The Story of the Great War, Volume 3
Produced by Christine P.
克里斯汀·P.
Travers, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
Travers、Charlene Taylor 和在线分布式校对团队，网址为 http://www.pgdp.net（此文件由互联网档案馆慷慨提供的图像生成）
[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected.
[抄写员注：明显的打印机错误已得到纠正。
Hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised, all other inconsistencies are as in the original.
连字符和重音已标准化，所有其他不一致之处均与原始版本相同。
The author's spelling has been maintained.
作者的拼写保持不变。
Page 239, "The concentration one for operations" has been changed to "The concentration zone for operations".]
第239页“经营集中一区”修改为“经营集中区”]
THE STORY OF THE GREAT WAR
伟大战争的故事
History of the European War from Official Sources
官方资料中的欧洲战争历史
Complete Historical Records of Events to Date, Illustrated with Drawings, Maps, and Photographs
迄今为止事件的完整历史记录，配有图画、地图和照片
Prefaced by
序言为
What the War Means to America Major General Leonard Wood, U.S.A.
战争对美国意味着什么美国少将伦纳德·伍德
Naval Lessons of the War Rear Admiral Austin M.
战争中的海军教训奥斯汀·M·少将
Knight, U.S.N.
奈特，美国海军
The World's War Frederick Palmer
世界大战弗雷德里克·帕尔默
Theatres of the War's Campaigns Frank H.
战争战役的战区 Frank H.
Simonds
西蒙兹
The War Correspondent Arthur Ruhl
战地记者阿瑟·鲁尔
Edited by
编辑者
Francis J.
弗朗西斯·J.
Reynolds Former Reference Librarian of Congress
雷诺兹前国会参考图书馆馆长
Allen L.
艾伦·L。
Churchill Associate Editor, The New International Encyclopedia
丘吉尔副主编，新国际百科全书
Francis Trevelyan Miller Editor in Chieft, Photographic History of the Civil War
弗朗西斯·特里维廉·米勒 (Francis Trevelyan Miller) 《内战摄影史》主编
P.
P。
F.
F。
Collier & Son Company New York
Collier & Son 公司 纽约
[Illustration: _A great war Zeppelin on a bomb-dropping expedition is sailing over an enemy city.
[插图：_一艘伟大的战争齐柏林飞艇在投掷炸弹的探险中航行在敌方城市上空。
High above it are the city's defending aircraft--a biplane and a monoplane--ready to attack the raider with their machine guns_]
在它的高处是城市的防御飞机——一架双翼飞机和一架单翼飞机——准备用机枪攻击袭击者_]
THE STORY OF THE GREAT WAR
伟大战争的故事
NEUVE CHAPELLE .
纽夫·查贝尔。
BATTLE OF YPRES .
伊普尔之战。
PRZEMYSL MAZURIAN LAKES .
普热梅希尔马祖里湖。
ITALY ENTERS WAR .
意大利参战。
GORIZIA THE DARDANELLES
戈里齐亚 达达尼尔海峡
VOLUME III
第三卷
P .
P。
F .
F.
Collier & Son .
科利尔父子。
New York
纽约
Copyright 1916 By P.
版权所有 1916 P.
F.
F。
Collier & Son
科利尔父子公司
CONTENTS
内容
PART I.--RUSSIAN AND TURKISH CAMPAIGN
第一部分——俄罗斯和土耳其的战役
CHAPTER Page
章节页码
I.
我。
Campaign in the Caucasus 9 II.
高加索战役 9 II。
Turkish Advance Against Egypt 15 III.
土耳其进攻埃及 15 三．
Failure of "Holy War" Propaganda 21 IV.
“圣战”宣传的失败21 IV。
Results of First Six Months of Turkish Campaign 25 V.
土耳其战役 25 V 前六个月的结果。
The Dardanelles--Strategy of the Campaign 27 VI.
