西亚，我们将见证对拥有 16 万人口的重要城市伦贝格的征服，其面积在所有奥地利城市中排名第四，仅次于维也纳、布拉格和的里雅斯特。
Further in toward the mountains we shall see the storming of the strongly fortified city of Przemysl (pronounced Prshemisel), also important as the junction of the network of railroads that the Austrians had built throughout the country, including several lines passing over the Carpathians into Hungary.
再往山里走，我们将看到对防御森严的普热梅希尔（Przemysl）城市的猛攻，这座城市也是奥地利人在全国各地修建的铁路网的交汇处，其中包括几条穿越喀尔巴阡山脉进入匈牙利的铁路线，这一点也很重要。
And farther west still we shall look upon the invasion of the old Polish city of Cracow, also strongly fortified.
再往西，我们将看到对同样戒备森严的波兰古城克拉科夫的入侵。
This section is especially rich in industries, mines, and agriculture.
该区工业、矿山、农业尤其丰富。
Here, too, are staged many of the battles of the rivers--parallel with the mountain ranges flows the Dniester in a southeasterly direction, into which, flowing down from the north and running parallel with each other, empty the Gnila Lipa, the Zlota Lipa, and the Stripa, all of which figure prominently in the war movements, for each of these is crossed several times by both armies engaged at bloody costs.
许多河流战役也在这里上演——德涅斯特河与山脉平行，流向东南方向，从北方流下来，彼此平行，排空了格尼拉利帕河、兹洛塔利帕河和斯里帕河，所有这些河在战争运动中都占有重要地位，因为双方军队都曾多次流过这些河，付出了血腥的代价。
As will be noted by reading the chapters on the fighting on the eastern front, here, as in East Prussia, the Russians make a determined advance and actually succeed in conquering this territory from the Austrians.
通过阅读关于东线战斗的章节将会注意到，这里就像在东普鲁士一样，俄罗斯人坚定地前进，并实际上成功地从奥地利人手中征服了这片领土。
At one time we find them even in possession of all except one of the chief passes in the Carpathians and threatening to overrun the plains of Hungary.
我们一度发现他们甚至占领了喀尔巴阡山脉除了一个主要山口之外的所有山口，并威胁要占领匈牙利平原。
To hold Russian Poland it was necessary that they should have a firm grip of East Prussia and Austrian Poland, thus protecting the flanks of their center.
为了守住俄属波兰，他们必须牢牢控制东普鲁士和奥属波兰，从而保护其中心的侧翼。
Had they been able to hold their grip, then they could have straightened out their entire line from north to south, and Warsaw would have been safe.
如果他们能够稳住阵地，那么他们就能理顺从北到南的整条战线，华沙也就安全了。
But we shall see both their extremities driven back; therefore Warsaw was in danger, in spite of its fortifications.
但我们会看到他们的四肢都被向后推；因此，尽管华沙有防御工事，但它仍处于危险之中。
That the Austrians should have allowed themselves to be thrust back over the Carpathians is one of the surprises of the early stages of the war.
奥地利人本应允许自己被推回喀尔巴阡山脉，这是战争早期阶段的令人惊讶的事情之一。
For these mountains are only second in size in all Europe to the Alps themselves, forming the eastern wing of the great European mountain system.
因为这些山脉的规模在全欧洲仅次于阿尔卑斯山，形成了欧洲山脉体系的东翼。
They are about 800 miles long and nearly 250 miles wide in parts.
它们长约 800 英里，部分宽近 250 英里。
Some of the higher peaks reach 8,000 feet above sea level.
一些较高的山峰海拔达到 8,000 英尺。
Imagine the vision of an army marching along the roads from the foothills to the mountains leading through mysterious, shadowy spruce forests, where the soil is covered with rich carpets of moss.
想象一下，一支军队沿着从山麓到山脉的道路行进，穿过神秘、阴暗的云杉林，那里的土壤覆盖着丰富的苔藓。
Foaming streams ripple in among the moss-covered bowlders.
冒着泡沫的溪流在长满青苔的圆顶滚球间泛起涟漪。
Then the paths emerge on the cheerful, emerald-green pastures of the slopes, alive with the flocks of goats, sheep and cattle, attended by their shepherds.
然后，小路出现在山坡上翠绿的牧场上，山羊、绵羊和牛群生机勃勃，有牧羊人看守。
A little farther and the whole scenery changes, and the armies approach tremendous mountains of solid granite, ominously dark, shining like hammered iron, rising abruptly from the stone débris and black patches of mountain fir, and towering bluffs and crags seem to pierce the sky with their sharp peaks, bastions and jagged ridges, like gigantic fortresses.
再远一点，整个景色就变了，军队逼近了巨大的坚固花岗岩山，不祥的黑暗，像锤过的铁一样闪闪发光，从石碎片和黑色的山冷杉中突然升起，高耸的悬崖和峭壁似乎以其尖锐的山峰、堡垒和锯齿状的山脊刺穿天空，就像巨大的堡垒。
Clouds of white mist, driven and torn by gusts of wind, cling to the precipitous walls, and masses of eternal snow lie in the many fissures and depressions, forming large, sharply outlined streaks and patches.
白雾云在狂风的吹动和撕扯下，紧贴在陡峭的墙壁上，大量的永久积雪躺在许多裂缝和凹陷中，形成大而轮廓分明的条纹和斑块。
The Magyars inhabit the great central plains of Hungary which constitutes ethnologically a vast island of Magyars in a sea of Slavs.
马扎尔人居住在匈牙利中部大平原上，从民族学角度来说，匈牙利中部平原是斯拉夫海洋中的一个巨大的马扎尔岛。
The Carpathian slopes on the Hungarian side of the ranges, including the mounts of the Tatra--with the exception of the Zips district, which is peopled with German-Saxon colonists--are inhabited, in their western parts, by two million Slovaks, in the eastern parts by half a million Ruthenians or Little Russians, and on the Transylvanian side by nearly three million Rumanians.
匈牙利一侧的喀尔巴阡山斜坡，包括塔特拉山——除了居住着德国-撒克逊殖民者的齐普斯地区外——西部地区居住着200万斯洛伐克人，东部地区居住着50万鲁塞尼亚人或小俄罗斯人，特兰西瓦尼亚一侧则居住着近300万罗马尼亚人。
The border lines between these Rumanians and the Magyars and between the Hungaro-Slav groups (Slovaks and Ruthenians) and the Magyars lie far down within the borders of the great central Hungarian plains.
这些罗马尼亚人和马扎尔人之间以及匈牙利斯拉夫族群（斯洛伐克人和鲁塞尼亚人）和马扎尔人之间的边界线位于匈牙利中部大平原的边界深处。
This line at one point extends to within a few miles of the Hungarian capital of Budapest.
这条线的某一点延伸到距匈牙利首都布达佩斯几英里的范围内。
CHAPTER XLIV
第四十四章
THE BALKANS--COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES
巴尔干地区——国家和人民
This survey of the fighting ground in eastern Europe brings us now to the "cockpit of the war." From a military point of view, as well as from the political, the Balkan theatre is of equal importance with other big fronts in Europe.
对东欧战场的调查现在将我们带入“战争的驾驶舱”。从军事角度和政治角度来看，巴尔干战区与欧洲其他大前线同等重要。
It is the gateway to the Orient for central Europe.
它是中欧通往东方的门户。
Here the armies engaged are numbered only by the hundred thousands, none reach a million.
这里交战的军队只有十万，没有达到百万。
But from the point of view of human interest and political intrigue it is by far the most picturesque.
但从人类利益和政治阴谋的角度来看，它是迄今为止最美丽的。
Here the hatred between the combatants is most bitter; indeed so bitter that when it burst into flame a mad whirlwind of passion swept over half the world.
在这里，战斗者之间的仇恨是最深的；确实如此痛苦，以至于当它爆发时，一股疯狂的激情旋风席卷了半个世界。
For here the great conflagration began.
大火就从这里开始了。
A map of the Balkan Peninsula is almost, on the face of it, a full explanation of the causes of the war.
从表面上看，一张巴尔干半岛地图几乎可以充分解释战争的起因。
The military campaigns, studied in connection with their physical environment, explain all the diplomatic intrigues of the past fifty years, for they are the intrigues themselves translated into action.
结合其自然环境进行研究的军事行动可以解释过去五十年的所有外交阴谋，因为它们就是阴谋本身转化为行动的原因。
Geographically speaking, the Balkan nations are those situated in the big peninsula of southern Europe which lies below the Danube River and the northern border of Montenegro.
从地理上来说，巴尔干国家是位于南欧大半岛的国家，位于多瑙河下游和黑山北部边界。
Some authorities, however, include Rumania, and others even bring in Austria's Slavic provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
然而，一些当局包括罗马尼亚，其他当局甚至将奥地利的斯拉夫省份、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那纳入其中。
The most noticeable feature of this vast war-ridden region is its mountains.
这片饱受战争蹂躏的广阔地区最显着的特征是它的山脉。
Those same Carpathian Mountains, which form the natural boundary between the land of the Magyars and the Russian plains, take a sudden turn westward at the Rumanian frontier, then sweep around in a great semicircle, forming a shape resembling a scythe, the handle of which reaches up into Poland, the blade curling around within the Balkan Peninsula.
同样的喀尔巴阡山脉，形成了马扎尔人土地和俄罗斯平原之间的天然边界，在罗马尼亚边境突然向西转向，然后扫过一个大半圆，形成类似镰刀的形状，其手柄伸入波兰，刀片在巴尔干半岛内卷曲。
Behind the handle, and above the upper part of the blade, stretch the broad plains of Hungary, through which flows the great Danube, the largest river in Europe next to the Russian Volga--a river which flowed with blood during the Great War.
刀柄后面、刀刃上部上方，是匈牙利广阔的平原，伟大的多瑙河从中流过，它是仅次于俄罗斯伏尔加河的欧洲最大河流，也是第一次世界大战期间流淌着鲜血的河流。
Just in the middle of the back of the blade this great river bursts through the mountain chain, swirling through the famous Iron Gate into the great basin within the curved blade.
就在刀背的中央，这条大河冲破了山脉，盘旋穿过著名的铁门，流入弯曲刀锋内的大盆地。
On the south of its farther course to the Black Sea lie the plains of northern Bulgaria.
在其通往黑海的更远路线的南部是保加利亚北部的平原。
The curving chain of mountains below the Iron Gate is the Balkan Range.
铁门下方蜿蜒的山脉是巴尔干山脉。
But excepting for the plains of Thrace, lying south of the Balkans, over toward the Black Sea and above Constantinople, the rest of the peninsula is almost entirely one confused tangle of craggy mountains, interspersed throughout with small, fertile valleys and plateaus.
但除了位于巴尔干半岛南部、面向黑海和君士坦丁堡上方的色雷斯平原外，半岛的其余部分几乎完全是一团混乱的崎岖山脉，散布着肥沃的小山谷和高原。
This roughness of surface becomes especially aggravated as one passes westward, and over toward the Adriatic coast, from Greece up into the Austrian province of Dalmatia, the country is almost inaccessible to ordinary travelers.
当你向西行进，越过亚得里亚海海岸，从希腊进入奥地利达尔马提亚省时，这种粗糙的表面变得尤其严重，普通旅行者几乎无法进入这个国家。
What is the political value of this beleaguered domain?
这个陷入困境的领域有什么政治价值？
The broad, significant fact is that any road from western Europe to the Orient must pass through the Balkan Peninsula, and that these mountains almost block that road.
一个广泛而重要的事实是，任何从西欧到东方的道路都必须经过巴尔干半岛，而这些山脉几乎挡住了这条路。
From north to south there is just one highway, so narrow that it is really a defile.
从北到南只有一条公路，狭窄得简直就是一条岔路。
This road stretches from the seat of the war at Belgrade on the Danube down a narrow valley, the Morava, thence through the highlands of Macedonia into the Vardar Valley to Saloniki, on the Ægean Sea.
这条道路从多瑙河上的贝尔格莱德战争所在地，沿着狭窄的摩拉瓦河谷延伸，穿过马其顿高地进入瓦尔达尔河谷，到达爱琴海的萨洛尼基。
At Nish, above Macedonia, another road branches off into Bulgaria across the plains of Thrace and into Constantinople.
在马其顿上方的尼什，另一条道路分支进入保加利亚，穿过色雷斯平原进入君士坦丁堡。
This was the road by which the Crusaders swarmed down to conquer the Holy Land.
这是十字军蜂拥而来征服圣地的道路。
This was the road by which, hundreds of years later, the Moslems swarmed up into the plains of Hungary and overran the south of Europe, until they were finally checked outside the gates of Vienna.
数百年后，穆斯林正是通过这条道路涌入匈牙利平原，占领欧洲南部，直到最终被挡在维也纳城门外。
Nothing is more significant of the terror that these marching hosts inspired than the fact that, with the exception of a few larger towns, the villages hid themselves away from this highway in the hills.
没有什么比这些行进的军队所激发的恐怖更重要的了：除了几个较大的城镇之外，其他村庄都躲在山里，远离这条高速公路。
Bear clearly in mind that in the existence of this narrow way to the Orient lies the key not only to the causes of the war, but to the military campaigns that we shall follow in this region.
请清楚地记住，这条通往东方的狭窄道路的存在不仅是战争起因的关键，而且也是我们将在该地区进行的军事行动的关键。
For it is the Teutons who would in the Great War, like the Crusaders of old, pass down this highway and again conquer the East, though in this case their object is trade, and not the Holy Sepulcher.
因为在第一次世界大战中，条顿人会像古代的十字军一样，沿着这条公路，再次征服东方，尽管在这种情况下，他们的目标是贸易，而不是圣墓。
To secure the pathway through this strategic country it also is necessary to have control of the territory on all sides, and this is quite as true in a political as in a military sense.
为了确保通过这个战略国家的道路安全，还必须控制所有方面的领土，这在政治和军事意义上都是如此。
To secure their pathway up into Europe the Turks once conquered all the peoples in the Balkans, except those inhabiting the mountains over on the Adriatic: the Montenegrins and a small city called Ragusa, just above Montenegro in Dalmatia.
为了确保进入欧洲的道路，土耳其人曾经征服了巴尔干地区的所有民族，除了那些居住在亚得里亚海山区的民族：黑山人和位于达尔马提亚黑山上方的一个名叫拉古萨的小城市。
It is not at all peculiar that just here, in almost the same locality, the Teutons should meet with the first and strongest resistance.
就在这里，几乎在同一地点，条顿人遭遇了最先也是最强烈的抵抗，这一点也不奇怪。
A study of the territory in which the first fighting of the war occurred will explain the foregoing calculations.
对第一次战争发生地区的研究将解释上述计算。
It will be observed that Austrian territory runs down past the eastward turn in the Danube, along the frontier of Montenegro, until it narrows gradually into a tip at Cattaro, just below Cettinje, the Montenegrin capital.
可以看出，奥地利领土沿着黑山边境，经过多瑙河东转，逐渐缩小到卡塔罗尖端，就在黑山首都采蒂涅下方。
This land is composed of the three provinces of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia.
这片土地由波斯尼亚、黑塞哥维那和达尔马提亚三个省组成。
All this territory is inhabited by the same race that peoples Serbia and Montenegro--the Serbs.
所有这片土地上都居住着与塞尔维亚和黑山相同的种族——塞尔维亚人。
In fact, the Slavic population reaches up all along the coast to Trieste, and even a little beyond.
事实上，斯拉夫人的人口遍布沿海地区的里雅斯特，甚至更远一些。
For this reason it is in this direction that we shall see the Serbians and the Montenegrins invade Austrian territory, after their initial success in repulsing the Austrian invasion.
因此，正是在这个方向上，我们将看到塞尔维亚人和黑山人在最初成功击退了奥地利人的入侵之后，入侵了奥地利领土。
The objectives of the brief campaign soon to be considered were Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, and Ragusa, the famous little seaport on the Adriatic.
即将考虑的短暂战役的目标是波斯尼亚首都萨拉热窝和亚得里亚海著名的小海港拉古萨。
Ragusa is of especial interest on account of its remarkable history.
拉古萨因其非凡的历史而特别令人感兴趣。
In the Middle Ages it was the most important seaport in that part of the world.
在中世纪，它是世界该地区最重要的海港。
Its ships sailed over all the Mediterranean and from them is derived the word "argosy," signifying a ship laden with wealth.
它的船只航行于整个地中海，并由此衍生出“argosy”一词，意思是满载财富的船只。
Again and again the Turks attempted to conquer this little state, which was at that time a republic, but always the Ragusans beat off the enemy.
土耳其人一次又一次地试图征服这个当时还是共和国的小国家，但拉古萨人总是击败敌人。
For the country about is so rocky, so rough, that the city was easily defended, especially in that time when nearly all fighting was hand to hand.
由于周围的乡村崎岖不平，崎岖不平，这座城市很容易防守，尤其是在那个几乎所有战斗都是肉搏战的时代。
The first and foremost word in the Great War--the key word--is Sarajevo.
第一次世界大战中第一个也是最重要的词——关键词——是萨拉热窝。
Here is the scene of the assassination of the Crown Prince of Austria, which was at least the final cause of the war.
这里是奥地利王储被刺杀的场景，这至少是战争的最终原因。
As we enter it we find a population of about forty thousand, half of which are Mohammedans.
当我们进入它时，我们发现大约有四万人口，其中一半是伊斯兰教徒。
It is a large, straggling town, situated in a narrowing valley overtopped by steep hills on either side, which close in a narrow gorge in the east and broaden into a plain on the west.
这是一个庞大而分散的城镇，坐落在一个狭窄的山谷中，两侧都是陡峭的山丘，东部封闭在狭窄的峡谷中，西部宽阔为平原。
It was to the eastward, however, that we shall find the heavy fighting along the Austro-Serbian frontier.
然而，在东边，我们将看到奥塞边境的激烈战斗。
The armies along the Danube will soon command our attention.
多瑙河沿岸的军队很快就会引起我们的注意。
As they follow the river toward Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, it is no longer the "Blue Danube" of the famous German song.
当他们沿着河流向塞尔维亚首都贝尔格莱德进发时，它已不再是德国著名歌曲中的“蓝色多瑙河”。
Here, in fact, it is a broad, mud-colored river, dotted with a number of low islands along its center.
事实上，这里是一条宽阔的泥色河流，河中央点缀着许多低矮的岛屿。
Belgrade, where the first shots of the war were fired, is located on rather high ground, backed by a semicircle of low hills in its rear.
战争第一枪打响的贝尔格莱德地势较高，后方有半圆形的低山丘陵。
But opposite all is flat and, in places, marshy.
但相反，一切都是平坦的，并且有些地方是沼泽地。
Modern guns could, of course, keep up an effective fire across the river at this point, as in fact they did before the actual invasion of Serbia began, but the conditions for a crossing are not favorable.
当然，现代火炮可以在此时保持对河对岸的有效火力，就像他们在实际入侵塞尔维亚之前所做的那样，但过河的条件并不有利。
It was from the west, from the Bosnian side, that the actual attack was made.
实际的攻击是从西部、波斯尼亚一侧发起的。
Just below Belgrade the river Save, shallower and narrower, empties into the Danube, forming the frontier westward, past Shabatz, to Ratcha, where the Drina, flowing down from the Macedonian highlands northward, joins it, forming the western frontier between Bosnia and Serbia.
就在贝尔格莱德下方，萨维河较浅、较窄，流入多瑙河，形成向西的边界，经过沙巴茨，到达拉查，从马其顿高地向北流淌的德里纳河与多瑙河汇合，形成波斯尼亚和塞尔维亚之间的西部边界。
The Drina, where much fighting occurs, is no ordinary waterway, no mere mountain stream, though it lies in a mountainous country.
尽管德里纳河地处山区，但它并不是普通的水道，也不仅仅是山间溪流，这里经常发生战斗。
Before reaching its junction with the Save it is fed by many important tributaries.
在到达与萨维河的交汇处之前，它由许多重要的支流注入。
Ever swift, often torrential, it has washed out a bed of imposing width, and by a constant cutting out of new courses has created a series of deltas.
它的速度非常快，常常是汹涌的，冲毁了宽阔的河床，并且通过不断地切割新的路线，创造了一系列的三角洲。
It was one of the largest of these islands, that of Kuriachista, between Losnitza and Leschnitza, that the Austrians chose as a base for their first invasion.
它是这些岛屿中最大的岛屿之一，位于洛斯尼察和莱施尼察之间的库里亚奇斯塔岛，奥地利人选择它作为他们第一次入侵的基地。
From this point up and around to Shabatz lies the bloody field of the Austro-Serbian battles.
从这里向上一直到沙巴茨，就是奥塞战争的血腥战场。
A description of this section, in brief at least, is necessary to an understanding of the three Austrian invasions made here, and all three of which failed disastrously.
对这一部分的描述，至少是简短的描述，对于理解奥地利在这里发动的三次入侵是必要的，而这三次入侵都惨遭失败。
North and west of Shabatz lies the great plain of Matchva, bounded on its east and north by the Save and by the Drina on the west.
沙巴茨的北部和西部是马奇瓦大平原，东部和北部以萨维河为界，西部以德里纳河为界。
It is a rich, fertile land, but much broken up by woodland.
这是一片富饶、肥沃的土地，但被林地所分割。
To the southeast a rolling valley is divided by the River Dobrava, while due south the Tzer Mountains rise like a camel's back out of the plain and stretch right across from the Drina to the Dobrava.
东南部，多布拉瓦河将绵延起伏的山谷分开，而正南，策尔山脉像骆驼背一样从平原上拔地而起，从德里纳河一直延伸到多布拉瓦河。
The southern slopes of Tzer are less abrupt than those on the north and descend gradually into the Leschnitza Valley, out of which rise the lesser heights of the Iverak Mountains.
采尔的南坡不像北坡那么陡峭，逐渐下降到莱施尼察山谷，从那里升起伊维拉克山脉的较低高度。
Both these ranges are largely covered by prune orchards, intersected with some sparse timber.
这两个山脉大部分都被李子果园覆盖，中间夹杂着一些稀疏的木材。
This is a region of natural fortifications.
这是一个天然防御工事的地区。
Descending southward again, the foothills of Iverak are lost in a chain of summits, which flank the right bank of the Jadar River, that tributary of the Drina River from which the first big battle takes its name.
再次向南下降，伊维拉克山麓消失在一系列山峰中，这些山峰位于贾达尔河右岸，贾达尔河是德里纳河的支流，第一次大战的名字就来源于此。
From the left bank of the Jadar, from its junction with the Drina to Jarebitze, a great rolling level stretches south until the high Guchevo Mountains, stretching in southeasterly direction, rise abruptly and hide the Bosnian hills from view.
从贾达尔河左岸，从其与德里纳河的交汇处到贾雷比策，巨大的起伏地势向南延伸，直到向东南方向延伸的高高的古切沃山脉突然升起，遮住了波斯尼亚的丘陵。
From there, southward, the country is extremely mountainous, even the highways being blasted out of the sides of the precipitous mountains along the innumerable ravines through which run watercourses which, though almost dry in summer, burst into torrential streams after the snows begin to melt in the higher altitudes.
从那里往南，这个国家多山，甚至连高速公路也是从陡峭的山坡上炸开的，沿着无数的峡谷，穿过这些峡谷的水道，虽然在夏天几乎干涸，但在高海拔地区的积雪开始融化后，就会爆发出湍急的溪流。
Naturally in such a country roads are of prime importance in military operations.
当然，在这样的乡村，道路在军事行动中至关重要。
A few built and maintained by the state are in excellent condition and practicable in all sorts of weather.
一些由国家建造和维护的设施状况良好，可在各种天气条件下使用。
But for the rest communications consist of bridle paths and trails over the mountains.
但其余的交通包括马道和翻山越岭的小径。
As has been stated, the great highway from Belgrade to Saloniki is the key to all military operations in the Balkans; nor is this case any exception.
如前所述，从贝尔格莱德到萨洛尼基的高速公路是巴尔干地区所有军事行动的关键；本案也不例外。
A study of the map will show how this big, underlying fact entered into the plans of the first three attempts at invading Serbia.
对地图的研究将表明这一重大的、根本性的事实是如何纳入前三次入侵塞尔维亚的计划中的。
Naturally, had facilities been convenient at Belgrade, that would have been the point from which to advance.
当然，如果贝尔格莱德的设施很方便，那么那里就是前进的起点。
The next possible point was over the Drina, because it was not so wide or so deep.
下一个可能的点是德里纳河，因为它不那么宽或那么深。
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of the war were sparsely served by railroads.
战争初期，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那几乎没有铁路服务。
But for the purpose of an invasion of Serbia the lines running to Tuzla in the north and to Vishegrade and Uvatz in the south were of much strategic importance.
但为了入侵塞尔维亚，北部通往图兹拉、南部通往维谢格莱德和乌瓦茨的防线具有重要的战略意义。
Moreover, unlike the Hungarian plain opposite Belgrade, the country is so mountainous and well wooded that great bodies of troops could be moved about without being observed.
此外，与贝尔格莱德对面的匈牙利平原不同，这个国家多山、树木茂盛，大部队可以在不被察觉的情况下移动。
We now come to the main reason why this point was chosen, next to Belgrade.
现在我们来看看选择此点的主要原因，其次是贝尔格莱德。
Though we shall see that they did not reach it at their first attempt, there is no doubt that the main objective of the Austrians was the little town of Valievo, lying some distance back from the Jadar and the field of battle.
尽管我们将看到他们第一次尝试并没有到达目的地，但毫无疑问，奥地利人的主要目标是距离贾达尔河和战场有一段距离的小镇瓦列沃。
For at Valievo is the terminus of a light railway which joins with the main line running from Belgrade down to Saloniki.
瓦列沃是轻轨的终点站，该轻轨与从贝尔格莱德一直延伸到萨洛尼基的主干线相连接。
The Teutons were in a hurry to open this highway, for it meant opening a means of communication with the Turks, who were to become, and later did become, their active allies.
条顿人急于开通这条高速公路，因为这意味着开辟一条与土耳其人沟通的途径，土耳其人后来成为了，而且后来确实成为了他们的积极盟友。
These are political matters of significance here insomuch as they explain the special importance of the railway from Belgrade south along the ancient highway of the Crusaders.
这些都是在这里具有重要意义的政治问题，因为它们解释了从贝尔格莱德南部沿十字军古老公路修建的铁路的特殊重要性。
Before following this route farther south, a few words should be devoted to Montenegro.
在沿着这条路线继续向南之前，应该先介绍一下黑山。
Between Serbia and Montenegro lies the Sanjak of Novibazar.
塞尔维亚和黑山之间坐落着诺维巴扎尔的桑贾克。
This small territory nominally belonged to Turkey before the Balkan War, but it was in fact garrisoned by Austrian troops, the civil administration being left to the Turks.
这片小领土在巴尔干战争之前名义上属于土耳其，但实际上由奥地利军队驻守，民政管理则留给土耳其人。
Austria had gone to special trouble to establish this arrangement, so that it might have a wedge between the territories of the two little Serb nations.
奥地利煞费苦心地建立了这一安排，以便在这两个塞尔维亚小国的领土之间形成楔子。
Anticipating this war long ago, Austria had counted on having a large enough force in Novibazar to prevent a union of the two armies.
奥地利很早就预见到了这场战争，并指望在诺维扎拥有足够大的军队来阻止两军联合。
But, when it actually came, she was in no position to prevent it, so much of her strength being required to meet the Russians.
但是，当它真正到来时，她无力阻止，因为她需要消耗大量的力量来迎接俄罗斯人。
Montenegro is the natural refuge of the Serbs.
黑山是塞尔维亚人的天然避难所。
Whenever in the past they were especially hard pressed by the Turks, they would flee to the mountain fastnesses of Tzherna Gora, the Black Mountain, for here military operations, even in this day of modern artillery, are absolutely impossible, and when it came to mountain guerrilla fighting, the Turks were no match for the Serbs.
过去，每当他们受到土耳其人的压力特别大时，他们就会逃到黑山茨尔纳戈拉的山寨，因为在这里，即使在现代火炮的今天，军事行动也是绝对不可能的，而在山地游击战方面，土耳其人根本不是塞尔维亚人的对手。
Thus it was that the Serbs were able to preserve their old traditions, their language and the best blood of their race.
因此，塞尔维亚人能够保留他们古老的传统、他们的语言和他们种族中最优秀的血统。
And it may be said that to a slightly lesser extent Ragusa served the same purpose.
可以说，拉古萨在某种程度上也达到了同样的目的。
The Montenegrins are born fighters and die fighters.
黑山人生来就是战士，死了也是战士。
From one end to the other Montenegro is one wilderness of mountain crags and towering precipices, traversed only by foot trails.
从黑山的一端到另一端，都是一片充满山岩和高耸悬崖的荒野，只能通过步行小径穿过。
Here and there a shelf of level soil may be found, just enough to enable people to grow their own necessities.
随处可见平坦的土壤架子，仅够人们种植自己的必需品。
The capital of this rocky domain, high up among the crags and overlooking the Adriatic, is Cettinje, which was to be stormed and conquered by the Teutons.
这片岩石地区的首府是采蒂涅，高耸在峭壁之中，俯瞰着亚得里亚海，它后来被条顿人猛攻和征服。
The main street, about 150 yards long, comprising two-thirds of the town, is so broad that three or four carriages may be driven abreast down the length of it.
主街长约 150 码，占城镇面积的三分之二，十分宽阔，可以并排行驶三四辆马车。
It is composed entirely of one and two story cottages.
它完全由一层和两层小屋组成。
A few short streets branch off at right angles, and in these is all of Cettinje that is not comprised in the main street.
几条短街以直角分叉，这些是采蒂涅（Cettinje）不包含在主要街道中的所有街道。
The king inhabited a modest-looking, brown edifice with a small garden attached.
国王住在一座看上去很朴素的棕色建筑里，还有一个小花园。
Overlooking the capital is Mt. Lovcen, on top of which the Montenegrins planted guns to defend any attack that might be made against them.
俯瞰首都的是洛夫森山，黑山人在山上架设了枪支，以防御可能对他们发动的任何攻击。
South of Montenegro and north of Greece lies another country of instinctive fighters.
黑山以南和希腊以北是另一个充满本能战士的国家。
It is similar in physical aspect, but very different in its population.
它们在物理方面相似，但在人口方面却截然不同。
This is the land of the Albanians, whom the Turks conquered by force of arms, like all the rest of the Balkan peninsula.
这是阿尔巴尼亚人的土地，土耳其人像巴尔干半岛的其他地区一样，用武力征服了他们。
They are a distinct race by themselves; it is supposed that they are the descendants of the ancient Illyrians, those wild tribes of whom the ancient Greeks wrote.
他们本身就是一个独特的种族；据推测，他们是古伊利里亚人的后裔，古希腊人笔下的这些野蛮部落。
Nor is this unlikely, for in such a country as theirs the inhabitants are most likely to remain pure from generation to generation.
这也不是不可能的，因为在他们这样的国家里，居民最有可能一代又一代地保持纯洁。
Returning for a few moments to Belgrade, we now may resume our course down the ancient highway toward Saloniki.
返回贝尔格莱德片刻后，我们现在可以沿着古老的高速公路继续前往萨洛尼基。
Down the Morava Valley passes the railroad, after which it passes within a few miles of the Bulgarian frontier, near Kustendil; dangerously near the frontier of a possible enemy, but especially perilous in this war in which the Serbians would naturally endeavor to retreat toward her ally, Greece.
沿着摩拉瓦河谷顺流而下，经过铁路，然后经过库斯滕迪尔附近距保加利亚边境几英里的地方；危险地靠近可能的敌人的边境，但在这场战争中尤其危险，塞尔维亚人自然会尽力撤退到她的盟友希腊。
Just below Vranya the railroad enters what was, before the two Balkan Wars, the Turkish territory of Macedonia.
就在弗拉尼亚下方，铁路进入了两次巴尔干战争之前的土耳其领土马其顿。
This region down to within sixty miles of Saloniki was reconquered from the Turks by the Serbs, having been Serb inhabited since early in the Christian era as shown by historical record.
这个距离萨洛尼基不到六十英里的地区被塞尔维亚人从土耳其人手中重新征服，历史记录显示，自基督教时代早期以来，该地区就一直是塞尔维亚人居住的地区。
As early as 950 Constantin Porphyrogenitus writes of its inhabitants as Serbs, from whom, he says, the town of Serbia on the Bistritza River near Saloniki took its name.
早在 950 年，康斯坦丁·波菲罗根尼图斯 (Constantin Porphyrogenitus) 就将其居民描述为塞尔维亚人，他说萨洛尼基附近比斯特里察河畔的塞尔维亚小镇就是以塞尔维亚人命名的。
Throughout this region there are so many mountain ranges that it would be impossible to name them all.
整个地区有很多山脉，不可能全部说出它们的名字。
Nowhere has blood been more continuously shed than here, and nowhere in Europe is the scenery more beautiful.
没有任何地方比这里流血更频繁，也没有任何地方比这里的风景更美丽。
Especially impressive is that section around Monastir, toward the frontier of Albania and away from the main line of the railroad.
尤其令人印象深刻的是莫纳斯提尔周围的那段，靠近阿尔巴尼亚边境，远离铁路主线。
Here, not more than a day's walk from the city of Monastir, or Bitolia, as its Slavic inhabitants call it, is Lake Prespa, a small sheet of crystal-clear water in which are reflected the peaks and the rugged crags of the surrounding mountains.
在这里，距离莫纳斯提尔市（斯拉夫居民称之为比托利亚）不到一天的步行路程，就是普雷斯帕湖，一小片晶莹剔透的湖水倒映着周围群山的山峰和崎岖的峭壁。
Through a subterranean passage the waters of this mountain lake pass under the range that separates it from the much larger lake, Ochrida, the source of the bloody Drina.
通过一条地下通道，这个高山湖泊的水流过将其与更大的奥赫里达湖（血腥德里纳河的源头）隔开的山脉。
The people of these mountains are Serbs, almost to Saloniki.
这些山上的人都是塞尔维亚人，几乎到了萨洛尼基。
Uskub, whose ancient Serb name is Skoplya, was the old Serb capital, and there the Serb ruler Doushan was crowned emperor in 1346.
乌斯库布（Uskub），塞尔维亚古称斯科普利亚（Skoplya），是塞尔维亚旧都，塞尔维亚统治者斗山于 1346 年在此加冕为皇帝。
For the past five hundred years these Macedonians have been used to all the ways of guerrilla fighting.
五百年来，这些马其顿人已经习惯了游击战的各种方式。
Roaming through their mountains in small bands they have harassed the Turkish soldiers continuously.
他们分成小股在山区里游荡，不断骚扰土耳其士兵。
The Bulgarian ruler Ferdinand had through many years by means of committees and church jugglery striven to Bulgarize this population, preparatory to the contemplated seizure of the territory which he has now been able with the help of the Germanic powers to accomplish.
保加利亚统治者费迪南德多年来通过委员会和教会的手段，努力使这些人口保加利亚化，为计划中的夺取领土做准备，现在他在日耳曼列强的帮助下已经能够实现这一目标。
But in reality the Bulgar population in what was European Turkey was found only eastward of the Struma in Thracia including Adrianople.
但实际上，土耳其欧洲部分地区的保加利亚人只发现于色雷斯的斯特鲁马河以东，包括阿德里安堡。
Those regions formed the ample and legitimate field of ambition for the unification of the Bulgars.
这些地区为保加利亚人的统一提供了广阔而合法的野心。
When hostilities broke out in 1914, when Serbia was defending herself against the Austrians, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the secret ally by treaty of Austria, did everything possible to forward his designs against the Serbs and sent armed Bulgar bands into Serb Macedonia.
1914年敌对行动爆发时，塞尔维亚正在抵御奥地利人的进攻，奥地利的秘密盟友保加利亚国王费迪南德千方百计地实施他针对塞尔维亚人的计划，并派遣保加利亚武装部队进入塞尔维亚马其顿。
Shortly below the city of Monastir in the west begins the Greek frontier, running over eastward to Doiran, where it touches the Bulgarian frontier.
希腊边境在西边莫纳斯提尔市下方不远的地方开始，向东延伸到多伊兰，在那里与保加利亚边境接触。
Here the railroad, coming down along the Vardar River, emerges into the swamp lands and over them passes into the city of Saloniki.
在这里，铁路沿着瓦尔达尔河延伸，进入沼泽地，越过沼泽地进入萨洛尼基市。
Here is the old territory of Philip of Macedon, the father of the conqueror.
这里是征服者之父马其顿腓力的旧领地。
For some forty or fifty miles these swamps stretch out from Saloniki, overshadowed by Mt. Olympus on their southern edge.
这些沼泽从萨洛尼基延伸出约四十或五十英里，被南部边缘的奥林匹斯山遮蔽。
While not quite so extensive as the Pinsk Swamps, they are quite as impassable, from a military point of view.
虽然不像平斯克沼泽那么广阔，但从军事角度来看，它们同样无法通行。
In the center of this region of bulrushes and stunted forests is an open sheet of shallow water, Lake Enedjee.
在这片芦苇和发育不良的森林地区的中心是一片开阔的浅水区，即恩吉湖。
Nearly all this swamp land is submerged, but here and there are small islands.
这片沼泽地几乎全部被淹没，但到处都有小岛屿。
For some years the Turkish soldiers garrisoned these islands during the mild winter months, living on them in rush huts.
多年来，土耳其士兵在温暖的冬季驻守这些岛屿，住在岛上的灯芯草小屋里。
In the summer they would withdraw into the near-by foothills.
夏天，他们会撤退到附近的山麓。
But one summer several hundred Comitajis descended into the swamps and took possession.
但一年夏天，数百名科米塔吉人深入沼泽并占领了这里。
The stunted forests and the bulrushes here are traversed by a maze of narrow waterways, just wide enough for a punt to pass along.
这里发育不良的森林和芦苇丛中，有迷宫般的狭窄水道穿过，其宽度只够平底船通过。
When the soldiers returned in the fall, they started out for their islands in strings of punts.
当士兵们秋天返回时，他们划着一串串平底船出发前往他们的岛屿。
Presently they were met by volleys of bullets that seemed to come from all directions out of the bulrushes.
不久，他们就遇到了似乎从芦苇丛中四面八方射来的子弹。
Some, in their panic, leaped out into the shallow water and sunk in the mire.
有的惊慌失措，跳入浅水中，陷入泥潭。
The rest retired.
其余人都退休了。
For years the Turkish soldiers attempted to drive the Comitajis out of the swamp.
多年来，土耳其士兵一直试图将科米塔吉人赶出沼泽。
First they surrounded it, watching all possible landing places, but the outlaws had supplies smuggled in to them by the peasants.
首先，他们包围了它，监视所有可能的登陆地点，但不法之徒的物资是农民偷运来的。
Then the Turks began bombarding with heavy cannon, which, of course, was futile, since they could not distinguish the points at which they were firing.
然后土耳其人开始用重炮轰击，这当然是徒劳的，因为他们无法区分射击的地点。
And finally they gave up molesting the Comitajis, who continued making the swamps their headquarters until the Young Turks came into power.
最后，他们放弃了对科米塔吉人的骚扰，科米塔吉人继续将沼泽作为他们的总部，直到青年土耳其党掌权。
Then, believing that a constitutional Macedonia was finally to be granted them, all the Comitajis laid down their arms.
然后，所有的科米塔吉人都相信最终将获得一个立宪的马其顿，因此放下了武器。
It is a peculiar fact that Saloniki, one of the largest cities on the peninsula, with a population considerably over a hundred thousand, should represent none of the national elements of the country.
一个奇怪的事实是，萨洛尼基作为半岛上最大的城市之一，人口超过十万，却不能代表该国的任何民族成分。
For though Bulgars, Turks, Greeks, and Serbs may be found there, an overwhelming majority, nearly 90,000 of the people, are Spanish Jews.
尽管那里可能有保加利亚人、土耳其人、希腊人和塞尔维亚人，但绝大多数人，即近 90,000 人，都是西班牙犹太人。
Walking along the streets, it would be easy to imagine oneself in Spain or in Mexico; on all sides the shouts of peddlers, the cries of cabmen, the conversation of pedestrians, are in Spanish.
走在街上，很容易想象自己在西班牙或墨西哥；四周都是小贩的叫喊声、马车夫的叫喊声、行人的谈话声，都是西班牙语。
With a knowledge of that language the stranger may make his way about as easily as in his own native country.
有了这种语言的知识，陌生人就可以像在自己的祖国一样轻松地出行。
These are the descendants of the Jews who were driven out of Spain by Torquemada and his Spanish Inquisition and were so hospitably received by the Sultan of Turkey.
这些犹太人的后裔被托尔克马达和他的西班牙宗教裁判所驱逐出西班牙，并受到土耳其苏丹的热情接待。
Saloniki, where we shall witness severe battles, is situated at the head of the gulf by the same name, an inlet of the Ægean Sea.
萨洛尼基，我们将在那里目睹激烈的战斗，位于同名海湾的顶端，爱琴海的入口处。
It is a well-fortified city, built on the water's edge, but surrounding it is high land commanding the surrounding country.
这是一座防御森严的城市，建在水边，但周围是高地，指挥着周围的国家。
Added to that, the swamp region is another protection from an enemy coming from inland.
除此之外，沼泽地区是抵御来自内陆的敌人的另一个屏障。
Its seaward forts, however, are, or were, obsolete and would probably crumble before the fire of modern naval guns.
然而，它的临海堡垒现在或曾经已经过时，很可能在现代海军炮火面前崩溃。
Stretching down the eastern shore of the Gulf is a peninsula on which is the famous Mt. Athos, that very peculiar community of celibate monks.
沿着海湾东岸延伸的是一个半岛，岛上有著名的阿索斯山，这是一个非常奇特的独身僧侣社区。
Here, in the Holy Mountain, as the Slavs call it, there are monasteries representing all the various denominations of the Greek Orthodox Church: Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Russian, each swarming with hundreds of monks, who pass their time in idleness.
这里，在斯拉夫人所称的圣山上，有代表希腊东正教各个教派的修道院：希腊教、保加利亚教、塞尔维亚教和俄罗斯教，每个修道院都挤满了数百名僧侣，他们在闲散中度过时光。
Not only are women forbidden to enter this domain, but even female dogs or cats are kept out.
不仅女性被禁止进入这个领域，就连母狗或母猫也被禁止进入。
Across this upper end of the Ægean, from Mt. Athos, is the Bulgarian port, Dedeagatch, to which runs a branch of the main railway from Sofia to Constantinople.
从阿索斯山越过爱琴海的上游，就是保加利亚港口德德加奇 (Dedeagatch)，从索非亚到君士坦丁堡的主干铁路的一条支线就到这里。
The country here is low and swampy, the port itself being little more than a boat landing.
这里地势低洼，多沼泽，港口本身只不过是一个船只停靠点。
Just below this point, across the Gulf of Saros, is the peninsula of Gallipoli, where a critical phase of the war was fought.
就在这一点的下方，横跨沙罗斯湾，是加里波利半岛，战争的关键阶段就在那里进行。
It is somewhat like the blade of a scimitar, covering the entrance to the Sea of Marmora.
它有点像弯刀的刀刃，遮住了马尔马拉海的入口。
Between this strip of land and the coast of Asia Minor is a narrow strait, the outer mouth of which is called the Dardanelles, the inner gateway being the famous Hellespont.
在这片土地和小亚细亚海岸之间有一条狭窄的海峡，其外口称为达达尼尔海峡，内门是著名的达达尼尔海峡。
Here it was that Xerxes crossed over on a bridge of boats at the head of his Persian army to invade Greece, only to meet disaster at Thermopylæ, and here Alexander of Macedonia crossed over to begin his march of conquest which was to extend his power as far as India.
薛西斯率领波斯军队从这里渡过一座船桥入侵希腊，却在塞莫皮莱遭遇灾难，而马其顿的亚历山大也在这里开始了他的征服之旅，将他的势力扩展到印度。
And about this narrow strait is centered the ancient Greek myth about Hero and Leander, which inspired Byron to swim across from Asia to Europe.
这条狭窄的海峡是关于英雄和利安德的古希腊神话的中心，它激励拜伦从亚洲游到欧洲。
How well the Turks have fortified this approach to their capital is well enough indicated in the story of the operations of the allied fleets in their attempt to force the passage.
盟军舰队试图强行通过的行动故事充分说明了土耳其人在通往首都的这条道路上的加固程度如何。
From the Hellespont to Constantinople is a sail of forty miles, along a coast steep and rugged, destitute of any harbor or even a beach where a boat might land.
从赫勒斯滂海峡到君士坦丁堡，航行四十英里，海岸陡峭崎岖，没有任何港口，甚至没有可供船只停靠的海滩。
Nor is there a more beautiful sight than that which is presented on approaching the Turkish capital from this direction, especially of an early morning.
没有比从这个方向接近土耳其首都时所呈现的更美丽的景色了，尤其是在清晨。
Against the dawn in the East are silhouetted the minarets and domes and the palace roofs of the city; then, as the light increases, the white buildings are distinguished more clearly through a purple mist that rises from the waters, until the ship enters the Bosphorus, gliding past the shipping and the boat traffic along the shore of the harbor.
东方的黎明映衬着城市的尖塔、圆顶和宫殿屋顶的轮廓。然后，随着光线的增强，白色的建筑在从水面升起的紫色雾气中变得更加清晰，直到船只进入博斯普鲁斯海峡，滑过港口沿岸的船只和船只交通。
The beauties of the Bosphorus have been described in every book of travel that has ever included this section of the world in its descriptions: it is undoubtedly the most beautiful waterway that may be found in any country.
博斯普鲁斯海峡的美丽在所有描述过这个世界的旅行书中都有所描述：毫无疑问，它是任何国家中最美丽的水道。
Emerging into the Black Sea from the Bosphorus, one strikes the Bulgarian coast not far above that neck of land on which Constantinople is built.
从博斯普鲁斯海峡进入黑海，到达保加利亚海岸，距离君士坦丁堡所在的那片土地不远。
Along this stretch of coast up to the mouth of the Danube there are two harbors, Varna and Burgas.
沿着这片海岸一直到多瑙河口，有两个港口：瓦尔纳和布尔加斯。
Each is terminus of a branch railroad leading off from the Nish-Sofia-Constantinople line.
每一个都是从尼什-索非亚-君士坦丁堡线出发的铁路支线的终点站。
Behind Burgas lie the level tracts of Eastern Rumelia, or Thrace, as that part of the country is still called.
布尔加斯后面是东鲁米利亚（或色雷斯）的平坦地带，该地区至今仍被称为色雷斯。
But Varna is above the point where the Balkan Range strikes the coast, all of which is steep and rocky.
但瓦尔纳位于巴尔干山脉冲击海岸的地方，所有这些地方都是陡峭的、多岩石的。
Above Varna begins the Delta of the Danube, up which steamers and heavily laden barges sail continuously, but here also begins the neutral territory of Rumania, the Dobruja, the richest section of the Danube basin, which was ceded to Rumania by Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War.
瓦尔纳上方开始是多瑙河三角洲，轮船和满载的驳船不断地在此航行，但这里也是罗马尼亚的中立领土多布罗加河的开始，多瑙河盆地最富饶的部分，在第二次巴尔干战争后被保加利亚割让给罗马尼亚。
CHAPTER XLV
第四十五章
THE CAUCASUS--THE BARRED DOOR
高加索地区——紧闭的大门
We now come to that section of the eastern theatre of the war which received the least extended notice in printed reports--the barred doorway between Europe and Asia,--the Caucasus.
现在我们来到东部战区的印刷报道中关注最少的地区——欧洲和亚洲之间被封锁的门户——高加索地区。
Not because the fighting there was less furious, but because the region was less accessible to war correspondents.
并不是因为那里的战斗不那么激烈，而是因为战地记者不太容易进入该地区。
The struggle was in fact quite as bloody and even more savage and barbarous here than elsewhere, for on this front Russ meets Turk, Christian meets Moslem, and where they grapple the veneer of chivalry blisters off.
事实上，这里的斗争比其他地方一样血腥，甚至更加野蛮和野蛮，因为在这条战线上，罗斯人遇到了土耳其人，基督教徒遇到了穆斯林，他们的骑士精神的外表都被撕掉了。
Here again, as in Galicia, we come to a natural frontier, not only between two races, but between two continents.
在这里，就像在加利西亚一样，我们再次来到了一个天然的边界，不仅是两个种族之间的边界，而且是两个大陆之间的边界。
For here, crossing the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, stretches a mountain range over seven hundred miles in length, rising abruptly out of the plains on either side.
因为在这里，横跨黑海和里海之间的地峡，绵延七百多英里长的山脉，从两侧的平原中突然升起。
These are the Caucasus Mountains, forming the boundary between Europe and Asia.
这些是高加索山脉，形成欧洲和亚洲之间的边界。
The higher and central part of the range (which averages only from sixty to seventy miles in width) is formed of parallel ridges, not separated by deep and wide valleys, but remarkably connected by elevated plateaus, which are traversed by narrow fissures of extreme depth.
该山脉的较高和中心部分（平均宽度只有六十到七十英里）由平行的山脊组成，没有被又深又宽的山谷分隔开，而是由升高的高原显着连接，高原上有极深的狭窄裂缝。
The highest peaks are in the most central chain; Mt. Elburz, attaining an elevation of 18,000 feet above the sea, while Mt. Kasbeck reaches a height of more than 16,000 feet, and several other peaks rise above the line of perpetual snow.
最高峰位于最中央的链条；厄尔布尔士山海拔 18,000 英尺，卡斯贝克山海拔超过 16,000 英尺，其他几座山峰高出常年积雪线。
The outlying spurs and foothills of this chain of lofty mountains are of less extent and importance than those of almost any other mountain range of similar magnitude, subsiding, as they do, until they are only 200 feet high along the shores of the Black Sea.
与几乎任何其他类似规模的山脉相比，这条高耸山脉的外围山峰和山麓的范围和重要性都较小，随着它们的发展，它们逐渐下沉，直到黑海沿岸的高度只有 200 英尺。
Some parts are almost entirely bare, but other parts are densely wooded and the secondary ranges near the Black Sea are covered by magnificent forests of oak, beech, ash, maple, and walnut.
有些地区几乎完全裸露，但其他地区树木茂密，黑海附近的次要山脉覆盖着壮丽的橡树、山毛榉、白蜡树、枫树和胡桃木森林。
This range is an almost impassable wall across the narrow isthmus which joins Europe and Asia, and the Gorge of Dariel is the gateway in this wall through which have come almost all the migrating races that have peopled the continent of Europe.
这个山脉是一道几乎无法逾越的墙，横跨连接欧洲和亚洲的狭窄地峡，达里尔峡谷是这道墙的门户，几乎所有欧洲大陆的迁徙种族都通过它而来。
As is well known, the white peoples of Europe have been classified as the Caucasian race, because they were all supposed to have passed through this gateway originally.
众所周知，欧洲的白人被归为高加索人种，因为他们原本都应该经过这个门户。
Apparently each of these oncoming waves of barbaric humanity, bursting through the great gateway, must have left behind some few remnants of their volume, for nowhere in the world, in so limited an area, is there such a diversity and mixture of peoples.
显然，每一波即将到来的野蛮人性浪潮，冲破了伟大的大门，都一定留下了一些残余物，因为在世界上任何地方，在如此有限的区域内，都没有如此多样化和混合的民族。
In the words of one writer, who speaks with authority on this region, the Caucasus is "an ethnological museum where the invaders of Europe, as they traveled westward to be manufactured into nations, left behind samples of themselves in their raw condition."
用一位对这一地区具有权威性的作家的话来说，高加索地区是“一座民族学博物馆，欧洲的入侵者在向西行进以形成民族的过程中，留下了他们原始状态的样本”。
Here may be found the Georgians, who so long championed the Cross against the Crescent, the wild Lesghians from the highlands of Daghestan; the Circassians, famed for the beauty of their women; Suanetians, Ossets, Abkhasians, Mingrelians, not to enumerate dozens of other tribes and races, each speaking its own tongue.
在这里可以找到格鲁吉亚人，他们长期以来一直支持十字军对抗新月军，来自达吉斯坦高地的野生莱斯吉亚人；切尔克斯人以其女性的美丽而闻名；苏内特人、奥塞特人、阿布哈斯人、明格里安人，还有数十个其他部落和种族，每个人都说着自己的语言。
It is said that over a hundred languages are spoken throughout this region; seventy in the city of Tiflis alone.
据说这个地区有一百多种语言。仅第比利斯市就有七十人。
The scenery of the mountains themselves is unparalleled in grandeur except by the Himalayas and offers many a virgin peak to the ambitious mountain climber.
山脉本身的壮丽景色是除了喜马拉雅山之外无与伦比的，为雄心勃勃的登山者提供了许多处女峰。
Here may be found the ibex, the stag, the wild boar, the wild bull and an infinite variety of feathered game.
这里可以找到野山羊、雄鹿、野猪、野牛和种类繁多的有羽毛的动物。
The animal life of the mountains has, in fact, become more abundant of late years on account of the high charges for hunting licenses fixed by the Russian Government.
事实上，由于俄罗斯政府规定的高额狩猎许可证费用，近年来山区的动物变得更加丰富。
Wolves are so plentiful that in severe winters they descend to the lowlands in great packs and rob the flocks before the very eyes of the shepherds.
狼的数量如此之多，以至于在严冬时，它们成群结队地降落到低地，在牧羊人的眼前抢劫羊群。
The most important mineral resources of the region are the oil wells; here, in fact, around Batum, are situated some of the most important oil fields in the world.
该地区最重要的矿产资源是油井；事实上，巴统周围有一些世界上最重要的油田。
Of manganese ore, an essential of the steel industry, the Caucasus furnishes half of the world's supply, which is exported from the two ports of Poti and Batum.
高加索地区供应的锰矿石是钢铁工业的必需品，占世界供应量的一半，这些锰矿石从波季和巴图姆两个港口出口。
Its mineral wealth seems to be practically unlimited, copper, zinc, iron, tin, and many other metals being found throughout the region, in most cases in exceedingly rich deposits.
它的矿产资源似乎是无限的，铜、锌、铁、锡和许多其他金属遍布整个地区，大多数情况下矿藏极其丰富。
The agricultural resources are not so important, especially from a military point of view, though vast quantities of sheep are raised in the highlands in the spring and summer, the flocks being driven down into the plains to the south in winter.
农业资源并不是那么重要，特别是从军事角度来看，尽管春季和夏季高地饲养了大量的羊，冬季羊群被驱赶到南方的平原。
One of the outstanding features of Russian occupation is the great Georgian military road which has been built across the mountains of recent years and maintained by the Government.
俄罗斯占领的突出特点之一是近年来在山区修建并由政府维护的伟大的格鲁吉亚军事道路。
Its engineering is masterly; here and there it passes close to or under vast overhanging lumps of mountainside.
其工程技术精湛；它时不时地经过巨大悬垂山坡的附近或下方。
Everywhere the greatest care has been taken of this most important military highway, Russia's avenue into that country she coveted and fought for so long.
这条最重要的军事高速公路，是俄罗斯通往她觊觎已久、为之奋斗了很长时间的国家的大道，到处都受到了极大的关注。
Beginning at Vladikavkaz, it runs through Balta, Lars, thence through the famous Gorge of Dariel, the "Circassian Gates," the dark and awful defile between Europe and Asia.
它从弗拉季高加索开始，流经巴尔塔、拉尔斯，然后穿过著名的达里尔峡谷，即“切尔克斯之门”，欧洲和亚洲之间黑暗而可怕的峡谷。
The gorge is what the geologists call a "fault," for it is not really a pass over the mountain chain, but a rent clear across it.
地质学家将这个峡谷称为“断层”，因为它实际上并不是山脉的通道，而是横跨山脉的一道裂缝。
Seventy years ago it was almost impassable for avalanches or the sudden outbursts of pent-up glacial streams swept it from end to end, but the Russians have spent over $20,000,000 on it and made it safe.
七十年前，由于雪崩或被压抑的冰川溪流突然爆发，它几乎无法通行，将其从一端席卷到另一端，但俄罗斯人已花费超过 20,000,000 美元来确保其安全。
In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, nearly all the troops and stores for carrying the war into Turkey and Asia came by this road.
1877年，俄土战争期间，几乎所有进军土耳其和亚洲的部队和物资都经过这条道路。
Its importance has since been lessened to a certain degree, for there is now direct railway communication from Moscow to Baku, at one end of the Trans-Caucasian Railway, and therefore to Kars itself, via Tiflis; and equally from Batum to Kars at the other end to which military steamers can bring troops and supplies from Odessa and Novorossik in the Black Sea.
从那时起，它的重要性已在一定程度上降低，因为现在有从莫斯科到高加索铁路一端的巴库的直接铁路交通，因此可以通过第比利斯到达卡尔斯本身。同样从巴统到另一端的卡尔斯，军用轮船可以从黑海的敖德萨和新罗西克运送部队和物资。
The most important city in this region is Tiflis, the "city of seventy languages." It may, indeed, be called the modern Babel.
该地区最重要的城市是“七十种语言之城”第比利斯。事实上，它可以被称为现代巴别塔。
As seen from the mountains, it lies at the bottom of a brown, treeless valley, between steep hills, on either side of the River Kura.
从山上看去，它位于库拉河两岸陡峭山丘之间、一片没有树木的棕色山谷底部。
It is a point of great importance to modern Russia.
这对现代俄罗斯来说非常重要。
It forms, to begin with, the end of the great military road across the mountains which, in spite of the railways, is still the quickest way to Europe for an army as well as for travelers, and all the mails come over it by express coaches.
首先，它构成了穿越山脉的伟大军事道路的终点，尽管有铁路，但对于军队和旅行者来说，这条道路仍然是通往欧洲的最快道路，所有邮件都通过特快专车经过它。
From Tiflis a railway runs to Kars, a strong frontier on the Persian frontier.
从第比利斯有一条铁路通往卡尔斯，这是波斯边境的一个坚固的边境。
Tiflis has been much developed under the Russian Government.
第比利斯在俄罗斯政府的领导下得到了很大的发展。
In the modern section of the city the streets are wide and paved and lighted by electricity and the stores are large and handsome while electric railways run in all directions.
在城市的现代化区域，街道宽阔，铺有电力，照明充足，商店宽敞漂亮，电气化铁路四通八达。
In the older parts of the city, however, the houses remain as they were built centuries ago, divided out into the many quarters devoted to the residences of the many races and nationalities that compose the population of Tiflis.
然而，在城市的老城区，房屋仍保持着几个世纪前建造的样子，被分成许多区域，专门用于组成第比利斯人口的许多种族和民族的住宅。
Between most of them is bitter enmity and prejudice, even among those of the two great religious faiths, Christians and Mohammedans.
他们中的大多数人之间存在着激烈的敌意和偏见，甚至在基督教和伊斯兰教这两个伟大宗教信仰之间也是如此。
It is this diversity of interests, which extends throughout all the section down into Persia, which has so complicated the situation on this front.
正是这种利益的多样性，一直延伸到整个波斯地区，使得这方面的局势变得如此复杂。
For not only are the two military forces fighting here, but wherever governmental authority is momentarily relaxed, there these mutual animosities flare up into active expression and the most barbarous features of warfare take place, such as the massacres of the Armenians by the Mohammedans.
因为不仅两支军队在这里交战，而且只要政府权威暂时放松，相互的敌意就会爆发，并发生最野蛮的战争，例如伊斯兰教徒对亚美尼亚人的屠杀。
Neither Turkey nor Russia has been especially eager to suppress these bitter feuds, even in time of peace.
即使在和平时期，土耳其和俄罗斯都没有特别渴望压制这些激烈的争斗。
In time of war there is nothing to restrain them, and the whole region is swept by carnage infinitely more hideous than legitimate warfare.
在战争时期，没有什么可以约束他们，整个地区都被比合法战争更加可怕的屠杀所席卷。
We have now passed over the entire theatre of the battles on the Eastern frontiers of the war in Europe.
我们现在已经越过了欧洲东部边境的整个战区。
The battle grounds are familiar to us.
战场是我们熟悉的。
In the succeeding chapters we will follow the armies over this war-ridden dominion and watch the battle lines as they move through the war to its decisive conclusion.
在接下来的章节中，我们将跟随军队在这片饱受战争蹂躏的领土上作战，并观察战线在战争中走向决定性的结局。
PART IV--THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN CAMPAIGN
第四部分——奥地利-塞尔维亚战役
CHAPTER XLVI
第四十六章
SERBIA'S SITUATION AND RESOURCES
塞尔维亚的情况和资源
The first great campaign on the southeastern battle grounds of the Great War began on July 27, 1914, when the Austrian troops undertook their first invasion of Serbia.
第一次世界大战东南战场上的第一次大战于 1914 年 7 月 27 日开始，当时奥地利军队首次入侵塞尔维亚。
They crossed the Serbian border at Mitrovitza, about fifty miles northwest of Belgrade, driving the Serbians before them.
他们在贝尔格莱德西北约五十英里的米特罗维察越过塞尔维亚边境，将塞尔维亚人赶在了前面。
The first real hostilities of the war opened with the bombardment of Belgrade by the Austrians on July 29, 1914--six days before the beginning of the campaigns on the western battle fields.
战争的第一场真正的敌对行动始于 1914 年 7 月 29 日奥地利人对贝尔格莱德的轰炸，此时距离西部战场的战役开始还有六天。
We are now familiar with the theatre of war as described in the preceding chapters, and will now follow the first Austrian armies into Serbia.
我们现在已经熟悉了前几章中描述的战区，现在将跟随第一批奥地利军队进入塞尔维亚。
A stubborn fight excites the admiration of all observers, regardless of the moral qualities of the combatants.
无论战斗者的道德品质如何，顽强的战斗都会引起所有观察者的钦佩。
So, wherever our sympathies may lie, considering the war as a whole, there can be no doubt that the defense which the Serbians made against the first efforts of the Austrians to invade their country will stand out in the early history of the war as one of the most brilliant episodes of that period of the general struggle.
因此，无论我们的同情心在哪里，从整个战争的角度来看，毫无疑问，塞尔维亚人为抵御奥地利人入侵其国家的第一次努力而进行的防御，将在战争的早期历史中脱颖而出，成为该时期总斗争中最辉煌的插曲之一。
Like a mighty tidal wave from the ocean the Austrian hosts swept over the Serbian frontier in three furious successive onslaughts, only to be beaten back each time.
奥地利东道主就像来自大海的巨浪，连续三次猛烈进攻，席卷了塞尔维亚边境，但每次都被击退。
Naturally, there were material and moral causes, aside from the mere valor of the Serbians, which combined to create this disaster for the Austrian forces, but enough of the human element enters into the military activities of these campaigns to make them easily the most picturesque of the early period of the war.
当然，除了塞尔维亚人的英勇之外，还有物质和道德原因，这些因素结合起来给奥地利军队造成了这场灾难，但这些战役的军事活动中有足够的人为因素，使它们很容易成为战争初期最精彩的时期。
Before entering into a description of the actual events in 1914, it is well to consider the forces engaged.
在开始描述 1914 年的实际事件之前，最好先考虑一下交战的部队。
From a material point of view the Serbians entered into these campaigns greatly handicapped.
从物质角度来看，塞尔维亚人在参加这些战役时受到了很大的阻碍。
They had lately been through two wars.
他们最近经历了两场战争。
In the First Balkan War they had not, it is true, been severely tested; the weight of the fighting had been borne by the Bulgarians in Thrace.
诚然，在第一次巴尔干战争中，他们并没有受到严峻的考验。战斗的重担是由色雷斯的保加利亚人承担的。
The real test, and the great losses, came only with the second war, when the Serbian army threw every fiber of its strength against the Bulgarians in the Battle of the Bregalnitza, one of the most stubborn struggles in military history.
真正的考验和巨大的损失直到第二次战争才出现，当时塞尔维亚军队在布雷加尔尼察战役中倾尽全力对抗保加利亚人，这是军事史上最顽强的斗争之一。
The result was a Serbian victory, but it was very far from being a decisive and conclusive victory.
结果是塞尔维亚取得了胜利，但这还远远不是决定性的、决定性的胜利。
The Bulgarians were forced back some fifteen miles into their own territory, but had it not been for the intervention of Rumania there can be no doubt that the Serbs would have entered Sofia.
保加利亚人被迫退回自己领土约十五英里，但如果没有罗马尼亚的干预，毫无疑问塞尔维亚人会进入索非亚。
Here it was that the Serbians lost 7,000 killed and 30,000 wounded of their best men, as against 5,000 killed and 18,000 wounded in the whole war with Turkey; a total loss that was bound to be felt a few months later when the struggle was to be against so powerful an adversary as Austria-Hungary.
正是在这里，塞尔维亚人失去了 7,000 人阵亡和 30,000 人受伤的精锐战士，而在与土耳其的整场战争中，则有 5,000 人阵亡和 18,000 人受伤；几个月后，当我们面对奥匈帝国这样强大的对手时，我们一定会感到彻底的失败。
The two previous wars had, without exaggeration, deprived the Serbian fighting forces of one-tenth their number--a tenth that was of the very best of first-line troops.
毫不夸张地说，前两次战争使塞尔维亚战斗部队的人数减少了十分之一——其中十分之一是最优秀的一线部队。
[Illustration: Pictorial Map of the Balkans.]
[插图：巴尔干地区的图画地图。]
Added to this was another serious handicap, possibly even more serious.
除此之外，还有另一个严重的障碍，甚至可能更严重。
Serbia had, indeed, emerged victorious from the two wars, with a large stretch of conquered territory at her backdoor.
塞尔维亚确实在两次战争中取得了胜利，并在其后门拥有大片被征服的领土。
But this acquired territory, practically all of Macedonia that had not gone to Greece, was peopled by Serbs.
但这个获得的领土，实际上是所有没有被希腊占领的马其顿，都居住着塞尔维亚人。
For twenty-five years these Macedonians had been organized into revolutionary fighting bands, the "Macedonian Committee" for the liberation of Macedonia and Albania from the Turks, and had struggled, not only against the Turks, but against foreign armed bands of propagandists.
二十五年来，这些马其顿人被组织成革命战斗团体，即“马其顿委员会”，旨在将马其顿和阿尔巴尼亚从土耳其人手中解放出来，不仅与土耳其人斗争，而且与外国武装宣传团体进行斗争。
Some eight years subsequently to the foundation of the Macedonian Committee of native origin, the Bulgars founded in 1893 their committee which was called the Macedo-Adrianople Committee.
马其顿本土委员会成立约八年后，保加利亚人于 1893 年成立了他们的委员会，称为马其顿-阿德里安堡委员会。
During the First Balkan War these experienced guerrilla fighters were valuable allies to the Serbian forces operating against the Turks.
在第一次巴尔干战争期间，这些经验丰富的游击战士是对抗土耳其的塞尔维亚军队的宝贵盟友。
But even before the First Balkan War the Serbians had very distinctly given the Macedonians to understand that they were to remain Serbian subjects.
但甚至在第一次巴尔干战争之前，塞尔维亚人就非常明确地让马其顿人明白，他们仍然是塞尔维亚的臣民。
This action on their part had had not a little to do with rousing the Bulgarians to precipitate the Second Balkan War.
他们的这一行动与煽动保加利亚人发动第二次巴尔干战争有很大关系。
And when finally Serbia conquered all this territory, confirmed to her down to Doiran by the treaty of Bucharest, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria began at once a fiery anti-Serb propaganda throughout the world, and took measures through provocatory agents and Bulgar bands crossing from Bulgaria into Macedonia to create disturbances.
当塞尔维亚最终征服了布加勒斯特条约确认到多伊兰的所有领土时，保加利亚国王费迪南德立即开始在全世界进行激烈的反塞尔维亚宣传，并通过挑衅性特工和从保加利亚越境进入马其顿的保加利亚乐队采取措施制造骚乱。
When the Great War broke out in July, 1914, this Bulgarian activity in Serb Macedonia grew more intense.
1914 年 7 月第一次世界大战爆发后，保加利亚人在塞尔维亚马其顿的活动变得更加激烈。
Thus it was that when the Austrians attacked the Serbians on their front the Serbians had still to detach enough of their forces to guard the Serbo-Bulgar border to prevent the crossing into Serb Macedonia of Bulgar bands.
因此，当奥地利人在前线攻击塞尔维亚人时，塞尔维亚人仍然需要派出足够的部队来守卫塞尔维亚-保加利亚边境，以防止保加利亚人越境进入塞尔维亚马其顿。
And added to this was the danger from Bulgaria herself.
除此之外，还有来自保加利亚本身的危险。
The Serbians knew that the opportune moment had only to come and Bulgaria, too, would hurl herself on the Serbian eastern flank.
塞尔维亚人知道，时机即将到来，保加利亚也会向塞尔维亚东翼发起攻击。
Thus another large percentage of the Serbian fighting forces had also to be stationed along the Bulgarian frontier to guard against possible attack from that quarter.
因此，另一大部分塞尔维亚战斗部队也必须驻扎在保加利亚边境沿线，以防范该地区可能发生的袭击。
Offsetting these handicaps, however, and more than equalizing them, was the moral strength of the Serbian fighting units.
然而，塞尔维亚战斗部队的道德力量抵消了这些障碍，并且不仅仅是平衡它们。
They had just emerged through two victorious wars; they had triumphed so completely that there was small wonder if the Serbian farmers had come to believe themselves invincible and their leaders infallible.
他们刚刚从两场胜利的战争中崛起；他们取得了如此彻底的胜利，以至于塞尔维亚农民相信自己是不可战胜的，他们的领导人是绝对正确的，也就不足为奇了。
Practically every man in the Serbian army was a seasoned veteran; he had had not only his baptism of fire, but he had been through some of the bloodiest battles of modern times.
塞尔维亚军队中的几乎每个人都是经验丰富的老兵。他不仅经历了战火的洗礼，还经历了现代一些最血腥的战斗。
He had got over his first fright; he was in that state of mind where danger and bloodshed no longer inspired either fear or horror.
他已经克服了第一次的恐惧；他处于那种危险和流血不再引起恐惧或恐惧的心态。
And even the warlike savage trembles on entering his first battle.
即使是好战的野蛮人，在第一次参加战斗时也会颤抖。
Finally, he was now defending his country, his home, his very fireside and his family against foreign invasion.
最后，他现在正在保卫他的国家、他的家园、他的炉边和他的家人免受外国入侵。
And it is generally admitted that a man fighting in that situation is equal to two invaders, all other things being equal.
人们普遍承认，在其他条件相同的情况下，在这种情况下战斗的一个人相当于两个入侵者。
The Serb army opposing the Austrian invasions was composed of ten divisions of the First Ban and five divisions of the Second Ban.
抵抗奥地利入侵的塞尔维亚军队由第一班的十个师和第二班的五个师组成。
Five of the divisions of the First Ban and the five of the Second came from the kingdom as it was prior to the two Balkan wars, but the second five divisions of the First Ban were new creations recruited from Serb Macedonia.
第一班的五个师和第二班的五个师来自两次巴尔干战争之前的王国，但第一班的第二五个师是从塞族马其顿新招募的。
The principles on which the organization of the Serbian army was based were very simple.
塞尔维亚军队的组织原则非常简单。
The former kingdom was divided into five territorial divisional districts--Nish, Valievo, Belgrade, Kragujevatz, and Zaitchar.
前王国分为五个领土分区——尼什、瓦列沃、贝尔格莱德、克拉古耶瓦茨和扎伊查尔。
Each of these territorial divisional districts was subdivided into four regimental recruiting districts, each of which provided one infantry regiment of four battalions and one depot battalion.
每个属地分区又分为四个团征兵区，每个征兵区提供1个步兵团（4个营）和1个补给营。
The battalion numbered about a thousand men, so that the war strength of the divisional infantry amounted to, about 16,000 men.
该营人数约为千人，因此该师步兵的作战兵力约为一万六千人。
Attached to each division was a regiment of artillery, consisting of three groups of three 6-gun batteries; in all, 54 guns.
每个师都配属一个炮兵团，由三组、每组三个 6 门炮连组成；总共有54支枪。
The divisional cavalry, existing only in war time, consisted of a regiment of four squadrons, from men and horses previously registered.
师级骑兵仅在战时存在，由四个中队组成的团，由预先登记的人和马组成。
To each division was also attached its own technical and administrative units, engineers, and supply column, and its total strength amounted to 23,000 officers and men of first-line troops.
各师还配属技术行政单位、工兵、补给纵队，总兵力达一线官兵2.3万人。
In addition to these five divisions of the First Ban, there was also a regiment of mountain artillery, made up of six batteries, six howitzer batteries and two battalions of fortress artillery.
第一班除了这五个师之外，还有一个山炮团，由六个连、六个榴弹炮连和两个营的堡垒炮兵组成。
Then there was a separate cavalry division composed of two brigades, each of two regiments.
然后还有一个单独的骑兵师，由两个旅组成，每个旅有两个团。
Its war strength was 80 officers and 3,200 men.
其战争兵力为80名军官和3200名士兵。
Attached to the cavalry division were two horse artillery batteries, of eight guns each.
骑兵师有两个马炮连，每个炮台有八门火炮。
All told, this first-line army numbered about 200,000, with about 5,200 sabers and 330 guns.
这支一线部队总共约有20万人，马刀约5200把，火炮330多门。
[Illustration: Serbian and Austrian Invasions.]
[插图：塞尔维亚和奥地利的入侵。]
The Second Ban, or reserve, much inferior in armament to the first line, brought the strength up to about 280,000 men.
第二班，或称预备队，其武器装备远逊于第一线，但兵力达到约 280,000 人。
But this figure is probably an underestimate.
但这个数字可能被低估了。
Volunteers were enrolled in immense numbers.
志愿者人数众多。
Some of them were men who had been exempted in the first conscription; others were Serbs from Austrian territory.
其中一些是在第一次征兵中被豁免的人；其他人是来自奥地利领土的塞尔维亚人。
The United States sent back thousands of Austrian and Macedonian Serbs who had emigrated there.
美国遣返了数千名移居那里的奥地利和马其顿塞族人。
It is probable, therefore, that the total strength of the Serbian forces shortly after the war broke out was at least 280,000, if not a trifle more.
因此，战争爆发后不久，塞尔维亚军队的总兵力很可能至少有28万人，甚至更多。
To this must be added the Montenegrin army which, though operating in a separate field, contributed its share in driving the Austrians back; another 40,000 men of first-class fighting ability and experience.
除此之外，还必须加上黑山军队，尽管他们在不同的战场上作战，但在击退奥地利人方面也做出了贡献。另外还有四万名具有一流战斗能力和经验的士兵。
Finally, there was the third reserve, another 50,000 men, but they could be used for fighting only in the gravest emergency.
最后是第三预备队，另外有五万人，但只有在最严重的紧急情况下才能用于战斗。
The infantry of the First Ban was armed with excellent Mauser rifles, caliber 7 mm., model 1899.
第一班的步兵装备有优秀的毛瑟步枪，口径7毫米，型号1899。
The Second Ban carried a Mauser, the old single loader, to which a magazine was fitted in the Serbian arsenals; while the Third Ban had the old single-loader Berdan rifle.
第二班携带了一把毛瑟枪，这是一种老式的单装弹枪，塞尔维亚军械库中装有弹匣；而第三班则拥有老式的单装弹伯丹步枪。
The machine gun carried was the Maxim, of the same caliber as the new Mauser.
携带的机枪是马克沁机枪，与新毛瑟机枪口径相同。
In artillery the Serbians were perhaps not so well off.
在炮兵方面，塞尔维亚人也许并不那么富裕。
Their cannons had seen a great deal of service in the Balkan wars, and the larger a piece of artillery the more limited is the number of rounds it can fire.
他们的大炮在巴尔干战争中大量服役，火炮越大，其发射的子弹数量就越有限。
It is extremely doubtful that there had been time to replace many of these worn-out pieces.
非常怀疑是否有时间更换这些破旧的部件。
The field gun was of French make; it was a 3-inch quick firer with a maximum range for shrapnel of 6,000 yards, a little over 3-1/2 miles.
野战炮是法国制造的；这是一把 3 英寸速射器，弹片最大射程为 6,000 码，略多于 3-1/2 英里。
The Second Ban was armed with old De Bange guns of 8 cm.
第二班装备有8厘米的老式德班格枪。
caliber.
口径。
The heavy guns, which had done much service outside Adrianople, were of Creuzot make, and included 24 howitzers of 15 cm.
这些重炮是克勒佐制造的，在阿德里安堡以外服役，其中包括 24 门 15 厘米榴弹炮。
and some mortars of 24 cm.
和一些24厘米的迫击炮。
As for the aviation wing, there was none.
至于航空联队，则没有。
The Serbian army was under the superior command of the Chief of the General Staff, Voivode (Field Marshal) Putnik.
塞尔维亚军队由总参谋长沃伊沃德（陆军元帅）普特尼克指挥。
Unlike his younger colleagues, his military education was entirely a home product; he had never studied abroad.
与他的年轻同事不同，他的军事教育完全是家庭教育。他从未出国留学过。
His father was one of those Serbs born on Austrian soil; he had emigrated from Hungary to Serbia in the early forties where he had followed the vocation of school-teacher.
他的父亲是出生在奥地利土地上的塞尔维亚人之一。四十年代初期，他从匈牙利移民到塞尔维亚，在那里从事学校教师的职业。
In 1847 the future general was born.
1847 年，未来的将军诞生了。
After passing through the elementary schools, young Putnik entered the military academy at Belgrade.
完成小学学业后，年轻的普特尼克进入贝尔格莱德的军事学院。
He had already attained a commission when the war of 1876 with Turkey broke out, through which he served as a captain of infantry.
1876 年与土耳其的战争爆发时，他已获得委任，担任步兵上尉。
His next experience was in the unfortunate war with Bulgaria, in 1885, in which the Serbians were beaten after a three days' battle.
他的下一次经历是 1885 年与保加利亚的不幸战争，塞尔维亚人在三天的战斗后被击败。
At the outbreak of the war with Turkey, in 1912, General Putnik was made head of the army and received the grade of voivode (field marshal), being the first Serbian to enjoy that distinction.
1912 年与土耳其的战争爆发时，普特尼克将军被任命为陆军元帅，并获得了 voivode（陆军元帅）军衔，成为第一位享有此殊荣的塞尔维亚人。
The grade of field marshal was created in the Serbian army during the First Balkan War.
元帅军衔是第一次巴尔干战争期间在塞尔维亚军队中设立的。
With him worked Colonel Pavlovitch, the son of a farmer, who had won a series of scholarships, enabling him to study in Berlin.
与他一起工作的是农民之子巴甫洛维奇上校，他获得了一系列奖学金，使他能够在柏林学习。
He had directed the military operations in the field against Turkey and Bulgaria, and he was to do the same thing under his old chief against the Austrians.
他曾在战场上指挥过针对土耳其和保加利亚的军事行动，并且在他的老酋长的领导下，他也将针对奥地利人采取同样的行动。
CHAPTER XLVII
第四十七章
AUSTRIA'S STRENGTH AND STRATEGY
奥地利的实力和战略
Let us now review the Austrian forces that participated in the invasions of Serbia.
现在让我们回顾一下参与入侵塞尔维亚的奥地利军队。
In number they were practically unlimited, at least they far outnumbered the Serbian forces that met them in the field.
他们的数量实际上是无限的，至少远远超过了在战场上与他们交锋的塞尔维亚军队。
Their armament was of the best and their equipment as complete as boundless resources could make it.
他们的武器装备是最好的，装备也是无限的资源所能制造出来的。
They were, however, partly made up of the peoples of the Slavic provinces of Austria--Bohemians, Croatians, Dalmatians, and Bosnians.
然而，他们的部分成员是奥地利斯拉夫省份的人民——波希米亚人、克罗地亚人、达尔马提亚人和波斯尼亚人。
Naturally there could be but little enthusiasm in their attacks on their brother Slavs, and while there are many mutual animosities between these various branches of the Slavic race, such feelings are, at any rate, secondary to the general dislike of the "Schwabs," as the German-Austrians are called, and the Magyars.
当然，他们对兄弟斯拉夫人的攻击可能不会有什么热情，虽然斯拉夫种族的各个分支之间存在许多相互敌意，但无论如何，这种感情与对“施瓦布”（德裔奥地利人被称为“施瓦布”）和马扎尔人的普遍厌恶相比，是次要的。
Possibly this had much to do with the Austrian defeats.
也许这与奥地利的失败有很大关系。
The Hungarian, or Magyar, regiments were probably in the majority.
匈牙利军团或马扎尔军团可能占大多数。
But the Magyars from the interior of Hungary have no special reason to hate the Serbians, and, aside from that, they were attacking on foreign soil.
但来自匈牙利内陆的马扎尔人并没有什么特别的理由憎恨塞尔维亚人，除此之外，他们还在外国领土上发动进攻。
At the head of the Austrian campaigns against Serbia was General Potiorek, generally described as a textbook strategist.
指挥奥地利对塞尔维亚战役的是波蒂奥雷克将军，他通常被描述为教科书上的战略家。
But just how much his failures were due to his own inefficiency and how much to the inefficiency of those under him will probably never be determined; he had in the end to suffer for both.
但他的失败到底有多少是由于他自己的低效率以及多少是由于他手下的低效率造成的，可能永远无法确定。他最终不得不为这两件事受苦。
These were the two great contending forces that were set in motion by the departure of Baron Giesl, the Austro-Hungarian Minister, from Belgrade, on July 25, 1914.
这是奥匈帝国公使吉塞尔男爵于 1914 年 7 月 25 日离开贝尔格莱德时引发的两股巨大的竞争力量。
On the same day the Prince Regent Alexander signed a decree ordering the general mobilization of the Serbian army.
同一天，摄政王亚历山大签署了一项命令，命令塞尔维亚军队全面动员。
Three days later, on July 28, 1914, Austria declared war.
三天后，即 1914 年 7 月 28 日，奥地利宣战。
By that time Serbia was in the midst of her mobilization.
那时塞尔维亚正处于动员之中。
That the Austrians, who had the advantage of having taken the initiative, and who had presumably chosen their own time for the opening of hostilities, did not immediately take full advantage of their favorable situation has caused much surprise among impartial military critics.
奥地利人虽然拥有主动权，而且大概是自己选择了开战的时间，但却没有立即充分利用他们的有利形势，这引起了公正的军事批评家的极大惊讶。
On the same day that they declared war they had the opportunity to hurl their troops across the Danube and take Belgrade with practically no opposition.
在宣战的同一天，他们有机会率军渡过多瑙河，毫无抵抗地占领贝尔格莱德。
Apparently they were not ready; from that moment the difficulties that would have attended such a movement increased hourly.
显然他们还没有准备好。从那时起，这种运动所面临的困难就与日俱增。
A force of 20,000 men was raised almost immediately for the defense of Belgrade.
几乎立即就召集了两万名士兵来保卫贝尔格莱德。
To meet this opposition the Austrians had, on the evening of the day war was declared, July 18, 1914, only one division concentrated between Semlin and Pancsova, opposite Belgrade--a force that was hardly sufficient to take the Serbian capital.
为了应对这种反对，奥地利人在 1914 年 7 月 18 日宣战当天晚上，仅将一个师集中在塞姆林和潘佐瓦之间，与贝尔格莱德相对——这支部队几乎不足以占领塞尔维亚首都。
Two days later an army corps would have been needed for the enterprise, for by this time the Serbian army had begun concentrating considerable numbers within striking distance of the capital.
两天后，这项计划就需要一个军团来完成，因为此时塞尔维亚军队已经开始在首都的攻击距离内集中大量兵力。
Thus the first opportunity was lost by the tardiness of the Austrians to act.
因此，奥地利人因行动迟缓而失去了第一个机会。
It is presumed that the reader has already studied the description of this theatre of the war presented elsewhere in this work.
据推测，读者已经研究过本书其他地方对这个战区的描述。
Aside from that, the movements that follow should only be traced with the aid of a map.
除此之外，接下来的运动只能借助地图来追踪。
Written words are inadequate to give a concrete picture of the field of operations.
书面文字不足以描述作战领域的具体情况。
The Austrian General Staff realized the difficulties of crossing the Danube.
奥地利总参谋部意识到渡过多瑙河的困难。
Its general plan, probably prepared long before, contemplated a main attack that should begin from another quarter.
它的总体计划可能很早就准备好了，考虑从另一个季度开始主攻。
The Austro-Serbian frontier, almost 340 miles in extent, is formed on the north by the Save as well as by the Danube, and on the east and southeast by the Drina River.
奥塞边境绵延近 340 英里，北部为萨维河和多瑙河，东部和东南部为德里纳河。
These two smaller streams abound in convenient fords, especially in summer.
这两条较小的溪流有很多方便的浅滩，尤其是在夏季。
To many of these points on the northeastern frontier Austria had already constructed strategic railways.
奥地利已经在东北边境的许多地点修建了战略铁路。
Moreover, the Austrian territory throughout this section is so mountainous and well timbered that large forces of troops could be well screened from observation, whereas the country opposite Belgrade is flat and bare.
此外，整个这一地区的奥地利领土山峦叠嶂，树木茂密，大部队可以很好地被遮挡住，无法被观察到，而贝尔格莱德对面的国家则平坦而光秃秃的。
It was from this direction that the Serbian General Staff expected the first advance of the enemy.
塞尔维亚总参谋部预计敌人将从这个方向首先进攻。
And yet there were dozens of other points where an attack in force was possible.
然而，还有数十个其他地点可以进行强力攻击。
Each must be covered with a force at least strong enough to hold the enemy back long enough to enable the forces stationed at the other points to come up to support.
每个点都必须有一支至少足够强大的部队来覆盖，以将敌人阻挡足够长的时间，以便驻扎在其他点的部队能够赶来支援。
Here was the great advantage that the Austrians had to begin with; an advantage which the attacking army always enjoys.
这就是奥地利人首先必须具备的巨大优势：进攻方始终享有的优势。
The attacking general alone knows where the first battle shall be fought.
只有进攻的将军才知道第一场战斗应该在哪里打。
The Serbians, therefore, could not count on meeting the Austrians in full force before they could enter Serbian territory.
因此，塞尔维亚人不能指望在奥地利人进入塞尔维亚领土之前全力迎战。
They realized that they must give way at the first contact; that the Austrians would undoubtedly advance quite some distance within Serbian territory before enough Serbian forces could be brought up against them to make the opposition effective.
他们意识到在第一次接触时就必须让步；毫无疑问，奥地利人将在塞尔维亚领土内推进相当长的距离，然后才能调动足够多的塞尔维亚军队来对抗他们，使反对派发挥作用。
Realizing this, it was decided to place fairly strong advance guards at all probable points of invasion with orders to resist as long as possible; until, in fact, defensive tactics could be adapted to the situation and the main Serbian army could be brought up to offer battle.
意识到这一点后，决定在所有可能的入侵地点部署相当强大的先遣部队，并命令他们尽可能长时间地抵抗；直到事实上，防御战术可以适应形势，塞尔维亚主力部队可以投入战斗。
However, two points stood out as the most probable.
然而，有两点是最有可能的。
These were the two already mentioned; the north, along the line from Obrenovatz to Belgrade and to Semendria; or, the front Obrenovatz-Ratza-Losnitza-Liubovia.
这是已经提到过的两个；北部，沿着从奥布伦诺瓦茨到贝尔格莱德和塞门德里亚的线路；或者，前面的奥布伦诺瓦茨-拉查-洛斯尼察-柳博维亚。
The first possibility had the advantage to the Austrians of offering the shortest route to the center of the country--the Morava Valley, their natural objective.
第一种可能性对奥地利人来说有一个好处，那就是提供了通往该国中心——摩拉瓦山谷——他们的自然目标——的最短路线。
But it also necessitated a difficult crossing of the Danube, which would have had to be preceded by the building of pontoon bridges.
但它也需要艰难地穿越多瑙河，在此之前必须修建浮桥。
This would have given the Serbians time to move up their main forces.
这将使塞尔维亚人有时间调动主力。
The second alternative, an invasion from the east, would have entailed a longer journey, but the advantage of natural covering and easy crossing made it a sounder plan.
第二种选择是从东方入侵，虽然需要更长的路程，但天然掩护和轻松穿越的优势使其成为一个更合理的计划。
On July 28, 1914, the Serbians concentrated their forces in anticipation of either event.
1914 年 7 月 28 日，塞尔维亚人集中兵力准备应对这两种事件。
The outpost forces were stationed at or near Losnitza, Shabatz, Obrenovatz, Belgrade, Semendria, Pozarevatz and Gradishte.
前哨部队驻扎在洛斯尼察、沙巴茨、奥布伦诺瓦茨、贝尔格莱德、塞门德里亚、波扎雷瓦茨和格拉迪什特或其附近。
But their principal armies were centrally grouped along the line Palanka-Arangelovatz-Lazarevatz, while weaker, though important, detachments were stationed in the vicinity of Valievo, a branch railroad terminus, and Uzitze.
但他们的主力部队集中集结在帕兰卡-阿朗杰洛瓦茨-拉扎勒瓦茨一线，而较弱但重要的分遣队则驻扎在支线铁路终点站瓦列沃和乌齐策附近。
This narrowed the field down to such limits that it was possible to march the troops from point to point, while the few railway facilities available were utilized for food and ammunition supplies.
这将范围缩小到了这样的限度，使得部队可以从一个点行进到另一个点，而少数可用的铁路设施则被用来运送食物和弹药。
CHAPTER XLVIII
第四十八章
AUSTRIAN SUCCESSES
奥地利的成功
On the morning of July 29, 1914, the day after war had been declared, the residents of Belgrade were startled by a deep roar, followed by the whistling shriek of a huge body, hurtling through the air, and a shell burst over the battlements of the old Turkish citadel, doing no damage.
1914 年 7 月 29 日早上，即宣战后的第二天，贝尔格莱德的居民被一阵低沉的轰鸣声吓了一跳，紧接着是一个巨大的身体在空中冲刺而发出的呼啸声，一颗炮弹从土耳其古老城堡的城垛上炸开，但没有造成任何损害。
Immediately there came another deep shock; the Serbian guns were responding.
随即又是一阵深深的震惊。塞尔维亚的炮火正在做出回应。
Thence on the cannonading along the Danube front continued for week after week, with only now and then a lull.
此后，沿着多瑙河前线的炮击持续了一周又一周，只是偶尔平静下来。
The Austrian batteries bombarded not only Belgrade, but Semendria, Gradishte and a number of other points along the river bank.
奥地利炮兵不仅轰炸了贝尔格莱德，还轰炸了塞门德里亚、格拉迪什特和河岸上的其他一些地点。
Next they were seen building a pontoon bridge out to one of the little islands in the river, opposite the city and barges were towed alongside the landings on the opposite shore, presently to be crowded with black masses of Austrian troops.
接下来，人们看到他们在城市对面的河流中的一个小岛上建造了一座浮桥，驳船被拖到对岸的登陆处，很快就挤满了黑色的奥地利军队。
Naturally, the Serbian gunners made these objects the targets of their fire.
塞尔维亚炮手自然将这些物体作为射击目标。
But these were mere bluffs, such feints as the skilled boxer makes when he wants to get behind the guard of his opponent.
但这些只是虚张声势，就像熟练的拳击手想要躲到对手身后时所做的那样。
If anything, these demonstrations only served to deepen the conviction of General Putnik that the real danger was not from this quarter.
如果说有什么不同的话，那就是这些示威活动只会加深普特尼克将军的信念，即真正的危险并不来自这一地区。
But where was the first great blow to strike?
但第一个巨大的打击是从哪里来的呢？
Naturally, not only the General Staff, but the whole army and population waited in deep anxiety.
当然，不仅是总参谋部，全军全国人民都在焦急地等待着。
This tension lasted over the last days of July, into the first week of August, 1914.
这种紧张气氛从 7 月的最后几天一直持续到 1914 年 8 月的第一周。
Then, on August 6, 1914, some Bosnian peasants, Serbs, appeared and reported that they had seen great bodies of soldiers moving along the mountain roads toward Syrmia, in northeastern Bosnia.
然后，1914 年 8 月 6 日，一些波斯尼亚农民（塞尔维亚人）出现并报告说，他们看到大批士兵沿着山路向波斯尼亚东北部的锡尔米亚行进。
Two days later, early in the morning, two Austrian aeroplanes whirred over the River Save and circled over Krupanie, Shabatz and Valievo.
两天后的清晨，两架奥地利飞机在萨维河上空呼啸而过，并在克鲁帕涅、沙巴茨和瓦列沃上空盘旋。
The last doubts were then dispelled; the attack was coming from the east.
最后的疑虑也随之烟消云散。攻击来自东部。
And finally, on August 12, 1914, the message flashed over the wires that the outposts had seen boats in movement, full of soldiers, behind an island on the Drina, opposite Loznitza.
最后，1914 年 8 月 12 日，消息在电线上闪现，前哨站看到载满士兵的船只在德里纳河上的一个岛屿后面移动，洛兹尼察对面。
Near that town, and in fact along the whole lower course of the Drina, the river has frequently changed its channel, thus cutting out numerous small islands, which would serve as a screen to the movements of troops contemplating a crossing.
在该城镇附近，事实上，沿着德里纳河的整个下游，河流经常改变其河道，从而切割出许多小岛屿，这些岛屿可以作为部队渡河行动的屏障。
Pontoon bridges could be built on the farther side of almost any of these islands without being observed from the other shore.
浮桥几乎可以建在这些岛屿的较远一侧，而不会从另一岸观察到。
This was exactly what the Austrians were doing.
这正是奥地利人正在做的事情。
[Illustration: Serbian Infantrymen on Their Way to the Front.]
[插图：塞尔维亚步兵前往前线。]
Suddenly, on August 12, 1914, there came a burst of rifle fire and the boom of heavy field guns, and a fleet of barges, under cover of this fire, emerged from around both ends of one of these islands and made for the Serbian shore.
1914 年 8 月 12 日，突然传来一阵步枪射击声和重型野战炮的隆隆声，一队驳船在火力掩护下从其中一个岛屿的两端出现，驶向塞尔维亚海岸。
The two battalions of Third Reserve Serbians, stationed there as an outpost, trained their old De Bange field guns, of which they had two batteries, on the oncoming swarms and began firing.
驻扎在那里作为前哨的两个营的第三预备队塞尔维亚人将他们的老式德邦格野战炮（其中有两个炮组）对准迎面而来的蜂群并开始射击。
But the Austrian fire became heavier and heavier; a blast of steel pellets and shells swept through the cornfields and the plum orchards, tearing through the streets of the village and crumpling up the houses.
但奥地利的火势却越来越猛烈。钢丸和炮弹的爆炸席卷了玉米地和李子园，撕裂了村庄的街道，摧毁了房屋。
The breastworks of the small Serbian detachment were literally the center of a continuous explosion of shells.
塞尔维亚小分队的胸墙实际上是炮弹连续爆炸的中心。
When a full tenth of their number lay dead or disabled, the Serbians began retiring across the cornfields and up the slopes leading to the heights behind Losnitza.
当十分之一的人死亡或伤残时，塞尔维亚人开始穿过玉米地，爬上通向洛斯尼察后面高地的山坡撤退。
There, on higher ground, which offered more effective shelter, they made a determined stand and continued their fire on the Austrian masses.
在那里，在地势较高、能提供更有效掩护的地方，他们坚定立场，继续向奥地利群众开火。
Having crossed the river, the Austrians threw up defensive breastworks and dug elaborate trenches, thus fortifying their crossing.
渡河后，奥地利人筑起了防御胸墙，挖了精心设计的战壕，从而加固了渡河。
Next they built a pontoon bridge, and then the main Austrian army poured across; a whole army corps and two divisions of a second.
接下来他们建造了一座浮桥，然后奥地利主力部队涌了过去。整个军团和第二个师的两个师。
Meanwhile, on the same day, August 12, 1914, a similar event was happening at Shabatz, on the Save, where that river takes a sharp southward turn and then swings up again before joining the Danube at Belgrade.
与此同时，1914 年 8 月 12 日的同一天，萨巴茨 (Shabatz) 也发生了类似的事件，这条河在那里急剧向南转弯，然后再次上升，然后在贝尔格莱德汇入多瑙河。
Here the country is a level plain, really the southern limit of the great plain which stretches up to the Danube, past Belgrade and so into Hungary.
这里是一片平原，实际上是大平原的南端，一直延伸到多瑙河，经过贝尔格莱德，进入匈牙利。
Here, too, the Austrians screened themselves behind an island in the river, then hurled their forces across, driving the feeble detachment of Third Reserve Serbian troops back across the plain up into the hills lying to the southeast of Shabatz.
在这里，奥地利人也将自己掩护在河中的一个岛屿后面，然后将他们的部队投过去，将塞尔维亚第三预备队的微弱分队赶回穿过平原，进入沙巴茨东南部的山上。
Then the advance guard of the Austrian Fourth Army occupied the town, strongly fortified it and built a pontoon bridge across the river from their railroad terminus at Klenak.