达达尼尔海峡——27 战役战略 VI。
Fortifications and Strength--First Movements 34
防御工事与力量--第一动作34
PART II.--JAPAN AND THE FAR EAST
第二部分——日本和远东
VII.
七．
Why Japan Joined the Allies 40 VIII.
日本为何加入同盟国 40 八．
Military and Naval Situation in the Far East 46 IX.
远东军事和海军局势 46 IX．
Beginning of Hostilities--Attacks On Tsing-Tau Forts 52 X.
敌对行动的开始--攻击青头炮台 52 X.
Capture of Tsing-Tau 60
捕获青头 60
PART III.--THE WAR IN AFRICA
第三部分——非洲战争
XI.
十一.
Campaign in Togoland and the Cameroons 62 XII.
多哥兰和喀麦隆战役 62 XII。
German Southwest Africa--Rebellion in Union of South Africa 68
德属西南非洲——南非联盟的叛乱 68
PART IV.--THE WESTERN FRONT
第四部分——西线
XIII.
十三．
Preparations for an Offensive 79 XIV.
进攻准备79 XIV。
Battle of Neuve Chapelle Begins 83 XV.
Neuve Chapelle 战役于 83 XV 开始。
Operations Following Neuve Chapelle 92 XVI.
Neuve Chapelle 92 XVI 之后的行动。
Beginning of Second Battle of Ypres 99 XVII.
99 XVII 第二次伊普尔战役开始。
The Struggle Renewed 106 XVIII.
斗争重新开始 106 XVIII。
Other Actions on the Western Front 115 XIX.
西线的其他行动 115 XIX。
Campaign in Artois Region 121 XX.
阿图瓦地区 121 XX 战役。
British Forward Movement--Battle of Festubert 128 XXI.
英国前进运动——费斯图伯特战役 128 XXI。
Sir John French Attempts a Surprise 134 XXII.
约翰·法兰西爵士尝试制造惊喜 134 XXII。
Attacks at La Bassee 140 XXIII.
La Bassee 140 XXIII 的袭击。
Operations Around Hooge 146 XXIV.
胡格周围的行动 146 XXIV。
Franco-German Operations Along the Front 151 XXV.
法德沿线作战 151 XXV。
Campaign in Argonne and Around Arras 158 XXVI.
阿贡及阿拉斯周围的战役 158 XXVI。
Belgo-German Operations 166
比利时-德国行动 166
PART V.--NAVAL OPERATIONS
第五部分——海军行动
XXVII.
二十七．
The War Zone 170 XXVIII.
战区 170 XXVIII。
Attack on the Dardanelles 174 XXIX.
攻击达达尼尔海峡 174 XXIX。
German Raiders and Submarines 179 XXX.
德国突袭者和潜艇 179 XXX。
Italian Participation--Operations in Many Waters 186 XXXI.
意大利的参与——多水域行动 186 XXXI。
Story of the Emden 193 XXXII.
埃姆登 193 XXXII 的故事。
Summary of the First Year of Naval Warfare 206 XXXIII.
海战元年概要 206 XXXIII。
Fights of the Submarines 209 XXXIV.
潜艇的战斗 209 XXXIV。
Sinking of the Lusitania 222
卢西塔尼亚号沉没 222
PART VI.--THE EASTERN FRONT--AUSTRO-RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
第六部分——东线——奥俄战役
XXXV.
三十五。
The Carpathian Campaign--Review of the Situation 235 XXXVI.
喀尔巴阡战役——形势回顾235 XXXVI。
Battle of the Passes 241 XXXVII.
山口之战241 XXXVII。
Battle of Koziowa--Operations in the Bukowina 244 XXXVIII.
科齐奥瓦战役——布科维纳行动 244 XXXVIII。
Fall of Przemysl 249 XXXIX.
普热梅希尔的陷落 249 XXXIX。
New Russian Offensive--Austro-German Counteroffensive 258 XL.