随后，奥地利第四集团军的先头部队占领了该镇，加强了防御工事，并在克莱纳克的铁路终点站修建了一座跨河浮桥。
Further passages of a similar nature were forced that day, August 12, 1914, at other points by smaller forces; one at Zvornik and another at Liubovia.
1914 年 8 月 12 日这一天，在其他地点，较小的部队也被迫进行了更多类似性质的通行。一个在兹沃尔尼克，另一个在柳博维亚。
In addition the Austrians also threw bridges across the river at Amajlia and Branjevo.
此外，奥地利人还在阿马利亚和布兰涅沃修建了跨河桥梁。
Thus it will be seen that the invasion covered a front of considerably over a hundred miles and that six strong columns of the enemy had crossed, all of which naturally converged on Valievo.
由此可见，这次入侵的战线长达一百多英里，敌人的六支强大纵队已经渡过，所有这些纵队自然会聚在瓦列沃。
For Valievo was the terminus of a small, single track railroad which joined the main line at Mladenovatz.
瓦列沃是一条小型单轨铁路的终点站，该铁路在姆拉德诺瓦茨与主线连接。
Thus the Austrians would have a convenient side door open into the heart of Serbia which was, of course, their main objective.
因此，奥地利人将拥有一扇通往塞尔维亚心脏地带的方便侧门，这当然是他们的主要目标。
To this Belgrade was merely incidental.
贝尔格莱德对此只是偶然的。
With this line of transport and communication in Austrian hands, Belgrade would fall of itself.
当这条交通和通讯线落入奥地利手中时，贝尔格莱德就会自行陷落。
From Losnitza, where the main column of Austrians crossed the Drina to Valievo, runs the River Jadar, along a level valley, which narrows as it nears Valievo.
奥地利军队的主力部队从洛斯尼察渡过德里纳河到达瓦列沃，贾达尔河沿着平坦的山谷流过，越靠近瓦列沃河谷就越窄。
On the left-hand side of the Jadar Valley rise the southern slopes of the Tzer Mountains, covered with cornfields, prune orchards, with here and there a stretch of thick timber.
贾达尔山谷的左侧是策尔山脉的南坡，这里布满了玉米地、李子果园，到处都是茂密的树林。
Continuing southward, slightly to the eastward, up the Jadar Valley another range rises, slightly smaller than the Tzer Mountains, forming a smaller valley which branches off eastward.
继续向南，稍微向东，在贾达尔山谷上游，另一座山脉升起，略小于泽尔山脉，形成一个向东分叉的较小山谷。
Along this runs the River Leshnitza, parallel with the Jadar until it makes an independent junction with the Drina.
莱什尼察河沿着这条河流淌，与贾达尔河平行，直到与德里纳河形成独立的交汇处。
Still farther up the valley the foothills of the Iverak ridges are lost in a series of fairly important summits which closely flank the Jadar River.
沿着山谷继续往上走，伊维拉克山脊的山麓消失在一系列相当重要的山峰中，这些山峰紧邻贾达尔河。
To the south of the Jadar River the valley stretches into a rolling plain, which rises abruptly into the giant Guchevo Mountains.
贾达尔河以南，山谷延伸成连绵起伏的平原，平原突然上升到巨大的古切沃山脉。
It is this range, converging with the Tzer and Iverak Mountains toward Valievo, and forming the plain of the Jadar Valley, which was presently to become the center of the first great battle between the Serbians and Austrians.
正是这个山脉，与策尔山脉和伊维拉克山脉向瓦列沃交汇，形成了贾达尔山谷平原，这里后来成为塞尔维亚人和奥地利人之间第一次大战的中心。
A military movement against Valievo, therefore, demanded complete possession of these two ridges, which overlooked the line of march.
因此，针对瓦列沃的军事行动要求完全占领这两个俯瞰行军线的山脊。
This the Austrians knew well enough, even before the first of their troops had crossed the Drina.
奥地利人甚至在第一支部队渡过德里纳河之前就清楚这一点。
As is well known, the best maps, not only of Serbia but of all the Balkan countries, have been made by Austrian engineers.
众所周知，最好的地图，不仅是塞尔维亚的地图，而且是所有巴尔干国家的地图，都是由奥地利工程师绘制的。
There was probably not a spur, not a fissure, certainly not a trail, of these mountains that had not been carefully surveyed and measured by engineers of the Austrian staff.
这些山脉的每一条山脊、每一条裂缝，当然每一条小路，都经过了奥地利参谋部的工程师的仔细勘察和测量。
The Austrians knew the country they were invading quite as well as did the native Serbians.
奥地利人和塞尔维亚人一样了解他们所入侵的国家。
All through it may be said that it was not through want of accurate knowledge that the Austrians finally met disaster.
自始至终可以说，奥地利人最终遭遇灾难并不是因为缺乏准确的知识。
Rather was it because they misjudged the relative values of their facts.
相反，这是因为他们错误地判断了事实的相对价值。
And one of their first mistakes was in overestimating the effects of the two Balkan Wars on the efficiency of the Serbian army.
他们的第一个错误就是高估了两次巴尔干战争对塞尔维亚军队效率的影响。
First of all, as was obvious from the leisureliness with which they proceeded to occupy the two mountain chains in question, that they vastly misjudged the capacity of the Serbian troops to make rapid movements.
首先，从他们占领这两座山脉的悠闲态度中可以明显看出，他们极大地误判了塞尔维亚军队快速行动的能力。
Even as the first shots were being fired across the Drina at Losnitza, the Serbian forces were on the move, westward.
当第一枪打响在洛斯尼察的德里纳河时，塞尔维亚军队正在向西移动。
Two army corps were at once rushed toward the Valley of the Jadar; part of a third was sent to block the advance of the Austrians from Shabatz.
两个军团立即冲向贾达尔山谷。第三支部队的一部分被派去阻止奥地利人从沙巴茨推进。
Meanwhile the Austrians took their time.
与此同时，奥地利人则慢慢来。
For two days they busied themselves fortifying the bridge at Losnitza.
两天来，他们忙于加固洛尼察的桥梁。
CHAPTER XLIX
第二十九章
THE GREAT BATTLES BEGIN
伟大的战斗开始
On August 14, 1914, began the first battle of the Serbian campaign.
1914年8月14日，塞尔维亚战役第一场战役开始。
The Austrians proceeded to storm the heights from which the small outpost detachments had all the time been bombarding them with its old-fashioned guns.
奥地利人继续向高地发起猛攻，小前哨分队一直用老式火炮轰炸他们。
The Serbians, though few in number, made a desperate resistance.
塞尔维亚人虽然人数不多，但进行了殊死抵抗。
It was their business to hold back the enemy as long as possible, even until the reenforcements should arrive.
他们的任务是尽可能长时间地阻挡敌人，甚至直到增援部队到达。
Early in the morning of August 14, 1914, the Austrians advanced in a great mass, then charged up the hillsides toward the Serbian position.
1914 年 8 月 14 日清晨，奥地利军队大举前进，然后爬上山坡，向塞尔维亚阵地发起冲锋。
The Serbians waited until they were well up the steep slopes and the rush of the enemy had subsided to a more toilsome climb.
塞尔维亚人一直等到他们爬上陡峭的山坡，敌人的冲锋已经平息下来，才开始更加艰难的攀登。
Then they sent down volley after volley from every available weapon.
然后他们用所有可用的武器进行一次又一次的齐射。
The Austrian soldiers, who had until then never experienced anything more warlike than field maneuvers, lost their nerves; the first line broke and ran at the first fire.
奥地利士兵在此之前从未经历过比野战演习更好战的事情，他们失去了勇气。第一根线在第一次火灾时就断掉了。
However, that was likely to happen to any troops under fire for the first time.
然而，对于第一次受到攻击的部队来说，这种情况很可能会发生。
Down in the plain they formed again, and again they swept up the slopes.
他们在平原上再次集结，并再次席卷山坡。
This time they did not turn at the first volley.
这次他们在第一次齐射时没有转身。
On they came, with fixed bayonets.
他们带着固定的刺刀来了。
And presently the first line reached the top of the heights, and the fighting was hand-to-hand.
不久，第一线就到达了高地的顶端，战斗进入了白刃战。
For a moment the Serbians, overwhelmed by numbers, were on the point of fleeing.
一时间，塞尔维亚人不堪重负，几乎要逃跑。
But these same men had been through many a hand-to-hand encounter with both Turks and Bulgars; that experience stood them in good stead.
但这些人也曾与土耳其人和保加利亚人进行过多次肉搏战。这次经历对他们很有帮助。
And again they swept back the attacking masses of Austria-Hungary.
他们再次击退了奥匈帝国的进攻群众。
By evening, August 14, 1914, the Austrians had not yet taken the heights.
到 1914 年 8 月 14 日晚上，奥地利人尚未占领高地。
But the Serbians, most of them middle-aged and old men, had spent their vitality.
但塞尔维亚人，大部分是中老年，已经耗尽了元气。
As the dark night lowered over the scene, they fell back, until, at Jarebitze, they met the first advance guards of the oncoming Serbian main army.
当夜色笼罩现场时，他们撤退，直到在贾雷比泽，他们遇到了迎面而来的塞尔维亚主力部队的第一批先头部队。
And here they halted, and the united forces proceeded to dig a trench on a ten-mile front, extending from north to south, through the town and clear across the Jadar Valley.
他们在这里停下来，联军开始在十英里的战线上挖一条战壕，从北向南延伸，穿过城镇，横穿贾达尔山谷。
Nor did the Austrians then attempt to follow up this first success.
随后，奥地利人也没有尝试延续这第一次的成功。
Thus the Serbians were allowed to intrench themselves unmolested until, next day, August 15, 1914, they were joined by the balance of their forces.
因此，塞尔维亚人被允许不受干扰地固守自己的工事，直到第二天，即 1914 年 8 月 15 日，他们的余力会师。
Now, by studying the map, it will be seen at a glance that it was only the Tzer Mountains which separated the Austrian column crossing the Drina at Losnitza and the column which had crossed the Save and had occupied Shabatz.
现在，通过研究地图，一眼就能看出，在洛斯尼察渡过德里纳河的奥地利纵队和渡过萨维河并占领沙巴茨的奥地利纵队之间仅隔着泽尔山脉。
Should the Austrians from over the Drina get possession of the Tzer ridges, they would thus effect a junction with the forces in Shabatz, and so form a line that would cut off a large portion of northwestern Serbia.
如果来自德里纳河的奥地利人占领了泽尔山脊，他们将与沙巴茨的军队会合，从而形成一条线，切断塞尔维亚西北部的大部分地区。
Aside from that, they would have a solid front.
除此之外，他们还会有一个坚实的前线。
But should the Serbians possess themselves of the Tzer ridges first, then they would have driven a wedge in between their two main forces.
但如果塞尔维亚人首先占领了泽尔山脊，那么他们就会在两支主力部队之间制造楔子。
This would make it difficult for either to advance, for then they would be exposing a flank to the enemy, who would also have a great advantage in position.
这将使双方都难以前进，因为那样他们就会将侧翼暴露给敌人，而敌人也会在位置上占据很大优势。
Moreover, the Serbians would be in a position to turn immediately toward either of the Austrians' columns, whichever might need most attention.
此外，塞尔维亚人将能够立即转向奥地利人的任何一个纵队，无论哪一个纵队最需要关注。
Meanwhile, the Serbian cavalry had made a reconnaissance toward Shabatz.
与此同时，塞尔维亚骑兵已经对沙巴茨进行了侦察。
They immediately sent back reports of overwhelming forces occupying the town.
他们立即发回报告称压倒性的军队占领了该镇。
It was out of the question to make any attack there for the present.
目前还不可能对那里进行任何攻击。
It was now learned, for the first time, that another of the enemy's columns had crossed the Drina far down in the south, and was marching on Krupanie, just below the Guchevo Mountains and on the way to the upper part of the Jadar Valley.
现在第一次获悉，敌军的另一支纵队已越过南部的德里纳河，正在向古切沃山脉下方的克鲁帕涅进军，并向贾达尔河谷的上游进军。
However, as the first report seemed to indicate that this was only a minor force, a small force of third reserve men was detached to hold this force back and prevent its entrance into the main field of operations.
然而，由于第一份报告似乎表明这只是一支小部队，因此派出了一小支由第三预备役人员组成的部队来阻挡这支部队并阻止其进入主要作战区域。
During the day and night of August 15,1914, the two opposing forces were moving into position for battle: setting the pawns for the game of strategy that was to be played.
1914 年 8 月 15 日白天和黑夜，两支敌对势力正在进入战斗阵地：为即将进行的战略游戏埋下棋子。
The Austrians at Losnitza were advancing up the mountain slopes and took possession of the Tzer and Iverak ridges, straddling the Leshnitza Valley.
洛斯尼察的奥军正在向山坡推进，占领了横跨莱什尼察山谷的泽尔山脊和伊维拉克山脊。
Up in Shabatz, Austrian troops were pouring across the pontoon bridges.
在沙巴茨，奥地利军队正涌过浮桥。
A flanking column, coming from the Drina, had arrived at Slepehevitch.
来自德里纳河的侧翼纵队已经抵达斯莱佩耶维奇。
Another force was stationed with its left and center on Krupanie, its right spread out into the mountains north of Liubovia.
另一支部队的左翼和中央驻扎在克鲁帕涅，右翼则分布在柳博维亚以北的山区。
On the Serbian side the right wing of the Second Army, screened by the cavalry division, were preparing to cut off the Austrian forces in the north from their juncture with those advancing along the Tzer ridges; the center and left was marching on the enemy on the Iverak ridges, in conjunction with the right of the Third Army, then north of Jarebitze.
在塞尔维亚方面，第二集团军的右翼在骑兵师的掩护下，正准备切断北部奥地利军队与沿着策尔山脊推进的军队的交界处；中军和左军正在伊维拉克山脊上与第三集团军的右翼会合，向贾雷比泽以北的敌人进军。
The center of the Third held the positions south of Jarebitze, while its left, split into small detachments, had been directed to oppose the invasion toward Krupanie and the advance from Liubovia.
第三军团的中队占据了贾雷比泽以南的阵地，而其左翼则分成小股，负责对抗对克鲁帕涅的入侵和从柳博维亚的进攻。
Such were the positions of the various forces as dawn broke brightly on the morning of August 16, 1914.
这就是 1914 年 8 月 16 日黎明时分各部队的阵地。
As the growing light made objects visible, the extreme right division of the Serbian front, which was creeping northward to cut off Shabatz, discovered a strong Austrian column moving along the lower spurs of the Tzer Mountains.
随着越来越亮的光线使物体变得可见，塞尔维亚前线的极右师正在向北缓慢推进以切断沙巴茨，发现了一支强大的奥地利纵队沿着策尔山脉的下部山峰移动。
Obviously this body was clearing the ground for a general descent of the forces up along the ridges; a whole army corps.
显然，这个机构正在清理地面，以便部队沿着山脊普遍下降。整个军团。
This movement threatened to become a serious obstacle to the Serbian plan of separating the Austrians in Shabatz from those farther south.
这一运动有可能成为塞尔维亚将沙巴茨的奥地利人与更南部的人分开的计划的严重障碍。
But the situation was saved by one of those incidents which sometimes stand out above the savagery of warfare and give to it a touch of grandeur.
但其中一个事件挽救了局势，这些事件有时超越了战争的野蛮性，并给战争增添了一丝庄严。
A young artillery officer, Major Djukitch, of the Fourth Artillery Regiment, asked permission to go out and meet this body of advancing Austrians with but a single cannon.
第四炮兵团的一位年轻炮兵军官朱基奇少校请求允许他只用一门大炮出去迎战这支前进的奥地利军队。
He would create a diversion which would give the Serbians time to adapt themselves to the changed conditions, though the chances were very largely in favor of his losing his life on this mission.
他将制造一个转移注意力，让塞尔维亚人有时间适应变化的情况，尽管他在这次任务中丧生的可能性很大。
Permission was granted.
已获得许可。
Calling on volunteers from his command, he advanced with his single cannon and took up a position in the path of the approaching enemy.
他召集了指挥部的志愿者，带着他的一门大炮向前推进，并在逼近的敌人的道路上占据了一个位置。
The moment he opened fire the Austrians, naturally not realizing that only one cannon was opposing them, and believing that a large Serbian force had surprised them, broke into a panic.
当他开火的那一刻，奥地利人自然没有意识到只有一门大炮在对抗他们，并相信一支庞大的塞尔维亚军队让他们感到惊讶，因此陷入了恐慌。
Half an hour after he had opened fire, the Serbian field commander sent a messenger to Major Djukitch, ordering him to retire.
开枪半小时后，塞尔维亚战地指挥官派出一名信使给朱基奇少校，命令他撤退。
In reply he sent a message to the commander, describing the confusion he had created in the Austrian ranks, and instead of retiring, he asked for reenforcements.
作为答复，他向指挥官发了一条信息，描述了他在奥地利军队中造成的混乱，他没有退休，而是请求增援。
The balance of his own battery, a detachment of infantry, and a cavalry division was sent him.
他自己的炮兵连、一个步兵分队和一个骑兵师的其余部分都被派给了他。
The result was that the Austrian column was temporarily driven back into the mountains.
结果是奥地利纵队暂时被赶回山里。
Hastily re-forming, the Austrians now massed along a line extending from Belikamen to Radlovatz, while the Serbians deployed along a front running from Slatina through Metkovitch to Gusingrob.
奥地利人匆忙重组，现在沿着从贝利卡门延伸到拉德洛瓦茨的防线集结，而塞尔维亚人则沿着从斯拉蒂纳穿过梅特科维奇到古辛罗布的前线部署。
At 11 a.
上午 11 点。
m., August 16, 1914, the two opposing forces opened fire in earnest, up and down the line.
1914 年 8 月 16 日上午，两支敌对部队在全线上下开火。
All day the cannon roared and the rifles and machine guns crackled; now and again the Austrians would shoot forth from their line a sharp infantry attack, but these were repulsed, with more and more difficulty as the day advanced, for the Serbians were much inferior in numbers.
一整天，大炮轰鸣，步枪和机枪噼啪作响。奥地利人时不时地会从他们的战线中发起猛烈的步兵攻击，但随着时间的推移，这些步兵的击退难度越来越大，因为塞尔维亚人在数量上处于劣势。
Toward evening their situation became very critical.
傍晚时分，他们的处境变得非常危急。
Yet every part of the line held out desperately, knowing that reenforcements were being hurried forward from the rear as fast as men could move.
然而，队伍的每个部分都拼命地坚持着，因为他们知道增援部队正以最快的速度从后方赶来。
And just before dark, along the roads from the eastward, came the distant cheers from the advancing columns.
天黑前，从东边的道路上，远处传来前进队伍的欢呼声。
An officer dashed up on horseback shouting encouragement to the battered men in the trenches.
一名军官骑着马冲了过来，向战壕里被殴打的士兵高喊鼓励。
A cheer arose, which rolled up and down the line.
一阵欢呼声在队伍中响起。
Again it rose, then, even before it had died out, with wild yells the Serbians sprang over their breastworks and swept madly across the intervening space to the Austrian lines; smashing through cornfields, over rocks, through the tall grass of orchards.
然后，甚至在它消失之前，它又升起来了，塞尔维亚人发出疯狂的叫喊，跳过他们的胸墙，疯狂地穿过中间的空间，冲向奥地利的防线。穿过玉米地，穿过岩石，穿过果园高高的草丛。
At their heels followed the reenforcing soldiers, though they had that day marched nearly sixty miles.
紧随其后的是增援士兵，尽管他们那天已经行军了近六十英里。
Over the Austrian breastworks they surged, like an angry wave from the sea, their bayonets gleaming in the sunset glow.
他们冲过奥地利的胸墙，就像大海中愤怒的波浪一样，他们的刺刀在夕阳的余辉中闪闪发光。
It was the kind of fighting they knew best; the kind that both Serbians and Bulgars know best, the kind they had practiced most.
这是他们最熟悉的战斗方式。塞尔维亚人和保加利亚人最熟悉、最常练习的那种方式。
Small wonder if the inexperienced peasants from the plains of Hungary, unused till then to any sight more bloody than a brawl in the village inn, trembled before this onslaught.
毫不奇怪，来自匈牙利平原的缺乏经验的农民在这之前还没有见过比乡村客栈里的斗殴更血腥的景象，他们在这场猛攻面前瑟瑟发抖。
Their officers shouted encouragement and oaths, barely audible above the mad yells of the Serbians.
他们的军官高喊着鼓励和誓言，声音几乎盖过了塞尔维亚人的疯狂叫喊声。
Nevertheless, they gave way before the gleaming line of bayonet blades before them.
尽管如此，他们还是在面前那一排闪闪发光的刺刀面前屈服了。
Some few rose to fight, stirred by some long-submerged instinct generated in the days of Genghis Khan.
一些人在成吉思汗时代产生的某种长期被压抑的本能的驱使下奋起战斗。
But the majority turned and fled, helter-skelter, down the sides of the mountains toward the valleys, leaving behind guns, ammunition, and cannon.
但大多数人转身逃跑，狼狈不堪，沿着山坡向山谷逃去，留下了枪支、弹药和大炮。
One regiment, the Hundred and Second, stood its ground and fought.
一个团，即第一百二团，坚守阵地并进行战斗。
As a result it was almost completely annihilated.
结果几乎全军覆没。
The same fate befell the Ninety-fourth Regiment.
同样的命运也降临到了九十四团的身上。
But the majority sought and found safety in flight.
但大多数人都在飞行中寻求并找到了安全。
By dark the whole Austrian center was beaten back, leaving behind great quantities of war material.
天黑时，整个奥地利中心被击退，留下大量战争物资。
CHAPTER L
第L章
FIRST VICTORY OF THE SERBIANS
塞尔维亚人的第一次胜利
The Serbians had made their first move successfully on that day of August 16, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 16 日这一天，塞尔维亚人成功迈出了第一步。
More important than this mere preliminary defeat of the enemy was the fact that the Austrians in Shabatz were now definitely cut off from any possible juncture with the Austrians in the south.
比仅仅初步击败敌人更重要的是，沙巴茨的奥地利人现在已经完全切断了与南部奥地利人的任何可能的交汇处。
For the present they were debarred from entering the main field of operations.
目前他们被禁止进入主要作战区域。
This freed the Serbian cavalry for action elsewhere.
这使得塞尔维亚骑兵能够在其他地方行动。
Meanwhile a portion of the right wing of the Serbian line was detached to keep the Austrians inside Shabatz.
与此同时，塞尔维亚防线右翼的一部分被分离出来，以将奥地利人困在沙巴茨内。
Farther to the south the Serbians were not so decidedly successful.
在更远的南部，塞尔维亚人并没有取得如此明显的成功。
The center of the Serbian Second Army, that directed against the southern slopes of the Tzer Mountains and the Iverak ridges, had arrived at Tekerish at midnight.
针对策尔山脉南坡和伊维拉克山脊的塞尔维亚第二集团军的中央部队已于午夜抵达特克里什。
As dawn broke on August 16, 1914, they perceived a strong Austrian column descending from above, coming in the same direction.
1914 年 8 月 16 日黎明时分，他们看到一支强大的奥地利纵队从上方下降，朝同一方向而来。
Unfortunately the Serbians were in the midst of bald, rolling foothills, while the Austrians were up among the tall timber which clothes the mountain slopes at this point.
不幸的是，塞尔维亚人正处于光秃秃的、连绵起伏的山麓之中，而奥地利人此时正身处覆盖山坡的高大树林中。
The Serbians deployed, extending their line from Bornololye through Parlok to Lisena, centering their artillery at Kik.
塞尔维亚人部署，将战线从博尔诺洛耶延伸到帕尔洛克，到达利塞纳，炮兵集中在基克。
The Austrians made the best of their superior position.
奥地利人充分利用了自己的优势地位。
For some hours there was furious firing, then, at about eight o'clock the Austrian gunners got the range of the Serbian left flank with their field pieces, which was compelled to fall back.
激烈的射击持续了几个小时，然后，大约八点钟，奥地利炮手用野战炮弹瞄准了塞尔维亚左翼的射程，塞尔维亚军队被迫后退。
But just then timely reenforcements arrived from the rear, and the Serbians dug themselves in.
但就在这时，后方的增援部队及时赶到，塞尔维亚人开始固守阵地。
By evening the Serbians had lost over a thousand men, though they had succeeded in taking 300 prisoners and several machine guns from the Austrians.
到晚上，塞尔维亚人已经损失了一千多人，但他们成功地从奥地利人手中夺走了 300 名俘虏和几挺机枪。
The left wing of the Second Army had, in the meantime, arrived against Iverak.
与此同时，第二集团军的左翼已经抵达攻击伊维拉克的地方。
That this division was able to arrive at such a timely juncture was due to its having made a forced march of fifty-two miles over the mountain roads during the previous day.
该师之所以能及时赶到，是因为前一天在山路上强行军了五十二里。
Yet before dawn on the morning of August 16, 1914, it was ready to continue its march to Poporparlok.
然而，1914 年 8 月 16 日早晨黎明之前，他们已准备好继续向波波尔帕洛克进军。
But then came the news that the Austrians had driven back the left wing of the Third Army from that position and had occupied it.
但随后传来消息称，奥地利人已将第三集团军的左翼从该阵地击退并占领。
The situation in which this division found itself was by no means clear.
这个部门所处的情况绝不是清楚的。
Nothing had been heard from Shabatz.
沙巴茨没有收到任何消息。
The division operating along the Tzer ridges had been badly hammered.
沿泽尔山脊作战的师遭到严重打击。
The Third Army had lost Poporparlok.
第三集团军失去了波波尔帕洛克。
The commander decided to stay where he was and simply hold the ground against any advance of the enemy from Iverak.
指挥官决定留在原地，坚守阵地，阻止来自伊维拉克的敌人的任何进攻。
This division was, therefore, intrenched along a line from Begluk to Kik, and a strong advance was thrown out toward Kugovitchi.
因此，该师沿着从贝格鲁克到基克的一条线构筑工事，并向库戈维奇发起强大的进攻。
During the morning this advance guard made a strong attack against Kugovitchi, drove the Austrians out, and established themselves there.
早上，这支先头部队对库戈维奇发动了猛烈的攻击，将奥地利人赶了出来，并在那里扎下根来。
At dawn, August 16, 1914, the left flank of this division, at Begluk, was shelled by the Austrian artillery, which was followed by infantry attacks.
1914 年 8 月 16 日黎明，该师的左翼在贝格鲁克遭到奥地利炮兵的炮击，随后又遭到步兵攻击。
These were easily repulsed during the day.
这些在白天很容易被击退。
But then the enemy was reenforced, and late that night they came on again in great masses.
但随后敌人又增援了，当天深夜，他们又大举进攻。
The Serbians allowed them to almost reach their trenches: then, emptying the magazines of their rifles at them, they piled themselves over their breastworks and into them with bayonets and hand bombs.
塞尔维亚人让他们几乎到达了战壕：然后，他们把步枪弹匣里的子弹都打光了，他们把自己堆在胸墙上，用刺刀和手榴弹冲进去。
This was too much for the Austrians; they fled in wild disorder.
这对奥地利人来说太过分了。他们狼狈逃窜。
Least encouraging was the experience of the Serbian Third Army, which was defending the territory south of the Iverak Mountains.
最不令人鼓舞的是塞尔维亚第三集团军的经历，该集团军正在保卫伊维拉克山脉以南的领土。
Here the Austrians developed a vigorous and persistent offensive, hoping to turn the Serbian left and thus capture the road to Valievo.
奥地利人在这里发起了猛烈而持久的攻势，希望将塞尔维亚人转向左翼，从而夺取通往瓦列沃的道路。
The attack on the positions at Jarebitze commenced at daybreak on August 16, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 16 日黎明，对贾雷比泽阵地的攻击开始。
Here the Serbians held good ground: rocky summits, but so limited in extent that there was room only for a few companies at a time.
塞尔维亚人在这里占据了良好的阵地：崎岖不平的山顶，但范围有限，一次只能容纳几家公司。
On the other hand the ground before them was broken up into hollows screened by growing corn.
另一方面，他们面前的地面被开裂成凹坑，上面长满了玉米。
This enabled the Austrians to deploy their lines beyond the Serbian flanks unseen.
这使得奥地利人能够在不被察觉的情况下将他们的战线部署到塞尔维亚侧翼之外。
They did execute just such a movement, and attempted to circle around toward the Serbian rear.
他们确实执行了这样的行动，并试图绕向塞尔维亚后方。
At the same time the Serbians here were attacked from in front by another hostile column which had come from across the plain on the south side of the Jadar valley, where hollows, sunken roads, and fields of corn again formed ample screening.
与此同时，这里的塞尔维亚人遭到了另一支敌军纵队的正面攻击，这支纵队从贾达尔山谷南侧的平原对面过来，那里的洼地、凹陷的道路和玉米田再次形成了充足的屏障。
However, in spite of all these movements, the Serbians were able to hold their own.
然而，尽管发生了这些变动，塞尔维亚人仍然能够坚守住自己的立场。
The Austrian attacks were all beaten back.
奥军的进攻全部被击退。
Their position might have been held indefinitely, but developments to the south were taking on a threatening form.
他们的立场可能会无限期地保持下去，但南部的事态发展正在呈现出一种威胁的形式。
It will be remembered that an Austrian force had been reported approaching from the south, moving on Krupanie, and that it had seemed so insignificant that a small detachment of third reserve troops had been sent to hold it back.
人们会记得，据报道，一支奥地利军队从南方逼近，向克鲁帕涅进军，而这支军队看起来微不足道，以至于派出了一小支第三预备队来阻止它。
But this enemy force now developed into three mountain brigades.
但这支敌军现在已发展为三个山地旅。
Reenforcements of infantry and mountain artillery were hurried down to support the retaining force, but the Austrians were able to force their way on toward Zavlaka.
步兵和山地炮兵的增援部队匆忙下山支援驻军，但奥军仍能强行向扎夫拉卡进发。
Seeing Valievo thus threatened, the Serbians retired from their position at Jarebitze and took up a new position along a line from Marianovitche to Schumer, thus enabling them to face both the enemy columns.
看到瓦列沃受到威胁，塞尔维亚人从贾雷比策阵地撤退，并沿着从马里亚诺维奇到舒默的一条线占据了一个新阵地，从而使他们能够同时面对敌军的两支纵队。
This retreat was fortunately not interfered with by the Austrians, though in executing it the Serbian artillery, which had been in position on the right bank of the Jadar, was obliged to pass along the Austrian front in single file, in order to gain the main road.
幸运的是，这次撤退没有受到奥地利人的干扰，尽管在执行撤退时，已经部署在贾达尔河右岸的塞尔维亚炮兵不得不排成一列沿着奥地利战线通过，以获得主要道路。
Early the next morning, August 17, 1914, the Serbians were in position and had extended their line to Soldatovitcha, whence the detachment from Krupanie had retired.
1914 年 8 月 17 日清晨，塞尔维亚人已就位，并将战线延伸至索尔达托维奇，克鲁帕涅分遣队也从那里撤退。
Summing up the day's fighting, and considering it as a whole, it will be seen that the Austrians had pretty well held their own, except on their extreme left, where they had failed to get in touch with their forces in Shabatz.
总结当天的战斗，并从整体上考虑，可以看出奥地利人已经很好地控制了自己的阵地，除了他们的极左翼，他们未能与沙巴茨的部队取得联系。
After the defeat of the Austrians at Belikamen on August 16, 1914, the cavalry division was reenforced by some infantry and artillery, then sent on the delicate mission of driving a wedge in between the Austrians in Shabatz and those along the Drina.
1914 年 8 月 16 日奥军在贝利卡门战败后，骑兵师得到了一些步兵和炮兵的增援，然后被派去执行一项微妙的任务：在沙巴茨的奥军和德里纳河沿岸的奥军之间制造楔子。
Spreading out across the Matchva plain, its left wing up against the slopes of the Tzer Mountains, and its right wing within reach of Shabatz, it advanced as far as Dublje in the north.
它横跨马奇瓦平原，左翼抵住泽尔山脉的山坡，右翼可抵沙巴茨，向北推进至杜布列。
At the same time it was able to assist the column advancing along the Tzer ridges by playing its artillery on the Austrian position in the mountains at Troyan.
同时，它还能够通过向特罗扬山区的奥地利阵地发射炮兵，协助纵队沿着泽尔山脊前进。
Throughout all the fighting this cavalry division rendered notable service by its dismounted action.
在整个战斗中，该骑兵师以其徒步行动做出了显着的贡献。
On the morning of August 17, 1914, the extreme right of the Serbian front now turned toward Shabatz.
1914 年 8 月 17 日早晨，塞尔维亚前线的极右翼转向沙巴茨。
Though only half the number of the forces they were proceeding to engage, they continued onward.
尽管他们的参战部队数量只有一半，但他们仍继续前进。
But on closer approach it became apparent that they could do nothing more than hold the Austrians inside the town.
但当距离更近时，我们发现他们除了将奥地利人困在城内之外别无他法。
So well and so thoroughly had the Austrians fortified themselves that it was hopeless for so small a force to attempt an attack.
奥地利人的防御工事如此完善和彻底，以如此小的兵力尝试进攻是毫无希望的。
Thus this section of the Serbian front settled down to wait for reenforcements.
因此，塞尔维亚前线的这一部分定居下来等待增援。
The center and left of the Second Army now prepared to advance along the Tzer and Iverak ridges.
第二集团军的中路和左翼现在准备沿着泽尔和伊维拉克山脊前进。
The Austrians in this section, who had suffered so severely the day before at Belikamen, were now concentrated around Troyan, the most easterly and the second highest peak of the chain.
这一地区的奥地利军队前一天在贝利卡门遭受了如此严重的打击，现在集中在特洛伊山周围，这是该山脉最东边的第二高峰。
At dawn on August 17, 1914, the Serbians located the Austrians.
1914 年 8 月 17 日拂晓，塞尔维亚人找到了奥地利人。
Immediately they began a heavy artillery fire on this position, then proceeded to infantry attack.
他们立即开始向这个阵地猛烈炮火射击，然后开始步兵攻击。
Two regiments hurled themselves up the slopes, and with bayonets and hand bombs drove the Austrians back.
两个团冲上山坡，用刺刀和手榴弹将奥地利人击退。
After that no further progress was possible that day, the Serbians having to wait for their artillery to come up.
此后，当天就不可能取得进一步的进展，塞尔维亚人不得不等待他们的炮兵上来。
The Austrians now began intrenching themselves on the heights of Kosaningrad, the loftiest portion of the Tzer range.
奥地利人现在开始在科萨宁格勒的高地上构筑工事，这是策尔山脉的最高部分。
Along the Iverak ridges the Austrians made a determined advance.
奥地利人沿着伊维拉克山脊坚决推进。
The situation of the Serbian troops in this section, the left wing of the Second Army, was extremely dangerous, for their left flank was becoming exposed by the continued retreat of the Third Army.
这一段的塞尔维亚军队，即第二集团军的左翼，形势极其危险，因为他们的左翼随着第三集团军的不断撤退而暴露出来。
The only hopeful aspect of their situation was that the Austrians were also having their left flank exposed by the retreat of the Austrians along the Tzer ridges.
他们的处境中唯一有希望的方面是，奥地利人沿着泽尔山脊撤退，他们的左翼也暴露了。
Evidently the opposing forces realized this fact, for they made a fierce attempt to drive back the Serbians opposing them, so that their danger from the north might be lessened.
敌对势力显然意识到了这一事实，他们猛烈地试图击退敌对的塞尔维亚人，以减轻来自北方的危险。
Half an hour later they were severely repulsed.
半小时后，他们遭到严重击退。
But heavy reenforcements came up to the Austrians just then, and again they attacked, this time more successfully.
但就在这时，奥地利人又来了大批增援部队，他们再次发起进攻，这次更加成功。
By noon, August 17, 1914, the Austrians had extended their line over to the Serbian right wing.
到 1914 年 8 月 17 日中午，奥地利人已将战线延伸至塞尔维亚右翼。
Unfortunately, at about that time the Third Army again called for assistance, and this hard-pressed division was compelled to send it.
不幸的是，大约在这个时候，第三军再次求援，这个陷入困境的师只得派出。
The result was that it was compelled to withdraw gradually to the heights of Kalem.
结果是它被迫逐渐撤退到卡勒姆高地。
The retirement was executed in good order, and the Austrians satisfied themselves with occupying Kugovitchi.
撤军工作进展顺利，奥地利人对占领库戈维奇感到满意。
Intrenching themselves in their new position, the Serbians awaited further attacks.
塞尔维亚人在新的阵地上固守阵地，等待进一步的攻击。
Only an ineffectual artillery fire was maintained by the enemy.
敌人只维持了无效的炮火。
Meanwhile came the good news of the success of the Serbians along the Tzer ridges, so preparations were made for another advance on the following day, August 18, 1914.
与此同时，塞尔维亚人沿着泽尔山脊取得成功的好消息传来，因此他们为第二天，即 1914 年 8 月 18 日的另一次进攻做好了准备。
As has already been stated, the extreme south wing of the Serbian front, the Third Army, had retreated the day before so that it could present a solid front against not only the forces opposing it, but also another column coming up from the south, whose advance had been inadequately covered by third reserve men.
正如已经说过的，塞尔维亚战线的最南翼，即第三集团军，在前一天已经撤退，这样它就可以形成一个坚固的战线，不仅可以对抗敌方部队，还可以对抗从南方而来的另一支纵队，后者的前进没有得到第三预备队的充分掩护。
Here the Austrians attempted to pierce the Serbian line in the extreme south and come out at Oseshina.
在这里，奥地利人试图突破最南端的塞尔维亚防线，并在奥西纳出击。
But though vastly outnumbered, the Serbians held their ground stoutly until late afternoon, when, as already shown, they were compelled to ask the division operating along Iverak for assistance.
尽管人数远远落后，塞尔维亚人仍顽强地坚守阵地，直到下午晚些时候，正如已经表明的那样，他们被迫向沿伊维拉克作战的师请求援助。
When this help came they were able to resume their defense.
当这种帮助到来时，他们能够恢复防御。
Thus ended the second day of the general battle.
第二天的总战就这样结束了。
On the whole the Austrians had suffered most, but the general situation was still somewhat in their favor.
总的来说，奥地利人受害最深，但总体形势还是对他们有利的。
The Austrian center, along the Tzer ridges, had been pushed back.
沿泽尔山脊的奥地利中心已被推后。
To retrieve this setback the logical course for the Austrian commander in chief was to curl his wings in around the Serbian flanks.
为了挽回这一挫折，这位奥地利总司令的合乎逻辑的做法是卷起翅膀包围塞尔维亚的侧翼。
That he appreciated this necessity was obvious, to judge from the furious onslaughts against the Serbian Third Army in the extreme south.
从最南端对塞尔维亚第三集团军的猛烈攻击来看，他显然意识到了这种必要性。
But to weaken the Serbian center by these tactics it was also necessary to free the Austrians in Shabatz, or, at least, it was necessary that they should assume a strong offensive against the extreme right of the Serbians, and, if possible, flank them.
但是，为了通过这些策略削弱塞尔维亚的中间派，还必须解放沙巴茨的奥地利人，或者至少有必要对塞尔维亚人的极右翼发起强有力的进攻，并且如果可能的话，从侧翼包围他们。
But the Serbians anticipated the plans of the Austrians.
但塞尔维亚人预料到了奥地利人的计划。
Additional reenforcements were sent to the extreme right with orders to spare no sacrifice that would keep the Austrians inclosed within their fortifications around Shabatz.
额外的增援部队被派往极右翼，并接到命令不惜牺牲，将奥地利人困在沙巴茨周围的防御工事内。
And true enough, next morning, August 18,1914, shortly after the hot summer sun had risen over the eastern ridges, the Austrians emerged from Shabatz and attacked the Serbians.
果然，第二天早上，即 1914 年 8 月 18 日，夏季炎热的太阳刚刚从东部山脊升起后不久，奥地利人就从沙巴茨出发，攻击了塞尔维亚人。
The Austrian onslaught was furious, so furious that, step by step, the Serbians, in spite of their reenforcements, were driven back.
奥地利人的猛攻非常猛烈，以至于塞尔维亚人尽管有增援，却一步步被击退。
Fortunately toward evening the Austrian offensive began losing its strength, and that night the Serbians were able to intrench along a line from Leskovitz to Mihana.
幸运的是，到了晚上，奥地利人的进攻开始失去力量，那天晚上，塞尔维亚人能够沿着从莱斯科维茨到米哈纳的一条线构筑工事。
This obliged the cavalry division, which had been cooperating with the Serbian center and was driving the Austrians toward Leshnitza, to retire along a line from Metkovitch to Brestovatz.
这迫使一直与塞尔维亚中军合作并驱赶奥军前往莱什尼察的骑兵师沿着从梅特科维奇到布雷斯托瓦茨的一条线撤退。
Naturally the advance of the Austrians from Shabatz was endangering its right flank.
自然，奥地利人从沙巴茨的进攻危及了其右翼。
Moreover, a reenforced column of Austrians also appeared before it.
而且，在它面前还出现了奥地利人的增援纵队。
But this opposing force did not press its advance.
但这支敌军并没有继续前进。
Meanwhile, on the same day, August 18, 1914, the Austrians were reenforcing their position on the Tzer ridges.
与此同时，1914 年 8 月 18 日的同一天，奥地利人正在加固他们在泽尔山脊上的阵地。
They had also strongly fortified the height of Rashulatcha, which lay between the heights of Tzer and Iverak, whence they could direct an artillery fire to either field of activities.
他们还对位于泽尔和伊维拉克高地之间的拉舒拉查高地进行了坚固的防御工事，从那里他们可以向任何一个活动场地发射炮火。
But the difficulties which the Serbians operating along the Iverak ridges were meeting also hampered the Serbians who were attempting to sweep the Austrians back along the Tzer ridges.
但是，塞尔维亚人沿着伊维拉克山脊作战所遇到的困难也阻碍了塞尔维亚人试图沿着泽尔山脊将奥地利人扫回来。
If they advanced too far they would expose their flank to the Austrians over on Iverak.
如果他们前进得太远，他们的侧翼就会暴露在伊维拉克上的奥地利人面前。
As a general rule, it is always dangerous for any body of troops to advance any distance beyond the general line of the whole front, and this case was no exception.
一般来说，任何部队推进到整个战线总线之外的任何距离都是危险的，这次也不例外。
However, though delayed, this division did advance.
然而，尽管延迟了，这个师还是取得了进展。
Oxen were employed in dragging the heavy field pieces along the trails over the rocky ridges.
牛被用来沿着岩石山脊上的小路拖着沉重的野外碎片。
With savage yells the Serbian soldiers leaped over the rocks, up the jagged slopes of Kosaningrad.
伴随着野蛮的叫喊，塞尔维亚士兵跳过岩石，登上科萨宁格勒的锯齿状山坡。
Again they had fallen back on their favorite weapons, bayonets and hand bombs.
他们再次使用了他们最喜欢的武器：刺刀和手榴弹。
The Austrians put up a stout resistance, but finally their gray lines broke, then scattered down the slopes, followed by the pursuing Serbians.
奥地利人进行了顽强的抵抗，但最终他们的灰线被打破，然后分散到山坡上，追击的塞尔维亚人紧随其后。
Having gained possession of Kosaningrad Peak, the Serbian commander next turned his attention to Rashulatcha, which, in conjunction with the Serbians over on Iverak, could now be raked by a cross artillery fire.
占领科萨宁格勒山峰后，塞尔维亚指挥官接下来将注意力转向拉舒拉查，该山与伊维拉克上的塞尔维亚人一起，现在可以被交叉炮火扫射。
He had previously left a reserve force behind at Troyan.
他之前在特洛伊留下了一支后备部队。
This he now ordered to reenforce his left, which had been advancing along the southern slopes of the Tzer range.
他现在下令增援他的左翼部队，该部队一直沿着泽尔山脉的南坡前进。
This force he now directed against the heights, but the movement was not vigorously followed up.
他现在将这股力量引向了高地，但并没有大力跟进。
Over on Iverak the Serbians had succeeded in making some headway.
在伊维拉克那边，塞尔维亚人成功取得了一些进展。
Forming into two columns, this wing marched out and attacked the Austrians at Yugovitchi and succeeded in driving them from their trenches.
这支部队分成两路纵队，进攻尤戈维奇的奥军，并成功地将他们赶出了战壕。
But immediately the Austrian artillery on Reingrob opened fire on them, and they were compelled to dig themselves in.
但雷因罗布上的奥地利炮兵立即向他们开火，他们被迫挖坑。
And late that night, August 18,1914, the Austrians delivered a fierce counterattack.
1914 年 8 月 18 日深夜，奥地利人发起猛烈反击。
But night fighting is especially a matter of experience, and here the Serbians with their two Balkan campaigns behind them, proved immensely superior.
但夜战尤其需要经验，塞尔维亚人在经历了两次巴尔干战役后，证明了自己的巨大优势。
They drove the Austrians back with their bayonets.
他们用刺刀将奥地利人击退。
During that same day, August 18, 1914, the Austrians had renewed their pressure on the Third Army and the Third Ban men.
1914 年 8 月 18 日同一天，奥地利人再次向第三集团军和第三班人员施加压力。
Soldatovitcha was their first objective.
Soldatovitcha 是他们的第一个目标。
During the day reenforcements arrived and the commanding general was able to hold his own, retaking Soldatovitcha after it had once been lost.
白天，增援部队抵达，指挥官得以坚守阵地，重新夺回曾经失守的索尔达托维奇。
Thus ended the day of August 18, 1914, the third day of the battle.
1914年8月18日，即战斗的第三天，就这样结束了。
Early next morning, on August 19, 1914, the Austrians in Shabatz renewed their efforts to penetrate the Serbian lines to the southward.
1914 年 8 月 19 日清晨，沙巴茨的奥军再次努力向南渗透塞尔维亚防线。
So determined was their effort that finally the Serbians in this sector were driven back over on to the right bank of the River Dobrava.
他们的努力如此坚定，最终该地区的塞尔维亚人被赶回多布拉瓦河右岸。
All day the fighting continued, the Serbians barely holding their position, strong as it was.
战斗持续了一整天，塞尔维亚人尽管实力强大，但勉强坚守阵地。
This success of the Austrians hampered the cavalry division, which had not only to secure its flank, but had also to keep between the Shabatz Austrians and the Serbians operating on Tzer, whom they might have attacked from the rear.
奥地利人的这一成功阻碍了骑兵师的发展，骑兵师不仅要保护其侧翼，而且还必须挡在沙巴茨奥地利人和在策尔作战的塞尔维亚人之间，因为他们可能会从后方攻击策尔。
Along the Tzer ridges, however, things were going well for the Serbians.
然而，沿着泽尔山脊，塞尔维亚人的一切进展顺利。
At noon they had taken Rashulatcha, which left the column free to continue its pursuit of the fleeing Austrians along the ridges.
中午，他们占领了拉舒拉查，这使得纵队可以继续沿着山脊追击逃跑的奥地利人。
From the heights above the Serbian guns fired into the retreating Austrians down along the Leshnitza River, turning the retreat into a mad panic.
塞尔维亚军队从高处向沿莱什尼察河撤退的奥军开火，使撤退陷入疯狂的恐慌。
By evening the advance guard of this division had arrived at Jadranska Leshnitza.
傍晚时分，该师的先头部队已抵达亚德兰斯卡·莱什尼察。
In the early morning, August 19,1914, the Serbians over on the Iverak ridges had attacked in deadly earnest.
1914 年 8 月 19 日清晨，塞尔维亚人在伊维拉克山脊上发动了致命的进攻。
Naturally the huge success and rapid advance of the Serbians over on the Tzer ridges were of great importance to them.
当然，塞尔维亚人在策尔山脊上的巨大成功和快速推进对他们来说非常重要。
Here the Austrians were put to rout too.
在这里，奥地利人也遭到溃败。
At 11 a.
上午 11 点。
m.
米。
the Serbians stormed Velika Glava and took it, but here their progress was checked by a strong artillery fire from the west of Rashulatcha.
塞尔维亚人猛攻维利卡格拉瓦并占领了它，但在这里他们的进展受到了来自拉舒拉查西部的猛烈炮火的阻碍。
Then rifle firing broke out along the whole line from Velika Glava to Kik.
然后，从维利卡格拉瓦到基克的全线都爆发了步枪射击。
Near Kik the Austrians were massing in strong force, and the Third Army was reported to be again in danger, this time from a hostile turning movement.
在基克附近，奥军正在集结强大的兵力，据报道，第三集团军再次陷入危险，这次是由于敌对的转向运动。
Fortunately general headquarters was able to come to the rescue with reenforcements.
幸运的是，总部及时增援。
This lessened the danger from Kik.
这减少了来自 Kik 的危险。
Whereupon the advance along Iverak was continued.
随后，继续沿着伊维拉克前进。
By the middle of the afternoon, when the Austrians were driven out of Reingrob, the Serbians controlled the situation.
到了下午，当奥地利人被赶出雷因罗布时，塞尔维亚人控制了局势。
The defeat of the Austrians was complete.
奥地利人的彻底失败。
The Third Army was again in trouble during this day, August 19,1914.
1914年8月19日这一天，第三集团军再次陷入困境。
Its left flank continued its advance from Soldatovitcha, but the Austrians attempted to pierce their center.
它的左翼继续从索尔达托维奇推进，但奥军试图刺穿他们的中路。
But finally this sorely tried section of the Serbian front emerged triumphant.
但塞尔维亚前线的这一段饱受考验的战线最终取得了胜利。
Before evening the Austrians were driven back in scattered disorder, leaving behind them three hospitals filled with wounded, much material, and 500 prisoners.
傍晚之前，奥地利人被打得四散而退，留下了三座医院，里面挤满了伤员、大量物资和 500 名囚犯。
Here ended the fourth day of the bloody struggle--August 19, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 19 日，第四天的血腥斗争结束了。
In the north around Shabatz the Austrians had made some advance, but all along the rest of the line they had suffered complete disaster.
在沙巴茨附近的北部，奥军取得了一些进展，但在其余战线上，他们遭受了彻底的灾难。
The two important mountain ridges, Tzer and Iverak, which dominated the whole theatre of operations, were definitely in the hands of the Serbians.
主导整个战区的两个重要山脊，策尔山和伊维拉克山，绝对在塞尔维亚人的手中。
And finally, the Third Army had at last broken down the opposition against it.
最后，第三军终于瓦解了反对派。
Next morning, August 20, 1914, dawned on a situation that was thoroughly hopeless for the Austrians.
第二天早上，即 1914 年 8 月 20 日，奥地利人意识到形势已经完全绝望。
Even up around Shabatz, where they had been successful the day before, the Austrians, realizing that all was lost to the southward, made only a feeble attack on the Serbians, who were consequently able to recross the Dobrava River and establish themselves on the right bank.
即使在前一天取得胜利的沙巴茨附近，奥地利人也意识到南边已经失去一切，只对塞尔维亚人发动了微弱的进攻，塞尔维亚人因此得以重新渡过多布拉瓦河并在右岸站稳脚跟。
The cavalry division, whose left flank was not freed by the clearing of the Tzer ridges, hurled itself against the Austrians in the plains before it and threw them into wild disorder.
骑兵师的左翼并没有因清理泽尔山脊而得以解放，而是在前面的平原上猛烈攻击奥军，使他们陷入了混乱。
First they shelled them, then charged.
他们首先炮轰他们，然后发起冲锋。
The panic-stricken Magyars fled through the villages, across the corn fields, through the orchards.
惊慌失措的马扎尔人逃离村庄，穿过玉米地，穿过果园。
"Where is the Drina?
“德里纳河在哪里？
Where is the Drina?" they shouted, whenever they saw a peasant.
德里纳河在哪里？”每当他们看到农民时，他们就会大声喊叫。
A burning, tropical sun sweltered over the plain.
热带的烈日灼热地照耀着平原。
Many of the fleeing soldiers dropped from exhaustion and were afterward taken prisoners.
许多逃跑的士兵因精疲力竭而倒下，随后被俘虏。
Others lost themselves in the marshy hollows and only emerged days later, while still others, wounded, laid down and died where they fell.
其他人在沼泽洼地里迷失了方向，几天后才出现，还有一些人受伤，倒在地上死了。
In the Leshnitza similar scenes were taking place.
在莱什尼察，类似的场景也在上演。
From the ridges above the Serbian guns roared and poured hurtling steel messages of death down into the throngs of retreating Austrians.
塞尔维亚人的大炮从山脊上呼啸而过，向撤退的奥地利军队发出猛烈的死亡信息。
Some few regiments, not so demoralized as the others, did indeed make several attempts to fight rear-guard actions, to protect their fleeing comrades, but they again were overwhelmed by the disorganized masses in the rear pouring over them.
有几个团虽然不像其他团那样士气低落，但确实多次尝试对抗后卫行动，以保护逃跑的战友，但他们再次被后方毫无组织的群众压倒。
In the Jadar valley another disorganized mob of Austrians was fleeing before the Serbians up on the Iverak ridges, who also were pouring a hot artillery fire into their midst.
在贾达尔山谷，另一群杂乱无章的奥地利暴徒在伊维拉克山脊上的塞尔维亚人面前逃跑，塞尔维亚人也在向他们中间倾泻猛烈的炮火。
Presently the Third Army joined in the mad chase.
不一会儿，第三军也加入了疯狂的追击。
And now the whole Austrian army was wildly fleeing for the Drina River.
现在整个奥地利军队正在疯狂地逃往德里纳河。
There remained only one exception during the early part of the day, August 20, 1914.
只剩下一个例外，那就是 1914 年 8 月 20 日凌晨。
This was the Austrian forces on Kik, to the northwest of Zavlaka.
这是扎夫拉卡西北基克的奥地利军队。
The Serbian reenforcements which, it will be remembered, had originally been directed toward Marianovitche, had been afterward sent westward, and at dawn on August 20 they approached Kik in two columns.
人们会记得，塞尔维亚增援部队最初是针对马里亚诺维奇的，后来被派往西边，8月20日拂晓，他们分两纵队逼近基克。
The left column occupied Osoye without resistance, but in descending from that position, the Austrian artillery opened fire on it.
左纵队毫无抵抗地占领了奥索耶，但在从该阵地下降时，奥地利炮兵向其开火。
An hour later the right column came up and opened an artillery fire, and under cover of this bombardment a Serbian regiment reached the foot of the mountain.
一小时后，右纵队出现并开炮，在炮击的掩护下，一个塞尔维亚团到达了山脚下。
As was afterward learned, the Austrians at this point had had their machine guns destroyed by the Serbian artillery fire, and by this time their own artillery had been sent back, in preparation for the retreat.
后来得知，此时奥地利人的机枪已被塞尔维亚炮火摧毁，而此时他们自己的火炮也已被送回，准备撤退。
Consequently they were only able to receive the Serbian attack with rifle fire.
因此，他们只能用步枪射击来应对塞尔维亚人的攻击。
At the height of this skirmish the extreme left of the Serbians on Iverak, which had remained to guard against attack from this quarter, moved over against the Austrians.
在这场小冲突最激烈的时候，伊维拉克上的塞尔维亚人的极左翼，一直在防御来自这一地区的进攻，转向了对抗奥地利人。
The cross-fire was too much for them; they turned and fled, leaving behind over six hundred dead, the Serbians in this affair losing only seven killed.
交火对他们来说太难以承受了。他们转身逃跑，留下六百多人死亡，而塞尔维亚人在这次事件中只损失了七人。
Jarebitze was now occupied; the rest of the Serbians joined in the general pursuit.
贾雷比泽现在已被占领。其余塞尔维亚人也加入了追击行动。
That night, August 20, 1914, the Austrians swarmed across the Drina, fleeing for their lives.
1914 年 8 月 20 日晚上，奥地利人蜂拥渡过德里纳河逃命。
By the next day the whole river bank was cleared of them.
到了第二天，整个河岸都被清除了。
Serbian soldiers lined the whole length of the frontier in this section.
塞尔维亚士兵在这一地区的整个边境上排列整齐。
There remained now only the Austrians in Shabatz to deal with.
现在只剩下沙巴茨的奥地利人需要对付了。
The whole Serbian army was now able to concentrate on this remaining force of the enemy left in Serbian territory.
整个塞尔维亚军队现在能够集中力量对付留在塞尔维亚领土上的敌人的残余力量。
Early on August 21, 1914, the attack began, and the Austrians here fought stoutly.
1914年8月21日凌晨，进攻开始，奥军在这里进行了顽强的战斗。
Indeed, all that day they held the Serbians off from behind their intrenchments.
事实上，这一整天他们都在把塞尔维亚人从他们的战壕后面挡住。
On August 22, 1914, the Serbians made a general assault.
1914年8月22日，塞尔维亚人发起总攻。
Fortunately they found a weakness in the fortifications on the western side of the town.
幸运的是，他们发现了城镇西侧防御工事的一个弱点。
To create a diversion, the Austrians delivered a counterattack along the road toward Varna.
为了分散注意力，奥地利人沿着通往瓦尔纳的道路发起反击。
By the morning of August 24, 1914, the Serbians had brought up a number of heavy siege guns.
到1914年8月24日上午，塞尔维亚人已经运来了多门重型攻城炮。
But when the general bombardment had already commenced, it was found that the Austrians had evacuated the town during the night, and retreated across the river.
但当全面炮击已经开始时，人们发现奥军已于夜间撤离该镇，并撤退至河对岸。
And so the first Austrian invasion of Serbia came to its disastrous end.
奥地利对塞尔维亚的第一次入侵就这样以灾难性的结局告终。
PART V--THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN CAMPAIGN
第五部分——奥地利-塞尔维亚战役
CHAPTER LI
第 6 章
RESULTS OF FIRST BATTLES
第一次战斗的结果
Though described as a punitive expedition in the Vienna press, this campaign cost the Austrians very dear, not only in material and in lives, but in prestige.
尽管维也纳媒体将这场战役描述为一次惩罚性远征，但奥地利人却付出了巨大的代价，不仅在物质和生命上，而且在声望上。
Just what the Austrian casualties were cannot be definitely stated at this time, but at least 6,000 were killed outright on the field of battle, while at least 35,000 were wounded.
目前还无法确定奥军的伤亡情况，但至少有 6,000 人在战场上阵亡，至少 35,000 人受伤。
And another 4,000 fell into the hands of the Serbians as prisoners.
另有4000人落入塞尔维亚人手中成为囚犯。
In material the Serbians report that they captured 46 cannon, 30 machine guns, 140 ammunition wagons, and a great mass of rifles, hospital paraphernalia, ammunition, stores, and other incidentals.
塞尔维亚人在材料中报告称，他们缴获了 46 门大炮、30 挺机枪、140 辆弹药车以及大量步枪、医院用具、弹药、补给品和其他杂物。
The Serbian losses were heavy: 3,000 dead and 15,000 wounded.
塞尔维亚损失惨重：3,000人死亡，15,000人受伤。
That they were so much less is not extraordinary, for not only were they on the defensive, but an army in flight, as were the Austrian, always loses heavily.
他们的人数如此之少并不奇怪，因为他们不仅处于防御状态，而且像奥地利人一样，一支逃跑的军队总是损失惨重。
The first onslaught of the Austrians in August, 1914, had been driven back.
1914 年 8 月奥地利人的第一次进攻已被击退。
A disorganized mob, the soldiers of Franz Josef had fled back across the Drina and the Save, leaving thousands of dead and prisoners behind.
弗朗茨·约瑟夫的士兵们是一群杂乱无章的暴徒，越过德里纳河和萨维河逃回，留下了数千人的尸体和囚犯。
And for over a week the little Serbian army lay panting.
塞尔维亚这支小军队气喘吁吁地躺了一个多星期。
Military science says that a victory should always be followed up closely, for a beaten army is almost as helpless as a herd of cattle.
军事科学告诉我们，胜利必须紧随其后，因为一支被击败的军队几乎就像一群牛一样无助。
But military science must also take into account the limitations of human muscles and nerves.
但军事科学也必须考虑到人类肌肉和神经的局限性。
The Serbian reserve forces had been moving back and forth along the fighting front, strengthening a defense here, supporting an attack there, and some of them had covered from fifty to sixty miles a day.
塞尔维亚预备役部队一直沿着战斗前线来回移动，这里加强防御，那里支援进攻，有的每天要行驶五十至六十英里。
There were no fresh troops to pursue the Austrians.
没有新的部队来追击奥地利人。
The Serbians needed rest.
塞尔维亚人需要休息。
And so the Austro-Hungarian soldiers were allowed to continue their northward flight unmolested.
因此，奥匈帝国士兵被允许不受干扰地继续向北逃亡。
Thus for twelve days after the Battle of Shabatz, or from August 23, 1914, there was quiet along the Austrian and Serbian frontier.
因此，沙巴茨战役后的十二天内，即从 1914 年 8 月 23 日起，奥地利和塞尔维亚边境沿线一片平静。
The remnants of the Austrians had definitely retired northward.
奥地利人的残部肯定已经向北撤退了。
And at about that time the Russians were driving hard at the Galician front.
大约在那个时候，俄罗斯人正在加利西亚前线猛烈进攻。
The Austrians were being beaten there, too.
奥地利人也在那里遭到了殴打。
Altogether the situation looked extremely serious for Austria at that time.
总而言之，当时奥地利的形势显得极其严峻。
But, finally, encouraged by the Allies, the Serbian General Staff decided to send an expedition over into Austrian territory.
但最后，在盟军的鼓励下，塞尔维亚总参谋部决定派遣一支远征队进入奥地利领土。
Not much over twenty miles north of Shabatz is a range of mountains, called the Frushkagora.
沙巴茨以北不到二十英里处有一座山脉，称为弗鲁什卡戈拉 (Frushkagora)。
A fairly strong force holding these rocky ridges would be in a position to prevent the Austrian general from reenforcing his armies in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the east.
一支相当强大的军队占领这些岩石山脊将能够阻止奥地利将军从东部增援他在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的军队。
It would also afford a better protection to the northern frontier of Serbia than would a force of the same size stationed within Serbian territory along the Save River.
与驻扎在萨维河沿岸塞尔维亚境内的同等规模的部队相比，它还可以为塞尔维亚北部边境提供更好的保护。
The chief thought of the Serbian general was, however, to gain control of this natural position and hold it while another Serbian force was invading Bosnia, in conjunction with the Montenegrin troops.
然而，这位塞尔维亚将军的主要想法是控制这个自然阵地，并在另一支塞尔维亚军队与黑山军队一起入侵波斯尼亚时守住它。
What made this first objective the more tempting was the known fact that between the frontier and the Frushkagora range the Austrian forces amounted only to about a dozen regiments.
使第一个目标更具诱惑力的是众所周知的事实：在边境和弗鲁什卡戈拉山脉之间，奥地利军队只有大约十几个团。
To the First Army, General Putnik assigned the execution of this expedition.
普特尼克将军将这次远征的执行任务交给了第一集团军。
That was now composed of two divisions, and the cavalry division, which had rendered such excellent service on the Matchva Plain during the first invasion.
现在，该师由两个师组成，其中一个是骑兵师，该师在第一次入侵期间在马奇瓦平原上表现出色。
The left wing of this expeditionary force was to be supported by a division in Matchva, while the "Detachment of Belgrade" was to operate on the right.
这支远征军的左翼由马奇瓦的一个师支援，而“贝尔格莱德支队”则在右翼行动。
A second reserve division was to hold Obrenovatz.
第二个预备队负责防守奥布伦诺瓦茨。
Another glance at the map will show that, almost halfway between Shabatz and Belgrade, the Save takes a peculiar little loop into Serbian territory, forming a narrow strip of Austrian territory projecting into Serbia.
再看一眼地图就会发现，在沙巴茨和贝尔格莱德之间几乎有一半的地方，萨维河有一个奇特的小环路进入塞尔维亚领土，形成了一条伸入塞尔维亚的奥地利领土狭长地带。
Naturally, this little tongue could be commanded by the Serbian guns without first crossing the river, since the Austrians could only operate here by marching down in a narrow column between the two sides of the loop formed by the river.
当然，这条小舌头可以在不先渡河的情况下由塞尔维亚人的大炮指挥，因为奥地利人只能在河流形成的环路两侧之间以狭窄的纵队行进。
Such a force, however, could be immediately flanked by the Serbians from their side of the river.
然而，这样一支部队可能会立即遭到塞尔维亚人从河边的侧翼包围。
This peculiar peninsula, known as the Kupinski Kut, was chosen as the point at which the first crossing should be made.
这个被称为库平斯基库特的奇特半岛被选为第一个穿越点。
CHAPTER LII
第十三章
SERBIAN ATTEMPT TO INVADE AUSTRIAN TERRITORY
塞尔维亚企图入侵奥地利领土
It was the night of September 5, 1914.
那是 1914 年 9 月 5 日晚上。
So secretly was this movement planned and begun that the Serbian field officers did not themselves know what was to be undertaken when their forces arrived on the banks of the river at the Kut on the nights of September 5 and 6.
这次行动的计划和开始是如此秘密，以至于塞尔维亚战地军官自己都不知道当他们的部队于 9 月 5 日至 6 日晚上抵达库特河岸时要采取什么行动。
The marches were made at night, to hide the movement as long as possible from the Austrian aeroplanes, which occasionally whirred their flight over Serbian territory.
行军是在夜间进行的，是为了尽可能长时间地躲避奥地利飞机的袭击，奥地利飞机偶尔在塞尔维亚领土上空呼啸而过。
At one o'clock in the morning of September 6, 1914, the first troops of the invading expedition embarked on the barges lined up along the river bank.
1914年9月6日凌晨一点，入侵远征的第一批部队登上了沿河岸排列的驳船。
A screening force having been ferried across, to protect the ford against possible attack, the construction of a pontoon bridge was begun at Novoselo, while farther up some flour mill floats were utilized for a second bridge.
一支掩护部队已被渡过，以保护浅滩免受可能的攻击，在诺沃塞洛开始建造一座浮桥，而在更远的地方，一些面粉厂浮筒被用来建造第二座桥。
It was an ideal place for a crossing.
这是一个理想的渡口地点。
Farther up, at the neck of the isthmus, was an old river bed, where the Save had once cut a straight channel.
再往上，在地峡的颈部，有一条古老的河床，萨维河曾在那里开辟了一条笔直的河道。
This was now full of stagnant water, while between it and the ford the ground was covered with thick timber.
现在这里已经充满了死水，而在它和浅滩之间的地面上覆盖着厚厚的木材。
The stagnant water, while not very deep, afforded somewhat the same protection that a wire entanglement would, and the woods served as a screen to the advance guard of the Serbians stationed there to guard the crossing.
死水虽然不是很深，但提供了与铁丝缠绕相同的保护，树林充当了驻扎在那里守卫过境点的塞尔维亚人前卫的屏障。
Not far distant, farther up in Austrian territory, was a small town, Obrez.
不远处，在奥地利境内更远的地方，有一个小镇，奥布雷兹。
After the Serbian army had crossed safely, it set to work clearing the timber away, it being no longer necessary to screen themselves from view, and a strong line of trenches was thrown across the neck of the isthmus, thus effectually protecting the ford for retreat, should that be necessary.
塞尔维亚军队安全渡河后，开始清理木材，不再需要遮挡视线，并在地峡颈部构筑了一道坚固的战壕，从而有效地保护了渡口，以便在必要时撤退。
At this moment two regiments of infantry and a battery of artillery of the enemy appeared and attempted to oppose the further advance of the Serbians, but when the Serbian guns began shelling the forest opposite, this force fled in the direction of Obrez.
这时，敌军的两个步兵团和一个炮兵连出现，试图阻止塞尔维亚人的进一步推进，但当塞尔维亚人的炮火开始炮击对面的森林时，这支部队向奥布雷兹方向逃去。
Then the left of the Serbian force worked its way around toward the town itself and, after firing some dozens of shells, entered it and drove the Austrians still farther on.
然后，塞尔维亚军队的左翼绕道向城镇本身前进，在发射了数十枚炮弹后，进入城镇并将奥地利军队驱赶得更远。
The cavalry division now came up to secure possession of the town.
骑兵师现在前来占领该镇。
The two divisions then set to work to intrench themselves.
随后，两个师开始努力巩固自己的防御工事。
Meanwhile the Serbian right, advancing toward the northeast, encountered another force of the enemy, consisting of one regiment and two batteries, and, after a short skirmish, drove it back and occupied the two villages, Kupinovo and Progar.
与此同时，向东北推进的塞尔维亚右翼遇到了敌军的另一支部队，该部队由一个团和两个连组成，经过短暂的小规模战斗后，将其击退并占领了库皮诺沃和普罗加尔两个村庄。
Thus the Serbian operations in this section fared well.
因此，塞尔维亚在这一路段的行动进展顺利。
But at another point, on the extreme left, at Mitrovitza, they did not encounter such good fortune.
但在另一个地点，在最左边的米特罗维察，他们却没有遇到这样的好运。
The division operating here was to occupy and fortify Mitrovitza and with it a bridge, after which it was to advance and worry the enemy's flank.
在此作战的师的任务是占领并加固米特罗维察及其一座桥梁，然后再向前推进并威胁敌人的侧翼。
The actual point chosen for the construction of the bridge was a customs station at Jasenova Grada, between Mitrovitza and Jarak.
实际选择的桥梁建设地点是位于米特罗维察和雅拉克之间的 Jasenova Grada 的一个海关站。
The column here had arrived at the river bank at midnight of September 5, 1914, and at early dawn had begun building the pontoon bridge.
这里的纵队于1914年9月5日午夜到达河岸，黎明时分就开始建造浮桥。
Meanwhile a steady artillery and rifle fire was kept up, sweeping the opposite bank, to keep back the enemy.
与此同时，火炮和步枪持续不断地射击，席卷对岸，阻挡敌人。
The Serbian commander of this force had received instructions to the effect that as soon as he had moved his troops across safely, he was to send two regiments forward: one to the right, the other to the left, and the whole line was to advance and cover the territory between Mangjeloskabara and Shashinshi, the object being to push back any movement of the Austrians from Jarak.
这支部队的塞尔维亚指挥官接到指示，大意是，一旦他的部队安全渡河，他就派出两个团向前推进：一个向右，另一个向左，整条战线向前推进并覆盖芒杰洛斯卡巴拉和沙辛希之间的领土，目的是阻止奥地利人从雅拉克出发的任何行动。
As at Novoselo, an advance guard crossed in barges before the bridge had been thrown across.
和诺沃塞洛一样，在桥被推过去之前，先头部队就乘驳船渡过了河。
Immediately a heavy fire began from the enemy, hidden in the opposite forest.
隐藏在对面森林中的敌人立刻开始猛烈射击。
Many of the Serbians threw themselves into the river, and either swam or waded the rest of their way across.
许多塞尔维亚人跳进河里，要么游泳，要么涉水渡过剩下的路。
Finally three barge loads had effected a crossing.
最终，三艘驳船成功渡河。
While waiting for the rest to follow, sixty of the Serbians threw themselves over against the Austrians and, by their very boldness, drove them out of their trenches and took twenty prisoners.
在等待其他人跟进的同时，六十名塞尔维亚人投身对抗奥地利人，并凭借他们的勇敢将他们赶出了战壕，并俘虏了二十名俘虏。
Some delay in the building of the bridge followed, but more barge loads of soldiers were sent across, and the fighting with the Austrians was pushed vigorously.
随后桥梁的建造出现了一些延误，但更多的驳船装载的士兵被送过河，与奥地利人的战斗被大力推进。
But meanwhile the enemy was also being reenforced, more rapidly for not having a river behind him.
但与此同时，敌人也得到了增援，而且速度更快，因为他身后没有河流。
By evening the Serbians, who had crossed, found themselves tremendously outnumbered and fighting on the defensive.
到了晚上，渡河的塞尔维亚人发现自己寡不敌众，只能采取守势作战。
At that time, one of the Serbian Regiments, which had advanced as far as Shashinshi, found itself isolated, with both flanks exposed.
当时，一支塞尔维亚军团一直推进到沙辛什，却发现自己被孤立了，两翼都暴露了。
After two hours of stubborn fighting the regiment managed to draw back to the river bank, carrying with them a mass of wounded comrades, hoping there to find the support of the main body of their army.
经过两个小时的顽强战斗，该团带着大批伤员退回河岸，希望能得到主力的支援。
But the pontoon bridge had not yet been completed.
但浮桥尚未完工。
Of the 400 yards across the river, only twenty remained unbridged.
河对岸 400 码中，只有 20 码未建桥。
Seeing their advantage, the pursuing Austrians redoubled their attack furiously.
追击的奥军看到了自己的优势，猛烈地加倍攻击。
The Serbian regiment, with half its men down, and only 60 feet of water between itself and the main corps, turned, with its back to the river, and fought back with equal fury.
塞尔维亚军团在半数士兵阵亡的情况下，与主力部队之间的距离只有 60 英尺，他们转身背对着河流，以同样的愤怒进行反击。
With frantic haste, the Serbian engineers attempted to finish the building of their bridge, so that the main body of the troops might rush across and relieve the situation of the regiment defending itself against overwhelming numbers on the opposite bank.
塞尔维亚工兵们疯狂地试图完成桥梁的修建，以便主力部队能够冲过去，缓解对岸压倒性兵力防御团的局面。
But before this could be accomplished, the wounded began throwing themselves into the pontoon nearest their side of the river.
但在这一切完成之前，伤员开始跳进离河边最近的浮桥上。
The mooring lines parted and the barge drifted away from the end of the bridge, down the river, loaded with wounded soldiers.
系泊线分开，载着受伤士兵的驳船漂离了桥的尽头，顺流而下。
The same happened to the next barge.
下一艘驳船也发生了同样的情况。
To add to the disaster, the barges were old and leaky, and soon one of them filled with water and began sinking.
雪上加霜的是，驳船又旧又漏，很快其中一艘就充满了水并开始下沉。
Presently it sank, throwing the wounded into the river, where most of them were speedily drowned.
不久，它就沉没了，伤员被扔进河里，其中大多数人很快就被淹死了。
The Serbians on the Austrian shore, now seeing their last hope of support or escape cut off, continued fighting desperately until all their ammunition was gone.
奥地利海岸上的塞尔维亚人现在看到他们最后的支持或逃跑的希望被切断了，他们继续拼命战斗，直到他们所有的弹药都耗尽了。
Then the handful of survivors surrendered.
然后少数幸存者投降了。
By this time it was already dark.
这时天已经黑了。
The only one to escape across the river was the regimental surgeon who, carrying the regimental flag between his teeth, swam across the river and reached the main body of his countrymen safely.
唯一逃过河的，是团军医，他咬着团旗，游过河，安全到达了同胞主力身边。
Fortunately, the recklessness which led this attempted crossing to disaster did not characterize the movements of the main body which had crossed at Novoselo.
幸运的是，在诺沃塞洛渡河的主力部队的行动并没有表现出鲁莽而导致这次尝试酿成灾难。
The advance continued under carefully thrown out screens of cavalry, and was kept up until the trenches at the landing could be abandoned and a wider circle of defensive works could be thrown up, including within their line the villages already mentioned.
在骑兵精心布置的掩护下继续前进，并一直持续到可以放弃登陆处的战壕并可以建立更广泛的防御工事圈，包括在他们的防线上已经提到的村庄。
Thus the three Serbian bases were strongly protected by a semicircle of field works, radiating from Kupinovo.
因此，这三个塞尔维亚基地受到以库皮诺沃为中心的半圆形野战工事的有力保护。
Having secured this position, General Boyovitch, the Serbian field commander, advanced his cavalry in fanlike formation to the north and west.
占领此阵地后，塞尔维亚战地指挥官博约维奇将军将他的骑兵以扇形队形向北和西推进。
One division followed the cavalry on the right; another took a northeasterly direction.
一个师在右边跟在骑兵后面；另一个则朝东北方向行驶。
By the evening of September 7, 1914, the enemy had been driven back to a line reaching from Detch to Nikintzi.
到 1914 年 9 月 7 日晚上，敌人已被赶回从德奇到尼金齐的防线。
No serious encounters occurred for some days, the Austrians evidently not desiring to make any serious opposition until they should have sufficient backing.
几天来没有发生严重的冲突，奥地利人显然不想做出任何严重的反对，直到他们得到足够的支持。
But on the morning of September 9, 1914, the Serbian right came in contact with strongly intrenched Austrians at Detch and Surchin.
但 1914 年 9 月 9 日上午，塞尔维亚右翼在德奇和苏尔钦与根深蒂固的奥地利军队发生接触。
During the first invasion the fighting had been under a tropical sun.
第一次入侵期间，战斗是在热带阳光下进行的。
Now the weather was cooler, almost cold at nights, which rendered the enthusiasm and the fighting of the men on both sides correspondingly more spirited.
现在天气转凉，夜晚几乎寒冷，双方的斗志和斗志也相应更加活跃。
It was, therefore, with some vim that the Serbians threw themselves into an attack against Detch.
因此，塞尔维亚人充满活力地对德奇发动了进攻。
After a determined resistance, the Austrians were forced out.
经过坚决抵抗，奥地利人被赶了出去。
Next Surchin became the center of battle, but here the Austrians held out stoutly, driving back the Serbian charges again and again.
接下来苏尔钦成为战斗中心，但奥地利人在这里顽强抵抗，一次又一次击退了塞尔维亚人的冲锋。
All that day of September 9, 1914, the Serbian advance was checked, but the following morning, being reenforced, they charged into Surchin again and finally drove the Austrians out at the point of the bayonet.
1914 年 9 月 9 日这一天，塞尔维亚人的进攻受到了阻击，但第二天早上，在增援下，他们再次冲进苏尔钦，最终在刺刀下将奥地利人赶了出去。
The Serbians then turned north and captured Dobranovtsi.
塞尔维亚人随后转向北并占领了多布拉诺夫齐。
And at this junction the Serbians stationed at Belgrade crossed the river there and advanced on Semlin.
驻扎在贝尔格莱德的塞尔维亚军队在这个交汇处渡河，向塞姆林挺进。
On September 11, 1914, General Boyovitch moved his whole front forward, with the object of driving all of the enemy westward into the Frushkagora Mountains and gaining full possession of the plain.
1914 年 9 月 11 日，博约维奇将军将整个战线向前推进，目的是将所有敌人向西驱赶到弗鲁什卡戈拉山脉并完全占领该平原。
This would have left the two divisions and the cavalry free to advance against the mountain range itself.
这将使两个师和骑兵可以自由地向山脉本身推进。
Having once gained that stronghold, the Serbians would then have under their control the whole district of Syrmia with its friendly population of Serbs.
一旦占领了这个据点，塞尔维亚人就可以控制整个锡尔米亚地区及其友好的塞尔维亚人。
The Serbians were now extended along a front from Hrtkovtsi to Pazova Nova while the Austrians were intrenched along a line from Jarak to Pazova Stara.
塞尔维亚人现在沿着从赫尔特科夫齐到帕佐瓦诺瓦的战线延伸，而奥地利人则沿着从雅拉克到帕佐瓦斯塔拉的战线构筑工事。
The following morning the Serbian left occupied Pechintsi and advanced north to the Romer Canal, where they met a heavy fire and were compelled to intrench themselves.
第二天早上，塞尔维亚人离开被占领的佩钦齐并向北推进到罗默运河，在那里他们遇到了猛烈的炮火，被迫构筑工事。
Farther west, however, the Serbians rushed the town of Jarak and took it by means of bayonets and hand bombs.
然而，在更西边，塞尔维亚人冲进了贾拉克镇，并用刺刀和手榴弹占领了该镇。
Such was the situation on September 12, 1914, when a bright, clear morning had dawned and a cool breeze swept over the plain.
1914 年 9 月 12 日的情况就是这样，当时是一个明亮、晴朗的早晨，一阵凉风吹过平原。
Off in the distance rose the blue ridges of the Frushkagora Mountains, streaked with the green of vegetation along their lower spurs.
远处矗立着弗鲁什卡戈拉山脉的蓝色山脊，较低的山脊上长满了绿色的植被。
With tingling blood and renewed vitality the Serbians looked forward to the word of command which should send them onward, driving the Austrians before them.
带着刺痛的热血和新的活力，塞尔维亚人期待着命令的命令，这将使他们继续前进，将奥地利人赶在他们前面。
But that word of command seemed long delayed.
但这个命令似乎迟了很久。
Finally, indeed, it came, but only to the cavalry.
最后，它确实来了，但只是针对骑兵。
The horsemen were sent ahead, up and down the line, screening the men in the trenches.
骑兵被派往前线，在战线上和下游，掩护战壕里的士兵。
And then suddenly came the word to the men in the trenches.
然后这个消息突然传给了战壕里的人们。
"March!"
“行进！”
They did fall in and begin to march.
他们确实掉进去并开始行军。
But not forward.
但不向前。
The heads of the columns turned toward the rear, back toward Serbia.
纵队的头转向后方，回到塞尔维亚。
Presently the whole Serbian army, just as further victories seemed all but won, was on the retreat.
目前，就在似乎即将取得更多胜利的时候，整个塞尔维亚军队正在撤退。
Behind them they heard the fire of their own cavalry, protecting their rear.
在他们身后，他们听到自己的骑兵开火，保护他们的后方。
The retreat was orderly and the river was recrossed without loss or confusion.
撤退有条不紊，重新渡河，没有损失，没有混乱。
Even more concerned and disappointed were the Serb peasants of the villages through which they passed, for these simple folk had thought the Magyars permanently beaten and that King Peter's men were now moving onward to take Vienna.
更担心和失望的是他们所经过的村庄的塞族农民，因为这些简单的民众认为马扎尔人已经被永久击败，而彼得国王的军队现在正在继续攻占维也纳。
They had, therefore, shown unmeasured enthusiasm and had showered gifts of chicken, milk, eggs and other rural dainties on their brother Serbs from Serbia, to the full extent of their slender resources.
因此，他们表现出了不可估量的热情，用尽其微薄的资源，向来自塞尔维亚的塞族兄弟赠送了鸡肉、牛奶、鸡蛋和其他乡村美食。
A few days later they had to pay dearly for this manifestation of their sympathies.
几天后，他们不得不为这种同情的表现付出高昂的代价。
When again the Magyars came down into their territory they became so oppressive toward these poor villagers that a Croatian regiment, whose members were racially akin to the Serbs, broke into open revolt and attacked the Magyars, the result being a pitched battle in which not only rifles, but machine guns and cannon were employed.
当马扎尔人再次入侵他们的领土时，他们对这些贫穷的村民进行了如此残酷的压迫，以至于一支与塞尔维亚人种族相似的克罗地亚军团公开叛乱并袭击了马扎尔人，结果是一场激战，不仅使用了步枪，还使用了机枪和大炮。
Presently word was passed back and forth among the rank and file of the Serbian army explaining the disappointing retreat.
目前，塞尔维亚军队的普通士兵中流传着关于这次令人失望的撤退的消息。
"The Austrians are swarming across the Drina again," their officers whispered.
“奥地利人再次蜂拥而过德里纳河，”他们的军官低声说道。
"There will be plenty of fighting yet, but it will be the same old battle ground."
“还会有很多战斗，但这将是同样的老战场。”
Thus ended Serbia's brief invasion of Austrian soil.
塞尔维亚对奥地利领土的短暂入侵就此结束。
CHAPTER LIII
第十三章
AUSTRIA'S SECOND INVASION
奥地利的第二次入侵
The second Austrian invasion of Serbia began September 7, 1914.
1914 年 9 月 7 日，奥地利第二次入侵塞尔维亚。
Had the Serbian General Staff known what mighty efforts the Austrians were to put forth at this second attempt to invade the country, it would never have undertaken the expedition into Syrmia.
如果塞尔维亚总参谋部知道奥地利人在第二次入侵该国时会付出多大的努力，他们就不会远征锡尔米亚。
After the failure of the first invasion the Austrian staff placed at General Potiorek's disposition a force of 300,000 men, with a reserve of another 150,000 to draw upon, should the necessity become strong enough.
第一次入侵失败后，奥地利参谋部将30万兵力交由波蒂奥雷克将军调遣，另外还有15万预备队，以备必要时使用。
Fortunately for the Serbians the Russian pressure in Galicia became so strong, later on, that this reserve force was sent through the Carpathians, and when the critical moment did arrive, General Potiorek was unable to avail himself of its assistance.
对于塞尔维亚人来说幸运的是，俄罗斯在加利西亚的压力后来变得如此强大，以至于这支后备部队通过喀尔巴阡山脉被派出，当关键时刻到来时，波蒂奥雷克将军无法利用其援助。
It may be well to know how the Austrian forces were disposed just before the second invasion.
了解奥地利军队在第二次入侵之前的部署情况可能会很有帮助。
There were five whole army corps; one was stretched out from Klenak to Bosut; another from Bosut to Bijeljina; another from Janja to Kosluk and another from Kosluk to Zvornik.
整个军团有五个；一根从克莱纳克延伸到博苏特；另一条从博苏特到比耶利纳；另一条是从 Janja 到 Kosluk，另一条是从 Kosluk 到 Zvornik。
Aside from this force there was part of another corps lined up from Zvornik to Liubovia and one and a half divisions held the front from Semlin to Weisskirchen.
除了这支部队之外，还有另一个军的一部分从兹沃尔尼克到柳博维亚排列，一个半师控制着从塞姆林到魏斯基兴的前线。
Four battalions were kept busy by the Montenegrins.
四个营被黑山人忙着。
It will be remembered that when the expedition into Syrmia began the bulk of the Serbian army was sent to the western frontier along the Drina, to be ready to invade Bosnia when the success of the Syrmia expedition should be assured.
人们会记得，当对锡尔米亚的远征开始时，塞尔维亚军队的主力被派往德里纳河沿岸的西部边境，准备在锡尔米亚远征的成功得到保证时入侵波斯尼亚。
But so well is Bosnia wooded in this section that the Serbians had not been able to observe the concentration of troops that was going on before them across the Drina.
但波斯尼亚的这一地区树木繁茂，塞尔维亚人无法观察到在他们面前越过德里纳河的部队集结情况。
Suddenly, on the morning of September 7, 1914, the whole frontier along the Drina, from Jarak south, became alive with Austrian soldiers.
突然间，1914 年 9 月 7 日早晨，从贾拉克以南的德里纳河沿岸的整个边境都充满了奥地利士兵。
North of Loznitza the fighting took on a very bloody and deadly character.
洛兹尼察以北的战斗呈现出非常血腥和致命的特点。
All day the battle line swayed back and forth with a succession of attacks and counterattacks.
一整天，战线来回摇摆，攻击和反击接连不断。
Several times the Austrians almost broke through, but in the end their whole line was driven back across the river.
奥地利人有几次几乎突围，但最终他们的全线都被赶回了河对岸。
In the Matchva district, however, they succeeded in holding a triangular patch of swamp land, bounded by Ravjne, Tolich and Jarak.
然而，在马奇瓦地区，他们成功地占领了一块以拉维尼、托利奇和贾拉克为界的三角形沼泽地。
But even here they were checked along a line from Ravjne to Tolich, where both sides intrenched and came to a deadlock for the time being.
但即使在这里，他们也沿着从拉维尼到托利奇的一条线受到阻击，双方都在那里构筑工事，暂时陷入僵局。
Here the two opposing lines continued their trench warfare without much spectacular demonstration, but with a tremendous loss of life to both sides and an expenditure of ammunition which the Serbians could little afford.
在这里，敌对的两条战线继续进行堑壕战，没有进行太多引人注目的表演，但双方都伤亡惨重，弹药消耗也超出了塞尔维亚人的承受能力。
Along the line south of Loznitza the fighting was not so favorable to the Serbians.
沿着洛兹尼察以南的战线，战斗对塞尔维亚人来说不太有利。
The forces stationed here had been weakened in the Syrmia expedition.
驻扎在这里的兵力，在锡尔米亚远征中已经被削弱了。
And then, too, the country being extremely mountainous, they had overestimated the strength of their positions.
而且，这个国家多山，他们也高估了自己地位的强度。
Here, on the morning of September 8, 1914, the Austrians began a general advance, beginning at Liubovia.
1914 年 9 月 8 日上午，奥地利军队从柳博维亚开始全面进攻。
At first they were successfully held back, but when they came on again with greatly augmented numbers, the Serbians were finally compelled to retire to a line of hills running from Guchevo, through Jagodina and Proslop to Rozani, where they intrenched themselves and prepared to resist any further advance.
起初他们被成功阻止，但当他们再次以大幅增加的人数进攻时，塞尔维亚人最终被迫撤退到从古切沃延伸到雅戈丁纳和普罗斯洛普到罗扎尼的一系列山丘上，在那里他们构筑工事，准备抵抗任何进一步的进攻。
The Austrians, however, continued to attack.
然而奥地利人继续进攻。
Around Krupanie below Loznitza, the Serbians made a stubborn defense and succeeded in holding the heights of Kostainik.
在洛兹尼察下方的克鲁帕涅周围，塞尔维亚人进行了顽强的防守，并成功守住了科斯塔尼克的高地。
But their southern, or left, wing continued to be driven back.
但他们的南翼或左翼继续被击退。
By September 11, 1914, the Austrians had advanced as far as a line drawn from Shanatz to Petska.
到 1914 年 9 月 11 日，奥地利人已经推进到从沙纳茨到佩茨卡的一线。
At this critical moment, however, one of the divisions of the force that had been recalled from Syrmia arrived and the combined forces were ordered to advance against the Sokolska Mountains, whose ridges were occupied by the Austrians.
然而，就在这个关键时刻，从锡尔米亚召回的一个师抵达了，联合部队奉命向被奥军占领的索科尔斯卡山脉挺进。
The Serbians rushed the heights with their customary élan.
塞尔维亚人以惯常的冲劲冲上高地。
The Austrians resisted stubbornly.
奥地利人顽强抵抗。
They, in their turn, had been tasting the first draughts of victory, and were not so prepared to give in as on previous occasions.
而他们，也已经尝到了胜利的初果，并不像以前那样准备屈服。
For a long time the fighting was hand to hand.
很长一段时间里，双方都是肉搏战。
The men even hurled big rocks at each other, grappled together in each other's arms and fought with knives and teeth.
这些人甚至互相投掷大石块，互相扭打，用刀和牙齿打斗。
But finally some of the Austrians broke and scattered and presently all of them fled.
但最后一些奥地利人溃散，不久就全部逃跑了。
Their trenches and ground on both sides of them, however, were covered with dead, Serbians and Austrians promiscuously mingling together.
然而，他们的战壕和两侧的地面上都布满了尸体，塞尔维亚人和奥地利人混杂在一起。
So complete was the Serbian victory that their troops were now able to advance and form a new line from Shanatz to Brodjanska Glavitza, with the cavalry patrolling clear down to the Drina at Liubovia.
塞尔维亚的胜利如此彻底，以至于他们的部队现在能够前进并形成从沙纳茨到布罗德扬斯卡格拉维察的新战线，而骑兵则一直巡逻到柳博维亚的德里纳河。
Further north, however, the Austrians were still in possession of Matchko Kamen (Cat Rock).
然而，再往北，奥地利人仍然拥有 Matchko Kamen（猫岩）。
Here the fighting had been most terrific, the heights having been taken and retaken no less than eight times.
这里的战斗最为惨烈，攻占和夺回高地的次数不下八次。
This position dominated all the country around within artillery range.
这个阵地在炮兵射程内主宰了整个国家。
By taking this strategic point the Serbians would have had complete possession of a chain of heights which begin with Guchevo on the north, and would have constituted a natural frontier which could have been held with a minimum force of troops and expenditure of ammunition.
通过占领这一战略要地，塞尔维亚人将完全拥有从北部古切沃开始的一系列高地，并构成一条自然边界，可以用最少的兵力和弹药消耗来守卫。
But this move was not carried out.
但这一举措并未实施。
Both sides were literally tired out.
双方都确实疲惫不堪。
The Serbians were unable to advance any farther, while the Austrians were content with not being driven back any farther.
塞尔维亚人无法再前进，而奥地利人则满足于没有被进一步击退。
They were, also, no doubt worried by the fact that down in the southern section the Serbians had succeeded in not only driving the Austrians across the river, but had even advanced some distance into the Bosnian hills.
毫无疑问，他们也担心这样一个事实：在南部地区，塞尔维亚人不仅成功地将奥地利人赶过河，而且还向波斯尼亚山区推进了一段距离。
CHAPTER LIV
第四章
END OF SECOND INVASION--BEGINNING OF THIRD
第二次入侵结束——第三次入侵开始
Thus the second Austrian invasion was checked.
这样奥地利的第二次入侵就被阻止了。
The strategy was, perhaps, not so spectacular as in the first invasion, but the losses to both sides had been much heavier.
这次战略也许没有第一次入侵那么壮观，但双方的损失都严重得多。
In killed, wounded and prisoners the Austrians lost fully 30,000 of their men.
奥地利人阵亡、受伤和被俘，总共损失了三万名士兵。
There now followed a situation somewhat similar to that up in northern France; both sides were deeply intrenched and in some parts faced each other over only a few yards of neutral ground.
接下来的情况与法国北部的情况有些相似。双方都有很深的工事，并且在某些地方仅隔着几码的中立地对峙。
Again and again the Austrians delivered attacks, attempting to break through the Serbian positions.
奥地利人一次又一次发起进攻，试图突破塞尔维亚阵地。
All the arts of trench warfare were employed by the Austrians to overcome the Serbian resistance, but the Serbian engineers showed themselves at least their equals in such maneuvers.
奥地利人使用了所有堑壕战的技巧来克服塞尔维亚人的抵抗，但塞尔维亚工程师在这种演习中至少表现出了他们的实力。
At one time they successfully mined over a hundred yards of Austrian trenches and blew 250 of its defenders into the air.
他们一度成功地在奥地利一百多码的战壕中布雷，并将 250 名守军炸飞。
As for the Serbians, their attempts to break through the Austrian positions were fatally hampered by a shortage of ammunition.
至于塞尔维亚人，他们突破奥地利阵地的尝试因弹药短缺而受到致命的阻碍。
At one point they did, in fact, succeed in breaking through and then suddenly the ammunition supply came to an end and the Serbians had to retire again, leaving the Austrians to return to the trenches from which they had just been ejected.
事实上，他们一度成功突破，然后突然弹药供应终止，塞尔维亚人不得不再次撤退，留下奥地利人回到他们刚刚被驱逐的战壕。
Up in the northwest the Austrians also held a narrow strip of Serbian territory, along the Drina from Kuriachista up, but with this small exception they were confined to their side of the river until the triangular tract in the northeast of the Matchva Plain was reached, previously mentioned.
在西北部，奥地利人还控制着一条狭长的塞尔维亚领土，沿着德里纳河从库里亚奇斯塔向上，但除了这个小例外，他们被限制在河边，直到到达前面提到的马奇瓦平原东北部的三角地带。
Along the Save from Parashnitza to Shabatz they had also attempted a southward movement, where they were supported by five river monitors.
沿着从帕拉什尼察到沙巴茨的萨维河，他们还尝试向南移动，在那里他们得到了五名河流监察员的支持。
During the period of comparatively little activity which now followed the Serbians were much worried by these monitors, which patrolled up and down the river at night, throwing their searchlights on and exposing the Serbian trenches.
在随后的活动相对较少的时期，塞尔维亚人对这些监视器非常担心，它们在夜间沿河巡逻，将探照灯投向并暴露塞尔维亚战壕。
Then, too, they could hurl bombs into the Serbian positions with almost absolute impunity, for whenever the Serbian shells struck the heavy armor of these river fortresses they rolled off harmlessly.
然后，他们还可以向塞尔维亚阵地投掷炸弹而几乎完全不受惩罚，因为每当塞尔维亚炮弹击中这些河流堡垒的重型装甲时，它们就会无害地滚落。
On the night of October 22, 1914, the Serbians sent some mines floating down the river, one of which struck a monitor and sank it in deep water.
1914年10月22日晚，塞尔维亚人向河中投放了一些漂流水雷，其中一枚击中了一艘巨炮，使其沉入深水中。
For nearly six weeks through November, 1914, this deadlock continued.
截至 1914 年 11 月，这种僵局持续了近六周。
But during all this time, the Austrian General Staff was quietly preparing for another grand drive through Serbia.
但在这段时间里，奥地利总参谋部一直在悄悄地准备再次穿越塞尔维亚。
It was then that the 150,000 reserve, previously mentioned, was assigned to General Potiorek's disposal, while his first line was also materially strengthened.
就在那时，前面提到的15万预备队被分配给波蒂奥雷克将军处置，而他的第一线也得到了实质性加强。
Nor did the third invasion begin with any dramatic effort.
第三次入侵也不是以任何戏剧性的努力开始的。
The pressure was applied gradually, little by little, until the Serbs were finally face to face with the necessity of shortening their lines, if they were not to be broken through.
压力是逐渐地、一点一点地施加的，直到塞尔维亚人最终面对必须缩短战线的情况，如果他们不想被突破的话。
Other causes besides the increasing pressure from the Austrians contributed to the general causes.
除了奥地利人日益增加的压力之外，还有其他原因促成了总体原因。
Winter was coming on in earnest now.
现在冬天已经真正来临了。
The low bottom lands in the Matchva Plain were becoming waterlogged; it was impossible to keep the trenches from filling.
玛奇瓦平原的低洼地正在被水淹没。想要阻止战壕被填平是不可能的。
The Serbians had, in the first place, made a mistake in attempting to hold these Matchva levels.
首先，塞尔维亚人在试图保持匹配的水平上就犯了一个错误。
On such battle grounds, the Magyars, from their own level plains, were too nearly their equals.
在这样的战场上，来自同一平原的马扎尔人几乎是旗鼓相当。
On level ground, too, the defenders have less the advantage, unless they are in equal number, and the Serbians were everywhere in smaller number.
在平地上，防守者的优势也较小，除非他们人数相等，而塞尔维亚人到处都是人数较少。
This inferiority, too, made it less possible for the Serbian soldiers to obtain periods of rest away from the constant vigilance necessary in the first line trenches.
这种劣势也使得塞尔维亚士兵更不可能在第一线战壕中保持警惕的情况下获得休息时间。
The result was that they were under a more severe strain.
结果是他们承受了更严重的压力。
They were subjected to all the drawbacks of trench warfare at its worst, without the respite that is usually accorded to men under these conditions on other fronts.
他们遭受了堑壕战最严重的所有弊端，而没有像其他战线上的士兵那样得到喘息的机会。
The nerve-racking strain thus imposed became finally more than ordinary human beings could endure.
由此带来的神经紧张最终超出了普通人所能承受的范围。
Small wonder that the correspondents with the Serbian army reported many cases of insanity among the men in the trenches.
难怪塞尔维亚军队的记者报道了许多战壕里的士兵精神错乱的案例。
Finally the order came to withdraw from the Matchva Plain, to the foothills of the Tzer Mountains and the heights along the right bank of the Dobrava River.
最后，命令下达，从马奇瓦平原撤退到策尔山脉的山麓和多布拉瓦河右岸的高地。
This retreat, made in the face of no specially strong attack, did not a little to depress the Serbian rank and file.
这次撤退，是在没有特别强大的进攻的情况下进行的，并没有让塞尔维亚普通士兵感到沮丧。
It was beginning to feel that its strength was sapping away.
它开始感觉到自己的力量正在消失。
It was soon obvious that a more general retirement would now become necessary.
很快人们就发现，现在有必要进行更全面的退休。
Complete command of the Tzer Mountains could not be attained without the expenditure of more energy and ammunition than the Serbians could afford at this time.
如果不消耗超出塞尔维亚人目前承受能力的能源和弹药，就无法完全控制策尔山脉。
So a general withdrawal was ordered, along the whole line.
于是下令全线撤军。
The Austrians, many of them fresh troops, unused to defeat, followed up in the footsteps of the retreating Serbians with enthusiastic vigor, from Shabatz to Liubovia.
奥地利人，其中许多是生力军，没有经历过失败，他们以热情的活力追随撤退的塞尔维亚人的脚步，从沙巴茨到柳博维亚。
And presently Valievo, the railroad terminus and the first objective of the Austrians, became untenable.
目前，瓦列沃这个铁路终点站和奥地利人的首要目标已经站不住脚了。
On November 11, 1914, the Serbians were compelled to evacuate this city.
1914年11月11日，塞尔维亚人被迫撤离这座城市。
Its capture was the first step in the progress of the Austrians toward Kragujevatz, Nish and a junction with the Turks near Constantinople.
占领它是奥地利人向克拉古耶瓦茨、尼什以及君士坦丁堡附近与土耳其人交汇的方向迈出的第一步。
Still, as later events will show, the Serbians were by no means the beaten rabble described by the Vienna press.
不过，正如后来的事件将表明的那样，塞尔维亚人绝不是维也纳媒体所描述的被打败的乌合之众。
The score or more of cannon which the Serbians were compelled to abandon on account of the bad condition of the mountain roads were hailed as evidence of a hardly won campaign, and the stragglers captured were accepted as signs of a demoralization which had as yet not set in.
由于山路条件恶劣，塞尔维亚人被迫放弃的二十门或更多大炮被认为是一场来之不易的战役的证据，而被俘虏的掉队者被认为是尚未开始的士气低落的迹象。
On the other hand, whether this first success was real or not, it did serve to inspire the Austrian troops with an enthusiasm which they had hitherto not possessed.
另一方面，无论这第一次成功是否真实，它确实激发了奥地利军队前所未有的热情。
The Serbians had not yet been driven back on the line along which they had originally intended to make their first stand against the invaders.
塞尔维亚人还没有被赶回到他们最初打算对抗入侵者的第一线。
During the period between the first mobilization and the beginning of the first invasion on August 12, 1914, what are referred to as the Kolubara and Lyg positions had been strongly intrenched.
从第一次动员到 1914 年 8 月 12 日第一次入侵开始期间，所谓的 Kolubara 和 Lyg 阵地已经被牢固地巩固起来。
But it had not proven necessary to fall back on these positions; the Austrians had been driven back at once.
但事实证明没有必要依靠这些立场；奥地利人立即被击退。
But now, after the fall of Valievo, the Serbians decided to make no further resistance to the Austrian advance until this line was reached.
但现在，瓦列沃陷落后，塞尔维亚人决定在到达这条防线之前不再对奥地利的进攻进行进一步的抵抗。
The Kolubara River itself is not of sufficient width to hold back an advancing army long, but in places its banks rise so high and steep that it serves very much the same purpose as a moat before a castle.
科卢巴拉河本身的宽度不足以阻挡一支前进的军队，但在某些地方，河岸又高又陡，其作用与城堡前的护城河非常相似。
In such places comparatively few men could hold back a large number of the enemy.
在这些地方，相对较少的人就能抵挡大量的敌人。
A little south of Lazarevatz the line of intrenchments left the Kolubara and followed the Lyg River, where the country was even more rugged.
在拉扎勒瓦茨以南不远的地方，堑壕线离开了科卢巴拉河，沿着利格河而行，那里的地形更加崎岖。
From the source of the Lyg the Serbians had fortified the Jeljak and Maljen ridges, which control practically all the roads leading to Kragujevatz and, proceeding in a southwesterly direction, they threw up earthworks on the Bukovi, Varda, Jelova, Bukovic, Miloshevatz and Leska Gora ranges, which defended an advance toward the Western Morava Valley.
从利格河源头开始，塞尔维亚人加固了耶利亚克和马连山脊，这些山脊几乎控制了通往克拉古耶瓦茨的所有道路，并向西南方向前进，他们在布科维、瓦尔达、耶洛瓦、布科维奇、米洛舍瓦茨和莱斯卡戈拉山脉上修建了土方工程，保卫了向西摩拉瓦山谷的前进。
CHAPTER LV
第五章
PRELIMINARY AUSTRIAN SUCCESSES
奥地利的初步成功
It was along this line that in November, 1914, the Serbians determined the decisive battle of the campaign should be fought.
正是沿着这条路线，1914年11月，塞尔维亚人决定打这场战役的决战。
At Obrenovatz was stationed a strong brigade, known as the "Detachment of Obrenovatz." Further south, at Konatiche, on the Kolubara River, the cavalry division cooperated with the Second Army, which held the line from Volujak to Cooka and the ridges farther to the left.
在奥布伦诺瓦茨驻扎着一个强大的旅，被称为“奥布伦诺瓦茨支队”。再往南，在科卢巴拉河畔的科纳蒂切，骑兵师与第二集团军合作，守卫着从沃卢雅克到库卡的防线以及更左边的山脊。
The Third Army occupied the right bank of the Lyg River from Barzilovitza to Ivanovchi.
第三集团军占领了从巴尔齐洛维察到伊万诺夫奇的利格河右岸。
The First Army stretched itself out from Gukoshi to Ruda and along the Jeljak ridges to Maljen.
第1集团军从古科希延伸至鲁达，并沿着日惹山脊延伸至马连。
And finally the "Army of Uzitsha," which had fought so brilliantly before in the southern section and penetrated into Bosnia, was assigned the protection of the base at Uzitsha and the Western Morava; it intrenched itself from a point southwest of Yasenovatz, through Prishedo, along the Jelova crests, after which it crossed over to the heights of the Leska Gora to Shanatz.
最后，之前在南部作战并深入波斯尼亚的“乌济察军”，被指派保护乌济察基地和摩拉瓦西部；它从亚塞诺瓦茨西南的一点开始，穿过普里什多，沿着耶洛瓦山峰，然后越过莱斯卡戈拉的高地，到达沙纳茨。
This new line, much shorter than that previously held, enabled the Serbians to contract.
这条新防线比以前的防线短得多，使塞尔维亚人能够收缩。
Moreover, all the country was favorable to defense.
而且，全国都赞成防御。
Nowhere was it so screened that an approaching enemy could surprise them.
没有任何地方的屏障如此严密，以至于接近的敌人都无法让他们感到惊讶。
Here, certainly, one defender was equal to two invaders.
当然，在这里，一名防守者就等于两名入侵者。
Apparently the Austrian commanders realized that they had genuine obstacles to overcome, for they did not proceed with any impetuous haste.
显然，奥地利指挥官意识到他们确实有障碍需要克服，因为他们并没有仓促行事。
It was six weeks before they had advanced so far as to come into real contact with the new Serbian line.
六周后，他们才前进到与新的塞尔维亚防线真正接触的程度。
During that interval they had been preparing for this kind of mountain warfare, by bringing up special mountain artillery and men who had had experience in just such a country on the Italian front.
在那段时间里，他们一直在为这种山地战做准备，派出了特殊的山地炮兵和在意大利前线这样一个国家有过经验的人员。
It was mid-November, 1914, before the Austrians were ready to deliver their first assaults.
1914 年 11 月中旬，奥地利人准备发动第一次进攻。
Almost every garrison in the town of Bosnia had been drawn on to swell their numbers and the troops brought up from the Italian front amounted to a whole army corps.
波斯尼亚城里的几乎所有驻军都被抽调来扩充人数，从意大利前线调来的部队达到了一个军团的规模。
All in all, there were about 250 battalions of infantry, in addition to cavalry, artillery and engineer corps.
总共约有250个步兵营，此外还有骑兵、炮兵和工兵部队。
One feature of this third invasion, which had not attended the first and second, was the vast number of refugees who now came fleeing through the Serbian lines.
第三次入侵的一个特点是大量难民通过塞尔维亚防线逃离，而第一次和第二次入侵则没有。
Their ox carts and their flocks blocked the roads, old men and women and children thronged the trails in their mad haste to get away from the advancing Austrians.
他们的牛车和羊群堵塞了道路，老人、妇女和儿童疯狂地挤满了小路，以躲避逼近的奥地利人。
Their reports of the vast numbers of the enemy that they had seen may not have helped to encourage the Serbian soldiers, but, on the other hand, they gave reports, somewhat exaggerated, perhaps, of such hideous atrocities committed by the Magyars that henceforth the Serbians were to fight with an added bitterness and hatred.
他们关于所看到的大量敌人的报告可能无助于鼓励塞尔维亚士兵，但另一方面，他们报告了马扎尔人犯下的如此可怕的暴行，也许有些夸大，从此塞尔维亚人将在战斗中更加痛苦和仇恨。
Allowing for a certain amount of exaggeration, there still seems to be solid foundation for the reports of atrocities committed by the Austrians in Serbia.
考虑到一定程度的夸大，关于奥地利人在塞尔维亚犯下暴行的报道似乎仍然有坚实的基础。
But this seems to be a circumstance inseparable from any war.
但这似乎是与任何战争都离不开的情况。
And, naturally, the invaders are necessarily always the guilty ones.
当然，入侵者必然总是有罪的。
The Serbians did not commit atrocities for the very simple reason that they never had the opportunity to come in among the enemy's villages.
塞尔维亚人没有犯下暴行，原因很简单，他们从来没有机会进入敌人的村庄。
Had they invaded the Hungarian plains there would undoubtedly have been atrocities committed on both sides.
如果他们入侵匈牙利平原，双方无疑都会犯下暴行。
An army like the Austrian, composed of so many different nationalities and races, would naturally be more susceptible to such excesses.
像奥地利这样由众多不同民族和种族组成的军队，自然更容易受到这种过度行为的影响。
Whatever their reasons for waiting so long before their next general attack, the Austrians had, at any rate, played into the hands of their enemy to the extent that they had allowed him to accumulate a plentiful supply of ammunition.
无论出于什么原因，奥地利人在下一次总进攻之前等待了这么久，无论如何，他们已经中了敌人的下怀，让他们积累了充足的弹药。
Moreover, more was coming, sent by the Allies and this had a cheering effect on the men.
此外，盟军还派出了更多的人来，这给人们带来了欢呼的效果。
On the morning of November 15, 1914, the Austrians began their first attack.
1914年11月15日早晨，奥地利人开始了第一次进攻。
It developed principally against the Second Army, south of Lazarevatz, and against the Uzitsha detachment in the direction of Kosjerichi.
它主要针对拉扎勒瓦茨以南的第二集团军以及科斯耶里奇方向的乌兹查分遣队。
For five days the Austrians sent successive waves dashing against the Serbian walls, but each was repelled, hurled back, with comparatively little effort.
五天来，奥地利人连续几波猛烈冲击塞尔维亚城墙，但每一波都被击退，被击退，相对而言，力量相对较小。
How determined the Austrians were may be judged from the fact that the Serbians now took more prisoners than they had during all the previous operations.
奥地利人的决心有多大，可以从塞尔维亚人现在俘获的俘虏比之前所有行动中俘虏的数量还要多这一事实来判断。
Meanwhile the Austrians were also making a determined effort to take Belgrade; an effort, as will be described later, which was also to have an initial success.
与此同时，奥地利人也决心夺取贝尔格莱德。正如稍后将要描述的，这一努力也取得了初步成功。
But, considering the unfamiliarity of even the best informed with the Serbian country, it will, perhaps, be wiser to take each theatre by itself.
但是，考虑到即使是最了解塞尔维亚国家的人也不熟悉，单独占领每个剧院也许会更明智。
The operations before Belgrade, anyhow, were not closely connected with those in the interior of the country.
无论如何，贝尔格莱德之前的行动与该国内地的行动并没有密切联系。
It seemed as though during those first five days of fighting the Austrians were merely testing the relative strength of the various sections of the Serbian line.
在战斗的头五天里，奥地利人似乎只是在测试塞尔维亚防线各部分的相对实力。
On November 20, 1914, a powerful force of Austrians advanced and took possession of Milovatz, in close contact with the right flank of the First Army.
1914 年 11 月 20 日，一支强大的奥地利军队挺进并占领了米洛瓦茨，与第一集团军的右翼密切接触。
Another column drove at its center at Ruda and successfully stormed the heights of Strazhara.
另一支纵队从鲁达的中心出发，成功攻占了斯特拉扎拉的高地。
The next day these movements developed into a mighty assault on the Serbian positions in this section.
第二天，这些行动发展成为对该地区塞尔维亚阵地的猛烈攻击。
All day the Serbians held their ground, but toward evening the center weakened, then caved in, collapsed.
一整天，塞尔维亚人都坚守阵地，但到了晚上，中军的力量就减弱了，然后垮塌了。
The result was that the whole First Army was beaten back with heavy loss, until it was finally able to make another stand along the line from Babina Glava to Rajac.
结果是，整个第一集团军被击退，损失惨重，直到它终于能够沿着巴比纳格拉瓦到拉贾克的战线再次坚守。
The fire of the renewed attack flared up and down the front.
新一轮攻击的火力在前线上下燃烧。
The Third Army of the Serbians succeeded in holding its ground.
塞尔维亚第三集团军成功坚守阵地。
Between the Uzitsha detachment and the Austrians the fighting was especially bloody, but neither side gained any distinct advantage.
乌兹查分队和奥地利人之间的战斗尤其血腥，但双方都没有获得任何明显的优势。
But the retirement of the First Army from its strong position from Ruda to Gukoshi was disastrous, not only from a purely military aspect, but also in that it sent a wave of depression up and down the whole line of Serbians.
但是，第一集团军从鲁达到古科希的强势地位的退出是灾难性的，不仅从纯粹的军事方面来看，而且还因为它给塞尔维亚人的全线上下带来了一股沮丧的浪潮。
This loss might be retrieved by an effective artillery support, but again the Serbians were feeling a shortage of ammunition.
这一损失可能会通过有效的炮兵支援来弥补，但塞尔维亚人再次感到弹药短缺。
Armed Bulgarian bands entering Serbia from Bulgaria had finally succeeded in interrupting railroad traffic, and the supply of ammunition had been abruptly broken off.
从保加利亚进入塞尔维亚的保加利亚武装团伙终于成功地中断了铁路交通，弹药供应也突然中断。
Fortunately for the Serbians, the Austrians showed their usual disinclination of following up their success immediately.
对于塞尔维亚人来说幸运的是，奥地利人表现出了他们通常不愿意立即跟进他们的成功的态度。
Their center rested while their mountain brigades delivered a rather feeble attack on the Serbian extreme left, on the line from Varda to Gruda.
他们的中锋在休息，而他们的山地旅则对塞尔维亚极左翼（从瓦尔达到格鲁达的防线）发动了相当微弱的攻击。
It was November 24, 1914, before the Austrians came on in force again.
那是 1914 年 11 月 24 日，奥地利军队再次进攻。
This time the Second Serbian Army was forced back; to a line running from Galvitza to Smyrdlykovatz and the heights of Cooka were taken.
这一次，塞尔维亚第二集团军被迫撤退；到从加尔维察到斯米尔德利科瓦茨的线路，并拍摄了库卡的高度。
The Uzitsha army was also forced to retire, on to the Goinjagora Mountains, at the head of the Western Morava Valley.
乌兹查军队也被迫撤退到西摩拉瓦山谷顶端的戈因贾戈拉山脉。
The Austrians now also attempted to outflank the extreme left of the Serbian line.
奥地利人现在还试图包抄塞尔维亚战线的最左端。
With this object in view they shot their mountain brigades down along their right, until the threatened Serbian flank was compelled to swing back to protect itself from an enveloping movement.
考虑到这一目标，他们向右侧的山地旅射击，直到受到威胁的塞尔维亚侧翼被迫向后摆动以保护自己免受包围运动的影响。
Finally, on November 28, 1914, the Uzitsha Army was able to make a determined stand along the heights from Kita to Markovitza.
最终，1914 年 11 月 28 日，乌兹查军得以沿着基塔至马尔科维察的高地坚守。
In the south the Serbians had suffered a serious setback.
在南部，塞尔维亚人遭受了严重挫折。
Counterattacks were of little avail.
反击收效甚微。
How desperately the Serbians resisted may be judged from the fact during one of their counterattacks, made at Salinatz, they took prisoner seven officers and 1,580 men.
塞尔维亚人的抵抗有多么拼命，可以从他们在萨利纳茨发起的一次反击中俘获七名军官和一千五百八十名士兵的事实来判断。
In general, however, they were forced back, step by step.
但总的来说，他们是一步步被迫后退的。
One by one, each succeeding ridge fell into the hands of the invaders.
一个接一个的山脊都落入了入侵者的手中。
And finally the dominating ridges of the Suvobor Mountains were in complete possession of the Austrians.
最后，苏沃博尔山脉的主要山脊完全落入奥地利人手中。
In the north the Serbians had made a better showing.
在北部，塞尔维亚人表现更好。
Along the Kolubara River the fighting had been especially heavy.
科卢巴拉河沿岸的战斗尤其激烈。
One Austrian division had even succeeded in penetrating as far as Progon, on November 24, 1914, but it was finally driven back by the cavalry division with heavy loss.
1914年11月24日，奥地利的一个师甚至成功渗透到普罗贡，但最终被骑兵师击退，损失惨重。
The result of this stage of the fighting was that the Serbians had again been compelled to lengthen their lines; their front now extended from Tchatchak to Belgrade, almost seventy miles.
这一阶段战斗的结果是塞尔维亚人再次被迫拉长战线。他们的战线现在从查恰克延伸到贝尔格莱德，几乎七十英里。
CHAPTER LVI
第六章
CRISIS OF THE CAMPAIGN--AUSTRIAN DEFEAT
战役的危机——奥地利的失败
We have now arrived at the critical point, not only of the third Austrian invasion, but of all the military operations in the Serbian theatre.
我们现在已经到了关键时刻，不仅是奥地利第三次入侵的关键时刻，而且是塞尔维亚战区所有军事行动的关键时刻。
If the Austrians should now again be driven back, it would be practically impossible for them to make another invasion unaided, at least so long as they were engaged with Russia.
如果奥地利人现在再次被击退，那么他们几乎不可能在没有援助的情况下再次入侵，至少在他们与俄罗斯交战的情况下是这样。
And, on the other hand, if the Serbians lost now, the whole country was lost.
另一方面，如果塞尔维亚人现在输了，那么整个国家就都输了。
The climax was at hand.
高潮即将到来。
For this reason it may be well to define again the position and the strength of the two opposing lines.
因此，最好重新定义两条相对线的位置和强度。
On November 28, 1914, the Serbian units were disposed as follows: The Second Army, from Vechani to Vagan; the Third Army, from Kalanjevchi to Kelja; the First Army, from Silopaj to Galich; the Uzitsha Army, from Kita to Markovitza.
1914年11月28日，塞尔维亚部队的部署如下：第二集团军，从韦恰尼到瓦甘；第三集团军，从卡兰涅夫奇到凯尔贾；第一集团军，从西洛帕杰到加利奇；乌兹查军，从基塔到马尔科维察。
The Austrians had four mountain brigades in the direction of the Western Morava Valley; about one and a half army corps on the road along Valievo to Milanovatz; an entire corps against Lazarevatz and two corps moving eastward against the Serbian line from Belgrade to Mladenovatz.
奥地利人在西摩拉瓦山谷方向有四个山地旅；大约一个半军团在沿瓦列沃通往米兰诺瓦茨的道路上；整个军对抗拉扎勒瓦茨，两个军向东进攻从贝尔格莱德到姆拉德诺瓦茨的塞尔维亚防线。
On the night of November 29, 1914, to shorten this long line the Serbians decided to withdraw from Belgrade.
1914 年 11 月 29 日晚，为了缩短这条长线，塞尔维亚人决定从贝尔格莱德撤军。
A redistribution of the Serbian forces was then made as follows: the troops from the Kolubara retired to the heights about Sibnitza and the Belgrade detachment was thrown astride the Belgrade-Nish Railroad along the summits of Varoonitza in the east and Kosmai in the west.
随后，塞尔维亚军队的重新分配如下：科卢巴拉的部队撤退到锡布尼察附近的高地，贝尔格莱德分遣队则沿着东边的瓦鲁尼察山峰和西边的科斯迈山峰跨过贝尔格莱德-尼什铁路。
Elsewhere the positions remained practically the same as before.
其他地方的立场几乎与以前相同。
Apparently General Putnik felt that the retreat of the First Army, which had caused the general retirement of the Serbian front, had not been absolutely necessary, for the commander of that force was now relieved and in his place was appointed General Mishitch, a member of the General Staff.
显然，普特尼克将军认为，导致塞尔维亚前线全面退役的第一集团军的撤退并不是绝对必要的，因为该部队的指挥官现在已被解职，并被任命为总参谋部成员米什奇将军。
How wise this change was may be judged from the later behavior of the First Army, which was destined yet to retrieve itself.
这一转变是多么明智，可以从注定无法挽回的第一军后来的表现来看。
To the trained military observer, the strategic plan of the Austrians would by this time have become apparent.
对于训练有素的军事观察员来说，奥地利人的战略计划此时已经显而易见。
With the Suvobor Mountains as a central pivot, they had strengthened their wings and attempted to swing around in the north by Mladenovatz and south down the Western Morava Valley.
他们以苏沃博尔山脉为中心支点，强化了翼翼，试图向北绕着姆拉德诺瓦茨转，向南绕西摩拉瓦河谷。
Had this movement been safely accomplished the mass of the Serbian army, together with their arsenal at Kragujevatz, would have been rounded up, after which the new Serbian capital, Nish, would have followed easily and Serbia would have been completely in Austrian hands.
如果这次行动安全地完成，塞尔维亚军队的大部分连同他们在克拉古耶瓦茨的军火库将被围捕，之后塞尔维亚新首都尼什将很容易跟随，塞尔维亚将完全落入奥地利手中。
On December 2, 1914, this was the plan which the Austrians were putting into execution, in rather a leisurely way, when the Serbians, having drawn in their breath for a final effort, began their great counterattack.
1914年12月2日，奥地利人正在以一种相当悠闲的方式执行这个计划，而塞尔维亚人则屏息以待最后的努力，开始了伟大的反击。
Nor can there be any doubt that the Austrians were completely surprised by this sudden renewal of the Serbian strength.
毫无疑问，奥地利人对塞尔维亚实力的突然恢复感到非常惊讶。
It is only necessary to read the press dispatches from Vienna, issued during the few days previous, to be convinced that General Potiorek had reported the Serbians as completely defeated.
只需要阅读几天前从维也纳发出的新闻报道，就可以确信波蒂奥雷克将军报告的塞尔维亚人已被彻底击败。
Not only the Austrians, but the whole world was surprised by the startling change that now took place in the Serbian theatre.
不仅奥地利人，全世界都对塞尔维亚剧院现在发生的惊人变化感到惊讶。
Under the command of General Mishitch, the First Army hurled itself against Suvobor and, after a bloody three days' struggle, took the heights and pushed in the Austrian center, driving its forces in this section in a disorganized flight toward Valievo.
在米什奇将军的指挥下，第一集团军向苏沃博尔发起进攻，经过三天的血腥战斗，占领了高地并向奥地利中部推进，迫使该地区的部队向瓦列沃溃逃。
The days that ended the first invasion were renewed.
第一次入侵结束的日子又重新开始了。
Nor was this flight a mere sudden panic; it had, in fact, risen in a crescendo, from a small beginning, until it developed into a veritable débâcle.
这次逃亡也不仅仅是突然的恐慌；事实上，它从小事开始，一路渐强，直至发展成为名副其实的灾难。
At first the Austrians had attempted an orderly withdrawal, as testified by their effort to take with them all their heavy artillery.
起初，奥地利人试图有序撤退，他们努力带走所有重型火炮就证明了这一点。
The scene that occurred near Gorni Toplitza will serve to illustrate the whole retreat.
上托普利扎附近发生的场景将成为整个撤退的例证。
Here, where the road winds around a commanding bluff, which overlooks a valley, the Austrians had planted a battery of field guns, right on the edge of the cliff.
在这里，道路蜿蜒绕过俯瞰山谷的悬崖，奥地利人在悬崖边缘安置了一组野战炮。
In the road leading up to this height were placed a score of ammunition wagons from which little two-wheeled carts were employed to carry the ammunition up to the guns.
通往这个高度的道路上放置了二十辆弹药车，用两轮小车将弹药运到炮台上。
Deployed on the flank of this position, the Serbian gunners had suddenly covered it with a terrible enfilading fire and men, horses, carts, and wagons lay in a mangled heap.
部署在这个阵地侧翼的塞尔维亚炮手突然用可怕的扫射火力将其覆盖，人、马、车和马车都成了一堆残破不堪的东西。
There were dead horses in the shafts of the carts, whose bridles were still clutched by the hands of dead men.
车辕里有死马，死人的手还抓着马缰绳。
Some few had tried to escape the avalanche of flying steel and as they ran they hurled from them caps, ammunition, haversacks and rifles only to be raked down before they could reach the shelter of a neighboring ravine.
一些人试图逃离飞来的钢铁雪崩，当他们逃跑时，他们从身上扔出帽子、弹药、背包和步枪，结果在他们到达附近峡谷的避难所之前就被扫倒了。
And this was merely one little corner of the general scene.
而这只是整个场景中的一个小角落。
All along the road to Valievo the ground was strewn with material, even to the rations of the soldiers, jolted out of the knapsacks as they were cast down by their fleeing owners.
通往瓦列沃的路上，地上到处都是物资，甚至连士兵的口粮也是如此，这些物资是在被逃跑的主人扔下时从背包里翻出来的。
During that first day of fighting the First Army captured twelve officers, 1,500 men, five mountain howitzers and four machine guns, then advanced, until by nightfall it was able to take up a position along a line from Kostuniche to Vranovicha.
在第一天的战斗中，第一集团军俘获了 12 名军官、1,500 名士兵、5 门山地榴弹炮和 4 挺机枪，然后继续前进，直到夜幕降临时才占据了从科什图尼切到弗拉诺维奇的一线阵地。
During this time the Uzitsha Army was fiercely attacked in its position on both sides of the Western Morava Valley, but it succeeded in driving back the assaults.
在此期间，乌兹查军在西摩拉瓦河谷两侧的阵地遭到猛烈攻击，但成功击退了进攻。
The Third Army had also advanced slowly toward Lipet, taking over 500 prisoners and two machine guns.
第三集团军也缓慢地向利佩特推进，俘虏了500多名俘虏和两挺机枪。
The Second Army met desperate opposition, but finally began surging ahead and soon sent in its share of captured war material and prisoners.
第二军遭到了绝望的抵抗，但最终开始奋勇前进，很快就送来了自己缴获的战争物资和俘虏。
In the north an important force of the Austrians was making toward Belgrade, to lead a triumphal entry.
在北方，奥地利人的一支重要力量正在向贝尔格莱德进发，以率领凯旋而入。
Reconnoitering parties, sent out from the flank of this body, were seen in the direction of Slatina and Popovitch.
从这支部队的侧翼出发，侦察队朝着斯拉蒂娜和波波维奇的方向前进。
The decided successes of this first day's fighting acted as a powerful stimulant on the previously depressed Serbian rank and file, though they still realized that there was many a hard fought attack to be driven into the vitals of the ponderous body of the enemy before he could be finally hurled back across the frontier.
第一天战斗的决定性胜利，对先前情绪低落的塞尔维亚士兵来说是一剂强效兴奋剂，尽管他们仍然意识到，在敌人最终被赶回边境之前，还需要进行多次艰苦的进攻才能击中敌人笨重身体的要害。
The Austrians still remained in possession of mountain positions of great natural strength, which could only be taken at the point of the bayonet.
奥地利人仍然拥有自然力量强大的山地阵地，这些阵地只能用刺刀攻克。
But the Serbians had recovered their _morale_; again they were fighting with that energy and vigor which had characterized their assaults during the first and second invasions.
但塞尔维亚人已经恢复了士气；他们再次以第一次和第二次入侵时所表现出的精力和活力进行战斗。
And they were amply rewarded.
他们也得到了丰厚的回报。
By December 5, 1914, the First Army had retaken the dominating heights of the Suvobor Mountains and the summit of Rajatz.
1914 年 12 月 5 日，第一集团军重新夺回了苏沃博尔山脉的制高点和拉贾兹山顶。
The Third Army, after buckling back a stubborn resistance, advanced as far as Vrlaja during the day.
第三集团军在击退了顽强的抵抗后，于白天挺进至弗拉贾。
During that same night the Austrians were driven from Lipet, leaving 2,000 of their own number behind as prisoners.
当晚，奥地利人被赶出利佩特，留下 2,000 名奥地利人作为俘虏。
The Second Army, on its part, had pushed steadily on and by night it reached Kremenitza and Barosnevatz.
第二集团军则稳步推进，夜间到达克雷梅尼察和巴罗斯涅瓦茨。
The Uzitsha Army, opposed by greater numbers, was unable to participate in the general forward movement, but, on the other hand, it held its own during the day's fighting.
乌兹查军遭到更多人的反对，无法参加总体前进运动，但另一方面，它在当天的战斗中坚守住了自己的阵地。
During that night it hurled itself at the enemy, and by morning he was retreating toward Zelenibreg.
那天晚上，它向敌人猛扑，到了早上，敌人就向泽伦尼布雷格撤退了。
There was now no longer any doubt that the chances of success for this third invasion of Serbia were beginning to assume very slender proportions.
现在，毫无疑问，第三次入侵塞尔维亚的成功机会开始变得非常渺茫。
The three army corps in the Austrian center and right had been completely broken and were now retreating in mad, disorganized flight toward Valievo and Rogatitza.
奥地利中部和右翼的三个军团已被彻底击溃，正在疯狂、无组织地向瓦列沃和罗加蒂察撤退。
Even should the Serbians fail to follow up this section of the enemy's forces with full vigor; even should it have a few days for re-forming, the loss of so much war material made such a possibility very difficult.
即使塞尔维亚人未能全力追击这部分敌军；即使有几天的时间来重新组建，但如此多的战争物资的损失使得这种可能性变得非常困难。
There would hardly be time, under any circumstance, to draw fresh supplies from over the frontier before the Serbians could come up with them.
在任何情况下，在塞尔维亚人能够提供新的物资之前，都几乎没有时间从边境获取新的物资。
On December 7, 1914, the Uzitsha Army reached Pozega.
1914 年 12 月 7 日，乌兹查军队抵达波泽加。
The First Army, after storming and taking the heights of Maljen, advanced and formed a line between Maljen and Toplitza.
第1集团军攻占马连高地后，继续前进，在马连和托普利扎之间形成阵线。
The Third Army made a strong push forward and reached the line from Milovatz to Dubovitza, making a great haul of guns and prisoners.
第三集团军强力推进，到达从米洛瓦茨到杜博维察的防线，俘获了大量枪支和战俘。
Only the Second Army failed to make any headway.
只有第二军毫无进展。
Obviously, the Austrian field commander realized that the situation in the center was lost; this would account for his attempted diversion in the north.
显然，奥地利战地指挥官意识到中路的局势已经失势；这就是他试图转向北方的原因。
Here two Austrian corps held their ground successfully and they not only were able to check the advance of the Second Army, but they advanced to an attack against the detachment of Belgrade at Kosmai and Varoonitza.
在这里，两个奥地利军成功坚守阵地，他们不仅能够阻止第二集团军的前进，而且还向科斯迈和瓦鲁尼察的贝尔格莱德分队发起攻击。
On the whole, however, the fortunes of war had, during that day, rested decidedly with the Serbians.
然而，总体而言，在那一天，战争的命运完全掌握在塞尔维亚人手中。
They had captured 29 officers, 6,472 men, 27 field guns, 1 mountain gun, 15 gun carriages, 56 wagons loaded with artillery ammunition and between 500 and 600 ordinary transport wagons.
他们俘获了29名军官、6472名士兵、27门野炮、1门山炮、15辆炮车、56辆装载火炮弹药的货车和500至600辆普通运输车。
Above all, the situation in the south, where it had at first seemed most hopeless, was now retrieved beyond question and the Austrians in that section were fleeing helter-skelter before a lively Serbian advance, led by the Serbian Generals Yourishich and Mishitch.
最重要的是，南方的局势，起初看起来最无望，现在已经毫无疑问地恢复了，在塞尔维亚将军尤里希奇和米希奇率领的塞尔维亚军队猛烈进攻之前，该地区的奥地利人正在仓皇逃离。
The next day, December 8, 1914, began with hard fighting around Uzitsha, but the division here (the Uzitsha detachment), was not to be pressed back on its very own home soil; the Austrian lines wavered, broke, then scattered, the soldiers fleeing for the frontier.
第二天，即 1914 年 12 月 8 日，乌济察周围开始了激烈的战斗，但这里的师（乌济察支队）并没有被逼回到自己的家乡；奥地利人的防线动摇、断裂，然后分散，士兵们逃往边境。
The First Army continued triumphantly, as it had done the day before, advancing and sweeping all in its way before it.
第一军一如既往，继续凯旋，一路前行，横扫一切。
It ended the day by storming and entering Valievo.
它以猛攻并进入瓦列沃结束了这一天。
The Austrians holding Valievo had carefully prepared for its defense, for this town they were reluctant to give up.
占领瓦列沃的奥地利人已经做好了精心的防御准备，他们不愿意放弃这个城镇。
The approach by the main road had been heavily intrenched and the guns were in position.
主干道旁的通道已经构筑了坚固的工事，大炮也已就位。
But the main force of the Serbians circled around in the hills and flanked the position of the Austrians, taking them completely by surprise.
但塞尔维亚人的主力在山上盘旋，从侧翼包围了奥军的阵地，让他们措手不及。
They broke and ran, and while the fugitives hurried off toward Loznitza and Shabatz, a rear guard of Hungarians on the hills to the northwest put up a rather indifferent fight before they, too, fled in mad disorder.
他们逃跑了，当逃亡者匆忙向洛兹尼察和沙巴茨逃去时，西北山上的匈牙利人后卫进行了一场相当冷漠的战斗，然后他们也疯狂地逃跑了。
The last of them were caught by the Serbian artillery and, while running over a stretch of rising ground, over a hundred were shot to pieces by shrapnel.
最后一批人被塞尔维亚炮兵击中，在跑过一段高地时，一百多人被弹片击成碎片。
When the Serbians arrived the ground was literally covered with mangled forms; here and there sat a few wounded.
当塞尔维亚人到达时，地面上布满了残破的尸体。到处坐着一些伤员。
The Third Army likewise shared in the general triumph.
第三集团军同样分享了总体胜利。
It reached the Kolubara, at its junction with the Lyg.
它到达了科卢巴拉河与利格河的交汇处。
Throwing out one of its divisions eastward, it threatened the right flank of the enemy on Cooka, then permitted the Second Army to carry that position.
它向东派遣一个师，威胁库卡敌人的右翼，然后允许第二集团军占领该阵地。
By this movement the Serbians succeeded in driving in a wedge and completely cut off the three beaten and fleeing corps in the south from the two in the north, which were still showing some disposition to hold their ground.
通过这一行动，塞尔维亚人成功地形成了楔子，完全切断了南部三个被击败和逃跑的军团与北部两个仍表现出坚守阵地准备的军团的联系。
The operations in the west and northwest now resolved themselves into a wild, scrambling foot race for the frontier.
西部和西北部的行动现在变成了一场疯狂的、争夺边境的竞逐。
The worst of the fighting was now over; indeed, the Austrians now fought only when cornered.
最激烈的战斗现在已经结束了。事实上，奥地利人现在只有在走投无路的情况下才会战斗。
Most of them were by this time unarmed, thinking of nothing but how to reach the frontier before the first of the pursuing Serbians.
此时，他们中的大多数人都手无寸铁，只想着如何在第一批追击的塞尔维亚人之前到达边境。
Only a powerful literary pen could paint such a picture as was now spread over the land of Serbia.
只有强大的文学之笔才能描绘出如今遍布塞尔维亚大地的这样一幅图画。
Wounded warriors, now resolving themselves into helpless, suffering farmers, simple tillers of the soil, save for the tatters of their blue and gray uniforms which alone indicated what they had been, lay by the roadsides and along mountain trails, abandoned by their comrades.
受伤的战士们现在变成了无助、痛苦的农民，简单的耕地者，除了他们蓝色和灰色制服的破烂，这表明他们曾经是什么样子，躺在路边和山路上，被他们的战友遗弃了。
Others lay mangled, their forms beaten out of all recognition.
其他人则支离破碎，形体被打得面目全非。
Scattered over all, wherever road or trail passed, lay guns and cartridges, sometimes in heaps, where they had been dumped out of the fleeing wagons.
无论道路或小路经过的地方，到处都散落着枪支和弹药筒，有时成堆，它们是从逃跑的马车里倒出来的。
And further on lay the wagons themselves, some thrown over on their sides, where the drivers had cut the traces and continued their flight on the backs of their horses.
更远的地方还躺着马车，有些被翻到了一边，车夫们已经切断了痕迹，骑在马背上继续逃亡。
Later in the day, December 8, 1914, the scenes along the highways took on a different character.
1914 年 12 月 8 日当天晚些时候，高速公路沿线的场景呈现出不同的特征。
The main columns of the pursuing Serbians had passed on, but straggling files of those too tired or too weak to be in the fore of the chase still continued onward.
追击的塞尔维亚人的主力纵队已经过去了，但那些因太累或太虚弱而无法冲在追击前沿的人组成的散队仍在继续前进。
More slowly followed a steady stream of returning refugees, their oxen, in various stages of life and death, yoked up to every conceivable manner of springless vehicle, piled high with odds and ends of furniture and bedding which had been snatched up in the mad hurry of flight.
后面是源源不断地返回的难民，他们的牛，处于生与死的不同阶段，被拴在各种可以想象到的无弹簧车辆上，车上堆满了在疯狂的逃亡过程中被抢走的零碎家具和床上用品。
On top of the bundles lay sick and starving children, wan with want and exposure.
包裹上面躺着生病和饥饿的孩子们，他们因匮乏和暴露而面色苍白。
Beside the wagon walked weary women or old men, urging their animals on with weird cries and curses, returning to the devastated remains of what had once been their homes.
马车旁边走着疲惫的妇女或老人，用奇怪的叫声和咒骂催促着她们的动物，回到曾经是她们家园的破败废墟。
Later still, from opposite directions, came processions of Austrian prisoners, sometimes thousands of them, guarded by a handful of Third Ban Serbian soldiers, still wearing their peasant costumes.
再后来，从相反的方向而来的奥地利囚犯队伍，有时有数千人，由少数第三班塞尔维亚士兵看守，他们仍然穿着农民服装。
Among the prisoners were smooth-faced youths and old men, some in the uniforms of soldiers, or of Landwehr, or Landsturm.
囚犯中有面容光滑的年轻人和老人，有些穿着士兵、兰德韦尔或兰德斯特姆的制服。
All types of that hodge-podge of nationalities and races which the flag of Austria-Hungary represents were there; Germans, Magyars, Croats, Czechs, Moravians, Slovaks, Rumanians, Lithuanians, and Bosnian Musselmans.
奥匈帝国国旗所代表的各种民族和种族的大杂烩都在那里；德国人、马扎尔人、克罗地亚人、捷克人、摩拉维亚人、斯洛伐克人、罗马尼亚人、立陶宛人和波斯尼亚穆塞尔曼人。
In between the convoys straggled men of the Serbian army who had fallen out of the chase by the way, most of them Third Ban men, too advanced in years to keep up the pace set by the younger men.
在车队之间，有一些掉队的塞尔维亚军队，顺便说一句，他们已经脱离了追击，其中大多数是第三班人，他们年纪太大，无法跟上年轻人设定的步伐。
Nowhere moved anything but suffering, bleeding humanity.
除了痛苦、流血的人性之外，没有任何东西可以感动。
On this scene the sun, a glowing disc of copper, finally set, and the struggling figures merged into the deepening dusk, and presently only black, halting shadows were creeping along the dark trails and roads.
在这个场景中，太阳，一个发光的铜盘终于落下，挣扎的人物融入了加深的暮色中，目前只有黑色的、停顿下来的阴影沿着黑暗的小径和道路爬行。
CHAPTER LVII
第四十七章
THE FATE OF BELGRADE
贝尔格莱德的命运
During all this time a separate drama was being enacted in and around Belgrade, the Serbian capital.
在此期间，塞尔维亚首都贝尔格莱德及其周边地区正在上演另一出戏剧。
Unfortified and not especially adapted for defense, except for the breadth of the Danube flowing along its low front, it was the cause of a general, world-wide wonder that it should not have fallen almost immediately into Austrian hands.
没有设防，也没有特别适合防御，除了多瑙河沿着其低洼的河岸流淌的宽度之外，它引起了全世界的普遍好奇，它不会几乎立即落入奥地利人的手中。
Quite aside from military values, the capture of an enemy's capital always makes a strong, moral impression, on both sides.
除了军事价值之外，占领敌方首都总是会给双方留下强烈的道德印象。
Beginning with the early morning of July 29, 1914, when a detachment of Serbian irregulars beat off a river steamer and two troop laden barges which were attempting to approach the shore just below Belgrade, there followed a period during which the citizens of the city had their full share in experiencing the horrors of warfare.
1914 年 7 月 29 日清晨，一支塞尔维亚非正规军击退了一艘试图接近贝尔格莱德下方海岸的内河轮船和两艘满载部队的驳船，从此开始，这座城市的公民充分体验了战争的恐怖。
The booming of heavy siege artillery and the screaming of shells at first startled them, then became so commonplace as barely to attract their attention.
重型攻城炮的轰鸣声和炮弹的轰鸣声先是让他们吓了一跳，后来就变得司空见惯，几乎无法引起他们的注意。
The attacks and counterattacks on mid-river islands became incidents of daily occurrence.
对江中岛屿的攻击和反击成为家常便饭。
Ruined buildings, wrecked houses and dead bodies in the streets became an unmarked portion of their everyday life.
毁坏的建筑物、破烂的房屋和街上的尸体成为他们日常生活中不为人知的一部分。
For the greater part of this period Austrian cannon, planted across the river, poured shell, shrapnel, and incendiary bombs into the city, with intent to batter down its modern buildings and to terrorize the inhabitants.
在这一时期的大部分时间里，奥地利大炮驻扎在河对岸，向这座城市倾泻炮弹、弹片和燃烧弹，意图摧毁其现代建筑并恐吓居民。
Over 700 buildings were struck by bombs, shells, or shrapnel, and of these sixty were the property of the state, including the university, the museum, foreign legations, hospitals, and factories.
超过 700 座建筑物被炸弹、炮弹或弹片击中，其中 60 座建筑物属于国家财产，包括大学、博物馆、外国使馆、医院和工厂。
The foundries, bakeries and all the factories along the Serbian shore of the river were razed to the ground.
沿塞尔维亚河岸的铸造厂、面包店和所有工厂都被夷为平地。
Austrian howitzer shells dropped through the roof of the king's palace and wrecked all of the gorgeous interior.
奥地利榴弹炮的炮弹从国王宫殿的屋顶落下，摧毁了所有华丽的内部装饰。
The university was riddled until the building, with its classrooms, laboratories, library, and workshops, was entirely demolished.
这所大学的建筑及其教室、实验室、图书馆和车间被完全拆除，直到这所大学被彻底拆除。
Even the cellars were destroyed by great shells, which broke down the walls, pierced their way into the very bowels of the earth and there exploded.
就连地窖也被巨大的炮弹摧毁，炮弹击碎了墙壁，刺入地底并爆炸。
As the result of a steady fire to destroy the state bank, one street, running up from the water's edge, was ripped up from curb to curb.
由于一场持续不断的火灾摧毁了国家银行，一条从水边延伸到路边的街道被从一个路边撕毁到另一个路边。
Missiles pierced the wood paving and its concrete foundations by small holes, passed along underground for some distance, then exploded, throwing particles of the roadway to all sides.
导弹在木板铺路和混凝土地基上打出小孔，在地下传播一段距离，然后爆炸，将道路碎片抛向四面八方。
Many of these shells were fired from the Austrian batteries stationed over near Semlin, but presently there also appeared a fleet of river monitors, so heavily armored that no Serbian shell could pierce their sides.
其中许多炮弹是从驻扎在塞姆林附近的奥地利炮台发射的，但不久之后也出现了一支河炮舰队，他们的装甲非常厚重，塞尔维亚的炮弹无法击穿他们的侧面。
These would parade up and down the river channel with impunity, adding their share to the general destruction.
这些人会在河道上来回游行而不受惩罚，进一步加剧了普遍的破坏。
Finally, in the beginning of November, 1914, there arrived in Belgrade two big 14-centimeter cannon, sent by the French Government by way of the Adriatic, together with French gunners and 20,000 rounds of ammunition.
最后，1914年11月初，法国政府经亚得里亚海运来的两门14厘米大炮，连同法国炮手和2万发弹药抵达贝尔格莱德。
These were put into position above the city and on November 8, 1914, the French gunners sent their first message over into Hungary.
它们被安置在城市上空，1914 年 11 月 8 日，法国炮手向匈牙利发出了第一条信息。
The damage inflicted so impressed the monitors that they did not again venture into range.
所造成的损害给监视者留下了深刻的印象，以至于他们没有再冒险进入范围。
Moreover, spies, of whom there were probably a number in Belgrade, had doubtless notified the Austrians that measures, were now being taken to mine the river effectively.
此外，贝尔格莱德可能有不少间谍，他们无疑已经通知奥地利人，现在正在采取措施在这条河上有效地布雷。
In fact, many measures for a more effective offensive were being undertaken when the trend of operations in the interior forced the Serbian General Staff to order the evacuation of the capital.
事实上，当内陆作战趋势迫使塞尔维亚总参谋部下令撤离首都时，正在采取许多更有效进攻的措施。
It will be remembered that the Serbians had been beaten back from their main line of defense and that a rearrangement of the Serbian forces had thereby become necessary, in order that the line might be shortened.
人们将记住，塞尔维亚人已被从他们的主防线击退，因此有必要重新部署塞尔维亚军队，以便缩短防线。
This included the abandonment of Belgrade on November 29, 1914.
其中包括 1914 年 11 月 29 日放弃贝尔格莱德。
The order was carried out during the night.
该命令在夜间执行。
But before retiring, the French gunners, who saw that they were going to lose their two big guns, determined to bid the enemy across the river a hearty good-by.
但在退场前，眼看着自己的两门大炮即将失去的法国炮手们决心向河对岸的敌人痛快地道别。
In the early morning they fired off their stock of 240 rounds of ammunition and in a little more than half an hour deposited some twelve tons of melinite on the enemy's forts at Bezania, with such terrifying effect that the garrison abandoned it.
清晨，他们发射了 240 发弹药，并在半个多小时内向贝扎尼亚敌人的堡垒投掷了约 12 吨梅林特，其威力如此可怕，以至于驻军放弃了它。
Thus it came to pass that the two strongholds, having snarled and barked at each other across the dividing waters for nearly five months, were both evacuated at the same time.
就这样，两个据点隔着水域互相咆哮了近五个月，同时被撤离。
As will be remembered, the right wing of the Serbian lines, now joined by the garrison of Belgrade, swung back and stretched across the Belgrade-Nish railroad, along the ridges of Varoonitza in the east and Kosmai in the west.
人们会记得，塞尔维亚防线的右翼现在与贝尔格莱德的驻军汇合，向后转向并横跨贝尔格莱德-尼什铁路，沿着东部的瓦罗尼察山脊和西部的科斯迈山脊延伸。
The Austrian left, composed of two army corps, immediately covered the ceded territory and, of course, entered Belgrade.
由两个军团组成的奥地利左翼立即覆盖了割让的领土，当然，也进入了贝尔格莱德。
Then followed the strong Serbian counterattack against the Austrian center along the Suvobor ridges and the complete demoralization of the Austrian forces from the center south.
随后，塞尔维亚军队沿着苏沃博尔山脊对奥军中心发起猛烈反击，并从中南部彻底瓦解了奥军的士气。
The northern wing of the Austrians, however, which held the country around Belgrade succeeded in holding its own, though it was presently cut off from the rest of the Austrian forces.
然而，控制着贝尔格莱德周围地区的奥地利人的北翼成功地守住了自己的领土，尽管它目前与奥地利其他军队的联系被切断了。
But this was all according to the plans of General Putnik.
但这一切都按照普特尼克将军的计划进行。
Being much outnumbered he could not spare the forces necessary to rout the enemy's strong northern force.
由于寡不敌众，他无法抽出必要的兵力来击溃敌人强大的北方军队。
Having broken the center of Potiorek's front, the Serbian commander gave his chief attention to capturing the Austrian southern wing, operating in the Western Morava Valley.
在突破波蒂奥雷克战线的中心后，这位塞尔维亚指挥官将主要精力集中在夺取在西摩拉瓦河谷作战的奥地利南翼。
On December 8 and 9, 1914, the Serbian right wing had been hard pressed along the line from Kosmai to Varoonitza, but the completeness of the Austrian defeat in the other theatres enabled General Putnik to rearrange his troops.
1914 年 12 月 8 日至 9 日，塞尔维亚右翼在从科斯迈到瓦罗尼察的防线上受到了沉重的压力，但奥军在其他战区的彻底失败使得普特尼克将军能够重新部署他的部队。
He therefore dispatched the left wing of the Third Army against Obrenovatz, attached the rest of the Third Army and the cavalry division to the Second Army and placed this new combination of forces, together with the garrison of Belgrade, under the command of Voivode Stepanovitch, he who had made so brilliant a record at the first battle on the Tzer ridges.
因此，他派遣第三集团军的左翼进攻奥布伦诺瓦茨，将第三集团军的其余部分和骑兵师编入第二集团军，并将这个新的兵力组合与贝尔格莱德的驻军一起置于沃伊沃德·斯捷潘诺维奇的指挥下，他在泽尔山脊的第一次战斗中取得了如此辉煌的战绩。
CHAPTER LVIII
第四十八章
ATTEMPTS TO RETAKE BELGRADE
尝试夺回贝尔格莱德
On December 10, 1914, General Stepanovitch immediately began a movement against Belgrade which had now been in the hands of the Austrians since the first of the month.
1914 年 12 月 10 日，斯捷潘诺维奇将军立即发起针对贝尔格莱德的运动，贝尔格莱德自 1 月 1 日起就已落入奥地利人手中。
At this time the Third Army was pressing on toward Obrenovatz, the cavalry division held the left bank of the Beljanitza River, the Second Army was holding a line from Volujak to Neminikuchir, the Belgrade detachment still maintained the ridges along Kosmai and Varoonitza and a detachment, which had come up from Semendria, occupied Pudarchi.
此时，第三集团军正在向奥布伦诺瓦茨推进，骑兵师控制着贝尔贾尼察河左岸，第二集团军坚守着从沃卢雅克到内米尼库奇尔的防线，贝尔格莱德分队仍然守卫着科斯迈和瓦鲁尼察沿线的山脊，一支从塞门德里亚上来的分队占领了普达尔奇。
The troops thus formed a crescent, with one horn touching the Save and the other the Danube, Belgrade being the star in the middle.
部队就这样形成了一个新月形，其中一个角接触萨维河，另一个角接触多瑙河，贝尔格莱德是中间的星星。
The Austrian main positions stretched from Obrenovatz up the right bank of the Kolubara to Konatitche and then across to Grooka through Boran, Vlashko and Krajkova Bara.
奥地利的主要阵地从奥布伦诺瓦茨延伸到科卢巴拉河右岸，到达科纳蒂切，然后穿过博兰、弗拉什科和克拉伊科瓦巴拉到达格鲁卡。
There now followed what was probably the most stubborn fighting of the third invasion: either the Austrian soldiers composing this northern army were better material, or the Austrian commanders were especially animated with the necessity of holding Belgrade.
接下来可能是第三次入侵中最顽强的战斗：要么组成这支北方军队的奥地利士兵素质更好，要么奥地利指挥官对占领贝尔格莱德的必要性特别感兴趣。
On the morning of December 11, 1914, the Serbian advance began.
1914年12月11日上午，塞尔维亚人开始进攻。
As possession of the railroad was of first importance, the center pushed rapidly ahead until it reached Vlashko heights.
由于拥有铁路是最重要的，因此中心迅速推进，直到到达弗拉什科高地。
Again and again the Serbians charged up the slopes of this eminence, only to be beaten back.
塞尔维亚人一次又一次冲上这座高地的山坡，却被击退。
But finally, toward evening, the Austrians fell back and the summit was taken, thereby giving the Serbians control of the railroad at Ralia; the terminus of the line, in fact, for a tunnel several miles farther north had been blown up by the Serbians on the day they had evacuated Belgrade.
但最终，到了晚上，奥地利人撤退并占领了山顶，从而使塞尔维亚人控制了拉利亚的铁路。事实上，这条线的终点站，即向北几英里处的一条隧道，在塞尔维亚人撤离贝尔格莱德的那天就被炸毁了。
Early the next day, December 12, 1914, the advance was continued and the left wing of the Third Army reached Obrenovatz and its right occupied a line from Konatitche to Boshdarevatz.
第二天，即 1914 年 12 月 12 日，继续推进，第三集团军的左翼到达奥布伦诺瓦茨，右翼占领了从科纳蒂切到博什达雷瓦茨的一条防线。
The Second Army occupied the summits designated as Hills 418 and 287 and the Belgrade detachment advanced to a front from Koviona to Krajkova Bara.
第二集团军占领了418号和287号山峰，贝尔格莱德分遣队向从科维奥纳到克拉伊科瓦巴拉的前线推进。
Thus, with astonishing swiftness, and in spite of the stubborn resistance, the crescent was contracting and the Austrians were being squeezed back into Belgrade.
因此，尽管有顽强的抵抗，新月形部队仍以惊人的速度收缩，奥地利人被挤回贝尔格莱德。
But they continued their desperate resistance, fighting over every foot of ground before surrendering it.
但他们继续进行绝望的抵抗，在每一寸土地上都进行了战斗，然后才投降。
By December 13, 1914, the enemy had been routed from all the territory lying between the Save and the Drina, but with such desperation did the Austrians cling to Belgrade that they delivered repeated counterattacks upon the Serbian positions at Koviona and Krajkovo Bara before they finally retired north.
到 1914 年 12 月 13 日，敌人已从萨维河和德里纳河之间的所有领土上被击退，但奥地利人在绝望中坚守贝尔格莱德，对科维奥纳和克拉伊科沃巴拉的塞尔维亚阵地进行了多次反击，最终向北撤退。
The triumphant Serbians, though they had suffered severely, followed up the retreat vigorously, pressing along the banks of the Topchiderska River on the left and up the main road on the right.
胜利的塞尔维亚人虽然遭受了惨重的损失，但仍大力跟进撤退，沿着左边的托普奇德尔斯卡河岸，右边的主干道上推进。
The left wing had advanced up the Kolubara River toward its junction with the Save, which was eight miles behind the Austrian front.
左翼已沿科卢巴拉河逆流而上，向萨维河交汇处推进，萨维河位于奥地利前线后方八英里处。
The enemy had to draw back for fear of being suddenly taken in the rear.
敌人只得后退，生怕突然被后方包围。
Two monitors were sent up the river to check the Serbian cavalry division, which was trying to work its way around the marshes and thus cut off the Austrian force entirely.
两名监视器被派往河上检查塞尔维亚骑兵师，该师试图绕过沼泽，从而完全切断奥地利军队的联系。
But this movement of the left wing was merely a feint; it was intended simply to make the Austrian line waver.
但左翼的这一举动只是佯攻，实际上是一种佯攻。它的目的只是为了动摇奥地利的阵线。
While the Austrians were maneuvering in answer to this feint, the Serbian center was pushing its advance.
当奥地利人正在机动应对这一佯攻时，塞尔维亚中军正在推进进攻。
The Austrians had attempted to check the Serbian advance by intrenching heavy rear-guard forces in several strong positions, the nature of the country being especially suited to such tactics.
奥地利人试图通过在几个坚固的阵地上构筑重型后卫部队来阻止塞尔维亚人的前进，该国的性质特别适合这种战术。
The hills along the road north of Ralia are, indeed, strategic points of immense military value.
拉利亚以北公路沿线的山丘确实是具有巨大军事价值的战略要点。
But the Serbians, their capital now almost in view, pressed on with frantic vigor.
但塞尔维亚人的首都已经近在眼前，他们以疯狂的活力继续前进。
The Austrians fought manfully, giving them one of the best fights they had yet been through.
奥地利人英勇作战，这是他们经历过的最好的战斗之一。
Instead of merely clinging to their hill intrenchments, they made fierce and determined efforts to pierce the Serbian line.
他们并没有仅仅坚守在山上的工事，而是做出了猛烈而坚定的努力，以突破塞尔维亚的防线。
It was in one of these counterattacks, near the central height, where the railroad entered a tunnel, that the resistance of the Austrians was broken.
正是在其中一次反击中，在铁路进入隧道的中央高地附近，奥地利人的抵抗被打破。
After the Serbian riflemen, with their machine guns, had thrown back the enemy, the Serbian artillery caught the retiring masses of blue and gray clad soldiers of the Dual Empire.
在塞尔维亚步枪手用机枪击退敌人后，塞尔维亚炮兵又追上了撤退的大群蓝衣和灰衣的二元帝国士兵。
This produced a panic in the densely packed retreating column, whereupon the Serbian infantrymen leaped out of their trenches and dashed forward in pursuit, forming two pursuing columns, one on either flank of the fleeing Austrians, like wolves worrying a wounded buffalo.
这在密集的撤退纵队中引起了恐慌，于是塞尔维亚步兵从战壕中跳出，向前冲去追击，形成两支追击纵队，各一支在逃跑的奥地利人的两侧，就像狼群担心受伤的水牛一样。
And as these streams of Serbians ran uphill more rapidly than the blue-gray flood moved, the Austrian rear guards, composed of heavy forces, turned to check the pursuit.
当这些塞尔维亚人流上山的速度比蓝灰色洪水移动的速度更快时，由重兵组成的奥地利后卫部队转身阻止追击。
On the morning of December 14, 1914, the Serbians approached the southern defenses of Belgrade, where the Austrians must make their last stand; along a line from Ekmekluk to Banovobrodo.
1914 年 12 月 14 日早晨，塞尔维亚人逼近贝尔格莱德的南部防御工事，奥地利人必须在那里进行最后的抵抗；沿着从埃克梅克卢克到巴诺沃布罗多的线路。
Here General Potiorek had constructed a system of earthworks, consisting of deep trenches with shrapnel cover and well-concealed gun positions, with numerous heavy howitzers and fieldpieces.
波蒂奥雷克将军在这里建造了一个土方工程系统，包括带有弹片覆盖的深沟和隐蔽良好的炮位，以及许多重型榴弹炮和野战炮。
Evidently he hoped to withstand an indefinite siege on this fragment of Serbian territory, holding Belgrade as a bridgehead for another advance toward the main Morava Valley, when the next effort to invade Serbia should be made.
显然，他希望能够承受住对这片塞尔维亚领土的无限期围困，并把贝尔格莱德作为向主要摩拉瓦河谷再次推进的桥头堡，以便下次入侵塞尔维亚时。
He would, at the same time, preserve at least a semblance of his prestige from all the calamities that had befallen his armies, enabling him to represent the campaign as a reconnaissance in force, similar to Hindenburg's first advance against Warsaw.
与此同时，他至少会在军队遭遇的所有灾难中保留自己的威望，使他能够将这场战役描述为一次强力侦察，类似于兴登堡首次向华沙进军。
But his troops had been so terribly punished that they could not garrison the siege defenses.
但他的部队受到了如此严重的惩罚，无法驻守围城。
The Serbians, now drunk with their many victories, and absolutely reckless of death, as they drove on toward their capital, with their old king, grandson of Black George, moving through their foremost ranks, charged up into the ring of hills.
塞尔维亚人现在陶醉在他们的许多胜利中，完全不计死亡，当他们向他们的首都开进时，他们的老国王，黑乔治的孙子，在他们的最前面，冲进了山环。
The last fight, on December 14, 1914, which definitely broke the back of the last effort of the Austrians to maintain a footing on Serbian soil, took place on the central height, Torlak.
1914 年 12 月 14 日的最后一场战斗发生在中央高地托尔拉克，这场战斗无疑打破了奥地利人在塞尔维亚土地上站稳脚跟的最后努力。
Two battalions of Magyars were defending this point.
马扎尔人的两个营正在防守这一点。
And just as the sun was setting over in the Matchva swamps in a glow of fiery clouds, the foremost Serbians leaped up to the attack.
正当太阳在火红的云彩中落入马奇瓦沼泽时，最前面的塞尔维亚人跳了起来发起进攻。
Long before the fight was over darkness set in.
战斗结束之前很久，黑暗就降临了。
The Serbians, driven back again and again, came back like bounding rubber balls.
塞尔维亚人一次又一次地被击退，就像弹跳的橡皮球一样回来了。
Finally they gained the trenches, and one general, horrible mêlée of struggling, shouting, furious combatants set in.
最后，他们占领了战壕，一场普遍的、可怕的混战开始了，战斗人员奋力拼搏、大喊大叫、愤怒不已。
The shooting had died down; they were fighting with bayonets and knives now.
枪击事件已经平息了。他们现在正在用刺刀和刀子战斗。
Finally the tumult died down.
骚动终于平息了。
But nearly every Austrian on that height died.
但几乎所有在这个高度上的奥地利人都死了。
Few escaped and not very many were taken prisoners.
很少有人逃脱，也没有多少人被俘。
Then, under cover of the night, the Serbians spread over the other heights and captured the whole line of defense works.
随后，塞尔维亚人在夜色掩护下，向其他高地展开进攻，占领了整条防线。
No Serbian slept that night.
那天晚上没有塞尔维亚人睡觉。
They tugged and dragged at their heavy guns through all the dark hours, up toward the city, and placed them on heights commanding the pontoon bridges that had been thrown over the Save from Semlin.
他们在整个黑暗的时间里拖着重炮，向城市进发，并将它们放置在高处，俯瞰着从塞姆林在拯救河上搭建的浮桥。
When dawn broke on December 15, 1914, a heavy mist hung over the river, but the Serbians knew with accuracy the location of the pontoon bridge.
1914年12月15日黎明时分，河面上笼罩着浓浓的雾气，但塞尔维亚人却准确地知道了浮桥的位置。
All during the previous day and during the night the retreating Austrians had been crowding over this bridge to escape into Austrian territory.
前一天和晚上，撤退的奥地利人都挤过这座桥，逃入奥地利领土。
At first the retirement had been orderly, but later in the day, as the news from the front became more serious, as the low, distant roar of rifle and machine gun rolled nearer, the movement increased in intensity, and, during the night, developed into a hurried scamper.
起初，撤退是有秩序的，但当天晚些时候，随着前线传来的消息越来越严重，随着远处步枪和机枪的低沉轰鸣声越来越近，运动的强度越来越大，到了夜间，发展成了匆忙的逃窜。
Cannon were unlimbered and thrown into the river, and troops fought among themselves over the right of way along the narrow plank walk.
大炮被解开并扔进河里，军队之间为了争夺狭窄的木板路的通行权而互相争斗。
In the midst of this confusion, while yet thousands of the invaders were still on the Serbian side of the river, just as dawn was breaking, there came a deep report, the hissing of a flying steel missile, and a shell dropped in the middle of one of the pontoon supports, hurling timber and human beings up into the air.
在这种混乱之中，当数千名入侵者仍在河的塞尔维亚一侧时，黎明时分，传来了一声低沉的报告，一枚钢制导弹飞行时发出嘶嘶声，一枚炮弹落在一个浮桥支架的中间，将木材和人类抛向空中。
The confusion now became a wild panic.
混乱现在变成了疯狂的恐慌。
Some tried to return to the Serbian shore, others fought on.
一些人试图返回塞尔维亚海岸，另一些人继续战斗。
Dozens of the struggling figures rolled over the side of the bridge into the eddying currents of the waters.
数十个挣扎的身影从桥边滚入激流之中。
Again came the dull, heavy report, then another and another, followed by the screeching overhead.
沉闷而沉重的声音再次传来，然后是一声又一声，接着是头顶上的尖叫声。
Shells dropped into the water on all sides.
炮弹从四面八方落入水中。
And then another bomb burst on the pontoon where the first shell had landed.
然后，另一枚炸弹在第一枚炮弹降落的浮桥上爆炸。
Even the roar of the shouting soldiers could not be heard above the crashing of timbers, the snapping of mooring chains.
就连士兵们的怒吼声也盖过了木材的撞击声和系泊链的断裂声。
The bridge swayed, then caved in, where the pontoon had been struck and was sinking.
桥开始摇晃，然后塌陷，浮桥也被撞到，正在下沉。
Between the two broken-off ends, still crowded with struggling humanity, rushed the turbid current of the river.
在两个断掉的两端之间，仍然挤满了挣扎的人类，河水汹涌澎湃。
The last road to safety had been cut.
最后一条通往安全的路已经被切断了。
Presently the fog lifted and revealed a long line of retreating Austrians, reaching down the road toward Obrenovatz, still heading desperately for the bridge, as unconscious of its destruction as a line of ants whose hill has been trampled in by a cow's hoof.
不久，雾气散去，露出一长列撤退的奥地利人，他们沿着通往奥布伦诺瓦茨的道路延伸，仍然拼命地向桥梁前进，就像一排蚂蚁的山丘被牛蹄践踏一样，没有意识到桥梁的毁灭。
But they were not long to remain unconscious of the fact that they were now prisoners of war.
但没过多久，他们就意识到自己现在已成为战俘。
CHAPTER LIX
第十九章
SERBIANS RETAKE THE CITY--END OF THIRD INVASION
塞尔维亚人夺回城市——第三次入侵结束
As the sun rose on December 15, 1914, the Serbian cavalry, accompanied by King Peter, swept down from the heights of Torlak and entered the streets of the capital.
1914年12月15日太阳升起时，塞尔维亚骑兵在彼得国王的陪同下，从托拉克高地席卷而下，进入首都街道。
A volley from the remnant of a Hungarian regiment met them.
匈牙利军团残部发起齐射迎击他们。
The cavalrymen dismounted and began driving the Magyars down the streets, from one square to another.
骑兵们下了马，开始驱赶马扎尔人沿着街道，从一个广场到另一个广场。
And while this fight, an armed riot rather than a military action, was going on, finally to end in the practical slaughter of all the Hungarians who would not surrender, the king entered the cathedral of his capital to celebrate a Mass of thanksgiving for the deliverance of his kingdom from the hands of the enemy.
虽然这场战斗是一场武装骚乱而不是军事行动，但最终以所有不愿投降的匈牙利人的实际屠杀而告终，国王进入首都大教堂庆祝感恩弥撒，感谢将他的王国从敌人手中解放出来。
And even as the Mass ended, stray shots echoed through the streets of the city still.
即使弥撒结束，城市的街道上仍然回响着零散的枪声。
Two hours later the Crown Prince Alexander, accompanied by his brother, Prince George, a strong cavalry escort, and the British military attaché, approached Belgrade.
两小时后，亚历山大王储在他的弟弟乔治王子、一支强大的骑兵护卫队和英国武官的陪同下，抵达贝尔格莱德。
They were met on the outskirts by a crowd of women and children who, with a few exceptions, were all of the inhabitants that remained, the Austrians having carried the others off with them the day before.
他们在郊区遇到了一群妇女和儿童，除了少数例外，他们都是剩下的居民，奥地利人在前一天把其他人带走了。
They had collected masses of flowers, and with these they bombarded and decorated the incoming soldiers.
他们收集了大量的鲜花，用这些鲜花轰炸和装饰即将到来的士兵。
The girls brought the embroidered scarfs and sashes, which they had worked in preparation for marriage, and these they hung about the cavalrymen's necks until they looked as though they were celebrating at a village wedding.
女孩们带来了她们为结婚做准备的绣花围巾和腰带，她们把这些挂在骑兵的脖子上，直到她们看起来就像在参加一场乡村婚礼。
Huge tricolor streamers now hung from the houses and buildings, while bits of dirty bunting fluttered from the cottages.
现在，房屋和建筑物上悬挂着巨大的三色彩带，小屋上飘扬着一些肮脏的彩旗。
In the streets of Belgrade the Austrians left 5 cannon, 8 ammunition wagons, 440 transport wagons, and 1,000 horses.
奥地利人在贝尔格莱德的街道上留下了5门大炮、8辆弹药车、440辆运输车和1000匹马。
Some 150 junior officers and 10,000 men also found their retreat suddenly cut off; among them were few officers of high rank.
大约150名下级军官和10,000名士兵也发现退路突然被切断；其中，高级军官寥寥无几。
In one of the officers' headquarters the evening meal was still spread on the table, the soup half consumed, the wine half drunk.
在其中一个军官总部里，晚饭还摆在桌上，汤喝了一半，酒喝了一半。
So ended the third Austrian invasion of Serbia.
奥地利对塞尔维亚的第三次入侵就此结束。
Of the army of 300,000 men who had crossed the Drina and Save rivers, not over 200,000 returned.
渡过德里纳河和萨维河的三十万大军中，返回的人不超过二十万。
During the last thirteen days of the operations the Serbians had captured 41,538 prisoners, including 323 officers, and enormous quantities of war material; 133 cannon, 71 machine guns, 29 gun carriages, 386 ammunition wagons, 45 portable ovens, 3,350 transport wagons, 2,243 horses, and 1,078 oxen.
在过去 13 天的行动中，塞尔维亚人俘获了 41,538 名囚犯，其中包括 323 名军官，并俘获了大量战争物资； 133门大炮、71挺机枪、29辆炮车、386辆弹药车、45辆便携式烤炉、3,350辆运输车、2,243匹马和1,078头牛。
The Austrian killed and wounded numbered not far from 60,000.
奥军伤亡人数接近六万人。
The Austrian occupation of Belgrade had lasted just fourteen days.
奥地利对贝尔格莱德的占领只持续了十四天。
The invaders had evidently not counted on the disaster that was so soon to come to them.
入侵者显然没有预料到灾难会这么快降临到他们身上。
Under the guidance of their late military attaché in Serbia they had established themselves in the best available buildings, began to repair the streets, which they themselves had ripped open by shell fire, and set up the semblance of a city administration.
在已故驻塞尔维亚武官的指导下，他们在最好的建筑中扎根，开始修复被炮火炸开的街道，并建立了一个城市管理机构。
But it was still evident that no central authority from above had as yet been able to assert itself.
但仍然明显的是，上面还没有一个中央权威能够维护自己的地位。
The personality of each commander, was represented by the marks left behind in his district.
每个指挥官的个性，都通过在他的地区留下的印记来代表。
The buildings occupied by one military authority remained cleanly and intact, even the king's photograph being left undamaged.
一个军事当局占据的建筑物保持干净完好，甚至国王的照片也没有损坏。
In others, furniture was destroyed and the royal image shot and slashed to pieces.
在其他情况下，家具被毁，皇室形象被击碎。
Entire sections of the town escaped pillage.
整个城镇都逃脱了掠夺。
Other quarters were plundered from end to end.
其他宿舍则被从头到尾洗劫一空。
While the cathedral and other churches were not seriously damaged, the General Post Office was completely wrecked.
虽然大教堂和其他教堂没有受到严重损坏，但邮政总局完全被毁。
The furniture in the Sobranje, the house of the national assembly, was destroyed and broken, and the Royal Palace was stripped from floor to ceiling, the contents being carted off to Hungary in furniture vans, brought especially from Semlin for that purpose.
国民议会大楼索布兰耶的家具被毁坏和损坏，皇宫从地板到天花板都被拆除，里面的东西被用家具车运到匈牙利，专门从塞姆林运来。
With the army of occupation came 800 wounded soldiers from the other theatres of operations.
随占领军而来的是来自其他战区的 800 名受伤士兵。
Most of them were immediately turned over to the American Red Cross unit established in Belgrade, already caring for 1,200 wounded Serbians.
他们中的大多数人立即被移交给设在贝尔格莱德的美国红十字会单位，该单位已经在照顾 1,200 名受伤的塞尔维亚人。
As the fighting continued in the interior these numbers were constantly augmented, until the American hospital sheltered nearly 3,000 wounded men.
随着内陆战斗的继续，这些数字不断增加，直到美国医院收容了近 3,000 名伤员。
When the evacuation began the Austrians left their own wounded, but took with them the Serbian patients, to swell the number of their prisoners of war.
当撤离开始时，奥地利人留下了自己的伤员，但带走了塞尔维亚病人，以增加战俘的数量。
Several hundred of the non-combatant citizens were also taken into captivity.
数百名非战斗公民也被俘虏。
In the importance of its influence on the war as a whole, the achievement of the Serbians in repelling the three Austrian invasions will probably be found, when the later history of the war is finally written, to take very high rank.
就其对整个战争的影响的重要性而言，当后来的战争历史最终被书写时，塞尔维亚人击退奥地利三次入侵的成就可能会被认为具有很高的地位。
For had Serbia fallen, the Teutonic Empires would have been united with little delay to their Turkish allies.
因为如果塞尔维亚陷落，条顿帝国就会毫不拖延地与他们的土耳其盟友联合起来。
Austria might then have been able to hold off the Russians by herself, while the Germans would thereby have been so much stronger for pressing their campaigns in Belgium and East Prussia; with what results can only be guessed.
奥地利也许能够独自抵挡俄国人，而德国人则可以更强大地在比利时和东普鲁士进行战役；结果如何只能猜测。
The Austrians themselves were astounded by the extraordinary power of little Serbia.
奥地利人自己也对小塞尔维亚的非凡力量感到震惊。
Their last disaster, indeed, so roused their anger that they began preparing again for another attempt to conquer this stubborn little nation.
他们的最后一场灾难确实激起了他们的愤怒，以至于他们开始再次准备再次尝试征服这个顽固的小国。
Calling the Germans to their aid, they began in January, 1915, to collect a new army, 400,000 strong, which was ranged along the Serbian frontier.
他们呼吁德国人提供援助，并于 1915 年 1 月开始集结一支 40 万人的新军队，沿着塞尔维亚边境部署。
But the pressure from the Russians on the Carpathian front presently became so heavy that this body of troops was needed there, and so Serbia was left in peace for the time being.
但俄罗斯人在喀尔巴阡前线的压力现在变得如此之大，以至于那里需要这支部队，因此塞尔维亚暂时处于和平状态。
Thenceforward only insignificant fighting took place between the belligerents on each side of the river, such fighting being mostly in the nature of artillery actions.
此后，河两岸交战双方之间只发生了少量战斗，这些战斗大多是炮兵行动。
Belgrade was not again, during that period at least, subjected to bombardment.
至少在那段时期，贝尔格莱德没有再次遭受轰炸。
An arrangement was made between the Serbian and Austrian commanders whereby the Serbians refrained from firing on Semlin, and the Austrians spared Belgrade.
塞尔维亚和奥地利指挥官达成一项协议，塞尔维亚人不对塞姆林开火，而奥地利人则幸免于贝尔格莱德。
There was, however, some activity on the river itself.
然而，河流本身也有一些活动。
Belgrade was now garrisoned by a mixed force of Serbians, British, and French, the British being mostly gunners, who had been detached, together with some big naval guns, from the British navy.
贝尔格莱德现在由塞尔维亚人、英国人和法国人的混合部队驻守，英国人大部分是炮手，他们和一些大型舰炮是从英国海军中分离出来的。
For some time before they arrived the Austrian monitors and picket boats had again been patrolling the Danube and annoying the Serbians, but the Belgrade garrison put an end to the activities of these vessels with their big guns.
在他们到达之前的一段时间里，奥地利监视船和纠察船再次在多瑙河巡逻并惹恼了塞尔维亚人，但贝尔格莱德驻军用大炮制止了这些船只的活动。
The British sailors especially rendered good service by means of a small picket boat commanded by Lieutenant Commander Kerr.
英国水手们尤其利用科尔中尉指挥的一艘小型纠察艇提供了良好的服务。
Though armed with only a single machine gun, this small boat was so persistently troublesome to the enemy that it earned for itself the name "Terror of the Danube." Of dark nights it would poke its way into creeks and passages, alarming the Austrians constantly and causing them no little loss.
尽管只配备一挺机枪，但这艘小船却一直给敌人带来麻烦，以至于它赢得了“多瑙河恐怖”的称号。在漆黑的夜晚，它会钻进小溪和通道，不断地惊动奥地利人，给他们造成不小的损失。
Once it even succeeded in persuading one of the monitors to pursue it into a carefully prepared mine field, over against the Serbian shore, with the result that the monitor was permanently put out of action.
有一次，它甚至成功地说服了一名监测员将其追赶到塞尔维亚海岸对面精心准备的雷区，结果监测员永久失去了行动能力。
But these operations were of minor importance just then.
但这些操作在当时来说并不重要。
For now Serbia was called on to face a new enemy, in some of its aspects much more terrible than the Austrians, for it demanded a sort of fighting in which the Serbians were not so well trained.
现在塞尔维亚被要求面对一个新的敌人，在某些方面比奥地利人更可怕，因为它需要一种塞尔维亚人没有受过良好训练的战斗。
The Austrians had, indeed, left behind them an ally that was to accomplish as much mischief almost as they themselves had caused the Serbians.
事实上，奥地利人留下了一个盟友，这个盟友所造成的危害几乎与他们自己给塞尔维亚人造成的危害一样多。
Not long after the final defeat of the third invasion an epidemic of typhus appeared among the Serbian soldiers.
第三次入侵最终失败后不久，塞尔维亚士兵中出现了斑疹伤寒的流行。
Run down physically, as they must have been, their vitality sapped by the hardships of the campaigns they had just passed through, they fell victims to this scourge by the thousands.
他们的身体已经疲惫不堪，他们的活力也因刚刚经历的艰苦战役而被削弱，成千上万的人成为了这一祸害的受害者。
Not knowing how to attack or to defend itself against such an enemy, the little kingdom sent forth a cry for help, which was heard and responded to by the United States, Great Britain, France, and even Russia.
由于不知道如何攻击或防御这样的敌人，这个小王国发出了求救声，美国、英国、法国甚至俄罗斯都听到并做出了回应。
Organizations were formed with the purpose of assisting Serbia in this extremity, and private persons also came forward with offers of money and service.
一些组织的成立旨在帮助塞尔维亚应对这一困境，私人也主动提出提供资金和服务。
The Red Cross also did what it could under the emergency, but its resources were already being taxed to their full extent by demands in all the battle fields of Europe.
红十字会在紧急情况下也做了力所能及的事情，但其资源已经因欧洲所有战场的需求而被耗尽。
Sir Thomas Lipton sailed his yacht, the _Erin_, to Saloniki, loaded with supplies of medical stores, and carrying a full passenger list of doctors and nurses.
托马斯·利普顿爵士驾驶着他的游艇“艾琳号”前往萨洛尼基，船上满载着医疗物资，并载有医生和护士的完整乘客名单。
Lady Paget, Lady Wimborne, and other women of rank in Great Britain also devoted their whole energies to the cause.
佩吉特夫人、温伯恩夫人和英国其他有地位的女性也为这项事业奉献了全部精力。
A society of women physicians, an offspring of the Scottish Federation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, did noble work in Serbia.
一个女医生协会是苏格兰妇女选举权协会全国联盟的后代，在塞尔维亚从事着崇高的工作。
After sending two hospital units to France, this women's organization dispatched a third to the Balkans, where it was received with the deepest gratitude, Serbia agreeing with enthusiasm to pay the salaries of its members and the cost of its maintenance.
在向法国派遣两所医院后，该妇女组织又向巴尔干地区派遣了第三所医院，在那里受到了最深切的感谢，塞尔维亚热情地同意支付其成员的工资和维护费用。
It was stationed at Kragujevatz, where it was given a hospital of 250 beds.
它驻扎在克拉古耶瓦茨，那里有一家拥有 250 个床位的医院。
But meanwhile the epidemic had spread over the country.
但与此同时，疫情已在全国蔓延。
There were thousands of serious cases; men, women, and children were dying everywhere, unattended and under the most distressing circumstances.
重症病例数以千计；到处都有男人、女人和儿童在无人看管的情况下在最令人痛苦的情况下死去。
Hardly had the first of the foreign aid arrived when the immensity of the task required was recognized, and telegrams and cables were sent all over the world calling for further assistance.
第一批外国援助刚抵达，人们就认识到所需任务的艰巨性，并向世界各地发出电报和电报，呼吁进一步援助。
To this second appeal no country responded more nobly than the United States.
对于第二次呼吁，没有哪个国家的反应比美国更强烈。
Owing to the virulent character of the disease that raged in every district the mortality was frightful.
由于这种疾病的致命性，在每个地区肆虐，死亡率非常高。
In many localities the death rate was over 50 per cent.
许多地方的死亡率超过50%。
All during the spring and summer of 1915 the need of Serbia was extreme.
1915 年春夏期间，塞尔维亚的需求非常迫切。
In July there were in the country 420 British doctors alone, aside from the French, Russian and American medical men, all working at the highest pressure and doing with very little sleep, yet unable to cover the ground.
7月份，除了法国、俄罗斯和美国的医务人员外，该国仅英国就有420名医生，他们都在最高的压力下工作，睡眠很少，但却无法覆盖地面。
Many were the stricken patients who must be satisfied with floors instead of beds; many more who could not even be admitted into the hospitals.
许多是受灾的病人，他们必须满足于地板而不是床；还有更多的人甚至无法入院。
Nor were the Serbians the only sufferers; from among the foreigners who had so nobly come to help the Serbians in their distress there were not a few who succumbed to the fatal disease.
塞尔维亚人并不是唯一的受害者。在那些如此高尚地前来帮助陷入困境的塞尔维亚人的外国人中，有不少人死于这种致命的疾病。
CHAPTER LX
第六章
MONTENEGRO IN THE WAR
战争中的黑山
The military operations on the Montenegrin front should really be considered as a part, though a detached part, of the Serbian campaigns.
黑山前线的军事行动确实应该被视为塞尔维亚战役的一部分，尽管是一个独立的部分。
Up to the first Balkan War Serbia and Montenegro, or Tzernagora, as it is called by its own people, were separated by the sanjak of Novibazar, a territory which Turkey was allowed to retain after the Treaty of Berlin at the instigation of Austria, so that the two countries should have no opportunity to unite.
直到第一次巴尔干战争之前，塞尔维亚和黑山（或被本国人民称为泽纳戈拉）被诺维扎尔的桑贾克分开，在奥地利的怂恿下签订柏林条约后，土耳其被允许保留这片领土，因此两国没有机会统一。
By blood the two peoples are closely akin, though the isolation of the Montenegrins has been the cause of their not adopting so many of the outward tokens of civilization as the Serbians.
两个民族在血统上非常相似，尽管黑山人的孤立状态导致他们没有像塞尔维亚人那样采用如此多的外在文明标志。
Already on July 25, 1913, before Austria had officially declared war against Serbia, the Montenegrin Government, at the capital, Cettinje, announced that it would support Serbia should there be an outbreak of hostilities with their common hereditary enemy, Austria.
早在 1913 年 7 月 25 日，奥地利正式对塞尔维亚宣战之前，首都采蒂涅的黑山政府就宣布，如果塞尔维亚与共同的宿敌奥地利爆发敌对行动，它将支持塞尔维亚。
Montenegro had, indeed, even more reason than Serbia for hating the great empire to the northward, for its territory stretched down the coast from Dalmatia, and literally fenced her in from the Adriatic, whose blue waters are visible from the Montenegrin towns and villages perched up on the mountains above the shore.
事实上，黑山比塞尔维亚更有理由憎恨北方的伟大帝国，因为它的领土从达尔马提亚一直延伸到海岸，实际上将亚得里亚海与亚得里亚海隔开，从黑山城镇和坐落在海岸上方山上的村庄可以看到亚得里亚海蓝色的海水。
In the Balkan war the army of Montenegro had captured, at a terrible sacrifice of blood, the town of Scutari from the Turks, which dominates the only fertile section among the crags of the little mountain kingdom.
在巴尔干战争中，黑山军队以可怕的鲜血牺牲，从土耳其人手中夺取了斯库塔里镇，该镇控制着这个小山王国的峭壁中唯一肥沃的地区。
It was Austria, at the London Conference, who had forced her to relinquish this dearly paid for prize, though so reluctantly was it given up that the Powers were on the point of intervening.
正是奥地利在伦敦会议上迫使她放弃了这一代价高昂的战利品，尽管放弃得如此不情愿，以致列强即将介入。
The value of the Montenegrin army in such a great war as was now begun was slight, however, for in numbers it did not amount even to a full army corps.
然而，在这场即将开始的伟大战争中，黑山军队的价值微乎其微，因为从数量上看，它甚至不足以构成一个完整的军团。
Nor would it be very efficient outside of its own territory, for the Montenegrins, whose manner of life is quite as primitive as that of the Albanians, are essentially guerrilla fighters, who cannot well adapt themselves to army discipline.
在自己的领土之外，它也不会很有效率，因为黑山人的生活方式与阿尔巴尼亚人一样原始，本质上是游击战士，他们不能很好地适应军队纪律。
On a war footing the army is composed of four divisions, the first three of three brigades each, while one is composed only of two brigades.
在战备状态下，陆军由四个师组成，前三个师各有三个旅，而一个师则仅由两个旅组成。
Altogether there are fifty-five battalions, or about 40,000 men.
总共有五十五个营，大约四万人。
Each brigade also includes one detachment of mounted scouts, one mountain battery, one group of rapid-fire guns, one section of telegraphists and one section of engineers.
每个旅还包括一支侦察分队、一支山地炮台、一组速射炮、一组电报员和一组工兵。
Each division has, in addition, attached to it a detachment of mounted scouts, a section of engineers, a field battery and a heavy battery.
此外，每个师还配有一支侦察兵分队、一支工兵部队、一个野战连和一个重型连。
Then there is a reserve of eleven battalions, usually assigned to garrison or guard duty.
然后是由十一个营组成的预备队，通常被分配执行驻防或警卫任务。
Altogether the total armament amounts to 40,000 rifles, 104 guns and forty-four mitrailleuses.
总武器装备为 40,000 支步枪、104 门火炮和 44 支半步枪。
Of the actual operations along the Montenegrin front not so much detailed information is available as there is of the other sections of the theatre of war.
关于黑山前线的实际行动，我们并没有像战区其他地区那样提供详细的信息。
War correspondents were not allowed to accompany either army in this field and the only reports so far given out, covering this period, are from the few official bulletins issued by the two respective governments and from other more indirect sources.
战地记者不允许在这一领域随行任何一支军队，迄今为止发布的涵盖这一时期的唯一报告来自两国政府各自发布的少数官方公报以及其他更间接的来源。
On August 3, when the Austrians had already begun bombarding Belgrade, King Nicholas signed an order for the mobilization of his forces, and four days later, on August 7, he declared war against Austria.
8月3日，当奥地利人已经开始轰炸贝尔格莱德时，尼古拉斯国王签署了动员军队的命令，四天后的8月7日，他向奥地利宣战。
But already the Austrians had detached an army corps under General Ermoly to prevent any possible juncture between the Serbian and Montenegrin forces.
但奥地利人已经派出一支由埃尔莫利将军领导的军团，以防止塞尔维亚和黑山军队之间发生任何可能的交锋。
For the time being, therefore, until the Serbians had driven back the first Austrian invasion, the Montenegrins facing this division of the Austrian army acted on the defensive.
因此，在塞尔维亚人击退奥地利人的第一次入侵之前，黑山人面对奥地利军队的这个师暂时采取防御行动。
This, however, with the advantageous nature of the country, did not require the full strength of the Montenegrin army; part of it, therefore, was employed in an attack on the Austrian towns situated on the narrow strip of Austrian territory running along the sea coast.
然而，由于该国的优势，这并不需要黑山军队的全部兵力；因此，其中一部分用于攻击位于奥地利沿海狭长地带的奥地利城镇。
The chief of these, Cattaro, was subjected to a hot bombardment from the heavy guns on Mt. Lovcen, commanding that section of the coast.
其中的首领卡塔罗（Cattaro）在洛夫琴山上遭受了重炮的猛烈轰炸，他指挥着这片海岸。
A few days later, on August 10, the Montenegrin infantry descended from the surrounding heights and delivered a strong assault on Spizza and Budua.
几天后，即8月10日，黑山步兵从周围高地降临，对斯皮扎和布杜瓦发起猛烈攻击。
The activity of Austrian warships, which bombarded Antivari, where Montenegro touched the coast, made it impossible for the Montenegrins to hold what they had taken.
奥地利军舰的活动轰炸了黑山与海岸接触的安蒂瓦里，使黑山人无法保住他们所夺取的东西。
Another force, however, turned toward Scutari and occupied that town.
然而，另一支部队转向斯库塔里并占领了该城镇。
Mt. Lovcen continued, not only then, but at intervals for the next year, to pour a heavy artillery fire on Cattaro, and its environs.
洛夫森山不仅在那时，而且在接下来的一年里，还时不时地继续向卡塔罗及其周边地区发动猛烈炮火。
In Bosnia, over toward the Serbian operations, fighting had already begun and continued until the Serbians drove the main Austrian army back.
在波斯尼亚，靠近塞尔维亚作战的地方，战斗已经开始并持续到塞尔维亚人将奥地利主力部队击退为止。
On August 20, just as the Serbians were delivering their last attack on Shabatz and the Austrians were stampeding across the Drina, the Montenegrins delivered a heavy attack along their whole front, causing the Austrians to retire in that section as well.
8月20日，正当塞尔维亚人对沙巴茨发动最后一次进攻、奥地利人正在跨过德里纳河时，黑山人在整个战线上发动了猛烈攻击，导致奥地利人也在该地区撤退。
The following day the Austrians, in trying to recover their lost ground, brought up more mountain artillery, then advanced their infantry up against the Montenegrin entrenchments.
第二天，奥地利人为了收复失地，调集了更多的山地炮兵，然后将步兵推进到黑山的防御工事上。
Here occurred the first hand-to-hand fighting, the Austrians charging with their bayonets again and again, but they were finally repulsed again with heavy loss.
在这里发生了第一次肉搏战，奥军一次次用刺刀冲锋，但最终再次被击退，损失惨重。
From now on the Montenegrins, under the command of General Vukotitch, who had so distinguished himself in the Balkan War, gradually assumed an offensive and advanced into Bosnia.
从此，黑山人在巴尔干战争中赫赫有名的武科蒂奇将军的指挥下，逐渐发起进攻，挺进波斯尼亚。
On September 2 he again encountered the Austrians at Bilek, and succeeded in defeating them after a heavy fight, in which a comparatively large number of prisoners were taken.
9月2日，他在比莱克再次遭遇奥军，经过一番激烈的战斗，并俘虏了较多的俘虏，成功击败了他们。
The Montenegrins, comprising practically all of their army, continued advancing in three columns.
黑山人几乎集结了全部军队，继续分三路前进。
On September 9 there was another hot fight at Foca, south of Sarajevo.
9月9日，萨拉热窝以南的福卡又发生了一场激烈的战斗。
At this juncture the Serbians sent a column into Bosnia, from Visegrad, whose purpose was to effect a connection with General Vukotitch, that the two combined forces might advance on and take Sarajevo, a movement which was to be carried on simultaneously with the Serbian advance into Austrian territory from the Save.
此时，塞尔维亚人从维谢格拉德派出一支纵队进入波斯尼亚，其目的是与武科蒂奇将军建立联系，以便两支联合部队可以继续前进并占领萨拉热窝，这一行动将与塞尔维亚人从萨维进入奥地利领土同时进行。
But, although the two allied armies almost reached the vicinity of the Bosnian capital, the Austrians were now, toward the latter part of September, returning to this region in great force, to begin the second invasion of Serbia.
但是，尽管两支盟军几乎到达了波斯尼亚首都附近，但奥地利人现在将在九月下旬大规模返回该地区，开始对塞尔维亚的第二次入侵。
The Montenegrin army was, in consequence, obliged to retire before vastly superior forces and, during the rest of the year, as did the Serbians, the Montenegrins were satisfied merely with keeping the enemy out of their home territory.
结果，黑山军队不得不在优势巨大的部队面前撤退，在这一年剩下的时间里，就像塞尔维亚人一样，黑山人仅仅满足于将敌人拒之门外。
What fighting occurred after that moment was of more or less a desultory nature and entirely defensive.
在那一刻之后发生的战斗或多或少是断断续续的，并且完全是防御性的。
PART VI--AUSTRO-RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
第六部分——奥俄战役
CHAPTER LXI
第十六章
STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT OF THE ANTAGONISTS
对手的实力和装备
The first campaign between the Austrian army and the Russian legions began on August 6, 1914, when Austria declared war on Russia.
奥地利军队与俄罗斯军团之间的第一次战役于 1914 年 8 月 6 日开始，当时奥地利向俄罗斯宣战。
We have witnessed in the preceding chapters the German invasion of Belgium and France, and the Austrian invasion of Serbia; we will now view the fighting of the Russians and the Austrians on to the frontier, as it progressed simultaneously with the Russian and German campaigns to be described in subsequent chapters.
我们在前面的章节中目睹了德国入侵比利时和法国，以及奥地利入侵塞尔维亚；现在我们将看到俄罗斯人和奥地利人在边境上的战斗，它与俄罗斯和德国的战役同时进行，这将在后续章节中描述。
For some days before war was declared, as noted in Volume I of this work, Austria-Hungary and Russia understood each other thoroughly.
正如本书第一卷所述，在宣战前的几天里，奥匈帝国和俄罗斯彻底了解了彼此。
Russia was satisfied that Austria intended to force war on Serbia, and Russia was pledged to protect and uphold the little nation, which was really her ward and over which she had announced a protectorate.
俄罗斯对奥地利打算对塞尔维亚发动战争感到满意，俄罗斯承诺保护和维护这个小国家，这个小国家实际上是她的监护人，她已宣布对其建立保护国。
A review of the situation at this time shows that while mobilization was being hastened, Russia had joined the Slav kingdom in asking for a delay on the ultimatum that Serbia had received from Austria on July 24, 1914.
纵观此时的局势，在加速动员的同时，俄罗斯也与斯拉夫王国一起要求推迟1914年7月24日塞尔维亚从奥地利收到的最后通牒。
On July 27 Russia notified Austria that she could not permit Serbia to be invaded.
7月27日，俄罗斯通知奥地利，她不能允许塞尔维亚被入侵。
On July 29 an imperial ukase issued by the czar called all reservists to the colors.
7 月 29 日，沙皇发布了一项帝国命令，号召所有预备役军人佩戴军旗。
On July 31, 1914, M.