俄罗斯新攻势——奥德反攻 258 XL。
Campaign in Galicia and Bukowina--Battle of the Dunajec 264 XLI.
加利西亚和布科维纳战役——杜纳耶茨 264 XLI 战役。
Russian Retreat 276 XLII.
俄罗斯撤退 276 XLII。
Austro-German Reconquest of Western Galicia 281 XLIII.
奥德重新征服西加利西亚 281 XLIII。
Campaign in Eastern Galicia and the Bukowina 289 XLIV.
东加利西亚和布科维纳战役 289 XLIV。
Russian Change of Front--Retreat to the San 293 XLV.
俄罗斯改变阵线——撤退至 San 293 XLV。
Battle of the San 297 XLVI.
San 297 XLVI 之战。
Recapture of Przemysl 301 XLVII.
夺回普热梅希尔 301 XLVII。
Capture of Lemberg 306
占领伦贝格 306
PART VII.--RUSSO-GERMAN CAMPAIGN
第七部分——俄德战役
XLVIII.
四十八．
Winter Battles of the Mazurian Lakes 313 XLIX.
马祖里湖冬季战役 313 XLIX。
The Russians Out of Germany 317 L.
俄罗斯人离开德国 317 L.
Tightening of the Net--Report of the Booty 319 LI.
收紧网——战利品319李的报告。
Battles of Przasnysz--Before Mlawa 324 LII.
普扎斯尼什之战——Mlawa 324 LII 之前。
Fighting Before the Niemen and Bobr--Bombardment of Ossowetz 329 LIII.
在尼门和鲍布尔面前战斗——轰炸奥索韦茨 329 LIII。
Russian Raid on Memel 334 LIV.
俄罗斯突袭梅梅尔 334 LIV。
German Invasion of Courland--Capture of Libau 337 V.
德国入侵库尔兰——夺取利鲍 337 V.
Russian Offensive from Kovno--Forest Battles in May and June 342 LVI.
俄罗斯从科夫诺发起的攻势——5 月和 6 月的森林战役 342 LVI。
Campaign in Southern Poland--Movement upon Warsaw 345 LVII.
波兰南部战役——华沙运动 345 LVII。
Battle of Krasnik--Capture of Przasnysz 348 LVIII.
克拉斯尼克战役——夺取普扎斯尼什 348 LVIII。
Grand Offensive on the Warsaw Salient 356 LIX.
对华沙突出部 356 LIX 的大攻势。
Beginning of the End 361 LX.
结束的开始 361 LX。
Warsaw Falls 366
华沙瀑布 366
PART VIII.--THE BALKANS
第八部分--巴尔干半岛
LXI.
六十一。
Diplomacy in the Balkans 369
巴尔干外交 369
PART IX.--ITALY ENTERS THE WAR
第九部分——意大利参战
LXII.
六十二.
Spirit of the Italian People--Crisis of the Government 379 LXIII.
意大利人民的精神——政府的危机 379 LXIII。
The Decision Made--Italian Strategy 382 LXIV.
做出的决定——意大利战略 382 LXIV。
Strength of Italian Army and Navy 388 LXV.
意大利陆军和海军的实力 388 LXV。
First Engagements 392 LXVI.
第一次交战 392 六十六。
Fighting in the Mountains 402 LXVII.
山中战斗 402 LXVII。
Attacks in Gorizia 408 LXVIII.
戈里齐亚 408 LXVIII 的袭击。
Fighting in the Alps--Italian Successes 416 LXIX.
阿尔卑斯山的战斗——意大利的成功 416 LXIX。
More Mountain Fighting--Results of First Campaign 419
更多山地战斗--第一次419战役的结果
PART X.--THE DARDANELLES AND TURKEY
第十部分--达达尼尔海峡和土耳其
LXX.
七十士。
Beginning of Operations 423 LXXI.
423 LXXI 开始行动。
Preparations for Landing--Composition OF Forces 429 LXXII.