1914 年 7 月 31 日，M.
Goremykin, President of the Council of the Russian Empire, issued a manifesto which read: "Russia is determined not to allow Serbia to be crushed, and will fulfill its duty in regard to that small kingdom, which has already suffered so much at Austria's hands."
俄罗斯帝国委员会主席戈列梅金发表了一份宣言，其中写道：“俄罗斯决心不让塞尔维亚被压垮，并将履行对这个小王国的责任，这个小王国已经在奥地利手中遭受了如此多的苦难。”
Germany on July 30, 1914, had asked Russia to stop its mobilization, and had demanded a reply within twenty-four hours.
1914年7月30日，德国要求俄罗斯停止动员，并要求在24小时内给予答复。
Russia had ignored the ultimatum, and on August 1 the German Ambassador had handed a declaration of war to the Russian Foreign Minister.
俄罗斯无视最后通牒，8月1日德国大使向俄罗斯外交部长递交了宣战书。
On August 6, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, and the Austrian Ambassador left St. Petersburg.
1914年8月6日，奥匈帝国对俄宣战，奥地利大使离开圣彼得堡。
In such wise was the eastern arena cleared for action.
这样，东部竞技场就可以进行行动了。
Before describing in detail the Austro-Russian campaign, it is necessary to bear in mind the conditions in the opposing armies.
在详细描述奥俄战役之前，有必要先了解一下敌对军队的情况。
The strength of the Austrian army is discussed in the chapter on the Austro-Serbian campaigns, while the fighting forces of Russia are discussed in the chapter on the Russian and German campaigns.
奥地利军队的实力在奥塞战役一章中讨论，而俄罗斯的战斗力则在俄罗斯和德国战役一章中讨论。
Much has been said, and justly, in criticism of Russia's army at the outbreak of the war and afterward, but there is no disputing the fact that it had been improved wonderfully as the direct result of the war with Japan.
人们在战争爆发时和战争爆发后对俄罗斯军队的批评已经说了很多，而且是公正的，但毫无疑问的是，由于与日本的战争的直接结果，俄罗斯军队已经得到了惊人的改善。
In the strenuous years that followed that war, with revolution an ever-present menace, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and the granting of religious toleration to the many creeds and sects which helped to make up the population, awakened its diverse people to a new unity, inspired the people with hopefulness and activity, and the _morale_ of the Russian army improved accordingly.
在那场战争之后的艰苦岁月里，革命的威胁始终存在，君主立宪制的建立，以及对许多教义和教派的宗教宽容，这些都有助于构成人口，唤醒不同人民的新团结，激发人民的希望和积极性，俄罗斯军队的士气也相应提高。
The army, at the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, on a peace basis included about 50,000 officers and more than 1,200,000 men, which included about 1,000,000 actual combatants.
1914年第一次世界大战爆发时，军队在和平基础上约有5万名军官和超过120万名士兵，其中实际战斗人员约有100万名。
In recent years preceding, the annual contingent had been about 430,000.
近几年来，每年的队伍规模约为43万人。
At the end of July, 1914, the ukase, which proclaimed a general mobilization, summoned to the colors five classes, or about two million men.
1914 年 7 月底，上级宣布总动员，召集了 5 个班，即约 200 万人。
The total number was increased by other reservists and volunteers to 4,100,000.
其他预备役军人和志愿者将总人数增加到 4,100,000 人。
[Illustration: Pictorial Map of Russia.]
[插图：俄罗斯图画地图。]
There had been a wave of reform in every branch of the military service.
军队各部门都掀起了改革浪潮。
The men who were conscripted to form the main strength of the army were young and possessed more initiative than had the recruits of years before.
被征召成为军队主力的人都很年轻，比以前的新兵更有主动性。
Every effort was made to encourage this initiative under the new field service regulations.
根据新的现场服务法规，我们尽一切努力鼓励这一举措。
In creating a new army with real fighting spirit, cohesion, and ability, Grand Duke Nicholas, who was made Generalissimo, was conspicuous.
在打造一支真正有战斗精神、有凝聚力、有能力的新军队方面，被任命为大元帅的尼古拉斯大公的表现引人注目。
Each year the progress made under his direction has been displayed at the autumn maneuvers.
每年在他的指导下取得的进展都会在秋季演习中得到展示。
Another member of the imperial family, Grand Duke Sergius, was largely responsible for the excellent showing made by the Russian guns and gunners after war began.
另一位皇室成员塞尔吉乌斯大公对战争开始后俄罗斯枪支和炮手的出色表现负有主要责任。
For purposes of administration all of European Russia was divided into eight military districts--the Caucasus, Kazan, Kiev, Moscow, Odessa, Petrograd, Warsaw, and Vilna.
出于管理目的，俄罗斯整个欧洲部分被划分为八个军区：高加索、喀山、基辅、莫斯科、敖德萨、彼得格勒、华沙和维尔纳。
There were also four Siberian districts, making twelve in all.
还有四个西伯利亚地区，总共十二个。
To each district were assigned two or more army corps.
每个地区都被分配了两个或更多的军团。
In war, these were grouped in varying numbers from three to five to constitute an army or army group.
在战争中，这些部队以三到五人的不同数量组成一支军队或集团军。
The equipment of the Russian infantry soldier comprised at the outbreak of the Great War a rifle, a 299-mm.
第一次世界大战爆发时，俄罗斯步兵的装备包括一支299毫米步枪。
weapon with a quadrangular bayonet--which also was carried by noncommissioned officers--a waistbelt supporting a pouch for thirty rounds on each side of the clasp, an intrenching tool, a bandolier holding another thirty rounds carried over the left shoulder under the rolled greatcoat, and a reserve pouch also holding thirty rounds, which completed the full load of 120 rounds for each man, suspended by a strap over the right shoulder.
带有四角刺刀的武器（也由士官携带），腰带的扣环两侧各有一个可装三十发子弹的小袋，还有一个挖壕工具，一个弹带，可装另外三十发子弹，放在卷起的大衣下，放在左肩上，还有一个也可装三十发子弹的备用袋，每个人可装满一百二十发子弹，用一条带子挂在右肩上。
As the Russian soldiers moved to the Austrian frontier, there was slung over the right shoulder kits containing food and clothing and cooking utensils, and over the left shoulder one-sixth part of a shelter tent.
当俄罗斯士兵前往奥地利边境时，他们的右肩上挂着装有食物、衣服和炊具的工具包，左肩上挂着六分之一的避难帐篷。
The total weight borne by the regular Russian infantryman was nearly 58-1/4 pounds.
俄罗斯正规步兵的总重量接近58-1/4磅。
When the war started, the Russian army, in its invasion of Austria, had its full complement of officers, and because of the great capacity of its military schools, it was as well able as other nations engaged to make up for losses in battle.
战争爆发时，俄军在入侵奥地利时，军官编制齐全，而且由于其军事学校实力雄厚，能够像其他国家一样弥补战斗损失。
One sweeping and beneficial change that had been made was that promotion no longer went by seniority but entirely by merit: the higher the position the more rigid the tests.
一项彻底而有益的改变是，晋升不再根据资历，而是完全根据功绩：职位越高，考验就越严格。
Incidentally, it was Russia's good fortune that the war came at a time when the noncommissioned ranks were full and it was possible to promote many of these men to fill vacancies in the commissioned service.
顺便说一句，俄罗斯很幸运，战争发生在军士满员的时候，可以提拔其中许多人来填补现役军人的空缺。
The use of Russian infantry on the battle fields, as we shall soon see, differed in no essential way from that common to other nations of Europe.
我们很快就会看到，俄罗斯步兵在战场上的使用与欧洲其他国家的常见做法没有本质上的不同。
An advance under fire was almost identical with that of other nations.
在炮火下的前进几乎与其他国家相同。
A single company in attack would dispatch two platoons as a firing line, retaining two in reserve, each of the platoons in front providing its own protection for skirmishing, according to the nature of the ground.
一个连在进攻中会派出两个排作为火线，保留两个排作为后备，前面的每个排根据地形的性质为小规模冲突提供自己的保护。
If the cover was adequate, a few rifles were enough to locate the enemy, and either they could be reenforced or the front could be extended.
如果掩护足够的话，几支步枪就足以定位敌人，要么可以增援，要么可以延长战线。
If the ground were quite open, the two leading platoons were extended at once, so as to oppose the enemy with an equal extent of fire, and then advanced by rushes, each section covering the rush of the other by alternate firing.
如果地面十分开阔，先头的两个排立即展开，以同等火力对抗敌人，然后再冲锋前进，每个排以交替射击的方式掩护对方的冲锋。
The two reserve platoons could be used either to outflank the enemy, if the nature of the ground permitted, or for direct reenforcement in any formation required.
如果地形允许，这两个预备排可以用来包抄敌人，也可以在任何需要的编队中直接增援。
As has been said, all the nations engaged in the great conflict pursued similar tactics in this respect, and the only advantage possessed by Russia in their use was that both her infantry and artillery possessed a much larger number of officers, who had been trained to understand how, against a powerful opponent, to carry out efficiently in practice and in times of great stress the theory which all nations held in common.
正如前面所说，所有卷入这场伟大冲突的国家在这方面都采取了类似的策略，而俄罗斯在使用这些策略时所拥有的唯一优势是，它的步兵和炮兵都拥有数量多得多的军官，这些军官受过训练，懂得如何在面对强大的对手时，在实践中和在压力巨大的时候有效地执行所有国家共同持有的理论。
The observer of the battles in the Russo-Austrian campaigns will see that the Russian cavalry was inadequate, because its horses were too small, of inferior strain, and lacking the stamina needed in modern warfare.
观察俄奥战役的人就会发现，俄国骑兵的力量不足，因为马匹太小，体力较差，缺乏现代战争所需的耐力。
They were valuable, however, because of their large numbers, and the fact that during the winter months, being acclimated and to the country born, they were able to pick up a living in the snow when other horses would starve.
然而，它们很有价值，因为它们数量众多，而且在冬季的几个月里，在适应环境和出生的国家中，当其他马挨饿时，它们能够在雪地里谋生。
As regards field batteries, near the western Russian frontier and in Asia, nearly all of them had, when war was declared, eight guns.
至于野战炮台，在俄罗斯西部边境附近和亚洲，宣战时几乎所有炮台都拥有八门火炮。
In most of the batteries in Asia the number of men maintained in peace was the same as in war.
在亚洲的大多数炮台中，平时的人数与战时的人数相同。
[Illustration: Russian Invasion of Galicia.]
[插图：俄罗斯入侵加利西亚。]
The Russian army moved forward with adequate aerial corps.
俄罗斯军队以充足的空军部队向前推进。
The keenest interest in military aviation had been taken in Russia during two years before the war.
战前两年，俄罗斯对军用航空产生了最浓厚的兴趣。
Grand Duke Alexander was one of the founders of the aviation school at Sebastopol, where two-thirds of the Russian aviation officers obtained their training.
亚历山大大公是塞瓦斯托波尔航空学校的创始人之一，三分之二的俄罗斯航空军官在那里接受了培训。
In the spring of 1914 the air fleet consisted of 16 dirigibles and 360 aeroplanes, while orders for 1,000 aircraft of different descriptions had been placed with various firms in Russia.
1914 年春，该机队由 16 架飞船和 360 架飞机组成，同时向俄罗斯多家公司订购了 1,000 架不同型号的飞机。
The army of Austria-Hungary which faced the Russians was composed of men from a country where universal military service prevailed.
与俄国人对峙的奥匈帝国军队是由来自实行普遍兵役制度的国家的士兵组成的。
In theory only the physically unfit were exempt from service, and the liability extended from the beginning of the nineteenth year to the close of the forty-second.
理论上，只有身体不适的人才能免除服役，责任范围从十九年初到四十二岁末。
Actual service in the ranks and with the reserve was twelve years.
实际在部队和预备役服役了十二年。
After the men had served ten years with the army and in its reserve they were included in the Landwehr for another two years.
这些人在军队服役十年并进入预备役后，又在兰德维尔服役了两年。
It is likely that Austria had at the outbreak of war from 1,200,000 to 1,300,000 men at her disposal.
战争爆发时，奥地利可能有 1,200,000 至 1,300,000 名士兵可供调遣。
During the three years preceding she had greatly strengthened her equipment.
三年来，她的装备得到了极大的强化。
The infantry of the joint Austrian army, which had to fight the campaigns against the Russians on the east, and against the Serbians on the south, comprised 102 regiments of infantry, 27 battalions of Jaegers, 4 regiments of Tyrolese Jaegers, and 4 regiments of Bosnia-Herzegovina infantry.
奥地利联合军的步兵包括102个步兵团、27个猎兵营、4个蒂罗尔猎兵团和4个波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那步兵团，他们的任务是在东部对抗俄罗斯人，在南部对抗塞尔维亚人。
Every infantry regiment had four field battalions and a depot battalion.
每个步兵团有四个野战营和一个补给营。
The duty of the latter was to fill up the ranks of the others.
后者的职责是填补其他人的空缺。
Each infantry regiment had at least two machine-gun detachments of two guns each, and in many there were two guns per battalion.
每个步兵团至少有两个机枪分队，每个分队有两门枪，许多步兵团每个营有两门枪。
In Bosnia and Herzegovina every battalion had four, and this also was true of every Jaeger battalion.
在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那，每个营有四个，每个猎兵营也是如此。
The Austrian infantrymen, as they met their Russian antagonists, carried a small-bore magazine rifle, in use in the army since 1895, and known after its inventor as the Männlicher.
奥地利步兵在与俄罗斯对手会面时携带了小口径弹匣步枪，该步枪自 1895 年起在军队中使用，因其发明者而闻名，称为 Männlicher。
It had a caliber of .315 inch and fired a pointed bullet.
它的口径为 0.315 英寸，发射的是尖头子弹。
It was loaded by means of a charger which contained five cartridges, and it was equipped with a bayonet.
它通过装有五个弹药筒的充电器进行装载，并配有刺刀。
The cavalry carbine was shorter but took the same bullet.
骑兵卡宾枪较短，但能承受相同的子弹。
One hundred and twenty rounds were carried by the infantry soldier, and there were forty rounds in the company ammunition wagon, and 160 in the infantry ammunition columns, in addition.
步兵携带一百二十发子弹，连弹药车里有四十发子弹，另外步兵弹药纵队里有一百六十发子弹。
The machine gun in use was of the same caliber and took the same ammunition as the infantry rifle.
所使用的机枪与步兵步枪口径相同，所用弹药相同。
It was composed of few parts, and was a simple and highly effective instrument.
它由很少的部件组成，是一种简单而高效的仪器。
On these first days of August, 1914, the cavalry of Austria--the hussars, uhlans, and dragoons, but really all of one type--light cavalry--was equipped uniformly with saber and carbine.
1914 年 8 月的第一天，奥地利的骑兵——骠骑兵、乌兰骑兵和龙骑兵，但实际上都是一种类型——轻骑兵——统一装备了马刀和卡宾枪。
The noncommissioned officers and others who did not carry a carbine rode forth equipped with an automatic pistol.
士官和其他没有携带卡宾枪的人装备了自动手枪。
There were forty-two cavalry regiments in the entire Austrian army, consisting of six squadrons, each of which had a fighting strength of 150 sabers, not counting the pioneer troops.
整个奥军共有四十二个骑兵团，由六个中队组成，每个中队的战斗力为一百五十刀，这还不包括先锋部队。
Every cavalry regiment had four machine guns with 40,000 rounds of ammunition.
每个骑兵团有4挺机枪，弹药4万发。
The pioneer troops of the cavalry, which first were introduced in Austria, were composed of an officer and twenty-five men, equipped with tools and explosives needed by an advance force to clear obstacles, destroy railways, etc. Besides the pioneer troops, eight men in each squadron were equipped with similar tools.
奥地利首先引入的骑兵先锋部队由一名军官和二十五人组成，配备先遣部队清除障碍、破坏铁路等所需的工具和炸药。除先锋部队外，每个中队八人配备了类似的工具。
The telegraph section, consisting of eight men, carried about seven miles of light wire.
电报部由八名人员组成，携带约七英里长的光缆。
The artillery of Austria-Hungary had been greatly modified in recent years.
奥匈帝国的火炮近年来有了很大的改进。
The gun used for horse and field batteries was known as M5--that is, the pattern of 1905.
用于马匹和野战炮组的火炮被称为 M5——即 1905 年的型号。
It was of 3-inch caliber, a quick firer, throwing a shrapnel shell which weighed 14.7 pounds.
它的口径为3英寸，发射速度快，发射的弹片重达14.7磅。
High-explosive shells also were carried in the proportion of two to five of shrapnel.
还携带了两到五枚弹片的高爆弹。
The gun had a long recoil on its carriage, which absorbed the shock and the gun returned to its place.
该枪的炮架上有一个长后坐力，可以吸收冲击力，然后枪回到原来的位置。
This made rapid fire possible.
这使得快速射击成为可能。
Like the other powers, Austria-Hungary had adopted a howitzer for its heavy batteries.
与其他国家一样，奥匈帝国也为其重型炮组采用了榴弹炮。
It fired a shell of 38.132 pounds.
它发射了 38.132 磅的炮弹。
There was also a heavy gun in use, a 10.5 centimeter, corresponding to a 4.1-inch gun.
还有一种正在使用的重型火炮，10.5厘米，对应4.1英寸火炮。
The ammunition was like that of a howitzer--a shell weighing 38.132 pounds, which contained a high-explosive bursting charge and shrapnel with 700 bullets, fifty to the pound.
弹药就像榴弹炮一样——炮弹重 38.132 磅，里面装有高爆炸药和弹片，共 700 发子弹，每磅 50 发。
On the march the carriage was separated from the gun, and each was drawn by six horses.
行军时，马车与大炮分开，各由六匹马牵引。
The mountain regions on all the frontiers of the Dual Monarchy resounded on these August days of 1914 with the mountain artillery.
1914 年八月的日子里，山地炮声响彻双元君主国所有边境的山区。
The 10.5-centimeter guns and 4.1-inch howitzer quick firers threw a shell of thirty-two pounds.
10.5厘米火炮和4.1英寸榴弹炮速射器投掷了三十二磅重的炮弹。
This howitzer had a range of more than 6,000 yards, and was a powerful weapon.
这种榴弹炮的射程超过6000码，是一种威力强大的武器。
The 30.5-centimeter mortars fired a shell of 858 pounds with a bursting charge of 56 pounds of ecrasite.
30.5 厘米迫击炮发射了 858 磅重的炮弹，爆破装药为 56 磅钙镁石。
The extreme range of this mortar was about six miles.
这种迫击炮的最大射程约为六英里。
Ten rounds could be fired each hour.
每小时可发射十发子弹。
Two guns and their ammunition lorries were drawn by three large tractors.
三辆大型拖拉机牵引着两门枪和弹药卡车。
An hour was required to get one of these guns ready for action.
需要一个小时才能让其中一把枪做好战斗准备。
Let us enter the headquarters of the Austrian army at the beginning of the Russian campaign.
让我们进入俄罗斯战役开始时奥地利军队的总部。
There we meet the engineer staff, which built and besieged fortresses, and a military works department, which built and maintained buildings that were not immediately connected with fortifications.
在那里，我们遇到了建造和围攻堡垒的工程人员，以及建造和维护与防御工事没有直接联系的建筑物的军事工程部门。
Austria-Hungary had only a few fortresses of modern construction.
奥匈帝国只有几座现代建筑的堡垒。
The intrenched camps in Galicia, Cracow, and Przemysl were soon to be besieged, and between them was a fortress known as Jaroslav, of insignificant value, like that of Huy between Liege and Namur in Belgium.
加利西亚、克拉科夫和普热梅希尔的工事营地很快就被围困，它们之间有一座名叫雅罗斯拉夫的堡垒，价值微不足道，就像比利时列日和那慕尔之间的休伊堡垒一样。
The Austrian army had not made as much progress in aeronautics as those of other nations.
奥地利军队在航空方面的进步不如其他国家那么大。
There was a depot for dirigibles at Fischamend, about eleven miles southeast of Vienna, but only a few dirigibles were ready for service.
位于维也纳东南约 11 英里的菲沙门德有一个飞船仓库，但只有几架飞船可供使用。
These were of the Parsefal type.
这些都是帕塞法尔类型的。
There were a number of captive balloons.
有许多系留气球。
The number of aeroplanes available was very small.
可用的飞机数量非常少。
A school for teaching aviation had been established at Vienna-Neustadt.
在维也纳新城建立了一所航空教学学校。
The faces of the soldiers of the Austria-Hungarian army on the Russian frontier denoted many races, but it possessed considerable solidarity.
俄罗斯边境奥匈帝国军队士兵的面孔代表着许多种族，但具有相当大的团结性。
Officers and soldiers recognized alike that they were all under a single head--the emperor.
军官和士兵都承认他们都在一个首脑之下——皇帝。
The officers were drawn from all classes of society, and this was also a unifying influence.
军官们来自社会各阶层，这也是一种团结的影响力。
They were on more intimate relations with their men than the Prussian leaders, and "led" instead of "drove" them.
他们与士兵的关系比普鲁士领导人更为密切，并且“领导”而不是“驱使”他们。
Commands for the whole army were given in German, but otherwise the language varied according to the composition of the various regiments as regarded races.
整个军队的命令都是用德语发出的，但除此之外，语言还根据种族不同的军团的组成而有所不同。
The use of the German language for commands undoubtedly aided in unifying the army.
使用德语进行指挥无疑有助于统一军队。
CHAPTER LXII
第六十二章
GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE CAMPAIGN
活动的总体策略
The Austrian army faced the Russians on August 11, 1914, with a well-organized strategical plan.
1914年8月11日，奥地利军队以周密的战略计划迎战俄国人。
Austria, realizing the importance of unity, cohesion, and harmony in her own forces, proposed at the outset of the war to dissipate the strength of her enemy, Russia, by causing an uprising in Poland.
奥地利认识到本国军队团结、凝聚力与和谐的重要性，在战争一开始就提出通过在波兰发动起义来削弱敌人俄罗斯的力量。
The vanguard of Austria's advance along the Vistula consisted of the Galician army corps, made up of Polish soldiers.
奥地利沿维斯瓦河推进的先锋队是由波兰士兵组成的加利西亚军团。
Along the border, arms and ammunition had been collected for the anticipated insurrection.
沿着边境，人们已经为预期的叛乱收集了武器和弹药。
A proclamation was sent by the Polish associations of Galicia and Posen to their "brethren of Russian Poland." In this, the Poles of Russia were urged to prepare for a rising, but not to attempt it until the Austrian vanguard had arrived and won a first battle.
加利西亚和波森的波兰协会向他们的“俄罗斯波兰兄弟”发出了一份公告。在此，俄罗斯的波兰人被敦促做好起义准备，但在奥地利先头部队到达并赢得第一场战斗之前不要尝试起义。
Then arms would be provided for them.
然后将为他们提供武器。
Russian strategy checkmated this plan.
俄罗斯的战略挫败了这一计划。
The czar issued a proclamation promising home rule to Poland as soon as Germany and Austria had been repulsed.
沙皇发布公告，承诺在德国和奥地利被击退后立即给予波兰自治。
With this home rule he also offered self-government and freedom of law and religion, and the reconstitution of the old Polish territory by means of the annexation of Posen and Galicia.
通过这种地方自治，他还提供自治以及法律和宗教自由，并通过吞并波森和加利西亚来重建旧波兰领土。
This move divided the Polish leaders and stifled the incipient revolution.
此举分裂了波兰领导人并扼杀了刚刚萌芽的革命。
The spy system won and lost the first strategical battles before a shot was fired.
间谍系统在第一次战略战斗尚未打响之前就取得了胜利和失败。
There is no doubt that the Austrians before the war knew almost as much about Russia's preparations as did the Russians themselves.
毫无疑问，战前奥地利人对俄罗斯的准备工作的了解几乎和俄罗斯人自己一样多。
The Austrian system of espionage was elaborate and accurate, and the Austrians profited by that of Germany also.
奥地利的间谍系统复杂而准确，奥地利人也从德国的间谍系统中获益。
Nevertheless, Russia surprised her foes and allies alike by the rapidity with which she got her troops into action on the offensive once war was on.
然而，一旦战争爆发，俄罗斯就迅速调动军队发起进攻，这让她的敌人和盟友都感到惊讶。
The Russian army was handicapped by lack of railroad facilities, but she made the most of them.
俄罗斯军队因缺乏铁路设施而受到阻碍，但她充分利用了铁路设施。
Her total mileage was about 25,000, her system being inferior to that of Germany or Austria.
她的总里程约为25,000，她的系统不如德国或奥地利。
Germany's was by far the best of the three.
德国队是这三者中迄今为止最好的。
Many of the Russian roads had but one line of track, their construction was inferior, stations were farther apart, and the speed of trains was comparatively slow.
俄罗斯道路很多只有一条轨道，建设较差，车站间隔较远，火车速度也较慢。
They could not carry as much traffic as those of either of her two adversaries.
他们无法像她的两个对手那样承载那么多流量。
The gauge of the Russian roads was 5 feet, so that the rolling stock could not be used on German and Austrian roads, which had a uniform gauge of 4 feet 8-1/2 inches.
俄罗斯道路的轨距为5英尺，因此机车车辆不能在德国和奥地利的道路上使用，这些道路的统一轨距为4英尺8-1/2英寸。
The management of Russian railroads was too complicated for army purposes.
俄罗斯铁路的管理对于军队来说过于复杂。
But Sukhomlinoff simplified it and instituted schools in which army officers were instructed in putting soldiers on cars rapidly and routing trains to the best possible advantage.
但苏霍姆利诺夫简化了这一过程，并建立了学校，指导军官如何快速将士兵送上汽车，并以尽可能有利的方式安排火车。
This and other activities of Sukhomlinoff, along the line of reform and improvement, were in no small measure responsible for the rapidity with which Galicia was invaded.
苏霍姆利诺夫的这一改革和改进活动以及其他活动在很大程度上导致了加利西亚的快速入侵。
Austria's military problem was a difficult one from the start.
奥地利的军事问题从一开始就是一个难题。
Her ally, Germany, could not extend much military assistance until a decisive blow had been struck in the western theatre of war, but Austria, having a million men in readiness and being strong in artillery, was expected to assume the offensive from the start and attack the imperfectly mobilized Russian forces in western Poland.
她的盟友德国在西部战区受到决定性打击之前无法提供太多军事援助，但奥地利拥有百万备战且炮兵强大，预计会从一开始就发起攻势，攻击波兰西部动员不完善的俄罗斯军队。
An immediate offensive was required, because she must hold Galicia at all cost.
需要立即发起进攻，因为她必须不惜一切代价守住加利西亚。
There were three places where Russia might cross the frontier of Galicia--west of the point where the waters of the San empty into the Vistula, between the Upper Bug and the San, or along the line of the River Sereth on the east.
俄罗斯可以在三个地方越过加利西亚边境——桑河流入维斯瓦河的西边、上布格河和桑河之间、或者沿着东边的塞雷斯河沿岸。
There was great danger in a combined movement by Russia against the first and third sections of the frontier which would cut off and surround the forces of Austria which were based on Przemysl and Lemberg.
俄罗斯对边境第一段和第三段的联合行动存在巨大危险，这将切断并包围以普热梅希尔和伦贝格为基地的奥地利军队。
In order to avoid this peril, apparently the safest as well as boldest plan was to proceed northward against the fortresses of Warsaw.
为了避免这种危险，显然最安全也是最大胆的计划就是向北进攻华沙的要塞。
Such an advance would in all probability prevent the armies of Russia from crossing the Vistula and postpone any attack against the Sereth from the east.
这样的推进很可能会阻止俄罗斯军队渡过维斯瓦河，并推迟从东部对塞雷思河的任何进攻。
Austria was staking the success of such tactics on the incompleteness of mobilization by the Russians, and therein she proved to be in error.
奥地利将这种策略的成功寄托在俄国人动员不彻底的基础上，事实证明她错了。
Indeed, the quickness of Russia's military movements amazed the entire world, with the exception of her Generalissimo, Grand Duke Nicholas, and his aides and advisors.
事实上，俄罗斯军事行动的速度令全世界惊叹不已，除了她的大元帅尼古拉斯大公及其助手和顾问。
At the outbreak of the Great War, Nicholas was in command of the St. Petersburg military district.
第一次世界大战爆发时，尼古拉斯指挥着圣彼得堡军区。
Under him was a Corps of Guards, and the First and Eighteenth Army Corps from 120,000 to 150,000 men.
他麾下有近卫军、第一军和第十八军，人数为12万至15万。
He was a soldier of the first rank and an able strategist.
他是一位一流的战士，也是一位能干的战略家。
He had familiarized himself with the armies of other European nations.
他熟悉其他欧洲国家的军队。
He long had planned for the emergency that now confronted him.
他早就为现在面临的紧急情况做好了计划。
In the rapid movement of the Russian forces, he was aided chiefly by General Vladimir Sukhomlinoff.
在俄罗斯军队的快速行动中，他主要得到了弗拉基米尔·苏霍姆利诺夫将军的协助。
The latter saw that one of the chief defects in the Russian army, as disclosed by the Japanese War, was the slowness of her railroad operations, and some time before war was declared he had set himself to improving conditions.
后者看到，正如日本战争所揭示的那样，俄罗斯军队的主要缺陷之一是其铁路运营缓慢，在宣战前一段时间，他已着手改善条件。
He established a school of railroading for officers where the rapid loading of troops on cars and the general speeding up of transportation were studied scientifically.
他为军官建立了一所铁路学校，对车辆快速装载部队和运输的一般加速进行了科学研究。
The good results of such work were apparent at the very outset of hostilities.
这些工作的良好成果在敌对行动一开始就显而易见。
As we have seen, France was saved in the first campaign in the west by the sturdy resistance of little Belgium to the advance of the Germans through her territory, so Russia now helped to save France a second time by the rapidity of her campaign.
正如我们所看到的，法国在西线的第一次战役中，由于小比利时对德国人穿过其领土的进攻进行了顽强的抵抗，从而拯救了法国，因此，俄罗斯现在凭借其迅速的战役，第二次帮助拯救了法国。
While German troops still were investing Liege in Belgium, the Russian troops were registering their first triumph at Eydtkuhnen, and upon the very day that Ghent fell into the hands of the Germans, Russia began her strong offensive in East Prussia.
当德国军队仍在比利时列日时，俄罗斯军队在艾特库宁取得了第一次胜利，而就在根特落入德国人手中的那一天，俄罗斯开始了对东普鲁士的猛烈进攻。
By such means were a large part of the German forces, intent on taking Paris, diverted from attack on the western war arena to protect the eastern frontier from Russian menace.
通过这种方式，一大批意图占领巴黎的德国军队转移了对西部战场的进攻，以保护东部边境免受俄罗斯的威胁。
The relief which Russia thus gave her Allies was invaluable.
俄罗斯因此给予其盟国的救济是无价的。
The battle of Mons was over in Belgium and the retreat to the Marne in France had begun, and the Germans were almost in sight of the French capital, when, save for Russia's timely blow on the Polish frontier, the Germans, many war critics believe, would have reached Paris.
比利时的蒙斯战役已经结束，向法国马恩河的撤退已经开始，德国人几乎已经看到了法国首都，许多战争批评家认为，如果不是俄罗斯及时袭击波兰边境，德国人本来可以到达巴黎。
When the Germans in the west were striving toward Calais on the English Channel as their goal, it was the Russian offensive in Galicia that forced Germany to transfer more army corps to the eastern front in order to stop the tide that threatened to overflow Austria.
当西线的德军向英吉利海峡的加莱作为目标时，正是俄国人在加利西亚的攻势迫使德国将更多的军团调往东线，以阻止威胁淹没奥地利的浪潮。
Thus the French and British were able to stop the advance that threatened to engulf them on the western front and given time to organize themselves for a strenuous contest.
因此，法国和英国能够阻止在西线可能吞没他们的进攻，并有时间组织起来进行激烈的竞争。
The strategic problem which confronted Russia was much more complicated than that which had to be solved either by Germany or Austria.
俄罗斯面临的战略问题比德国或奥地利必须解决的战略问题要复杂得多。
It was quite evident to her General Staff that at least during the first few months of hostilities Germany would devote her whole time and attention to attack in the western arena, the French being at the time her most dangerous enemy.
德国的总参谋部很清楚，至少在敌对行动的最初几个月，德国将把全部时间和精力投入到西部战场的攻击上，而法国当时是她最危险的敌人。
Except for a small part of the Austrian forces left to oppose the Serbians and Montenegrins, the whole army of Austria was depended upon to oppose the Russian advance.
除了一小部分奥地利军队留下来对抗塞尔维亚人和黑山人外，奥地利的整个军队都被用来对抗俄罗斯的进攻。
The important strategic condition that confronted Russia was this: Her most dangerous enemy was Germany, but in order to attack Germany it was necessary that Austria's army should first be destroyed.
俄罗斯面临的重要战略条件是：她最危险的敌人是德国，但要进攻德国，就必须首先消灭奥地利军队。
The eastern theatre of the war has been described in a preceding chapter and it will be recalled that for about two hundred miles from east to west Russian Poland is inclosed on the north by East Prussia and on the south by Austria.
战争的东部战区已在前一章中描述过，我们还记得，俄罗斯波兰从东到西约两百英里，北部被东普鲁士包围，南部被奥地利包围。
Moreover, the Sudetic Mountains on the Austrian frontier and the huge forests of Poland protect the position of German Silesia southeast of Breslau.
此外，奥地利边境的苏台德山脉和波兰广阔的森林保护着布雷斯劳东南德属西里西亚的地位。
Passing through it are the chief lines of railway connecting eastern and western Europe, including the routes between Poland, Galicia, Moravia, and Bohemia.
连接东西欧的主要铁路线穿过这里，包括波兰、加利西亚、摩拉维亚和波西米亚之间的路线。
At varying distances from her Russian frontier Austria has a line of mountains of great defensive strength.
奥地利在距俄罗斯边境不同距离的地方有一条防御力量强大的山脉。
This is the Carpathian, which, extending inside the Austrian-Russian border line, is joined by the Transylvanian Alps and continues to form the south frontier of Austria.
这就是喀尔巴阡山脉，延伸至奥俄边境线内，与特兰西瓦尼亚阿尔卑斯山相连，继续构成奥地利的南部边境。
It would not be possible for the Russian invaders to menace Austria seriously until these mountains had been crossed.
在翻越这些山脉之前，俄罗斯侵略者不可能对奥地利构成严重威胁。
Russia, however, was menaced by the configuration of the German-Austrian frontier, with Poland open to invasion from three sides.
然而，俄罗斯受到德奥边境格局的威胁，而波兰也面临着来自三个方面的入侵。
Also, Austria and Germany had many strongly intrenched positions at strategical points covering all the chief lines of approach on their frontiers where the latter faced Russian territory.
此外，奥地利和德国在战略要点上拥有许多坚固的阵地，覆盖了其边境上所有主要的进攻线，而后者面对的是俄罗斯领土。
Besides being defended by artificial works, the frontier had natural defenses, such as lakes, swamps, and forests.
边境除了有人工工事防御外，还有湖泊、沼泽、森林等自然防御。
All along the Russian-Austrian frontier, in fact, there exist such natural defenses against invasion.
事实上，沿着俄罗斯-奥地利边境，一直存在着这种抵御入侵的天然防御设施。
On the southern boundary of Poland the Russian army was held off by great bogs which cover from east to west a distance of about 250 miles.
在波兰南部边界，俄罗斯军队被东西长约250英里的大沼泽所阻挡。
The only crossing was a single line of railroad, the one extending from Kiev to Brest-Litovsk.
唯一的交叉口是一条铁路线，从基辅延伸到布列斯特-立托夫斯克。
From a military viewpoint, these marshes divided the line in two parts, imperiling the situation of any fighting in front of them in case of defeat.
从军事角度来看，这些沼泽将战线分成两部分，一旦失败，就会危及前方战斗的局势。
They would offer no kind of sustenance to troops driven within them.
他们不会为内部的部队提供任何食物。
Russia was not prepared to put into the field an army large enough to hold the entire line from the Baltic to the Rumanian frontier, approximately 1,000 miles, and there was no time, if part of the German forces were to be diverted from the western front, to raise such forces and equip them.
俄罗斯不准备派出一支足够强大的军队来控制从波罗的海到罗马尼亚边境的整条防线，大约1000英里，而且如果部分德国军队要从西线撤出，也没有时间集结和装备这些部队。
At the beginning of hostilities on August 11, 1914, the chief offensive against Russia was intrusted to the First Austrian Army under General Dankl.
1914 年 8 月 11 日敌对行动开始时，对俄罗斯的主要进攻任务交给了丹克尔将军领导的奥地利第一集团军。
This was composed of about seven army corps, having various additional units, or amounting in all to about 350,000 men.
这支部队由大约 7 个军团组成，并拥有各种附加部队，总计约 35 万人。
This army had its base on Przemysl and Jaroslav, and the work which had been assigned to it was to advance upward between the Vistula on the left side and the Bug on the right, on to Lublin and Kholm.
这支军队的基地位于普热梅希尔和雅罗斯拉夫，分配给它的任务是从左侧的维斯瓦河和右侧的布格河之间向上推进，直至卢布林和霍尔姆。
There it was to sever and hold the Warsaw-Kiev railroad so the line would be exposed in the direction of Brest-Litovsk and the chief communications in the rear of Warsaw.
在那里，它的目的是切断并控制华沙-基辅铁路，使该线路暴露在布列斯特-立托夫斯克方向和华沙后方的主要交通枢纽上。
The First Austrian Army, while it advanced to this position, would have as protection from attack on its right and rear from the east and south the Second Army under General von Auffenberg.
奥地利第一集团军在推进到这个阵地时，将得到冯·奥芬贝格将军领导的第二集团军的保护，以免受来自东部和南部的右翼和后方的攻击。
This army, advancing northeast from Lemberg, would control eastern Galicia from the Bug to the Sereth and the Dniester.
这支军队从伦贝格向东北推进，将控制加利西亚东部从布格河到塞雷斯河和德涅斯特河的地区。
The numerical strength of Von Auffenberg's army at the start probably was about 300,000, and consisted of five army corps with five divisions of cavalry.
冯·奥芬伯格的军队一开始的兵力大约有30万人，由五个军团和五个骑兵师组成。
This, however, was only its initial strength.
然而，这只是它最初的力量。
As hostilities developed Von Auffenberg added to his strength until he is reported to have had no less than six corps and additional cavalry.
随着敌对行动的发展，冯·奥芬伯格不断增强自己的实力，据报道他已经拥有不少于六个军团和额外的骑兵。
At first this increase came from the Third or Reserve Army, over which Archduke Joseph Ferdinand had command.
起初，这种增长来自约瑟夫·斐迪南大公指挥的第三军或后备军。
While General Dankl was advancing toward Lublin on August 28, 1914, being protected on his right flank by Von Auffenberg, the army of the Archduke appears to have been pushed out in a similar manner on the left.
1914 年 8 月 28 日，当丹克尔将军在冯·奥芬贝格的右翼保护下向卢布林挺进时，大公的军队似乎在左翼以类似的方式被驱逐。
CHAPTER LXIII
第六十章
AUSTRIA TAKES THE OFFENSIVE
奥地利发起进攻
The Austrians crossed the Polish border on August 29, 1914, and moved on as far as Kielce and toward Radom without encountering serious opposition.
1914 年 8 月 29 日，奥地利军队越过波兰边境，一路前进至凯尔采，并向拉多姆进军，没有遇到严重的抵抗。
That may have been as far as it was intended to proceed.
这可能已经是我们打算进行的事情了。
In all three of the armies of Austria there were about 1,000,000 men, and against these forces were arrayed three Russian armies--a small force on the Bug, which may be called the First Russian Army; a Second Russian Army under General Russky, which was moving on Sokal from the Lutsk and Dubno fortresses; and a Third Army under General Brussilov, which was proceeding against the Sereth.
奥地利的三支军队大约有一百万人，对抗这支军队的是三支俄罗斯军队——布格河上的一支小部队，可以称为俄罗斯第一集团军；罗斯基将军率领的俄罗斯第二集团军正从卢茨克和杜布诺要塞向索卡尔进发；布鲁西洛夫将军指挥的第三集团军正在进攻塞雷特。
There were about 300,000 men in each of the two latter armies.
后两支军队各约有三十万人。
Now the Russian strategy on September 1, 1914, was this: It was intended that their First Army should retire before Dankl, the Second Army to menace Lemberg from the northeast and put its right wing between Dankl and Von Auffenberg, and the Third Army to advance from the Sereth to the town of Halicz on the Dniester, and so finish the investment of Lemberg on the south and east.
1914年9月1日，俄国的战略是这样的：第一集团军应在丹克尔之前撤退，第二集团军从东北威胁伦贝格，并将其右翼部署在丹克尔和冯·奥芬贝格之间，第三集团军从塞雷特河向德涅斯特河畔的哈利茨镇推进，从而完成对伦贝格南部和东部的进攻。
It may have been, though this is not certain, that the General Staff of the Austrians did not see the close connection between the movements of Russky and Brussilov.
尽管不确定，但奥地利人的总参谋部可能没有看到俄罗斯和布鲁西洛夫运动之间的密切联系。
It may be that they believed they had only Brussilov to face at Lemberg, since Russky would be obliged to proceed to the aid of the First Russian Army on the Bug.
他们可能认为在伦贝格要面对的只有布鲁西洛夫，因为俄罗斯将不得不前往布格河支援俄罗斯第一集团军。
Russky was famed as a highly scientific soldier, being a professor in the Russian War Academy.
罗斯基作为一名高度科学的士兵而闻名，是俄罗斯战争学院的教授。
In the war with Japan, he had been chief of staff to General Kaulbars, the commander of the Second Manchurian Army.
在对日战争中，他曾担任满洲第二军司令考尔巴尔将军的参谋长。
Afterward, he had been closely associated with General Sukhomlinoff in the reorganization of the Russian forces.
此后，他在俄罗斯军队的重组中与苏霍姆利诺夫将军有着密切的联系。
Brussilov, whose army consisted of men of southern Russia, was a cavalry general and had seen service under Skobelev in the Turkish War of 1877.
布鲁西洛夫的军队由俄罗斯南部的人组成，他是一名骑兵将军，曾在 1877 年的土耳其战争中在斯科别列夫手下服役。
General Ewarts, in charge of the Third Army, the smallest of the three, whose duty was to fight a holding battle, was a corps commander.
尤尔茨将军负责指挥第三集团军，这是三集团军中最小的一个，其职责是打一场持久战，他是一名军长。
No serious resistance was made by the Russians against the main Austrian advance under General Dankl, and it proceeded almost to Lublin.
俄军并未对丹克尔将军率领的奥军主力进攻进行认真抵抗，奥军几乎已逼近卢布林。
At one time it was within eleven miles of that place.
一度距离那个地方不到十一英里。
On August 10, 1914, the Austrians who had crossed the frontier had a front of about eleven miles wide to the west of Tarnogrod.
1914 年 8 月 10 日，越过边境的奥地利军队在塔尔诺格罗德以西约 11 英里宽的战线上。
The Russian frontier posts had a brush with the advance cavalry of the Austrians and then fell back.
俄罗斯边境哨所与奥地利先头骑兵发生擦肩而过，然后撤退。
There was a second skirmish at Goraj and a more serious meeting at Krasnik, and the Russians still retreated.
在戈拉伊发生了第二次小冲突，在克拉斯尼克又发生了一场更严重的冲突，俄罗斯人仍然撤退。
The Austrians were jubilant over their victory at Krasnik and at the few delays they encountered at the hands of the enemy.
奥地利人对克拉斯尼克的胜利和敌人的几次拖延感到欢欣鼓舞。
The Russians in their retreat proceeded toward the fortified position of Zamosc or toward Lublin and Kholm.
俄军撤退时向扎莫希奇的防御工事或卢布林和霍尔姆前进。
In the meantime Russia had been gathering an army on the line from Lublin to Kholm.
与此同时，俄罗斯已在从卢布林到霍尔姆的一线地区集结了一支军队。
There the Russians had the railroad behind them, in one direction to Warsaw, and in the other to Kiev and Odessa.
在那里，俄国人身后有铁路，一个方向通往华沙，另一个方向通往基辅和敖德萨。
Each day as the Austrians advanced the strength of the Russian army was improving.
随着奥地利人的进步，俄罗斯军队的实力日益增强。
In the early days of September, 1914, it probably amounted to 400,000 men.
1914年9月初，人数可能达到40万人。
When the Austrians were within fifteen miles of Lublin they first encountered heavy resistance.
当奥地利人到达卢布林十五英里以内时，他们首先遇到了猛烈的抵抗。
They were checked and then delayed, but the Russians were not ready to do more than hold their antagonists.
他们遭到检查，然后被推迟，但俄罗斯人除了牵制他们的对手之外，并没有准备好做更多的事情。
They were waiting for developments farther to the southeast.
他们正在等待更远的东南方向的事态发展。
On August 17,1914, the Russian offensive had its definite start.
1914年8月17日，俄军的攻势正式开始。
General Dankl was finding himself with the First Austrian Army; when he stopped in his advance toward Lublin, General Russky began a powerful attack against Von Auffenberg.
丹克尔将军发现自己在奥地利第一军中。当他停止向卢布林前进时，俄罗斯将军开始对冯·奥芬贝格发起猛烈攻击。
Cooperating with Russky, as we have noted, and on his left was Brussilov, the total forces of these two commanders being at first double those with which Von Auffenberg was equipped to oppose them.
正如我们所指出的，与俄罗斯合作，在他的左边是布鲁西洛夫，这两位指挥官的总兵力最初是冯·奥芬伯格所装备的对抗他们的兵力的两倍。
As soon, however, as Von Auffenberg became aware of the numerical superiority of his opponents, he drew for reenforcements on the Third, or Reserve Army, which had advanced into Poland as far as Kielce.
然而，当冯·奥芬贝格意识到对手的人数优势时，他立即向第三军（即预备军）请求增援，该军已深入波兰，远至凯尔采。
The latter troops hurried to join Von Auffenberg, crossing the Vistula by means of bridge boats at Josefow.
后者的部队急忙与冯·奥芬贝格汇合，在约瑟夫乌（Josefow）乘桥船渡过维斯瓦河。
When the issue really was joined, the troops of the Third Austrian Army, under the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, were ready to act in close cooperation with those of Von Auffenberg.
当问题真正解决时，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公领导下的奥地利第三集团军已准备好与冯·奥芬贝格的部队密切合作。
Thus, in the armies on both sides there were, in all, about 1,200,000 men, with the advantage in favor of the Russians.
这样，双方军队总数约为120万人，俄罗斯人占优势。
Having this superiority in numbers, Russky felt that he was safe in attempting to envelop the Austrian forces on both flanks.
凭借数量上的优势，俄罗斯人觉得他可以安全地从两翼包围奥地利军队。
With the larger army--the Second--he hurled his troops at the Austrian left and center, advancing along the railway.
他率领规模更大的军队——第二集团军——向奥军左翼和中翼发起进攻，并沿着铁路前进。
On August 22, 1914, the Russians crossed the frontier and on the following day, Russky occupied Brody, with small opposition.
1914 年 8 月 22 日，俄罗斯人越过边境，第二天，俄罗斯在少量反对下占领了布罗迪。
On the same day, Brussilov, on his left, also crossed the frontier at Woloczysk, which is the frontier station on the Lemberg-Odessa railway.
同一天，左边的布鲁西洛夫也在沃洛齐斯克越过边境，该站是伦贝格-敖德萨铁路的边境站。
At this point the rolling stock used by the Russians on their own railway in their advance was no longer available, as the gauge of the Russian and Austrian lines differs.
此时，由于俄罗斯和奥地利铁路的轨距不同，俄罗斯人在自己的铁路上使用的机车车辆已不再可用。
The Austrians had retired with their own rolling stock in the direction of Lemberg, destroying what they did not take away, and so the Russian advance from that point was continued wholly, perforce, on foot.
奥地利人带着自己的机车车辆朝伦贝格方向撤退，摧毁了他们没有带走的东西，因此俄罗斯人从那时起继续完全步行前进。
There was a good wagon road which ran parallel to the railroad toward Lemberg, and along this Brussilov's cavalry hurried.
有一条良好的马车道路，与通往伦贝格的铁路平行，布鲁西洛夫的骑兵沿着这条道路匆忙前进。
CHAPTER LXIV
第十四章
CAUTIOUS RUSSIAN ADVANCE--RUSSIAN SUCCESSES--CAPTURE OF LEMBERG
俄罗斯的谨慎推进——俄罗斯的成功——夺取伦贝格
On August 23, 1914, the Russians were almost on the heels of the retreating Austrians.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，俄国人几乎追上了撤退的奥地利人。
After three hours' fighting, they drove them out of Tarnopol.
经过三个小时的战斗，他们将他们赶出了塔尔诺波尔。
Thereupon they retreated along the line of the Zlota Lipa, which is an affluent of the Dniester and runs almost directly southward.
随后，他们沿着兹洛塔利帕河撤退，兹洛塔利帕河是德涅斯特河的一条支流，几乎直接向南延伸。
On August 25 and 26, 1914, there was some heavy fighting along this river, especially at Brzezany.
1914 年 8 月 25 日至 26 日，这条河沿岸发生了一些激烈的战斗，特别是在布热扎尼。
Heretofore, the army under Brussilov had not met with any important resistance, having encountered chiefly frontier posts, skirmishers, and small detachments of Austrians.
迄今为止，布鲁西洛夫领导的军队还没有遇到任何重要的抵抗，主要遇到的是边防哨所、散兵和奥地利人的小分队。
It seems that no great body of Austrians had penetrated much beyond the Zlota Lipa.
似乎奥地利人的伟大团体还没有渗透到兹洛塔利帕以外的地方。
On the eastern side of this river was a line of low hills, offering a fine defensive position; the Austrians hastily began to make use of them.
河的东岸是一排低矮的山丘，是一个很好的防御阵地。奥地利人急忙开始利用它们。
They were still constructing trenches when the Cossack cavalry appeared, driving the skirmishers of the Austrians before them.
当哥萨克骑兵出现时，他们还在构筑战壕，将奥地利人的散兵赶走。
A fight began on August 24, 1914, which lasted ten days.
一场战斗于1914年8月24日开始，持续了十天。
The Russian cavalry was not strong enough to attempt to take the Austrians' intrenched position, and therefore waited for the main body of the Russian forces to come up.
俄罗斯骑兵的力量不足以尝试占领奥军的工事，因此等待俄罗斯军队的主力上来。
The fight extended over twenty miles of front, stubbornly contested by the Austrians.
战线绵延二十多英里，奥地利人顽强地抵抗着。
Finally, by direct assault, the Russians took the position and the Austrians fell back, in good order, toward Halicz, where the Gnita Lipa joins the Dniester.
最后，通过直接进攻，俄军占据了阵地，而奥军则有序地向哈利奇撤退，格尼塔利帕河在此与德涅斯特河交汇。
In the meantime, while Russky was thus pounding at Von Auffenberg's right, Brussilov was attacking his right and center.
与此同时，当俄罗斯斯基攻击冯·奥芬博格的右翼时，布鲁西洛夫则攻击他的右翼和中翼。
Having crossed the frontier between Brody and Sokal, Russky extended his forces on a wide front.
越过布罗迪和索卡尔之间的边境后，俄罗斯斯基将他的部队扩展到了更广阔的战线上。
While the center advanced straight for Busk and Krasne in a direct line toward Lemberg, the right, proceeding almost due west, was attempting to penetrate between the army of Von Auffenberg and that of Dankl on the north, and was pushing powerfully on Von Auffenberg's left.
当中军向布斯克和克拉斯内直线前进时，右翼则几乎正西行进，试图渗透到冯·奥芬贝格的军队和北方丹克尔的军队之间，并向冯·奥芬贝格的左翼猛烈推进。
Gallantly resisting, the Austrians were forced back in all directions, slowly but firmly.
奥地利人英勇抵抗，被迫向四面八方缓慢而坚定地后退。
The fighting on Russky's right and center was especially fierce and severe and resulted in great losses on both sides.
俄罗斯右翼和中翼的战斗尤其激烈和严重，双方都损失惨重。
By the time Brussilov had taken the position on the Zlota Lipa, his right was in touch with Russky's left, and the first stage of the campaign was over.
当布鲁西洛夫在兹洛塔利帕上就位时，他的右翼已经与俄罗斯的左翼接触，战役的第一阶段就结束了。
That Russia had been able to proceed so far with her plans would seem to indicate that the Austrians had underestimated the rapidity with which she could complete her preparations.
俄罗斯迄今为止能够执行其计划，这似乎表明奥地利人低估了她完成准备工作的速度。
It was the fall of Tarnopol that made possible a junction of the Russian armies and enabled them to advance in a united line upon Lemberg.
塔尔诺波尔的陷落使得俄罗斯军队能够汇合，并能够以统一的战线向伦贝格前进。
General Brussilov had to move to the attack without attracting attention.
布鲁西洛夫将军不得不在不引起注意的情况下发起进攻。
This was accomplished by both Russky and himself throwing out a screen of Cossacks all along the frontier of Eastern Galicia.
这是通过俄罗斯斯基和他本人在东加利西亚边境布下哥萨克屏障而实现的。
For an extent of one hundred and fifty miles, the Cossacks skirmished at every border road or bridge between the Bug and the Dniester rivers.
在一百五十英里的范围内，哥萨克人在布格河和德涅斯特河之间的每条边境道路或桥梁上发生了小规模冲突。
They started this immediately after war was declared and soon, so inconsequential did such activity appear, that the Austrians, it seems, came to regard it as lacking any real purpose.
他们在宣战后立即开始这样做，很快，这种活动显得如此无关紧要，以至于奥地利人似乎开始认为它缺乏任何真正的目的。
After the third week in August, however, the commander at Lemberg sent a force of 2,000 men to make a reconnaissance in Podolia.
然而，8 月第三周后，伦贝格的指挥官派出 2000 人的部队前往波多利亚进行侦察。
These troops arrived at Gorodok, a small town across the border.
这些部队抵达边境另一边的小镇戈罗多克。
Their presence there was most inconvenient for the Russians, for General Brussilov was at that time advancing with a big army through Gorodok on toward Galicia.
他们的存在对俄罗斯人来说是最不方便的，因为布鲁西洛夫将军当时正率领一支大军穿过戈罗多克向加利西亚前进。
It was imperative that the Austrian reconnoitering troops should be stopped and the only force available for this purpose was nine hundred Cossacks stationed at Gorodok to screen the main army.
当务之急是阻止奥地利侦察部队，而为此目的唯一可用的部队是驻扎在戈罗多克以掩护主力部队的九百名哥萨克人。
It was necessary for these Cossacks to repulse the Austrian reconnoitering force, without calling for large reenforcements.
这些哥萨克有必要击退奥地利侦察部队，而不需要大量增援。
If the latter were done, it would excite the suspicions of fugitives from the fight.
如果后者这样做，就会引起战斗逃犯的怀疑。
Therefore, the Cossacks lined out in the woods far beyond the village and then thirty of them went forward from cover to cover until they came upon the Austrians.
因此，哥萨克人在村外远处的树林里排成一列，然后三十人从一个掩体前进到另一个掩体，直到遇到奥地利人。
Simulating surprise, they fled in apparent panic.
他们假装惊讶，显然是惊慌失措地逃跑了。
The Austrians entered upon a swift pursuit and were led into ambush.
奥地利人迅速发起追击，结果遭到伏击。
Thousands of them were cut down by a cross-fire of rifles and machine guns.
数千人被步枪和机关枪的交火杀死。
The rest were pursued by Cossacks over the border and the invasion of Galicia was begun by the Russian main force.
其余的人被哥萨克越过边境追击，俄罗斯主力开始入侵加利西亚。
Then began the perilous part of the enterprise.
然后开始了企业的危险部分。
The army of Russky was advancing on Lemberg from the north and the army of Brussilov was converging on the Galician capital from the east.
俄罗斯军队从北部向伦贝格推进，布鲁西洛夫军队从东部向加利西亚首都会合。
After they had been united, they would assuredly outnumber the Austrian force which was guarding Lemberg, but in the meantime either Russky or Brussilov was too weak to escape defeat.
联合起来后，他们的数量肯定会超过守卫伦贝格的奥地利军队，但与此同时，俄罗斯或布鲁西洛夫都太弱了，无法逃脱失败。
Each might be met singly and overwhelmed.
每个人都可能单独遇到并不知所措。
The skill with which their combined operations were carried out was such, however, that General Brussilov was able to steal into Galicia and occupy a large part of the country before battle actually was joined.
然而，他们的联合行动的技巧是如此之高，以至于布鲁西洛夫将军能够在战斗真正开始之前潜入加利西亚并占领该国的大部分地区。
The secrecy with which his great movement was executed was extraordinary.
他的伟大行动是在极其秘密的情况下进行的。
It was executed in daylight, covering a period of thirteen days, from August 19 to August 31, 1915.
该案是在白天执行的，时间为1915年8月19日至8月31日，历时十三天。
It was performed in spite of the fact that the Austrians had many spies, a large force of trained cavalry, and scouts in aeroplanes darting over the frontier.
尽管奥地利人拥有许多间谍、大批训练有素的骑兵以及在边境上空飞翔的飞机侦察兵，但这一行动还是发生了。
Yet not until it was too late did the Austrians discover the real nature of the Russian turning movement in Eastern Galicia.
然而，直到奥地利人发现东加利西亚俄罗斯转向运动的真正本质时，为时已晚。
In part, this was attributable to the fact that the territory in which Brussilov was operating was an ancient Russian duchy which had been wrested from the ancestors of the czar.
部分原因在于，布鲁西洛夫经营的领土是从沙皇祖先手中夺取的古代俄罗斯公国。
Eastern Galicia might be compared to Alsace-Lorraine, which had been torn from France.
东加利西亚可以与从法国分离出来的阿尔萨斯-洛林相比较。
Peopled by a Slav race, Eastern Galicia had the same language, religion, and customs as the soldiers in Brussilov's army.
东加利西亚的居民是斯拉夫人，与布鲁西洛夫军队的士兵有着相同的语言、宗教和习俗。
When at the beginning of operations, Russia first assumed a general offensive on August 17, the Grand Duke Nicholas issued the following proclamation addressed to Russian inhabitants of Galicia:
当俄罗斯于 8 月 17 日开始发动总攻时，尼古拉斯大公向加利西亚的俄罗斯居民发布了以下公告：
"Brothers--A judgment of God is being wrought.
“弟兄们——上帝的审判正在进行中。
With Christian patience and self-annihilation, the Russian people of Galicia languished for centuries under a foreign yoke, but neither flattery nor persecution could break in it the hope of liberty.
凭借基督徒的耐心和自我毁灭，加利西亚的俄罗斯人民在外国的枷锁下挣扎了几个世纪，但阿谀奉承和迫害都无法摧毁他们获得自由的希望。
As the tempestuous torrent breaks the rocks to join the sea, so there exists no force which can arrest the Russian people in its onrush toward unification.
正如汹涌的洪流冲破岩石入海，没有任何力量能够阻挡俄罗斯人民走向统一的洪流。
"Let there no longer be a subjugated Russia.
“让俄罗斯不再成为被征服的国家。
Let the country which forms the heritage of Saint Vladimir throw off the foreign yoke and raise the banner of united Russia, an indivisible land.
让构成圣弗拉基米尔遗产的国家摆脱外国的枷锁，举起统一的俄罗斯这块不可分割的土地的旗帜。
May the providence of God, who has blessed the work of the great uniters of the Russian lands, be made manifest.
愿上帝保佑俄罗斯土地伟大统一者的工作得到体现。
May God aid his anointed, the Emperor Nicholas of All the Russians, to complete the work begun by the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita.
愿上帝帮助他的受膏者，全俄罗斯的尼古拉斯皇帝，完成伊万·卡利塔大公开始的工作。
"Rise, fraternal Galician Russia, who have suffered so much, to meet the Russian army for you and your brethren, who will be delivered.
“起来吧，兄弟的加利西亚俄罗斯，他们遭受了如此多的苦难，为了你和你的兄弟，与俄罗斯军队会面，他们将被拯救。
Room will be found for you in the bosom of our mother Russia without offending peaceable people of whatever nationality.
我们将在我们母亲俄罗斯的怀抱中为您找到一席之地，而不会冒犯任何国籍的和平人民。
Raise your sword against the enemy and your hearts toward God with a prayer for Russia and the Russian Czar!"
举起你的剑对抗敌人，把你的心转向上帝，为俄罗斯和俄罗斯沙皇祈祷！”
This proclamation was received in Galicia with acclaim.
该公告在加利西亚受到热烈欢迎。
When the Russian soldiers came, priests and people came out from the villages with flowers and banners to meet their "little brothers." Flowers were thrown on their heads from the upper balconies of houses, as they marched through the streets.
当俄罗斯士兵到来时，神父和民众带着鲜花和横幅从村庄出来迎接他们的“小兄弟”。当他们穿过街道时，人们从房屋的楼上阳台上向他们的头上扔鲜花。
Whatever could be done by pretended ignorance or silence to mislead the Austrians regarding the Russian advance was done by peasants.
农民们所做的一切都是假装无知或保持沉默，以误导奥地利人关于俄罗斯的进攻。
Meanwhile, General Brussilov was making the most of his opportunities.
与此同时，布鲁西洛夫将军正在充分利用他的机会。
He passed over the tributaries of the Dniester and without revealing his strength pushed back the Austrian cavalry screen.
他越过了德涅斯特河的支流，在不显露出实力的情况下推开了奥地利骑兵的屏障。
For this work he used large bodies of Cossacks, with all necessary infantry and artillery support.
为了完成这项工作，他动用了大批哥萨克，并配备了所有必要的步兵和炮兵支援。
[Illustration: Field Marshal von Hindenburg]
【插图：冯兴登堡元帅】
While appearing to be merely a border raider, the Cossack had to veil his main army and clear its path through bridgeheads, forts, and blockhouses, and he was well suited to this kind of work.
虽然哥萨克看起来只是一名边境袭击者，但他必须掩盖他的主力部队，并清理桥头堡、堡垒和碉堡的道路，而他非常适合这种工作。
Moving at the rate of eight miles a day in advance of the infantry and the big guns, he maintained a continual skirmish with cavalry scouts, infantrymen, and gunners in places that had been fortified, and even armored trains.
他以每天比步兵和大炮前进八英里的速度前进，在防御工事甚至装甲列车的地方与骑兵侦察兵、步兵和炮手保持着持续的小规模冲突。
In all, the Cossack in the Galician campaign, proved himself not only a most efficient soldier but well behaved.
总而言之，加利西亚战役中的哥萨克证明了自己不仅是一名最高效的士兵，而且表现良好。
Previously, his reputation had been an evil one.
此前，他的名声一直不好。
Naturally, there were reports of brutality and savagery, but none were proved.
当然，有关于残暴和野蛮行为的报道，但没有得到证实。
In fact, neither on the part of the Russians nor the Austrians was there manifest any of the "frightfulness" attributed, rightly or wrongly, to combatants in the western theatre of war.
事实上，无论是俄罗斯人还是奥地利人，都没有表现出西方战场上的战斗人员所具有的任何“可怕”，无论正确与否。
It was, of course, not to the interest of the Russians to mistreat the people of Galicia.
当然，虐待加利西亚人民并不符合俄罗斯人的利益。
They came, in their own estimation at least, as deliverers, not as despoilers.
至少在他们自己看来，他们是作为拯救者而不是掠夺者而来的。
As for the Austrians, they were in their own country when in Galicia.
至于奥地利人，他们在加利西亚时就在自己的国家。
When they penetrated north into Russia, it appears that they did little wanton damage.
当他们向北渗透到俄罗斯时，他们似乎并没有造成什么肆意的破坏。
On their return, it is true, they laid waste a large part of the province of Volhynia, burning villages and farmsteads as they proceeded.
确实，他们返回后，将沃里尼亚省的大部分地区夷为平地，在行进过程中烧毁了村庄和农庄。
But this was dictated by military exigencies, in order to delay and inconvenience their pursuers.
但这是出于军事紧急情况，为了拖延和给追击者带来不便。
There was an occasion when it might have been supposed there would have been excesses.
曾经有一次，人们可能认为会有过度行为。
This was when after an Austrian defeat, the Russian van, composed of three divisions of Cossack cavalry, pushed through Halicz in pursuit of the enemy.
当时，奥地利战败后，由三个哥萨克骑兵师组成的俄罗斯前卫部队冲过哈利奇追击敌人。
The victorious troops swept through a country, full of Jews, and utterly undefended.
胜利的军队横扫了一个充满犹太人且完全不设防的国家。
It was a garden of plenty, a rich and fertile country.
那是一个富饶的花园，一个富饶富饶的国家。
Instead of presenting a picture of desolation and ruin after the Russian army had passed, its cattle still grazed in the fields, the fields were full of shocks of grain, and chickens, ducks, and swine wandered about the streets of the town.
没有呈现出俄军过去后一片荒凉、废墟的景象，它的牛群还在田野里吃草，田野里堆满了谷物，鸡鸭猪在小镇的街道上徘徊。
There was not a single wrecked house in the town itself, only a few buildings, such as warehouses near the railway station, having been demolished by the Russians in order to hasten the departure of the enemy.
镇上没有一栋被毁坏的房屋，只有火车站附近的仓库等少数建筑物被俄罗斯人拆除，以加速敌人的离开。
There was another significant incident at the neighboring town of Botszonce.
邻近的博茨宗采镇还发生了另一起重大事件。
Here the retiring Austrians attempted to make a stand, but were shelled out by the Russians with their heavy guns.
在这里，即将退役的奥地利人试图表明立场，但遭到了俄罗斯人的重炮轰击。
There were only three buildings in the city which were not reduced to ruins.
城内只有三座建筑没有沦为废墟。
These were two churches and the Town Hall, which, having a church-like spire, the Russians evidently took for a church of worship, also.
这是两座教堂和市政厅，市政厅有一个类似教堂的尖顶，俄罗斯人显然也将其视为礼拜堂。
In this connection, we may quote here a second proclamation which the Grand Duke Nicholas, as Commander in Chief of the Russian forces, distributed in the districts of Austria captured by the Russians.
就此而言，我们可以在此引用尼古拉斯大公作为俄罗斯军队总司令在被俄罗斯人占领的奥地利地区发布的第二份公告。
It was designed to prevent ill feeling between the people and the invaders.
它的目的是为了防止人民和侵略者之间产生敌意。
It was dated September 17, and read:
日期为 9 月 17 日，内容如下：
"To the inhabitants of Austria-Hungary:
“致奥匈帝国的居民：
"The Government of Austria declared war against Russia because the great empire, ever faithful to its historical traditions, could not forsake inoffensive Serbia, nor acknowledge its enslavement.
“奥地利政府对俄罗斯宣战，因为这个伟大的帝国始终忠于其历史传统，不能放弃无进攻性的塞尔维亚，也不能承认其被奴役。
"On entering the Austro-Hungarian territory, I declare to you in the name of the great Emperor, that Russia, which has spent its blood many times for the emancipation of nations from the yoke of foreigners, only seeks the rehabilitation of right and justice.
“在进入奥匈帝国领土之际，我以伟大皇帝的名义向你们宣布，为使各国人民从外国人的枷锁中解放出来而多次流血的俄罗斯，只寻求恢复权利和正义。
"Russia also brings liberty and the realization of your national views.
“俄罗斯也带来自由和民族观点的实现。
For many centuries the Austro-Hungarian Government planted among you discord and enmity, for it knew that as a result of this strife its dominion over you would continue.
许多世纪以来，奥匈帝国政府在你们中间植入了不和和敌意，因为它知道，由于这场冲突，它对你们的统治将继续下去。
"On the contrary, my sole aim is that each and every one of you may grow and prosper and keep at the same time the precious inheritance of language and faith of your fathers.
“相反，我唯一的目标是让你们每一个人都能成长、繁荣，同时保留你们祖先的语言和信仰的宝贵遗产。
"Let every one of you, united to his brothers, live in peace and harmony with his neighbors, respecting their national rights.
“让你们每一个人与他的兄弟团结起来，与邻居和平与和谐地生活，尊重他们的民族权利。
Being convinced that you will cooperate with all your strength to realize this, I call upon you to welcome the Russian troops as faithful friends who are fighting for the realization of your greatest ambitions."
我相信你们将竭尽全力合作实现这一目标，我呼吁你们欢迎俄罗斯军队作为忠实的朋友，为实现你们最大的抱负而奋斗。”
Now, to return to the campaign which had been waged by Von Auffenberg:
现在，回到冯·奥芬伯格发起的竞选活动：
While he may be said to have lost this preliminary campaign, his army was unbeaten.
虽然他可能会输掉这场初战，但他的军队却保持不败。
Immediately it fell back into the powerful and carefully built line of defenses in front of Lemberg, extending over a front of seventy or eighty miles, from the vicinity of Busk on the north to Halicz on the Dniester, on the south.
它立即退回到伦贝格前面强大而精心构建的防线，防线从北边的布斯克附近一直延伸到南边德涅斯特河畔的哈利茨，绵延七十到八十英里。
An irregular extent of volcanic hills, some containing extinct craters, extended along the greater part of its length, and ended on the south in a ridge parallel to the Gnita Lipa as far as the Dniester.
不规则的火山丘陵，其中一些包含死火山口，沿着其大部分长度延伸，并在南部终止于与格尼塔利帕河平行的山脊，远至德涅斯特河。
The northern end of this territory was skirted by the railway running due east of Lemberg.
该领土的北端被伦贝格正东延伸的铁路所包围。
The Austrian left rested north of the railroad on the River Bug and the lake district around Krasne.
奥地利左翼驻扎在铁路以北的布格河和克拉斯内周围的湖区。
Artificial fortifications improved these natural defenses.
人工防御工事改善了这些自然防御。
There were many miles of trenches with barbed-wire entanglements, and at different points massive fortifications of concrete and steel.
有许多英里长的战壕，上面布满了铁丝网，在不同的地方有巨大的混凝土和钢铁防御工事。
The position was difficult to take at any point.
这个立场在任何时候都很难采取。
On August 26 and 27, 1914, after the forces of Russky and Brussilov had been joined, the Russians immediately began their attack along the entire front.
1914年8月26日至27日，俄罗斯和布鲁西洛夫的部队会师后，俄军立即开始全线进攻。
The days that followed were replete with furious charges.
接下来的日子充满了猛烈的指控。
Positions were taken only to be surrendered.
占领阵地只是为了放弃。
Bayonet fighting figured largely in the clashes.
刺刀战斗在冲突中占主导地位。
After two days, though the Austrian lines were still intact, the Russians claimed a victory.
两天后，尽管奥地利人的防线仍然完好无损，但俄罗斯人声称取得了胜利。
Events came about in this way: After he had forced the crossing of the Zlota Lipa on August 26, and his right wing had connected with Russky on the north, Brussilov had extended his left, by forced march through a country almost devoid of roads, as far to the south as the valley of the Dniester.
事情是这样发生的：8月26日，布鲁西洛夫强行渡过兹洛塔利帕河，右翼与北面的俄罗斯连接起来，之后，布鲁西洛夫又扩展了左翼，强行穿过一个几乎没有道路的国家，一直向南到达德涅斯特河谷。
On August 31, 1914, the main body of this flanking body arrived in front of Halicz.
1914年8月31日，这支侧翼部队的主力抵达哈利奇面前。
On the day following, September 1, 1914, a furious attack began.
第二天，即 1914 年 9 月 1 日，一场猛烈的攻击开始了。
More guns were brought up and a fierce attack was concentrated near the little village of Botszonce, where the enemy had taken a position.
更多的枪被调来，猛烈的攻击集中在博茨宗采小村庄附近，敌人已经在那里占据了阵地。
Afterward, the condition of the field, which had been literally plowed up with shell fire and strewn with the débris of cannonading and accouterments, showed how terrific the conflict had been.
随后，战场上的状况被炮火夷为平地，散落着炮击和装备的碎片，这表明冲突是多么可怕。
The final assault was made by the Russian Ninth and Fifty-ninth Infantry under cover of a heavy shell fire.
最后的进攻是由俄罗斯第九和第五十九步兵团在猛烈炮火掩护下进行的。
Enormous losses were sustained, but the Russians were enabled to make a breach some kilometers wide in the Austrian line.
虽然损失惨重，但俄军仍能突破奥地利防线数公里宽的缺口。
Then the entire Austrian line began to give way.
然后整个奥地利防线开始让路。
A desperate stand was made as a last resort in the village of Botszonce itself, but this was turned into a useless sacrifice when the Russians, pushing forward heavy guns, unlimbered them on the same hills where the Austrians had fought so determinedly and quickly reduced the town to ruins.
作为最后的手段，人们在博茨宗采村采取了绝望的抵抗，但当俄罗斯人推着重型火炮，在奥地利人曾经如此坚决地战斗的同一座山上开枪时，这变成了无用的牺牲，并迅速将小镇夷为废墟。
On September 3, 1914, the Austrian retreat began in earnest.
1914 年 9 月 3 日，奥地利正式开始撤退。
Where the fighting had been hottest around Botszonce and Halicz, the Russians claim they buried 4,800 Austrian dead and captured thirty-two guns, some of which had been mounted by the Austrians but taken before they could be brought into use.
博茨宗采和哈利奇周围的战斗最为激烈，俄罗斯人声称他们埋葬了 4,800 名奥地利人的尸体，并缴获了 32 门大炮，其中一些是奥地利人安装的，但在投入使用之前就被拿走了。
The Austrian reports deny such figures, while claiming heavy losses by the Russians.
奥地利的报告否认了这些数字，同时声称俄罗斯损失惨重。
There was a fine steel bridge across the river Dniester at Halicz, and the extreme right of the retiring Austrian army crossed this, with, the Russian cavalry pursuing.
在哈利奇的德涅斯特河上有一座精钢桥，正在撤退的奥地利军队的极右翼越过这座桥，而俄罗斯骑兵则在追击。
The bridge was destroyed and also the only other bridge in that region of the Dniester at Chodorow.
这座桥被毁，也是德涅斯特河地区乔多罗唯一的另一座桥。
In such wise was the pursuit southward delayed until pontoons could be thrown across the stream by Russian engineers.
就这样，向南的追击被推迟了，直到俄罗斯工程师将浮桥扔过河。
This was done on the following day, whereupon Cossack cavalry to the strength, it was reported, of three divisions, crossed the river and came up with the retiring enemy.
第二天，据报道，哥萨克骑兵的兵力由三个师组成，他们渡河追击了撤退的敌人。
Behind the cavalry at a short distance came several divisions of Brussilov's infantry, which rapidly pushed across the south of Lemberg toward Stryj.
在骑兵后面不远的地方是布鲁西洛夫的几个步兵师，他们迅速穿过伦贝格南部向斯特里耶推进。
After the extreme right of the Austrian line had been shattered and Russky had been victorious in his attack on the other extreme, the whole line fell apart quickly and while the entire front was exposed to attack, the Austrian left was being enveloped from the direction of Kamionka by a flanking movement.
当奥军战线的极右翼被击溃，而俄罗斯在另一极的进攻中取得胜利后，整个战线迅速瓦解，整个战线都暴露在攻击之下，而奥军的左翼则被卡米翁卡方向的侧翼包围。
One end of the Austrian line was being broken and the other bent back.
奥地利防线的一端被打破，另一端则向后弯曲。
The Russians increased the fury of their attack and it was not long before the entire Austrian army was in retreat.
俄军攻势更加猛烈，没过多久，奥军全军撤退。
On September 2, 1914, Lemberg was in the hands of the Russians.
1914 年 9 月 2 日，伦贝格落入俄国人手中。
This city, otherwise known as Lwow or Löwenberg, was first known as Leopolis, being founded in 1259 by the Ruthenian Prince Daniel for his son Leo.
这座城市也被称为 Lwow 或 Löwenberg，最初被称为利奥波利斯 (Leopolis)，由鲁塞尼亚王子丹尼尔于 1259 年为其儿子利奥 (Leo) 建立。
His history had been a checkered and stormy one.
他的历史是一段曲折且风雨飘摇的历史。
In 1340 it had been captured by Casimir the Great; it had been besieged by the Cossacks in 1648 and 1655, and by the Turks in 1672; it had been captured by Charles XII of Sweden in 1704, and bombarded in 1848.
1340年，它被卡西米尔大帝占领； 1648年和1655年被哥萨克围困，1672年被土耳其人围困。 1704 年，它被瑞典国王查理十二世占领，并于 1848 年遭到炮击。
As capital of the crownland of Galicia, it had come to be a handsome city, of many parks, wide boulevards, three cathedrals, many churches, and a great number of important public monuments.
作为加利西亚王国的首府，它已成为一座美丽的城市，拥有许多公园、宽阔的林荫大道、三座大教堂和大量重要的公共古迹。
It was the seat of a university which contained a highly valuable library of books and manuscripts and a great many treasures of historic and antiquarian interest.
它是一所大学的所在地，里面有一个非常有价值的图书馆，藏有书籍和手稿，以及许多具有历史和古文物价值的宝藏。
Its population was about 200,000.
其人口约为20万。
The Austrians declared that Lemberg had been evacuated in order to save all these treasures from destruction.
奥地利人宣布，为了使所有这些宝藏免遭破坏，伦贝格已被疏散。
It is certain that the civil population of the town was strongly opposed to its being defended.
可以肯定的是，该镇的平民强烈反对保卫它。
It was cosmopolitan and contained elements, doubtless in the minority, who sympathized with Russia and who welcomed the Russian troops with great enthusiasm.
它是世界性的，包含同情俄罗斯并以极大热情欢迎俄罗斯军队的元素，无疑是少数。
Whatever other reasons may be given for its abandonment, however, the fact remains that any attempt to hold it would have been futile.
然而，无论放弃它的其他原因是什么，事实仍然是，任何保留它的尝试都是徒劳的。
After the Russians had taken possession of Lemberg, tranquillity again prevailed.
俄国人占领伦贝格后，又恢复了平静。
Although it was crowded for a considerable time thereafter with Russian soldiery, there was no violence, disorder, or confusion.
尽管此后相当长的一段时间里，这里都挤满了俄罗斯士兵，但并没有发生暴力、骚乱或混乱。
On every hand were seen Russian soldiers of all branches of the service fraternizing with the people of the place.
到处都可以看到俄罗斯各个军种的士兵与当地人民友好相处。
If a soldier even jostled a civilian accidentally he saluted and apologized.
如果一名士兵不小心撞到了一名平民，他会敬礼并道歉。
No drunkenness was permitted.
不允许酗酒。
A considerable number of Austrian policemen continued to patrol the streets, with a Russian badge on their arms, however.
然而，相当多的奥地利警察继续在街道上巡逻，他们的手臂上戴着俄罗斯徽章。
Austrian surgeons and nurses, left in the town when the Austrian troops retreated, continued to help care for Austrian wounded, also left there, and received the same pay for their services as their Russian associates of the same rank.
奥地利军队撤退时留在该镇的奥地利外科医生和护士继续帮助照顾也离开那里的奥地利伤员，并获得与同级别的俄罗斯同事相同的报酬。
Austrian Red Cross attendants were allowed to walk about the streets at will, unmolested.
奥地利红十字会工作人员可以不受干扰地在街上随意走动。
After its occupation by the Russians, Lemberg at once became a huge hospital base.
被俄罗斯人占领后，伦贝格立即成为一个巨大的医院基地。
For the care of wounded that daily came in from the front, there were forty-two immense institutions.
为了照顾每天从前线赶来的伤员，有四十二个巨大的机构。
The inhabitants of Lemberg welcomed the Russians as deliverers.
伦贝格的居民欢迎俄罗斯人作为拯救者。
A deputation came to General Russky and requested him to make known to the czar the readiness of the whole Slav population of the city to be loyal "sons of Russia." In surrendering the government to Count Bobrinsky, whom the czar appointed Governor General of Galicia, M.
一个代表团来到罗斯基将军那里，要求他向沙皇通报该城所有斯拉夫人都愿意成为忠诚的“俄罗斯之子”。在将政府交给博布林斯基伯爵时，沙皇任命他为加利西亚总督。
Rutovsky, Mayor of Lemberg, said:
伦贝格市市长鲁托夫斯基表示：
"Not without our cooperation have the Austro-Hungarian troops left Lemberg, without firing a shot.
“没有我们的合作，奥匈帝国军队一枪不发地离开了伦贝格。
There was no struggle here, thanks to our efforts.
由于我们的努力，这里没有发生任何斗争。
We believe your excellency has been informed that your troops found here cooperation and a cordial reception.
我们相信阁下已获悉，您的部队在这里得到了合作和热情接待。
"In proffering the government of this capital, allow me to express my gratitude to the former military governor, who lessened our hardships."
“在提供这座首都的政府时，请允许我向前军事总督表示感谢，他减轻了我们的苦难。”
In his reply, Bobrinsky outlined the principles of his policy:
博布林斯基在答复中概述了他的政策原则：
"I consider Lemberg and East Galicia the real origin of Great Russia," he said, "since the original population was Russian.
“我认为伦贝格和东加利西亚是大俄罗斯的真正起源，”他说，“因为最初的人口是俄罗斯人。
The reorganization will be based on Russian ideals.
重组将基于俄罗斯的理想。
We will immediately introduce the Russian language and Russian customs.
我们将立即介绍俄语和俄罗斯风俗习惯。
These steps will be taken with the necessary care.
采取这些步骤时将采取必要的谨慎态度。
"We shall at first limit this to the appointment of Russian governors and other officials.
“我们首先将仅限于俄罗斯州长和其他官员的任命。
Many of the present officials will not be replaced.
许多现任官员不会被替换。
We shall forbid the convocation of your Legislature during the war.
我们将禁止你们在战争期间召开立法机关。
All social and political organizations must be discontinued, and may resume their activities only by permission.
所有社会和政治组织都必须停止，并且只有在获得许可的情况下才能恢复活动。
These precepts obtain only in East Galicia; West Galicia will be treated differently."
这些戒律仅在东加利西亚有效；西加利西亚将受到不同的对待。”
The Russians considered Lemberg to be of great strategical importance.
俄罗斯人认为伦贝格具有重要的战略意义。
Railroad lines radiated from it in all directions giving its captors direct communication with Kiev and Odessa, with their fortified positions at Dubno and Rovno and thence to Petrograd, with Brest-Litovsk and Warsaw--save only for the inconvenience of changing the gauge at the frontier.
铁路线从这里向四面八方辐射，使俘虏者可以直接与基辅和敖德萨以及他们在杜布诺和罗夫诺的防御工事进行联系，然后从那里到彼得格勒，与布列斯特-立托夫斯克和华沙——除了在边境改变轨距的不便之外。
Soon after crossing the frontier, the Russians had changed the gauge of many of their engines and cars to fit the Austrian gauge.
越过边境后不久，俄罗斯人就改变了许多发动机和汽车的规格，以适应奥地利的规格。
They found at Lemberg thirty locomotives and a large number of railway cars left there by the Austrians.
他们在伦贝格发现了奥地利人留下的三十辆机车和大量火车车厢。
When on September 3, 1914, the Russians entered Lemberg, the official Russian announcement of its taking was as follows:
1914 年 9 月 3 日，俄国人进入伦贝格时，俄国官方关于占领伦贝格的公告如下：
"Seven days of the most stubborn fighting in Eastern Galicia have resulted in a complete victory for the Russians.
“在东加利西亚进行了长达七天的最顽强的战斗，俄罗斯人取得了彻底的胜利。
Five Austrian Corps were completely routed, and in retreating in disorder westward, abandoned their arms and baggage.
奥地利的五个军团被彻底击溃，在向西撤退的过程中，他们放弃了武器和辎重。
"Besides an enormous number of killed, the Austrians lost not less than 40,000 prisoners, including many generals.
“除了大量阵亡外，奥地利人还损失了不少于 40,000 名俘虏，其中包括许多将军。
The roads of retreat of the Austrians are so encumbered with carts, guns, and impedimenta that the pursuing troops are unable to use the roads.
奥军撤退的道路上布满了车辆、枪支和障碍物，以致追击的部队无法使用这些道路。
Panic is spreading among the Austrian troops.
恐慌在奥地利军队中蔓延。
During the seven days the Russians have taken over 200 guns, several colors, and about 70,000 prisoners.
在这 7 天里，俄罗斯人缴获了 200 多支枪、多种颜色的武器以及大约 70,000 名囚犯。
Lwow (Lemberg) is in our hands."
Lwow（伦贝格）在我们手中。”
Russia received this report with great joy.
俄罗斯收到这份报告非常高兴。
The news of the occupation of the town was conveyed by Grand Duke Nicholas to the czar.
占领该镇的消息由尼古拉斯大公转达给了沙皇。
The Fourth Class of the Order of St. George was bestowed on General Russky for "his services in the preceding battles." The Third Class was given him for the capture of Lemberg.
俄罗斯将军因“在之前的战斗中做出的贡献”而被授予第四级圣乔治勋章。他因攻占伦贝格而被授予三等勋章。
The Fourth Class of the same Order was bestowed on General Brussilov.
同一勋章的第四级被授予布鲁西洛夫将军。
Throughout the empire, Thanksgiving Services were held to celebrate "the reunion with Galicia." General Count Bobrinsky was appointed Governor General of the province.
整个帝国都举行感恩节仪式来庆祝“与加利西亚的团聚”。博布林斯基伯爵将军被任命为该省总督。
CHAPTER LXV
第六十五章
DANKL'S OFFENSIVE AND RETREAT
丹克尔的进攻与撤退
Let us now turn our attention to the scene of operations further north.
现在让我们把注意力转向更北边的行动现场。
There, it will be recalled, was taking place the principal Austrian offensive by the First Army commanded by General Dankl.
人们记得，丹克尔将军指挥的第一集团军正在那里进行奥地利的主要进攻。
In the middle of August, he was being held up by the armies of Generals Ewerts and Plehve, who barred his way toward Lublin and Kholm.
八月中旬，他被尤尔茨将军和普莱夫将军的军队拦截，他们挡住了他前往卢布林和霍尔姆的道路。
A strong offensive was not attempted then by the Russians against him, as they were gathering strength and waiting until Dankl's army should be cut off from reenforcements.
当时，俄国人并没有对他发起猛烈的进攻，因为他们正在积聚力量，等待着切断丹克尔军队的增援。
It was desired that their advance take place at the same time as the completion of the advance on Lemberg of Russky and Brussilov.
希望他们的进攻能够与俄罗斯和布鲁西洛夫向伦贝格的进攻同时完成。
Finally, on September 4, 1914, the brief official announcement was made by Russia:
最后，1914 年 9 月 4 日，俄罗斯发布了简短的官方声明：
"Our armies on September 4 assumed the offensive along a front between the Vistula and the Bug."
“我们的军队于 9 月 4 日沿着维斯瓦河和布格河之间的战线发起进攻。”
Coming as it did, when the Russian people were rejoicing over the taking of Lemberg, this news was greeted with great enthusiasm.
正当俄罗斯人民为占领伦贝格而欢欣鼓舞时，这个消息引起了极大的热情。
It will be recalled that when Russky's army advanced, a portion of the Austrian Reserve Army, commanded by Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, was hurriedly withdrawn from the position it held in Poland on the left of the Vistula, across the rear of Dankl's army, to assist General von Auffenberg.
人们还记得，当俄罗斯军队前进时，由约瑟夫·斐迪南大公指挥的奥地利预备军的一部分匆忙从其在波兰维斯瓦河左侧、丹克尔军队后方的阵地撤出，以协助冯·奥芬贝格将军。
This was referred to as an "advance," in a "communiqué" published by the Austrian General Staff on September 3, 1914.
1914 年 9 月 3 日奥地利总参谋部发表的一份“公报”中，这被称为“提前”。
It is probable that at that very early date some German troops also were being brought up for the same purpose.
很可能在很早的时候，一些德国军队也出于同样的目的而被培养起来。
Some of the Austrian reenforcements had been joined with Von Auffenberg's army and had shared in its reverses.
一些奥地利增援部队与冯·奥芬贝格的军队会合，并共同遭受了失败。
Some had remained to screen Dankl on the right.
一些人留下来掩护右边的丹克尔。
After Von Auffenberg's army began to encounter difficulties and its progress was stopped, the gap between its left and Dankl's right and rear grew too large for safety, so that there was a hurrying of forces from the left bank of the Vistula to fill the gap.
冯·奥芬贝格的军队开始遇到困难并停止前进后，其左翼与丹克尔的右翼和后方之间的差距太大，无法保证安全，因此维斯瓦河左岸急需部队来填补这个缺口。
Later, as the Russian strength grew, an entirely new Austrian army was assembled, consisting, it seems, of portions of the Third or Reserve Army under Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, which was augmented by two corps withdrawn from the Serbian frontier, and also some German troops.
后来，随着俄罗斯实力的增强，一支全新的奥地利军队被集结起来，其中似乎包括约瑟夫·斐迪南大公领导的第三军或后备军的一部分，并由从塞尔维亚边境撤出的两个军团以及一些德国军队组成。
The "Fourth" Army, under the command of the Archduke, was referred to thereafter in official announcements by Russia as the "Tomaszow Army." To strengthen Dankl's left, which lay upon the Vistula at Opolie, German troops from Breslau also were brought up.
此后，大公指挥下的“第四”集团军在俄罗斯官方声明中被称为“托马佐夫集团军”。为了加强丹克尔位于奥波列维斯瓦河沿岸的左翼力量，来自布雷斯劳的德军也被调集起来。
In the last part of August and the first part of September, 1914, there was considerable confused fighting between detached forces on both sides in the frontier country between Zamosc and Sokal.
1914年8月下旬和9月上旬，双方分遣部队在扎莫希奇和索卡尔之间的边境地区发生了相当大的混乱战斗。
Both sides claimed successes.
双方都声称取得了胜利。
The Russians claimed that their wedge was driven through successfully to Tomaszow and that there a severe defeat was administered to the Austrians.
俄国人声称他们的楔子已成功打入托马佐夫，奥地利人在那里遭受了惨重的失败。
From there the latter retired to the swampy land about Bilgoraj and upon Tarnograd.
后者从那里撤退到比尔戈拉伊周围和塔尔诺格勒的沼泽地。
The tactics of the Russians had put a last barrier between the two principal sections of the Austrians.
俄国人的战术在奥地利人的两个主要部分之间设置了最后一道屏障。
Interest thereafter centered in Dankl's First Army.
此后人们的兴趣集中在丹克尔的第一军上。
Fighting on the Lublin-Kholm front, having been purely defensive on the part of the Russians, at first, had grown fiercer as days passed, until there was continuous battle along the entire line.
卢布林-霍尔姆前线的战斗，起初俄罗斯人纯粹是防御性的，但随着时间的推移，战斗变得越来越激烈，直到全线持续不断的战斗。
When Von Auffenberg had been defeated and his right and rear threatened, the condition of the northern army seemed so critical that General Dankl decided to force the issue.
当冯·奥芬贝格被击败，他的右翼和后方受到威胁时，北方军队的状况似乎非常危急，丹克尔将军决定强行解决这个问题。
He might fall back or break through the Russian defense.
他可能会撤退或突破俄罗斯的防守。
He decided to attempt to pierce the line between Lublin and Kholm.
他决定尝试突破卢布林和霍尔姆之间的界限。
On September 2, 1914, the Tenth Austrian Army Corps led the assault against the weaker part of the Russian line and reached within eleven miles of Lublin.
1914 年 9 月 2 日，奥地利第十军团率先进攻俄罗斯防线的薄弱部分，并到达卢布林 11 英里以内。
There it was halted, and so the Austrian offensive seems to have spent itself.
至此，奥地利军队的攻势似乎已经耗尽。
As we have seen, the Russian offensive began definitely on September 4, 1914.
正如我们所见，俄国的攻势确实是在 1914 年 9 月 4 日开始的。
According to the Russian official announcement, two days later, "the enemy's center, lying in the region West of Krasnostaw (this being almost due north of Zamosc, about halfway to the center of a line drawn from Lublin to Kholm) was particularly disorganized.
两天后，俄罗斯官方宣布，“位于克拉斯诺斯托夫以西地区的敌人中心（几乎位于扎莫希奇以北，大约在从卢布林到霍尔姆的连线中心的中间位置）特别混乱。
The Forty-fifth Austrian Regiment including the colonel, forty-four officers, and 1,600 men were surrounded, and surrendered." The same announcement stated that "a German division, coming to the aid of the Austrians, was attacked on the left bank of the Vistula." Presumably, the Russian troops there had come from Ivangorod.
奥地利第 45 团，包括上校、44 名军官和 1,600 名士兵被包围并投降。”同一份公告还指出，“一个前来援助奥地利人的德国师在维斯瓦河左岸遭到袭击。”据推测，那里的俄罗斯军队来自伊万哥罗德。
After the Austrian First Army began to retire, it was followed by the Russian forces along its line.
奥地利第一集团军开始撤退后，沿线的俄罗斯军队也紧随其后。
And this line, at first, was approximately eighty miles.
这条线起初大约有八十英里。
As it retired, the left wing being hemmed in by the River Vistula, and the right feeling steady pressure from Russian forces on the right, where direct retreat was prevented by the swampy nature of the country, the front was contracted until it was less than forty miles.
当它撤退时，左翼被维斯瓦河包围，右翼感受到来自右翼俄罗斯军队的持续压力，该国的沼泽性质阻止了直接撤退，战线收缩到不到四十英里。
This had been accomplished by the time the army reached the San, where it was necessary to effect a crossing by four or five bridges at different points.
当军队到达桑河时，这一任务已经完成，在那里需要在不同地点穿越四五座桥梁。
Dankl was highly praised for the manner in which he handled his army during this retreat, and saved it from destruction.
丹克尔在这次撤退中处理军队并将其从毁灭中拯救出来的方式受到了高度赞扬。
In Russia, it had been assumed that the retreat would degenerate into a panic and the fate of the First Army was regarded there as practically sealed.
在俄罗斯，人们认为撤退会陷入恐慌，第一集团军的命运被认为几乎已成定局。
Russian strategists themselves speak in high terms of the way Dankl handled his army in this crisis.
俄罗斯战略家们对丹克尔在这场危机中处理军队的方式给予了高度评价。
The Austrian advance on this front had its high mark on a line drawn from Opolie on the Vistula, through Krasnostaw to Grabiowiec, whence the line curved southward toward Tyszowce.
奥军在这条战线上的进攻取得了重大进展，从维斯瓦河上的奥波列出发，穿过克拉斯诺斯托夫到达格拉比奥维茨，这条线从那里向南转向蒂舒夫。
And it was in the region of the latter place that the Austrians claimed a big success, though this was denied by Petrograd.
正是在后一个地区，奥地利人声称取得了巨大的成功，尽管彼得格勒否认了这一点。
After the Russian advance on this front from Lublin and Kholm, as we have seen, had begun with the "disorganization" of the Austrian center at Krasnostaw, the next attempt was to strike at the Austrian left, starting at Opolie and developing thence along the entire line as far as Turobin.
正如我们所看到的，俄军从卢布林和霍尔姆向这条战线推进，开始“瓦解”位于克拉斯诺斯托夫的奥地利中心，接下来的尝试是从奥波列开始，沿着整条战线发展到图鲁宾，向奥地利左翼发起进攻。
It was on this wing of the Russian army that the chief strength had been assembled, the other parts of the line being left comparatively weak.
俄罗斯军队的这一翼集中了主要力量，而战线的其他部分则相对薄弱。
Reasoning that even if the Austrians were able to break through the front, where it was weaker, it would only make more certain their being surrounded finally, all new troops that arrived were shifted over to the right wing.
考虑到即使奥地利人能够突破前线的薄弱环节，也只会更加确定他们最终会被包围，所以所有到达的新部队都被转移到右翼。
On September 5 and 6, 1914, the Russians attacked the Austrian army at Tomaszow, situated northeast of Krubessiow and southeast of Rawa-Russka.
1914 年 9 月 5 日至 6 日，俄罗斯人在位于克鲁贝休夫东北部和拉瓦-俄罗斯东南部的托马佐夫袭击了奥地利军队。
The Austrian army retired.
奥地利军队退役。
Near Frempol, the Russian cavalry rushed big convoys of the enemy in the direction of Lublin.
在弗雷姆波尔附近，俄罗斯骑兵向卢布林方向冲去敌人的大车队。
Troops and convoys which were moving in the direction of the road leading from Josefow to Annopol were dispersed by Russian artillery on the left bank of the Vistula.
沿着从约瑟夫乌到安诺波尔的道路方向行进的部队和车队被维斯瓦河左岸的俄罗斯炮兵驱散。
Detachments of the Fourteenth Austrian Army Corps attempted an attack near Rawa-Russka, during the night of September 7, but were repulsed.
9 月 7 日夜间，奥地利第十四军团的分遣队试图对拉瓦-鲁斯卡附近发起进攻，但被击退。
Near Tomaszow the Russians took an enemy aeroplane.
在托马佐夫附近，俄罗斯人击落了一架敌机。
Aerial battles were not infrequent.
空战并不少见。
Captain Nesteroff, one of the most daring of Russian aviators, sacrificed his life in a successful attempt to destroy an Austrian aeroplane.
内斯特罗夫上尉是俄罗斯最勇敢的飞行员之一，他在一次成功摧毁一架奥地利飞机的尝试中牺牲了自己的生命。
He was returning from the front after an aerial reconnaissance when he saw an Austrian aeroplane hovering over the Russian forces with the intention of dropping bombs.
他在空中侦察后从前线返回时，看到一架奥地利飞机在俄罗斯军队上空盘旋，打算投掷炸弹。
The Russian aviator immediately headed straight for the Austrian machine at full speed and dashed into it.
俄罗斯飞行员立即全速径直冲向奥地利飞机并冲了上去。
The force of the impact caused the collapse of both machines, which plunged to earth, both aviators meeting instant death.
冲击力导致两台机器崩溃，坠落到地面，两名飞行员当场死亡。
The fortress of Nikolaieff, twenty miles south of Lemberg, was taken by the Russians after severe fighting.
经过激烈的战斗，位于伦贝格以南二十英里的尼古拉耶夫要塞被俄罗斯人占领。
The fortress was one of the most modern military strongholds in Austria, being supplied with all the newest forms of defense and offensive weapons.
该堡垒是奥地利最现代化的军事据点之一，配备了所有最新形式的防御和进攻武器。
It had steel cupolas, masked ranges of earthworks, and guns of modern type and heavy caliber.
它有钢质圆顶、掩蔽的土方工程范围以及现代类型和大口径的枪支。
The Nikolaieff fortress commanded the passage of the River Dniester.
尼古拉耶夫要塞控制着德涅斯特河的通过。
At the fortress forty guns of the heaviest type and stores of all kinds were captured.
在要塞中，缴获了四十门最重型的枪支和各种物资。
Like Lemberg, the fortresses had been well stocked with provisions, which fell into the Russians' hands.
和伦贝格一样，这些要塞也储备了充足的粮食，但这些粮食都落入了俄罗斯人的手中。
After occupying Nikolaieff the Russians undertook, after allowing their soldiers only two hours of rest, a night march for the purpose of attacking new positions occupied by the enemy.
占领尼古拉耶夫后，俄国人只允许士兵休息两个小时，然后进行夜间行军，目的是攻击敌人占领的新阵地。
A Russian battery, placed on the Vistula River, engaged with success an Austrian steamboat armed with rapid-fire guns.
位于维斯瓦河上的俄罗斯炮台成功地与一艘配备速射炮的奥地利汽船交战。
About the same time troops were sent by train from the east of Lemberg to near Chelm, and put in action against Austrian infantry intrenched on a long line, which included the village of Michailowka.
大约在同一时间，部队乘火车从伦贝格东部前往海尔姆附近，对排在一条长线上的奥地利步兵采取行动，其中包括米查洛卡村。
The Russians entered the village the same night, the Austrians having fallen back to a half circle of small, steep hills which overlooked the town.
当晚，俄国人进入了这个村庄，奥地利人则撤退到俯瞰城镇的半圈小而陡峭的山丘上。
Some houses had been set afire, but the flames had been extinguished by the villagers themselves.
一些房屋被点燃，但火焰已被村民自行扑灭。
At three o'clock the following morning the attack on the hills began.
第二天凌晨三点，对山头的进攻开始了。
The Austrians occupying them numbered 15,000, of which a large number were in a deeply wooded gorge.
占领这里的奥地利人有 15,000 人，其中大部分人住在树木茂密的峡谷中。
The Russian artillery swept the crest of the hill and shelled the gorge with shrapnel.
俄罗斯炮兵扫过山顶，用弹片轰击峡谷。
The Austrians replied strongly.
奥地利人做出了强烈回应。
At noon the position was stormed.
中午，阵地遭到猛攻。
The Russians, at the word of command, rose with cheers and rushed the hill.
俄国人听到命令，欢呼雀跃，冲上山头。
Austrian guns to the left cut them down badly.
左边的奥地利炮将他们严重击倒。
Later, after a desperate, brave fight, the position was taken.
后来，经过一场殊死的、英勇的战斗，这个阵地被占领了。
The gorge was full of dead men lying in heaps.
峡谷里躺满了成堆的死人。
Officers said they had never seen so many dead lying in a single place.
官员们表示，他们从未见过这么多死者躺在一个地方。
The troops gave the place the name of "The Valley of Death."
部队给这个地方起了个名字“死亡之谷”。
It was reported that the Austrian general commanding the defense watched some of his men being disarmed after the battle.
据报道，指挥防守的奥地利将军在战斗结束后亲眼目睹了他的一些部下被解除武装。
Presently the Austrian standards were brought up from the gorge.
目前，奥地利标准已从峡谷中升起。
At this sight, it was said, the Austrian general drew his revolver and shot himself dead.
据说，看到这一幕，这位奥地利将军拔出了左轮手枪，开枪自杀了。
On September 5, 1914, Austrian troops which had been stationed behind the Grodek Lake district passed the railway lines of Rawa-Russka and Horynier, and on the next day advanced to Kurniki.
1914年9月5日，驻扎在格罗德克湖区后方的奥地利军队穿过拉瓦-俄罗斯和霍雷尼尔铁路线，并于第二天向库尔尼基挺进。
On the following day a heavy battle began between these forces and a strong Russian force advancing northward.
第二天，这些部队与一支向北推进的强大的俄罗斯军队之间开始了一场激烈的战斗。
Two days later the Austrians opened their offensive on a forty-mile front, having the better of the conflict until September 11, especially on the southern wing near Lemberg.
两天后，奥地利人在 40 英里的战线上展开攻势，直到 9 月 11 日才取得胜利，特别是在伦贝格附近的南翼。
The Austrians then retired because of the necessity which had arisen for a new grouping of their forces, the north wing of their army near Rawa-Russka being threatened by superior Russian forces near Krasnik and between Krasnik and the battle fields of Lemberg.
随后，奥地利军队撤退，因为需要重新集结部队，拉瓦-俄罗斯附近的北翼军队受到克拉斯尼克附近以及克拉斯尼克和伦贝格战场之间的俄罗斯优势部队的威胁。
The attack by the Russians on the Opolie-Turobin section of the line seems to have been a powerful one and the Austrians retired southward, paralleling the course of the Vistula.
俄国人对奥波列-图罗宾防线的进攻似乎很强大，奥地利人沿着维斯瓦河的河道向南撤退。
For nineteen miles the Russian cavalry was engaged with the rear guard of the retreating forces.
俄国骑兵与撤退部队的后卫交战了十九英里。
There was particularly fierce fighting at Suchodola and also at Krasnik.
苏科多拉和克拉斯尼克的战斗尤为激烈。
At Frampol, there was a strong Russian cavalry charge.
在弗兰波尔，俄罗斯骑兵发起了强大的冲锋。
From this point, the Austrians were forced back on the left into the morasses about Bilgoraj and the right and the center were crowded together as they drew near the San.
从此时起，奥地利军队的左翼被迫退回比尔戈拉伊附近的泥沼，而右翼和中军在靠近桑河时则拥挤在一起。
By that time, Russia claimed to have sent 10,000 prisoners back to Lublin.
当时，俄罗斯声称已将1万名囚犯送回卢布林。
These movements were all the first days of September, 1914.
这些运动都是 1914 年 9 月的第一天。
CHAPTER LXVI
第六十六章
BATTLE OF RAWA-RUSSKA
拉瓦-俄罗斯之战
During the time that Auffenberg's army had been retaining the position before Lemberg, a new line of defense had been instituted in his rear.
在奥芬贝格的军队坚守伦贝格之前的阵地期间，在他的后方建立了一条新的防线。
This line ran from Grodek to Rawa-Russka, and thence along the railroad line toward Narol.
这条线路从格罗德克延伸至拉瓦-罗斯卡，然后沿着铁路线延伸至纳罗尔。
As the Russian forces between the armies at Tomaszow had not as yet gotten as far as Tarnograd, the far left of Von Auffenberg's troops, or those of the Archduke, which were a continuation of Von Auffenberg's army at this point, were for a brief time almost in touch with the fringe of Dankl's army on its way to the San.
由于托马佐夫两军之间的俄军尚未到达塔尔诺格勒，冯·奥芬贝格军队的最左翼，或者大公的军队，此时是冯·奥芬贝格军队的延续，在短时间内几乎与丹克尔军队的边缘接触，后者正在前往桑河。
But there was no combined and determined stand at any time.
但任何时候都没有联合且坚定的立场。
The entire army fell back, set upon getting across the river.
全军撤退，准备渡河。
It is probable that on the line from Grodek to Rawa-Russka there were more than 1,250,000 men in the armies on both sides.
从格罗德克到拉瓦-罗斯卡的战线上，双方军队的人数可能超过 1,250,000 人。
The line was more than sixty miles long, but the struggle was concentrated on certain points and fighting elsewhere was not important.
战线长达六十多英里，但斗争集中在某些地点，其他地方的战斗并不重要。
The most critical points were at Grodek on the far south, where a position of considerable strength was occupied by the Austrians, and at Rawa-Russka.
最关键的地点是最南端的格罗德克（Grodek）和拉瓦罗斯卡（Rawa-Russka），奥地利人在那里占据了相当大的兵力。
One advantage which accrued to the Austrians was that they occupied positions which had been well fortified before the battle of Lemberg, probably in anticipation of a retreat.
奥地利人获得的一个优势是，他们占领了伦贝格战役前防御严密的阵地，可能是为了等待撤退。
Nature, itself, protected their right at Grodek against a turning movement.
大自然本身保护了他们在格罗德克的权利，使其免受转向运动的影响。
They had excellent railway facilities in their rear.
他们的后方有良好的铁路设施。
The advantages possessed by the Russians were those of numbers and the fact that they were encouraged by victory.
俄罗斯人所拥有的优势在于数量上的优势以及他们因胜利而受到鼓舞的事实。
The battle had its beginning about September 8, 1914, round the position at Grodek, where the Austrians had retreated after the capture of Lemberg.
战斗于 1914 年 9 月 8 日左右在格罗德克阵地周围开始，奥军在占领伦贝格后撤退到这里。
It was on the extreme north of the line, however, that they first began to give ground.
然而，正是在战线的最北端，他们首先开始屈服。
There they were not able to make any extended stand because the enemy, besides attacking them fiercely from in front, began to envelop their left.
在那里，他们无法进行任何延伸的抵抗，因为敌人除了从正面猛烈攻击他们之外，还开始包围他们的左翼。
The fighting went on over a large extent of ground.
战斗在大片土地上进行。
At several places large numbers of Austrian prisoners were taken.
在几个地方，大量奥地利囚犯被俘虏。
The upper part of the Austrian line was forced steadily back, not without desperate fighting, and finally the entire line became doubled back on itself at a sharp angle from Rawa-Russka.
奥地利防线的上部被迫后退，并非没有进行殊死的战斗，最后整条防线从拉瓦-俄罗斯以一个锐角折回。
Here the fighting was terrific.
这里的战斗非常激烈。
Rawa-Russka was a small Galician city, inhabited chiefly by Jews.
拉瓦罗斯卡是加利西亚的一个小城市，主要居住着犹太人。
The greater part of the town was old, but there was a modern settlement near the railway station, the town being one of the chief railway centers in that part of Galicia.
该镇的大部分地区都很古老，但火车站附近有一个现代化的定居点，该镇是加利西亚该地区的主要铁路中心之一。
There, two lines cross, one a branch of the main line to Cracow, from a point near Jaroslav to the frontier at Sokal, and the other extending northwesterly from Lemberg to the Polish frontier at Narol.
在那里，有两条线交叉，一条是通往克拉科夫的主线的分支，从雅罗斯拉夫附近的一点到索卡尔边境，另一条从伦贝格向西北延伸到纳罗尔的波兰边境。
There were at Rawa-Russka large railroad works, roundhouses, sidings, and storage yards.
拉瓦-鲁斯卡有大型铁路工程、圆屋、支线和储藏场。
As the big battle began to develop on September 8, 1914, it was seen that Rawa-Russka was the place where it probably would be decided and the best efforts of both sides were exerted there.
随着 1914 年 9 月 8 日大战开始发展，拉瓦-鲁斯卡战役很可能成为决定胜负的地方，双方都在那里竭尽全力。
The defenses on the point of the angle of the Austrian line, just behind which was the town, were in extent no longer than six, or at most eight, miles.
奥地利防线拐角处的防御工事，其后方就是城镇，其范围不超过六英里，最多八英里。
Nevertheless, during eight days, there were as many as 250,000 or 300,000 men engaged here in night and day fighting.
然而，八天的时间里，却有多达二十五万、三十万的大军在此日夜厮杀。
After the first two days, the Russians concentrated their attack on the very apex of the Austrian angle, atop the bluffs at the edge of the ten-acre battle field.
头两天后，俄军将进攻集中在奥地利角的最顶端，即十英亩战场边缘的悬崖顶上。
During eight days, the Russians stormed this point repeatedly.
在八天的时间里，俄罗斯人多次袭击这一点。
In a single mile the Austrians made no less than eight distinct stands.
在一英里内，奥地利人至少有八个不同的立场。
Some points before being evacuated were taken and surrendered several times, and then retreat was only for a short distance, followed by just as determined resistance.
有些点在撤离前曾多次被占领和投降，然后只撤退了一小段距离，随后又进行了同样坚决的抵抗。
The courage and determination of both armies was equally admirable.
两军的勇气和决心同样令人钦佩。
One position held by Austrians for hours was in a stubble field.
奥地利人在茬地里坚守了几个小时。
It was necessary to hold this point while a better position was being dug a few hundred yards behind in a slight dip in the ground.
有必要守住这个点，同时在后面几百码处挖一个更好的阵地，这个阵地的地面稍稍凹陷。
The rain of shrapnel was so heavy about this place that later it was not possible to pick up a handful of dirt from it without finding therein pieces of lead.
这个地方的弹片雨如此之大，以至于后来不可能从那里捡起一把泥土而不会在其中找到铅片。
For a mile across the field where the Austrians had lain, bloody bandages and pieces of equipment were strewn thickly.
奥地利人躺过的田野一英里内，血迹斑斑的绷带和装备碎片散落一地。
Behind this line, two or three hundred yards, was another line just beyond a small ground swell, where the Austrians placed themselves in fairly deep trenches.
在这条防线后面两三百码处，有另一条防线，就在一个小隆起处，奥地利人在那里埋设了相当深的战壕。
The Russians took this trench, but being unable to advance farther, dug themselves in on their side.
俄国人占领了这条战壕，但无法进一步推进，只能在自己这边挖壕沟。
The next day they were driven out by the Austrians.
第二天，他们被奥地利人赶走了。
Afterward the trench presented the strange appearance of a ridge of earth with a trench on each side--with Austrian relics on one side and Russian relics on the other.
随后，这条战壕呈现出奇怪的样子，就像是土脊，两边各有一条战壕——一侧是奥地利的遗迹，另一侧是俄罗斯的遗迹。
Day by day the Russians drove the Austrians back farther, until at last, the Austrians were holding a deep trench on the slope of the crest of the last ridge of hills defending the town itself.
俄国人日复一日地把奥地利人赶得更远，直到最后，奥地利人在最后一座山脊的斜坡上守住了一条深沟，保卫着城镇本身。
Immediately over the ridge the Austrian batteries were concentrated.
奥地利炮兵立即集中在山脊上。
The last trench was not more than four hundred yards in front of the Russian guns.
最后一条战壕距俄军炮火不超过四百码。
Nevertheless, the Russians were unable to make any advance against this position until they brought up and put into position a considerable number of heavy howitzers.
然而，俄罗斯人无法对这个阵地取得任何进展，直到他们调出相当数量的重型榴弹炮并将其部署到位。
Then slowly they began to crumble the Austrian defenses.
然后他们开始慢慢地瓦解奥地利的防御。
Notwithstanding this bombardment, the Austrians held on for more than a day.
尽管遭到如此轰炸，奥地利人还是坚持了一天多。
Then the Russians stormed the entire top of the hill and seized the few guns which they had not already put out of commission.
然后，俄罗斯人袭击了整个山顶，缴获了几门尚未退役的枪支。
The hill was taken at the point of the bayonet.
这座山是在刺刀尖上攻克的。
This was the decisive moment in the whole conflict.
这是整个冲突的决定性时刻。
From the center of the field where this action was taking place the Russian wedge extended to the north and south.
从这场比赛发生的场地中心开始，俄罗斯楔子向北和南延伸。
The Austrian center was broken when night fell and the Russians were dropping shells into the outskirts of Rawa-Russka.
夜幕降临，俄罗斯人向拉瓦罗斯卡郊区投掷炮弹，奥地利中心被攻破。
Attacks by the Russians followed, making it impossible for the Austrians to hold the town and it was abandoned by the Austrian forces.
随后俄罗斯人发起进攻，使得奥地利人无法守住该城镇，该城镇被奥地利军队放弃。
In any event it soon would have been enveloped in the rear, considering the way events were shaping themselves on the southerly end of the line, and the defense would have been costly.
无论如何，考虑到战线南端事态的发展，它很快就会被包围在后方，而防御的代价也将是高昂的。
CHAPTER LXVII
第十六章
RUSSIAN VICTORIES--BATTLES OF THE SAN
俄罗斯的胜利——桑河战役
Early in September, 1914, the Russians attacked strongly fortified positions at Grodek.
1914 年 9 月初，俄国人袭击了格罗德克的坚固工事。
This was during the time when the Russian northern army was busy driving back the enemy from Frampol to Biloraj.
当时正值俄罗斯北方军队忙于将敌人从弗兰波尔驱赶到比洛拉伊的时候。
The defenses of Grodek, which included the position at Sadowa-Wisznia, were protected by a chain of six lakes and considerable ground cut up by dikes.
格罗德克的防御工事，包括萨多瓦-维兹尼亚的阵地，受到一系列六个湖泊和被堤坝切割的大片土地的保护。
The Russians were commanded by General Brussilov, who duplicated here the tactics of continuous and heavy attack with which he had overcome the resistance of the Austrians at Halicz.
俄国人由布鲁西洛夫将军指挥，他在这里重复了他在哈利奇克服奥地利人抵抗的连续猛烈进攻战术。
The Austrians had taken stand on a group of heavily wooded hills.
奥地利人在一片树木茂密的山丘上站稳了脚跟。
In order to reach this, the Russians were obliged to cross a plain about three miles wide, in a series of parallels, while subjected to fire from machine guns and rifles.
为了达到这一目标，俄罗斯人不得不以一系列平行的方式穿过约三英里宽的平原，同时还要承受机枪和步枪的射击。
It was not until three days later that they were able to gain a position where their guns could reach effectively the trenches of the Russians.
直到三天后，他们才获得了一个可以让他们的火炮有效到达俄罗斯人战壕的位置。
When the assault was made with bayonets, the trenches were found heaped with bodies.
当用刺刀发起进攻时，人们发现战壕里堆满了尸体。
According to the Russians, the prisoners they took said they had been without regular food for many days and had subsisted on raw potatoes and wild pears.
据俄罗斯人称，他们抓获的囚犯表示，他们已经多日没有正常食物，只能靠生土豆和野梨维持生计。
Continually harassed by the Russians, they had not time to bury their dead and so the living had fought on while the remains of their fallen comrades decayed beside them.
由于受到俄罗斯人的不断骚扰，他们没有时间埋葬死者，因此活着的人仍在继续战斗，而阵亡战友的遗骸则在他们身边腐烂。
A brief account of the affair from the Russian viewpoint is contained in the announcement from the Russian Headquarters Staff, made September 14, 1914:
俄罗斯总部参谋部 1914 年 9 月 14 日发布的公告中包含了从俄罗斯角度对此事的简要描述：
"The army of General Brussilov, against whom the Austrians made their last desperate onslaught has, on taking the offensive, captured many guns, prisoners, and artillery parks, the numbers of which are now being reckoned.
“奥地利人对布鲁西洛夫将军进行了最后一次绝望的猛攻，他们在进攻中缴获了许多枪支、俘虏和炮兵阵地，其数量现在正在计算中。
General Brussilov testifies that his troops displayed the highest energy, stanchness, and gallantry.
布鲁西洛夫将军证明，他的部队表现出了最高的活力、坚定和英勇。
The corps commanders calmly and resolutely directed their troops and frequently wrested the victory at critical moments.
军团指战员冷静果断指挥部队，屡屡在关键时刻夺取胜利。
General Brussilov specially mentions the distinguished services of General Radko Dmitrieff."
布鲁西洛夫将军特别提及拉德科·德米特里耶夫将军的杰出服务。”
There is no doubt that the engagement here referred to was one of the most bitterly and desperately contested of the war.
毫无疑问，这里提到的交战是这场战争中最激烈、最激烈的交战之一。
But the conflict on many fields was being conducted on a scale so huge that it loses much of its importance in a general survey.
但许多领域的冲突规模如此之大，以至于在一般调查中失去了很多重要性。
On the day following the announcement just quoted, the Grand Duke Nicholas briefly announced that "the Russians, after occupying Grodek, reached Mocziska, and are now within one day's march of Przemysl."
在刚刚引用的公告的第二天，尼古拉斯大公简短地宣布，“俄罗斯人在占领格罗德克后，到达莫奇斯卡，现在距离普热梅希尔只有一天的路程。”
While Brussilov's center was moving on to Mocziska, which is about forty miles west of Lemberg, his left was advancing southwesterly along the railroad line to Sambor, and on to Chyrow.
当布鲁西洛夫的中军向伦贝格以西约四十英里的莫奇斯卡前进时，他的左翼则沿着铁路线向西南推进，到达桑博尔，然后到达奇罗。
The latter place, however, was not taken until September 24, 1914.
然而，后者直到 1914 年 9 月 24 日才被占据。
The fortress of Przemysl was thus cut off from the south.
普热梅希尔要塞与南方的联系就这样被切断了。
When Grodek fell, Brussilov's soldiers had been marching and fighting without pause for longer than three weeks.
当格罗德克陷落时，布鲁西洛夫的士兵已经连续三周多没有停顿地行军和战斗。
The feats of endurance they had performed were extraordinary but without delay they pursued the Austrians from Grodek with the same alertness that they had shown in following them from Halicz.
他们所表现出的耐力是非凡的，但他们毫不拖延地从格罗德克追击奥地利人，就像从哈利奇追击奥地利人时一样机警。
In the meantime, as we have noted, Rawa-Russka had been taken.
与此同时，正如我们所指出的，拉瓦-俄罗斯已被占领。
Like Brussilov, Russky was not inclined to give an enemy he had bested any chance to recuperate, and while Brussilov was pursuing the Austrian right from Grodek to Chyrow on the south of Przemysl, Russky was following up his success with equal vigor, driving toward Sieniawa the shattered forces which had opposed him.
和布鲁西洛夫一样，俄罗斯斯基也不愿意给一个他已经击败的敌人任何恢复的机会，当布鲁西洛夫从格罗德克到普热梅希尔以南的奇罗追击奥军的右翼时，俄罗斯斯基正在以同样的活力继续他的成功，将反对他的支离破碎的军队赶向谢尼亚瓦。
Sieniawa was occupied on September 18, 1914, the same day that Brussilov took Sambor.
1914 年 9 月 18 日，即布鲁西洛夫占领桑博尔的同一天，谢尼亚瓦被占领。
Jaroslav was captured by assault on September 21.
9月21日，雅罗斯拉夫在袭击中被捕。
There was hard fighting on the way there, around Javorow, fifteen miles east of Przemysl, where the Russians claimed to have taken 5,000 prisoners and thirty guns.
前往普热梅希尔以东 15 英里的贾沃罗周围的途中发生了激烈的战斗，俄罗斯人声称在那里俘获了 5,000 名囚犯和 30 支枪。
In such wise was Przemysl cut off on the north, east, and south.
普热梅希尔就这样被切断了北部、东部和南部的联系。
Behind its defenses, what was left of Von Auffenberg's army took refuge.
冯·奥芬伯格军队的残部躲在防御工事后面。
The Austrians also had met with reverses where Dankl's army had been falling back before the troops of Generals Ewarts and Plehve.
奥地利人也遭遇了挫折，丹克尔的军队在尤尔茨将军和普莱夫将军的军队面前节节败退。
It has been shown that the continuity of the Austrian defenses had not been effective in the region northwest of Rawa-Russka, though it extended beyond the frontier between Tomaszow and Tarnograd.
事实证明，奥地利防御的连续性在拉瓦-俄罗斯西北部地区并不有效，尽管它延伸到了托马佐夫和塔尔诺格勒之间的边界之外。
After the conflict at Tomaszow, the line of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand above Rawa-Russka to that place had been bent back on the Rawa-Russka-Jaroslav railroad, while the main body of Dankl's troops fell back on the line of the San.
托马佐夫冲突后，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公在拉瓦-俄罗斯上方至该地的路线已向后弯曲到拉瓦-俄罗斯-雅罗斯拉夫铁路上，而丹克尔的主力则退回到桑河防线上。
Never was the Russian pressure on its rear relaxed.
俄罗斯对其后方的压力从未放松过。
The pressure was especially strong from the Russian right which had fought the battle of Krasnik, after clearing the Opolie-Truobin district.
在清除了奥波列-特鲁宾地区后，来自克拉斯尼克战役的俄罗斯右翼的压力尤其强大。
The larger portion of the Austrian troops crossed the San near its junction with the Vistula.
奥地利军队的大部分在桑河与维斯瓦河交汇处附近渡过。
Probably they hoped that while they might place themselves, on the other side, in touch with the Austrian railroads, the river would be a barrier behind them against the Russians.
也许他们希望，虽然他们可以将自己置于另一边，与奥地利铁路保持联系，但这条河将成为他们身后抵御俄罗斯人的屏障。
It appears that General Dankl, anticipating the necessity of falling back across the San, had been sending his transports back in advance of his retreat, almost from the time the retreat began.
看来，丹克尔将军预计到必须撤退到桑河，几乎从撤退开始的时候起，他就在撤退之前派出了运输机。
In fact, some of the transport trains had been sighted and subjected to shell fire as early as September 9, 1914, from the left bank of the Vistula.
事实上，早在 1914 年 9 月 9 日，一些运输列车就在维斯瓦河左岸被发现并遭到炮火袭击。
Not until September 12 did the army itself reach the banks of the San.
直到9月12日，军队才抵达桑河岸边。
Two heavy rear guards, to north and east, were left to hold back the oncoming Russians, while the main body and the baggage were crossing the river on September 12.
9月12日，当主力和辎重正在渡河时，北面和东面的两名重装后卫被留下来阻挡迎面而来的俄罗斯人。
The Vistula protected the left of one of these rear guards, the San protected the right of the other.
维斯瓦河保护其中一名后卫的左侧，桑河保护另一名后卫的右侧。
Thus the two formed an arch between the two streams.
因此，两者在两条溪流之间形成了一个拱门。
Marshy ground made difficult the attack on their front, but, nevertheless, they seem to have been unable to prevent the Russians from piercing the screen before the crossing of the river had been completed.
沼泽地使他们正面的进攻变得困难，但是，尽管如此，他们似乎还是无法阻止俄罗斯人在渡河完成之前刺穿屏障。
There was great slaughter.
发生了大屠杀。
The Russians claimed that they took 30,000 prisoners.
俄罗斯人声称他们俘虏了三万名囚犯。
The artillery of the Russians was highly effective in shelling the bridges while the Austrians were passing over them in solid masses.
俄国人的大炮对桥梁的炮击非常有效，而奥地利人则大批地越过桥梁。
Beside the large number of those killed by shell fire many were reported to have been forced into the water and to have drowned.
据报道，除了大量被炮弹炸死的人外，还有许多人被迫落水淹死。
Neither was there respite for the Austrians on the other side of the river, although, in theory, the forcing of the passage of the San by an invading army was considered an impossible task.
河对岸的奥地利人也没有喘息的机会，尽管从理论上讲，入侵军队强行通过桑河被认为是一项不可能完成的任务。
Enormous sums had been spent by the Austrians in an attempt to make it impregnable.
奥地利人花费了大量资金试图使其坚不可摧。
Along the upper or southern part of its extent it was protected by the powerful position of Przemysl and by Jaroslav.
沿着其范围的上部或南部，它受到普热梅希尔和雅罗斯拉夫强大地位的保护。
From there a light railroad, which had been built solely for strategic purposes, ran parallel and close to its left bank almost to the point where it joined with the Vistula.
从那里开始，一条专为战略目的而修建的轻轨平行延伸，靠近左岸，几乎与维斯瓦河汇合。
As they retired, the Austrians destroyed bridges behind them.
当他们撤退时，奥地利人摧毁了他们身后的桥梁。
But they were not able to destroy all, otherwise a few days' rest might have been vouchsafed the First Army.
但他们无法消灭所有敌人，否则第一军可能会休息几天。
By quick work the Russians seized and maintained a hold on the bridge at Kreszov, on the frontier a few miles west of Tarnograd.
俄国人迅速行动，夺取并维持了对位于塔尔诺格勒以西几英里处边境的克雷佐夫桥的控制。
As an official communiqué from Petrograd put it: "The Russians leaped across the river on the very shoulders of the retreating enemy."
正如彼得格勒的一份官方公报所说：“俄罗斯人正是在撤退的敌人的肩膀上跃过河去。”
The victory on the San, September 12-19, 1914, may well be considered one of the most important of the campaign.
1914 年 9 月 12 日至 19 日在桑河上的胜利很可能被认为是该战役中最重要的胜利之一。
There is no way of estimating the Austrian losses, over and above the 30,000 prisoners the Russians say they took, but they probably were heavy.
除了俄罗斯人声称俘虏的 30,000 名俘虏之外，我们无法估计奥地利人的损失，但数量可能相当惨重。
Still more important was the fact that the Russians had broken down the barrier which the Austrians had sought to put between themselves and the invaders.
更重要的是，俄罗斯人打破了奥地利人试图在自己和入侵者之间设置的障碍。
Save for the fact that the Austrians were now in touch with their railroads, and for the moment within reach of security, being under the shelter of Cracow, their position within the triangle formed by the Vistula was no more safe than it had been when they were above it.
除了奥地利人现在已经与他们的铁路取得联系，并且在克拉科夫的庇护下暂时处于安全范围之外，他们在维斯瓦河形成的三角形内的位置并不比他们在三角形之上时更安全。
The Russians reported that within that triangle they seized an enormous amount of supplies of every kind.
俄罗斯人报告说，他们在这个三角地区缴获了大量各种物资。
Moreover, with the advance on Krzeszov, the last of the invading Austrians had been forced from Russian soil.
此外，随着向克热佐夫的推进，最后一批入侵的奥地利人被迫离开俄罗斯领土。
No longer was an enemy left in the provinces of Podolia or Volhynia.
波多利亚省和沃里尼亚省不再有敌人。
It must be recalled also that Russian troops which were based on Ivangorod also had intercepted German reenforcements on the left of the Vistula as they hastened across Poland to the aid of Austria.
还必须回顾的是，驻扎在伊万哥罗德的俄罗斯军队也在维斯瓦河左翼拦截了德国增援部队，当时他们正急速穿越波兰援助奥地利。
The guns of the Russians also had shelled the transports of the Austrians as they retired along the right bank.
当奥地利人沿着右岸撤退时，俄罗斯人的炮火也炮击了他们的运输船。
The Russian right, pressed on the retiring Austrians, had been able to spare a large number of troops, and these it had thrown across the Vistula at Josefow.
俄罗斯右翼在向撤退的奥地利人施压时，得以抽出大量军队，并将这些部队投入维斯瓦河对岸的约瑟夫城。
These, acting as reenforcements of the Russian troops already on that side of the river, had hurried southward, paralleling the advance of the main army on the right bank and brushing aside whatever forces of the enemy they met.
这些部队作为已经在河岸的俄罗斯军队的增援部队，匆忙南下，与右岸主力部队的前进并行，并击退了他们遇到的所有敌人的力量。
In this way they were able to prevent any help from that quarter coming to the Austrians.
通过这种方式，他们能够阻止奥地利人从该地区获得任何帮助。
Also, when their comrades were delivering a final blow to the Austrians at the crossing of the San, they were busy on the opposite side of the Vistula driving back a large Austrian force and occupying the important place of Sandomierz.
而且，当他们的战友在桑河渡口对奥军进行最后一击时，他们正忙于在维斯瓦河对岸击退奥军大军，占领桑多梅日这一要地。
They encountered and overcame near Sandomierz the Second German Landwehr Corps under General Woyrsch.
他们在桑多梅日附近遭遇并战胜了沃尔什将军领导的德国第二兰德韦尔军。
In the neighborhood of and at the town they reported that they had taken 3,000 prisoners and 10 guns.
他们报告称，在该镇附近和镇内，他们俘获了 3,000 名囚犯和 10 支枪。
CHAPTER LXVIII
第六十八章
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS OF SEPTEMBER, 1914
1914 年 9 月行动概要
Let us now briefly summarize the Russian strategy during this month of portentous development, September, 1914, which concluded with the advance down the left bank of the Vistula and the occupation of Sandomierz.
现在让我们简要总结一下 1914 年 9 月这个充满危险的发展时期的俄罗斯战略，该战略以沿着维斯瓦河左岸推进并占领桑多梅日而告终。
It will be recalled that, being more or less prepared, Russia had found herself invaded by armies operating in three different directions over an extended front.
人们应该记得，俄罗斯或多或少已经做好了准备，但它发现自己遭到了在一条延伸的战线上从三个不同方向作战的军队的入侵。
These armies contained in all about a million men.
这些军队总共约有一百万人。
The weakness of this advance, the Russians saw, consisted in this: that the farther two armies of invaders, advancing in divergent lines, proceed, the farther they become separated.
俄国人认为，这次进攻的弱点在于：两支入侵者分线前进，越远，他们就分开得越远。
Thus it is more difficult for them to act in harmony or for either to protect the flanks of the other.
因此，他们更难以协调行动或保护另一方的侧翼。
For this reason the Russians were satisfied to allow the First or northern Army of the Austrians to advance almost without resistance until it came within artillery range of its first main objective--that is Lublin and the railway line to Ivangorod and Warsaw.
出于这个原因，俄罗斯人满意地允许奥地利人的第一集团军或北方集团军几乎没有抵抗地前进，直到它进入其第一个主要目标（即卢布林和通往伊万哥罗德和华沙的铁路线）的炮兵射程内。
Then the Russians delivered a blow with force at the weak Point between the two invading armies in the vicinity of Tomaszow.
随后，俄军对托马佐夫附近两支入侵军队之间的薄弱环节进行了强力打击。
The Austrians, to meet this attack, were obliged to withdraw their reserve forces from the far left across the rear of the First Army.
为了应对这次进攻，奥地利人不得不从第一集团军后方的最左翼撤出后备部队。
When these forces proved inadequate, the organization of a new army began, and this was thrown into the gap.
当这些力量被证明不够时，就开始组织一支新的军队，这支新军队被投入了缺口。
If it had been advanced immediately and simultaneously with the other two armies, the new army might have served its purpose, but the campaign, it seems, was already too far advanced.
如果它立即与另外两支军队同时推进，新军也许就达到了目的，但这场战役似乎已经推进得太远了。
The strength of the Russians had been augmented, and after they had driven the wedge in at Tomaszow they retained it in place, and were able to widen the break by means of the operations which followed in the vicinity of Bilgoraj, and by driving back the Austrian forces above Rawa-Russka.
俄军的兵力得到了增强，在托马佐夫打入楔子后，他们将其保留在原地，并通过随后在比尔戈拉伊附近的行动以及将奥军赶回拉瓦罗斯卡上方来扩大突破口。
In this way the First Austrian Army was left dangling at the extreme of its advance.
就这样，奥地利第一集团军在前进的最后一刻陷入了困境。
In the meantime Brussilov had made his well-planned turning movement along the Dniester on the far south, and had delivered his blow on Halicz.
与此同时，布鲁西洛夫已在最南边的德涅斯特河上进行了精心策划的转向行动，并向哈利奇发起了进攻。
Russky at the same time was hammering at the Austrian front and left, penning in Von Auffenberg's army on an ever-contracting front, and throwing it back on its successive lines of defense on the Zlota Lipa before Lemberg, and from Grodek to Rawa-Russka.
与此同时，俄罗斯正在向奥地利前线和左翼发起猛攻，将冯·奥芬贝格的军队困在一条不断收缩的战线上，并将其击退到伦贝格之前的兹洛塔利帕河上以及从格罗德克到拉瓦-罗斯卡的连续防线上。
The Austrians, pushed back from each of these, and with Cossack cavalry on their right, ranging over a considerable extent in southern Galicia, were forced to fall back, guarding as best they might their rear, westward toward Cracow.
奥地利人在他们的右翼有哥萨克骑兵的情况下，在加利西亚南部的相当大的范围内，被迫撤退，尽最大努力守卫后方，向西向克拉科夫方向前进。
When Von Auffenberg's army had been put in a tight place, busy taking care of its own safety, the Russians were able to devote their attention to the army Dankl had in the north.
当冯·奥芬贝格的军队陷入困境，忙于照顾自己的安全时，俄罗斯人能够将注意力集中在丹克尔在北方的军队上。
There was no chance of aid reaching it now, and it was weakened from efforts to force the barriers that had been put across its path.
现在援助已经不可能到达那里，而且由于强行在其道路上设置障碍的努力而削弱了它的力量。
The chief strength of the Russians was massed against the left of this army, for if that wing was broken the entire army would find itself hemmed in and must retreat in order to avoid being surrounded.
俄国人的主力集中在这支军队的左翼，因为如果左翼被折断，整个军队就会发现自己被包围，必须撤退以避免被包围。
And so, forced from Opolie along the Vistula, attacked constantly on its entire front and right flank from Tomaszow and Tarnograd, Dankl's army was forced down to and across the San and beyond it.
因此，丹克尔的军队被迫沿着维斯瓦河从奥波列出发，从托马佐夫和塔尔诺格勒的整个前线和右翼不断受到攻击，丹克尔的军队被迫南下并越过桑河并越过桑河。
The movements of the Russians had been executed with great harmony.
俄国人的行动非常和谐。
By September 23, 1914, Dankl's army had been driven by Ewarts and Plehve to the line of the Wisloka.
1914 年 9 月 23 日，丹克尔的军队已被尤尔茨和普莱夫驱至维斯洛卡河前线。
Jaroslav was taken by Russky on September 21.
9月21日，雅罗斯拉夫被俄罗斯人带走。
Chyrow was possessed by Brussilov on September 24.
9月24日，奇罗被布鲁西洛夫附身。
Brussilov had entered Galicia at Woloczysk on the same day--August 22--that Russky had crossed the frontier and occupied Brody.
8 月 22 日，布鲁西洛夫在沃洛齐斯克进入加利西亚，而俄罗斯斯基则越过边境并占领了布罗迪。
The Austrian losses, since the taking of Lemberg, according to an official statement made by the Russians on September 17, 1914, were 250,000 killed and wounded, and 100,000 prisoners with 400 guns, many colors, and a vast quantity of stores.
根据俄罗斯人 1914 年 9 月 17 日的官方声明，自攻克伦贝格以来，奥地利人死伤 25 万人，俘虏 10 万名俘虏，俘虏包括 400 支枪、多种颜色和大量物资。
We are not obliged to accept these figures.
我们没有义务接受这些数字。
They are given here for what significance and merit they may have, but as coming from Russia.
之所以将它们放在这里，是因为它们可能具有重要意义和优点，但它们来自俄罗斯。
It was also reported by Russia that the rifles taken numbered almost half a million.
俄罗斯还报道称，被抢走的步枪数量接近50万支。
The enemy's total losses were put by Russia at from 35 to 50 per cent.
俄罗斯估计敌人的总损失为35％至50％。
Even the small estimate is said by Austria to be an exaggeration.
奥地利称，即使是很小的估计也是夸大其词。
The Russians now held all eastern Galicia, and were masters of Lemberg, Jaroslav, Brody, Busk, Tarnopol, Grodek, Brzezany, Sambor, and other towns of no little importance, and also of the railroads between these towns.
俄国人现在控制了整个加利西亚东部，并控制了伦贝格、雅罗斯拉夫、布罗迪、布斯克、塔尔诺波尔、格罗德克、布热扎尼、桑博尔和其他相当重要的城镇，以及这些城镇之间的铁路。
They also were in control of the oil fields of Galicia, of considerable importance to them at this time, and of the valuable agricultural resources of Galicia, or of such part of it as they occupied.
他们还控制着当时对他们相当重要的加利西亚油田，以及加利西亚宝贵的农业资源，或者他们占领的部分地区。
Przemysl alone held out.
普热梅希尔独自坚持了下来。
Russian cavalry was already trying the approach to the Carpathians from the Dukla Pass to the Bukowina.
俄罗斯骑兵已经尝试从杜克拉山口到布科维纳河逼近喀尔巴阡山脉。
CHAPTER LXIX
第 69 章
INVESTITURE OF PRZEMYSL
普热梅希尔的调查
Many fortresses lost a reputation of long standing for strength during the Austro-Russian campaign.
在奥俄战役中，许多堡垒失去了长期坚固的声誉。
Grodek and Rawa-Russka, with fine natural defenses and excellent works, were carried by assault after gallant resistance.
格罗德克和拉瓦-鲁斯卡自然防御良好，工事出色，英勇抵抗后遭到进攻。
Lemberg's defenses were reputed to be powerful, but no attempt was made to utilize them.
伦贝格的防御被认为是强大的，但没有人尝试利用它们。
The fall of Jaroslav has never been explained.
雅罗斯拉夫的倒台从未得到解释。
It was considered generally to be stronger than Namur or Liege, and a prolonged resistance was anticipated there.
人们普遍认为它比那慕尔或列日更强大，并且预计那里会出现长期抵抗。
It withstood attack for only two days.
它仅仅抵挡住了两天的攻击。
When heavy guns were brought to bear on it by the Russians the garrison withdrew.
当俄罗斯人用重炮攻击它时，驻军撤退了。
Przemysl seems, alone of all the Austrian defenses, to have justified its reputation.
在所有奥地利防御工事中，普热梅希尔似乎是唯一证明其声誉的。
Przemysl was not only a strongly fortified place but a beautiful city as well, surrounded with flower gardens and orchards.
普热梅希尔不仅是一个戒备森严的地方，也是一座美丽的城市，周围有花园和果园。
Its history, like that of Lemberg, had been a stormy one.
与伦贝格的历史一样，它的历史也是一段风雨飘摇的历史。
Its population in 1914, including residents of its suburbs, was about 50,000, principally Poles and Ruthenes, who lived together in amity and great religious toleration.
1914 年，包括郊区居民在内，该市人口约为 50,000 人，其中主要是波兰人和鲁塞尼人，他们和睦相处，宗教宽容。
In September of that year, when the Russians made their whirlwind advance, there was, according to official reports from Vienna, an army of 80,000 based on the city, under the leadership of General Boroyevich.
当年9月，当俄国人旋风般推进时，根据维也纳的官方报告，在博罗耶维奇将军的领导下，有一支8万人的军队驻扎在该市。
With a large part of this army, Boroyevich was reported to have moved to the line of the Wisloka to give aid to Dankl's hard-pushed troops as they made their stand on that river.
据报道，博罗耶维奇率领这支军队的大部分前往维斯洛卡河一线，为丹克尔的坚守在河上的部队提供援助。
It was understood that many of Von Auffenberg's soldiers, as they fell back, were employed as a garrison for the fortress.
据了解，冯·奥芬伯格的许多士兵在撤退后被雇佣为要塞的驻军。
At the time of its investment it was said to contain about 100,000 men, with its defense in charge of General Kusmanek.
据说在投资时，它约有 10 万人，由库斯马内克将军负责防御。
Afterward the strength of the garrison was increased.
此后，驻军实力不断增强。
It has been indicated previously how the railway communications had been broken on the east and south by the advance of the Russians after the fall of Grodek and the taking of Mocsiska.
先前已经指出，在格罗代克陷落和占领莫奇斯卡后，俄罗斯人的推进如何破坏了东部和南部的铁路交通。
The isolation of the fortress of Przemysl was completed by the fall of Jaroslav and the occupation of Radymno, a town on the main Cracow railway on the left bank of the San, about eight miles east of Jaroslav and fifteen miles north of the fortress.
普热梅希尔要塞的孤立随着雅罗斯拉夫的陷落和拉德姆诺的占领而完成，拉德姆诺是克拉科夫主要铁路上的一个城镇，位于桑河左岸，位于雅罗斯拉夫以东约八英里，要塞以北十五英里处。
And so it remained isolated, save for a short period when the tide of invasion was driven back.
因此，除了入侵浪潮被击退的短暂时期外，它仍然处于孤立状态。
During this time it was again in communication with Cracow.
在此期间，它再次与克拉科夫取得联系。
The Russians took it as a matter of course that the fortress would soon fall to them.
俄罗斯人认为这座堡垒很快就会落入他们手中，这是理所当然的。
Its fate was predicted in the newspapers of the Allies; but, in preparation for defense, stores of all kinds had been hurried into it, and plans had been laid for stout resistance.
盟军的报纸已经预言了它的命运。但是，为了做好防御准备，各种物资都已匆匆投入其中，并制定了顽强抵抗的计划。
It had a determined commander in General Kusmanek.
它有一位坚定的指挥官库斯马内克将军。
The first shots were fired on September 18, 1914.
1914 年 9 月 18 日，第一枪打响。
The city was surrounded on September 20, and an unbroken bombardment with many desperate sorties ensued until October 2, when the Russians sent out a white flag to the city and demanded its surrender.
9月20日，这座城市被包围，随后进行了多次绝望的不间断轰炸，直到10月2日，俄罗斯人向这座城市发出白旗并要求其投降。
General Kusmanek's reply was that he would not discuss surrender until he had exhausted all powers of resistance.
库斯马内克将军的答复是，在用尽所有抵抗力量之前，他不会讨论投降。
The attack reached its height on October 5, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 5 日，袭击达到顶峰。
The Russians stormed again and again, hills of corpses outside the works testifying to furious attacks they made.
俄国人一次又一次发起猛攻，工厂外堆积如山的尸体证明了他们发动的猛烈攻击。
They succeeded in carrying temporarily one of the outer works, eleven battalions having succeeded in approaching these defenses undetected, because of damage to an Austrian searchlight.
由于奥地利探照灯受损，十一个营成功地在不被发现的情况下接近了这些防御工事，他们成功地暂时运送了其中一个外部工事。
Suddenly they stormed the walls.
突然，他们冲上了城墙。
The garrison retreated to the casemates, from which they defended themselves with rifles and machine guns.
守军撤退到炮台，并用步枪和机关枪自卫。
The Russians forced their way to the casements and a hand-to-hand struggle with bayonets, gun butts, and hand grenades followed.
俄罗斯人强行冲向窗户，随后用刺刀、枪托和手榴弹进行了肉搏战。
When Austrian reenforcements, hastily telephoned for, arrived, the attacking party was already retiring, leaving their dead and wounded in the casemates and on the wall.
当奥地利增援部队接到紧急电话后到达时，攻击方已经撤退，将死伤者留在炮台和城墙上。
Rockets and light shells illuminated their retreat.
火箭和轻型炮弹照亮了他们的撤退。
There was desultory fighting during several days thereafter, and then the Russian army settled down to a routine investment, biding the time when their heavy siege guns could be brought up and the way made ready for an effective assault.
此后的几天里，双方都是断断续续的战斗，然后俄军就开始例行投入，等待重炮攻城的时机，为有效进攻做好准备。
On October 18, 1914, there was a battle to the east of Chyrow and Przemysl, which was successful for the Austrians.
1914年10月18日，奇罗和普热梅希尔以东发生了一场战斗，奥军取得了胜利。
The fighting near Mizynico was especially severe.
米济尼科附近的战斗尤其激烈。
The Magiera Heights, which had been in the possession of the Russians, were occupied by the Austrians after a formidable bombardment by their artillery.
原本属于俄国人的马吉拉高地，在奥地利人的大炮猛烈轰击后被奥地利人占领。
At the same time Russian attacks on the east of Przemysl to Medyka Heights, on the southern wing of the battle field, which were especially directed against the heights to the southeast of Stryj and Sambor, were repulsed.
与此同时，俄军对普热梅希尔以东至战场南翼梅迪卡高地的进攻，特别是针对斯特里耶和桑博尔东南高地的进攻，均被击退。
A fresh attack of the Russians on the east bank of the river near Jaroslav also was repulsed.
俄军在雅罗斯拉夫附近的河东岸发起的新一轮进攻也被击退。
The addition of reserves and the opportunity to reorganize their army, gave new fighting force to the Austrians about this time.
预备队的增加和重组军队的机会，大约在此时为奥地利人提供了新的战斗力量。
Wherever the Russians retired they followed them closely and by reconnaissances were able to develop weak points in the Russian positions.
无论俄罗斯人撤退到哪里，他们都会密切跟踪他们，并通过侦察能够发现俄罗斯阵地的弱点。
On October 20, 1914, the Austrians had gained ground in several spots in a heavy, stubborn attack on the fortified positions of the Russians from Plotzyn to the highroad east of Medyka, while a Russian counterattack was unable to make headway.
1914 年 10 月 20 日，奥地利军队对俄军从普洛钦到梅迪卡以东公路的防御工事进行猛烈而顽强的进攻，在多个地点取得了进展，而俄军的反击却未能取得进展。
On the heights north of Nizankowice, Austrian troops scored another victory and took also the villages situated against the heights.
在尼赞科维采以北的高地，奥地利军队再次取得胜利，并占领了高地对面的村庄。
In the southern wing the battle was carried on mainly by artillery.
在南翼，战斗主要是通过炮兵进行的。
The modern field fortification system being liberally used by the Austrians, the battles had largely the nature of fortress warfare.
奥地利人大量使用现代野战工事系统，战斗基本上具有要塞战的性质。
On the same day the Austrians captured in the Carpathians the last point, Jablonki Pass, held by the Russians.
同一天，奥地利人占领了喀尔巴阡山脉中俄罗斯人控制的最后一个据点，亚布隆基山口。
Thus we now see the Austrian army, which had been described as routed and destroyed in battles in Galicia, seemingly taking on a new lease of life, although appearing to have found an impenetrable barrier at the River San north of Jaroslav.
因此，我们现在看到，在加利西亚的战斗中被击溃和摧毁的奥地利军队似乎获得了新的生命，尽管似乎在雅罗斯拉夫以北的桑河发现了一道难以逾越的屏障。
On October 22, 1914, the Austrians retook Czernowitz, capital of the crownland of Bukowina, which had been in the possession of the Russians since early in the war.
1914 年 10 月 22 日，奥地利人夺回布科维纳王国首府切尔诺维茨，该地区自战争初期以来一直由俄罗斯人占领。
They also captured two field fortifications, situated one behind the other, to the southeast of Sambor.
他们还占领了桑博尔东南部一前一后的两座野战防御工事。
For eight days a terrific fight was waged between the Russians and the Austrians on the line from Sambor, along the River San to Przemysl and Jaroslav, and then to the southward.
俄国人和奥地利人在从桑博尔出发，沿着桑河到普热梅希尔和雅罗斯拉夫，然后向南的路线上进行了长达八天的激烈战斗。
The battle extended over a front of about sixty-five miles.
战斗的战线绵延约六十五英里。
The cannonading was uninterrupted.
炮击从未间断。
The Austrians had started the attack at Sambor, but were thrown back by vigorous Russian counterattacks.
奥地利军队在桑博尔发起进攻，但被俄军猛烈的反击击退。
A concentration of Austrian corps then attempted an advance against Lemberg, with the intention of bisecting the Russian line.
随后，奥地利军的集中部队试图向伦贝格推进，意图一分为二。
This attack was defeated with losses.
这次进攻失败了，损失惨重。
On October 31, 1914, the Austrians defeated a mixed Russian column near the Galician-Bukowinian frontier, north of Kuty.
1914 年 10 月 31 日，奥地利人在库蒂以北的加利西亚-布科维尼亚边境附近击败了一支俄罗斯混编纵队。
In middle Galicia by that date they had occupied Russian positions northeast of Turka, near Stryj, Sambor, east of Przemysl, and on the lower San.
到那时，他们已经占领了加利西亚中部的图尔卡东北部、斯特里耶附近、桑博尔、普热梅希尔以东和桑河下游的俄罗斯阵地。
Several Russian attacks around Lisko were repulsed.
俄罗斯在利斯科周围的几次进攻均被击退。
At Lisko, Stryj, Sambor, and other points the Austrians took many prisoners.
在利斯科、斯特里耶、桑博尔和其他地点，奥地利人俘获了许多俘虏。
Near Stryj and Sambor the Austrians blew up a Russian ammunition depot.
在斯特里耶和桑博尔附近，奥地利人炸毁了俄罗斯的一个弹药库。
On November 1, 1914, the Austrians claimed that they then had interned in Austria-Hungary, 649 Russian officers and 73,179 Russian soldiers, not including the prisoners they had taken in the fighting in the district northeast of Turka and south of the Stryj-Sambor line.
1914年11月1日，奥地利声称他们当时在奥匈帝国拘留了649名俄罗斯军官和73,179名俄罗斯士兵，其中不包括他们在图尔卡东北部和斯特里耶-桑博尔线以南地区的战斗中俘获的战俘。
The fighting in this locality was renewed with greater intensity by both sides early in the month, fortune favoring first one and then the other.
本月初，双方在该地区的战斗再次变得更加激烈，幸运之神眷顾了一方，然后又眷顾了另一方。
On November 2, 1914, two infantry divisions and a rifle brigade of Russians were dislodged from a strongly intrenched position.
1914 年 11 月 2 日，两个俄罗斯步兵师和一个步枪旅被从坚固的工事阵地中撤出。
About this time the czar's forces began concentrating their main attack northeast of Kielce in an effort to repeat the tactics by which they won important victories over the Austrians in the first days of the war.
大约在这个时候，沙皇的军队开始将主要进攻集中在凯尔采东北部，试图重复他们在战争初期对奥地利人取得重要胜利的战术。
It was their plan, provided they were able to break through at this point, to turn southward against the rear of the Austrian army in Galicia, just as they did two months before, after the battle of Rawa-Russka.
他们的计划是，只要他们能够在此时突破，就向南进攻加利西亚的奥军后方，就像两个月前拉瓦-罗斯卡战役后所做的那样。
The line of battle in the southeast now became more definitely outlined, extending from Turka through Nadworna and Kolomea to the Russian border just east of Czernowitz in Bukowina.
东南部的战线现在变得更加明确，从图尔卡延伸到纳德沃纳和科洛梅亚，一直延伸到布科维纳切尔诺维茨以东的俄罗斯边境。
The renewal of Russian attacks followed the bringing up of a new levy of reserves.
在征召新的预备役部队后，俄罗斯再次发动袭击。
The Russians now advanced with fair success along the whole Vistula front.
俄国人现在沿着整个维斯瓦河前线取得了相当大的成功。
They secured Piotrkow and other places in such positions as to suggest that the Austrians were running the risk of being cut off from Cracow, their ultimate goal of retreat.
他们占领了皮奥特科夫和其他地方，这表明奥地利人正冒着被切断与克拉科夫的联系的风险，而克拉科夫是他们撤退的最终目标。
A rear-guard defense was attempted by the Austrians at Opatow but without success, and the Russians took several hundred prisoners and six Maxims with a supply train.
奥地利人试图在奥帕托进行后卫防御，但没有成功，俄罗斯人用补给列车俘获了数百名囚犯和六辆马克西姆坦克。
On the San River, where the fighting had been severe for a fortnight, the Russians adopted the method of deliberately sapping their opponents' trenches, precisely as a besieging force saps its way toward a fortress.
在圣河上，战斗已经激烈了两周，俄军采取了故意挖敌人战壕的方法，就像围攻部队向要塞逼近一样。
This proved a success.
事实证明这是成功的。
When the Russian sap burst in the trenches the Austrians retreated, and the Russians, taking advantage of the confusion, stormed the fortifications in the neighborhood and took them, capturing 5 officers, 500 men, and all the Maxims.
当俄国人的闷棍在战壕中爆发时，奥地利人撤退了，而俄国人则趁着混乱冲进了附近的防御工事并占领了它们，俘虏了 5 名军官、500 名士兵和所有马克西姆坦克。
An Austrian column which had descended the north slope of the Carpathians in the direction of Narvoda, where it had intrenched itself, was attacked and driven back.
一支奥地利纵队从喀尔巴阡山脉北坡向纳尔沃达方向下降，并在那里筑垒，遭到攻击并被击退。
This operation, being removed by more than one hundred miles from the nearest point to the great struggle, indicated that the Austrians, confident of victory, sent forces across the Carpathians to catch the Russians in the rear when the proper moment came.
这次行动距离最近的伟大斗争地点有一百多英里，这表明奥地利人对胜利充满信心，他们在适当的时机派兵越过喀尔巴阡山脉，从后方追击俄罗斯人。
This moment, it seems, failed to arrive, and the Russians, having the support of the native inhabitants, had little difficulty in dealing successfully with successive isolated attempts of the considerable Hungarian reserve bodies sent across the Carpathians at various points.
这一刻似乎未能到来，而俄罗斯人在当地居民的支持下，毫不费力地成功应对了匈牙利预备队在喀尔巴阡山脉各个地点的连续孤立尝试。
There was some activity about this time before Przemysl, which several times had been reported, incorrectly, as having been taken by the Russians.
大约在这个时候，普热梅希尔之前发生了一些活动，多次错误地报道称普热梅希尔已被俄罗斯人占领。
An attempt was made by the garrison at a sortie.
驻军试图出击。
The Russians allowed it to proceed until they could cut in behind, when the force was surrounded.
俄国人允许它继续前进，直到他们能够从后面切入，此时部队被包围了。
When it found it was impossible to cut a way through either forward or backward, it surrendered.
当它发现无论向前还是向后都无法开辟出路时，它就投降了。
The Russians took about 2,000 prisoners.
俄罗斯人俘虏了大约 2,000 名囚犯。
On the Austrian retiring line from Kielce to Sandomierz the Russians succeeded on November 5, 1914, in breaking down the defenses of the enemy, and in stimulating a more or less orderly retreat into a hasty flight.
1914 年 11 月 5 日，在从凯尔采到桑多梅日的奥地利撤退线上，俄国人成功地突破了敌人的防御，并促使他们或多或少有序地撤退，转而仓促逃跑。
Sandomierz, itself, an exceedingly important strategic point, which had played a vital part since the early days of the war, fell into the hands of the Russians.
桑多梅日本身是一个极其重要的战略要地，自战争初期以来一直发挥着至关重要的作用，但现在却落入了俄罗斯人的手中。
In fighting with the Austrian rear guard southward of Kielce the Russians took within a week 200 officers and 15,000 men prisoners, with scores of guns and Maxims.
在凯尔采以南与奥地利后卫的战斗中，俄国人在一周内俘虏了 200 名军官和 15,000 名士兵，他们拥有数十支枪和马克沁步枪。
CHAPTER LXX
第二十章
AUSTRIAN RETREAT BEGINS
奥地利开始撤退
At this time the Russians were strongly established on the six-mile front of the left bank of the San River, between Nizko and Rudnik.
此时，俄军已在尼兹科和鲁德尼克之间的桑河左岸六英里前线建立了牢固的阵地。
The Austrian opposition there had been long and determined, but was finally broken early in November, 1914.
奥地利人长期以来一直坚决反对，但最终于 1914 年 11 月初被击败。
The Austrians began a retreat along this front.
奥地利人开始沿着这条战线撤退。
This retreat was such as to indicate less a general defeat than a general obedience to orders to withdraw.
这次撤退与其说是一次全面失败，不如说是一次普遍服从撤退命令。
It is true that the Russians had been pressing with great energy upon the upper Vistula and San fronts, especially since the settlement of the main fight farther north against the Germans and mixed forces, but the Austrians were in possession of strong fortified positions which still were giving trouble to the Russians, in spite of their constantly increasing numbers.
确实，俄国人一直在以巨大的力量向维斯瓦河上游和桑河前线施压，特别是自从在更远的北方对抗德国人和混合部队的主要战斗结束后，但奥地利人拥有坚固的防御阵地，尽管他们的人数不断增加，但这些阵地仍然给俄国人带来了麻烦。
It was now plain that the Russians had left the Galician front until the Vistula front had been cleared, when a proportion of the troops released there could proceed to add to the fighting force in Galicia, thereby causing the retreat of the Austrians along the whole front.
现在很明显，俄罗斯人已经离开加利西亚前线，直到维斯瓦河前线被清理干净，届时从那里释放的一部分部队可以继续增加加利西亚的战斗力量，从而导致奥地利人沿着整个前线撤退。
On November 5, 1914, the Russians achieved what the General Staff characterized as "the greatest victory since the beginning of the war." This was the recapture of Jaroslav.
1914 年 11 月 5 日，俄罗斯人取得了总参谋部所说的“自战争开始以来最伟大的胜利”。这就是雅罗斯拉夫的重新夺回。
It was announced to the Allies by Grand Duke Nicholas in a formal message, which also stated:
尼古拉斯大公在一份正式信息中向盟军宣布了这一消息，其中还指出：
"Following our successes upon the Vistula, a complete victory has just been gained by our troops along the whole of the front in Galicia.
“继我们在维斯瓦河上取得成功之后，我们的部队在加利西亚的整个前线刚刚取得了彻底的胜利。
Our strategical maneuver has thus been crowned by what is incontestably the greatest success gained on our side since the beginning of the war.
因此，我们的战略机动无疑获得了自战争开始以来我方取得的最大成功。
I am most confident of the speedy and entire accomplishment of our common task, persuaded as I am that decisive success will be gained by the allied armies." In the capture of Jaroslav the Russians took 5,000 Austrian prisoners.
我对迅速全面完成我们的共同任务充满信心，因为我相信盟军将取得决定性的成功。”在攻克雅罗斯拉夫时，俄国人俘虏了 5,000 名奥地利人。
During several days before the general Austrian retreat along the Vistula front began, they were engaged in furious attack, their artillery fire being especially severe.
在奥军沿着维斯瓦河前线全面撤退之前的几天里，他们进行了猛烈的攻击，他们的炮火尤其猛烈。
It was evidently a supreme effort.
这显然是一个极大的努力。
The last engagement was over an extended front, enormous forces striving to prevent the Russians crossing the San at a point near Monastryzek.
最后一次交战是在一条延伸的战线上进行的，巨大的兵力努力阻止俄罗斯人在莫纳斯特里泽克附近的一个地点越过桑河。
It was reported that reenforcements pushing over the Carpathians in an attempt to aid them were delayed in the snow-filled mountain passes.
据报道，试图援救喀尔巴阡山的增援部队在积雪的山口被推迟。
We will have a better understanding of Russian tactics as worked out in the activities just referred to, if we consider here an official statement issued by the General Staff about this time concerning them.
如果我们在这里考虑一下总参谋部这次发布的有关俄罗斯战术的正式声明，我们将对俄罗斯在刚才提到的活动中制定的战术有更好的理解。
It read:
上面写着：
"Fierce combats on the River San and south of Przemysl, which have been going on for more than three weeks, resulted on September 5 in the general retreat of the Austrians.
“桑河和普热梅希尔以南的激战已经持续了三周多，最终导致奥军于 9 月 5 日全面撤退。
"On the preceding night the Austrians made a last effort to repulse our troops who were crossing the San.
“前一天晚上，奥地利人做出了最后的努力，击退了正在渡过桑河的我们的军队。
Until a late hour the enemy attacked on an extended front, taking the offensive in dense, successive lines, but everywhere they suffered enormous losses and were repulsed.
直到深夜，敌军才在一条延伸的战线上进攻，密集地连续进攻，但到处都损失惨重，被击退。
"On November 5,1914, the enemy's columns commenced to move from the San in the direction of Dukla Pass across the Carpathians and south of Przemysl, seeking everywhere to leave the battle front.
1914 年 11 月 5 日，敌军纵队开始从桑河向杜克拉山口方向移动，越过喀尔巴阡山脉，到达普热梅希尔以南，四处寻找脱离战线的机会。
We pursued them energetically all along the line.
我们一路奋力追击。
"The abandonment by the main Austrian forces of the line of the San is the result of the victorious battle fought at the end of September, the original purpose of which was to block the offensive of the Austro-German armies against Warsaw and Ivangorod.
“奥地利主力放弃桑河防线是9月底战斗胜利的结果，其最初目的是阻止奥德联军对华沙和伊万哥罗德的进攻。
"At the beginning of October our troops were engaged along a front extending for 330 miles and passing through Warsaw, Kozienica, Przemysl, and Czernowitz.
“十月初，我们的部队沿着一条绵延 330 英里的战线交战，途经华沙、科济尼察、普热梅希尔和切尔诺维茨。
Toward October 20 we succeeded in gaining a decisive victory on the left bank of the Vistula in the region of Warsaw.
到了10月20日，我们在华沙地区的维斯瓦河左岸取得了决定性的胜利。
"Following up our successes during the last eighteen days, on a front of 380 miles, we broke the resistance of the enemy who is now in full retreat.
“继过去十八天的胜利之后，我们在 380 英里的战线上击溃了正在全面撤退的敌人的抵抗。
This victory enables our troops to proceed to a realization of further tasks to inaugurate a new period of the war."
这次胜利使我们的部队能够继续完成进一步的任务，开创战争的新时期。”
This announcement is embodied here, not only for such information as it contains which coincide with established facts, but that the Russian viewpoint toward such events and the purpose behind Russian activities may be manifest.
此处体现了这一声明，不仅是因为其中包含的信息与既定事实相符，而且还表明俄罗斯对此类事件的看法以及俄罗斯活动背后的目的可能很明显。
To the south of Przemysl on November 7, 1914, the Russians, having increased their activities in the region considerably, took 1,000 prisoners.
1914 年 11 月 7 日，在普热梅希尔以南，俄罗斯人大幅增加了在该地区的活动，俘虏了 1,000 名囚犯。
Warfare about the fortress now seemed to be entering a new phase, which the Russians initiated with great artillery activity and an advance against Medyka.
围绕要塞的战争现在似乎进入了一个新的阶段，俄罗斯人以大规模的炮兵活动和对梅迪卡的进攻开始了这一阶段。
The Austrians responded with a closer concentration, with the fortress as their center.
奥地利人以要塞为中心，更加集中地进行反击。
After the first attack on Przemysl, all damage to the fortress had been repaired and the outer forts strengthened by field fortifications, of a very strong character, and covered by battery positions.
在对普热梅希尔的第一次攻击之后，要塞的所有损坏都已修复，外围的要塞也通过野战工事得到了加强，这些工事具有非常坚固的特性，并有炮台覆盖。
A new railroad bridge was built at Nizankowice and communications with Chyrow, about twenty-five miles to the south, restored.
在尼赞科维采修建了一座新的铁路桥，并恢复了与以南约二十五英里处的奇罗的通讯。
Numerous trains had been used to transport wounded soldiers and useless Przemysl civilians southward and to bring back flour, Zwieback, and other supplies to the fortress.
许多火车被用来运送受伤的士兵和无用的普热梅希尔平民向南运送，并将面粉、Zwieback和其他物资运回要塞。
The arrival of many carloads of beer caused particular rejoicing.
许多车啤酒的到来引起了特别的欢呼。
On November 11, 1914, the Russians, advancing on Cracow from the direction of Jaroslav, occupied Miechow and Dynow.
1914 年 11 月 11 日，俄军从雅罗斯拉夫方向向克拉科夫推进，占领了米乔夫和迪诺。
The forces operating farther south seized Lisko.
向南行动的部队占领了利斯科。
It now seemed to the Russians that the enemy would not be able to make an effective stand east of Tarnow and the Dunajec River and so the Russians would find themselves once more on the lines they had been forced to abandon hastily six weeks previously, when the Germans first made their rapid advance to the Vistula.
现在，在俄罗斯人看来，敌人将无法在塔尔努夫和杜纳耶茨河以东建立有效的防御，因此俄罗斯人将发现自己再次处于六周前德军首次快速挺进维斯瓦河时被迫匆忙放弃的防线上。
It was as a result of this campaign and the course of the Russians in conceding smaller successes in order to concentrate their forces at the most important point that the Austrians found themselves driven back now at every point, while the Russians advanced for the possession of the western part of Galicia.
正是由于这次战役以及俄国人为了将兵力集中在最重要的地点而放弃较小的胜利的过程，奥地利人发现自己现在在各个地点都被击退，而俄国人则为占领加利西亚西部而前进。
It was the hope of the Russians that their advance in Galicia would soon set free their Cossack divisions for a new invasion of Hungary.
俄罗斯人希望他们在加利西亚的推进能够很快释放他们的哥萨克师，以对匈牙利进行新的入侵。
On November 12, 1914, the Russians sustained a defeat near Czernowitz, capital of the Austrian province of Bukowina.
1914 年 11 月 12 日，俄军在奥地利布科维纳省首府切尔诺维茨附近惨败。
The Austrians made an unexpected movement, crossing the Pruth, a few kilometers north of Czernowitz and suddenly attacking the Russian right wing.
奥军出人意料地行动，越过车尔诺维茨以北几公里处的普鲁特河，突然攻击俄军右翼。
The Russians were completely surprised and after a short resistance decided to fall back upon their base, which seemed free.
俄罗斯人完全惊讶不已，经过短暂的抵抗后，他们决定撤退到看起来自由的基地。
However, they were then taken under fire by Austrian artillery, which caused great losses among the Russian detachments.
然而，他们随后遭到奥地利炮兵的攻击，给俄罗斯分遣队造成了巨大损失。
The battle field was strewn with corpses.
战场上尸横遍野。
Russian forces in the Stryj valley also were forced to retire with heavy losses by a surprise attack from an Austrian armored train and Austrian cavalry.
斯特里耶河谷的俄军也因奥地利装甲列车和奥地利骑兵的突然袭击而被迫撤退，损失惨重。
The Russian offensive in Galicia toward Dounaietz nowhere encountered resistance.
俄罗斯在加利西亚向杜奈茨发起的攻势没有遇到抵抗。
The Russians occupied Krosno and inflicted heavy losses on the Austrian rear guard.
俄军占领克罗斯诺，给奥地利后卫造成重大损失。
It should be noted that during the middle of November, 1914, the campaign on which the Russians were concentrating their attention was against the Austrians.
值得注意的是，1914年11月中旬，俄国人集中注意力的战役是针对奥地利人的。
The Russian campaigns had consistently adhered to the principle that in military operations important results are obtained by bringing every force to bear upon a single point until the desired end is accomplished.
俄罗斯的战役一贯遵循这样的原则：在军事行动中，通过将所有力量集中在一个点上，直到达到预期的目的，才能取得重要成果。
The Russians still followed this policy.
俄罗斯人仍然遵循这一政策。
The operations in East Prussia and in western Poland were for the time being made secondary while all energy was devoted to pushing forward the campaign against Cracow.
东普鲁士和波兰西部的行动暂时处于次要地位，而所有精力都集中在推进对克拉科夫的战役上。
When they were now within fifteen miles of it, an appeal was sent by the city to the Germans for reenforcements.
当他们距离城市不到十五英里时，该市向德国人发出了请求增援的请求。
The civilians of the place removed themselves from the fortified area and the inhabitants generally fled the locality.
该地区的平民撤离了戒备区，居民普遍逃离了当地。
The German colony left for Berlin and Bavaria.
德国殖民地前往柏林和巴伐利亚。
Cracow was surrounded by a triple line of fortifications of which the outer line contained fifteen forts, eleven on the north, and four on the south bank of the Vistula.
克拉科夫被三道防御工事包围，其中外线有十五座堡垒，其中十一座位于北面，四座位于维斯瓦河南岸。
The defenses on the north were much stronger than those on the East, where the San River and the fortresses of Jaroslav and Przemysl were once regarded as a secure barrier against Russian advance.
北部的防御比东部的防御要坚固得多，东部的桑河以及雅罗斯拉夫和普热梅希尔的堡垒曾被视为抵御俄罗斯进攻的安全屏障。
The Russians already had broken down that barrier and only two small streams lay between their eastern army and the last stronghold of Galicia.
俄国人已经冲破了这一屏障，他们的东部军队和加利西亚的最后一个据点之间只有两条小溪。
On November 15, 1914, the Austrians defending Przemysl again attempted a sortie, this time with greater success than before.
1914 年 11 月 15 日，保卫普热梅希尔的奥地利军队再次尝试出击，这次比之前取得了更大的成功。
It forced back the Russians on the north side of the fortress to the heights of Rokietnica, with small Austrian losses.
它迫使要塞北侧的俄军撤回罗基特尼察高地，奥军损失不大。
A second sortie was repulsed by Russian artillery and cavalry and heavy losses inflicted on the Austrians.
第二次出击被俄罗斯炮兵和骑兵击退，奥军损失惨重。
In Galicia we now find the Austrians west of the Donajec River, along the front from Tarnow to the Vistula.
在加利西亚，我们现在发现奥地利人位于多纳耶茨河以西，沿着从塔尔努夫到维斯瓦河的前线。
The Austrian line then followed the Biala River for a few miles until it cut across to take advantage of the Wisloka, north and south of Jaslo.
然后，奥地利战线沿着比亚拉河行进几英里，直到穿过维斯洛卡河、亚斯洛的北部和南部。
From there east the Austrians were retreating into the passes of the Carpathians.
奥地利人从那里向东撤退到喀尔巴阡山脉的山口。
These latter troops were relatively small bodies, whose main object was to prevent the Russian cavalry from making raids into Hungary.
后者的部队规模相对较小，其主要目的是阻止俄罗斯骑兵袭击匈牙利。
Opposite Tarnow the Austrians were prepared to put up a most stubborn resistance, for they regarded the holding of this part of their line as essential.
在塔尔努夫对面，奥地利人准备进行最顽强的抵抗，因为他们认为守住这部分战线至关重要。
Unless they could hold back the Russians there, they reasoned, the latter would have a chance to break through and cut off the Austrian army that was retreating from Sanok and Jaslo.
他们推断，除非他们能够在那里阻挡俄国人，否则后者就有机会突破并切断从萨诺克和亚斯洛撤退的奥地利军队。
A Russian advance north of Cracow, they figured, would tend to cut off the entire Austrian army from its German ally.
他们认为，俄罗斯向克拉科夫以北推进，往往会切断整个奥地利军队与其德国盟友的联系。
This was an object for which the Russians were striving.
这是俄罗斯人努力的目标。
Abandonment by the Austrians of Central Galicia and the gathering of their armies toward Cracow soon began to show results in the stiffening of their resistance to Russian advance.
奥地利人放弃中加利西亚并向克拉科夫集结军队，很快就开始显示出结果，他们加强了对俄罗斯进攻的抵抗。
As the Austrians retreated westward their front decreased in length with consequent strengthening of their line.
随着奥地利人向西撤退，他们的战线长度缩短，战线随之加强。
It was their desire that this strengthening should enable them to extend northward along the Warthe River, thus freeing some of the German troops for service in the army that was advancing from Thorn.
他们希望这种加强能够使他们沿着瓦尔特河向北延伸，从而释放一些德军，以便在从托恩前进的军队中服役。
By the Russians a German advance in considerable force along the narrow battle front on the west bank of the river Vistula was regarded as a feint at the city of Warsaw, the intention of which was to draw Russian troops from their advance upon Cracow and distract attention from efforts to establish a strongly fortified defensive line from Kalisz to Cracow.
俄国人认为，德军沿着维斯瓦河西岸狭窄的战线以相当大的兵力推进，是对华沙市的一次佯攻，其目的是吸引俄国军队向克拉科夫推进，并分散人们对建立从卡利什到克拉科夫的坚固防御线的注意力。
CHAPTER LXXI
第二十一章
FIGHTING AT CRACOW
克拉科夫的战斗
On November 20, 1914, the Russians were before the outer line of defenses of Cracow, with strong opposition to their further advancement.
1914 年 11 月 20 日，俄国人来到了克拉科夫的外线防线，并强烈反对他们进一步推进。
Meanwhile they were pushing forward minor columns of Cossacks into the passes of the Carpathian Mountains, intending that these should emerge, if possible, upon the Hungarian plains in raids similar to those which were made in the first Russian advance in September.
与此同时，他们正在将一小批哥萨克纵队推进到喀尔巴阡山脉的山口，打算如果可能的话，他们应该出现在匈牙利平原上，进行类似于9月份俄罗斯第一次进攻的袭击。
During the next few days following November 20, 1914, there was constant and hard fighting in the vicinity of Cracow, the Austrians reporting that they had taken three battalions of Russians prisoners.
1914 年 11 月 20 日之后的几天里，克拉科夫附近发生了持续激烈的战斗，奥地利人报告称他们俘获了三个营的俄国人。
All reports showed a stiffening of the Austrian line, while the energy of Russian attacks was reduced by the diversion of troops to stem the Austrian invasion by way of the Vistula.
所有报告都表明，奥地利的防线正在加强，而俄罗斯的攻击力量则因部队转移以阻止奥地利经维斯瓦河入侵而减弱。
The Austrians were obliged, however, a few days later, to evacuate Neu Sandec, fifty miles southeast of Cracow, and an important railroad junction of the River Dunajec and the main line to Cracow.
然而，几天后，奥地利人被迫撤离克拉科夫东南五十英里处的新桑德克，这里是杜纳耶茨河和克拉科夫主线的重要铁路枢纽。
The Russians reported they took 3,000 prisoners and some machine guns.
俄罗斯人报告称，他们俘获了 3,000 名囚犯和一些机枪。
The capture of Neu Sandec revealed a new Russian advance, threatening the right flank of the Austrian army along the Carpathian Mountains.
新桑德克的攻克标志着俄罗斯新的进攻，威胁沿喀尔巴阡山脉的奥地利军队的右翼。
By this capture the Austrians were deprived of an important railway into Hungary.
通过这次占领，奥地利人失去了通往匈牙利的重要铁路。
In order to stop this turning move it was necessary for them to weaken their campaign north of Cracow.
为了阻止这一转变，他们有必要削弱克拉科夫以北的战役。
In the Cracow region the Austrians advanced on the north to Pilica, Wolbrom, and Miechow, about twenty miles from the Galician border.
在克拉科夫地区，奥军向北推进到距加利西亚边境约二十英里的皮利卡、沃尔布罗姆和米乔。
To the east the Russians advanced to within twelve miles of the fortress.
在东边，俄国人前进到距离要塞不到十二英里的地方。
In the fighting at Pilica and Wolbrom the Austrians claimed the capture of 29,000 Russians.
在皮利卡和沃尔布罗姆的战斗中，奥地利人声称俘虏了 29,000 名俄罗斯人。
In the latter part of November, 1914, the Russians were successful in attack in Galicia along a line from thirty to sixty miles southeast of Cracow, taking more than 7,000 prisoners, thirty cannon, and twenty machine guns in one engagement.
1914 年 11 月下旬，俄军成功进攻加利西亚，沿克拉科夫东南 30 至 60 英里的路线进攻，一次交战俘获 7,000 多名俘虏、30 门大炮和 20 挺机枪。
On November 29, 1914, the Austrians also scored a victory on the front extending from Proszowicz to Onszreniawa, fourteen miles northeast of Cracow, southward through Brzesko on the Vistula to Bochnia and Adsniez.
1914 年 11 月 29 日，奥地利人还在从普罗绍维奇延伸到克拉科夫东北十四英里处的翁斯雷尼亚瓦的战线上取得了胜利，向南穿过维斯瓦河上的布热斯科到达博赫尼亚和阿德斯涅茨。
General Radko Dmitrieff's cavalry kept in close touch with the retreating Austrians, who were attempting to shake off contact with, the Russians and gain time to re-form their ranks back of Cracow.
拉德科·德米特里耶夫将军的骑兵与撤退的奥地利人保持着密切联系，奥地利人正试图摆脱与俄罗斯人的接触，并争取时间在克拉科夫后方重新集结队伍。
Part of the Austrian troops defeated on the San had retired beyond the Carpathians to recuperate while the Russians attacked the Austrian force southeast of Cracow.
在桑河上被击败的部分奥地利军队已经撤退到喀尔巴阡山脉之外休养生息，而俄罗斯人则攻击克拉科夫东南部的奥地利军队。
At this stage of hostilities, the Russians estimated that the Austro-Hungarian casualties had amounted to 19,000 officers and 900,000 men.
在这一阶段的敌对行动中，俄罗斯人估计奥匈帝国的伤亡人数已达19,000名军官和900,000名士兵。
At the same time, it was estimated by the Austrians that the total Russian losses had been 760,000 in dead, wounded, deserters, and prisoners.
与此同时，奥地利人估计，俄罗斯的总伤亡人数为76万人，包括死伤、逃兵和战俘。
Of these, 420,000 were attributed to the various battles against the Austro-Hungarian forces, and 340,000 to battles against the Germans.
其中，420,000 次归因于对抗奥匈帝国军队的各种战斗，340,000 次归因于对抗德国人的战斗。
The losses of the Russians in the campaigns against Austria-Hungary, as estimated for the various engagements, were as follows: Early raids, skirmishes, and frontier fighting, 15,000; Krasnik, Niedzfica Duza, Lublin, 45,000; Zamosz, Komarow, Tyszowce, 40,000; first battle of Lemberg, 45,000; second battle of Lemberg, 30,000; Rawa-Russka, Magierow, 30,000; offensive against middle Galicia, 15,000; offensive around Przemysl, 40,000; raising siege of Przemysl, 15,000; Carpathian invasions, 30,000; battles on the San beyond Przemysl, to date, 25,000; Medyka-Stari, Sambor, 40,000; outposts in the Carpathians, 15,000; last battles of the Vistula from Sandomierz to Ivangorod, 35,000.
根据各种交战的估计，俄罗斯人在针对奥匈帝国的战役中的损失如下： 早期袭击、小规模冲突和边境战斗，15,000 人； Krasnik，Niedzfica Duza，卢布林，45,000；扎莫什、科马罗夫、蒂舒采，40,000；第一次伦贝格战役，45,000；第二次伦贝格战役，30,000；拉瓦-鲁斯卡 (Rawa-Russka)，马吉罗 (Magierow)，30,000；进攻加利西亚中部，15,000；普热梅希尔周围进攻，40,000；解除对普热梅希尔的围困，15,000；喀尔巴阡山脉入侵，30,000；普热梅希尔以外的桑河上的战斗，迄今为止已有 25,000 场； Medyka-Stari，桑博尔，40,000；喀尔巴阡山脉的前哨站，15,000；从桑多梅日到伊万哥罗德的维斯瓦河最后战役，35,000 人。
On December 1, 1914, the Austrians had been driven from all their positions over a front about thirty-three miles long, which defended the Carpathian passes from Konecha Village, twelve miles north of Bartfield eastward--that is, on all roads leading through the Dukla Pass over the Carpathians.
1914 年 12 月 1 日，奥地利人被赶出一条长约 33 英里的战线上的所有阵地，这条战线保卫着喀尔巴阡山口，从巴特菲尔德以北 12 英里处的科内查村向东，即穿过喀尔巴阡山上的杜克拉山口的所有道路。
This was the lowest pass anywhere available across the mountain range and being also the widest, is in all respects best suited for military purposes.
这是穿越山脉的最低山口，也是最宽的山口，从各方面来说都最适合军事目的。
All armies that previously had invaded the present area of Hungary from time immemorial, via the Carpathian Mountains, had used the Dukla Pass.
自古以来，所有经由喀尔巴阡山脉入侵现在匈牙利地区的军队都使用了杜克拉山口。
A number of points along the line mentioned, where the Austrians had established defensive positions, were taken by the Russians, the most easterly being south of Mezolaborez.
沿线提到的奥地利人建立防御阵地的许多地点都被俄罗斯人占领，其中最东边的是梅索拉博雷斯以南。
All were taken by assault.
所有人都被袭击夺走了。
Many guns, Maxims, and prisoners were captured.
许多枪支、马克沁和囚犯被缴获。
An energetic Russian advance continued to push the Austrians back toward Cracow.
俄军的猛烈进攻继续将奥地利人推向克拉科夫。
The Austrians evacuated one position after another with large losses.
奥地利人接连撤离阵地，损失惨重。
The Russian advance toward Bartfeld and Hammona, on the south slope of the Carpathians in Hungary, indicated an attempt to push forward a turning force around the south flank of the Austrian position, as it stood at that time.
俄军向位于匈牙利喀尔巴阡山脉南坡的巴特费尔德和哈莫纳推进，表明他们试图围绕奥地利阵地的南翼推进一支转向部队。
The damage caused by this raiding expedition was calculated to force the Austrians to meet it and so divert them from the main fighting line at Cracow.
这次袭击远征造成的损失是为了迫使奥地利人迎战，从而将他们从克拉科夫的主战线上转移。
Evidence of this shift was shown in a reverse which the Austrians administered to the Russians at Hammona.
这种转变的证据体现在奥地利人在哈莫纳对俄国人的逆转中。
Early in December, 1914, Russia replied to reports that she was suffering from a shortage of recruits by declaring she could put two corps against every one that Germany brought into Poland and still have enough to carry on the campaign against Cracow as originally planned.
1914 年 12 月初，俄罗斯对有关其新兵短缺的报道作出回应，宣称她可以派两个军团来对抗德国调入波兰的每个军团，同时仍然有足够的兵力按照原计划继续对克拉科夫的战役。
Her two armies operating against that important objective point had linked flanks.
她的两支军队针对这一重要目标点作战，侧翼相连。
Investment of the city was daily feared.
这座城市的投资每天都令人担忧。
The southern army, which moved directly west on the Tarnow-Cracow line, had fought its way over every inch of the ground, making a record of forty-five battles in forty-five days.
南军沿塔尔努-克拉科夫一线直接向西挺进，寸土必争，创下了四十五天内四十五场战斗的记录。
At least, according to old measures, these fights would be classed as battles.
至少，按照以前的标准，这些打斗都算是战斗了。
Under the stupendous conditions which surrounded this modern cataclysm, they probably range as little more than reconnaissances in force.
在这场现代灾难所面临的巨大条件下，它们的作用可能只不过是强力侦察。
Back to the banks of the River Raba, the advancing Russians pushed the Austrian foe.
回到拉巴河岸，前进的俄罗斯人将奥地利敌人推了出去。
Here in a position of considerable defensive value, the enemy made a determined resistance.
这里是一个具有相当防御价值的阵地，敌人进行了坚决的抵抗。
But the Russians swept on.
但俄罗斯人继续前进。
The Austrians made a stand soon afterward, outside the protecting radius of the fortress guns, in the angle made by the Raba and Schreniawa.
奥地利人很快就在要塞火炮的保护半径之外，以拉巴河和施雷尼亚瓦河形成的角度进行了抵抗。
Przemysl about this time was reported to be in dire straits.
据报道，普热梅希尔此时正处于水深火热之中。
Monsignor Joseph Sebastian Felczar, Archbishop of Przemysl, said, December 3, 1914, after he had left the city for the Vatican:
1914 年 12 月 3 日，普热梅希尔大主教约瑟夫·塞巴斯蒂安·费尔查 (Joseph Sebastian Felczar) 离开这座城市前往梵蒂冈后说道：
"Would to God my cathedral city might be spared the horrors of invasion but I feel I can hope no longer.
“愿上帝保佑我的大教堂城市免受入侵的恐怖，但我觉得我不能再抱希望了。
Our garrison has resisted with stubborn heroism but the Russians outnumber them two to one.
我们的驻军以顽强的英雄主义进行了抵抗，但俄罗斯人的人数比他们多二比一。
I got away only after long hours of wearisome wanderings across the Russian lines; the Muscovites had then already captured several of the outer ring of forts, besides other important vantage ground, and had hemmed round the whole fortress in a circle of steel.
经过几个小时令人疲惫的穿越俄罗斯防线后，我才离开。莫斯科人当时已经占领了几个要塞外环，以及其他重要的有利位置，并用钢铁包围了整个要塞。
"When I left Przemysl, indescribable desolation reigned there.
“当我离开普热梅希尔时，那里笼罩着难以形容的荒凉。
The houses, palaces, and public buildings were reduced to dust heaps.
房屋、宫殿和公共建筑都化为尘土。
Despite severe measures taken by the authorities brigand bands prowled among the ruins and pillaged such of the civil population as still remained.
尽管当局采取了严厉措施，强盗团伙仍在废墟中徘徊，对仍然存在的平民进行掠夺。
A never-ending procession of caravans traversed the streets, which were chock full of wounded and dying.
一队永不停歇的商队穿过街道，街上挤满了伤员和垂死者。
The hospitals were overcrowded and the injured laid out in rows in the churches."
医院人满为患，伤者在教堂里排成一排。”
On December 4, 1914, the Russians, by the capture of Wieliczka, gained another step in their campaign for the possession of the broad passes to the south and west of Cracow.
1914 年 12 月 4 日，俄军攻克维利奇卡，在夺取克拉科夫南部和西部宽阔山口的战役中又迈出了一步。
Wieliczka is a small town, about nine miles southwest of Cracow and three miles from the line of forts.
维利奇卡是一个小镇，位于克拉科夫西南约九英里处，距离堡垒线三英里。
It is built over salt mines, a short railway bearing the product thereof to the larger city.
它建在盐矿上，是一条将盐矿产品运往大城市的短途铁路。
On the northwestern side, the Russians were only a few miles from the city.
在西北侧，俄罗斯人距离城市只有几英里。
It was only the Austro-German army, sitting in trenches and making occasional attacks on the Czenstochowa-Oilusz-Cracow line that prevented the complete encirclement of the place.
只有奥德联军坐在战壕里，偶尔对琴斯托霍瓦-奥伊鲁什-克拉科夫防线发起攻击，才阻止了对这个地方的全面包围。
The contest between these forces was mostly a slow artillery duel from day to day.
这些势力之间的较量，大多是日复一日的缓慢炮火对决。
It was now the turn of the Germans to relieve the Austrians, if they could, from a critical position.
现在轮到德国人来解救奥地利人（如果可以的话）。
For months before, the Austrians had been sacrificed in the interest of the German plan of winning a crushing victory in France, and during the retreat from Warsaw it was the Austrians who bore the brunt of the fighting as a rear guard.
几个月前，奥地利人为了德国在法国取得压倒性胜利的计划而牺牲了，而在从华沙撤退期间，奥地利人作为后卫首当其冲。
Again, when the Germans found themselves hard pressed between the Warthe and the Vistula, they flung the Austrian reenforcements to fresh defeat at Wienun.
当德国人发现自己在战争和维斯瓦河之间陷入困境时，他们再次将奥地利的增援部队扔到了维农，再次遭到失败。
It was the contention of Austrian military writer that in order to maintain an effective resistance to the Russians at this time and afterward, the Germans should continue to withdraw troops from the western front.
奥地利军事作家认为，为了此时及以后保持对俄国人的有效抵抗，德国人应该继续从西线撤军。
The Russians seemed to feel secure at this time in holding back the German forces in Poland and so were passing forward their campaign in Galicia, in an effort to interpose a wedge between the forces of the opposing nations.
此时，俄罗斯人似乎对阻止波兰境内的德国军队感到安全，因此正在加利西亚推进他们的战役，试图在敌对国家的军队之间制造楔子。
Russia also had a special motive for exerting every effort to inflict some signal disaster upon the Austrians.
俄罗斯竭尽全力给奥地利人造成重大灾难也是有特殊动机的。
It was only by such means that she could relieve the pressure on Serbia and thus save the smaller Slav state from being overrun by the victorious Austrians.
只有这样，她才能减轻塞尔维亚的压力，从而使这个较小的斯拉夫国家免于被胜利的奥地利人蹂躏。
The Russian campaign against Cracow had been little effected by the fighting going on at Lodz.
俄罗斯对克拉科夫的战役几乎没有受到罗兹战斗的影响。
The Russian forces in the region of Cracow had a clear line of retreat, if retreat should be necessary, and were not needed for strengthening the resistance being made by the Russians at Warsaw, as troops from Central Russia could be moved to that threatened district by the available railroads, much more rapidly than armies could be sent overland from Cracow.
如果需要撤退，克拉科夫地区的俄军有明确的撤退路线，并且不需要加强俄军在华沙的抵抗，因为可以通过可用的铁路将俄罗斯中部的部队转移到受威胁的地区，速度比从克拉科夫经陆路派遣军队要快得多。
The Russian forces in the vicinity of Cracow could best help in the defense of Warsaw, the Russian General Staff believed, by pressing their attack energetically and so keeping busy in that field a large force of Austrians and Germans.
俄罗斯总参谋部认为，克拉科夫附近的俄罗斯军队可以最好地帮助保卫华沙，方法是大力进攻，并让奥地利和德国的大部队忙于该领域。
On December 6, 1914, the defense of Cracow was stiffened by the arrival of a large body of German troops.
1914 年 12 月 6 日，大批德国军队到来，克拉科夫的防御更加坚固。
All the magnificent trees which surrounded the place were cut down to afford space for the artillery and various new lines of fortifications and barbed-wire entanglements were constructed.
周围的所有宏伟树木都被砍倒，为大炮提供空间，并建造了各种新的防御工事和铁丝网。
The Russians perceived a turning movement on the part of the enemy, south of Cracow, directed against the Russian left wing.
俄军察觉到克拉科夫以南的敌军正在转向进攻俄军左翼。
Russian reenforcements which arrived found that the bridge over the Dunajec, near Kourove, had been destroyed, and that the heights on the left bank of the river were occupied by the enemy.
到达的俄罗斯援军发现库罗夫附近杜纳耶茨河上的桥梁已被摧毁，河左岸的高地已被敌人占领。
Under a sustained fire by Germans, one of the Russian regiments crossed the Dunajec at a ford.
在德军的持续炮火下，俄军的一个团在浅滩渡过杜纳耶茨河。
They made their way through ice water up to their necks, and coming out on the other side, captured the heights by a vigorous assault.
他们穿过齐脖子的冰水，从另一边出来，通过猛烈的攻击占领了高地。
This assured and made safe the passage of the river by the other Russian troops.
这确保了其他俄罗斯军队通过河流的安全。
On the following day, December 7, 1914, the Austro-Germans made an effort to counteract the advance of the Russians to Wieliczka, southeast of Cracow.
第二天，即 1914 年 12 月 7 日，奥德联军奋力反击俄军向克拉科夫东南部维利奇卡的推进。
By a dash toward Neu Sandek, on the headwaters of the Dunajec River, the Austrians attempted to outflank the Russians and thus force them to retreat from their advance position.
奥军突袭杜纳耶茨河源头的新桑德克，试图包抄俄军，迫使他们从前进阵地撤退。
The Austro-German forces occupied the valley of the stream Lososzyna, and the fighting front extended from near Wieliczka southeastward to the Dunajec, about fifty miles in length.
奥德联军占领了洛索齐纳河谷，战线从维利奇卡附近向东南延伸至杜纳耶茨河，全长约五十英里。
The Russian attack was successful, the losses inflicted upon the enemy, especially the German Twenty-fourth Corps, being very heavy.
俄军的进攻取得了成功，敌军特别是德军第二十四军损失惨重。
Several German heavy guns were knocked out, five field batteries were reduced to silence, guns and prisoners taken, and the Russians continued their attack.
几门德军重炮被击毁，五个野战炮台陷入沉默，枪支和俘虏被俘虏，而俄罗斯人继续进攻。
In the next few days in December, 1914, events favored the Austrians.
1914 年 12 月接下来的几天里，形势对奥地利人有利。
In West Galicia the south wing of the Russian army was defeated at Limanovo and compelled to retreat.
在西加利西亚，俄军南翼在利马诺沃被击败并被迫撤退。
The Austrians engaged in hot pursuit and took many prisoners.
奥地利人紧追不舍，俘虏了许多人。
Austrian forces took Neu Sandec and again entered Grybow, Gorlice, and Zmigrod.
奥地利军队占领了新桑德克，并再次进入格里博、戈尔利采和兹米格罗德。
The Austrians reported that the Russians had completely evacuated the Zemplin country.
奥地利人报告说，俄罗斯人已经完全撤离了曾普林国家。
A third incursion of Germans into Galicia was arrested by Russians on the very border of the province.
德国人第三次入侵加利西亚，在该省边境被俄罗斯人逮捕。
Some maneuvering on the part of General Dmitrieff's corps sufficed to check the invading columns, although they crossed the Carpathians on a wide front extending between Wieliczka and the headwaters of the San River.
德米特里耶夫将军军的一些机动足以阻止入侵的纵队，尽管他们在维利奇卡和桑河源头之间的宽阔战线上越过了喀尔巴阡山脉。
During the same week, the garrison of Przemysl made a series of attempts at sorties, but each time were driven back with heavy loss.
在同一周内，普热梅希尔的驻军进行了一系列的出击尝试，但每次都被击退，损失惨重。
The Russians captured several hundred prisoners and ten Maxims.