登陆准备——部队组成 429 LXXII。
Plans of Sir Ian Hamilton--First Landing Made 437 LXXIII.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士的计划——437 LXXIII 首次登陆。
The British in Danger--Bitter Fighting 446 LXXIV.
英国处于危险之中——苦战 446 LXXIV。
Further Efforts at Landing--Failure to Take Krithia 454 LXXV.
进一步努力着陆——未能成功登上 Krithia 454 LXXV。
Krithia Again Attacked--Heroic Work of "Anzacs" 459 LXXVI.
克里西亚再次袭击——“安扎克”的英雄之作459 LXXVI。
Russo-Turkish Operations 469
俄土行动 469
PART XI.--THE WAR IN AFRICA
第十一部分——非洲战争
LXXVII.
七十七。
The Cameroons 481 LXXVIII.
喀麦隆 481 LXXVIII。
British Conquest of Southwest Africa 484 LXXIX.
英国征服西南非洲 484 LXXIX。
Other African Operations 493
其他非洲业务 493
PART XII.--WAR IN ARABIA, MESOPOTAMIA, AND EGYPT
第十二部分——阿拉伯、美索不达米亚和埃及的战争
LXXX.
LXXX。
Mesopotamia and Arabia 497 LXXXI.
美索不达米亚和阿拉伯 497 LXXXI。
Syria and Egypt 503
叙利亚和埃及 503
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
插图清单
Zeppelin Attacked by Aeroplanes _Frontispiece_
齐柏林飞艇被飞机袭击_Frontispiece_
Opposite Page Belgians Re-forming for a Fresh Attack 78
对页比利时人重组迎接新的进攻 78
Prayer in a French Church Used for a Hospital 158
法国教堂改建为医院的祈祷 158
Great Liner Lusitania 222
伟大的班轮卢西塔尼亚 222
Grand Duke Nicholas 270
尼古拉斯大公 270
Triumphal Entry of Austrians into Przemysl 302
奥地利人凯旋进入普热梅希尔 302
Prince Leopold of Bavaria in Warsaw 366
巴伐利亚利奥波德亲王在华沙 366
Cloud of Poisonous Gas Released by Italian Troops 414
意大利军队释放毒气云414
Stores at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli 462
苏夫拉湾 (Suvla Bay) 的商店，加利波利 462
LIST OF MAPS
地图列表
Page Strategic Railway System in Eastern Germany Which Made Quick Concentration Possible (_Colored Map_) _Front Insert_
页码 使快速集中成为可能的东德战略铁路系统（_彩色地图_）_正面插入_
Gallipoli 29
加里波利 29
Kiao-Chau (Tsing-Tau) 43
胶州（青头） 43
German Possessions in Africa 65
德国在非洲的属地 65
Western Battle Line, January 1, 1915 81
西部战线，1915 年 1 月 1 日 81
Neuve Chapelle, Battle at 88
Neuve Chapelle，88 岁时的战斗
Ypres, Gas Battle of 113
伊普尔，113 毒气之战
Fighting in Alsace-Hartmannsweilerkopf 119
阿尔萨斯战斗-Hartmannsweilerkopf 119
Artois, Battles in 126
阿图瓦，126年的战斗
German Submarine War Zone 172
德国潜艇战区172
Emden Landing Party, Cruise of 195
埃姆登登陆队，195 艘邮轮
Carpathian Passes and Russian Battle Line 237
喀尔巴阡山口和俄罗斯战线 237
Przemysl, Detail Maps of the Forts of 248
普热梅希尔，248 堡垒详细地图
Galician Campaign from Tarnow to Przemysl 279
从塔尔努夫到普热梅希尔的加利西亚战役 279
Galician Campaign from Przemysl TO Bessarabia 291
加利西亚战役从普热梅希尔到比萨拉比亚 291
Riga, German Advance on 338
里加，德国前进 338
Warsaw, German Attempts to Reach, in 1914 358
1914 年，德国试图到达华沙 358
Warsaw, Advance and Capture of 367
华沙，攻占 367
Coasts of Italy and Austria, Showing the Naval Raid in May, 1915 395