俄国人俘获了数百名囚犯和十辆马克西姆坦克。
It was learned later that increasing scarcity of provisions complicated by sickness was responsible for these tentative efforts to lift the siege.
后来得知，由于疾病而导致粮食日益短缺，这是这些尝试性解除围困的原因。
An unsuccessful attempt also was made by a force from the garrison to open the railway in the direction of Biercza, on the southwest.
驻军部队也曾试图开通西南部别尔恰方向的铁路，但没有成功。
It was asserted at Austrian headquarters that the total number of Russians captured by the Austro-Hungarians in Galicia within three days in the middle of December, 1914, was 33,000.
据奥地利总部称，1914年12月中旬三天内，奥匈帝国在加利西亚俘虏的俄国人总数为33,000人。
After a battle at Limanowa, it was said, 26,000 were captured.
据说，利马诺瓦战役后，有 26,000 人被俘。
The number of Russians killed was very large, according to report, 1,200 dead being found at Limanowa alone.
据报道，俄罗斯人被杀的人数非常多，仅在利马诺瓦就发现了1200人死亡。
The problem of caring for prisoners had by this time become acute both for Austria and for Russia.
此时，照顾囚犯的问题对于奥地利和俄罗斯来说都变得很严重。
According to the Russian Department of the Interior, which had charge of the maintenance of prisoners, there were then in Russia, exclusive of the Germans reported captured in operations under way in North Poland, 350,000 Austrian and German prisoners of war.
据负责照顾战俘的俄罗斯内政部称，除据报道在北波兰行动中被俘的德国人外，当时俄罗斯境内还有 35 万名奥地利和德国战俘。
Of this number only 100,000 were Germans, the rest being Austrians captured during the campaign in Galicia.
其中只有 10 万是德国人，其余都是在加利西亚战役中被俘的奥地利人。
At Semipalatinek, on the Irtish River, near the borders of Western Mongolia, one small escort of Russian soldiers was serving as guard for 100,000 Austrian and German prisoners, whose prison walls consisted of four thousand miles of frozen steppes, separating them from the borders of their own countries.
在靠近蒙古西部边界的额尔提什河上的塞米巴拉提内克，一支由俄罗斯士兵组成的小队正在看守10万名奥地利和德国囚犯，这些囚犯的监狱围墙由四千英里的冰冻草原组成，将他们与自己国家的边界分开。
The prisoners were brought by rail to Omsk, where they were embarked on steamboats for the thousand mile trip down the Irtish River to Semipalatinek.
囚犯们被铁路运到鄂木斯克，在那里他们登上汽船，沿着额尔提什河航行数千英里到达塞米巴拉提内克。
Here quarters were found for them in the big barracks erected for the mobilization of the Russian army and unoccupied since its departure for the front.
他们在为俄罗斯军队动员而建立的大营房中找到了住所，自从俄罗斯军队出发前往前线以来，该营房就一直无人居住。
Every morning at eight o'clock the prisoners were released from the barracks and permitted to wander about at will.
每天早上八点钟，囚犯们被从营房释放出来，并被允许随意走动。
When they departed in the morning, they were told that unless they reported at the barracks by nightfall they would be locked out.
当他们早上出发时，他们被告知，除非他们在黄昏前到军营报到，否则他们将被锁在外面。
At that time of the year, in such a bleak country, this would mean death, as there was practically no place where they could obtain shelter.
每年的这个时候，在这样一个荒凉的国家，这意味着死亡，因为他们几乎没有地方可以避难。
The freedom of the prisoners during the day was absolute, even to the extent of accepting employment from local mining companies.
白天囚犯们享有绝对的自由，甚至可以接受当地矿业公司的就业。
In the thick of its fighting in Galicia, Russia had another problem to deal with, which was the Russianization of the country.
在加利西亚战斗最激烈的时候，俄罗斯还有另一个问题需要解决，那就是该国的俄罗斯化。
In the middle of December, 1914, arrangements were made under the auspices of a member of the Duma charged with national education in Galicia, for a large number of elementary school teachers in the native schools of Galicia, to attend at certain centers a series of lectures on Russian language and literature.
1914年12月中旬，在一位负责加利西亚国民教育的杜马议员的主持下，安排大量加利西亚本土学校的小学教师在某些中心参加一系列关于俄语和文学的讲座。
Lember, Sambor, Tarnopol, Stanislavoff, and Chernovtsi were the first towns chosen for the opening of these courses.
伦贝尔、桑博尔、塔尔诺波尔、斯坦尼斯拉夫夫和切尔诺夫策是首批选择开设这些课程的城镇。
Besides this measure, Russia, in the following month, opened ten model elementary schools where all teaching was given in the Russian language.
除此之外，俄罗斯在接下来的一个月里开设了十所示范小学，所有教学均以俄语进行。
These were in small towns and villages.
这些都在小城镇和村庄。
CHAPTER LXXII
第六十二章
AUSTRIANS AGAIN ASSUME THE OFFENSIVE
奥地利人再次发起进攻
On December 14, 1914, the Russian General Staff announced that it had "discovered the enemy trying again to assume the offensive in Galicia." Two days later, Austro-German columns were pouring over the Dukla.
1914年12月14日，俄罗斯总参谋部宣布“发现敌人再次试图在加利西亚发动攻势”。两天后，奥德纵队涌入杜克拉河。
It was understood that three new German army corps had been sent to the eastern front, making nine new corps since the beginning of hostilities, and that three Austrian corps were withdrawn from Serbia.
据了解，三个新的德国军团已被派往东部前线，自敌对行动开始以来已增至九个新军团，三个奥地利军团已从塞尔维亚撤出。
The number of troops entering Galicia through the mountain passes was estimated at 175,000 men.
通过山口进入加利西亚的军队人数估计为 175,000 人。
This movement compelled the Russians to withdraw the raiding parties which had invaded Hungary.
这一运动迫使俄罗斯人撤回入侵匈牙利的袭击部队。
It is unlikely, however, that Russia had planned to invade Hungary in force, so long as Przemysl and Cracow stood firm.
然而，只要普热梅希尔和克拉科夫立场坚定，俄罗斯就不太可能计划武力入侵匈牙利。
As the situation then was, it would have been a perilous feat to send an army any distance across the mountains.
在当时的情况下，派遣军队翻越任何距离的山脉都是一项危险的壮举。
Before such an invasion could be attempted, it was first necessary that the positions of the Russians in western Galicia and Poland should be greatly strengthened.
在尝试进行这样的入侵之前，首先必须大大加强俄罗斯人在加利西亚西部和波兰的地位。
When the new Austro-German reenforcements arrived in Galicia over the Dukla, the extreme southern end of the Russian line below Cracow was pushed back from advanced positions west of the Raba to and over the Dunajec.
当新的奥德增援部队越过杜克拉河抵达加利西亚时，克拉科夫以下的俄罗斯防线最南端被从拉巴河以西的前沿阵地向后推至并越过杜纳耶茨河。
But the Russians did not regard the menace from this quarter as a grave one.
但俄罗斯人并不认为这一方面的威胁是严重的。
Announcement was made by General Sukhomlinoff, the Russian Minister of War, on December 23,1914, that it had been stopped "absolutely." We have said before that it was at the Austrians, rather than the Germans, that the Russians wished at this time to strike a telling blow.
1914 年 12 月 23 日，俄罗斯陆军部长苏霍姆利诺夫将军宣布，该行动已“绝对”停止。我们之前说过，俄国人此时希望对奥地利人而不是德国人进行有力的打击。
On December 28, 1914, General Dankl's army sought to help the main German forces by passing over the Nida near its junction with the upper Vistula above Tarnow.
1914 年 12 月 28 日，丹克尔将军的军队试图越过尼达河与塔尔努夫上方维斯瓦河上游的交汇处附近，以帮助德军主力。
The Russians suddenly were reenforced at this point by troops who swam the ice-filled stream, attacked the Austrians on their flank, drove them back, and took 10,000 prisoners.
这时，俄军突然得到了增援，他们游过结满冰的溪流，攻击奥军的侧翼，将他们击退，并俘虏了一万名俘虏。
It was about this time, when Radko Dmitrieff was operating so successfully in the neighborhood of Tarnow, that General Brussilov resumed the offensive in Galicia.
大约在这个时候，拉德科·德米特里耶夫在塔尔努夫附近的行动非常成功，布鲁西洛夫将军恢复了对加利西亚的进攻。
He was able to feed and munition his army from Kiev.
他能够从基辅为他的军队提供粮食和弹药。
Practically all the railroad system of Galicia could be utilized by him for maneuvering troops and distributing supplies.
实际上加利西亚的所有铁路系统都可以被他用来调动部队和分配物资。
His troops numbered only about 250,000, but their strength was increased by railway facilities.
他的军队人数只有25万左右，但铁路设施使他们的兵力得到了增强。
General Brussilov could afford to send a large force under General Selivanoff to help invest Przemysl.
布鲁西洛夫将军有能力派遣塞利瓦诺夫将军率领的一支大军帮助投资普热梅希尔。
To the Russians, however, Przemysl was not of immediate importance.
然而，对于俄罗斯人来说，普热梅希尔并不具有直接重要性。
The fortress commanded the railroad leading past Tarnow to Cracow, and would have been badly needed, it is true, if the army of Dmitrieff at Tarnow had been attacking Cracow.
这座要塞控制着经过塔尔努夫到克拉科夫的铁路，确实，如果塔尔努夫的德米特里耶夫军队攻击克拉科夫的话，这座要塞确实是非常需要的。
But the army of General Ivanoff had been forced by this time to retire about fifty miles north of Cracow.
但伊万诺夫将军的军队此时被迫撤退到克拉科夫以北约五十英里处。
Therefore, the smaller force commanded by Dmitrieff was unable to do anything against Cracow from the east; and so it withdrew from the upper course of the Dunajec River and became intrenched along the more westerly tributary of the Dunajec, the Biala.
因此，德米特里耶夫指挥的规模较小的部队无法从东面对克拉科夫采取任何行动。因此，它从杜纳耶茨河的上游撤退，并沿着杜纳耶茨河更西的支流比亚拉河筑成壕沟。
The Russian line extended from the Biala to the Dukla Pass in the Carpathians.
俄罗斯的防线从比亚拉延伸到喀尔巴阡山脉的杜克拉山口。
Still farther eastward, all along the lower valleys of the Carpathians, the army of General Brussilov was holding out against a large Austro-Hungarian force.
再往东，沿着喀尔巴阡山脉较低的山谷，布鲁西洛夫将军的军队正在抵抗奥匈帝国的大军。
This was under the command of General Ermolli.
这是在埃尔莫利将军的指挥下进行的。
The chief offensive movement of Ermolli in December, 1914, was directed toward the relief of Przemysl.
1914 年 12 月，埃尔莫利的主要进攻行动是为了解救普热梅希尔。
As has been indicated, his lines ran through Grybov, Krosno, Sanok, and Lisko, thereby putting a wedge between the army of Brussilov and that of Dmitrieff.
正如已经指出的，他的战线穿过格里博夫、克罗斯诺、萨诺克和利斯科，从而在布鲁西洛夫和德米特里耶夫的军队之间形成了楔子。
He attacked Dmitrieff from the east along the line of the Biala and the Dunajec.
他从东边沿着比亚拉河和杜纳耶茨河攻击德米特里耶夫。
In Christmas week Dmitrieff administered a heavy defeat to him, and took nearly thirty thousand prisoners and many guns.
圣诞节那周，德米特里耶夫对他进行了一次惨败，俘获了近三万名俘虏和许多枪支。
In this way he helped prepare for new plans which Grand Duke Nicholas and his staff had prepared for the Russian army in Galicia for the new year.
通过这种方式，他帮助制定了尼古拉斯大公和他的幕僚为加利西亚的俄罗斯军队准备的新的一年的新计划。
Cracow had successfully resisted assault, and seemed likely to hold out against the best efforts of the Russians.
克拉科夫成功地抵御了进攻，并且似乎有可能抵挡住俄罗斯人的最大努力。
The gateway to Silesia had been closed.
通往西里西亚的门户已经关闭。
Hindenburg had achieved one of his chief objects in forcing the central Russian forces back.
兴登堡已经实现了迫使俄罗斯中部军队撤退的主要目标之一。
He had paid a huge price in men in order to establish a deadlock of warfare in trenches, about midway in the big bend of the Vistula.
他在人员上付出了巨大的代价，以便在维斯瓦河大弯道中途的战壕中建立战争僵局。
Nevertheless, from the German viewpoint, the result achieved was worth it.
尽管如此，从德国人的角度来看，所取得的成果是值得的。
If the battle for Silesia had been won in November, 1914, by General Russky and General Ivanoff on the field in front of Cracow, Italy and Rumania might have been brought into the fight by their continued advancing movement.
如果 1914 年 11 月，俄罗斯将军和伊万诺夫将军在克拉科夫前方的战场上赢得了西里西亚战役，那么意大利和罗马尼亚可能会因继续推进而卷入战斗。
Austria and Hungary thus might have been attacked and overcome by huge forces from three sides.
因此，奥地利和匈牙利可能会受到来自三方面的巨大力量的攻击和征服。
If Austria-Hungary fell, the overthrow of Germany might have been threatened.
如果奥匈帝国垮台，德国可能会面临被推翻的威胁。
Hindenburg's strategy had put this out of the range of possibility.
兴登堡的战略已经排除了这种可能性。
It was such developments as have been mentioned that caused the Russian commander in chief to decide on Hungary as the next object of attack.
正是上述事态发展导致俄罗斯总司令决定将匈牙利作为下一个攻击目标。
He planned to bring direct pressure upon Vienna and Budapest and so force first the Hungarians and then the Austrians to ask for terms of peace.
他计划对维也纳和布达佩斯施加直接压力，从而首先迫使匈牙利人和奥地利人寻求和平条件。
If they did not, he counted on Italy and Rumania entering the war and assuring victory for the Allies.
如果他们不这样做，他指望意大利和罗马尼亚加入战争并确保盟军的胜利。
On Christmas Day, 1914, under such conditions, began the great battles of the Carpathians, which continued for many months to be a crisis of the war.
1914 年圣诞节，在这样的条件下，喀尔巴阡山脉的伟大战役开始了，这场战役持续了好几个月，成为战争的危机。
The Russians were outnumbered, but their position was favorable.
俄罗斯人虽然寡不敌众，但处境十分有利。
On December 25 they advanced on the Dukla Pass.
12月25日，他们向杜克拉山口挺进。
Meanwhile fierce fighting continued at various points in Galicia.
与此同时，加利西亚各地的激烈战斗仍在继续。
In the neighborhood of Tuchow, south of Tarnow, the Russians, on observing the advance of the Twenty-sixth Austrian Brigade, slipped past on parallel roads and surprised the Austrian rear.
在塔尔努夫以南的图豪附近，俄军在观察到奥地利第二十六旅的前进后，沿着平行的道路溜过去，对奥军后方发起了突然袭击。
The Russians opened fire with machine guns and virtually annihilated the whole brigade.
俄罗斯人用机枪开火，几乎歼灭了整个旅。
In two days' fighting in southern Galicia, near the Carpathians, the Russians captured more than 4,000 prisoners, including a major of the General Staff and five other officers, besides three heavy guns and two machine guns.
在加利西亚南部喀尔巴阡山脉附近的两天战斗中，俄军俘获了 4000 多名俘虏，其中包括一名总参谋长和其他五名军官，此外还有三挺重枪和两挺机枪。
In this region the Russians were moving small detachments through the mountain passes.
在这个地区，俄罗斯人正在派遣小分队穿过山口。
Many spectacular engagements took place during the development of the Russian offensive among the mountain spurs of the Carpathians.
在俄罗斯进攻喀尔巴阡山脉的山刺期间，发生了许多壮观的交战。
On Christmas Day, 1914, two Russian infantry regiments, under a murderous fire and wading waist deep in the icy water of the River Jasiolka, dislodged by bayonet charges the Austrians from their line and took as prisoners four officers and 150 men.
1914 年圣诞节那天，两个俄罗斯步兵团在猛烈的炮火下，涉水齐腰深的贾西奥尔卡河冰冷的水中，用刺刀冲锋，将奥地利人赶出阵线，俘虏了 4 名军官和 150 名士兵。
On the same day an inferior force of Austrians surprised a Russian detachment and took 4,000 prisoners.
同一天，一支劣势的奥地利军队突袭了一支俄国部队，俘虏了 4,000 名俘虏。
In another engagement south of the Vistula, in the region of Tarnow, the Russians drove back the Austrians from the Tuchnow-Olpiny line.
在维斯瓦河以南塔尔努夫地区的另一次交战中，俄罗斯人将奥地利人从图赫诺-奥尔皮尼线击退。
The enemy abandoned ten rapid firers and the Russians took prisoner 43 officers and more than 2,500 men.
敌军遗弃了 10 辆速射枪，俄军俘虏了 43 名军官和 2500 多名士兵。
The next day, December 2, 1914, continuing the pursuit of the Austrians, the Russians captured 8 machine guns and about 1,000 prisoners.
第二天，即 1914 年 12 月 2 日，俄国人继续追击奥地利人，缴获了 8 挺机枪和大约 1,000 名囚犯。
The Russians occupied the heights near Siedfizka, on the left bank of the Biala River.
俄罗斯人占领了比亚拉河左岸谢德菲兹卡附近的高地。
This gave them possession of a twenty-mile strip of territory separating the two Austrian forces.
这使他们拥有了分隔两支奥地利军队的二十英里长的地带。
Late in December, 1914, all attacks by the Austrians in the territory between the Pilica and the upper reaches of the Vistula ceased and the Russians assumed the active offensive in this region.
1914年12月下旬，奥地利人对皮利察河和维斯瓦河上游之间地区的所有进攻停止，俄罗斯人在该地区发起积极进攻。
They cleared the left or easterly bank of the Nida River by the capture of an obstinately defended Austrian position which was taken by storm.
他们占领了顽固防守的奥地利阵地，并以猛攻攻克了奈达河的左岸或东岸。
South of the Vistula, or astride it on the front from Opatow across the Biala River to Biecz, the Russians took prisoners 200 officers and 15,000 men in their sweeping process.
在维斯瓦河以南，或者说从奥帕图跨过比亚拉河到达别茨的前线，俄罗斯人在扫荡过程中俘虏了 200 名军官和 15,000 名士兵。
A retreat of Austrians in Galicia along the Lisko-Sanok-Dulka-Zmigrod front was precipitate, the nature of the country favoring them, the corridor-like valleys and passes preventing the Russians from pursuing them over parallel roads or harassing their flanks.
加利西亚的奥地利人沿着利斯科-萨诺克-杜尔卡-兹米格罗德前线撤退是仓促的，该地区的性质对他们有利，走廊般的山谷和山口阻止了俄罗斯人通过平行道路追击他们或骚扰他们的侧翼。
Only six roads cross the Carpathians, two of which are little more than mountain trails.
只有六条道路穿过喀尔巴阡山脉，其中两条只不过是山路。
Owing to the unbroken character of this region, the Russian cavalry was able to do little scouting, while the extreme cold interfered with the work of aeroplanes.
由于该地区未受破坏，俄罗斯骑兵几乎无法进行侦察，而极冷的天气也干扰了飞机的工作。
In western Galicia the Russians made progress in spite of the almost impassable condition of the country due to mud, driving the enemy from the front of Stromnik-Gorlice-Jasliska, taking guns and a large number of machine guns.
在加利西亚西部，尽管该国因泥泞而几乎无法通行，但俄罗斯人还是取得了进展，将敌人从斯特罗姆尼克-戈尔利采-贾斯利斯卡前线驱赶出来，夺取了枪支和大量机枪。
The year of 1914 closed with the Russian troops advancing in western Galicia, having stormed several fortified works of the enemy, east of Zakliczyn, making prisoners of 44 officers and 1,500 soldiers, and capturing 8 machine guns.
1914 年末，俄罗斯军队向加利西亚西部挺进，袭击了扎克利钦以东敌军的几处防御工事，俘虏了 44 名军官和 1,500 名士兵，并缴获了 8 挺机枪。
Southwest of Dukla Pass the Russians had dislodged the Austrians from positions they had strongly fortified.
在杜克拉山口西南部，俄国人将奥地利人从他们坚固的防御阵地上赶了出来。
They had also realized an important success south of Lisko and had repulsed counterattacks by the enemy in the Carpathians at Uzsok Pass and renewed sorties by the garrison at Przemysl.
他们还在利斯科以南取得了重大胜利，并在乌兹索克山口击退了喀尔巴阡山脉敌人的反攻，并在普热梅希尔的驻军重新出击。
Early in January, 1915, the Russians developed great activity in Bukowina and the Carpathians, without making much impression on Austrian positions which they attacked on the Sucwaza River, in the Upper Csermosz territory, and also further west, on the ridges of the Carpathians.
1915 年 1 月上旬，俄国人在布科维纳和喀尔巴阡山脉开展了大规模活动，但并未对奥地利在苏克瓦扎河、上切尔莫什地区以及更西边的喀尔巴阡山脉山脊上的阵地造成太大影响。
In the district of Gorlice and to the northwest of Zakliczyn determined Russian attacks were repulsed.
在戈尔利采地区和扎克利钦西北部，俄罗斯的进攻被坚决击退。
During the fighting at Gorlice the Austrians stormed and captured a height south of there.
在戈尔利采的战斗中，奥地利人猛攻并占领了那里以南的一个高地。
During the second week in January, 1915, heavy rains put a stop temporarily to the Russian offensive southward in the direction of Neu Sandek, and at the same time to the Austrian offensive in Russian Poland.
1915 年 1 月的第二周，大雨暂时阻止了俄国向南向新桑德克方向的攻势，同时也阻止了奥地利在俄属波兰的攻势。
A thaw following rain converted the whole country into a vast morass.
雨后的解冻使整个国家变成了一片巨大的沼泽。
It was physically impossible for the Austrians to bring up heavy artillery, without which the Russian position along the Nida River could not be forced.
奥地利人在物理上不可能调动重型火炮，没有重型火炮，俄罗斯就无法强行占领奈达河沿岸的阵地。
The Russian lines on the east bank of the Nida followed the heights, which were admirably suited for intrenchments and well covered with positions for the Russian artillery fire.
奈达河东岸的俄军防线沿着高地而建，这些高地非常适合构筑战壕，并且为俄军炮火提供了良好的掩护。
There was little firing, however, except an occasional artillery duel when the fog permitted and sporadic local infantry firing.
然而，除了大雾允许时偶尔发生的炮火对决以及当地步兵零星的射击外，几乎没有发生任何射击事件。
Conditions were similar east of Cracow, the adversaries being well intrenched on opposite sides of the Dunajec River.
克拉科夫以东的情况也类似，敌军在杜纳耶茨河两岸都设有工事。
During this time another determined sortie was made by the garrison at Przemysl, preceded by extensive cavalry reconnaissance.
在此期间，普热梅希尔的驻军又进行了一次坚决的出击，之前进行了广泛的骑兵侦察。
The Austrian infantry then advanced in force in the direction of a wood near the city.
随后，奥地利步兵大举向城市附近的一片树林方向推进。
The Russians opened fire, but the Austrians rushed forward and gained the cover of the woods.
俄国人开火，但奥地利人冲上前，找到了树林的掩护。
They continued to push forward and the Russians permitted them to advance close to their position before making a serious attempt to halt them.
他们继续向前推进，俄罗斯人允许他们靠近自己的阵地，然后才认真地试图阻止他们。
With the fighting thus at close range, the Russians opened a terrific fire from rifles and machine guns.
在如此近距离的战斗中，俄罗斯人用步枪和机枪开了猛烈的火力。
The battle raged for several hours, with heavy losses on both sides.
战斗持续了几个小时，双方都损失惨重。
The Austrians then retired to the fortress.
随后奥地利军队撤回堡垒。
From the middle to the end of January, 1915, fierce snowstorms and bitter cold interfered with the activity of both Russians and Austrians.
1915年1月中旬至下旬，猛烈的暴风雪和严寒干扰了俄罗斯人和奥地利人的活动。
There were few engagements.
活动很少。
Toward the end of the month, concentration of Austrian troops in Bukowina became stronger.
临近月底，奥地利军队在布科维纳的集中程度有所加强。
On January 21, 1914, an Austrian force, including an infantry division with artillery, attacked the Russian front in the region of Kirlibaba, but was repulsed.
1914 年 1 月 21 日，一支奥地利军队，包括一个配备炮兵的步兵师，攻击基利巴巴地区的俄罗斯前线，但被击退。
On the night of January 27, 1914, the Russians were driven back in the Upper Ung Valley from their positions on both sides of Uzsok Pass.
1914 年 1 月 27 日夜间，俄军被从乌兹索克山口两侧的阵地赶回上翁河谷。
This was one of the most important of the Carpathian passes, for the possession of which many important engagements had been fought since the beginning of the war.
这是喀尔巴阡山脉最重要的山口之一，自战争开始以来，为了占领该山口，进行了许多重要的交战。
It was strongly intrenched and stubbornly defended in several good positions, one behind the other.
它有几个坚固的工事，并在几个有利的位置上进行顽强的防守，一前一后。
It fell into the hands of the Austrians after three days of hard fighting.
经过三天的激战，它落入了奥地利人的手中。
West of the Uzsok Pass, Russian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses.
在乌兹索克山口以西，俄军的进攻被击退，损失惨重。
Near Vezeralles and Volovco battles ended with the Russians being driven from the heights of the pass.
在韦泽拉莱斯和沃洛夫科附近的战斗以俄罗斯人被赶出山口高地而结束。
The Austrians took 400 prisoners.
奥地利人俘虏了 400 名囚犯。
During the latter part of January, 1915, there were no developments of importance in Galicia.
1915 年 1 月下旬，加利西亚没有发生任何重要的事态发展。
PART VII--RUSSO-GERMAN CAMPAIGN
第七部分——俄德战役
CHAPTER LXXIII
第LXXIII章
FIRST CLASH ON PRUSSIAN FRONTIER
普鲁士边境的第一次冲突
The first clash of arms between the Russian and German armies occurred on August 6, 1914, near Soldau, East Prussia.
1914 年 8 月 6 日，俄罗斯和德国军队在东普鲁士索尔道附近发生了第一次武装冲突。
In this chapter we will follow the events which were taking place on this frontier, simultaneously with the movements of the German invasions of Belgium and France, the Austro-Serbian campaigns, the Russian invasion of Austria, and the campaigns in the other parts of the world.
在本章中，我们将跟踪在这一边境发生的事件，同时发生的还有德国入侵比利时和法国、奥地利-塞尔维亚战役、俄罗斯入侵奥地利以及世界其他地区的战役。
The general causes preceding the outbreak of the war have been fully narrated in Volume I, while the theatre of the following campaign is clearly described in the chapter on that subject.
战争爆发前的一般原因已在第一卷中详细叙述，而接下来的战役的剧情则在该主题的章节中清楚地描述。
It is necessary at this time, however, to review the fighting lines before we bring the mighty German army and the Russian hosts into combat on their first battle ground.
然而，在我们让强大的德国军队和俄罗斯主力在他们的第一个战场上进行战斗之前，现在有必要回顾一下战线。
We have seen that for many years previous to the outbreak of the great European War all the countries involved had been forced by political, economic, and social conditions to work, each country in its own way, toward the same main object--military preparedness.
我们已经看到，在欧洲大战爆发之前的许多年里，所有相关国家都迫于政治、经济和社会条件，以各自的方式努力实现同一个主要目标——军事准备。
Many factors, of course, determined not only the means for achieving this result, but also the degree to which it was finally accomplished.
当然，许多因素不仅决定了实现这一结果的手段，而且还决定了最终实现的程度。
At this time we are interested only in the results so far as they affected Russia and Germany at the beginning of the war.
目前，我们只对战争开始时影响俄罗斯和德国的结果感兴趣。
When the armies gathered on the Russo-German frontier, both of these countries had reached a high degree of military efficiency.
当军队集结在俄德边境时，这两个国家的军事效率都已经达到了很高的程度。
Germany, which for decades had been the acknowledged leader among the great powers as far as army development was concerned, had practically concluded the increases and improvements for the accomplishment of which its people had only recently submitted to a special scheme of very extensive taxation, the "Wehrbeitrag." By the results of this move, we find that the western defenses against France and indirectly against England profited much more than those in the east against Russia.
几十年来，就军队发展而言，德国一直是列强中公认的领导者，德国实际上已经完成了对军队发展的增加和改进，其人民最近才向一项非常广泛的税收特别计划“国防军”（Wehrbeitrag）提交了这项成就。从这一举动的结果来看，我们发现，西部防御法国以及间接防御英国的收益远高于东部防御俄罗斯的收益。
Russia, as its army stood ready to strike its first blow at Germany, had drawn to the fullest extent the obvious conclusions impressed upon it by its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
当俄罗斯军队做好向德国发起第一轮打击的准备时，它已经充分地得出了日俄战争失败给它留下的明显结论。
Graft, which had played such great havoc during its last war, had been stamped out.
格拉夫特在上次战争中造成了如此大的破坏，现在已经被消灭了。
The artillery equipment had been brought up to date and the troops in charge of it had increased vastly their skill in its use.
炮兵装备已经更新，负责炮兵部队的使用技能也大大提高。
Everywhere formations had been rearranged, increased and improved, and this rearrangement had affected especially the distribution of the empire's forces.
各地的阵型都被重新布置、增加和改进，这种重新布置尤其影响到了帝国兵力的分布。
Never before in its history had Russia concentrated so many troops in its eastern and central provinces.
俄罗斯历史上从未在东部和中部省份集中如此多的军队。
In setting its armies into action, Germany faced by far the easier problem.
在将军队投入行动时，德国面临的问题要容易得多。
Its territory was much more compact, its means of communication were vastly greater and superior, and racial differences between its various parts were practically nonexistent.
它的领土更加紧凑，它的通讯手段更加先进和先进，而且不同地区之间的种族差异几乎不存在。
With a total area of 208,825 square miles, the German Empire possessed 39,532 miles of railroad, whereas the Russian Empire in Europe, with 2,100,000 square miles had only 35,447 miles of railroad.
德意志帝国总面积为208,825平方英里，拥有39,532英里的铁路，而欧洲的俄罗斯帝国面积为2,100,000平方英里，只有35,447英里的铁路。
The Germans had the further advantage of having brought all their means of transportation to the very acme of perfection, while the Russians were lacking in equipment as well as in organization.
德国人的另一个优势是他们的所有运输工具都达到了极致，而俄罗斯人则缺乏设备和组织。
The remarkable quickness and effectiveness with which the Russian army operated at the moment of war indicates not only an unexpectedly high state of preparedness, but also a remarkably high degree of leadership on the part of its generals.
俄罗斯军队在战争时期的行动异常迅速和有效，不仅表明了出乎意料的高度准备状态，而且表明了其将领的高度领导力。
The general staffs of both Russia and Germany were as well prepared to meet on the battle ground as far as it had been within human power and foresight.
俄罗斯和德国的总参谋部都做好了在人力和预见范围内在战场上会师的准备。
Each side had collected all available information concerning the other.
双方都收集了有关对方的所有可用信息。
The German genius for organization had proved itself especially valuable and fertile in this direction.
德国的组织天才已经证明自己在这方面特别有价值和多产。
On the basis of this knowledge, well-defined plans of campaign had been worked out, and the leaders of both sides had many opportunities to exercise their strategic abilities, not only by solving problems created by these plans theoretically across the tables in their respective war colleges, but also practically during the annual periods of maneuvers.
在这些知识的基础上，制定了明确的战役计划，双方领导人都有很多机会锻炼他们的战略能力，不仅可以在各自的战争学院理论上解决这些计划所带来的问题，而且可以在每年的演习期间实际解决这些问题。
As the armies faced each other in the first week of August, 1914, the strategy of both sides was determined chiefly by three factors: (1) by the obstacles and defenses which nature itself had placed in the localities in which the fighting was likely to take place; (2) by the means of defense and offense which were available; (3) by political conditions.
1914年8月的第一个星期，两军对峙时，双方的战略主要由三个因素决定：（1）大自然在可能发生战斗的地方设置的障碍和防御；（2）自然因素。 (2) 可用的防御和进攻手段； (3)受政治条件影响。
At the beginning of the war all but the last were absolutely known quantities, and as far as Russia and Germany were concerned this last factor could be figured out comparatively easily.
在战争开始时，除了最后一个之外，所有的数量都是绝对已知的，就俄罗斯和德国而言，最后一个因素可以相对容易地计算出来。
For it was clear that if Germany would become involved in a war with Russia, Austria would be found fighting by its ally's side and _vice versa_.
因为很明显，如果德国卷入与俄罗斯的战争，奥地利将与其盟友并肩作战，反之亦然。
It was also fairly reasonable to assume, and had immediately become a fact, that under such conditions Germany would find itself involved with France too, which would mean that Germany's available fighting strength would have to be divided into two parts at least.
在这种情况下，德国也会发现自己也卷入法国的事务，这也是相当合理的假设，并且立即成为事实，这意味着德国的可用战斗力将至少分为两部分。
It was, of course, a matter of fairly common knowledge that Germany's concentration was much more powerful on its western border than on its eastern, so that Russia could count with reasonable certainty on a comparative weak, even if well organized, resistance on the part of Germany at the beginning of war.
当然，众所周知，德国在其西部边境的集中力比其东部边境强大得多，因此俄罗斯可以合理地确定，德国在战争开始时的抵抗虽然组织良好，但相对较弱。
Germany's strategy in the east was influenced chiefly by its plan for the western campaign, which we have already considered in the preceding chapters.
德国在东部的战略主要受到其西部战役计划的影响，我们已经在前面的章节中讨论过这一点。
The fight against France seemed to be of greater importance and urgency to Germany than that against Russia.
对于德国来说，与法国的战斗似乎比与俄罗斯的战斗更为重要和紧迫。
Why German strategy reached this conclusion does not concern us here.
为什么德国战略会得出这样的结论，我们这里不关心。
In passing, however, it may be well to remember that the German provinces adjoining France directly, or indirectly behind Belgium and Luxemburg, were of much greater importance and value to the Germans than their provinces adjoining Russia, and that even the temporary loss of these would probably have spelled disaster to Germany.
然而，顺便说一句，最好记住，直接毗邻法国的德国省份，或间接位于比利时和卢森堡之后的德国省份，对德国人来说比毗邻俄罗斯的省份具有更大的重要性和价值，即使是暂时失去这些省份也可能给德国带来灾难。
Then, too, it was on the western side that England's influence was being felt; and, furthermore, the French army, though much less numerous than the Russian, was a more formidable adversary on account of its greater effectiveness, as well as of the certainty of its much quicker movements.
此外，英格兰的影响力也在西部地区感受到。此外，法国军队虽然数量比俄国军队少得多，但由于其效率更高、行动更快，因此成为更可怕的对手。
Russia had a preponderantly large advantage in numbers over Germany.
俄罗斯在数量上比德国拥有巨大优势。
The result of this fact, from a strategic point of view, was that Russia could dare much more than her adversaries.
从战略角度来看，这一事实的结果是俄罗斯比她的对手更敢于行动。
She could strike stronger, quicker, and with greater frequency in more directions, and could risk to extend her operations much farther.
她可以向更多方向进行更强大、更快、更频繁的打击，并可能冒险将其行动延伸得更远。
The fact that means of transportation, as has been pointed out, were much better developed in the German frontier provinces than in those of Russia, was a disadvantage only as long as Russia fought on its own territory, though even then, necessarily, the invading enemy would be hampered at least equally by the lack of transportation facilities.
正如已经指出的那样，德国边境省份的交通运输比俄罗斯发达得多，这一事实只有在俄罗斯在自己的领土上作战时才处于劣势，尽管即使如此，入侵的敌人也必然会至少同样受到交通设施缺乏的阻碍。
Russia's natural advantage of greater numbers pointed clearly to an immediate offensive which would bring with it the promise of more advantages, while both German and Austrian conditions indicated with equal clearness as the safest and sanest strategy a policy of "watchful waiting," at least until such time when large enough forces could be spared from the western front or concentrated from available reserve sources to promise to a more aggressive policy a fair chance of success.
俄罗斯人数较多的自然优势显然表明立即发动进攻将带来更多优势，而德国和奥地利的情况同样明确地表明，“警惕等待”政策是最安全、最明智的战略，至少要等到西线没有足够大的兵力或从可用的后备资源中集中力量，以保证采取更具侵略性的政策有公平的成功机会为止。
Thus Russia decided to strike immediately against Germany as well as against Austria.
因此，俄罗斯决定立即对德国和奥地利发动打击。
With the latter campaign we are not concerned here.
对于后一个活动，我们在这里不关心。
How she devoted herself to this twofold task with all the power and means at her command we shall see in the following narrative.
我们将在下面的叙述中看到她如何利用她掌握的所有力量和手段致力于这项双重任务。
The hosts of Russia were standing on the German frontier.
东道主俄罗斯正站在德国边境。
In the four provinces adjoining Austria-Hungary a total of sixteen army corps, or one-half of all the Russian army in European Russia, were available.
在毗邻奥匈帝国的四个省份，共有十六个军团，相当于俄罗斯欧洲部分俄罗斯军队的一半。
By July 31, 1914, the czar had ordered the general mobilization of army and navy.
1914年7月31日，沙皇下令陆军和海军全面动员。
The German Ambassador in Petrograd was instructed to notify the Russian Government that unless this order was countermanded within twelve hours, Germany would immediately respond by mobilization of her army and navy.
德国驻彼得格勒大使奉命通知俄罗斯政府，除非该命令在十二小时内被撤销，否则德国将立即动员其陆军和海军作出回应。
As the Russian mobilization had continued, Germany officially took the same step in the late afternoon of August 1, 1914, after a state of war had already been proclaimed for the entire empire on July 31, 1914.
随着俄罗斯动员的继续，德国在 1914 年 7 月 31 日宣布整个帝国进入战争状态后，于 1914 年 8 月 1 日下午晚些时候正式采取了同样的步骤。
The fighting forces on the German side at the beginning of the war on or near the east front included the First Army Corps at Königsberg, the Twentieth at Allenstein, the Seventeenth at Danzig, the Fifth at Posen, and the Sixth at Breslau.
战争开始时，德军在东线或附近的战斗部队包括柯尼斯堡的第一军团、艾伦斯坦的第二十军团、但泽的第十七军团、波森的第五军团和布雷斯劳的第六军团。
These mustered a total of forty-four infantry, twenty-one cavalry, and twenty-five artillery regiments, augmented by four battalions of rifles (Jaeger), and twelve formations of technical troops.
这些部队总共集结了四十四个步兵团、二十一个骑兵团和二十五个炮兵团，并辅以四个步枪营（机甲营）和十二个技术部队编队。
The entire peace effectiveness of these formations was about 150,000 men, which at full war strength undoubtedly meant at least not less than 500,000 men, of whom about one-half were of the first line, the balance being made up of reserves and Landwehr troops.
这些编队的全部治安部队大约有15万人，这在满员战力下无疑意味着至少不少于50万人，其中大约一半是第一线的，其余由预备队和兰德维尔部队组成。
The Russians drew up, in the face of the Germans, two armies: the Army of Poland and the Army of the Niemen.
俄国人在德国人面前组建了两支军队：波兰军团和涅门军团。
The latter in peace time centered in Vilna and consisted of five army corps; the former used Warsaw as its base and consisted of at least as many army corps.
和平时期的后者以维尔纳为中心，由五个军团组成。前者以华沙为基地，并由至少同样数量的军团组成。
It now held a wide front from the Narev in the north to the valley of the Bug River.
现在，它拥有从北部的纳雷夫河到布格河谷的广阔战线。
These two armies together had an effectiveness of almost twice as many men as the German forces, supported as they were by a series of well-garrisoned fortresses: Grodno, Osowiec, and Bialistock in the north; Lomza, Novo Georgievsk, and Warsaw in the center; and Ivangorod and Brest-Litovsk in the south.
这两支军队加起来的兵力几乎是德军的两倍，并得到一系列戒备森严的堡垒的支持：北部的格罗德诺、奥索维茨和比亚利斯托克；以及北部的格罗德诺、奥索维茨和比亚利斯托克。洛姆扎、新乔治耶夫斯克和华沙位于中心；南部还有伊万哥罗德和布列斯特-立托夫斯克。
In its entirety the mobilization of these forces was completed about the third week of August, 1914, but by the end of the first week the Army of the Niemen had completed its mobilization, and it was from there that the first blow was struck.
这些部队的全部动员工作大约在 1914 年 8 月的第三周完成，但到第一周结束时，涅门军团就完成了动员工作，从那里开始了第一次打击。
This army was commanded by General Rennenkampf, one of the few Russian generals who had succeeded in coming through the Russo-Japanese War, not only with an untarnished, but even with an enhanced reputation.
这支军队由雷南坎普夫将军指挥，他是为数不多的在日俄战争中取得成功的俄罗斯将军之一，不仅毫发无伤，而且声名鹊起。
Its task was to invade the northern part of East Prussia, striking directly at Königsberg.
它的任务是入侵东普鲁士北部，直接攻击柯尼斯堡。
Small engagements, of course, took place all along the Russo-German border between the advance guards of the two armies from the day war had been declared.
当然，从宣战之日起，两国军队的先头部队就在俄德边境沿线发生了小规模的交战。
On August 6, 1914, a Russian cavalry division crossed over into the enemy's country south of Eydtkuhnen.
1914 年 8 月 6 日，一个俄罗斯骑兵师越境进入艾特库宁以南的敌国。
The next ten days saw many isolated advances of this nature, all of them initiated by the Russians, and most of them accomplishing their respective objects.
接下来的十天里，出现了许多此类性质的孤立进展，所有这些进展都是由俄罗斯人发起的，并且其中大多数都实现了各自的目标。
One small force ventured as far north as the immediate proximity of Tilsit of Napoleonic memory.
一支小部队向北冒险，一直到达拿破仑记忆中的提尔西特附近。
CHAPTER LXXIV
第六十四章
ADVANCE OF RUSSIANS AGAINST THE GERMANS
俄罗斯人对德国人的进攻
On August 16, 1914, within seventeen days after the official beginning of the Russian mobilization, everything was in readiness for the general advance.
1914年8月16日，俄国动员正式开始后的十七天内，总攻的一切准备就绪。
The next day immediately developed the first strong German resistance.
第二天，德军立即展开了第一次强烈的抵抗。
At Stallupoehnen the German First Corps from Königsberg, under General von François, supported by two reserve corps, attempted to stem the Russian flood.
在斯塔卢波赫宁，来自柯尼斯堡的德国第一军在冯·弗朗索瓦将军的指挥下，在两个预备军的支援下，试图阻止俄罗斯的洪水。
Though they succeeded in taking 3,000 prisoners and some machine guns, they had to fall back upon Gumbinnen.
尽管他们成功俘获了 3,000 名俘虏和一些机关枪，但他们还是不得不撤退到古宾宁。
The pressure of the superior Russian numbers--four active and two reserve corps--proved too strong.
事实证明，俄罗斯优势兵力（四个现役军团和两个预备役军团）的压力太大了。
The battle front now was about thirty-five miles long, extending from Pillkallen on the north to Goldap on the south, with Gumbinnen in the center.
现在的战线长约三十五英里，从北边的皮尔卡伦延伸到南边的戈达普，以贡宾宁为中心。
On August 20, 1914, the first real battle on the eastern front was fought before this pretty country town, which was founded in the beginning of the eighteenth century, and had gradually acquired about 15,000 people.
1914 年 8 月 20 日，东线第一场真正的战斗在这座美丽的乡村小镇前打响，这座小镇始建于 18 世纪初，并逐渐容纳了约 15,000 人。
General Rennenkampf used his numerical superiority for a powerful onslaught against the enemy's center.
雷南坎普夫将军利用其数量优势对敌军中心发起猛烈攻击。
Fourteen hours of the most stubborn fighting--beginning at dawn and ending only with the coming of night--resulted in the final withdrawal of the German center.
十四个小时最顽强的战斗——从黎明开始，到夜幕降临才结束——导致德军中心最终撤退。
Though artillery did some preparatory work, it was the slashing thrust of glittering bayonets in massed formations and the tearing devastation of hand grenades that carried the day.
尽管炮兵做了一些准备工作，但最终还是靠密集阵形中闪闪发光的刺刀的猛烈刺击和手榴弹的撕裂性破坏才取得了胜利。
The German wings kept up their resistance for the next day, but finally joined the main army which had withdrawn through Gumbinnen to Insterburg.
第二天，德军两翼继续抵抗，但最终与经贡宾嫩撤至因斯特堡的主力部队汇合。
The losses on both sides probably were about even, amounting to at least 5,000.
双方的损失大概都差不多，至少有五千人。
The certainty of the Russian numerical superiority undoubtedly was responsible for Von François's continuation of his retreat to his main base, Königsberg.
冯·弗朗索瓦之所以继续撤退到他的主要基地柯尼斯堡，无疑是因为俄罗斯在数量上的优势是确定的。
The Russians lost no time in following and reached Insterburg on August 23, 1914.
俄国人不失时机地追击并于 1914 年 8 月 23 日到达因斯特堡。
Practically without further opposition all of northern East Prussia as far as the river Memel was in General Rennenkampf's hands, Tilsit, Labiau, Tapiau, Gerdauen, Korschen, Rastenburg, Angerburg, and Goldap indicate the limits of his conquest.
实际上，在没有进一步抵抗的情况下，整个东普鲁士北部地区，直到梅梅尔河都在伦南坎普夫将军的手中，蒂尔西特、拉比奥、塔皮奥、盖尔道恩、科申、拉斯滕堡、安格堡和戈尔达普表明了他征服的极限。
With it went four of the six railroads centering in Königsberg, leaving open only the two lines running to Allenstein and Danzig, which, of course, meant serious danger to this important German fortress.
以柯尼斯堡为中心的六条铁路中的四条也随之关闭，只剩下两条通往艾伦斯坦和但泽的铁路线，这当然对这座重要的德国堡垒意味着严重的危险。
The Russian Army of the Narew had, in the meantime, pushed its advance with equal rapidity and success from the south.
与此同时，俄罗斯纳雷夫军团从南方以同样的速度和成功推进了进攻。
Its commander, General Samsonoff, had won laurels in Manchuria, and had acquired considerable military reputation as a commander in Turkestan and as a member of the general staff.
它的指挥官萨姆索诺夫将军在满洲赢得了荣誉，并作为突厥斯坦指挥官和总参谋部成员获得了相当大的军事声誉。
He had approximately as many men at his disposal as his colleague--about 250,000.
他手下的兵力大约和他的同事一样多——大约25万人。
His task, however, was more difficult.
然而，他的任务更加艰巨。
For his entire front would face, almost immediately after crossing the border, the treacherous lake district in the south of East Prussia.
因为他的整个前线几乎在越过边界后就将面临东普鲁士南部危险的湖区。
For his advance he used the two railroads from Warsaw into East Prussia, on the west through Mlawa and Soldau, and on the east through Osowiec and Lyck.
为了推进，他利用了从华沙到东普鲁士的两条铁路，西边经过姆拉瓦和索尔道，东边经过奥索维茨和莱克。
From the latter town he pushed his right wing forward in a northwesterly direction, and sent his center toward the southwest to Johannisburg.
从后一个城镇，他将右翼向西北方向推进，并把他的中心派往西南方向约翰尼斯堡。
On August 23 and 24, 1914, to meet this advance, the Germans had available only one active army corps, centered in Allenstein, the Twentieth.
1914 年 8 月 23 日至 24 日，为了应对这次进攻，德军仅拥有一个现役军团，以艾伦斯坦为中心，即第二十军团。
Local Landwehr formations found the task of delaying the Russians far beyond their power.
当地的兰德韦尔部队发现拖延俄罗斯人的任务远远超出了他们的能力。
In quick succession Samsonoff took Soldau, Neidenburg, Ortelsburg, and finally Allenstein.
萨姆索诺夫很快接连占领了索尔道、内登堡、奥特尔斯堡，最后是艾伦斯坦。
At Frankenau, just west of the Mazurian Lakes, his right wing connected with the Twentieth German Corps, which, supported by strongly prepared intrenchments, managed to hold up the Russian advance, but finally had to give way and fall back on Allenstein and Osterode.
在马祖里湖以西的弗兰克瑙，他的右翼与德国第二十军团相连，该军团在精心准备的壕沟的支持下，设法阻止了俄罗斯的前进，但最终不得不让步并退回到艾伦斯坦和奥斯特罗德。
This gave to the Russians command of one more railroad to Königsberg, that from Allenstein.
这使得俄罗斯人获得了又一条通往柯尼斯堡的铁路的控制权，即从艾伦斯坦出发的铁路。
Though the two Russian armies had not yet formed a solid connection, they were in touch with each other through their cavalry, and the Russian front was in the form of a doubly broken line running from Friedland through Gerdauen to Angerburg (Niemen Army) and from there through Frankenau and Allenstein to Soldau (Narew Army).
尽管两支俄军尚未形成牢固的联系，但他们通过骑兵相互联系，俄军战线呈双折线形式，从弗里德兰经盖尔道恩到达安格堡（尼门集团军），再从那里经过弗兰克瑙和艾伦斯坦到达索尔道（纳雷夫集团军）。
The former, facing southwest, in connection with the latter, now threatened not only Königsberg, but the defensive line of the Vistula from Thorn to Danzig.
前者面向西南，与后者相连，现在不仅威胁着柯尼斯堡，而且还威胁着维斯瓦河从托恩到但泽的防线。
The greater part of East Prussia seemed securely in the possession of more than 500,000 Russian soldiers, chiefly of the first line, and under apparently very able leadership.
东普鲁士的大部分地区似乎牢牢地掌握在超过 50 万俄罗斯士兵的手中，他们主要是第一线的士兵，而且显然是在非常有能力的领导下。
The occupied territory suffered severely.
被占领土遭受严重损失。
Bombardment and fire had laid waste, at least partially, some of the towns and a great many of the villages.
轰炸和火灾至少部分摧毁了一些城镇和许多村庄。
Requisitions for the support of the invading army necessarily brought great hardships and losses to the unfortunate inhabitants.
侵略军的请求支援必然给不幸的居民带来巨大的困难和损失。
The avalanche-like success of the Russian arms, the clearly displayed weakness of German numbers and the rapid retreat of their forces naturally added to the terror of the peasants who make up the largest part of East Prussia's population.
俄国军队的雪崩式胜利、德军数量上明显的弱点以及德军部队的迅速撤退，自然增加了占东普鲁士人口最大部分的农民的恐惧。
By thousands they fled from their villages and hamlets, carrying on their slow oxcarts or on their shoulders whatever they had gathered as their most precious possessions in their first hours of fear and terror.
成千上万的人逃离自己的村庄，用缓慢的牛车或肩扛着他们在恐惧和恐惧的最初几个小时里收集到的最珍贵的财产。
To them the word "Cossack" still called up pictures of the wild hordes that had overrun their country during the Seven Years' War, and later again in the Napoleonic wars.
对他们来说，“哥萨克”这个词仍然会让人想起在七年战争期间以及后来的拿破仑战争中肆虐他们国家的野蛮部落的画面。
The large, strongly fortified cities of Königsberg and Danzig seemed to hold out the only hope for life and security, and toward these they flocked in ever-increasing masses.
柯尼斯堡和但泽这些戒备森严的大城市似乎是生命和安全的唯一希望，而越来越多的人涌向这些城市。
Even Berlin itself had brought home to it some of the more refined cruelties of war by the arrival of East Prussian refugees.
就连柏林本身也因东普鲁士难民的到来而深刻地体会到了战争的残酷。
We have already seen that at the outbreak of the war only five active German corps were left on the eastern front.
我们已经看到，战争爆发时，东线只剩下五个活跃的德国军团。
Two, the First and the Twentieth, had, so far, had to bear the brunt of the Russian advance; one other, the Sixth, had been sent from Breslau to detract, as much as possible, the Russian onslaught against the Austrian forces in Galicia; and the other two, the Fifth and Seventeenth, stationed in Danzig and Posen, were too far back to be immediately available.
到目前为止，第一和第二十两个部队在俄国人的进攻中首当其冲。另一艘是第六步兵师，是从布雷斯劳派出的，目的是尽可能分散俄罗斯对加利西亚奥地利军队的进攻；另外两个，第五和第十七，驻扎在但泽和波森，距离太远，无法立即投入使用。
CHAPTER LXXV
第七十五章
BATTLE OF TANNENBERG AND RUSSIAN RETREAT
坦能堡战役和俄罗斯撤退
When on August 22, 1914, the full strength of the Russian attack became evident, the German General Staff decided on heroic measures.
1914 年 8 月 22 日，当俄国人的进攻强度显现出来时，德国总参谋部决定采取英勇的措施。
An immediate increase of the German forces to the point where they would match the Russian seemed out of the question, and the solution of the problem, therefore, clearly lay in the ability of the general staff to find a general who could, with the forces on hand, meet the requirements of the situation--free East Prussia of the invader.
德国军队立即增兵到与俄国军队相抗衡的地步似乎是不可能的，因此，解决问题的办法显然在于总参谋部能否找到一位将军，他可以凭借现有的兵力满足形势的要求——使东普鲁士摆脱入侵者的侵害。
Fortunately for Germany, its hour of need on the eastern front brought forth this man.
对德国来说幸运的是，在东线最需要的时刻，这个人应运而生。
There had been living for a number of years in the west German city of Hanover a general who had been retired in 1911 as commander of an army corps.
一位将军在德国西部城市汉诺威已经生活了很多年，他于 1911 年作为陆军司令退役。
His name was Paul von Hindenburg.
他的名字叫保罗·冯·兴登堡。
He was at that time in his sixty-seventh year, but having been an army officer since his youth, he was "hard as nails," and from a military point of view still in the prime of his years as a leader.
当时他已经六十七岁了，但从小就当过军官，“铁石心肠”，从军事角度看，还处于当领导人的壮年。
It was well known in military circles that Von Hindenburg had acquired the most thorough knowledge of the difficult lake district south of Königsberg.
军事界众所周知，冯·兴登堡对柯尼斯堡以南的困难湖区有着最全面的了解。
He had devoted his time and energies for years to a most exhaustive study and investigation of the Mazurian lakes and swamps.
多年来，他投入了时间和精力对马祖里湖泊和沼泽进行了最详尽的研究和调查。
Again and again he had tramped through them on foot, picked his way along their treacherous paths on horseback, and finally put their few roads to the supreme test of the motor car.
他一次又一次地步行穿过它们，骑马沿着险恶的小路择路，最后将它们的几条路置于汽车的最高考验中。
He knew their every shortcoming and advantage.
他知道他们的每一个缺点和优点。
His topographical information included fording places for men and guns, and quicksands.
他的地形信息包括人员和枪支涉水的地方以及流沙。
Much of this knowledge he passed on to younger officers to whom he lectured at the General Staff College in Berlin, and when, only some years ago, practically all arrangements had been concluded by powerful financial interests to drain and cultivate his beloved lakes and swamps for agricultural purposes, he succeeded in overthrowing these plans at the last moment.
他在柏林总参谋学院向年轻军官传授了大部分知识，而就在几年前，几乎所有安排都是由强大的经济利益集团达成的，目的是为了农业目的排干和耕种他心爱的湖泊和沼泽，他在最后一刻成功地推翻了这些计划。
It is said that so powerful were these interests that Von Hindenburg succeeded only by going, at last, to the emperor himself, and convincing him that the natural defensive possibilities outweighed in value any amount of increased acreage of reclaimed land.
据说，这些利益是如此强大，以至于冯·兴登堡最终只能去见皇帝本人，并说服他自然防御的可能性超过了任何增加的开垦土地面积的价值，才取得了成功。
We have already shown the problem which faced Von Hindenburg.
我们已经展示了冯·兴登堡面临的问题。
To drive the Russians out of East Prussia he had to defeat two armies composed of at least 500,000 men, whose offensive momentum had been raised to a very high power by a highly successful advance of more than a week's duration.
为了将俄国人赶出东普鲁士，他必须击败两支至少有50万人组成的军队，经过一周多的成功推进，这支军队的进攻势头已经达到了非常高的水平。
He, himself, could count only on far inferior numbers, not more than the equivalent of four army corps.
他自己只能指望数量少得多，不超过四个军团的数量。
These he had to assemble without loss of time and with as much artillery equipment as could be spared from all directions.
他必须抓紧时间并使用尽可能多的火炮装备从四面八方集结起来。
From Königsberg came the biggest part of the beaten First Corps and its reserves.
被击败的第一军团及其预备队的最大部分来自柯尼斯堡。
What was left of the Twentieth Corps, of course, was right on the ground.
当然，第二十军剩下的部分就在地面上。
Undoubtedly the fortresses of Danzig, Graudenz, Thorn, and Posen had to yield parts of their garrisons.
毫无疑问，但泽、格劳登茨、托恩和波森等要塞不得不放弃部分驻军。
However, most of these were troops of the second line.
不过，这些人大部分都是二线部队。
On August 23, 1914, Von Hindenburg arrived at Marienburg, about seventy miles southwest from Königsberg and almost as far to the northwest from Allenstein, and assumed command of the East Prussian forces.
1914 年 8 月 23 日，冯·兴登堡抵达马林堡，距柯尼斯堡西南约 70 英里，距艾伦斯坦西北几乎同样远，并接管了东普鲁士军队的指挥权。
Only three days later, on August 26, 1914, he was ready to put in execution the plans on which he had worked for almost a lifetime.
仅三天后，即 1914 年 8 月 26 日，他就准备好实施他几乎一生致力于的计划。
[Illustration: Battle of Tannenberg.]
[插图：坦能堡战役。]
Hindenburg's general strategical plan was as simple as the carrying out of it, considering the means at his command was difficult.
考虑到他掌握的手段很困难，兴登堡的总体战略计划和执行起来一样简单。
Facing him were two armies still out of contact with each other, or at least only very loosely connected.
面对他的是两支军队仍然没有接触，或者至少只是非常松散的联系。
Each alone outnumbered him at least by 50,000; combined they were more than three times as powerful as all his forces.
每个人的人数都比他至少多了五万；他们的力量加起来是他所有部队的三倍多。
His only hope, therefore, was in attacking them separately.
因此，他唯一的希望就是分别攻击他们。
Thus he chose to strike first at Samsonoff's army which was much farther spread out than Rennenkampf's, and would find it much more difficult than the latter to keep open its main line of retreat and supply.
因此，他选择首先攻击萨姆索诺夫的军队，因为萨姆索诺夫的军队比雷南坎普夫的军队分布得更远，而且会发现保持其主要撤退和补给线的畅通比后者困难得多。
Its left rested on Soldau, its right on Frankenau, while its center had been pushed forward to Allenstein through Soldau, and southeast from it ran the only direct railroad to his Polish base by way of Mlawa.
它的左边位于索尔道，右边位于弗兰克瑙，而它的中心则通过索尔道推进到艾伦斯坦，东南方有唯一一条经由姆拉瓦直接通往他的波兰基地的铁路。
Three other lines centered there, one in the west from Thorn, one in the northwest from Eylau (connecting with Danzig and Königsberg), and one in the east from Neidenburg, which from there run north to Allenstein and northeast to Johannisburg and Lyck.
另外三条线以这里为中心，一条在西边从索恩出发，一条在西北方向从埃劳出发（与但泽和柯尼斯堡相连），一条在东边从内登堡出发，从那里向北延伸到艾伦斯坦，再向东北延伸到约翰尼斯堡和莱克。
Apparently centering his efforts on pushing his advance, Samsonoff had neglected to secure the former two roads.
萨姆索诺夫显然把精力集中在推进进攻上，而忽略了保护前两条道路。
On August 26, 1914, Von Hindenburg occupied both and took Soldau Junction.
1914 年 8 月 26 日，冯·兴登堡占领了这两个城市并占领了索尔道枢纽。
The shortest line of retreat had now been cut off to the Russians, whose forces were scattered over a considerable territory, and on account of lack of railroads could not be concentrated quickly or efficiently at any one point.
俄国人的最短撤退路线现在已经被切断，俄国人的部队分散在相当大的领土上，而且由于缺乏铁路，无法快速有效地集中在任何一个地点。
Though a determined effort was made on August 27, 1914, to retake Soldau, it was foredoomed to failure.
尽管 1914 年 8 月 27 日，人们决心夺回索尔道，但注定会失败。
Samsonoff's left was thrown back on Neidenburg, making his front even more unwieldly than before.
萨姆索诺夫的左手被向后推向内登堡，使得他的前线比以前更加笨拙。
At this time the German front was very short, its left being at Hohenstein, about halfway between Soldau and Allenstein and slightly northeast of Tannenberg.
此时，德军战线非常短，其左侧位于海恩施泰因，大约在索尔道和艾伦施泰因之间，坦能堡稍偏东北处。
But it made up in activity what it lacked in length.
但它在活动上弥补了长度上的不足。
In vain the Russians tried to break the German ranks and open up a road to the northwest.
俄国人试图突破德军的阵线并开辟一条通往西北的道路，但没有成功。
Much blood was spilled on both, sides during three days' fighting, but the German line held.
在三天的战斗中，双方都流了很多血，但德军坚守阵地。
In the meantime the Russians had evacuated Allenstein, feeling the imperative need of shortening their front.
与此同时，俄国人已经撤离了艾伦斯坦，因为他们感到迫切需要缩短战线。
This gave Von Hindenburg the railroad that ran almost parallel to the Russian front as well as the splendid main road that runs alongside of it.
这为冯·兴登堡提供了几乎与俄罗斯前线平行的铁路以及沿着它延伸的辉煌的主干道。
Commandeering every available motor vehicle from the entire surrounding countryside, he immediately extended his line and swung around the Russian right as previously he had swung around their left.
他从整个周围乡村征用了所有可用的机动车辆，立即延长了战线并绕过了俄罗斯人的右翼，就像之前他绕过了他们的左翼一样。
Almost every road, rail or otherwise, that was of any importance was now in the hands of the Germans and along them could be sent men and guns with overwhelming rapidity.
几乎所有重要的道路、铁路或其他道路现在都掌握在德国人手中，并且可以以压倒性的速度沿着这些道路派遣人员和枪支。
With relentless energy Von Hindenburg now used his intimate knowledge of the territory in which he was fighting.
冯·兴登堡现在以不懈的精力运用了他对作战地区的深入了解。
Wherever he knew the most hopeless territory to be, there he drove the Russians.
无论他知道哪里是最绝望的地区，他都把俄国人赶到那里。
Mazurian swamps and lakes did all that he had ever claimed they would do and more.
马祖里沼泽和湖泊实现了他所声称的一切，甚至更多。
They swallowed up his enemy by the thousand, they engulfed his guns and sucked in his horses.
他们吞没了他的数千敌人，吞没了他的枪炮，吸走了他的马匹。
Within a week after Von Hindenburg had reached East Prussia the problem of the Narew Army had changed from how to extend its advance most quickly to how to escape from this bottomless pit along the few inadequate lines of escape that were left.
冯·兴登堡到达东普鲁士后不到一周，纳雷夫军的问题就从如何以最快的速度扩大推进，变成了如何沿着仅存的几条不完善的逃生线逃离这个无底洞。
The morale of this Russian army was broken.
这支俄罗斯军队的士气崩溃了。
For even the most stolid Russian peasant soldier, whom neither the roar of guns nor the flash of bayonets could move, quaked at seeing whole companies and batteries disappear, in less time that it takes to tell about it, in the morasses of a country without firm roads and a minimum of solid ground.
即使是最冷漠的俄国农民兵，无论是枪声还是刺刀的闪光都无法移动他们，当看到整个连和电池在更短的时间内消失在一个没有坚固道路和最起码坚实地面的国家的沼泽中时，他们也会感到震惊。
On the last day of August, 1914, thousands of Russians had laid down their arms and were sent back into central Germany.
1914 年 8 月的最后一天，数千名俄罗斯人放下武器，被送回德国中部。
Of Russian armies of more than a quarter of a million nearly a hundred thousand fell into German hands.
超过25万的俄罗斯军队中有近10万人落入德国人手中。
Almost half as many more were killed or wounded.
死亡或受伤人数几乎占一半。
The Russian commander in chief was killed on August 31, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 31 日，俄罗斯总司令被杀。
Only one corps escaped by way of Ortelsburg and Johannisburg, while scattered fragments of varying size fought their way out, some into north Poland and some into the protecting arms of the Niemen Army.
只有一支军团取道奥特尔斯堡和约翰尼斯堡逃脱，而分散的、大小不等的部队则奋力杀出一条血路，一些进入波兰北部，一些进入涅门军的保护部队。
Most of the guns of Samsonoff's army were either captured by the Germans or lost in the swamps.
萨姆索诺夫军队的大部分火炮要么被德军缴获，要么丢失在沼泽地里。
This one week's battle among the Mazurian lakes is known now as the Battle of Tannenberg, so named after a small town west of and halfway between Soldau and Allenstein.
马祖里湖之间为期一周的战斗现在被称为坦能堡之战，因索尔道和艾伦斯坦之间以西的一个小镇而得名。
Without giving his troops any rest Von Hindenburg now turned against Rennenkampf's forces.
冯兴登堡没有让他的部队得到任何休息，现在转而反对雷南坎普夫的部队。
But, in spite of the rapidity of movement, the German commander could not accomplish all that he had set out to do.
但是，尽管行动迅速，德国指挥官仍无法完成他计划要做的一切。
Apparently his plan was now to strike north past Angerburg and Goldap to Gumbinnen, or possibly even to Eydtkuhnen in order to cut off the retreat of the army of the Niemen and drive them in a southerly direction to their destruction in the Mazurian lakes, just as he had done in his easterly drive against the Narew Army.
显然，他现在的计划是向北进攻，经过安格堡和戈尔达普，到达贡宾嫩，甚至可能到达埃特库嫩，以切断涅曼军队的退路，并将他们驱赶向南，直到在马祖里湖中被消灭，就像他向东进攻纳雷夫军队时所做的那样。
But Rennenkampf was too quick.
但雷南坎普夫太快了。
He recognized the danger that threatened him through the defeat of Samsonoff's forces and he began his retreat as soon as it became evident that the other army's cause was lost.
他认识到萨姆索诺夫军队的失败对他构成了威胁，一旦发现对方军队的事业明显失败，他就开始撤退。
He was in a much more advantageous position than his colleague had been.
他的处境比他的同事有利得多。
For not only did the territory through which he had to fall back offer no particular difficulties when once he had escaped Hindenburg's attempt to push him up against the Mazurian lakes, but he had also a fairly efficient network of railroads at his command centering in Insterburg.
因为当他逃脱了兴登堡试图将他推向马祖里湖的企图后，他必须撤退的地区不仅没有带来任何特别的困难，而且他的指挥中心还拥有一个以因斯特堡为中心的相当有效的铁路网络。
Long before he evacuated this city on September 11, 1914, he had drawn in most of his outlying formations in the north and west and had sent them back safely across the border and behind the protection of the Niemen and its shield of fortresses--Kovno, Olita, and Grodno.
早在 1914 年 9 月 11 日撤离这座城市之前，他就已经集结了北部和西部的大部分边远部队，并将他们安全地送回越过边境，并躲在涅曼河及其要塞（科夫诺、奥利塔和格罗德诺）的保护之下。
In this he was also materially assisted by the stubborn resistance which Von Hindenburg encountered at Lyck at the hands of a small army that had been sent out from Grodno to aid him, and the nucleus of which consisted of an entirely new Finnish, and an equally complete, Siberian Corps.
在这方面，他还得到了冯·兴登堡在莱克遇到的顽强抵抗的物质帮助，这支军队是从格罗德诺派出来援助他的，其核心是一支全新的芬兰军和一支同样完整的西伯利亚军团。
In spite of this, however, the pressure of the victorious Germans was strong and rapid enough to force him to a generally hurried retreat.
尽管如此，胜利的德国人的压力仍然强大而迅速，足以迫使他匆忙撤退。
The losses in killed and wounded were comparatively small, for almost all the fighting was rear-guard action.
伤亡人数相对较少，因为几乎所有战斗都是后卫行动。
But the Germans succeeded in gathering in about 30,000 more prisoners, chiefly detachments that had been unsuccessful in connecting in time with the main army.
但德国人成功地又抓捕了约 30,000 名俘虏，其中主要是未能及时与主力部队取得联系的分遣队。
Much more serious was the loss of some 150 guns and vast quantities of war material for the removal of which both time and means had been lacking.
更严重的是损失了约150支枪和大量战争物资，而这些物资都缺乏时间和手段。
On September 15, 1914, Von Hindenberg could announce that the last of the invaders had either been captured or driven back and that not an acre of German soil was in the possession of the Russian forces.
1914 年 9 月 15 日，冯·兴登堡宣布，最后一批入侵者要么被抓获，要么被击退，德国的一英亩土地都没有被俄罗斯军队占领。
On that date, moreover, he had already advanced far enough into Russian territory to occupy the seat of government of the Russian province of Suwalki, almost 150 miles in direct line east of Tannenberg, though less than 20 from the German border.
此外，在那一天，他已经深入俄罗斯领土，占领了俄罗斯苏瓦乌基省的政府所在地，该省距离坦能堡以东直线近 150 英里，但距离德国边境不到 20 英里。
From that point on he intrusted the further conduct of these operations to Lieutenant General von Morgen, who had been one of his division commanders at Tannenberg.
从那时起，他将这些行动的进一步执行委托给冯·摩根中将，他曾是他在坦能堡的师长之一。
By September 23, 1914, Rennenkampf had completed his retreat behind the Niemen.
1914 年 9 月 23 日，雷南坎普夫完成了在涅门河后方的撤退。
The fighting which took place during the ensuing week is commonly designated as the "Battle of Augustovo," though it covered a much larger area.
接下来一周发生的战斗通常被称为“奥古斯托沃战役”，尽管它覆盖了更大的区域。
Augustovo itself is a small town about ten miles from the German frontier, about twenty miles south of Suwalki, and forty miles northwest from Grodno.
奥古斯托沃本身是一个小镇，距德国边境约十英里，位于苏瓦乌基以南约二十英里，距格罗德诺西北四十英里。
The German advance clearly suggested an attempt on their part to force a crossing of the Niemen.
德国的进攻显然表明他们试图强行渡过涅门河。
This in itself was a very difficult undertaking.
这本身就是一项非常困难的任务。
The river is more than 600 feet wide, too deep to ford, and naturally none of the few bridges over it were available for the Germans.
这条河有 600 多英尺宽，太深而无法渡过，自然而然，德国人无法在河上修建几座桥梁。
Furthermore its right bank, which was held by the Russians, is very high, commanding absolutely and practically everywhere the low left bank which in many places is almost as swampy as the worst parts of the Mazurian lakes.
此外，它的右岸由俄罗斯人控制，地势非常高，几乎完全控制了低处的左岸，而左岸在许多地方几乎和马祖里湖最糟糕的部分一样沼泽。
West of the Niemen and between it and the frontier the country is full of lakes, much as in the Mazurian region.
涅门河以西以及涅门河与边境之间，该国到处都是湖泊，就像马祖里地区一样。
The Germans, of course, were under the same disadvantages there as the Russians had suffered from in East Prussia.
当然，德国人在那里也面临着与俄罗斯人在东普鲁士同样的不利处境。
Of railroads there were none except one, running in the shape of a semicircle from Grodno through Augustovo and Suwalki to Olita.
铁路方面，只有一条，呈半圆形，从格罗德诺经奥古斯托沃和苏瓦乌基到奥利塔。
On September 25, 1914, in spite of these conditions and disregarding the weakened state of their forces, the Germans attempted to cross the Niemen simultaneously at two places.
1914 年 9 月 25 日，德军不顾这些条件，不顾兵力的虚弱，试图在两个地点同时渡过涅门河。
About thirty miles north of Grodno they had constructed a pontoon bridge and began to send across their infantry.
在格罗德诺以北约三十英里处，他们建造了一座浮桥并开始派遣步兵过河。
It was only then that the Russians opened up their murderous fire from well-protected positions.
直到那时，俄罗斯人才从严密的防御阵地中开始了杀气腾腾的火力。
Against it the Germans were practically helpless.
德国人对此几乎束手无策。
In spite of large numbers of guns that they brought up, and in spite of repeated efforts of crossing in massed formations, the result was the same: immense losses on the part of the Germans and comparatively slight ones on the part of the Russians.
尽管他们携带了大量的火炮，尽管他们多次努力以密集的队形渡河，但结果都是一样的：德国人损失惨重，而俄罗斯人损失相对较小。
Indeed, the last attempt was not only frustrated, but the Russians even forced back the Germans some miles.
事实上，最后一次尝试不仅失败了，而且俄罗斯人甚至将德国人逼退了几英里。
Somewhat farther south the other attempt met with a similar fate.
在稍远的南方，另一次尝试也遭遇了类似的命运。
There not only had the Russians posted their heavy guns on the right bank, but infantry had been strongly intrenched on the left.
俄国人不仅在右岸部署了重炮，而且在左岸也有坚固的工事。
Their combined opposition forced back the Germans under heavy losses after they had fought all day and all night.
他们的联合抵抗迫使德军在经过一天一夜的战斗后损失惨重。
During the last week of September, 1914, the Germans were gradually forced back along their entire front.
1914 年 9 月的最后一周，德军在整个战线上逐渐被迫后退。
Much of the fighting was done in the dense forests east of Augustovo and was hand-to-hand fighting.
大部分战斗是在奥古斯托沃以东的茂密森林中进行的，并且是肉搏战。
In the afternoon of October 1, 1914, the Russians recaptured Augustovo after the Germans had made a determined stand, yielding only when heavy guns bombarded their positions from the west and northwest.
1914 年 10 月 1 日下午，在德军坚守阵地后，俄军重新夺回了奥古斯托沃，直到重炮从西面和西北方向轰炸他们的阵地后才屈服。
On the next day the Germans had to retreat from Suwalki and withdraw the lines that they had extended northward, and fall back behind their frontier.
第二天，德军不得不从苏瓦乌基撤退，撤回他们向北延伸的防线，退回到边境后方。
This meant the end of the German attempt to cross the Niemen and the beginning of the second invasion of East Prussia.
这意味着德军渡过涅门河的尝试结束，第二次入侵东普鲁士的开始。
CHAPTER LXXVI
第六章
SECOND RUSSIAN INVASION OF EAST PRUSSIA
俄罗斯第二次入侵东普鲁士
Wonderful as had been Von Hindenburg's accomplishment in defeating the Russians and practically destroying one of their first-line armies, the latter's recuperative power was almost as surprising.
冯·兴登堡击败俄罗斯人并几乎摧毁了他们的一支前线军队的成就固然令人惊叹，但后者的恢复能力几乎同样令人惊讶。
Deprived of the prize of three weeks' fighting, defeated, and driven by the enemy on their entire front for a depth of fifty miles into their own country, they were nevertheless ready in a few days for a new offensive.
他们被剥夺了三周战斗的成果，被敌人击败，整个前线被敌人驱赶到自己国家五十英里的深处，但他们在几天内就准备好发起新的进攻。
Undoubtedly this was partly due to the talent of their new commander, General Russky, who had been sent up from Galicia, where he had gathered experience as well as honors.
毫无疑问，这部分归功于他们的新指挥官俄罗斯斯基将军的才华，他是从加利西亚派来的，在那里他积累了经验和荣誉。
But more so was it due to the protecting defenses of the Niemen and the opportunities they offered for reorganization, rest, and the collection of new forces.
但更重要的是，涅门人的防御工事以及他们提供的重组、休整和集结新力量的机会。
The situation which was faced on the first week of October, 1914, was perilous to all the armies engaged.
1914 年 10 月第一周所面临的形势对所有参战的军队来说都是危险的。
Russia's fortresses on its eastern front were concerned for a twofold purpose.
俄罗斯在东部战线的堡垒有双重目的。
In the first place, they were to lend increased power of resistance to whatever means of defense nature had provided, and this function, of course, determined their location.
首先，它们要为自然界提供的任何防御手段提供更强的抵抗力，而这一功能当然决定了它们的位置。
Wherever rivers or other natural obstacles would offer themselves to an invading enemy, there Russia had added especially strong artificial defenses.
凡是河流或其他自然障碍物容易受到敌人入侵的地方，俄罗斯都在那里增设了特别坚固的人工防御设施。
Any army invading Russia from East Prussia in a southerly direction would have to cross the Narew River and its principal tributary on the right, the Bober.
任何从东普鲁士向南入侵俄罗斯的军队都必须渡过纳雷夫河及其右侧的主要支流博伯河。
These two run, roughly speaking, parallel to the Russo-German border at a distance of about thirty to thirty-five miles, and no army attempting an invasion east of the Vistula and south of the Niemen could advance farther than this short distance without first crossing the Narew and Bober.
粗略地说，这两条河与俄德边境平行，距离大约三十到三十五英里，没有一支试图入侵维斯瓦河以东和涅门河以南的军队，如果不先越过纳雷夫河和博伯河，就无法推进比这个短距离更远的距离。
The group of fortresses along this natural line of defense begins opposite the southwestern corner of East Prussia with Osowiec, situated on the railroad that runs from Lyck Bialistock.
沿着这条天然防线的堡垒群始于东普鲁士西南角奥索维茨对面，位于从莱克比亚利斯托克出发的铁路上。
Thence it stretches in a southwesterly direction through Lomsha, Ostrolenka, Rozan, Pultusk to Novo Georgievsk, which latter is the most important of these, commanding as it does the conflux of the Narew, Wkra, and Vistula rivers.
从那里，它向西南方向延伸，穿过洛姆沙、奥斯特罗伦卡、罗赞、普乌图斯克，到达新乔治耶夫斯克，其中新乔治耶夫斯克是其中最重要的，它控制着纳雷夫河、弗克拉河和维斯瓦河的汇合处。
This series of fortified places forms the center of the system of fortifications against Germany.
这一系列的防御工事构成了对抗德国的防御工事系统的中心。
In a southeasterly direction from it the Vistula offers another strong natural line of defense strengthened still more by the two big fortresses of Warsaw and Ivangorod, behind which, on a bend of the Bug River and almost equally distant from both, Brest-Litovsk, at the very western end of the vast Pripet swamps, defends the entrance to central Russia, to Smolensk and Moscow.
从它的东南方向，维斯瓦河提供了另一道强大的天然防线，华沙和伊万哥罗德这两大堡垒进一步加强了这一防线，在华沙和伊万哥罗德的两个大堡垒的后面，布列斯特-立托夫斯克位于布格河的拐弯处，与两座堡垒的距离几乎相等，位于广阔的普里佩特沼泽的最西端，保卫着俄罗斯中部、斯摩棱斯克和莫斯科的入口。
Adjoining Osowiec on the north and making even more formidable and naturally very strong defensive line of the River Niemen are Grodno, Olita, and Kovno.
格罗德诺、奥利塔和科夫诺在北部毗邻奥索维茨，使涅门河的防线更加强大，自然也非常坚固。
The second purpose of all these fortified places is to protect the rear of an offensive army advancing toward Germany and to offer a haven of refuge if it should become necessary for such an army to fall back.
所有这些防御工事的第二个目的是保护向德国挺进的进攻军队的后方，并在这支军队需要撤退时提供避难所。
At the same time they serve as powerful bases and screens behind which an army of defense could quickly be changed into one of offense.
同时，它们也是强大的基地和屏障，在其后面，一支防御军队可以迅速转变为进攻军队。
Not only had they served well this last purpose at the time of mobilization, but again and again later on weakened Russian armies succeeded in retreating behind these protecting shields, from which they emerged again a little later, bent on new attacks, after they had been strengthened by reenforcements from Russia's inexhaustible resources of men.
他们不仅在动员时很好地实现了最后一个目的，而且后来一次又一次地被削弱的俄罗斯军队成功地撤退到这些保护盾后面，不久之后他们又从这些保护盾中出现，在得到俄罗斯取之不尽的人力资源的增援后，他们决心发起新的攻击。
It was thus that the Russian armies saved themselves after Von Hindenburg's smashing victory at Tannenburg.
正是这样，在冯·兴登堡在坦能堡取得压倒性胜利后，俄罗斯军队才得以自救。
Out of about 650,000 men, forming the Army of the Narew, and the Vilna Army, more than 300,000 had succeeded in reaching the shelter of their fortresses.
在组成纳雷夫军团和维尔纳军团的约 65 万人中，超过 30 万人成功到达了他们的堡垒的庇护所。
At that time the German forces, sadly in need of rest, were much too small and too weak to attempt an energetic general attack against either the Niemen or the Narew-Bug lines of defenses.
当时，德军正需要休息，但其兵力太小、太弱，无法对涅门或纳鲁布格防线发起猛烈的总攻击。
However, in order to prevent another invasion of East Prussia something had to be done.
然而，为了防止东普鲁士再次受到入侵，必须采取一些措施。
They therefore advanced a goodly distance into the province of Suwalki, occupying even the seat of its government, a town of the same name.
因此，他们向苏瓦乌基省前进了很远的距离，甚至占领了该省的政府所在地，即一个同名城镇。
Farther south Osowiec represented a continuous danger to East Prussia, being very close to the border and on the direct railroad to Lyck.
更南边的奥索维茨对东普鲁士构成了持续的威胁，因为它非常靠近边境，而且位于直达莱克的铁路上。
Though the Germans were in no condition to undertake a siege, they determined to attempt at least to close the crossing of the Bober at this most advantageous point.
尽管德军没有能力进行围攻，但他们决定至少尝试在这个最有利的地点关闭博伯河的渡口。
September 18, 1914, saw the beginning of this movement and ten days later heavy artillery in limited force was thundering against the gates of the small but strong fortress.
1914 年 9 月 18 日，这场运动开始了，十天后，有限力量的重炮轰鸣般地轰击着这座小而坚固的堡垒的大门。
The suffering on both sides during this period was very great.
这期间双方都遭受了很大的痛苦。
Keeping continuously moving, fighting day and night under conditions the natural difficulties of which had been increased still more by unending rainstorms, resulting in long delays for food and other supplies, Russians as well as Germans displayed wonderful energy and perseverance.
俄罗斯人和德国人在不断前进、日夜奋战的条件下，持续不断的暴风雨加剧了自然困难，导致粮食和其他补给长时间延误，俄罗斯人和德国人表现出了惊人的精力和毅力。
And in spite of these difficulties, in spite of roads ankle deep in mud, the Germans advanced and the Russians re-formed their forces.
尽管存在这些困难，尽管道路深陷泥泞，德国人还是继续前进，而俄罗斯人则重组了他们的部队。
On October 2, 1914, the Russian advance started from Grodno as a base.
1914年10月2日，俄军以格罗德诺为基地发起进攻。
The Third Siberian and parts of the Twenty-second Finnish Army Corps, forming the left wing, met the enemy at Augustovo.
西伯利亚第三军团和芬兰第二十二集团军的部分部队组成左翼，在奥古斯托沃与敌人会师。
For two days the battle lasted, and though it involved only comparatively small numbers it was one of the most sanguinary engagements of this period.
战斗持续了两天，尽管参与人数相对较少，但却是这一时期最血腥的交战之一。
Both sides lost thousands of men and large quantities of war equipment.
双方损失数千人及大量战争装备。
The Germans having received reenforcements, attempted a flanking movement against the right wing, undoubtedly with the intention of attacking the Russians from the rear.
德军在得到增援后，试图对右翼进行侧翼进攻，无疑是想从后方攻击俄军。
They succeeded in getting a small force around the Russian right, which, however, had to be withdrawn very soon.
他们成功地让一支小部队包围了俄罗斯右翼，但很快就不得不撤回。
For the balance of October the fighting raged along the entire front from the Niemen in the north to Lomsha in the south, a distance of about 150 miles.
十月余下的时间里，战斗沿着整个前线进行，从北部的涅门河到南部的洛姆沙，相距约 150 英里。
Neither side was able to gain any decisive advantage, for both the offensive and the defensive was fought with equal stubbornness.
双方都未能取得决定性的优势，攻防双方都打得很顽强。
One day fortune would smile on Russia's masses, only to turn its back against them during the next twenty-four hours.
有一天，命运会对俄罗斯大众微笑，但在接下来的二十四小时内却背弃了他们。
The lack of success of the German flanking movement around the Russian right brought to the latter greater freedom of movement.
德国围绕俄罗斯右翼的侧翼行动缺乏成功，这给后者带来了更大的行动自由。
It advanced toward Wirballen with the object of gaining the road to Eydtkuhnen and Stallupoehnen, which would enable them to strike once more for the important junction at Insterburg.
它向维尔巴伦挺进，目标是获得通往埃特库宁和斯塔卢波赫宁的道路，这将使他们能够再次攻击因斯特堡的重要交汇处。
This attempt resulted in another minor but very sanguinary engagement north of Vysztyt Lake.
这次尝试导致了维什蒂特湖以北的另一次小规模但非常血腥的交战。
Again no decision had been reached, though the Russians were getting closer and closer to East Prussia.
尽管俄国人距离东普鲁士越来越近，但仍然没有做出任何决定。
A Russian attempt to outflank the German left at Schirwindt, a few miles north of Eydtkuhnen and right across the line in East Prussia, was not any more successful than the previous German attempt, and weakened the Russian right, just as a similar failure on the other side had weakened the German left.
俄国人在斯希尔温特（Eydtkuhnen以北几英里，正好越过东普鲁士的防线）尝试从侧翼包抄德国人的左翼，但并没有比德国之前的尝试更成功，并且削弱了俄国的右翼，就像另一边的类似失败削弱了德国的左翼一样。
Again honors, hardships, and losses were fairly even.
荣誉、艰辛和损失再次相当平衡。
In the center the Russian advance covered an extensive plain, known as the Romintener Heide.
在中部地区，俄军的进攻覆盖了一片广阔的平原，被称为“罗明特纳海德”。
There, too, continuous fighting, a great deal of which was carried on at night, involved usually only comparatively small formations and the result was equally indecisive.
在那里，战斗也持续不断，其中大部分是在夜间进行的，通常只涉及相对较小的编队，结果同样是不确定的。
The Russian left wing had been more successful.
俄罗斯左翼更为成功。
It had fought its way across the border and taken Wargrabova.
它已经越过边境并占领了瓦尔格拉博瓦。
The Germans, however, succeeded in retaking this place as early as October 9, 1914, pursuing the Russians and finally stormed their strong intrenchments a week later.
然而，德国人早在 1914 年 10 月 9 日就成功夺回了这个地方，对俄国人展开追击，并在一周后终于攻破了他们坚固的工事。
The country here is slightly elevated and the Russians had dug themselves in rather elaborately.
这里的地势稍高，俄罗斯人已经精心地挖了土。
Manyfold rows of trenches, in some places six and eight deep, had been thrown up around the small village of Vielitzken which suffered severely during the German onrush.
维利茨肯小村庄周围修建了多排战壕，有的地方有六深、八深，在德军的突袭中，该村庄遭受了严重损失。
In the meantime another attempt to take Lyck had succeeded.
与此同时，另一次抓捕莱克的尝试也成功了。
The direct road through Osowiec was not available on account of the German force located there.
由于德军驻扎在那里，无法直接通过奥索维茨。
So the Russians sent a division forward from Lomsha which, taking Bialla, reached Lyck on October 8, 1914.
于是，俄国人从洛姆沙派出一个师，占领了比亚拉，并于 1914 年 10 月 8 日到达莱克。
The Germans, lacking sufficient forces for a successful defense, withdrew not only from Lyck, but also from before Osowiec.
德军缺乏足够的兵力进行成功的防御，不仅从莱克撤退，而且从奥索维茨之前撤退。
But by October 13,1914, the Niemen Army's advance into East Prussia had been either forced back or delayed to such an extent that this comparatively weak Russian advance in the extreme south was out of touch with the main forces of the Niemen Army, and therefore in turn was withdrawn.
但到了1914年10月13日，涅门军向东普鲁士的进军要么被迫后退，要么被推迟，以至于俄罗斯在最南端相对较弱的推进与涅门军的主力失去了联系，因此又被撤回。
This practically finished the second Russian invasion of East Prussia.
这实际上结束了俄罗斯对东普鲁士的第二次入侵。
The German forces gradually cleared all of their country of the enemy and followed him even into his own territory.
德国军队逐渐清除了整个国家的敌人，甚至跟踪他进入了自己的领土。
But although continuous fighting went on during the last week of October, again chiefly around Augustovo and Bakalartshev, the Russians for the time being contented themselves with a defensive policy, just as the Germans were satisfied with their success in preventing the Russian advance without going over to a clean offensive.
然而，尽管十月最后一周持续不断的战斗，主要还是围绕奥古斯托沃和巴卡拉特舍夫，俄国人暂时满足于防御政策，就像德国人对成功阻止俄国人前进而没有转向干净利落的进攻感到满意一样。
CHAPTER LXXVII
第六十七章
FIRST GERMAN DRIVE AGAINST WARSAW
德国首次进攻华沙
We have already spoken of the strategic position of Russian Poland, of its vulnerability, exposed as it is to attack from the Central Powers on three sides, and finally what Russia had done to strengthen Poland's natural line of defense, the Vistula River, by building fortresses on its most important points.
我们已经谈到了俄属波兰的战略地位，谈到了它的脆弱性，暴露了同盟国从三方面进攻的情况，最后还谈到了俄罗斯通过在其最重要的地点修建堡垒来加强波兰的天然防线维斯瓦河的做法。
It may be well to recall here that the lower part of this river flows through West Prussia, from Thorn to the Gulf of Danzig.
在这里，最好记住这条河的下游流经西普鲁士，从托恩流向但泽湾。
For almost a hundred miles, from Thorn to Novo Georgievsk, it cannot actually be considered of defensive value to Russia; flowing slightly northwest from the latter fortress to the border it is open to German use on either side.
从托恩到新乔治耶夫斯克近一百英里，实际上不能被认为对俄罗斯有防御价值；从后一个要塞稍微向西北流向边境，两边都可供德国使用。
But at that point, about twenty miles northwest of Warsaw, any army coming along its valley would have to take first this important fortress before it could continue farther into central Poland.
但到了那时，在华沙西北约二十英里处，任何沿着山谷而来的军队都必须首先占领这座重要的堡垒，然后才能继续深入波兰中部。
Should it fail in this it would have to withdraw its forces from the right bank and then force a crossing at some point between Novo Georgievsk and the point where the Vistula enters Russian Poland from Austrian Poland, a few miles east of Cracow.
如果它失败了，它就必须从右岸撤军，然后在新乔治耶夫斯克和维斯瓦河从奥地利波兰进入俄罗斯波兰的地点之间的某个地点强行渡过，克拉科夫以东几英里。
It is at this point also that the Vistula is swelled by its most important contributary, the Bug River, which, roughly speaking, flows parallel to the Vistula at a distance of about seventy miles from the Galician border to a point on the Vilna-Warsaw railroad, about fifty miles east of Warsaw, where it bends toward the west to join the Vistula.
正是在这一点上，维斯瓦河因其最重要的支流布格河而水位上涨，粗略地说，布格河与维斯瓦河平行，距加利西亚边境约七十英里，到达维尔纳-华沙铁路上的一点，位于华沙以东约五十英里，在那里向西弯曲与维斯瓦河汇合。
The Bug River thus forms a strong secondary natural line of defense.
布格河由此形成了一道强大的次要自然防线。
In the north the Narew--a tributary of the Bug--forms an equally strong barrier against an army advancing from East Prussia.
在北部，纳雷夫河——布格河的一条支流——对从东普鲁士进攻的军队构成了同样坚固的屏障。
There cannot be much doubt that the plan of the Central Powers originally was to take Poland without having to overcome these very formidable obstacles.
毫无疑问，同盟国最初的计划是在不克服这些非常艰巨的障碍的情况下占领波兰。
If Von Hindenburg had succeeded after the battle of Tannenberg in crossing the Niemen, and if, at about the same time the Austro-Hungarians had also succeeded in defeating their Russian adversaries in Galicia, described in another chapter, this object could have been accomplished very easily by a concerted advance of both along the east bank of the Bug, with Brest-Litovsk as the most likely point of junction.
如果冯·兴登堡在坦能堡战役后成功渡过涅曼河，并且大约在同一时间奥匈帝国也成功击败了他们在加利西亚的俄罗斯对手（另一章中有所描述），那么这个目标可以通过双方沿着布格河东岸协同推进而轻松实现，而布列斯特-立托夫斯克是最有可能的交汇点。
The result would have been twofold: in the first place all of Poland would have been in the hands of the Central Powers; for Russia either would have had to withdraw its forces from there before their three main lines of retreat--the railroads from Warsaw to Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev--had been cut by the invaders, or else the latter would have been in a position to destroy them leisurely, having surrounded them completely.
结果将是双重的：首先，整个波兰将落入同盟国手中；其次，波兰将落入同盟国手中。因为俄罗斯要么必须在他们的三大撤退线——从华沙到彼得格勒、莫斯科、基辅的铁路——被入侵者切断之前从那里撤军，要么入侵者完全包围了他们，可以从容地摧毁他们。
In the second place it would have meant the shortening of the eastern front by hundreds of miles, making it practically a straight line from the Baltic Sea to some point on the Russo-Galician frontier.
其次，这意味着东部战线缩短数百英里，使其实际上从波罗的海到俄罗斯-加利西亚边境的某个点成为一条直线。
In the preceding chapters, however, we have seen that up to the beginning of October, 1914, neither the Germans nor the Austrians had accomplished this object.
然而，在前面的章节中，我们已经看到，直到1914年10月初，德国人和奥地利人都没有实现这一目标。
The former had to satisfy themselves with having cleared their own soil in East Prussia of the Russian invaders and with keeping it free from further invasions, while the latter were being pressed harder and harder every day and had to figure with a possible invasion of Hungary.
前者必须满足于清除东普鲁士本土的俄罗斯入侵者，并使其免受进一步的入侵，而后者每天都面临着越来越大的压力，不得不考虑可能入侵匈牙利。
It was then that the Central Powers decided to invade Poland from the west, and thus gradually drove out the Russians.
就在那时，同盟国决定从西部入侵波兰，从而逐渐驱逐俄罗斯人。
Why they persisted in their efforts to gain possession of Russian Poland is clear enough.
他们为何坚持不懈地想要占领俄属波兰，这一点已经很清楚了。
For in addition to the above-mentioned advantage of shortening and straightening their front, they would also deprive Russia of one of its most important and populous centers of industry, in which the czar's domain was not overrich, and it would remove forever this dangerous indentation in the back of the German Empire.
因为除了上述缩短和拉直战线的优势之外，他们还将剥夺俄罗斯最重要、人口最多的工业中心之一，而沙皇的领地在该中心并不富裕，并且将永远消除德意志帝国背后的这一危险凹痕。
Before we consider in detail the first German drive for Warsaw, it is also necessary to consider briefly political conditions in Russian Poland.
在我们详细考虑德国对华沙的第一次进攻之前，我们还有必要简单考虑一下俄属波兰的政治状况。
Ever since the partition of the old Kingdom of Poland among Germany, Austria, and Russia, the Polish provinces created thereby for these three empires had been a continuous source of trouble and worry to each.
自从旧波兰王国被德国、奥地利和俄罗斯瓜分以来，为这三个帝国创建的波兰行省一直是各自的麻烦和忧虑的根源。
The Poles are well known for their intense patriotism, which perhaps is only a particular manifestation of one of their general racial characteristics--temperament.
波兰人以其强烈的爱国主义而闻名，这也许只是他们普遍种族特征之一——气质的特殊表现。
At any rate the true Pole has never forgotten the splendid past of his race, nor has he ever given up hope for a reestablishment of its unity and independence.
无论如何，真正的波兰人从未忘记自己种族的辉煌过去，也从未放弃重建民族团结和独立的希望。
It is a rather difficult question to answer whether Russia, Germany, or Austria have sinned most against their Polish subjects.
要回答俄罗斯、德国还是奥地利对波兰臣民犯下的罪孽最多是一个相当困难的问题。
The fact remains, however, that all three most ruthlessly suppressed all Polish attempts to realize their national ideals.
然而，事实仍然是，这三个人最无情地镇压了波兰人实现其民族理想的所有尝试。
It is equally true that Russia went further along that line than either Germany or Austria, and on the other hand did less for its Polish subjects than the other two countries.
同样真实的是，俄罗斯在这方面比德国或奥地利走得更远，但另一方面，俄罗斯为其波兰臣民所做的却比其他两个国家少。
Both in Germany and Austria there existed therefore a more or less well-defined idea that the Russian Poles would welcome German and Austrian troops with open arms as their saviors from the Russian yoke.
因此，德国和奥地利都或多或少存在着一种明确的想法，即俄罗斯波兰人将张开双臂欢迎德国和奥地利军队作为他们摆脱俄罗斯枷锁的救世主。
In Russia a certain amount of anxiety existed about what the Poles would do.
在俄罗斯，人们对波兰人的行动存在一定程度的焦虑。
The latter, in a way, at the beginning of the war found themselves facing a most difficult alternative.
在某种程度上，后者在战争开始时发现自己面临着最困难的选择。
That their country would at some time or other become a battling ground of the contending armies was quite evident.
很明显，他们的国家迟早会成为双方军队的战场。
Whether Russia or the Central Powers would emerge as the final victor was at least open to dispute.
俄罗斯还是同盟国是否会成为最终的胜利者至少还存在争议。
Whatever side the Poles chose, might be the wrong side and bring to them the most horrible consequences.
无论波兰人选择哪一边，都可能是错误的一边，并给他们带来最可怕的后果。
It was undoubtedly with this danger in view that the "Gazeta Warzawska" printed on August 15, 1914, an editorial which in part read as follows:
毫无疑问，正是考虑到这种危险，1914年8月15日发表的《华扎报》社论部分内容如下：
"Remain passive, watchful, insensible to temptation.
“保持被动、警惕，对诱惑不敏感。
"During the coming struggle the Kingdom of Poland will be the marching ground of various armies; we shall see temporary victors assuming lordship for a while; but change of authority will follow, and inevitable retaliation; this several times, perhaps, in the course of the campaign.
“在即将到来的斗争中，波兰王国将成为各支军队的进军地；我们将看到暂时的胜利者暂时占据统治地位；但随之而来的是权力的更迭，以及不可避免的报复；在竞选过程中，这也许有好几次。
Therefore every improvident step will meet with terrible revenge.
因此，每一个轻率的举动都会遭到可怕的报复。
By holding firm through the present conflict you best can serve the Polish cause.
通过在当前冲突中保持坚定立场，你可以最好地为波兰事业服务。
In the name of the love you bear your country, of your solicitude for the nation's future, we entreat you, fellow countrymen, to remain deaf to evil inspirations, unshakable in your determination not to expose our land to yet greater calamities, and Poland's whole future to incalculable perils."
以你们对祖国的热爱和对国家未来的关怀之名，我们恳请同胞们，对邪恶的想法充耳不闻，坚定不移地不让我们的土地遭受更大的灾难，也不让波兰的整个未来面临不可估量的危险。”
This, of course, was far from being a rousing appeal to support Russia's cause, but it was even further from being a suggestion to support that of the Central Powers and revolt against Russia.
当然，这远不是支持俄罗斯事业的激动人心的呼吁，更不是支持同盟国和反抗俄罗斯事业的建议。
Polish newspapers of the next day printed a proclamation signed by the Commander in Chief Grand Duke Nicholas prophesying the fulfillment of the Polish dream of unity, at least, even if under the Russian scepter, and promising a rebirth of Poland "free in faith, in language, in self-government."
第二天，波兰报纸刊登了一份由总司令尼古拉斯大公签署的公告，预言波兰的统一梦想至少会实现，即使是在俄罗斯的统治下，并承诺波兰将“在信仰、语言和自治上自由”重生。
On August 17, 1914, four of the Polish political parties published a manifesto in which they welcomed this proclamation and expressed their belief in the ultimate fulfillment of the promises made.
1914年8月17日，波兰四个政党发表宣言，对这一宣言表示欢迎，并表示相信最终会兑现所做出的承诺。
The net result of the sudden three-cornered bid for Polish friendship and support, then, seems to have been that the leaders of Polish nationalism had decided to abstain from embarrassing Russia, even though their resistance against Germany and Austria with both of which other Poles were fighting was not always very deep-seated.
那么，波兰民族主义领导人突然三方争取波兰友谊和支持的最终结果似乎是，波兰民族主义领导人决定不再让俄罗斯难堪，尽管他们对与其他波兰人作战的德国和奥地利的抵制并不总是很根深蒂固。
During the first month of the war practically nothing of importance happened in the Polish territory.
在战争的第一个月里，波兰领土上几乎没有发生任何重要的事情。
German detachments occupied some of the towns right across the border, in many instances for a short time only.
德国分遣队占领了边境对面的一些城镇，但在许多情况下只占领了很短的时间。
Mlawa, Kalish, and Czestochowa were the most important places involved.
姆拉瓦、卡利什和琴斯托霍瓦是涉及的最重要的地方。
On August 31, 1914, however, the occupation of Radom, about 130 miles from the German frontier, was reported, and a few days later that of Lodz, next to Warsaw the biggest city of Russian Poland and an important manufacturing center.
然而，1914 年 8 月 31 日，据报道，距离德国边境约 130 英里的拉多姆被占领，几天后，毗邻华沙的罗兹也被占领，罗兹是俄属波兰最大的城市和重要的制造业中心。
At about the same time all of the places along two of the railroads running from Germany to Warsaw, Thorn to Warsaw, and Kalish to Warsaw, as far as Lowitz, where they meet, were occupied.
大约在同一时间，从德国到华沙、从托恩到华沙、从卡利什到华沙的两条铁路沿线的所有地方，直到它们相遇的洛维茨，都被占领了。
In this territory the Germans immediately proceeded to repair the railroad bridges destroyed by the retreating Russians, who, apparently, had decided to fall back to their defenses on the Vistula.
在这片领土上，德国人立即开始修复被撤退的俄罗斯人摧毁的铁路桥梁，俄罗斯人显然已经决定退回维斯瓦河上的防御。
The Germans must have felt themselves fairly secure in their possession of this territory, for on September 15, 1914, Count Meerveldt, then governor of the Prussian Province of Münster, was appointed its civil governor.
德国人一定觉得自己拥有这片领土相当安全，因为 1914 年 9 月 15 日，时任普鲁士明斯特省省长的梅尔维尔特伯爵被任命为该地区的民事总督。
A day later the commanding general (Von Morgen) published a proclamation, addressed to the inhabitants of the two provinces of Lomza and Warsaw.
一天后，总司令（冯·摩根）向洛姆扎和华沙两个省的居民发表了一份公告。
In it he announced the defeat of the Russian Narew Army and Rennenkampf's retreat and stated that larger forces were following his own army corps, which latter considered them as its friends and had been ordered to treat them accordingly.
在信中，他宣布俄罗斯纳雷夫军的失败和雷南坎普夫的撤退，并表示更大的部队正在追随他自己的军团，后者将他们视为朋友，并被命令以相应的方式对待他们。
He called upon them to rise against their Russian oppressors and to assist him in driving them out of beautiful Poland which afterward was to receive at the hands of the German Emperor political and religious liberty.
他呼吁他们起来反抗俄罗斯压迫者，并协助他将他们赶出美丽的波兰，而波兰后来将在德国皇帝手中获得政治和宗教自由。
About ten days later the "additional stronger forces," which General von Morgen had prophesied, put in an appearance.
大约十天后，冯·摩根将军预言的“更多更强大的部队”出现了。
They consisted of four separate armies, one advancing along the Thorn-Warsaw railroad, another along the Kalish-Warsaw line, a third along the Breslau-Czestochowa-Kielce-Radom-Ivangorod railroad, and the fourth from Cracow in the same direction.
他们由四支独立的军队组成，一支沿着托恩-华沙铁路前进，另一支沿着卡利什-华沙线前进，第三支沿着布雷斯劳-琴斯托霍瓦-凯尔采-拉多姆-伊万哥罗德铁路前进，第四支从克拉科夫出发沿同一方向前进。
Just how large these four armies were is not absolutely known.
这四支军队到底有多大，目前还不清楚。
Estimates range all the way from 500,000 to 1,500,000 which makes it most likely that the real strength was about 1,000,000.
估计范围从 500,000 到 1,500,000，这使得真正的力量很可能约为 1,000,000。
Of these all but the Fourth Army were made up of German soldiers, whereas the Cracow Army consisted of Austrians, forming the left wing of their main forces which about that time had been rearranged in western Galicia.
其中，除了第四集团军外，其余集团军均由德国士兵组成，而克拉科夫集团军则由奥地利人组成，构成其主力的左翼，大约在此时在加利西亚西部重新部署。
By the time all of these armies were ready to advance, the victor of Tannenberg, Von Hindenburg--who meanwhile had been raised to the rank of field marshal--had been put in supreme command of the combined German and Austro-Hungarian armies in Poland.
当所有这些军队都准备好前进时，坦能堡的胜利者冯兴登堡——同时被提升为陆军元帅——已经被任命为驻波兰的德国和奥匈帝国联合军队的最高指挥。
Though he was fighting now on territory concerning which he had at least no superior knowledge than his adversaries, his energy made itself felt immediately.
尽管他现在所战斗的领域至少不比对手有更丰富的知识，但他的能量立即显现出来。
He pushed the advance of his four armies at an overpowering rate of speed and forced the Russians, who apparently were not any too sure, either about the strength of the opposing forces or their ultimate plans, to fall back everywhere.
他以压倒性的速度推动他的四支军队前进，并迫使俄罗斯人到处撤退，因为俄罗斯人显然对敌军的实力或他们的最终计划都不太确定。
By October 5 the Russians, attempting to make a desperate stand near Radom, had been forced back almost as far as Ivangorod, and within the week following the Austro-German army, still further south, had reached the Vistula between the Galician border and Ivangorod.
到了 10 月 5 日，试图在拉多姆附近孤注一掷的俄罗斯人几乎被逼退到了伊万哥罗德，而在奥德军队之后的一周内，在更南的地方，已经到达了加利西亚边境和伊万哥罗德之间的维斯瓦河。
The advance of the Germans as well as the retreat of the Russians took place under terrific difficulties, caused by torrential rains which poured down incessantly.
德国人的前进以及俄国人的撤退都是在持续不断的倾盆大雨造成的巨大困难下进行的。
Some interesting details may be learned from a letter written about that time by a German officer in charge of a heavy munition train: "From Czestochowa we advanced in forced marches.
一些有趣的细节可以从一位负责重型弹药列车的德国军官写的关于当时的信中了解到一些有趣的细节：“我们从琴斯托霍瓦出发强行行军。
During the first two days roads were passable, but after that they became terrible, as it rained every day.
前两天道路还可以通行，但之后就变得很糟糕，因为每天都下雨。
In some places there were no roads left, nothing but mud and swamps.
有些地方已经没有路了，只剩下泥土和沼泽。
Once it took us a full hour to move one wagon, loaded with munitions and drawn by fifteen horses, a distance of only fifteen yards....
有一次，我们花了整整一个小时才把一辆装满弹药、由十五匹马拉着的马车移动，距离只有十五码……
Horses sank into the mud up to their bodies and wagons up to their axles....
马匹陷进泥里，深至身体，马车陷到车轴……
One night we reached a spot which was absolutely impassable.
一天晚上，我们到达了一个绝对无法通行的地方。
The only way to get around it was through a dense forest, but before we could get through there it was necessary to cut an opening through the trees.
绕过它的唯一方法是穿过茂密的森林，但在我们穿过那里之前，我们必须在树林中切开一个开口。
For the next few hours we felled trees for a distance of over five hundred yards....
在接下来的几个小时里，我们砍伐了五百多码距离的树木……
For the past eight days we have been on the go almost every night, and once I stayed in my saddle for thirty consecutive hours.
在过去的八天里，我们几乎每天晚上都在忙碌，有一次我连续三十个小时坐在马鞍上。
During all that time we had no real rest.
在那段时间里我们没有真正的休息。
Either we did not reach our quarters until early in the morning or late at night.
我们要么是一大早，要么是深夜才到达住处。
What a bed feels like we've forgotten long ago.
床的感觉就像我们早已忘记了。
We consider ourselves lucky if we have one room and straw on the floor for the seven of us.
如果我们七个人有一个房间，地板上铺着稻草，我们就觉得自己很幸运。
For ten days I have not been out of my clothes.
我已经十天没有脱衣服了。
And when we do get a little sleep it is almost invariably necessary to start off again at once....
当我们确实睡了一会儿时，几乎总是需要立即重新开始......
Even our food supplies have become more scarce day by day.
甚至我们的粮食供应也日益匮乏。
Long ago we saw the last of butter, sausage, or similar delicacies.
很久以前，我们看到了最后的黄油、香肠或类似的美味佳肴。
We are glad if we have bread and some lard.
如果我们有面包和猪油，我们会很高兴。
Only once in a great while are we fortunate enough to buy some cattle.
我们只有极少数有幸能买到一些牛。
But then a great feast is prepared....
但接下来，一场丰盛的盛宴已经准备好了……
Tea is practically all that we have to drink....
茶几乎是我们唯一能喝的......
The hardships, as you can see, are somewhat plentiful; but in spite of this fact I am in tiptop condition and feeling wonderfully well.
正如你所看到的，困难是相当多的；但尽管如此，我仍处于最佳状态，感觉非常好。
Sometimes I am astonished myself what one can stand."
有时我自己都惊讶于一个人的承受能力。”
Early in October, 1914, the Germans came closer and closer to Warsaw.
1914年10月初，德国人越来越接近华沙。
At the end of it they were in the south, within twenty miles of the old Polish capital--at Grojec.
最后他们到达了南部，距离波兰旧首都格罗耶茨不到二十英里。
At that time only a comparatively small force, not more than three army corps, was available, under General Scheidemann's command, for its defense.
当时，在谢德曼将军的指挥下，只有一支相对较小的部队，不超过三个军团，可以用于防御。
These, however--all of them made up of tried Siberian troops--fought heroically for forty-four hours, especially around the strongly fortified little town of Blonie, about ten miles west of Warsaw.
然而，这些人——全部由久经考验的西伯利亚军队组成——英勇地战斗了四十四小时，特别是在华沙以西约十英里的戒备森严的布洛尼小镇附近。
The commander in chief of all the Russian armies, Grand Duke Nicholas, had retired with his staff to Grodno, and Warsaw expected as confidently a German occupation as the Germans themselves.
俄罗斯军队的总司令尼古拉斯大公已经带着他的幕僚退到了格罗德诺，华沙和德国人一样满怀信心地期待着德国的占领。
But suddenly the Russians, who up to that time seem to have underestimated the strength of the Germans, awoke to the desperate needs of the situation.
但突然间，当时似乎低估了德国人实力的俄罗斯人意识到了形势的迫切需要。
By a supreme effort they contrived to concentrate vast reenforcements to the east of Warsaw within a few days and to change the proportion of numbers before Warsaw from five to three in favor of the Germans to about three to one in their own favor.
他们竭尽全力，在几天内将大量增援部队集中到华沙以东，并将华沙前的人数比例从有利于德国人的五比三改变为有利于他们自己的大约三比一。
On October 10, 1914, panic reigned supreme in Warsaw.
1914 年 10 月 10 日，华沙人心惶惶。
Although the Government tried to dispel the fears of the populace by encouraging proclamations, the thunder of the cannons, which could be heard incessantly, and the very evident lack of strong Russian forces, spoke more loudly.
尽管政府试图通过鼓励性的公告来消除民众的恐惧，但炮声不断，而且俄罗斯军队明显缺乏强大的力量，所以声音更大。
Whoever could afford to flee and was fortunate enough to get official sanction to leave, did so.
凡是有能力逃离并有幸获得官方批准离开的人都会这样做。
The panic was still more intensified when German aeroplanes and dirigibles began to appear in the sky.
当德国飞机和飞船开始出现在天空中时，恐慌更加加剧。
For fully ten days the fighting lasted around the immediate neighborhood of the city.
战斗在城市附近持续了整整十天。
Day and night, bombs thrown by the German air fleet exploded in all parts of the city, doing great damage to property and killing and wounding hundreds of innocent noncombatants.
德国空军投掷的炸弹昼夜在该市各地爆炸，造成巨大财产损失，炸死炸伤数百名无辜非战斗人员。
Day and night could be heard the roar of the artillery fire, and nightfall brought the additional terror of the fiery reflection from bursting shrapnel.
不论白天黑夜，都能听到炮火的轰鸣声，而夜幕降临时，爆裂的弹片的火光反射又带来了额外的恐怖。
The peasants from the villages to the west and south streamed into the city in vast numbers.
西部和南部乡村的农民大量涌入城市。
Thousands of wounded coming from all directions added still more to the horror and excitement.
数以千计的伤员从四面八方涌来，更增添了恐怖和兴奋。
The hardest fighting around Blonie occurred from October 13 to 17, 1914.
布洛尼周围最激烈的战斗发生在 1914 年 10 月 13 日至 17 日。
On the 13th the Germans were forced to evacuate Blonie, and on October 14 Pruszkow, a little farther south and still nearer to Warsaw.
13 日，德军被迫撤离布洛尼，并于 10 月 14 日被迫撤离稍南一点、距离华沙较近的普鲁什科夫。
On October 15 the Russians made a wonderful and successful bayonet attack on another near-by village, Nadarzyn.
10 月 15 日，俄罗斯人对附近的另一个村庄纳达尔津进行了一次精彩而成功的刺刀袭击。
The next day, the 16th, saw almost all of this territory again in the hands of the Germans, and on the 17th they succeeded even in crossing the Vistula over a pontoon bridge slightly south of Warsaw.
第二天，即16日，几乎所有这片领土又落入德国人手中，17日，他们甚至成功地通过华沙南边的一座浮桥渡过了维斯瓦河。
However, even then the arrival of Russian reenforcements made itself felt, for after a short stay on the right bank of the Vistula the Germans were thrown back by superior Russian forces.
然而，即便如此，俄罗斯增援部队的到来还是让人感觉到了，因为在维斯瓦河右岸短暂停留后，德国人就被优势的俄罗斯军队击退了。
All that day the fighting went on most furiously and lasted deep into the night.
整整一天，战斗进行得非常激烈，一直持续到深夜。
The next day at last the Russian armies had all been assembled.
第二天，俄罗斯军队终于全部集结完毕。
CHAPTER LXXVIII
第 六十八章
GERMAN RETREAT FROM RUSSIAN POLAND
德国从俄罗斯波兰撤退
On October 19, 1914, the Germans, who apparently had accurate information concerning the immense numbers which they now faced, gave up the attack and began their retreat.
1914 年 10 月 19 日，德国人显然已经掌握了关于他们现在所面临的人数众多的准确信息，因此放弃了进攻并开始撤退。
The retreat was carried out with as much speed and success as the advance.
撤退的速度和成功与进军一样快。
By October 20 the Germans had gone back so far that the Russian advance formations could not keep up with them and lost track of them.
到 10 月 20 日，德国人已经向后撤退了很远，以至于俄罗斯先头部队无法跟上他们并失去了他们的踪迹。
Without losing a gun, the First German Army managed to escape the pursuing Russians as well as to evade two attempts--one from the south and one from the north--to outflank them and cut off their retreat.
德国第一集团军在没有损失一门炮的情况下，成功逃脱了追击的俄国人，并躲过了两次包抄并切断他们的退路——一次来自南方，一次来自北方。
During the fighting before Warsaw the total front on which the Russian armies were battling against the German and Austrian invaders of Poland was about 160 miles long, stretching from Novo Georgievsk in the north, along the Vistula, through Warsaw and Ivangorod to Sandomir at the Galician border in the south.
在华沙之前的战斗中，俄罗斯军队与波兰的德国和奥地利侵略者作战的总战线长约160英里，从北部的新乔治耶夫斯克，沿着维斯瓦河，穿过华沙和伊万哥罗德，一直延伸到南部加利西亚边境的桑多米尔。
All along this line continuous fighting went on, and the heaviest of it, besides that directly before Warsaw, took place around the fortress of Ivangorod.
沿着这条线，战斗一直在持续，其中最激烈的战斗，除了华沙之前的战斗，发生在伊万哥罗德要塞周围。
Two attempts of the Russians to get back to the left side of the Vistula on October 12 and 14, 1914, were frustrated under heavy losses on both sides.
1914年10月12日和14日，俄罗斯人两次试图返回维斯瓦河左岸，但由于双方损失惨重而失败。
A German soldier states in a letter written home during the actual fighting before Ivangorod that at the end of one day, out of his company of 250, only 85 were left--the other 66 per cent having been killed or wounded.
一名德国士兵在伊万哥罗德之前的实战期间写给家里的一封信中表示，一天结束时，他的连队 250 人只剩下 85 人，其余 66% 已阵亡或受伤。
Just as the Russians had succeeded in assembling sufficient reenforcements at Warsaw, to make it inevitable for the German forces to retreat, they had brought equally large numbers to the rescue of Ivangorod.
正如俄国人成功地在华沙集结了足够的增援部队，使德军不可避免地撤退一样，他们也派出了同样大量的兵力来救援伊万哥罗德。
However, these did not make themselves really felt there until October 27, 1914.
然而，直到 1914 年 10 月 27 日，人们才真正感受到这些。
Previous to that date the Germans and Austrians captured over 50,000 Russians and thirty-five guns.
在此之前，德国人和奥地利人缴获了超过 50,000 名俄罗斯人和 35 支枪。
When, on October 23 and 24, 1904, aeroplane scouts discovered the approaching vast reenforcements, and similar reports were received from the First Army fighting around Warsaw, the German and Austrian forces were all withdrawn.
1904 年 10 月 23 日至 24 日，当飞机侦察兵发现大量增援部队正在逼近时，并且在华沙周围作战的第一集团军也收到类似的报告时，德国和奥地利军队全部撤出。
The retreat of these groups of armies was accomplished much in the same way as of that in the north, except that it began later and brought with it more frequent and more desperate rear-guard actions.
这些军队的撤退的方式与北方的撤退大致相同，只是撤退开始得更晚，并且随之而来的是更频繁和更绝望的后卫行动。
The Russians, who were trying desperately to inflict as much damage as possible to the retreating enemy, showed wonderful courage and heroic disregard of death.
俄罗斯人拼命想给撤退的敌人造成尽可能多的伤害，他们表现出了惊人的勇气和对死亡的英勇无视。
In some places, however, the Germans had prepared strong, even if temporary, intrenchments, sometimes three or more lines deep, and the storming of these cost their opponents dearly.
然而，在某些地方，德国人已经准备好了坚固的战壕，即使是暂时的，有时甚至有三道甚至更多的防线，而对这些战壕的猛攻让他们的对手付出了惨重的代价。
By October 24, 1914, the invaders had been forced back in the south as far as Radom and in the north to Skierniewice; by October 28 Radom as well as Lodz had been evacuated and were again in Russian hands.
到 1914 年 10 月 24 日，入侵者被迫撤退，南部远至拉多姆，北部则退至斯基尔涅维采。到 10 月 28 日，拉多姆和罗兹已被撤离，并再次落入俄罗斯手中。
The lines of retreat were the same as those of advance had been, namely, the railroads from Warsaw to Thorn, Kalish, and Cracow.
撤退路线与前进路线相同，即从华沙到托恩、卡利什和克拉科夫的铁路。
Much damage was done to these roads by the Germans in order to delay as much as possible the pursuit of the Russians.
德国人对这些道路进行了大量破坏，以尽可能拖延俄罗斯人的追击。
Considerable fighting occurred, however, whenever one of the rivers along the line of retreat was reached; so along the Pilitza, the Rawka, the Bzura, and finally the Warta.
然而，每当到达撤退线沿线的一条河流时，就会发生相当大的战斗。沿着Pilitza河、Rawka河、Bzura河，最后是Warta河。
By the end of the first week of November the German-Austrian armies had been thrown back across their frontiers, and all of Russian Poland was once more in the undisputed possession of Russia.
到十一月的第一周结束时，德奥联军被击退到边境，整个俄属波兰再次毫无争议地落入俄罗斯手中。
In a measure Von Hindenburg followed the example of his Russian adversaries when he withdrew his forces from Poland into Upper Silesia in November, 1914, after the unsuccessful first drive against Warsaw, of which we have just read the details.
1914 年 11 月，冯兴登堡在某种程度上效仿了俄罗斯对手的做法，在第一次进攻华沙失败后，他将军队从波兰撤至上西里西亚（我们刚刚读到了其中的细节）。
His reasons for taking this step were evident enough.
他采取这一步的理由是显而易见的。
When it had been established definitely that the reenforcements which Russia had been able to gather made futile any further hope of taking Warsaw with the forces at his command, only two possibilities remained to the German general: To make a stand to the west of the Vistula until reenforcements could be brought up, or to fall back to his bases and there concentrate enough additional forces to make a new drive for Poland.
当俄罗斯能够集结的援军明确表明，他指挥的部队夺取华沙的任何进一步希望都是徒劳时，德国将军只剩下两种可能性：在维斯瓦河以西坚守，直到增援部队被调来；或者退回到他的基地，在那里集中足够的额外兵力，向波兰发起新的进攻。
He chose the latter, undoubtedly because it was the safer and less costly in lives.
他选择了后者，毫无疑问是因为这样更安全，生命成本也更低。
How quickly the German retreat was accomplished we have already seen.
我们已经看到德军撤退的速度有多快。
In spite of their rapidity, however, the Germans found time to hold up the Russians, not only by severe rear-guard actions, but also by destroying in the most thorough manner the few railroad lines that led out of Poland.
然而，尽管速度很快，德国人还是找到了时间来阻止俄罗斯人，不仅通过严厉的后卫行动，而且还以最彻底的方式摧毁了通往波兰的几条铁路线。
In this connection they proved themselves to be as much past masters in the art of disorganization as they had hitherto shown themselves to be capable of the highest forms of organization.
在这方面，他们证明了自己过去是解散艺术的大师，正如他们迄今为止所表现出的，有能力进行最高形式的组织一样。
About November 10, 1914, Von Hindenburg had completed his regrouping.
1914 年 11 月 10 日左右，冯·兴登堡完成了重组。
The line along which the Russians were massed against him stretched from the point where the Niemen enters East Prussia, slightly east of Tilsit, along the eastern and southern border of East Prussia to the Vistula at Wloclawek, from there to the Warta at Kola, where it turns to the west, along and slightly to the east of this river through Uniejow-Zdouska-Wola to Novo Radowsk.
俄军集结对抗他的路线，从涅门河进入东普鲁士、蒂尔西特稍东的地方，沿着东普鲁士的东部和南部边界，一直延伸到弗洛茨瓦维克的维斯瓦河，从那里到科拉的瓦尔塔河，在那里转向西边，沿着这条河稍偏东，穿过尤涅霍夫-兹杜斯卡-沃拉到达新拉多夫斯克。
From there it passed to the north of Cracow in a curve toward Galicia, where strong Russian armies were forcing back the Austrians on and beyond the Carpathians.
从那里，它经过克拉科夫以北，向加利西亚进发，在那里，强大的俄罗斯军队正在喀尔巴阡山脉内外迫使奥地利人退缩。
Along this vast front--considerably over 500 miles long--the Russians had drawn up forces which must have amounted very nearly to forty-five army corps, or over 2,000,000 men.
沿着这条长达 500 多英里的广阔战线，俄罗斯人集结了近 45 个军团或超过 200 万人的兵力。
These were distributed as follows: The Tenth Army faced the eastern border of East Prussia west of the Niemen; the First Army the southern border of this province, north of the Narew and both north and south of the Vistula; the Second, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Armies, forming the main forces of the Russians, fronted along the Warta against lower Posen and Upper Silesia, while the balance of the Russian armies had been thrown against the Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia.
这些部队的分布如下：第10集团军面对涅门河以西的东普鲁士东部边境；第一集团军驻扎在该省的南部边界、纳雷夫河以北以及维斯瓦河的北部和南部；第二、第四、第五和第九集团军组成了俄国人的主力，沿着瓦尔塔河前线对抗下波森和上西里西亚，而俄国军队的平衡则转向了加利西亚的奥匈帝国军队。
Against these Von Hindenburg had three distinct armies which were available for offensive purposes.
冯·兴登堡拥有三支不同的军队来对抗这些军队，可用于进攻目的。
The central army under General von Mackensen was concentrated between Thorn and the Warta River; a southern army had been formed north of Cracow and along the Upper Silesian border, and was made up chiefly of Austro-Hungarian forces with a comparatively slight mingling of German troops.
冯·马肯森将军指挥的中央军队集中在托恩和瓦尔塔河之间；一支南方军队已在克拉科夫以北和上西里西亚边境组建，主要由奥匈帝国军队和相对少量的德国军队组成。
North of the Vistula, between Thorn and Soldau, a third and weaker army had been collected for the protection of West Prussia.
在维斯瓦河以北，托恩和索尔道之间，第三支实力较弱的军队被集结起来，以保护西普鲁士。
In Galicia, of course, stood the main body of the Austro-Hungarian forces, and in East Prussia defenses had been prepared which made it possible to leave there weaker formations for defensive purposes only.
当然，奥匈帝国军队的主力驻扎在加利西亚，而东普鲁士已经做好了防御准备，因此可以在那里留下较弱的部队，仅用于防御目的。
The Germans fully appreciated the danger of the Russian numerical superiority.
德国人充分认识到俄罗斯数量优势的危险。
If these mighty forces were once allowed to get fully under way and develop a general offensive along the entire front, the German cause would be as good as lost.
如果一旦让这些大军全面发动，在整个战线上展开总攻，那么德国的事业就等于失败了。
The main object of Von Hindenburg, therefore, was to break this vast offensive power, and he decided to do so by an offensive of his own which, if possible, was to set in ahead of that of the Russians.
因此，冯·兴登堡的主要目标是打破这种巨大的进攻力量，他决定通过自己的进攻来做到这一点，如果可能的话，他的进攻要先于俄罗斯人。
Though the latter most likely had at least one-third more men at their disposal than he, he had one advantage over them, a wonderfully developed network of railroads, running practically parallel to this entire line.
尽管后者的可用人员数量很可能比他多至少三分之一，但他比他们有一个优势，那就是一个非常发达的铁路网络，几乎与整条线路平行。
The Russians, on the other hand, had nothing but roads running from east to west or from north to south, which could be used as feeders only from a central point to a number of points along their semicircular line.
另一方面，俄罗斯人除了从东到西或从北到南的道路之外一无所有，这些道路只能用作从一个中心点到沿半圆线的多个点的支线。
Troops having once been concentrated could be thrown to another point if it was at any distance at all only by sending them back to the central point and then sending them out again on another feeder, or else by long and difficult marches which practically almost took too much time to be of any value.
曾经集中的部队可以被扔到另一个地点，无论距离有多远，只能将他们送回中心点，然后再通过另一条支线再次派出，或者进行漫长而艰难的行军，这实际上几乎花费了太多的时间，没有任何价值。
Von Hindenburg could, if need be, concentrate any number of his forces at a given point, deliver there an attack in force and then concentrate again at another point for a similar purpose, almost before his adversary could suspect his purpose.
如果需要的话，冯·兴登堡可以将任意数量的兵力集中在一个特定地点，在那里发动强力攻击，然后再次集中在另一个地点以达到类似的目的，几乎在他的对手怀疑他的目的之前。
His plan was to attack with his strongest forces under Von Mackensen the weakest point of the Russian line between the Vistula and the Warta, beat them there and then march from the north against the right wing of the main forces of the Russians, which latter was to be kept from advancing too far by the mixed Austrian and German army.
他的计划是用冯·马肯森率领的最强大的部队攻击维斯瓦河和瓦尔塔河之间的俄罗斯防线的最薄弱处，在那里击败他们，然后从北部向俄罗斯主力的右翼进军，后者将被奥地利和德国的混合军队阻止前进太远。
On his two outmost flanks, in East Prussia and East Galicia, nothing but defensive actions were contemplated.
在他最外围的两个侧翼，即东普鲁士和东加利西亚，他只考虑采取防御行动。
The Russian plan was somewhat similar, except that their main attack apparently was to be directed in the south against Cracow, and from there against the immensely important industrial center of Silesia.
俄罗斯的计划有些相似，只是他们的主要攻击显然是在南部针对克拉科夫，然后从那里针对西里西亚极其重要的工业中心。
At the same time, they intended to press as hard as possible their attacks in East Prussia and Galicia in order to force a weakening of the German center.
与此同时，他们打算尽可能猛烈地进攻东普鲁士和加利西亚，以削弱德国的中心力量。
CHAPTER LXXIX
第六十九章
WINTER BATTLES OF THE POLISH CAMPAIGN
波兰战役的冬季战役
During November and December, 1914, and January, 1915, much of the fighting which took place on this immense front consisted of engagements between comparatively small formations, and is very difficult to follow in detail.
1914 年 11 月和 12 月以及 1915 年 1 月期间，在这条广阔的战线上发生的大部分战斗都是由相对较小的编队之间的交战组成，因此很难详细了解。
For convenience we shall consider first the fighting in Poland, and then separately that in East Prussia, although, of course, they were carried on concurrently.
为了方便起见，我们将首先考虑波兰的战斗，然后单独考虑东普鲁士的战斗，尽管当然，它们是同时进行的。
On November 10, 1914, the Germans had reached Komn on the Warta, where it met a small Russian force, of which it captured 500 men and machine guns.
1914 年 11 月 10 日，德军到达瓦尔塔河上的科姆，在那里遇到了一支小规模的俄军，俘获了其中 500 名士兵和机枪。
Two days later, November 12, the Russians crossed the Warta, and their advance troops, chiefly cavalry, had almost reached Kalish on the East Prussian border.
两天后，即11月12日，俄军越过瓦尔塔河，他们的先头部队（主要是骑兵）几乎到达东普鲁士边境的卡利什。
On that day, however, they were forced back again a short distance.
然而那天，他们又被迫后退了一小段距离。
Similar engagements took place at various points along the entire line, chiefly for the purpose of testing their respective strength.
类似的交战在全线的各个地点都发生过，主要是为了测试各自的实力。
November 14, 1914, however, saw the first more extensive fighting.
然而，1914 年 11 月 14 日，发生了第一次更大规模的战斗。
Von Mackensen's group had reached by that time Wloclawek on the western bank of the Vistula and slightly east of the Thorn-Lowitz railroad, about thirty miles from Thorn.
冯·马肯森的队伍此时已经到达维斯瓦河西岸、索恩-洛维茨铁路稍东的弗洛克拉维克，距离索恩约三十英里。
One of the Russian army corps of General Russky's group made a determined stand.
俄罗斯将军集团的一支俄罗斯军团做出了坚定的立场。
However, it was forced to fall back and lost 1,500 prisoners and some ten machine guns.
然而，他们被迫撤退并损失了1500名俘虏和约10挺机枪。
The Germans followed up this gain by pressing with all their power against the right wing of the Russian center army.
德国人紧随其后，全力压制俄罗斯中央军的右翼。
For two or three days the battle raged along a front running from Wloclawek south to Kutno, a distance of about thirty miles.
战斗沿着从弗洛克拉维克向南延伸到库特诺的一条战线进行了两三天，距离大约三十英里。
Both of these country towns are situated on the strategically very important railroad from Thorn to Warsaw by way of Lowitz.
这两个乡村城镇都位于从托恩经洛维茨到华沙的战略上非常重要的铁路上。
The Russians had two or three army corps in this sector, including the one that had been forced back from Wloclawek.
俄罗斯人在这一地区有两到三个军团，其中包括从弗洛茨瓦维克被迫撤回的军团。
The Germans undoubtedly were in superior force at this particular point, and were therefore able to press their attack to great advantage.
德国人在这一点上无疑拥有优势兵力，因此能够以极大的优势进行进攻。
The final result was a falling back of the entire Russian right to the Bzura River after both sides had lost thousands in killed and wounded, and the Russians were obliged to leave over 20,000 men, 70 machine guns, and some larger guns in the hands of the Germans.
最终的结果是，在双方伤亡数千人之后，整个俄军右翼撤退至布楚拉河，俄军被迫将 20,000 多人、70 挺机枪和一些大型火炮留在德军手中。
Von Mackensen was rewarded for this victory by being raised to the rank of "general oberst," which in the German army is only one remove from field marshal.
冯·马肯森因这次胜利而被提升为“上将军衔”，这在德国军队中只是陆军元帅的一级晋升。
In a measure separate battles in this Polish campaign sink, at this time, into insignificance.
在某种程度上，这次波兰战役中的各个战役此时都变得无足轻重了。
For the total number of men involved, the extent of the battle ground, the frequency of engagements which under any other circumstances would, without any doubt, have been considered battles of the first magnitude, stamped them at this time as "minor actions." The fighting, however, was as furious as at any time, the hardships as severe as anywhere, and the valor on both sides as great as ever.
就涉及的总人数、战场范围、交战频率而言，在任何其他情况下，毫无疑问，这些都将被视为第一规模的战斗，这些在此时都被标记为“小规模行动”。然而，战斗一如既往的激烈，困难一如既往的严峻，双方的英勇程度一如既往。
Again the wonderful mobility of the German army organization was one of the strongest features.
德国军队组织的出色机动性再次成为最强大的特征之一。
A French critic says of the fighting in Poland at this time that "it was the most stirring since Napoleonic times.
一位法国评论家谈到当时波兰的战斗时说，“这是自拿破仑时代以来最激动人心的一场。
It forced generals to make movements and to change and improvise plans to an extent which war history never before had registered." Dr. Boehm, the war correspondent of the "Berliner Tageblatt," says that the advance was so fast that the infantry frequently had no time to lay down before firing, but had to do so standing or kneeling.
它迫使将军们采取行动、改变和即兴制定计划，其程度是战争历史上从未记录过的。” 《柏林日报》战地记者博姆博士表示，进攻速度如此之快，以至于步兵在开火前常常没有时间躺下，而不得不站着或跪着。
Artillery most of the time moved on to a new position after having fired only a few shots.
大多数时候，炮兵只发射了几枪后就会转移到新的阵地。
He also mentions the many cadavers of horses that could be seen everywhere.
他还提到随处可见的许多马尸。
Some of these, of course, were the victims of rifle or gun fire.
当然，其中一些人是步枪或枪支射击的受害者。
But more had a small round hole in their forehead where the shot of mercy out of their own master's revolver had put them out of their misery.
但更多的人额头上有一个小圆洞，他们主人的左轮手枪射出的怜悯使他们摆脱了痛苦。
For the condition of the roads was such that, chiefly on account of the rapidity of the advance, large numbers of horses would fall down, weakened and often with broken legs.
由于道路的状况，主要是由于行进速度太快，大量马匹会摔倒，变得虚弱，而且常常断腿。
Among one of the minor results of the battle of Kutno, necessitating the hurried withdrawal of the Russians, was the capture of the governor of Warsaw, General von Korff.
库特诺战役的次要结果之一是俘虏了华沙总督冯·科尔夫将军，俄军被迫紧急撤退。
He was surprised in his automobile by a troop of German cavalry toward which he was driving apparently in the belief that they were Russians.
在他的车里，他对一队德国骑兵感到惊讶，他显然相信他们是俄罗斯人，正驱车驶向这群德国骑兵。
During this period the Russians made an attack against the Germans between Soldau and Thorn.
在此期间，俄罗斯人对索尔道和托恩之间的德国人发动了进攻。
The left wing of this group was advancing along the right bank of the Vistula against Thorn, but was successfully stopped by the Germans at Lipno and thrown back in the direction of Plock.
该集团的左翼沿着维斯瓦河右岸向托恩推进，但在利普诺被德军成功阻止，并被击退到普沃茨克方向。
By November 16, 1914, the Russians had lost in that sector a total of about 5,000 prisoners with a proportionate number of machine guns.
到 1914 年 11 月 16 日，俄国人在该地区总共损失了大约 5,000 名囚犯，并配备了相应数量的机枪。
In general throughout the entire fighting in this territory the Russian losses by capture were astonishingly high.
总的来说，在该地区的整个战斗中，俄罗斯人因被俘而遭受的损失高得惊人。
Of course, the Germans, too, lost men in this manner; but being in the offensive they suffered less, while the Russians, continually forced to fall back, often found it impossible to withdraw advanced formations in time.
当然，德国人也以这种方式失去了人员。但由于处于进攻之中，他们遭受的损失较小，而俄罗斯人则不断被迫后撤，常常发现无法及时撤回先进部队。
Further to the north the Russians had reached the border along the Warsaw-Danzig railroad.
再往北，俄国人已经沿着华沙-但泽铁路到达边境。
An attempt to cross and take Soldau, however, miscarried, and on November 18 they fell back for the time being on Mlawa.
然而，穿越并占领索尔道的尝试失败了，11 月 18 日，他们暂时撤退到姆拉瓦。
By this time the Russian defense had stiffened.
此时，俄罗斯的防御已经加强。
Von Mackensen was now well fifty miles within Russian territory.
冯·马肯森现在已经在俄罗斯领土内五十英里处了。
But for the next few weeks the Bzura was used with great success as a natural line of defense by the Russians.
但在接下来的几周里，布祖拉被俄罗斯人成功地用作天然防线。
From the 18th to the 30th of November, 1914, the fighting continued without pause along the entire line.
1914年11月18日至30日，全线战斗持续不断。
In the north of the central group it centered around Plock, in the center of the same group around the important railroad junction Lowitz, and in the south once more around Lodz.
在中央集团的北部，它以普沃茨克为中心，在同一集团的中心，以重要的铁路枢纽洛维茨为中心，在南部，又以罗兹为中心。
One day would bring some advantages to the Russians, the next day to the Germans.
有一天会给俄罗斯人带来一些优势，第二天就会给德国人带来一些优势。
Much of this fighting assumed the character of trench warfare, though, naturally, not to the extent that this had taken place on the western front.
这场战斗的大部分内容都呈现出堑壕战的特征，但自然地，其程度并不像发生在西线的那样。
By December 1, 1914, the troops under Von Mackensen fighting around Lodz and Lowitz claimed to have captured a total of 80,000 men, 70 guns, 160 munition wagons, and 150 machine guns.
到 1914 年 12 月 1 日，冯·马肯森率领的部队在罗兹和洛维茨周围作战，声称总共俘获了 8 万名士兵、70 门大炮、160 辆弹药车和 150 挺机枪。
Still further down south the Austro-German group had much the same kind of work to do.
再往南，奥德集团也要做同样的工作。
The fighting there centered first around Czestechowa, and later around Novo Radowsk.
那里的战斗首先以琴斯特霍瓦为中心，后来又以新拉多夫斯克为中心。
About the end of November, 1914, it looked for a time as if the Russians were gaining the upper hand.
1914 年 11 月底左右，俄罗斯一度似乎占据了上风。
After they had fallen back to the Bzura, Von Hindenburg directed, with part of his left wing, an attack against Lodz from the north.
他们撤回布祖拉后，冯·兴登堡指挥其左翼的一部分从北部进攻罗兹。
Success of this move would mean grave danger to the entire central group of the Russians, the Warta Army.
这一行动的成功将意味着俄罗斯整个核心集团——瓦塔军——面临严重危险。
It threatened not only its right wing, but would also bring German forces in the back of its center and cut off its retreat to Warsaw.
它不仅威胁到其右翼，而且还将把德军带到其中心的后方，并切断其向华沙的退路。
The Russian commander recognized the danger, and immediately began to throw strong reenforcements toward Lodz from Warsaw.
俄罗斯指挥官意识到了危险，立即开始从华沙向罗兹派遣强大的增援部队。
To meet these Von Hindenburg formed a line from Lowitz through Strykow to Brzeziny.
为了迎接这些人，冯·兴登堡形成了一条从洛维茨经斯特里科夫到布热济内的防线。
A Russian success would mean immediate withdrawal of these forces from their attack against Lodz, and possibly have even more important results.
俄罗斯的成功将意味着这些部队立即撤出对罗兹的攻击，并可能产生更重要的结果。
At the last moment the Russians brought up reenforcements from the south, and with them almost surrounded one of the German army corps which had advanced about ten miles to the southeast of Brzeziny to Karpin.
在最后一刻，俄国人从南方调来了增援部队，他们几乎包围了一个从布热济内东南向卡尔平前进约十英里的德国军团。
For three days it looked as if this corps would either be annihilated or captured, but at last it succeeded in breaking through by way of Galkow to Brzeziny not only with comparatively small losses of its own, but with a few thousand of captured Russians.
三天来，这个军团看起来要么被歼灭，要么被俘虏，但最后它成功地从加尔科夫突破到布热济内，不仅自己的损失相对较小，而且还俘虏了几千名俄国人。
For eighteen days the fighting lasted before Lodz.
罗兹前的战斗持续了十八天。
The Russians resisted this time most stubbornly.
这次俄罗斯人的抵抗最为顽强。
They had thrown up strong fortifications around the entire town, which they used as a base for continuous counterattacks.
他们在整个城镇周围构筑了坚固的防御工事，以此作为不断反击的基地。
As late as December 5, 1914, fighting was still going on, but finally that night the Russians made good their withdrawal, and on the 6th the Germans were once more in Lodz.
直到 1914 年 12 月 5 日，战斗仍在继续，但最终在那天晚上，俄国人完成了撤退，德国人于 6 日再次进入罗兹。
This was partly the result of an unsuccessful attempt on the part of the Russians to relieve Lodz from the south.
这在一定程度上是由于俄罗斯人试图从南部解救罗兹，但没有成功。
Between the battle ground around Lodz and that on which the most southern Austro-German group under the Austrian General, Boehm-Ermolli, was fighting there was a slight gap.
罗兹周围的战场与奥地利将军博姆-埃尔莫利率领的最南端的奥德集团作战的战场之间存在着微小的差距。
Through this--just west of Piotrkow--an attack could be made against the right wing of Von Mackensen's army.
通过这里——就在皮奥特科夫以西——可以对冯·马肯森军队的右翼发起攻击。
To meet this stroke a small separate army was formed under the command of the Austrian cavalry general, Von Tersztyansky, consisting of one German brigade, one Austro-Hungarian brigade, and a cavalry division.
为了应对这一打击，在奥地利骑兵将军冯·泰尔什蒂安斯基（Von Tersztyansky）的指挥下组建了一支小型独立军队，由一个德国旅、一个奥匈帝国旅和一个骑兵师组成。
This shows the close cooperation which existed at that time between the forces of the Central Powers.
这表明了当时同盟国势力之间存在着密切的合作。
This new army group took in the first days of December 19, 1914, some of the smaller places west and south of Piotrkow.
1914 年 12 月 19 日的第一天，这支新集团军占领了皮奥特科夫以西和以南的一些较小的地方。
From then on until December 15, 1914, fighting went on day and night.
此后至1914年12月15日，战斗日夜持续。
One small village--Augustijnow--changed hands three times within one day--December 8, 1914--remaining finally in the possession of the Austro-Germans.
1914 年 12 月 8 日，奥古斯提诺 (Augustijnow) 这座小村庄在一天之内易手 3 次，最终仍属于奥德两国。
In the evening of the 15th Piotrkow was finally taken by storm.
15日晚，皮奥特科终于被攻陷。
This not only prevented any further attack against Von Mackensen's right, but also gave the Austro-Germans possession of the railroad from Cracow to Warsaw as far as Piotrkow, and secured to them the most important crossings over the Pilitza.
这不仅阻止了对冯·马肯森右翼的进一步攻击，而且使奥德占领了从克拉科夫到华沙直至皮奥特科夫的铁路，并确保了他们跨越皮利察河最重要的过境点。
This long-continued fighting, lasting almost the entire twenty-four hours of every day and being accompanied by very severe artillery duels, spelled ruin to very many of the towns and villages involved; especially a large number of the latter in the immediate vicinity of Lodz suffered terribly.
这场长期持续的战斗，几乎每天持续二十四小时，并伴随着非常激烈的炮火对决，给许多参与其中的城镇和村庄带来了毁灭性的打击。尤其是罗兹附近的大量后者遭受了可怕的苦难。
In many of them not a single house or hut was left standing, and thousands of Polish peasants, who even at the best had no superfluity of riches, were deprived of everything they possessed.
在许多地方，连一栋房子或小屋都没有留下，成千上万的波兰农民，即使在最好的情况下也没有多余的财富，却被剥夺了他们所拥有的一切。
Fire added to the terror; for most of the houses were covered with straw, and the destruction of one was usually quickly followed by the burning of all others within reach.
火灾加剧了恐怖；因为大多数房屋都用稻草覆盖，一栋房屋被毁后，附近所有其他房屋通常都会被烧毁。
The losses of the Russians were not only very heavy in prisoners, but also in wounded and killed, although in the latter respect the invading armies suffered almost as severely.
俄国人的损失不仅在俘虏方面非常惨重，而且在伤亡方面也很严重，尽管在后者方面，入侵军队也遭受了同样严重的损失。
Generals Scheidemann and Welitschko, both corps commanders, lost their lives, while it was reported that General Rennenkampf, who failed to come to the rescue of Lodz in time, was placed before a court-martial.
军长谢德曼将军和韦利琴科将军丧生，而据报道，雷南坎普夫将军因未能及时救援罗兹而被送上军事法庭。
After Lodz had been occupied on December 6, 1914, Von Mackensen's army followed the retreating Russians.
1914 年 12 月 6 日罗兹被占领后，冯·马肯森的军队跟随撤退的俄罗斯人。
The latter offered the most stubborn resistance and a great deal of very close fighting took place.
后者提供了最顽强的抵抗，并发生了大量非常近距离的战斗。
In many instances the Russian rear guard dug itself in wherever the ground offered possibilities to do so quickly and then frequently protected its positions with barbed wire.
在许多情况下，俄罗斯后卫部队会在任何有可能的地方快速挖掘自己的阵地，然后经常用铁丝网保护自己的阵地。
The storming of these of course caused the Germans heavy losses and delayed them sufficiently to allow the Russians to withdraw in good order.
这些猛攻当然给德军造成了重大损失，并充分拖延了他们的时间，使俄军能够有序撤退。
For the possession of Lowitz, one of the most important railroad junctions west of Warsaw, the battle raged more than two weeks.
为了占领华沙以西最重要的铁路枢纽之一洛维茨，战斗持续了两周多。
It began as early as November 25, 1914, but it was not until about December 15, 1914, that the Russians gave up this point.
早在1914年11月25日就开始了，但直到1914年12月15日左右，俄国人才放弃了这一点。
They had thrown up very strong fortifications on all sides of the town and the Germans under General von Morgen had to bring up a strong force of artillery before they could reduce the place.
他们在城镇的四面八方筑起了非常坚固的防御工事，冯·摩根将军领导下的德国人必须调动强大的炮兵部队才能攻克这个地方。
The result was that this little town which had been in the thick of the fighting so many times was finally almost entirely destroyed and the outlying countryside became a scene of the most complete and terrible devastation.
结果，这座经历了多次激烈战斗的小镇最终几乎被彻底摧毁，而边远的乡村则成为了最彻底、最可怕的破坏场景。
Some of the most violent fighting before Warsaw occurred at this time along the upper Bzura and its southern tributary, the Rawka.
华沙之前的一些最激烈的战斗就发生在布祖拉河上游及其南部支流拉卡河沿岸。
The Russian line ran now almost straight from the influx of the Bzura into the Vistula, along the east bank of the former through Sochaczev, then along the east bank of Rawka through Skierniewice and Rawa, from there along some hills to the river Pilitza, crossing it at Inovolodz, through Opoczno and along the River Nida to the Vistula and beyond it through Tarnow into Galicia.
俄罗斯的战线现在几乎是笔直地从布祖拉河流入维斯瓦河，沿着前者的东岸穿过索哈切夫，然后沿着拉卡东岸穿过斯基尔涅维采和拉瓦，从那里沿着一些山丘到达皮利察河，在伊诺沃洛兹渡过它，穿过奥波兹诺，沿着尼达河到达维斯瓦河，再经过塔尔努夫进入加利西亚。
In spite of their strong intrenchments and their heroic fighting the Russians were gradually, though very slowly, forced back.
尽管他们有坚固的工事和英勇的战斗，俄罗斯人还是逐渐地、虽然非常缓慢地被迫后退。
A great deal of this fighting was trench warfare of the most stubborn type.
这场战斗的大部分都是最顽固的堑壕战。
This necessarily meant that for weeks the line wavered.
这必然意味着该路线将动摇数周。
One day the Germans would force a passage across one, or perhaps all, of the rivers at one or more points, only to be thrown back the next day and to have the Russians follow their example with an offensive excursion on the west bank.
有一天，德国人会在一个或多个地点强行渡过一条或全部河流，但第二天就会被击退，俄罗斯人也会效仿他们的做法，在西岸发起进攻。
These continually changing "victories" and "defeats" make it next to impossible to follow in full all the developments along this line.
这些不断变化的“胜利”和“失败”使得我们几乎不可能完全跟踪这条路线的所有发展。
By December 25, 1914, the Germans held Skierniewice; by December 27, 1914, Inovolodz; by January 3, 1915, Rawa; by January 5, 1915, Bolimow.
1914 年 12 月 25 日，德军占领斯基尔涅维采； 1914 年 12 月 27 日，伊诺沃洛兹； 1915 年 1 月 3 日，拉哇； 1915 年 1 月 5 日，博利莫。
Throughout the entire month of January, 1915, the most ferocious fighting continued around all these places, and many of them changed hands two or three times.
1915年1月整整一个月，所有这些地方都在持续着最激烈的战斗，其中许多地方易手了两三次。
Both sides very freely used the protecting darkness of night to make attacks, and this naturally added a great deal to the hardships which the troops had to suffer.
双方都非常肆无忌惮地利用夜色的保护进行攻击，这自然给部队增添了不少的苦难。
It must also not be forgotten that by this time winter had set in in earnest.
还不能忘记，此时冬天已经真正来临了。
Snow covered the ground and a very low temperature called for the most heroic endurance on the part of everybody.
大雪覆盖了大地，极低的气温要求大家拿出最强的忍耐力。
One of the American war correspondents, who at this time was with the Russian forces before Warsaw, gives a very vivid description of a night cannonade in the neighborhood of Blouie: "The fire of the German cannons is unbearable.
一位当时与俄罗斯军队一起前往华沙的美国战地记者，对布卢伊附近的夜间炮火进行了非常生动的描述：“德国大炮的火力令人难以忍受。
Night grows darker and darker.
夜变得越来越黑。
Everywhere, in a great circle, the country is lighted up by camp fires which send their flames toward heaven in a cloud of smoke.
整个国家到处都被篝火照亮，围成一个大圈，篝火在烟雾中将火焰送向天空。
These little red spots throw everywhere a fiery glow over the snow, and down upon this wonderful color symphony the moon pours its weak, ghostlike light through a curtain of clouds so that people seem to float away as in a dream.
这些小红点在雪地上洒满了火红的光芒，月亮透过云幕倾泻出微弱的、幽灵般的光芒，让人仿佛在梦中飘然飘去，谱写着这美妙的色彩交响曲。
In the foggy twilight three battalions march to the front....
在雾蒙蒙的暮色中，三个营开赴前线……
The noise of the gunfire penetrates to us in separate, spasmodic outbreaks.
枪声断断续续地传到我们耳中。
Flashes of fire flare up on the horizon....
地平线上，火光冲天……
Gradually we come closer and closer to the firing line.
渐渐地，我们离火线越来越近了。
Now we are only two or three miles away from the firing batteries.
现在我们距离发射炮台只有两三英里了。
We turn toward the west and there a magnificent battle panorama lies before our eyes.
我们转向西方，一幅壮丽的战斗全景展现在我们的眼前。
The moon sheds just enough light through the clouds to make it possible to recognize the shadows on the snow.
月亮透过云层发出的光刚好足以识别雪上的阴影。
The flat, white field is lined with a seam of black trees.
平坦的白色田野两旁是黑色的树缝。
Behind these thin woods stand the cannons.
这些稀疏的树林后面矗立着大炮。
They stretch out in a long line, as far as the eye reaches, and their irregular positions are shown by the red tongues of fire which flare up again and again.
它们排成一长列，一直延伸到目力所及的地方，一次又一次地燃烧的红色火舌显示出它们不规则的位置。
The noise of the battle, which had sounded all around us, has now swollen into the roaring thunder of cannons.
原本在我们周围响起的战斗声，现在已经变成了炮火的轰鸣。
At a short distance, where the sky seems to touch the field, other flashes flare up, these are the German cannons.
在不远的地方，天空似乎触碰到了田野，其他闪光突然爆发，这些是德国大炮。
Sometimes as many as four of these flashes break forth at one time and tear the dull twilight with their glaring brightness.
有时，多达四道闪光同时爆发，以其耀眼的亮度撕裂沉闷的暮色。
For a moment all the surrounding country with its phantastic shadows and its darting lights is submerged in blinding brilliancy; then another glittering light captures the eye.
一时间，周围所有的乡村都笼罩在梦幻般的阴影和闪烁的灯光之中，淹没在令人眼花缭乱的光辉之中。然后，另一道闪烁的光芒吸引了人们的目光。
It is a bursting rocket which breaks up into thousands of little stars and illuminates the vast field of snow everywhere so that it glitters and glares.
这是一枚爆炸的火箭，分裂成数千颗小星星，照亮了广阔的雪原，闪闪发光，耀眼夺目。
"But again another light appears in the dusky sky.
“但昏暗的天空中又出现了另一道光。
A spray of gold!
一喷黄金！
That is an exploding shrapnel, and almost at the same point three more of these missiles burst into their reddish golden glow.
那是爆炸的弹片，几乎在同一时刻，另外三枚此类导弹爆发出微红的金色光芒。
Then the giant arm of a searchlight is thrust out into the midst of the foggy, swelling atmosphere and shows houses, fences and paths with an unsparing clearness.
然后探照灯的巨大手臂伸入雾气弥漫的气氛中，清晰地显示出房屋、栅栏和小路。
Irresolutely the mighty finger of light wanders across the plain as if it were searching for something and could not find it.
巨大的光之手指犹豫不决地在平原上徘徊，仿佛在寻找什么，却找不到。
At last it throws its coldling, shining ray on a defile and rests there.
最后，它把冰冷而闪亮的光芒投射到一道隘口上，并停在那里。
And suddenly out of the darkness there flares up a multitude of little flashes which look from the distance as if innumerable matches were struck and gave off sparks.
突然，黑暗中出现了许多小闪光，从远处看去，就好像无数的火柴被划动并发出火花。
The sparks run in a straight line, and these bounding lights show the position of the trenches.
火花沿直线运行，这些边界灯显示了战壕的位置。
Another line of sparks puts in appearance, seemingly only a short distance away.
另一条火花出现，距离似乎只有很短的距离。
That is formed by the battalions of the advancing, attacking enemy.
这是由前进、进攻的敌人的营组成的。
Then suddenly a ribbon of flame cuts through the shadows, and the sharp echo of machine guns bites into the night air.
突然，一条火带划破了阴影，机枪的尖锐回声刺入了夜空。
But so immensely far spreads the battle panorama that the eye is able to fix only small sections at a time...."
但战斗全景实在是太远了，以至于眼睛一次只能看到一小部分……”
Among the many small villages and towns in this small sector between Warsaw and Lowitz, Bolimow saw the most furious fighting.
在华沙和洛维茨之间这个小区域的许多小村庄和城镇中，博利莫经历了最激烈的战斗。
Almost step by step the Russians fought here the German advance, and when finally they gave way for a mile or less after days and nights of grueling fighting, they did so only to throw up immediately new defenses and force the invaders to repeat their onslaught again and again.
俄国人几乎是一步一步地在这里与德国人的进攻进行战斗，经过几天几夜的艰苦战斗，当他们最终让路一英里或更短的时候，他们这样做只是为了立即建立新的防御，迫使入侵者一次又一次地重复攻击。
At any other time of the year this part of the country would have yielded little ground for fighting; for it is covered extensively with swamps.
在一年中的任何其他时间，该地区的这一地区几乎没有任何战斗场地。因为它被大面积的沼泽覆盖。
But now the bitter cold of midwinter had covered these with ice solid enough to bear men and even guns.
但现在仲冬的严寒已经将这些冰雪覆盖得足够坚固，可以容纳人员甚至枪支。
On January 28, 1915, the Germans at last threw the Russians out of their strong intrenchments at Bolimow.
1915 年 1 月 28 日，德国人终于将俄罗斯人从博利莫的坚固工事中赶了出来。
But others had already been prepared a short distance to the east, at a small village, Humin.
但其他人已经在东部不远的胡敏小村庄做好了准备。
The attack on this particular position began in the morning of the last day of January, 1915.
对这个特定阵地的攻击是从 1915 年 1 月最后一天早上开始的。
For three days the battle raged until, late in the afternoon of February 2, 1915, the Germans took Humin by storm.
战斗持续了三天，直到 1915 年 2 月 2 日下午晚些时候，德国人猛攻胡明。
At times it is difficult to decide whether battles involving vast fronts and equally vast numbers, or those fought in a small space and by comparatively small numbers are the more heroic and ferocious.
有时很难判断，是战线广阔、人数众多的战斗，还是狭小空间、人数较少的战斗更英勇、更凶猛。
In the latter case, of course, individual valor becomes not only much more noticeable, but also much more important and details that are swallowed up by the great objects for which great battles are usually fought stand out much more clearly.
当然，在后一种情况下，个人的勇气不仅变得更加引人注目，而且也变得更加重要，而那些被伟大目标所吞噬的细节也更加清晰地显现出来。
It will, therefore, be interesting to hear from an eyewitness, the war correspondent of one of the greatest German dailies, the "Kölnische Zeitung," what happened during the three days' battle of Humin:
因此，听听目击者、德国最大的日报之一《科隆日报》的战地记者讲述胡敏战役三天期间发生的事情将会很有趣：
"It was seven o'clock in the morning of January 31, 1915.
“那是 1915 年 1 月 31 日早上七点。
Punctually, in accordance the orders given out the previous evening, the first shot rang out into the snowy air of the gray morning at this hour from a battery drawn up some distance back.
按照前一天晚上下达的命令，第一枪准时地从远处远处的炮台中打响，在这个时刻，灰蒙蒙的早晨，雪白的空气中响起了第一声枪响。
Like a call of awakening it roared along, and fifteen minutes later when it had called everyone to the guns--exactly to the minute the time decided on by general orders--the battle day of January 31, 1915, began with a monstrous tumult.
它像唤醒的呼唤一样呼啸而过，十五分钟后，当它号召所有人上枪时——正是一般命令决定的时间——1915 年 1 月 31 日的战斗日在一场可怕的骚乱中开始了。
With truly a hellish din the concert of battle started.
随着一阵真正地狱般的喧闹，战斗开始了。
A huge number of batteries had been drawn up and sent their iron "blessing" into the ranks of the Russians.
大量的电池已经被拉出来，并将他们的铁“祝福”送入俄罗斯人的队伍中。
Field batteries, 15-centimeter howitzers, 10-centimeter guns, 21-centimeter mortars, and, to complete the wealth of variety, 30-centimeter mortars of the allied Austrians joyfully shouted the morning song of artillery.
野战炮台、15厘米榴弹炮、10厘米火炮、21厘米迫击炮，以及种类丰富的30厘米迫击炮，奥军联军欢快地喊出了炮兵的晨歌。
A dull noise roared around Bolimow, for in back of the town, before it, to the right and to the left, stood the various guns in groups of batteries, and through the air passed a shrill whistle.
一阵沉闷的噪音在博利莫周围咆哮，因为在城镇的后面，在它的前面，左右两侧，排列着成群的各种枪支，空气中传出尖锐的哨声。
But it was not only their hellish din which made one tremble and start up, but even more so the dismal, powerfully exciting howl of the gigantic missile of the great mortars, chasing up and 'way into the air almost perpendicular.
但让人浑身颤抖、惊恐的不仅仅是它们那地狱般的喧嚣，更让人心惊胆战的是巨大迫击炮发射的巨大导弹发出的凄凉而又令人兴奋的嚎叫声，它几乎垂直地追上天空。
It sounded each time as if a giant risen from out of the very bowels of the earth sent up great sobs.
每一次听起来都像是一个从地底深处升起的巨人发出巨大的抽泣声。
Like a wild chase of unbridled, unchained elements the powerful missile shot up high from the gun barrel.
就像一场不受约束、不受束缚的狂野追逐一样，强大的导弹从枪管中高高射出。
"A shriek of the most horrible kind, a trembling and shaking started in the wildly torn air, a continual pounding, hissing whirlwind shot up like a hurricane, lasted for seconds and disappeared in the distance like some monstrous mystery.
“一阵最可怕的尖叫声，剧烈撕裂的空气开始颤抖，一股持续不断的冲击声、嘶嘶声的旋风像飓风一样猛冲而上，持续了几秒钟，然后像某种可怕的神秘一样消失在远处。
Surrounded by a glare of fire, encircled by blinding light, licked by sheaves of flames, the short barrel of the mortar drew back at the moment of firing.
迫击炮的短炮管被耀眼的火光包围，周围被耀眼的光芒包围，被一束束火焰舔舐，在开火的那一刻就缩了回来。
Clouds of dust rose; they mixed gray with brown, with the smoke of gunpowder which hid from sight for a few moments the entire gun, and then it rained down from the air, for whole minutes, the tiny pieces into which the cover of the charge had been torn.
尘土飞扬；它们混合着灰色和棕色，还有火药的烟雾，有一会儿整支枪就看不见了，然后它从空中如雨点般落下，整整几分钟，炸药盖被撕成碎片。
After every shot of the big mortars, the heavy howitzers and the 21-centimeter mortars--which usually are the loud talkers in an artillery battle--could hardly make themselves heard.
大型迫击炮每次发射后，通常是炮战中的大声说话的重型榴弹炮和21厘米迫击炮就几乎听不见了。
An entire battery of them could not drown the noise of _one_ shot from an Austrian mortar.
整个炮组都无法淹没奥地利迫击炮的一发子弹的噪音。
It sounded like a hoarse but weak bark as compared with this gigantic instrument of death and destruction.
与这巨大的死亡和毁灭之器相比，它听起来像是一种嘶哑而微弱的吠叫。
"During the morning the sky cleared; this enabled the observers to sight more accurately.
“早晨，天空放晴；这使得观察者能够更准确地观察。
Orders were sent over the telephone; the telescope controlled the effect of the gunfire, and one could see plainly how, in a distance of a few miles, the hail of shot descended on the enemy's trenches.
订单是通过电话发送的；望远镜控制着炮火的效果，人们可以清楚地看到几英里外的弹雨如何落在敌人的战壕上。
'Way up towered the geysers of earth when the shot struck home.
当子弹击中目标时，地面上的间歇泉高耸入云。
Above the Russian trenches lay a long white cloud of powder forming a great wall of waves.
俄罗斯战壕上方有一长长的白色粉末云，形成一道巨大的波浪墙。
The dull thunder of the guns was tremendous.
枪声沉闷，震耳欲聋。
It whistled and howled, it cried and moaned, it roared like the surf of the ocean, like the terrifying growl of a thunderstorm, and then it threw back a hundredfold clear echo.
它吹口哨、嚎叫、哭泣、呻吟，像海浪般咆哮，像雷暴的可怕咆哮，然后又反射出百倍清晰的回声。
In between came the dull crack of the Russian shrapnel.
其间传来俄罗斯弹片的沉闷爆裂声。
They broke in the broad, swampy lowlands of the Rawka; they pierced the cover of ice which broke with a tremendous noise while dark fountains of bog water gushed up from the ground.
他们闯入了拉卡河广阔、沼泽的低地。他们刺穿了冰层，冰层破裂时发出巨大的声音，同时黑色的沼泽水喷泉从地面喷涌而出。
In front and in back of the German batteries one could see the craters made by the Russian hits; they were dark holes where the hard frozen ground had been broken up into thick, slaglike pieces weighing tons and all over the white cover of snow had been strewn, dark brown and as fine as dust, the torn-up soil.
在德国炮台的前后，人们都可以看到俄罗斯炮击造成的弹坑。它们是黑洞洞的，坚硬的冰冻地面被破碎成数吨重的厚厚的矿渣状碎片，白色的积雪上撒满了深棕色的、细如灰尘的、被撕裂的土壤。
"Then the storm of the trenches set in.
“然后战壕里的风暴开始了。
At a given hour the roar of the guns stopped suddenly.
到了某个时间，枪声突然停止了。
A few minutes later the masses of infantry, held in readiness, arose.
几分钟后，大批做好准备的步兵出现了。
They came up from their trenches, climbed over their walls, sought cover wherever it could be found, and were promptly received by rifle and machine-gun fire from the Russians.
他们从战壕中出来，翻过城墙，在任何能找到的地方寻找掩护，并立即遭到俄罗斯人的步枪和机关枪的射击。
That, however, lasted only a moment; then they advanced in a jump; the attacking line thinned out, stretched itself out and, continually seeking cover, tried to advance.
然而，这种情况只持续了片刻。然后他们跳跃前进。攻击线逐渐稀疏，拉长，不断寻找掩护，试图前进。
A few minutes only and the first Russian trench line was reached.
仅仅几分钟，就到达了俄罗斯的第一条战壕线。
In storm, with bayonet and rifle butt, they came on and broke into the trenches.
在暴风雨中，他们拿着刺刀和枪托，冲进战壕。
They were fighting now man for man.
他们现在正在为人而战。
Then the artillery fire set in again.
然后炮火再次开火。
Again in the afternoon the infantry advanced in storm formation against the head of the village and the trenches flanking it.
下午，步兵再次以风暴队形向村头及其两侧的战壕前进。
From them roared rifle and machine-gun fire against the storming lines.
他们用步枪和机枪向强攻的防线怒吼。
Nothing could avail against these intrenchments.
没有什么可以对抗这些壕沟。
Again artillery was called upon to support the attack.
再次要求炮兵支援进攻。
"It was now five o'clock in the afternoon on January 31, 1915, and the artillery fire still roared over the white plain.
“现在是 1915 年 1 月 31 日下午五点，炮火仍在白色平原上咆哮。
Here and there were a few scattered farms, deeply snowed in.
到处都是零散的一些农场，被厚厚的积雪覆盖。
In the distance stood forests, darkly silhouetted against the sky, covered with heavy, low-hanging snow clouds.
远处矗立着森林，在天空的映衬下呈现出黑色的轮廓，覆盖着厚重的、低垂的雪云。
In between were yawning depths, and farther up other curtains of clouds glowing in the full purple light of the setting sun.
其间是张开的深渊，更远的地方是其他云幕，在夕阳的紫色光芒中闪闪发光。
A wonderful majesty lay on the heavens at that hour.
那时，天上有一种奇妙的威严。
But down on the earth, across the white plain, the fighting German troops still crowded against the enemy.
但在地面上，在白色的平原上，战斗中的德国军队仍然拥挤着与敌人作战。
Again infantry fire started and became the livelier the nearer twilight approached and the deeper evening shadows prepared the coming night.
步兵的火力再次开始，并且随着暮色的临近而变得更加激烈，傍晚的阴影也越来越深，为即将到来的夜晚做好了准备。
"The 1st of February, 1915, the second day of battle, broke damp and cloudy.
“1915 年 2 月 1 日，战斗的第二天，天气潮湿多云。
Once more artillery fire set in.
炮火再次响起。
Later in the morning, just as on the first day, the infantry again attacked.
上午晚些时候，就像第一天一样，步兵再次进攻。
While the roar of the battle went on, some of the men prepared the last resting place for their comrades who had fallen on the previous day.
当战斗的轰鸣声继续进行时，一些人为前一天阵亡的战友准备了最后的安息之地。
Silently this work was done.
这项工作悄无声息地完成了。
Here there were single graves, and then again places where larger numbers were to be put to rest together.
这里有单独的坟墓，也有更多的人被埋葬在一起的地方。
One such grave was dug close to the wall of the cemetery and in it were bedded the dead heroes so that their closed eyes were turned westward--toward home.
在墓地的墙壁附近挖了一个这样的坟墓，里面埋葬着死去的英雄，这样他们闭上的眼睛就会转向西方——转向家乡。
A chaplain found wonderful words at the open grave, blessing the rest of those who had fallen on the field of honor and speaking to their comrades of the joys of battle and of its sorrows while they said farewell to the dead with bared heads.
一位牧师在敞开的坟墓里发现了美妙的话语，祝福其他在荣誉战场上倒下的人，向他们的战友讲述战斗的欢乐和悲伤，同时他们赤着头向死者告别。
"The guns still roared; then they were silent and then roared on again.
“枪声仍在怒吼；然后他们沉默了，然后又继续咆哮。
A remarkable tension was in the air.
空气中弥漫着一种异常紧张的气氛。
In a discord of feelings the day drew to its end, and after that the third day of battle, the 2d of February, dawned with renewed fighting.
在一片不和谐的情绪中，这一天结束了，之后战斗的第三天，即 2 月 2 日，又开始了新的战斗。
It was noon.
当时是中午。
We were sitting at division headquarters, lunching, when the telephone rang loudly.
我们正坐在师部吃午饭，电话突然响了。
With a jump a staff officer was before it.
一名参谋跳到了它前面。
'General, the Russian lines are giving way.' Quickly the general issued his orders.
“将军，俄罗斯防线正在溃退。”很快，将军下达了命令。
Once more the fighting set in with all the available strength and vigor.
战斗再次以所有可用的力量和活力开始。
The thunder of the guns was renewed, and so the third day of battle ended with the storming of the strong Russian positions in Humin and with the occupation of the entire village by the German troops."
枪声再次响起，第三天的战斗以苏军在胡明的坚固阵地的猛攻和德军占领整个村庄而结束。”
After the storming of Humin the Germans took the heights near Borzimow, which commanded the road Bolimow-Warsaw.
攻克胡敏后，德军占领了博尔齐莫夫附近的高地，该高地控制着博利莫夫至华沙的公路。
Here, too, the fighting was very hard.
这里的战斗也非常激烈。
South of Humin, near Wola-Szydlowieca, the Russian lines again were broken on February 3, 1915, after a combined artillery and infantry attack, which began early on February 2, 1915, and lasted for more than twenty-four hours.
1915 年 2 月 3 日，胡敏以南沃拉-西德洛维卡附近的俄军防线再次被突破，1915 年 2 月 2 日凌晨开始，炮兵和步兵联合进攻，持续了 24 个多小时。
The next ten days brought continuous fighting at many points, some of it almost as ferocious as that of which we have just spoken, but none of it yielding any important results to either side.
接下来的十天里，许多地方持续不断地战斗，有些战斗几乎和我们刚才所说的一样激烈，但双方都没有取得任何重要成果。
With the middle of February a lull set in in this sector of the front.
二月中旬，前线的这个区域开始平静。
Of course the fighting did not stop entirely.
当然，战斗并没有完全停止。
But the Germans did not advance farther, and the Russians were unable to break their lines or to force them back anywhere to any appreciable extent.
但德国人并没有进一步推进，而俄罗斯人也无法突破他们的防线，也无法在任何明显的程度上迫使他们后退。
Of course all this fighting took place near enough to Warsaw to be heard there and to fill its inhabitants with terror and fear of a possible siege or attack on the city proper.
当然，所有这些战斗都发生在距离华沙很近的地方，可以在那里听到，并让当地居民充满恐惧，担心城市本身可能遭到围攻或袭击。
Although a great many people had fled to the interior, thousands of others had flocked to the city, especially from those outlying districts that had been overrun by the invaders.
尽管有很多人逃往内陆，但仍有数千人涌入城市，特别是来自那些被入侵者蹂躏的边远地区。
Most of these were practically destitute and without means or opportunity to earn any money.
他们中的大多数人实际上一贫如洗，没有手段或机会赚钱。
The Russian Government did its best to help them, and provided nineteen asylums and thirteen people's kitchens which, it is reported, distributed each day 40,000 portions.
俄罗斯政府竭尽全力帮助他们，提供了19个庇护所和13个人民厨房，据报道每天分发4万份食物。
Wood, coal, and oil gradually became more and more scarce and advanced to very high prices, causing a great deal of suffering, especially among the poorer classes.
木材、煤炭和石油逐渐变得越来越稀缺，价格也上涨到非常高的水平，造成了巨大的痛苦，特别是在较贫困的阶层中。
Again reports of various neutral war correspondents, located at that time in Warsaw, are of great interest.
当时位于华沙的各种中立战地记者的报道再次引起人们极大的兴趣。
Says one: "The thunder of the cannons has started up once more.
其中一人说道：“炮声再次响起。
Only the forts of the belt line of fortresses are still silent.
只有要塞地带的要塞依然寂静无声。
The railroad to Wilanow has been closed.
通往维拉诺的铁路已关闭。
No one is allowed to go beyond Mokotow.
任何人都不得超越莫科托夫。
In front of the two railroad stations silent crowds of people are standing, their features showing their terror.
两个火车站前，静静地站着一群人，脸上露出惊恐的表情。
They stand there like they would at a fire to which the firemen are rushing with their engines and ladders.
他们站在那里，就像在火灾中，消防员正用引擎和梯子冲向火场。
One's feet are like lumps of ice, one's head feels foolish and empty.
脚如冰块，头脑愚蠢而空虚。
Doors and windows in the big new houses in Marshalkowska Street have been boarded up in expectation of the rifle fire.
马沙科夫斯卡街的新大房子的门窗都被用木板封住，以防止步枪射击。
It reminds one of a boat when, before the breaking of the storm, hatches are closed up and sails are trimmed.
它让人想起暴风雨来临之前，舱门关闭、帆收紧的一艘船。
Omnibuses come in loaded with wounded, likewise butcher wagons with similar loads.
公共汽车满载着伤员，屠宰车也满载着类似的货物。
Many of the lighter wounded soldiers limp on foot.
许多轻伤士兵走路一瘸一拐。
With nightfall the entire city falls into darkness--strange, ghostlike.
夜幕降临，整个城市陷入黑暗——诡异、鬼魅。
People creep along the walls with bowed heads.
人们低着头沿着墙壁爬行。
The silence of the night only intensifies the roar of the untiring guns, and they seem then to come closer."
夜晚的寂静只会加剧不倦的枪炮的轰鸣声，他们似乎越来越近了。”
During all this time the German dirigibles and aeroplanes were very active, too, throwing bombs.
在此期间，德国飞艇和飞机也非常活跃，投掷炸弹。
Granville Fortescue pictures the terror spread by them most realistically.
格兰维尔·福蒂斯丘最真实地描绘了他们传播的恐怖。
"Warsaw's inhabitants know now well the meaning of an aeroplane, and whenever they see one approach they run in wild terror into their houses and cellars.
“华沙的居民现在很清楚飞机的含义，每当他们看到飞机接近时，他们都会惊恐地跑进自己的房屋和地窖。
Before every open door pushing, shouting crowds mass themselves, and serious panics are caused when the sharp crack of the exploding bomb shakes and rattles all the windows.
每推开一扇门之前，人群就会聚集起来，大声喊叫，当炸弹爆炸的尖锐爆炸声震动所有窗户并发出嘎嘎声时，就会引起严重的恐慌。
As soon as the danger is passed the curious collect, first with hesitation, then bolder and bolder, around the spot where the bomb fell and gape with terror at the powerful results produced by the explosion.
一旦危险过去，好奇的人们首先犹豫不决，然后越来越大胆地聚集在炸弹落下的地方，对爆炸产生的强大后果感到恐惧。
Here a stretch of the railroad has been destroyed; the walls of the near-by houses are covered with innumerable holes looking like smallpox scars; others, of the splinters from the bomb, have dug themselves deep into the ground and not a single window in the vicinity is unbroken."
这里的一段铁路已被摧毁；附近房屋的墙壁上布满了无数的洞，看起来像天花的疤痕。其他的炸弹碎片则深深地扎入地下，附近没有一扇窗户是完整的。”
A winter of the most bitter misery has closed in on the unfortunate city; miserable-looking shapes by the thousands, without home or food, crowd the narrow, crooked streets.
一个最痛苦的冬天已经逼近了这座不幸的城市。成千上万看起来悲惨的人影，无家可归，没有食物，挤满了狭窄弯曲的街道。
As sand flows through an hourglass, so regiment after regiment, from every part of the vast empire of the czar, streams through the streets which now are black with people.
正如沙子流过沙漏一样，来自沙皇庞大帝国各个角落的一个又一个的军团涌过现在黑压压的街道。
From far-distant Siberia and from the borderlands of Turkestan these gray-clad soldiers pour through Warsaw to the plains of Poland.
这些身穿灰衣的士兵从遥远的西伯利亚和土耳其斯坦边境涌入，穿过华沙到达波兰平原。
In their dull features no trace can be discovered of what they feel or think.
从他们迟钝的表情中看不出他们的感受或想法。
One can study the faces of these Tartars, Mongols, and Caucasians as much as one pleases, there remains always the same mystery.
人们可以随心所欲地研究这些鞑靼人、蒙古人和白种人的面孔，但总是存在着同样的谜团。
Tramp, tramp, tramp--they march from the Kalish station along the railroad until they disappear together with the horizon in a single gray mass--who knows whither, who knows whence?
流浪者，流浪者，流浪者——他们从卡利什车站沿着铁路行进，直到他们与地平线一起消失在一个灰色的团块中——谁知道去往哪里，谁知道从哪里来？
It is at such times that one realizes the magnitude of Russia if one considers that many of them have traveled all the way from the Ural Mountains.
正是在这种时候，如果考虑到他们中的许多人是从乌拉尔山脉长途跋涉而来的，人们就会意识到俄罗斯的幅员辽阔。
Quietness and gloominess now reign in Warsaw's hospitals, in which formerly there was so much life and activity.
华沙的医院里现在充满了安静和阴郁，而以前这里却充满了生机和活力。
The patients have been sent, as far as their condition permitted, into central Russia to recuperate, and at this time only slightly wounded men are brought in.
在病情允许的情况下，这些患者已被送往俄罗斯中部地区休养，目前只收治轻伤人员。
This is a bad sign, for the doctors figure correctly that it indicates that those seriously wounded are left on the battle fields and perish there.
这是一个坏兆头，因为医生们正确地认为，这表明那些重伤员被留在战场上并在那里死去。
The hotels, on the other hand, are full of life.
另一方面，酒店则充满生机。
There officers have settled down; every rank and every branch of the service is represented here, from the grizzly general down to the beardless lieutenant; every province of the immense empire seems to have sent a representative.
那里的军官已经安顿下来；从灰白的将军到没有胡子的中尉，各个军种和各个部门都在这里代表。庞大帝国的每个省份似乎都派出了代表。
You may see there the most fantastic figures: Caucasian colonels with enormous caps, huge mustaches, and black boots, figures which look still exactly like the Muscovian warriors from the days of Napoleon.
你可能会在那里看到最奇特的人物：白人上校，戴着巨大的帽子，留着大胡子，穿着黑色的靴子，这些人物看起来仍然与拿破仑时代的莫斯科战士一模一样。
It strikes one as very strange to hear so many German names borne by these Russian officers.
听到这些俄罗斯军官有这么多德国名字，让人觉得很奇怪。
And while the poor inhabitants of Warsaw await their fate with fear and trembling, the officers are the only ones full of joy, for war is their element and a promising opportunity for thousands of enticing possibilities which peace never brought them.
当华沙的贫困居民带着恐惧和颤抖等待着他们的命运时，军官们是唯一充满喜悦的人，因为战争是他们的要素，也是和平从未给他们带来的数千种诱人可能性的有希望的机会。
During November and December, 1914, both in north and south Poland, continuous fighting went on along the lines.
1914年11月和12月，波兰北部和南部的战线沿线持续不断的战斗。
In south Poland the field of action was at first north of Cracow, between the Rivers Warta and Pilitza, and later between the latter and the River Nida.
在波兰南部，行动范围首先是克拉科夫以北的瓦尔塔河和皮利察河之间，后来是后者和奈达河之间。
But although the result of this fighting--which mainly was in favor of the German-Austrian forces--to a certain extent influenced the result in the central sector to the west of Warsaw, the details of it do not properly call for consideration at this time and place.
不过，尽管这场战斗的结果——主要有利于德奥联军——在一定程度上影响了华沙以西中部地区的战果，但具体细节在此时此地并不值得考虑。
For it was directed much more by the Austrian General Staff than by that of the German armies, the forces involved were preponderantly Austro-Hungarian, and it was more closely connected with the Russian attack on Galicia and the Carpathians than with Von Hindenburg's attack on the Russian center.
因为它更多地是由奥地利总参谋部而不是德国军队指挥的，所涉及的部队主要是奥匈帝国，而且它与俄罗斯对加利西亚和喀尔巴阡山脉的进攻的联系比冯·兴登堡对俄罗斯中心的进攻更为密切。
It will find its proper consideration in another place in connection with the Galician campaign.
它将在与加利西亚战役有关的另一个地方得到适当的考虑。
Suffice it to say here that the Austro-Hungarian forces under Boehm-Ermolli, supported by the German division under General van Woyrsch, carried successfully that part of Von Hindenburg's general plan which had been assigned to it--the protection of the right wing of his central group of troops and the shielding of Cracow from a direct Russian attack.
这里只需说一下，博姆-埃尔莫利领导下的奥匈帝国军队在范·沃尔什将军领导下的德国师的支持下，成功地完成了冯·兴登堡总体计划中分配给它的部分——保护他的中央部队的右翼，并保护克拉科夫免受俄罗斯的直接攻击。
To the north of the central group--north of the Vistula and between it and the Narew--the Germans had assembled, as we have already stated, another group which had as its bases Soldau and Thorn.
在中央集团的北部——维斯瓦河以北、维斯瓦河与纳雷夫河之间——正如我们已经说过的，德国人集结了另一个集团，以索尔道和托恩为基地。
Their chief task was to protect the German provinces of West and East Prussia from a Russian attack from Novo Georgievsk and Warsaw.
他们的主要任务是保护德国西普鲁士和东普鲁士省份免受来自新格奥尔基耶夫斯克和华沙的俄罗斯攻击。
During November, 1914, these forces restricted themselves entirely to defensive fighting along the border.
1914 年 11 月期间，这些部队完全局限于边境沿线的防御性战斗。
With the beginning of December, however, when the Russians had temporarily weakened their forces fighting north of the Vistula in order to send additional support to the defenders of Warsaw, the Germans attempted an advance which for a short time was successful.
然而，到了12月初，当俄罗斯人暂时削弱了维斯瓦河以北的战斗力量，以便向华沙的守军提供额外的支援时，德国人试图进攻，但在短时间内取得了成功。
On December 10, 1914, Przasnysz, about twenty-five miles southeast of Mlawa, was stormed after the latter place had been occupied some time before.
1914 年 12 月 10 日，位于姆拉瓦东南约 25 英里处的普尔扎斯尼什 (Przasnysz) 在前一段时间被占领后遭到袭击。
By December 15, 1914, however, the Russians had again stronger forces at their command for this part of the front, and with them they not only threw the Germans again out of Przasnysz, but forced them to evacuate Mlawa and retire behind their border.
然而，到了 1914 年 12 月 15 日，俄国人在前线的这一部分再次拥有了更强大的部队，他们不仅再次将德国人赶出了普扎斯尼什，而且还迫使他们撤离姆拉瓦并撤退到边境后方。
A week later, about December 22, 1914, the Germans again advanced from Soldau and Neidenburg, and by December 24, 1914, Mlawa once more was in their hands.
一周后，即 1914 年 12 月 22 日左右，德军再次从索尔道和内登堡推进，到 1914 年 12 月 24 日，姆拉瓦再次落入德军手中。
Although the fighting in this sector practically went on without intermission from the beginning of November, 1914, to the end of February, 1915, comparatively small forces were involved on both sides.
尽管从 1914 年 11 月初到 1915 年 2 月底，该地区的战斗实际上不间断地进行着，但双方的参战部队都相对较小。
This, of course, excluded any possibility of a decisive result on either side, and we can therefore dismiss this end of the campaign with the statement that, although the Germans north of the Vistula were more successful in keeping the Russians off German soil than the Russians were in keeping the Germans out of Poland, the latter did not make here any appreciable headway in the direction of Warsaw, and accomplished no more than to keep a goodly number of Russian regiments tied up in the protection of Novo Georgievsk and the northern approach to Warsaw instead of permitting them to participate in the repulse of the main attack against the Polish capital, where they would have been very useful indeed.
当然，这排除了双方取得决定性结果的任何可能性，因此，我们可以这样驳斥这场战役的结局：尽管维斯瓦河以北的德国人在阻止俄罗斯人远离德国领土方面比俄罗斯人在阻止德国人进入波兰方面更成功，但后者并没有在向华沙方向取得任何明显进展，并且只完成了将大量俄罗斯军团困在新乔治耶夫斯克和新乔治耶夫斯克的保护中。北方接近华沙，而不是让他们参与击退对波兰首都的主要进攻，他们在波兰首都确实非常有用。
CHAPTER LXXX
第LXXX章
WINTER BATTLES IN EAST PRUSSIA
东普鲁士的冬季战斗
The most northern part of the eastern front is now the only one left for our consideration.
现在，东部战线的最北端是我们唯一可以考虑的地方。
We have already learned that when the German General Staff planned its second drive against Warsaw, it had been decided to restrict the German forces collected in East Prussia south of the Niemen and east and south of the Mazurian Lakes to defensive measures.
我们已经获悉，德国总参谋部在计划对华沙进行第二次进攻时，已决定对集结在涅曼河以南、马祖里湖以东和以南的东普鲁士的德军进行限制性的防御措施。
At that time--the beginning of November, 1914--and until about the beginning of February, 1915, they consisted of two army corps under the command of General von Bülow, who at the outbreak of the war and for a few years previous to it had been in command of a division with headquarters at Insterburg, and who was therefore well qualified for his task through his intimate knowledge of the territory.
当时——1914 年 11 月初——直到 1915 年 2 月初左右，他们由冯·比洛将军指挥的两个军团组成，冯·比洛将军在战争爆发时和战争爆发之前的几年里一直指挥着一个师，总部设在因斯特堡，因此，由于他对这片领土的深入了解，他完全有资格胜任他的任务。
About 50 per cent of his forces belonged to the Landwehr, about 25 per cent to the Landsturm and only about 25 per cent were of the first line.
他的部队中大约 50% 属于兰德韦尔，大约 25% 属于兰德突击队，只有大约 25% 属于第一线。
These faced a numerically very superior force variously estimated at five to seven army corps.
他们面对的是数量上非常占优势的部队，估计有五到七个军团。
The Germans therefore found it necessary to equalize this overpowering difference by withdrawing behind a strong natural line of defense.
因此，德国人发现有必要通过撤退到强大的天然防线后面来平衡这种压倒性的差距。
This they found once more behind the greater Mazurian Lakes to the south and behind the River Angerapp which flows out of the lakes at Angerburg to the north until it joins the river Pissa slightly to the east of Insterburg.
他们在南部的大马祖里湖后面和安格拉普河后面再次发现了这一点，安格拉普河从安格堡的湖泊流向北部，直到在因斯特堡以东稍远的地方与比萨河汇合。
[Illustration: The town of Gerdauen, East Prussia was burned during the Russian invasion, when for a time East Prussia suffered like Belgium and Poland.]
[插图：东普鲁士盖尔道恩镇在俄罗斯入侵期间被烧毁，东普鲁士一度像比利时和波兰一样遭受苦难。]
These positions apparently were prepared during the early part of November, 1914.
这些阵地显然是在 1914 年 11 月上旬准备好的。
For as late as November 15, 1914, fighting took place at Stallupoehnen on the Kovno-Königsberg railroad and some ten miles east of the Angerapp.
直到 1914 年 11 月 15 日，战斗才发生在科夫诺-柯尼斯堡铁路上的 Stallupoehnen 和安格拉普以东约 10 英里处。
A few days earlier, on November 9, 1914, a Russian attack, still farther east, north of the Wysztiter Lake, had resulted in considerable losses to the Russians.
几天前，即 1914 年 11 月 9 日，俄罗斯在更远的东部、维兹蒂特湖 (Wysztiter Lake) 以北发动了一次袭击，给俄罗斯造成了相当大的损失。
North of the Pissa River the Germans managed to stick closer to their border, along which there flows a small tributary of the Niemen offering natural protection.
在比萨河以北，德国人设法靠近边境，尼门河的一条小支流沿着这条河流淌，提供了天然的保护。
Considerable fighting took place in this territory around the town of Pillkallen, but the German line held.
皮尔卡伦镇周围的地区发生了相当大的战斗，但德军坚守阵地。
On November 30, 1914, the Russians had again occupied that part of East Prussia located between the border and the Mazurian Lake-Angerapp line.
1914年11月30日，俄国人再次占领了东普鲁士边境和马祖里湖-安格拉普线之间的部分地区。
On that day the first of a long series of attacks against this very strong line was made east of Darkehmen, but was as unsuccessful as all its successors.
那天，针对这条非常坚固的防线的一系列攻击中的第一次攻击是在达克门以东进行的，但与所有后续攻击一样都不成功。
The German Emperor saw some of this fighting during a short visit to the East Prussian defenders.
德国皇帝在短暂访问东普鲁士守军时亲眼目睹了这场战斗的一些情况。
All through December, 1914, the Russians made repeated attacks against the German lines, always without accomplishing their object of breaking through it and advancing again against Königsberg.
1914 年 12 月，俄国人对德军防线进行了多次攻击，但始终未能实现突破德军防线并再次向柯尼斯堡挺进的目标。
Of course, they inflicted severe losses on their adversaries, though their own, both in disabled and captured, were much more severe, due to the disadvantages which the difficult territory heaped upon the attacking side.
当然，他们给对手造成了严重的损失，尽管他们自己的损失要严重得多，无论是受伤还是被俘，因为困难的领土给进攻方带来了不利的影响。
By the beginning of January winter had set in in full earnest and the weather became so severe that no fighting of any importance took place throughout the entire month.
一月初，冬天正式来临，天气变得如此恶劣，整个月都没有发生任何重要的战斗。
The only exceptions were Russian attacks about January 15, 1915, against Loetzen, the German fortress on the eastern shore of the northernmost group of the lakes, which, however, brought no results.
唯一的例外是 1915 年 1 月 15 日左右，俄罗斯对位于最北湖群东岸的德国要塞勒岑 (Loetzen) 发动袭击，但没有取得任何成果。
At the same time Gumbinnen was once more the center of considerable fighting.
与此同时，古宾宁再次成为激烈战斗的中心。
Later in the month, January 26, 28, and 29, 1915, this town again and again had to pay dearly in additional destruction of what little of it that was still left of its former prosperity for the advantage of being located on the Königsberg road.
1915 年 1 月下旬，也就是 1 月 26 日、28 日和 29 日，这座城镇不得不一次又一次付出高昂的代价，因为它位于柯尼斯堡路上的优势，其昔日的繁荣仅存的一点点都被进一步破坏。
On January 30, 1915, the Russians attempted to break through a little further south at Darkehmen--but still the German lines held.
1915 年 1 月 30 日，俄国人试图在达克门向南突破一点，但德军的防线仍然坚守。
In the meanwhile new troops had been prepared and collected and were being rushed to that part of the east front for the purpose of clearing all of East Prussia of its invaders.
与此同时，新的部队已经做好准备和集结，正被赶往东线的那部分地区，目的是清除整个东普鲁士的入侵者。
These reenforcements were sent to the right and left wings of the Mazurian Lakes-Angerapp line, and the former began its attack in February.
这些增援部队被派往马祖里湖-安格拉普防线的右翼和左翼，前者于二月开始进攻。
A few days before an exceptionally heavy snowfall, accompanied by very high winds and very low temperatures, had set in.
几天前，一场特大降雪伴随着狂风和极低的气温。
This not only added to the hardships of the troops, but increased immensely the difficulties with which the leaders on both sides had to contend.
这不仅增加了部队的艰辛，也极大地增加了双方领导人应对的困难。
On account of the weather the roads became impassable for motor cars and the railroads were hardly in better condition.
由于天气原因，道路无法通行汽车，铁路状况也好不到哪儿去。
At no time could a general count with any amount of certainty on the prompt execution of movements.
在任何时候，一般人都无法对行动的迅速执行有任何确定性。
Trains were delayed for hours and regiments appeared in their allotted positions hours late.
火车晚点了几个小时，各军团也晚了几个小时才到达分配的阵地。
The right wing of the German front was sent around the southern end of the lake chain by way of Johannisburg.
德国前线的右翼被派往约翰尼斯堡绕过湖链的南端。
There the Russians had thrown up very strong fortifications in connection with the dense forests surrounding this town.
俄罗斯人在那里修建了非常坚固的防御工事，与该城镇周围茂密的森林相连。
To the southeast the river Pisseck forms the outlet for one of the lakes and flows toward the Narew.
皮塞克河在东南部形成其中一个湖泊的出口，流向纳雷夫河。
This line, too, was held by the Russians, who had considerable forces, both in Johannisburg and to the east in Bialla.
这条防线也由俄罗斯人控制，他们在约翰尼斯堡和东部的比亚拉都拥有相当大的兵力。
In the late afternoon and during the night of February 8, 1915 a crossing over the Pisseck was forced and Johannisburg was stormed.
1915 年 2 月 8 日下午晚些时候和夜间，他们被迫渡过皮塞克河，约翰尼斯堡遭到猛攻。
Russian reenforcements from the south--Kolno--arrived too late and were thrown back with considerable losses in men and guns.
来自南方科尔诺的俄罗斯增援部队抵达得太晚，并在人员和枪支方面遭受重大损失，被击退。
In spite of the bitter cold the Germans pressed on immediately.
尽管天气严寒，德军仍立即继续前进。
They took Bialla on February 9, 1915, and then immediately pushed on to Lyck with part of their forces.
他们于 1915 年 2 月 9 日占领了比亚拉，然后立即率领部分部队向莱克推进。
This town, like so many other East Prussian towns, had suffered cruelly, having been in the thick of the fighting almost from the beginning of the war.