意大利和奥地利海岸，展示 1915 年 5 月的海军袭击 395
Austria, Italian Attack on 410
奥地利、意大利袭击410
Dardanelles, Pictorial Map of, Showing Where the Allies Landed 439
达达尼尔海峡，图画地图，显示盟军登陆地点 439
German Southwest Africa, Conquest of 491
德属西南非洲，征服 491
Mesopotamia--The British Operations from the Persian Gulf 499
美索不达米亚——英国在波斯湾的行动 499
Suez Canal, Turkish Attack on 506
苏伊士运河、土耳其袭击506
PART I--RUSSIAN AND TURKISH CAMPAIGN
第一部分——俄罗斯和土耳其的战役
CHAPTER I
第一章
CAMPAIGN IN THE CAUCASUS
高加索地区的竞选活动
Disquieting as was the British offensive in Mesopotamia, the Turkish General Staff were not to be drawn by it from considerations of larger strategy.
尽管英国在美索不达米亚的攻势令人不安，但土耳其总参谋部并没有出于更大战略的考虑而被它所吸引。
Acting in agreement with the German and Austrian General Staffs, plans were rapidly pushed for an aggressive offensive in the Caucasus, that old-time battling ground of the Russians and the Turks.
在与德国和奥地利总参谋部达成一致后，迅速推动了在高加索地区发起进攻的计划，这里是俄罗斯人和土耳其人的旧战场。
Germany was being hotly pressed in France by the armies of Belgium, France, and England, and feared an offensive on the part of the Russian army.
德国在法国受到比利时、法国和英国军队的猛烈压迫，并且担心俄罗斯军队的进攻。
Across the great isthmus separating the Caspian and Black Seas run the Caucasus Mountains.
高加索山脉横跨分隔里海和黑海的大地峡。
Parallel to this range of towering mountains, the highest in Europe, runs the frontier line of Russia and Turkey and Russia and Persia, winding in and out among the Trans-Caucasian Mountains.
与这片欧洲最高的高耸山脉平行的是俄罗斯与土耳其、俄罗斯与波斯的边境线，蜿蜒在跨高加索山脉之间。
About two hundred miles from the Russo-Turkish frontier stands Tiflis, the rich and ancient capital of Georgia, and one of the prime objectives of any Turkish offensive.
第比利斯距离俄罗斯和土耳其边境约两百英里，是格鲁吉亚富裕而古老的首都，也是土耳其进攻的主要目标之一。
One of the few railroads of this wild country runs from Tiflis through the Russian fortress of Kars, forty-five miles from the Turkish frontier, to Sarikamish, thirty miles nearer.
这个荒野国家为数不多的铁路之一从第比利斯穿过俄罗斯要塞卡尔斯，距离土耳其边境四十五英里，到达距离土耳其边境三十英里的萨里卡默什。
On the Turkish side the fortress of Erzerum stands opposed to Kars, but suffering in comparison by the lack of railroad communication with the interior of Turkey.
在土耳其一侧，埃尔泽鲁姆要塞与卡尔斯对峙，但相比之下，由于缺乏与土耳其内陆的铁路联系而受到影响。
Despite all these discouraging circumstances, however, the Turkish General Staff, dominated by the indefatigable and ambitious Enver Pasha, was not to be deterred.
然而，尽管存在所有这些令人沮丧的情况，由不知疲倦和雄心勃勃的恩维尔帕夏领导的土耳其总参谋部并没有被吓倒。
A brilliant and daring plan of campaign, aiming at the annihilation or capture of the entire Russian Caucasian army, the seizure of Kars and Tiflis, and the control of the immensely valuable and important Caspian oil fields, was prepared.
制定了一项出色而大胆的战役计划，旨在歼灭或俘获整个俄罗斯高加索军队，夺取卡尔斯和第比利斯，并控制极其宝贵和重要的里海油田。
The unwelcome task of carrying this plan to completion and success was intrusted to Hassan Izzet Pasha, under the general guidance of Enver Pasha and his staff of German advisers.
在恩维尔帕夏和他的德国顾问团队的总体指导下，哈桑·伊泽帕夏完成了完成并取得成功这一计划的不受欢迎的任务。
The heroic efforts of the Turkish troops, their grim but hopeless battle against equally brave troops, appalling weather conditions, and insuperable obstacles, their failure and defeat when on the very verge of complete success, make an intensely interesting story.
土耳其军队的英勇努力，他们与同样勇敢的军队进行的严峻但无望的战斗，恶劣的天气条件和无法克服的障碍，他们的失败和即将完全成功的失败，构成了一个非常有趣的故事。
Stationed at Erzerum, Turkey had the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Corps.
土耳其驻有第九、第十和第十一军团，驻扎在埃尔泽鲁姆。
In addition, the Thirty-seventh Arab division had been brought up from Bagdad to strengthen the Eleventh Corps.
此外，阿拉伯第37师已从巴格达调来，以加强第11军的实力。
At Trebizond two divisions of the First Corps had been brought from Constantinople by sea.
在特拉比松，第一军团的两个师是通过海路从君士坦丁堡调来的。
These forces totaled about 140,000 troops.
这些部队总共约有14万人。
At and about Kars, General Woronzov, the Russian commander, had between 100,000 and 110,000 troops at his disposal from first to last.
在卡尔斯及其周边地区，俄罗斯指挥官沃龙佐夫将军自始至终都拥有 10 万至 11 万军队。
But although weaker in numbers he had the inestimable advantage of operating with a line of railroad at his back, whereas the Turkish commander had to depend entirely upon road transit, 500 miles from the nearest railroad.
尽管人数较弱，但他拥有不可估量的优势，可以在后方有一条铁路线作战，而土耳其指挥官则必须完全依赖公路运输，距离最近的铁路有 500 英里。
The conditions absolutely necessary for the success of the Turkish plan were the holding of the Russian force beyond Sarikamish, and the accurate timing of the flanking attacks, otherwise the Russian commander would be able to deal with each force separately and defeat and perhaps destroy them.
土耳其计划成功的绝对必要条件是俄罗斯军队控制在萨里卡米什之外，并且侧翼攻击的时机准确，否则俄罗斯指挥官将能够单独对付每支部队并击败甚至摧毁它们。
The campaign opened on November 20, 1914.
该战役于 1914 年 11 月 20 日开始。
The Russians, advancing across the frontier from Sarikamish, took Koprikeui, within thirty miles of Erzerum.
俄军从萨勒卡米什越过边境，占领了距离埃尔祖鲁姆不到三十英里的科普里凯伊。
There, for some time, they remained while the Turkish command prepared for their great coup.
他们在那里呆了一段时间，而土耳其指挥部正在为他们的伟大政变做准备。
About the middle of December, 1914, the Eleventh Corps of the Turkish army moved out of Erzerum, engaged the Russians at Koprikeui, defeated them after a short, sharp struggle, and drove them in disorder a dozen miles to Khorasan.
1914年12月中旬左右，土军第十一军从埃尔祖鲁姆出发，在科普里凯伊与俄军交战，经过短暂激烈的战斗后将其击败，并将他们驱赶到呼罗珊十几英里外。
While the Eleventh Corps was thus engaged the Ninth and Tenth Corps, marching forty miles to the north in terrible weather, succeeded in crossing the high mountains that guard the Russian frontier.
当第十一军与此交战时，第九和第十军冒着恶劣的天气向北行军四十英里，成功越过了守卫俄罗斯边境的高山。
On Christmas Day they looked down on the town of Sarikamish and the vital railway that stretched away to the eastward.