这个城镇和许多其他东普鲁士城镇一样，几乎从战争一开始就一直处于激烈的战斗中，遭受了残酷的苦难。
Now the Russians again made a most determined stand in its vicinity, induced, no doubt, chiefly by the defensive advantages which the territory offered here.
现在，俄罗斯人再次在其附近采取了最坚决的立场，毫无疑问，这主要是由于该地区提供的防御优势。
To the west of Lyck, beyond the Lyck Lake, they had built up very strong intrenchments which resisted all German attacks for days, and it was not until the middle of February, 1915, that they gave up these positions.
在莱克以西、莱克湖之外，他们构筑了非常坚固的堑壕，抵挡了德军数天的所有进攻，直到 1915 年 2 月中旬，他们才放弃了这些阵地。
But even then they continued to hold Lyck itself, and it was not taken until after the middle of the month.
但即便如此，他们仍然继续占领莱克，直到月中之后才被占领。
The other part of the right wing in the meantime had forced the Russians out of the southeast corner of East Prussia and was advancing against Grajeko and Augustovo.
与此同时，右翼的另一部分已迫使俄罗斯人离开东普鲁士的东南角，并向格拉耶科和奥古斯托沃推进。
In the north the German left wing had pushed its advance simultaneously, starting from around Tilsit and the Niemen line.
在北部，德国左翼从蒂尔西特和涅门防线周围同时推进。
The Russians fell back on strongly prepared intrenchments along the line Pillkallen-Stallupoehnen, but by February 10, 1915, they had to give up this line and withdraw still farther south and east toward Eydtkuhnen, Kibarty, and Wirballen, all places of which we heard considerable during the previous battling in East Prussia.
俄军沿皮尔卡伦-斯塔卢波赫宁线撤退到精心准备的工事上，但到了 1915 年 2 月 10 日，他们不得不放弃这条防线，并向南和东撤退到埃特库宁、基巴蒂和维尔巴伦，这些地方我们在之前东普鲁士的战斗中都听说过。
It was snowing furiously and the Russians apparently counted with too much certainty on this as a means of keeping the Germans from following closely.
雪下得很大，俄罗斯人显然过于肯定地认为这是阻止德国人紧随其后的一种手段。
They procured quarters in these three towns and were going to enjoy a much needed rest for one night.
他们在这三个城镇找到了住所，准备好好休息一晚。
But during that night the Germans, overcoming all difficulties of snowdrifts and impassible roads, attacked and stormed Eydtkuhnen as well as Wirballen and killed, wounded, or made prisoners almost all the Russian forces located there, amounting to about 10,000 men with considerable artillery and even greater quantities of supplies.
但当晚，德军克服了雪堆和无法通行的道路的所有困难，袭击并袭击了埃特库宁和维尔巴伦，杀死、打伤或俘虏了几乎所有驻扎在那里的俄罗斯军队，总计约一万人，并拥有大量火炮和更多的补给品。
Gumbinnen also was retaken by the Germans and by February 12, 1915, they were on Russian territory and advancing once more against Suwalki.
贡宾嫩 (Gumbinnen) 也被德国人夺回，到 1915 年 2 月 12 日，他们已进入俄罗斯领土，并再次向苏瓦乌基 (Suwalki) 推进。
By the middle of February the last Russian had been driven out of Germany.
到二月中旬，最后一个俄罗斯人已被赶出德国。
This series of battles, known commonly as the "Winter Battle of the Mazurian Lakes" not only freed East Prussia, but yielded comparatively large results in the numbers of prisoners taken.
这一系列战役，俗称“马祖里湖冬季战役”，不仅解放了东普鲁士，而且俘虏人数也较多。
In nine days' fighting about 50,000 men, 40 guns, and 60 machine guns were captured.
在九天的战斗中，大约有 50,000 人被俘，40 支枪和 60 挺机枪。
Both sides, of course, suffered also heavy losses in killed and wounded.
当然，双方也都伤亡惨重。
These great battles here briefly summarized to round out the account of the operations of the first six months are described in greater detail in Volume III.
这里对这些伟大的战役进行了简要总结，以完善前六个月的作战行动，并在第三卷中进行了更详细的描述。
CHAPTER LXXXI
第LXXXI章
RESULTS OF FIRST SIX MONTHS OF RUSSO-GERMAN CAMPAIGN
俄德战役前六个月的结果
This brings us approximately to the end of the first six months' fighting at the eastern front.
东线前六个月的战斗即将结束。
It will be well now to pause for a short space of time and to sum up the results of the tremendous conflict which has been narrated.
现在最好暂停一下，总结一下所叙述的巨大冲突的结果。
However, before we consider these results from a military point of view and strike the balance of successes achieved and failures suffered, let us see how they affected those who were the actors in this terrible tragedy of mankind--the men who fought these battles and their leaders, and the poor, unfortunate men, women, and children whose habitations had been thrown by an unkind fate into the path of this vortex of death and destruction.
然而，在我们从军事角度考虑这些结果并平衡所取得的成功和遭受的失败之前，让我们看看它们如何影响了这场人类可怕悲剧的参与者——参加这些战斗的人和他们的领导人，以及那些贫穷、不幸的男人、女人和儿童，他们的住所被不仁慈的命运抛入了这场死亡和破坏的漩涡。
In determining the total losses which the Russian and German forces suffered during the first six months of the war, it is next to impossible to arrive at this time at absolutely correct figures.
在确定战争头六个月中俄罗斯和德国军队遭受的总损失时，目前几乎不可能得出绝对正确的数字。
This is especially true in regard to the German troops.
对于德国军队来说尤其如此。
In a way this sounds strange, for the German war organization made itself felt in this respect, just as much as along other lines, and in none of the countries involved were the official lists of losses published as rapidly, frequently, and accurately as in Germany, especially in the early stages of the conflict.
在某种程度上，这听起来很奇怪，因为德国战争组织在这方面和其他方面一样让人感受到，而且没有一个相关国家像德国那样迅速、频繁和准确地公布官方损失清单，特别是在冲突的早期阶段。
However, these lists included the German losses on all fronts as well as on the seas, and therefore are available for our purposes only as a basis for a computation of average losses.
然而，这些清单包括了德国在所有战线和海上的损失，因此仅供我们参考，作为计算平均损失的基础。
But by taking these totals and comparing them with other figures from various sources--newspapers, official Russian reports, English and French computations (non-official), statistics of the International Red Cross, etc.--it is possible to determine a total per month of German losses of all kinds--killed, wounded, missing, and captured--for all fronts on which German forces were fighting during the first six and a half months of the war.
但是，通过将这些总数与来自不同来源的其他数据——报纸、俄罗斯官方报告、英国和法国的计算结果（非官方）、国际红十字会的统计数据等——进行比较，就可以确定德国军队在战争的前六个半月期间在所有战线上作战的每月各种损失的总数——阵亡、受伤、失踪和被俘。
This total is 145,000 men per month.
这个总数是每月 145,000 人。
Assuming that all in all the losses were about evenly divided on the western and eastern fronts, and disregarding the comparatively small losses of the navy, we get a monthly average of German losses at the eastern front of 72,500 men, or a total for the entire period of 471,250 men.
假设西线和东线的总损失大致平分，并且不考虑海军相对较小的损失，我们得到东线德国每月平均损失 72,500 人，或者整个时期总共损失 471,250 人。
This does not include those wounded who after a varying period of time were again able to return to the fighting, and whose number of course was very large, but represents the number of those whose services had been lost to the German forces for all time.
这不包括经过不同时间后能够再次重返战斗的伤员，其人数当然非常多，但代表了一直以来为德军效力的人数。
In the case of the Russian losses it is somewhat easier to arrive at fairly accurate figures, at least as far as their losses through capture are concerned.
就俄罗斯的损失而言，获得相当准确的数字要容易一些，至少就其被俘造成的损失而言是这样。
For the official German figures in this respect go into great detail and undoubtedly may be accepted as generally correct.
德国官方数据在这方面非常详细，毫无疑问可以被认为是普遍正确的。
During the early part of the war when the Russians were fighting along the border and on East Prussian territory they lost 15,000 officers and men by capture, at Tannenberg 90,000, and immediately afterward in the Lake district 30,000 more.
战争初期，俄军在边境和东普鲁士领土上作战，被俘损失了 15,000 名官兵，在坦能堡损失了 90,000 名官兵，紧接着在湖区又损失了 30,000 名官兵。
In October, 1914, fighting in the province of Suwalki, during Hindenburg's advance to the Niemen and his retreat, he captured 10,000, and by November 1, 1914, there were according to the official German count 3,121 officers and 186,797 men in German prison camps.
1914 年 10 月，在苏瓦乌基省的战斗中，兴登堡向涅曼河进军并撤退期间，俘虏了 10,000 名士兵。根据德国官方统计，截至 1914 年 11 月 1 日，德国战俘营中共有 3,121 名军官和 186,797 名士兵。
By January 1, 1915, this number had increased to 3,575 and 306,294 respectively, and by the middle of February the total in round numbers must have been at least 400,000.
到 1915 年 1 月 1 日，这个数字分别增加到 3,575 和 306,294，到 2 月中旬，总数至少达到 400,000。
That this is approximately correct is proven by the statement of the Geneva Red Cross published in the "Journal de Genève," which gives the total of Russian prisoners in the hands of the Central Powers by the end of February as 769,500.
日内瓦红十字会在《日内瓦日报》上发表的声明证明了这一说法大致正确，该声明称截至二月底，同盟国手中的俄罗斯囚犯总数为769,500人。
According to the same source the Russians had lost by that time in killed 743,000 and in totally disabled 421,500, while their slightly wounded--those who finally returned again to the active forces--reached the huge total of 1,490,000.
根据同一消息来源，当时俄国人已死亡 743,000 人，完全伤残 421,500 人，而轻伤者（最终重新回到现役部队的人）总数达到 1,490,000 人。
These figures again are for the entire Russian forces, those fighting against German as well as Austro-Hungarian forces.
这些数字同样适用于与德国和奥匈帝国军队作战的整个俄罗斯军队。
Just what proportion should be assigned to the Russian forces fighting against the Germans is rather problematical.
与德国作战的俄罗斯军队究竟应该分配多少比例，这是一个相当有问题的问题。
For while these were fighting on a much larger front than those who had been thrown against Galicia and the Bukowina, the latter were comparatively much more numerous and, therefore, probably suffered proportionately larger losses.
因为虽然这些人的战线比那些对抗加利西亚和布科维纳的人要大得多，但后者的人数相对较多，因此可能遭受了相应更大的损失。
Some of the losses also occurred in the fighting against Turkey.
一些损失也发生在与土耳其的战斗中。
However, we will be fairly safe--most likely shooting below rather than above the mark--in estimating one-half of all these losses as having been incurred on the Russo-German front.
然而，我们可以相当安全地估计所有这些损失的一半是在俄德前线造成的，很可能是低于而不是高于目标。
This, then, would give us for the period of August 1, 1914, to February 15, 1915, the following total Russian losses in their fighting against the German forces: Killed, 371,500; totally disabled, 210,750; captured, 384,750, a grand total of 967,000, or about twice as much as the German losses.
那么，这将为我们提供从 1914 年 8 月 1 日到 1915 年 2 月 15 日期间，俄罗斯在与德国军队的战斗中的总损失如下： 死亡 371,500 人；完全残疾，210,750；被俘人数为 384,750 人，总计 967,000 人，大约是德军损失的两倍。
Even these figures, without any further comment, are sufficient to indicate the terrible carnage and suffering that was inflicted on the manhood of the countries involved.
即使没有任何进一步评论，这些数字也足以表明有关国家的男子气概所遭受的可怕屠杀和痛苦。
But if we consider that every man killed, wounded or captured, after all, was only a small part of a very large circle made up of his family--in most cases dependent on him for support--and of his friends, even the most vivid imagination fails to give proper expression in words of the sum total of unfathomable misery, broken hearts, spoiled lives, and destroyed hopes that are represented in these cold figures.
但如果我们考虑到，每个被杀、受伤或被俘的人毕竟只是由他的家人（在大多数情况下依赖他的支持）和他的朋友组成的一个非常大的圈子中的一小部分，那么即使是最生动的想象力也无法用语言恰当地表达这些冰冷的人物所代表的深不可测的痛苦、破碎的心、被破坏的生活和被摧毁的希望。
At various points in this history we have had occasion to speak of the various generals, both Russian and German, who were directing these vast armies, the greatest numerically and the most advanced technically which mankind has ever seen assembled in its entire history.
在这段历史的不同时刻，我们有机会谈论过俄罗斯和德国的各种将军，他们指挥着这些庞大的军队，这是人类整个历史上所见过的数量最多、技术最先进的军队。
To go into details concerning the hundreds of military geniuses which found occasion to display the fruits of their training and talent would be impossible.
要详细了解数百名有机会展示其训练和才能成果的军事天才是不可能的。
But on each side there was among all these leaders one supreme leader on whose ability and decision depended not only the results of certain battles, but the lives of their millions of soldiers--yes, even the fate of millions upon millions of men, women and children.
但在所有这些领导人中，每一方都有一位最高领导人，他的能力和决策不仅取决于某些战斗的结果，还取决于数百万士兵的生命——是的，甚至数以百万计的男人、女人和儿童的命运。
The Russians had intrusted their destiny to a member of their reigning family, an uncle of the czar, Grand Duke Nicholas, while the Germans had found their savior in the person of a retired general, practically unknown previous to the outbreak of the war, Paul von Hindenburg.
俄罗斯人将自己的命运托付给了统治家族的一位成员、沙皇的叔叔尼古拉斯大公，而德国人则在战争爆发前几乎无人知晓的退休将军保罗·冯·兴登堡身上找到了救世主。
Each had been put in supreme command, although the former's burden was even greater than that of the latter, including not only the Russian forces fighting against the Germans, but also those fighting against the Austro-Hungarians.
两者都被置于最高指挥地位，尽管前者的负担比后者更大，其中不仅包括与德国人作战的俄罗斯军队，还包括与奥匈帝国作战的俄罗斯军队。
On both, however, depended so much that it will be well worth while to devote a short space of time to gain a more intimate knowledge of their appearance, character and surroundings.
然而，两者的依赖性如此之大，以至于花一小段时间来更深入地了解他们的外表、性格和周围环境是非常值得的。
We will spend, therefore, a day each at the headquarters of these two men by following the observations which some well-known war correspondents made during their visits at these places.
因此，我们将在这两个人的总部各呆一天，跟踪一些著名战地记者在访问这些地方时所做的观察。
The war correspondent of the London "Times" had occasion during his travels with the Russian armies to make the following observations: "Modern war has lost all romance.
伦敦《泰晤士报》的战地记者在随俄罗斯军队出访时曾有过这样的观察：“现代战争已经失去了所有浪漫。
The picturesque sights, formerly so dear to the heart of the journalist, have disappeared.
记者曾经心心念念的如诗如画的景色现在已经消失了。
War now has become an immense business enterprise, and the guiding genius is not to be found on the firing line, any more than the president of a great railroad would put on overalls and take his place in an engine cab.
如今，战争已成为一项巨大的商业事业，在前线找不到指挥天才，就像一家伟大铁路公司的总裁不会穿上工作服坐在发动机驾驶室里一样。
Here in Russia the greatest army which ever met on a battle field has been assembled under the command of one individual, and the entire complicated mechanism of this huge organization has its center in a hidden spot on the plains of West Russia.
在俄罗斯，战场上最伟大的军队已经在一个人的指挥下集结起来，而这个庞大组织的整个复杂机制的中心就在俄罗斯西部平原上的一个隐蔽地点。
It is a lovely region which shows few signs of war.
这是一个可爱的地区，几乎没有战争的迹象。
In a small forest of poplars and pines a number of tracks has been laid which connect with the main line, and here live quietly and peacefully some hundreds of men who form the Russian General Staff.
在一片杨树和松树的小树林里，铺设了许多与主线相连的轨道，这里安静祥和地生活着数百名俄罗斯总参谋部人员。
A few throbbing autos rushing hither and thither and a troop of about 100 Cossacks are apparently the only features which do not belong to the everyday life of the small village which is the nearest regular railroad station.
几辆轰鸣的汽车来来往往，还有一支大约100名哥萨克人的队伍，显然是这个小村庄唯一不属于日常生活的特征，而这个小村庄是最近的常规火车站。
Many hundreds of miles away from this picture of tranquillity is stretched out the tremendous chain of the Russian front, each point of which is connected with this string of railroad cars by telegraph.
距离这片宁静的景象数百英里之外，延伸着俄罗斯战线的巨大链条，每一点都通过电报与这串火车车厢相连。
Here, separated from the chaos of battle, uninfluenced by the confusion of armed masses, the brain of the army is able to gain a clear and free view of the entire theatre of war which would only be obscured by closer proximity."
在这里，远离了战场的混乱，不受武装群众混乱的影响，军队的大脑能够清晰、自由地了解整个战区，而只有在距离更近的情况下，这种视野才会变得模糊。”
Another, a French correspondent, says: "Whatever happens anywhere, from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathian Mountains, is known immediately in the big blue railroad cars whose walls are covered with maps.
另一位法国记者说：“从波罗的海到喀尔巴阡山脉，无论任何地方发生什么，都可以在墙壁上贴满地图的蓝色大火车上立即知道。
Telegraph and telephone report the most minute occurrence.
电报和电话报告最微小的事件。
Should the commander in chief desire to inspect a position or to consult personally with one of the commanding generals there is always an engine ready with steam up.
如果总司令想要视察某个阵地或亲自与一位指挥官进行磋商，总有一台发动机准备就绪。
Headquarters suddenly rolls off; and, after two or three days, it returns noiselessly, with its archives, its general staff, its restaurant, and its electric plant.
总部突然滚落；两三天后，它带着档案、总参谋部、餐厅和发电厂悄无声息地返回。
The Grand Duke rules with an iron fist.
大公以铁腕统治。
Champagne and liquor is taboo throughout the war zone, and even the officers of the general staff get nothing except a little red wine.
香槟和烈酒在整个战区都是禁忌，就连总参谋部的军官除了一点红酒什么也得不到。
Woe to anyone who sins against this order, here or anywhere else at the front.
任何违反这一命令的人都有祸了，无论是在这里还是在前线的其他地方。
The iron fist of the Grand Duke hits, if necessary, even the greatest, the most famous.
如有必要，大公的铁拳甚至会打击最伟大、最著名的人。
At a near-by table I recognize an officer in plain khaki, Grand Duke Cyril.
在附近的一张桌子上，我认出了一位穿着普通卡其布的军官，西里尔大公。
The proud face and the powerful figure of the commander in chief, Grand Duke Nicholas, is sometimes to be seen in this severe room.
在这间严峻的房间里，有时可以看到总司令尼古拉斯大公那傲慢的面容和强大的身材。
Shyly one approaches the chief commander upon whose shoulders rests all the responsibility; and the attitude of the man who has been chosen to lead the Russian armies to victory does not encourage familiarity.
一个人害羞地接近总司令，他肩负着所有的责任；而被选来领导俄罗斯军队取得胜利的人的态度并不鼓励人们熟悉。
Next to him I notice Janushkewitch, the Chief of the Great General Staff, with the gentle, almost youthful face of a thinker.
我注意到在他旁边的是总参谋长贾努什科维奇，他有着一张温和的、近乎年轻的思想家面孔。
But everything is ruled by the personality of the Grand Duke, which, with its mixture of will power and of gracious majesty, is most captivating."
但一切都由大公的个性决定，他的意志力和仁慈的威严相结合，是最迷人的。”
Let us now rush across space and follow still another war correspondent, this time a representative of the German press, to the headquarters of the German armies: "Field Marshal von Hindenburg has an impressive appearance.
现在让我们穿越太空，跟随另一位战地记者，这次是德国媒体的代表，来到德国军队的总部：“冯·兴登堡元帅的外表令人印象深刻。
With his erect, truly military carriage he makes a picture of strength and health.
他以挺拔的、真正的军人姿态描绘了一幅力量和健康的画面。
With him appears a very young-looking general who cannot be older than fifty years.
和他一起出现的是一位看起来非常年轻的将军，年龄不会超过五十岁。
A high forehead, clear blue eyes, a powerful aquiline nose, an energetic mouth, a face--in one word--which would be striking even if the man, to whom it belongs, would not be wearing a general's uniform and the insignia of the order 'Pour le mérite'--one knows that one is face to face with the chief of the General Staff, Ludendorff.
高高的额头、清澈的蓝眼睛、有力的鹰钩鼻、充满活力的嘴巴、一张脸——总而言之——即使他的主人没有穿着将军制服和“功勋勋章”徽章，这张脸也会引人注目——人们知道，这是与总参谋长鲁登道夫面对面。
The Field Marshal greets his guest with charming friendliness, leads the way to the table and offers him the seat to his right.
陆军元帅以迷人的友善迎接他的客人，领路到餐桌旁，并为他安排了右边的座位。
During the simple evening meal he rises and offers the toast: 'The German Fatherland!' Around the table are about ten officers, among them Captain Fleischmann von Theissruck of the Austrian army, who represents the Austrian General Staff.
在简单的晚餐期间，他起身祝酒：“德意志祖国！”桌子周围大约有十名军官，其中包括代表奥地利总参谋部的奥地利陆军上尉弗莱施曼·冯·泰斯鲁克。
The Field Marshal mentions a letter which he received from some one entirely unknown to him in which the writer reproaches him most severely because some Cossacks had entered some small town on the border.
陆军元帅提到他收到一封完全不认识的人写来的信，信中作者对他进行了最严厉的责备，因为一些哥萨克人已经进入了边境的某个小镇。
'That will happen again and again,' he says, 'and cannot be avoided.
“这种情况会一次又一次地发生，”他说，“而且无法避免。”
I cannot draw up my troops along the entire border, man by man, like a quarantine guard.
我不能像检疫守卫那样，在整个边境上一个一个地部署我的部队。
To gather forces quickly again and again and to beat the Russians again and again, that is the best way to make them disgusted with their stay at the German border.' Then he relates some details about the battle of Tannenberg.
一次又一次迅速集结兵力，一次又一次击败俄罗斯人，这就是让他们厌恶留在德国边境的最好办法。然后他讲述了坦能堡战役的一些细节。
He does not tire of entertaining his guest with interesting details about the fighting.
他不厌其烦地用有关战斗的有趣细节来招待客人。
He mentions the vast number of presents which have been sent to him by his numerous admirers.
他提到他的众多崇拜者送给他的大量礼物。
'It is touching how good people are to me.
“人们对我如此好，令人感动。
A great many of their gifts are very welcome--but what shall I do with framed pictures while I am in the field?
他们的很多礼物都非常受欢迎——但是当我在现场时，我该如何处理镶框的照片呢？
What shall I do after the war is over?
战争结束后我该怎么办？
Nothing.
什么也没有。
I'll go back to Hanover.
我会回汉诺威。
There are lots of younger men [pointing to Ludendorff and the others] who want their chance, too.
有很多年轻人（指的是鲁登道夫和其他人）也希望获得机会。
With my years, there is nothing more beautiful than to retire after one's work has been done and to make room for the younger generation.'"
以我的年纪，没有什么比完成工作后退休并为年轻一代腾出空间更美好的事情了。”
Apparently the men at the "helm of the ship" lead a life of comparative ease and security.
显然，“掌舵者”的生活相对安逸和安全。
But if we consider the fearful responsibilities that they have to carry and the tremendous mental strain under which they are continuously, we can readily see that their lot is not to be envied.
但如果我们考虑到他们必须承担的可怕责任以及他们持续承受的巨大精神压力，我们就不难看出他们的命运并不值得羡慕。
Of course, their rewards are equally great if they are successful.
当然，如果他们成功了，他们的回报同样丰厚。
But what if they fail?
但如果他们失败了怎么办？
At any rate they, as well as the troops who fight under them, have the glamour of fighting, the promise of glory, the sense of duty well done, to sustain them.
无论如何，他们以及在他们麾下作战的部队都有战斗的魅力、荣耀的承诺和出色的责任感来支撑他们。
But what of those others, equally or even more numerous, on whose fields and forests, in whose streets and market places, around whose houses and churches the battles rage and the guns roar?
但是，那些同样数量甚至更多的人呢？在他们的田野和森林里，在他们的街道和市场上，在他们的房屋和教堂周围，战斗在激烈地进行，枪声在咆哮？
What of the women and children, the sick and the old, whose fathers, husbands and sons are doing the fighting or, perhaps, have already laid down their lives upon the altar of patriotism?
那些妇女和儿童、病人和老人，他们的父亲、丈夫和儿子正在战斗，或者也许已经在爱国主义的祭坛上献出了自己的生命，那又怎样呢？
What is there left for them to do when they see their houses go up in flames, their few belongings reduced to ashes, their crops destroyed and even their very lives threatened with death and sometimes--worse yet--with dishonor?
当他们看到自己的房屋被付之一炬，仅有的一点财产化为灰烬，庄稼被毁，甚至生命受到死亡威胁，有时——更糟糕的是——受到耻辱时，他们还能做什么呢？
All this and more, millions upon millions of Russians and Germans, rich and poor alike, had to suffer most cruelly.
所有这一切以及更多，数以百万计的俄罗斯人和德国人，无论贫富，都不得不遭受最残酷的痛苦。
And on the eastern front this suffering in a way, perhaps, was even more severe than in the west.
在东线，这种苦难在某种程度上可能比西线更为严重。
For there the actual fighting, while extending over an equally long front, was much more concentrated, and after the first few months did not move forward and backward; and existence, except in the immediate vicinity of the firing line, was at least possible, even if dangerous and precarious.
因为那里的实际战斗虽然在同样长的战线上延伸，但更加集中，并且在最初的几个月之后就不再前进和后退；尽管危险且不稳定，但除了紧邻火线之外，至少还有可能存在。
But in the east thousands upon thousands of square miles in East Prussia, in West Russia, and especially in Poland, the fighting passed in ever advancing and retreating waves as the surf rolls along the beach, and soon gunfire and marching millions of armed men had leveled the country almost as smoothly as the waves of the ocean grind the sand.
但在东部的东普鲁士、俄罗斯西部，尤其是波兰，战斗在不断前进和后退的浪潮中进行，随着海浪沿着海滩滚动，很快，数以百万计的武装人员的枪声和行进几乎将整个国家夷为平地，就像海浪碾碎沙子一样顺利。
In East Prussia the devastation wrought by the Russians, some through wanton lust for destruction and in unreasoning hate for the enemy, but mostly through the pressure of military necessity, was terrible, especially east of the Mazurian Lakes and south of the Niemen.
在东普鲁士，俄罗斯人造成的破坏是可怕的，尤其是在马祖里湖以东和涅门河以南，其中一些是出于肆意的破坏欲望和对敌人的无理仇恨，但主要是出于军事必要性的压力。
But there, at least, the poor inhabitants had the consolation of being able to return to their destroyed homes after the Russians had been finally driven out and to begin to build up again what war had destroyed, and in this they had the help and support of their highly organized government and their more fortunate compatriots from the interior.
但至少在那里，贫穷的居民得到了安慰，因为在俄罗斯人最终被赶出之后，他们能够返回被摧毁的家园，并开始重建被战争摧毁的家园，在这方面，他们得到了组织严密的政府和更幸运的内地同胞的帮助和支持。
In Poland, however, especially in the rural districts, even that consolation was lacking.
然而在波兰，尤其是在农村地区，甚至连这种安慰都缺乏。
For after German and Russian armies alike had passed over the country again and again, not only destroying values that it had taken centuries to build up, but on account of the huge masses concerned frequently denuding the entire countryside of absolutely every means of sustenance, the final result was occupation by the enemy.
因为德国和俄罗斯军队一次又一次地越过这个国家，不仅摧毁了几个世纪以来建立起来的价值观，而且由于相关的广大群众经常剥夺整个农村的一切生存手段，最终的结果是被敌人占领。
And even if that enemy, true to his inherent love of order and to his talent for organization, immediately proceeded to establish a well-regulated temporary government, at the best his efforts would have to be restricted; for he had not much to spare, neither in men to do the work needed, nor in means to finance it, nor even in food to give sustenance to those who had lost everything.
即使那个敌人忠于他与生俱来的对秩序的热爱和他的组织才能，立即着手建立一个管理良好的临时政府，他的努力充其量也只能受到限制；因为他没有多余的钱，既没有足够的人力来完成所需的工作，也没有足够的资金来维持工作，甚至没有足够的食物来养活那些失去一切的人。
And the worst of it was that for years previous to the outbreak of the war the two principal races inhabiting Poland--the Poles and the Jews--had been fighting each other, with the Russian sympathies strongly on the side of the Poles.
最糟糕的是，在战争爆发之前的几年里，居住在波兰的两个主要种族——波兰人和犹太人——一直在互相争斗，而俄罗斯强烈同情波兰人。
Now when war overtook this unfortunate country, both the Poles and the Russians threw themselves like hungry wolves upon the unfortunate Jews.
现在，当战争席卷这个不幸的国家时，波兰人和俄罗斯人都像饿狼一样扑向不幸的犹太人。
They were driven out from their villages, often the entire population irrespective of age, sex, or condition.
他们被逐出村庄，通常是全体居民，无论年龄、性别或状况如何。
They were made to wander from one place to another, like so many herds of cattle, except that no herd of cattle had ever been treated as cruelly as these poor helpless droves of women, children, and old and sick people whose men folk were fighting for their country while this very country did its best to kill their families.
他们被迫从一个地方流浪到另一个地方，就像许多牛群一样，只不过没有任何牛群像这些可怜无助的妇女、儿童、老人和病人一样受到如此残酷的对待，他们的男人们正在为自己的国家而战，而这个国家则竭尽全力杀害他们的家人。
This is not the place or time to go into this horrible catastrophe, beyond stating this fact: In July, 1914, Poland had been inhabited by millions of hard-toiling people who, though neither overly blessed with wealth or opportunities, nor enjoying conditions of life that were particularly conducive to happiness, were at least able to found and raise families and to sustain an existence which was bearable chiefly because of the hope for something better to come.
现在不是讨论这场可怕灾难的地点和时间，除了陈述这样一个事实：1914年7月，波兰居住着数百万辛劳的人民，尽管他们既没有过分拥有财富或机会，也没有享受特别有利于幸福的生活条件，但至少能够建立和养育家庭并维持可以忍受的生活，主要是因为对更好的未来的希望。
Six months later--January, 1915--these millions had stopped toil, for their fields were devastated, their cattle had been killed or driven away, their houses had been burned down.
六个月后，即 1915 年 1 月，数百万人停止了劳作，因为他们的田地被毁，牲畜被杀或被赶走，他们的房屋被烧毁。
Hundreds of thousands of them had been forced to flee to the interior, other hundreds of thousands had died, some through want and illness, some during the fighting around their homes, some through murder and worse.
数十万人被迫逃往内陆地区，还有数十万人死亡，其中一些人死于贫困和疾病，一些人死于家园周围的战斗，一些人死于谋杀或更糟糕的情况。
Families had been broken up and others wiped out entirely, and thousands of mothers had been separated from their children, perhaps never to see them again.
家庭支离破碎，其他人被彻底消灭，成千上万的母亲与孩子失散，也许再也见不到他们了。
Even if, in isolated cases, destruction, and even death, was merited or made inevitably necessary, in the greatest number of cases the suffering was as undeserved as it was severe.
即使在个别情况下，破坏甚至死亡是值得的或不可避免的，但在大多数情况下，这种痛苦是不值得的，因为它是严重的。
From a military point of view the net result of the fighting during the first six months of the war most decidedly was in favor of the Germans.
从军事角度来看，战争前六个月战斗的最终结果显然对德国人有利。
February, 1915, found them conquerors along the entire extent of the Russo-German front, and the Russians those who had been conquered.
1915 年 2 月，他们发现了整个俄德战线的征服者，而俄罗斯人则成为了被征服者。
In spite of the successful campaigns which German arms had won, however, they had fallen far short of what they had apparently set out to do, and in that wider sense their successes came dangerously near to being failures.
然而，尽管德国军队取得了成功的战役胜利，但他们显然还远远没有达到他们所打算做的事情，从更广泛的意义上来说，他们的成功危险地接近于失败。
But even at that they were still ahead of their adversaries; for though they had not gained the two objects for which they had striven most furiously--the possession of Warsaw and the final destruction of the offensive power of the Russian armies--they held large and important sections of the Russian Empire, they had driven the Russians completely out of Germany and forced them to do their further fighting on their own ground, and they had reduced the effectiveness of their armies by vast numbers, killing, disabling, or capturing, at a most conservative estimate, at least twice as many men as they themselves had lost.
但即便如此，他们仍然领先于对手。因为尽管他们没有实现他们最疯狂地奋斗的两个目标——占领华沙和最终摧毁俄罗斯军队的进攻力量——但他们控制了俄罗斯帝国的大部分重要地区，他们把俄罗斯人完全赶出了德国，迫使他们在自己的土地上进行进一步的战斗，他们大量削弱了他们军队的效率，根据最保守的估计，他们杀死、致残或俘虏的人数至少是他们自己的两倍。丢失了。
During the first three weeks of August, 1914, the Russian armies had invaded East Prussia and laid waste a large section of it.
1914 年 8 月的前三周，俄罗斯军队入侵东普鲁士，并将其大部分地区夷为平地。
Then came the débâcle at Tannenberg, and by the middle of September, Germany was freed of the invader, who had lost tens of thousands in his attempt to force his way into the heart of the German Empire.
然后是坦能堡惨败，到九月中旬，德国从入侵者手中解放出来，入侵者在试图强行进入德意志帝国中心的过程中损失了数万人。
Not satisfied with these results, the Germans on their part now attempted an invasion of large sections of West Russia, pursuing their defeated foes until they reached the Niemen and its chain of fortresses which they found insurmountable obstacles.
德国人对这些结果并不满意，他们现在试图入侵俄罗斯西部的大部分地区，追击被击败的敌人，直到他们到达涅门及其一系列堡垒，他们发现这些堡垒是不可逾越的障碍。
It was once more the turn of the Russians, who now not only drove back the invading Germans to the border, but who by the beginning of October, 1914, faced again an invasion of their East Prussian province.
轮到俄国人了，他们不仅将入侵的德国人赶回边境，而且到 1914 年 10 月初，他们的东普鲁士省再次面临入侵。
However, less than two weeks sufficed this time to clear German soil once more, and by October 15, 1914, the Russians had again been forced back across the border.
然而，这一次不到两周的时间就足以再次清除德国领土，到 1914 年 10 月 15 日，俄罗斯人再次被迫越过边境。
By this time the German Commander in Chief, Von Hindenburg, had learned the lesson of the Niemen.
此时，德国总司令冯兴登堡已经吸取了涅曼事件的教训。
Instead of battering in vain against this iron line of natural defenses, he threw the majority of his forces against Poland, and especially against its choicest prize--historic Warsaw.
他没有徒劳地攻击这道自然防御线，而是将大部分兵力投入到波兰，特别是它的最佳战利品——历史悠久的华沙。
October 11, 1914, may be considered the approximate beginning of the first drive against the Polish capital.
1914 年 10 月 11 日，可以被认为是第一次进攻波兰首都的大致开始。
During about two weeks of fighting the German armies advanced to the very gates of Warsaw, which then seemed to be theirs for the mere taking.
在大约两周的战斗中，德军逼近华沙城门，当时华沙似乎是他们的领土。
But suddenly the Russian bear recovered his self-control, and with renewed vigor and replenished strength he turned once again against the threatening foe.
但突然间，俄罗斯熊恢复了自制力，并以新的活力和补充的力量，再次转而对抗威胁的敌人。
By October 28, 1914, the Germans in North and Central Poland and the Austro-Hungarians in South Poland had to retreat.
1914年10月28日，波兰北部和中部的德军以及波兰南部的奥匈帝国军队不得不撤退。
November 7, 1914, became the starting date for the third Russian invasion of East Prussia.
1914年11月7日，成为俄罗斯第三次入侵东普鲁士的开始日期。
The Germans now changed their tactics.
德国人现在改变了策略。
Instead of meeting the enemy's challenge and attempting to repeat their previous performances of throwing him back and then invading his territory, they restricted themselves, for the time being, to defensive measures in East Prussia, and launched a powerful drive of their own against Russian territory.
他们没有应对敌人的挑战，试图重复以前的做法，将敌人击退，然后入侵他的领土，而是暂时限制自己在东普鲁士采取防御措施，并对俄罗斯领土发起了强大的进攻。
For the second time Warsaw was made their goal.
这是华沙第二次成为他们的目标。
By this time, to a certain extent at least, the offensive momentum of both sides had been reduced in speed.
此时，至少在一定程度上，双方的进攻势头都已经减慢了。
Where it had taken days in the earlier campaigns to accomplish a given object, it now took weeks.
在早期的战役中需要几天时间才能完成一个既定目标，而现在则需要几周的时间。
Of course the rigors of the eastern winter which had set in by then played an important part in this slowing-up process, which, however, affected the speed only of the armies, but not the furor of their battling.
当然，此时东方严冬的严酷在这一减缓过程中发挥了重要作用，然而，这仅影响了军队的速度，而没有影响他们战斗的激烈程度。
December 6, 1914, brought the possession of Lodz to the Germans, and on the next day the Russians were taught the same lesson before the Mazurian Lakes that they had taught to the Germans a few months before when they faced the Niemen.
1914 年 12 月 6 日，德国人占领了罗兹，第二天，俄罗斯人在马祖里湖前接受了几个月前面对涅门河时给德国人上的同样的教训。
East Prussia up to the Lakes was in the hands of Russia, but beyond that impregnable line of lakes and swamps and rivers they could not go.
东普鲁士直到湖泊地区都在俄罗斯的手中，但除了那条坚不可摧的湖泊、沼泽和河流之外，他们无法前往。
In the meanwhile the drive against Warsaw was making small progress in spite of the most furious onslaughts.
与此同时，尽管遭到了最猛烈的攻击，但对华沙的进攻却取得了微小的进展。
There, too, a series of rivers and swamps--less formidable, it is true, than in East Prussia, but hardly less effective--stemmed the tide of the invaders.
那里也有一系列的河流和沼泽——确实不如东普鲁士那么可怕，但作用也同样强大——阻止了入侵者的浪潮。
For more than two weeks, beginning about December 20 and lasting well into January, the Russians made a most stubborn stand along the Bzura and Rawka line, and successfully, though with terrible losses, kept the Germans from taking Warsaw.
从 12 月 20 日左右开始一直持续到 1 月的两个多星期里，俄国人沿着布祖拉和拉卡防线进行了最顽强的抵抗，并成功地阻止了德国人占领华沙，尽管损失惨重。
However, in order to accomplish this they had to weaken their line at other points and thus bring about the collapse of their drive against Cracow, by means of which they expected to gain from the south the road into Germany which had been denied to them again and again in the north.
然而，为了实现这一目标，他们必须在其他地点削弱他们的防线，从而导致他们对克拉科夫的进攻失败，他们希望通过克拉科夫从南部获得通往德国的道路，而这在北部却一次又一次地被拒绝。
The end of January, 1915, found the Germans practically as far in Poland as the beginning of the month.
1915 年 1 月底，德国人几乎与月初一样深入波兰。
It is true that they had made little progress in four weeks, but it is also true that they had given up none of the ground they had gained.
确实，他们在四个星期内几乎没有取得任何进展，但他们也确实没有放弃任何已经取得的进展。
And with the coming of February, 1915, they reduced their offensive activities at that part of the front and turned their attention once more to East Prussia.
随着1915年2月的到来，他们减少了在前线该地区的进攻活动，并将注意力再次转向东普鲁士。
The second week of February, 1915, brought to the Russians their second great defeat on the shores of the Mazurian Lakes.
1915 年 2 月的第二周，俄罗斯人在马祖里湖畔遭受了第二次惨败。
By February 15 East Prussia again had been cleared of the enemy, and parts of the Russian provinces between the border and the Niemen were in the hands of the Germans who apparently had made up their minds that they were not going to permit any further Russian invasions of East Prussia if they could help it.
到了 2 月 15 日，东普鲁士再次被敌人清除，边境和涅曼之间的俄罗斯部分省份落入德国人手中，德国人显然已经下定决心，如果可以的话，他们不会允许俄罗斯进一步入侵东普鲁士。
They now held a quarter of Poland and a small part of West Russia, while the Russians held nothing except a long battle front, stretching almost from the Baltic to the Carpathian Mountains and threatened everywhere by an enemy who daily seemed to grow stronger rather than weaker.
他们现在占据了波兰的四分之一和俄罗斯西部的一小部分，而俄罗斯人除了一条几乎从波罗的海一直延伸到喀尔巴阡山脉的漫长战线外什么也没有，并且到处都受到敌人的威胁，而敌人似乎每天都在变得更强而不是更弱。
PART VIII--TURKEY AND THE DARDANELLES
第八部分——土耳其和达达尼尔海峡
CHAPTER LXXXII
第LXXXII章
FIRST MOVES OF TURKEY
土耳其的第一步行动
The entrance of Turkey, the seat of the ancient Ottoman Empire, into the Great War in 1914, with its vast dominions in Europe, Asia, and Africa, created a situation which it was appalling to contemplate.
1914年，古老的奥斯曼帝国的所在地土耳其卷入了第一次世界大战，其在欧洲、亚洲和非洲的广阔领土，造成了一个令人震惊的局面。
The flames of world war were now creeping not only into the Holy Land, the birthplace of Christian civilization, but to the very gates of Mecca, the "holiest city of Islam." Would the terrible economic struggle in Europe, the war for world trade, now develop into a holy war that would bring the religious faiths of the earth on to a great decisive battle ground?
世界大战的战火现在不仅蔓延到了基督教文明的发源地圣地，而且蔓延到了“伊斯兰教最圣城”麦加的城门口。欧洲可怕的经济斗争，即世界贸易之战，现在会发展成为一场圣战，将地球上的宗教信仰带入一场伟大的决定性战场吗？
The seething flames of economic supremacy that were consuming Europe had threatened from the beginning of the war to creep into the Occident, as we shall see in the chapter on "Japan and the Far East." Moreover, as described in "Naval Operations," it was in the waters of the Near East that the first big incident of the war on the sea took place.
正如我们将在“日本和远东”一章中看到的那样，席卷欧洲的经济霸权的熊熊火焰从战争一开始就有蔓延到西方的威胁。而且，正如《海军行动》中所描述的，海上战争的第一起重大事件就是在近东海域发生的。
Despite the fact that the public had been looking forward to an immediate clash of the dreadnought squadrons of the two countries somewhere between the east coast of Scotland and the Dutch shore, nothing of the kind happened.
尽管公众一直期待两国无畏舰中队在苏格兰东海岸和荷兰海岸之间的某个地方立即发生冲突，但这种情况并没有发生。
Instead, both grand fleets ran to safety in the landlocked harbors of their respective countries.
相反，两支大型舰队都逃到各自国家的内陆港口寻求安全。
In was to the Mediterranean in the first week of August, 1914, that the attention of the world was first drawn by events.
1914 年 8 月的第一周，地中海发生的事件首次引起了世界的关注。
Two German warships, the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_, were off the coast of Algeria.
两艘德国军舰“格本号”和“布雷斯劳号”当时正在阿尔及利亚海岸附近。
The first was one of the finest ships of the German navy, a superdreadnought battleship cruiser of 23,000 tons, capable of making more than 28 knots an hour.
第一艘是德国海军最优秀的舰艇之一，一艘排水量为 23,000 吨的超无畏战列舰巡洋舰，每小时航速超过 28 节。
Her main battery consisted of ten 11-inch guns, and in addition she mounted twelve 5.9-inch guns and twelve 21 pounders.
她的主炮由 10 门 11 英寸火炮组成，此外她还安装了 12 门 5.9 英寸火炮和 12 门 21 磅炮。
She was capable therefore of meeting on equal terms any enemy vessel in the Mediterranean, and more than capable of outrunning any of the heavier vessels of the French or British navy stationed in those waters.
因此，她有能力与地中海上的任何敌方船只进行同等的对抗，并且完全有能力超越驻扎在这些水域的法国或英国海军的任何重型船只。
The _Breslau_ was capable of a similar speed, but was a much weaker vessel, being a light cruiser of only 4,478 tons.
布雷斯劳号具有类似的速度，但它是一艘较弱的舰艇，是一艘重量仅为 4,478 吨的轻型巡洋舰。
Both of these vessels had enormous coal capacities, the _Breslau_, in particular, being able to travel more than 6,000 miles without refilling her bunkers.
这两艘船都拥有巨大的煤炭容量，尤其是布雷斯劳号，能够在不补充燃料的情况下行驶 6,000 多英里。
The speed and the coal capacity of these vessels were to prove of vital importance in the events of the next few days.
事实证明，这些船只的速度和煤炭容量对于接下来几天的事件至关重要。
For their rôle was to be one of flight, not to battle.
因为他们的角色是逃跑，而不是战斗。
England alone and, in an overwhelming degree, England and France combined hopelessly outnumbered and outgunned the two German warships in the Mediterranean.
仅英国，以及英国和法国联合起来，以压倒性的程度，在数量和火力上都无可救药地超过了地中海上的两艘德国战舰。
Realizing this, the German commander, after firing a few shots into the Algerian coast towns of Bone and Philippville, steamed northwest with the intention either of outwitting the English and French squadron commanders, or of running through Gibraltar and so on to the broad Atlantic to wage war upon the British mercantile marine.
意识到这一点后，德国指挥官在向阿尔及利亚沿海城镇博恩和菲利普维尔开了几枪后，向西北航行，目的要么是智胜英国和法国的中队指挥官，要么是穿过直布罗陀等地到达广阔的大西洋，向英国商船队发动战争。
The British, however, were alive to this danger and headed off the two German warships.
然而，英国人意识到了这种危险，并阻止了两艘德国军舰。
Whereupon they turned northeast.
于是他们转向东北。
Early on the morning of Wednesday, August 5, 1914, these ships were discovered steaming into the harbor of Messina, Italy.
1914 年 8 月 5 日星期三清晨，这些船只被发现正驶入意大利墨西拿港。
The English and French fleets, close upon the heels of the enemy, immediately took up positions at either end of the Straits of Messina, confident that they had successfully bottled up the Germans.
英国和法国舰队紧追敌人，立即在墨西拿海峡两端占据阵地，相信自己已经成功围堵了德国人。
Then quickly there developed one of the most dramatic incidents in the history of naval warfare.
然后很快就发生了海战史上最戏剧性的事件之一。
It is described in this chapter as well as in the narrative on "Naval Operations" because of its direct bearing on Turkish politics and policies.
本章以及“海军行动”的叙述中对此进行了描述，因为它与土耳其的政治和政策直接相关。
The captain and officers of the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ went ashore at Messina, made their wills and deposited their valuables with the German consul.
戈本号和布雷斯劳号的船长和军官们在墨西拿上岸，立下遗嘱，并将贵重物品交给德国领事。
The decks of the apparently doomed vessels were cleared for action, flags run up to the resounding cheers of the sailors and with the brass bands of the boats playing "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" they steamed swiftly out of Messina harbor to what seemed like certain destruction.
显然注定要失败的船只的甲板被清理干净，可以采取行动，旗帜在水手们的欢呼声中飘扬，随着船上铜管乐队演奏“万岁”，他们迅速驶出墨西拿港，似乎注定要遭到毁灭。
A blood-red sun was quickly setting in the perfect Italian sky.
血红色的太阳很快就在完美的意大利天空中落下。
The bands were hushed aboard the German warships, every light was dimmed, and the sailors were ordered to their posts.
德国军舰上的乐队安静下来，所有灯光都变暗，水手们被命令坚守岗位。
In tense whispers they discussed the coming fight.
他们紧张地窃窃私语，讨论着即将到来的战斗。
The ships were already at top speed plowing through the waters of the Mediterranean as fast as the throbbing engines could urge them.
这些船只已经以最高速度在地中海水域中行驶，以最快的速度在颤动的发动机的推动下行驶。
A sharp lookout was kept for the enemy, but as one hour, two hours, three hours passed and none was seen it became apparent that for the time at least they had evaded detection.
我们一直密切监视着敌人，但一小时、两小时、三小时过去了，却没有看到任何敌人，很明显，至少在这段时间里，他们逃脱了侦查。
Rounding the southern coast of Italy, they turned due east and the course laid for Constantinople.
他们绕过意大利南部海岸，转向正东，航向君士坦丁堡。
Morning came and still, at 28 knots an hour, the German warships were speeding toward the Turkish capital--and safety.
早晨来临，德国军舰仍然以每小时 28 节的速度向土耳其首都和安全地带驶去。
To the rear, too far to reveal their funnels, the pursuing French and English squadron followed, thin lazy strips of smoke attested their presence to the men aboard the _Breslau_ and the _Goeben_.
在后方，追击的法国和英国中队紧随其后，距离太远，无法暴露他们的烟囱，薄薄的懒洋洋的烟雾向布雷斯劳号和戈本号上的人员证明了他们的存在。
Suddenly far to the southeast the masts of a single vessel were seen on the horizon.
突然，东南方远处的地平线上出现了一艘船的桅杆。
Then the smokestacks of the British light cruiser _Gloucester_ poked their tops above the skyline and daringly she opened fire on the mighty _Goeben_.
随后，英国轻型巡洋舰格洛斯特号的烟囱将其顶部伸出天际线，她大胆地向强大的格本号开火。
Tempting, however, as the opportunity was for the German commander with an overwhelming force at his heels he dared waste no time nor run the risk of a chance shot disabling his vessel.
然而，由于机会对德国指挥官来说是诱人的，他身后有压倒性的力量，他不敢浪费时间，也不敢冒偶然射击使他的船只瘫痪的风险。
He sheered off sharply to the northeast and in a few hours lost the plucky _Gloucester_ to view.
他急速转向东北方向，几个小时后就失去了勇敢的格洛斯特号的视野。
At the end of this week in August the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_, their engines hot from constant steaming at forced speed, but with flags flying and bands playing, steamed through the narrow channel of the Dardanelles, through the sea of Marmora, and cast anchor off the gloriously beautiful city of Constantinople.
八月的这个周末，戈本号和布雷斯劳号的发动机因持续高速运转而发热，但旗帜飘扬，乐队演奏，驶过达达尼尔海峡狭窄的航道，穿过马尔莫拉海，在光荣美丽的君士坦丁堡城抛锚。
As quickly as the formalities would permit the two German warships were transferred to Turkish sovereignty, and to all intents and purposes, as future events proved, the Ottoman Empire entered the war as an ally of Germany and Austria.
一旦手续允许，两艘德国军舰就被移交给土耳其主权，正如未来事件所证明的那样，奥斯曼帝国作为德国和奥地利的盟友加入了战争。
Turkey's attitude in these early days of the crisis of August, 1914, was conditioned by several major causes easily discernible.
1914 年 8 月危机初期，土耳其的态度受到几个显而易见的主要原因的影响。
For almost a generation, Germany has been sedulously cultivating Turkish friendship.
近一代人以来，德国一直在努力培养与土耳其的友谊。
With that single-minded purposefulness so conspicuous in her diplomacy, Germany found it easy, especially under the régime of the former Sultan Abdul Hamid II to outmaneuver the easy-going diplomacy of France, Russia, and England.
德国在外交上表现出如此明显的一心一意的目标，特别是在前苏丹阿卜杜勒·哈米德二世的统治下，它很容易击败法国、俄罗斯和英国的随和外交。
Indeed, she found a real rival only in England, who, starting with the initial advantage of long political friendship with the Turkish people and the good will that grew out of the Crimean War, successfully opposed many of the chess moves of her German rival.
事实上，她只在英国找到了真正的对手，英国凭借与土耳其人民长期政治友谊的最初优势以及克里米亚战争中产生的善意，成功地对抗了她的德国对手的许多棋局。
However, with the coming to Constantinople as German Ambassador of the late Marshal von Bieberstein, German prestige became supreme.
然而，随着已故冯·比伯斯坦元帅来到君士坦丁堡担任德国大使，德国的威望变得至高无上。
Easily the best German diplomatist of the present generation, Von Bieberstein dominated the diplomatic corps at Constantinople and practically dictated the foreign policy of Turkey.
冯·比伯斯坦无疑是当代德国最优秀的外交家，他主导着君士坦丁堡的外交使团，实际上决定了土耳其的外交政策。
Through him, the Deutsche Bank secured the great Bagdad railway concession and completed the commercial subjugation of the country by Berlin.
通过他，德意志银行获得了巴格达铁路的大特许权，并完成了柏林对该国的商业征服。
These disquieting developments had been watched with anxiety in London.
这些令人不安的事态发展引起了伦敦的焦虑。
But it was not until Von Bieberstein sprang the Bagdad railway surprise that England fully awoke to the situation.
但直到冯·比伯斯坦对巴格达铁路的突然袭击，英格兰才彻底意识到了形势。
Then she stepped in and prevented any extension of the line to the Persian Gulf, an area which British political and commercial circles regarded as peculiarly their own.
然后她介入并阻止了向波斯湾的任何延伸，英国政界和商界认为该地区是自己的专属地区。
At the same time an effort was made to reclaim the position Great Britain had lost in Turkey.
与此同时，英国还努力夺回在土耳其失去的地位。
With the fall of Abdul Hamid and the coming of the Young Turks there seemed a chance to do this, especially as Germany was looked upon by the members of the Committee of Union and Progress as the chief support of the deposed sultan.
随着阿卜杜勒·哈米德的倒台和青年土耳其党的到来，似乎有机会做到这一点，特别是当德国被联邦与进步委员会的成员视为被废黜苏丹的主要支持者时。
Kaiser William, however, played his cards with consummate skill.
然而，威廉皇帝却以精湛的技巧打牌。
The German policy was quickly adapted to the new situation.
德国的政策很快适应了新形势。
Von Bieberstein was eventually shifted to London and the leaders of the Young Turks, such as the youthful and popular Enver Bey, were invited to Berlin to come under the influence of the German army chiefs.
冯·比伯斯坦最终被转移到伦敦，而年轻土耳其党的领导人，例如年轻而受欢迎的恩维尔·贝，则被邀请到柏林接受德国陆军参谋长的影响。
The British Government, then in the midst of negotiations with Russia and unwilling or unable to enter into any outside arrangement that seemed to oppose the satisfaction of the Russian dream of Constantinople refused to accept the Young Turks' invitation to guarantee the integrity of the Turkish Empire for a limited period in return for commercial and political concessions.
英国政府当时正与俄罗斯谈判，不愿或无法达成任何似乎反对俄罗斯实现君士坦丁堡梦想的外部安排，因此拒绝接受青年土耳其党的邀请，即在有限期限内保证土耳其帝国的完整，以换取商业和政治让步。
On the other hand, Emperor William reaffirmed to the new sultan his guardianship of Islam and his interest in the welfare of the Mohammedans wherever found.
另一方面，威廉皇帝向新苏丹重申了他对伊斯兰教的监护权以及他对世界各地穆斯林福祉的关心。
But perhaps the deciding factor in the inclination of the Turks toward Germany and her ally was to be found in the situation of the Mohammedan world.
但也许土耳其人对德国及其盟友的倾向的决定性因素在于伊斯兰教世界的局势。
Turkey had never reconciled herself to the English control of Egypt and India and saw in the present war a possibility such as had never occurred before and possibly would never occur again of wresting from the British the far-flung lands peopled by the followers of Mohammed.
土耳其从未甘心英国对埃及和印度的控制，并在当前的战争中看到了从英国人手中夺取穆罕默德追随者居住的遥远土地的可能性，这种可能性以前从未发生过，也可能永远不会再发生。
With powerful allies, and on more even terms than they had ever dreamed of, they could now do battle with the enemy that held their race in subjugation and with Russia, whose avowed object through generations had been the capture of Constantinople, the possession and perhaps desecration of the holy places of their religion and the dismembering of the last self-governing state of Mohammedanism.
有了强大的盟友，并且以比他们梦想的更加平等的条件，他们现在可以与征服他们种族的敌人以及俄罗斯进行战斗，俄罗斯世世代代公开宣称的目标是占领君士坦丁堡，占有甚至可能亵渎他们的宗教圣地，并肢解最后一个伊斯兰教自治国家。
These, then, were the major considerations that weighed with the Turkish people, no less than with the Turkish Government, in coming to a decision.
因此，这些是土耳其人民（不亚于土耳其政府）在做出决定时考虑的主要考虑因素。
So tremendous were the stakes at issue, so widespread, almost world-wide, were the interests involved, that Turkey, situated as it was guarding practically the sole gateway leading from Europe to Russia, could not hope to remain neutral.
所涉及的利害关系如此巨大，所涉及的利益如此广泛，几乎遍及全世界，以至于土耳其实际上守卫着从欧洲通往俄罗斯的唯一门户，因此不可能希望保持中立。
For better or for worse a decision between the two warring factions must be made.
无论好坏，两个交战派系都必须做出决定。
England, France, and Russia protested vigorously against the action of the Turkish Government in taking over the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_.
英国、法国和俄罗斯强烈抗议土耳其政府接管格本号和布雷斯劳号的行动。
Turkey replied by drawing attention to an incident that had seriously inflamed public opinion in the Ottoman Empire.
土耳其的回应是提请人们注意一件严重激怒奥斯曼帝国公众舆论的事件。
When the war started two first-class battleships, the _Sultan Osman_ and the _Reshadie_, were nearing completion for Turkey in English yards.
战争开始时，土耳其的两艘一流战列舰“苏丹奥斯曼”号和“雷沙迪”号在英国造船厂中已接近完工。
Without any diplomatic preliminaries the British admiralty confiscated the two ships on the grounds of naval necessity.
在没有任何外交准备的情况下，英国海军部以海军必要为由没收了这两艘船。
Whatever may have been the English motive, the Turkish people regarded this as an attempt on the part of England to weaken the Ottoman Empire and to make it impossible for it to safeguard its national interests in the troublesome days that were surely to come to neutrals as well as to belligerents.
无论英国的动机是什么，土耳其人民都认为英国此举是为了削弱奥斯曼帝国，使其无法在中立国和交战国都将面临的困难时期维护其国家利益。
But the Entente Powers hesitated to force a break on the _Goeben_ and _Breslau_ question and the diplomatic correspondence of the period shows that they had strong hope, not only at that moment, but up to the moment of the final severance of relations of keeping the Turkish nation in a state of neutrality at least.
但协约国对强行打破格本和布雷斯劳问题犹豫不决，这一时期的外交信函表明，他们不仅在当时，而且在最终断绝关系以保持土耳其民族至少处于中立状态之前都抱有强烈的希望。
Signs were multiplying, however, that such was not the intention of those in control at Constantinople.
然而，越来越多的迹象表明，这并不是君士坦丁堡控制者的意图。
In August and September, 1914, great activity prevailed throughout the country.
1914年8月和9月，全国各地掀起了一场盛大的活动。
Arms and ammunition, especially heavy artillery in which the Turkish army was notoriously weak, constantly arrived from Germany and Austria.
武器弹药，特别是土耳其军队出了名的薄弱的重炮，源源不断地从德国和奥地利运来。
Every train from the central countries brought German army officers and a sprinkling of German noncommissioned officers with which to stiffen the Ottoman troops.
每列来自中部国家的火车都载有德国军官和少量德国士官，以加强奥斯曼军队的实力。
The army was mobilized and General Liman von Sanders, a distinguished German officer, was appointed inspector general of the Turkish army.
军队被动员起来，杰出的德国军官利曼·冯·桑德斯将军被任命为土耳其军队监察长。
Immense stores of food and munitions were concentrated at Damascus, Constantinople, Bagdad, and on the Trans-Caucasus frontier, while a holy war against the infidel was openly preached.
大量的粮食和弹药集中在大马士革、君士坦丁堡、巴格达和外高加索边境，同时公开鼓吹针对异教徒的圣战。
German vessels lying off Constantinople seem to have been given more or less of a free hand and frequently searched Russian and British vessels for contraband.
停泊在君士坦丁堡附近的德国船只似乎或多或少得到了自由支配，并经常搜查俄罗斯和英国船只是否有违禁品。
The Turkish authorities appear to have gone as far as they dared in preventing Russian supplies getting through to the Black Sea.
土耳其当局似乎已经竭尽全力阻止俄罗斯物资进入黑海。
Russia protested and at times, along the shores of the Black Sea, used methods closely bordering upon open warfare.
俄罗斯提出抗议，有时在黑海沿岸使用了近乎公开战争的手段。
Both sides, however, seemed reluctant to take definite steps toward an open break.
然而，双方似乎都不愿意采取明确的步骤来实现公开分手。
In so far as Turkey was concerned this was probably due to a disagreement among the members of the Government and others of powerful influence outside official life.
就土耳其而言，这可能是由于政府成员和其他在官方生活之外具有强大影响力的人之间存在分歧。
It was said that the sultan, the grand vizier, and Djavid Bey, Minister of Finance, as well as a majority of the cabinet, were opposed to war.
据说苏丹、大维齐尔、财政部长贾维德·贝以及内阁的大多数成员都反对战争。
However that may be, the issue was soon decided by a small but immensely powerful clique headed by Enver Bey and Talaat Bey, two of the more prominent and forceful of the Young Turk leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress.
不管怎样，这个问题很快就被一个以恩维尔·贝（Enver Bey）和塔拉特·贝（Talaat Bey）为首的小而强大的集团解决了，他们是联盟与进步委员会中两位较为杰出和强大的青年土耳其党领导人。
Of all the figures in Turkish life during the first months of the Great War, the most picturesque and probably the most influential in the events that led up to the outbreak of hostilities in Turkey was that of the youthful Enver Pasha.
在第一次世界大战最初几个月里，土耳其生活中的所有人物中，最生动、最有可能在导致土耳其爆发敌对行动的事件中最具影响力的是年轻的恩维尔帕夏。
He was one of the heroes of the remarkable rebellion that resulted in the downfall of Abdul Hamid, and since then he had ever played a leading part in the constantly shifting drama in Constantinople.
他是导致阿卜杜勒·哈米德垮台的这场非凡叛乱的英雄之一，从那时起，他就一直在君士坦丁堡不断变化的戏剧中扮演主角。
Dapper, alert intelligent, and approachable, modest almost to the point of shyness, Enver was almost a venerated figure among the Turkish people.
恩维尔衣冠楚楚，机敏聪明，平易近人，谦虚得近乎害羞，在土耳其人民中几乎是一个受人尊敬的人物。
As he passed on horseback, his slim figure erect and stiff in its military pose, he attracted more attention and interest than did the sultan himself.
当他骑在马背上走过时，他那苗条的身材笔直而僵硬，摆出军人的姿势，比苏丹本人更吸引了人们的注意和兴趣。
He formed the chief and perhaps the strongest link between Constantinople and Berlin.
他在君士坦丁堡和柏林之间建立了主要的、也许是最牢固的联系。
Honored in an unprecedented manner by the sultan, Enver's influence in Constantinople was almost supreme.
恩维尔以前所未有的方式受到苏丹的表彰，他在君士坦丁堡的影响力几乎是至高无上的。
It is through him that the various negotiations with Berlin were conducted.
与柏林的各种谈判都是通过他进行的。
Soon after the triumph of the Young Turk movement Enver went to Berlin as military attaché to the Turkish Embassy, and thoroughly imbibed the Prussian military spirit.
青年土耳其党运动胜利后不久，恩维尔前往柏林担任土耳其大使馆武官，彻底吸收了普鲁士的军事精神。
He returned to the Turkish capital an enthusiastic admirer of the German army system and became a willing ally of General Liman von Sanders in the latter's attempt to repair the weaknesses of the Turkish army revealed by the Balkan War.
他回到土耳其首都，对德国军队体系充满热情，并成为利曼·冯·桑德斯将军的自愿盟友，后者试图修复巴尔干战争中暴露的土耳其军队的弱点。
Second only to Enver Pasha in those critical days was Talaat Bey, an old and more experienced member of the inner council of the Committee of Union and Progress and also a prominent figure in the revolution against Abdul Hamid.
在那些关键的日子里，仅次于恩维尔帕夏的是塔拉特·贝（Talaat Bey），他是联合与进步委员会内部委员会的一位年长且经验丰富的成员，也是反对阿卜杜勒·哈米德革命的杰出人物。
He was described by Sir Louis Mallet, British Ambassador to Constantinople, as the most powerful civilian in the cabinet and also as the most conspicuous of the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress.
英国驻君士坦丁堡大使路易斯·马莱特爵士将他描述为内阁中最有权势的文职人员，也是联盟与进步委员会最引人注目的领导人。
He was troubled by no such personal modesty and shyness as was Enver.
他不像恩维尔那样因个人的谦虚和害羞而感到困扰。
He was, however, a much harder man to judge.
然而，他是一个更难评判的人。
Enver was openly pro-German in the weeks that preceded the actual break with the Entente Powers, but for a long time the real intentions of Talaat Bey were in doubt--at least they were to the British, French, and Russian Ambassadors.
在与协约国实际决裂之前的几周里，恩维尔公开支持德国，但很长一段时间以来，塔拉特·贝伊的真正意图一直令人怀疑——至少对英国、法国和俄罗斯大使来说是这样。
Djemel Pasha, Minister of Marine, while pro-German in his sentiments, is believed to have hesitated in advising an open break, largely because of the condition of the Turkish navy and the state of Turkish finance.
海军部长杰梅尔·帕夏虽然在情感上支持德国，但据信在建议公开分手时犹豫不决，主要是因为土耳其海军的状况和土耳其的金融状况。
The arrival of the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_, the importation of hundreds of German sailors to stiffen the Turkish marine, and, during October, the receipt of about $20,000,000 in gold from Berlin, won him over.
格本号和布雷斯劳号的到来、数百名德国水手的到来以加强土耳其海军陆战队的实力，以及十月份从柏林收到的约 20,000,000 美元的黄金，都赢得了他的支持。
In the end Djemel Pasha stood with Enver and Talaat.
最终杰梅尔帕夏与恩维尔和塔拉特站在一起。
Other members of the Turkish Cabinet made a demonstration of attempting to hold their country to an uneasy neutrality.
土耳其内阁的其他成员也试图让自己的国家保持令人不安的中立。
Whether their efforts were sincere or designed to prevent an open rupture until the psychological moment had arrived it is impossible to say.
很难说他们的努力是真诚的，还是为了在心理时刻到来之前防止公开破裂。
Sir Louis Mallet, in his private dispatches to his Government, expresses his firm conviction that the sultan, the heir apparent, the grand vizier, Prince Said Halim, Djavid Bey, the Minister of Finance and a clear majority of the cabinet were determined not to allow Turkey to be drawn into the war.
路易斯·马莱特爵士在给政府的私人信件中表示，他坚信苏丹、法定继承人、大维齐尔、赛义德·哈利姆亲王、贾维德·贝、财政部长和内阁绝大多数成员决心不让土耳其卷入战争。
Up to the very last minute the British Ambassador did not despair of the success of this peace party.
直到最后一刻，英国大使并没有对这次和平聚会的成功感到绝望。
Events were too strong for these advocates of neutrality--events and the control of the all-important army and navy by Enver and his associates.
对于这些中立的倡导者来说，事件太过强烈——事件以及恩维尔及其同伙对最重要的陆军和海军的控制。
By the sword the Ottoman Empire was reared and by the sword it has been ruled ever since.
奥斯曼帝国是靠剑建立起来的，并且从那时起就一直被剑统治。
During the months of September, 1914, and October, 1914, there were many plain signs that Enver Pasha and Talaat Bey were heading straight for a break.
在 1914 年 9 月和 1914 年 10 月期间，有许多明显的迹象表明恩维尔帕夏和塔拉特贝正在直接走向休息。
On September 9, 1914, the Porte gave notice of the proposed abolition of the capitulations by which the various powers enjoyed extraterritorial rights.
1914 年 9 月 9 日，土耳其政府发出通知，提议废除投降条约，根据投降条约，各势力享有治外法权。
At the same time what amounted to a final demand was made upon the British Government to return the two Turkish battleships seized at the outbreak of the war.
与此同时，英国政府还提出了归还战争爆发时扣押的两艘土耳其战列舰的最后要求。
Extraordinary efforts were made by all the Entente Powers to keep Turkey neutral.
所有协约国为保持土耳其中立做出了非凡的努力。
They proposed to agree to the abolition of the capitulations as soon as a modern judicial system could be set up in Turkey; they agreed to guarantee the independence and integrity of the country for a limited but extended term of years; they declared that Turkey would not suffer by any changes of national frontiers growing out of the war; and England even promised to return the two superdreadnoughts upon the conclusion of the war, claiming that their retention meanwhile was absolutely necessary for her protection.
他们提议，一旦土耳其建立起现代司法体系，就同意废除投降；他们同意在有限但延长的期限内保证国家的独立和完整；他们宣称土耳其不会因战争而发生的任何国家边界变化而遭受损失；英国甚至承诺在战争结束后归还两艘超级无畏舰，并声称保留它们对于保护自己来说是绝对必要的。
The main stipulations made by the Entente Powers in return for these concessions were that the German crews of the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ be sent out of Turkey and that General Liman von Sanders and the other members of the German military mission be dismissed.
作为这些让步的回报，协约国提出的主要规定是，将“格本”号和“布雷斯劳”号的德国船员遣送出土耳其，并解雇利曼·冯·桑德斯将军和德国军事使团的其他成员。
With these demands Turkey refused to comply, after hesitating over the first.
对于这些要求，土耳其在对第一个要求犹豫不决后拒绝遵守。
Indeed, the strength of the German stiffening in Turkey was constantly becoming greater: by the middle of September there were no less than 4,000 German officers and noncommissioned officers in Constantinople alone and every train from the north brought others.
事实上，德国在土耳其的强化力量不断增强：到9月中旬，仅君士坦丁堡就有不少于4000名德国军官和士官，每列来自北方的火车都带来了其他人。
This situation of tension between Turkey and the Entente Powers continued all through September and October.
土耳其与协约国之间的这种紧张局势持续了整个九月和十月。
The outside world momentarily expected an open rupture.
外界暂时预计会出现公开破裂。
CHAPTER LXXXIII
第LXXXIII章
THE FIRST BLOW AGAINST THE ALLIES
对盟军的第一击
On October 29, 1914, came news of a Bedouin invasion of the Sinai peninsula and an occupation of the important Wells of Magdala on the road to the Suez Canal.
1914 年 10 月 29 日，传来贝都因人入侵西奈半岛并占领通往苏伊士运河途中重要马格达拉井的消息。
England became alarmed, and her composure was not restored by the news that came a few hours later.
英格兰惊慌失措，几个小时后传来的消息并没有让她平静下来。
Claiming that Russia had taken aggressive action in the Black Sea, three Turkish torpedo boats sailed into Odessa Harbor, shelled the town, sank a Russian guardship, and did other considerable damage.
声称俄罗斯在黑海采取侵略行动的三艘土耳其鱼雷艇驶入敖德萨港，炮击该镇，击沉一艘俄罗斯护卫舰，并造成其他相当大的损失。
On the following day, October 30, 1914, the Russian Ambassador at Constantinople asked for his passports and the British and French representatives with evident reluctance soon followed suit.
第二天，即 1914 年 10 月 30 日，俄罗斯驻君士坦丁堡大使要求他出示护照，英国和法国代表显然不情愿地很快也效仿了。
On November 1 Turkey was definitely and irretrievably at war with the Entente Powers and an ally of Germany and Austria.
11 月 1 日，土耳其与协约国以及德国和奥地利的盟友陷入了无可挽回的战争。
The war from the point of view of the Turkish people was a matter of four frontiers.
从土耳其人民的角度来看，这场战争涉及四个边界。
There was the Dardanelles to guard; there was Egypt and the Suez Canal to be threatened and perhaps captured; there was the Caucasus, where across towering mountains and deep gorges the Ottoman faced the Russian, his hereditary and most feared enemy; and finally there was Mesopotamia.
那里有达达尼尔海峡需要守卫；埃及和苏伊士运河受到威胁，甚至可能被占领；还有高加索地区，奥斯曼帝国越过高耸的山脉和深邃的峡谷，面对着俄罗斯人，这是他的世袭敌人，也是最可怕的敌人。最后是美索不达米亚。
All of these theatres of possible warfare presented military problems, and one of them naval problems among the most intricate and interesting of those facing the nations involved in this unprecedented war.
所有这些可能的战争战场都提出了军事问题，其中海军问题是卷入这场史无前例的战争的国家所面临的最复杂和最有趣的问题之一。
In the Caucasus the mountains and the scarcity of broad passes and good roads, the almost entire lack of railway facilities and the whole nature of the country rendered offensive operations as difficult as on the northeast frontier of Italy or in the Carpathians.
在高加索地区，山区、缺乏宽阔的山口和良好的道路、几乎完全缺乏铁路设施以及该国的整体性质，使得进攻行动与意大利东北边境或喀尔巴阡山脉一样困难。
In Syria and on the road to the Suez Canal, the waterless desert, the entire absence of railways, the paucity and inadequacy of roads and the nature of the obstacles to be crossed before an invasion of Egypt was possible made the task one of terrible difficulty.
在叙利亚和通往苏伊士运河的道路上，无水的沙漠、完全没有铁路、道路的匮乏和不足，以及在入侵埃及之前需要跨越的障碍的性质，使得这项任务变得极其困难。
In the Dardanelles the peninsula of Gallipoli, strong as it was in natural advantages, was open to naval attack from two and perhaps three sides and its defense must prove not only a costly affair but one the issue of which must be constantly open to doubt.
在达达尼尔海峡，加利波利半岛虽然拥有强大的自然优势，却容易受到来自两方甚至三方的海军攻击，其防御不仅是一项代价高昂的事情，而且是一个必须不断受到质疑的问题。
Lastly in Mesopotamia the task for the Turks was a comparatively easy one, for an invading army must meet with constant difficulties through lack of water, excessive heat, absence of roads and railways and distance from real base of supplies.
最后，在美索不达米亚，土耳其人的任务相对容易，因为入侵的军队必须不断遇到困难，如缺水、酷热、缺乏公路和铁路以及远离真正的补给基地。
At the time of Turkey's entry into the war, military opinion all over the world was divided on the question of the relative efficiency of her army.
土耳其参战时，世界各地的军事观点对其军队的相对效率问题存在分歧。
All agreed, however, that as an individual fighting animal the Turk had few if any equals.
然而，所有人都同意，作为一种单独的战斗动物，土耳其人几乎没有对手。
Centuries of warfare had established his reputation, and the wonderful defense of Plevna had set the seal upon it.
几个世纪的战争奠定了他的声誉，普列夫纳的出色防御也奠定了他的声誉。
On the defensive, it was believed by many, he was unbeatable, conditions of supply and equipment being equal.
在防守方面，许多人相信，在补给和装备条件相同的情况下，他是无与伦比的。
The Balkan War, however, had been a severe blow to his prestige.
然而，巴尔干战争对他的威望造成了严重打击。
It was widely felt that his defeat by the Bulgars, the Serbians, and the Greeks had revealed serious, even vital, weaknesses in the Ottoman army.
人们普遍认为，他对保加利亚人、塞尔维亚人和希腊人的失败暴露了奥斯曼军队中严重的、甚至是至关重要的弱点。
Consequently the test of Turkey in the Great War was anxiously awaited by both allies and foes.
因此，盟友和敌人都焦急地等待着土耳其在第一次世界大战中的考验。
Tremendous issues were at stake, and the failure or success of the soldiers of the Crescent in standing before the troops of Russia, France, and Great Britain was bound to have an important, perhaps decisive, influence on the outcome of the struggle as a whole.
巨大的问题正处于危险之中，新月士兵在俄罗斯、法国和英国军队面前的失败或成功必然会对整个斗争的结果产生重要的、也许是决定性的影响。
It is doubtful if the general staff of any of the warring countries had any accurate or dependable figures of the Turkish army.
任何交战国家的总参谋部是否拥有准确或可靠的土耳其军队数字值得怀疑。
Especially was this so of the army on a war footing.
尤其是处于战备状态的军队更是如此。
At one time only Mohammedans were permitted to serve with the colors, the citizens of other religious beliefs being called upon to pay a yearly tax in lieu of service.
曾经，只有伊斯兰教徒才被允许服役，而其他宗教信仰的公民则被要求每年缴纳税款来代替服役。
Of recent years, however, that law was altered, and in the Balkan War Mohammedan and Christian served side by side and fought with equal ardor for their country.
然而，近年来，这项法律发生了变化，在巴尔干战争中，穆罕默德和基督徒并肩作战，并以同样的热情为自己的国家而战。
Just how large a proportion of the Christian population had been incorporated into the army at the time of the outbreak of hostilities few experts were in any position to estimate.
在敌对行动爆发时，基督徒人口中究竟有多少比例被编入军队，很少有专家能够估计。
Germany, because of her painstaking investigations in Turkey as well as in every other country, probably was in possession of more accurate data than any other nation, not even excepting the Turks themselves.
德国由于对土耳其以及其他所有国家进行了艰苦的调查，可能比任何其他国家都拥有更准确的数据，甚至连土耳其人自己也不例外。
The best neutral authorities speak of 1,125,000 as the total war-time strength of the Ottoman forces, but that estimate was made prior to the war and before the world had learned that nations under modern conditions are able to place a much larger proportion of their available manhood in the field than was ever thought possible.
最优秀的中立当局称奥斯曼军队的战时总兵力为 1,125,000 人，但这一估计是在战前做出的，当时世界还没有了解到现代条件下的国家能够将其可用人力投入战场的比例比人们想象的要大得多。
Probably the Turkish war strength was underestimated.
土耳其的战争实力或许被低估了。
The chief difficulty was not in finding the men, but in providing quickly equipment, and at the outset that was evidently a very real obstacle in Turkey.
主要的困难不是找到人员，而是快速提供装备，而从一开始，这显然是土耳其的一个非常现实的障碍。
The Turkish army was essentially a German creation, and largely the personal accomplishment of that very able military organizer and student of war, Field Marshal von der Goltz.
土耳其军队本质上是德国人的产物，很大程度上是这位非常有能力的军事组织者和战争学生冯德戈尔茨元帅的个人成就。
Von der Goltz spent a decade with the Turkish army, and returned to Germany only to reorganize the eastern defenses of his country in preparation for the Great War.
冯德戈尔茨在土耳其军队服役了十年，回到德国只是为了重组其国家的东部防御，为第一次世界大战做准备。
When Turkey entered the struggle he returned to Constantinople at Enver Bey's personal request.
当土耳其加入斗争时，他应恩维尔·贝的个人要求返回君士坦丁堡。
The Turk does not become subject to military duty until he reaches the age of twenty.
土耳其人直到二十岁才须服兵役。
Then, however, for the next two decades he belongs to the army, either actually or potentially.
然而，在接下来的二十年里，无论是实际上还是潜在地，他都属于军队。
The first nine years are spent in the Nizam or first line, first with the colors and then in immediate reserve.
前九年是在尼扎姆（Nizam）或第一线度过的，首先是颜色，然后是立即储备。
Then come nine years in the Redif or Landwehr, and, finally, two years in the Mustaph'-phiz or Landsturm.
然后在 Redif 或 Landwehr 服役九年，最后在 Mustaph'-phiz 或 Landsturm 服役两年。
All branches of the Turkish army were not equally good.
土耳其军队的所有兵种并不都同样优秀。
Cavalry and infantry were probably the equal of corresponding troops in the armies of any other country, but the inefficiency of the artillery was blamed for the débâcle of the Balkan War.
骑兵和步兵可能与任何其他国家军队中的相应部队相当，但炮兵的低效被归咎于巴尔干战争的失败。
Many of the thousands of German troops poured into Turkey before and after she entered the war were trained gunners sent with the object of stiffening the weakest arm of the Turkish army.
在土耳其参战前后涌入土耳其的数千名德国军队中，有许多是训练有素的炮手，其目的是增强土耳其军队最薄弱的力量。
The Turkish army has always suffered, as have the armies of many other countries, from a shortage of properly trained officers.
与许多其他国家的军队一样，土耳其军队一直饱受缺乏训练有素的军官的困扰。
Since the advent of the Young Turks, and especially since Enver Pasha, with his German training, succeeded to the position of Minister of War and Commander in Chief, the personnel of the officers' corps has been vastly improved.
自从青年土耳其党出现以来，特别是受过德国训练的恩维尔帕夏继任战争部长和总司令之后，军官队伍的人员队伍得到了极大的改善。
But it takes years--yes, generations--to create an adequate supply of officers and noncommissioned officers for an army of the proportions of Turkey's, and the assistance of the German stiffening must have been of inestimable advantage to the Ottoman command.
但是，需要数年时间——是的，几代人——才能为土耳其军队提供足够的军官和士官，而德国的加强援助对奥斯曼指挥部来说肯定具有不可估量的优势。
At the outbreak of the war the Turkish army was disposed in four regional groups.
战争爆发时，土耳其军队被部署在四个地区集团中。
The number of men actually with the colors, according to the best estimates, was 500,000, with another 250,000 trained men in immediate reserve awaiting equipment.
根据最准确的估计，实际参军人数为 500,000 人，另外还有 250,000 名经过训练的立即预备役人员等待装备。
In or near Constantinople were about 200,000 troops, including the First, Third, and Fifth Corps, a part of the Sixth, and four cavalry brigades.
君士坦丁堡及其附近约有20万军队，其中包括第一、第三和第五军团，第六军团的一部分，以及四个骑兵旅。
In Thrace, watching the uncertain Bulgars and Greeks, were the Second and most of the Sixth Corps with cavalry regiments and frontier guards.
在色雷斯，注视着不确定的保加利亚人和希腊人的是第二军团和第六军团的大部分部队，以及骑兵团和边防部队。
In Palestine, menacing the Suez Canal, were the 40,000 troops of the Eighth Corps, besides unnumbered irregular Arab forces, who could not, however, be depended upon.
在巴勒斯坦，威胁苏伊士运河的还有第八军团的四万名士兵，此外还有数量众多的非正规阿拉伯军队，但这些军队是不可依赖的。
In the Caucasus the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Corps and three brigades of cavalry were facing the Russian forces across the winding frontier.
在高加索地区，第九、第十和第十一军以及三个骑兵旅正跨越蜿蜒的边境与俄罗斯军队对峙。
At Bagdad the Thirteenth Corps, and at Mosul the Twelfth, stood guard over Mesopotamia.
在巴格达，第十三军团和在摩苏尔的第十二军团守卫着美索不达米亚。
For centuries England had had a very genuine and active interest in the Persian Gulf, recognizing its strategic and potential commercial importance with that foresight which has distinguished her statesmen and traders for generations.
几个世纪以来，英国一直对波斯湾抱有非常真诚和积极的兴趣，认识到其战略和潜在的商业重要性，其远见卓识使几代政治家和商人脱颖而出。
Russia had been regarded as the most likely nation to contest England's predominance in that quarter of the world, and her every move was watched and checkmated in Downing Street.
俄罗斯被认为是最有可能挑战英国在该地区的主导地位的国家，她的一举一动都受到唐宁街的关注和围堵。
At the outbreak of the war, however, and for a decade before, Germany had given many signs that she had to be reckoned with in any arrangements in the waters washing the shores of Mesopotamia.
然而，在战争爆发时，以及在此之前的十年里，德国已经发出了许多迹象，表明在美索不达米亚海岸的水域中的任何安排都必须考虑到她。
And it soon became apparent that the domination of that part of Turkey was to be one of the chief spoils of victory.
很快人们就发现，对土耳其那部分地区的统治将是胜利的主要战利品之一。
Much has been written about Germany's territorial ambitions.
关于德国的领土野心已有很多文章。
Much of it is based upon pure speculation, but publicists in Germany make no disguise of the Fatherland's desire to win and make a political and economic unit of the countries now embraced in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Servia, perhaps Rumania, Bulgaria, and Turkey in Europe and Asia.
其中大部分是基于纯粹的猜测，但德国的公关人士毫不掩饰祖国渴望获胜并让欧洲和亚洲的德国、奥匈帝国、塞尔维亚，也许还有罗马尼亚、保加利亚和土耳其所拥护的国家成为一个政治和经济统一体的愿望。
One has but to take up the map and outline this aggregation of states and turn to a table of statistics to realize the enormous advantages and powers of such a unit.
人们只需拿起地图，勾画出这一国家的聚集体，并翻阅统计表格，就能认识到这样一个单位的巨大优势和力量。
Politically and economically, it would dominate Europe as has no other power for many generations.
在政治和经济上，它将主宰欧洲，因为许多代人都没有其他权力。
Economically and financially, it would be absolutely independent of the rest of the world, but even if it were not, no nation or combination of nations could afford to attempt to isolate it.
在经济和金融上，它将绝对独立于世界其他地区，但即使不独立，也没有任何国家或国家联合体能够尝试孤立它。
CHAPTER LXXXIV
第四十四章
BRITISH CAMPAIGN IN MESOPOTAMIA
英国在美索不达米亚的战役
It was some such considerations as these working in the minds of the members of the British Government that impelled them to undertake an offensive in Mesopotamia almost immediately after the break of relations with Turkey.
正是诸如此类的考虑因素在英国政府成员的头脑中起作用，促使他们在与土耳其关系破裂后几乎立即对美索不达米亚发动进攻。
But in addition there were two other reasons.
但除此之外还有另外两个原因。
Russia feared a Turkish attack in force in the Caucasus and called to England and France for a diversion.
俄罗斯担心土耳其会对高加索地区发动武力攻击，并呼吁英国和法国转移注意力。
The Mesopotamia campaign working on the right flank of the Turkish forces, as a whole, was an ideal operation intended to draw troops from the Russian frontier.
总体而言，在土耳其军队右翼进行的美索不达米亚战役是一次理想的行动，旨在从俄罗斯边境撤军。
Secondly, the moral effect of any considerable British success in Mesopotamia, and especially the capture of Bagdad, was bound to be very great.
其次，英国在美索不达米亚取得的任何重大胜利，特别是占领巴格达，其道德影响必然是非常巨大的。
Bulgaria, Greece, and Rumania were believed to be waiting for a cue to enter the struggle, and perhaps turn the scales in the Balkans, while the attitude of the Mohammedans in the French and British possessions was largely dependent upon the prestige of those two countries.
据信，保加利亚、希腊和罗马尼亚正在等待加入斗争的信号，或许会扭转巴尔干半岛的局势，而法国和英国属地的伊斯兰教徒的态度很大程度上取决于这两个国家的威望。
Finally, in considering the relative importance of particular campaigns, observers are likely to lose sight of the tremendous importance of possession.
最后，在考虑特定战役的相对重要性时，观察者可能会忽视控球的巨大重要性。
In law possession is said to constitute nine points.
在法律上，控球权据说构成九分。
In warfare, and in diplomacy, which must eventually follow, possession is even more important.
在战争中，以及最终必然发生的外交中，占有甚至更为重要。
When the plenipotentiaries of the warring nations gather around the peace table to arrive at a basis of settlement and the cards are laid on the table, that nation in possession of disputed territory, whatever may be her military and financial condition, is in a position to largely influence the terms.
当交战国家的全权代表聚集在和平谈判桌旁达成和解基础并将牌摆上桌面时，拥有争议领土的国家，无论其军事和财政状况如何，都能够在很大程度上影响这些条款。
Only by the concession of equivalent advantages or considerations will it be possible to oust her.
只有以同等的优势或考虑让步，才有可能驱逐她。
How widely this is recognized will be evidenced by the scramble that is made by each of the warring nations to secure possession of the land regarded as its particular sphere of influence.
交战双方为确保占有被视为其特定势力范围的土地而进行的争夺，将证明这一点得到了多么广泛的认可。
This is true of Mesopotamia, as of many other parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
美索不达米亚以及欧洲、亚洲和非洲的许多其他地区都是如此。
It is evident that the Turkish military authorities were taken somewhat by surprise by the rapidity with which the British Government in India perfected their arrangements for an attack upon Mesopotamia.
显然，土耳其军事当局对印度英国政府如此迅速地完善进攻美索不达米亚的安排感到有些惊讶。
Knowing that the total British army was extremely limited, it was thought that France, and possibly Egypt, would absorb British military activity for some months to come.
由于知道英国军队总数极其有限，人们认为法国，可能还有埃及，将在未来几个月吸收英国的军事活动。
There was every reason, however, why the British should not delay the attack upon the shores of Mesopotamia washed by the Persian Gulf.
然而，英国人有充分的理由不应该推迟对波斯湾冲刷过的美索不达米亚海岸的攻击。
Running down to the left bank of the Shat-el-Arab to a point (Abadam) almost directly opposite the Turkish village of Sanijeh was the enormously important pipe line of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
英波斯石油公司极其重要的管道一直延伸到阿拉伯河左岸，到达几乎与土耳其萨尼杰村正对面的一点（阿巴达姆）。
Now this pipe line was one of the main supplies of the British navy which, with the launching of the newer superdreadnoughts, was becoming increasingly dependent upon oil instead of coal.
现在，这条管道是英国海军的主要供应之一，随着新型超级无畏舰的下水，英国海军越来越依赖石油而不是煤炭。
So much was this so that the British admiralty some time before the war bought a controlling interest in this same Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
其影响如此之大，以至于英国海军部在战前某个时间购买了这家英波石油公司的控股权。
It was, then, primarily to protect this fuel supply from a Turkish raid that an early descent upon the Mesopotamian coast was planned.
当时，计划尽早降落在美索不达米亚海岸，主要是为了保护燃料供应免受土耳其袭击。
On November 7, 1914, the Poona Brigade, composed of white and Indian troops, under command of Brigadier General W.
1914 年 11 月 7 日，由白人和印度军队组成的浦那旅，由准将 W.
S.
S。
Delamain, appeared off the Turkish village of Fao, where an antiquated Turkish fort lies amid a grove of palm trees.
德拉曼出现在土耳其法奥村附近，那里有一座古老的土耳其堡垒，坐落在棕榈树林中。
Against Persian Gulf pirates it could have put up a valiant fight, but it was a poor match for the guns of the British gunboat _Odin_.
面对波斯湾海盗，它本可以进行英勇的战斗，但与英国炮舰奥丁号的火炮相比，它根本无法匹敌。
The defenders fled and the British force sailed up the Shat-el-Arab.
守军逃跑，英军沿阿拉伯河航行。
At Sanijeh they effected a landing, intrenched, and awaited the coming of two additional brigades.
他们在萨尼杰登陆，筑起工事，等待另外两个旅的到来。
It soon became apparent that the Turks, either because they were not prepared or because they preferred to make their real stand nearer their base of supplies, did not intend to offer any serious opposition to the British advance.
很快人们就发现，土耳其人并不打算对英国的进攻提出任何严厉的反对，要么是因为他们没有做好准备，要么是因为他们更愿意让自己的真正阵地更接近他们的补给基地。
They adopted tactics designed to harass and delay the invaders, however, and on the 11th of November a small force moved out of Basra and engaged the Indian troops attached to General Delamain's command.
然而，他们采取了旨在骚扰和拖延入侵者的战术，11 月 11 日，一支小部队离开巴士拉，与德拉曼将军指挥下的印度军队交战。
After a sharp action the Turks retired.
经过一番激烈的行动后，土耳其人撤退了。
No further opportunity was given them to attack in small force, for two days later Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Barrett arrived at Sanijeh with the Armednagar and the Belgaum Brigades, both made up of Indian troops with a stiffening of British regiments.
他们没有再获得以小规模进攻的机会，两天后，中将阿瑟·巴雷特爵士率领阿梅德纳加尔旅和贝尔高姆旅抵达萨尼耶，这两个旅均由印度军队和英国军团组成。
By November 16, 1914, the whole of the British forces were ashore, and on the following day at daybreak General Barrett ordered an advance.
1914 年 11 月 16 日，英军全部上岸，第二天黎明，巴雷特将军下令进攻。
The main Turkish forces were located at Sahil, about halfway between Sanijeh and Basra.
土耳其的主力部队驻扎在萨赫勒，大约在萨尼杰和巴士拉之间的中间位置。
The battle was opened by an artillery duel.
战斗以炮火对决拉开帷幕。
The British had a great advantage in the possession of gunboats, upon which had been mounted guns of considerable caliber.
英国人在拥有炮艇方面拥有巨大优势，炮艇上安装有相当口径的火炮。
The Turks had selected their positions with great skill and knowledge, and despite the heavy artillery preparation, the British troops, when they did advance, were badly punished.
土耳其人以高超的技巧和知识选择了自己的阵地，尽管英军进行了猛烈的炮火准备，但当他们真正推进时，却受到了严重的惩罚。
Recent rains had made the ground heavy, almost marshy, and the entire absence of vegetation gave the Turkish riflemen and machine-gun crews an excellent chance to work.
最近的降雨使地面变得沉重，几乎变得沼泽，而完全没有植被给土耳其步枪手和机枪手提供了绝佳的工作机会。
Slowly the Turks were forced out of their advance positions, but just as the invaders were about to take advantage of the retreat of the enemy a curious phenomenon occurred.
慢慢地，土耳其人被迫离开他们的前进阵地，但就在入侵者准备趁敌人撤退之机时，奇怪的现象发生了。
Between the advancing British and the retiring Turks a mirage interposed and effectually screened the movements of the latter.
在前进的英国人和撤退的土耳其人之间，有一道海市蜃楼介入并有效地屏蔽了后者的行动。
Because of this and the heavy ground no pursuit was possible.
由于这个原因和沉重的地面，追击是不可能的。
This action, resulting in the loss of 353 of the British force and an even larger number of the Turkish troops (estimated by the British at 1,500, but which is almost certainly an exaggeration), decided the fate of Basra.
这次行动导致英军损失 353 人，土耳其军队损失更多（英国估计有 1,500 人，但这几乎肯定是夸大其词），决定了巴士拉的命运。
Some opposition was made to the passage of the British river expedition, and at one point an unsuccessful attempt was made to block the passage of the Shat-el-Arab by the sinking of three steamers.
英国河流探险队的通过遭到了一些反对，一度试图通过击沉三艘轮船来阻止阿拉伯河的通过，但没有成功。
About ten o'clock in the morning of November 22, 1914, the British river force, after silencing a battery that had been hurriedly erected by the Turks just below the town, reached Basra, and General Barrett hoisted the British flag on the German Consulate, the customhouse having been fired by the retreating Turks.
1914 年 11 月 22 日上午 10 点左右，英国河上部队压制了土耳其人在城镇下方匆忙架起的炮台后，到达巴士拉，巴雷特将军在德国领事馆升起英国国旗，海关大楼已被撤退的土耳其人开火。
Some time was spent by the invaders at Basra in preparing a base.
入侵者在巴士拉花了一些时间准备基地。
It was not until December 3, 1914, that Lieutenant Colonel Frazer of General Barrett's force with Indian troops and some of the Second Norfolks advanced on Kurna, fifty miles above Basra, at a point where the Tigris empties into the old channel of the Euphrates.
直到 1914 年 12 月 3 日，巴雷特将军的弗雷泽中校率领印度军队和一些第二诺福克人部队向巴士拉上方 50 英里的库尔纳推进，在底格里斯河汇入幼发拉底河旧河道的地方。
Lieutenant Colonel Frazer's force was accompanied by three gunboats, an armed yacht, and a couple of armed launches.
弗雷泽中校的部队由三艘炮艇、一艘武装游艇和几艘武装汽艇陪同。
The troops landed four miles below the town and intrenched, while the river force moved up and shelled Kurna.
部队在城镇下方四英里处登陆并构筑壕沟，而河流部队则向上移动并炮击库尔纳。
When the troops advanced, it immediately became apparent that the strength of the Turks had been underestimated and that Lieutenant Colonel Frazer's force was much too small to dislodge them.
当部队前进时，人们立即发现土耳其人的实力被低估了，而弗雷泽中校的兵力太小，无法驱逐他们。
After losing heavily, Frazer ordered a retreat to the intrenchments four miles down the river, and sent word to Basra for reenforcements.
惨败后，弗雷泽下令撤退到河下游四英里处的工事，并向巴士拉发出增援的消息。
On December 6, 1914, General Fry appeared with additional troops, and plans were laid for attacking Kurna on the flank.
1914 年 12 月 6 日，弗莱将军率领更多部队出现，并制定了从侧翼攻击库尔纳的计划。
Just as the scheme was nearing completion, however, Turkish officers appeared at the English camp and asked for terms.
然而，就在该计划接近完成时，土耳其军官出现在英国营地并询问条件。
Conditions were refused, and finally the Turks laid down their arms.
条件遭到拒绝，土耳其人最终放下了武器。
With the capture of Kurna the British secured control of the delta of the Euphrates, made impossible any raid upon the Persian Gulf and its oil supply except in great force, and laid the foundations of an ambitious campaign against the strategic points of the whole of Mesopotamia.
随着库尔纳的占领，英国确保了对幼发拉底河三角洲的控制，除非使用大量武力，否则不可能对波斯湾及其石油供应进行任何袭击，并为针对整个美索不达米亚战略要点的雄心勃勃的战役奠定了基础。
Elaborate intrenched camps were built at Kurna, and near-by at Mezera, to await the coming of larger forces and supplies.
在库尔纳和附近的梅泽拉建造了精心设计的战壕营地，以等待更大的部队和补给的到来。