圣诞节那天，他们俯瞰着萨勒卡米什镇和向东延伸的重要铁路。
At the same time the two divisions of the First Corps, stationed at Trebizond, making a wider sweep, had, by forced marches through a blinding blizzard that threatened to make necessary the abandonment of the artillery, reached the vicinity of Ardahan.
与此同时，驻扎在特拉比松的第一军的两个师进行了更广泛的扫荡，在一场可能需要放弃炮兵的眩目暴风雪中强行行军，到达了阿尔达汉附近。
The Tenth Corps had reached and was threatening the railway east of Sarikamish on the road to Kars.
第十军已经到达并威胁着萨勒卡米什以东通往卡尔斯的铁路。
Its defeat was absolutely necessary to the safety of the Russian army.
它的失败对于俄罗斯军队的安全是绝对必要的。
It was therefore the object of General Woronzov's first attack.
因此，它是沃龙佐夫将军第一次进攻的目标。
During four days every available man and gun he could bring up on the railway were thrown against the rapidly dwindling ranks of the Tenth Corps.
四天内，他能调到铁路上的所有可用人员和枪支都被投入到迅速减少的第十军队伍中。
The Turks fought bravely, but weight of numbers and superiority of communications told in the end, and the Ottoman forces were driven into the mountains to the north.
土耳其人奋勇作战，但最终以人数优势和通讯优势证明了这一点，奥斯曼军队被赶到了北部的山区。
The defeat and retreat of the Tenth Corps exposed the left flank of the Ninth, commanded by Iskan Pasha.
第十军团的失败和撤退暴露了伊斯坎帕夏指挥的第九军团的左翼。
General Woronzov took full advantage of the situation.
沃龙佐夫将军充分利用了这一形势。
Iskan and his 40,000 troops were soon fighting a desperate battle against an enveloping movement that threatened to encompass them.
伊斯坎和他的 40,000 军队很快就与威胁包围他们的包围运动进行了一场殊死的战斗。
Of the 40,000 troops of the Ninth Corps, a bare 6,000 struggled out of the mountains to the vicinity of Sarikamish, where they were rallied by Iskan Pasha.
第九军团的4万名士兵中，仅有6000人艰难地走出山区，到达萨勒卡米什附近，并在那里被伊斯坎帕夏集结。
For six days and nights this heroic band made a determined attempt to capture the town held by a comparatively weak Russian garrison.
在六天六夜的时间里，这支英勇的队伍坚决试图占领由相对薄弱的俄罗斯驻军控制的城镇。
Finally, when, surrounded by overwhelming Russian forces, it became apparent that no Turkish relief could reach him, Iskan Pasha and the remnant of his once proud corps surrendered.
最后，当伊斯坎帕夏和他曾经引以为傲的军团的残部被压倒性的俄罗斯军队包围时，显然土耳其的救援无法到达他的身边。
Sarikamish was defended against Iskan's 6,000 by a mere handful of soldiers.
萨勒卡米什仅靠少数士兵防御伊斯坎的 6,000 人。
Time and time again urged by their German officers, the Turks hurled themselves against the thin Russian line.
在德国军官的一次又一次敦促下，土耳其人奋力冲向俄国人的薄弱战线。
It bent but did not break, as step by step, fighting fiercely all the way, it retreated before weight of numbers.
它弯了却没有折断，一步一步，一路激战，在人多势众面前退却了。
And when relief did come to the defenders, and Iskan and his force were compelled to surrender, the brave little Russian band was completely exhausted.
当守军终于松了一口气，伊斯坎和他的部队被迫投降时，勇敢的俄罗斯小队已经完全精疲力尽了。
In their pursuit of the remnants of the Tenth Corps the Russians met with some of the difficulties that had been the undoing of the Turks.
在追击第十军残部的过程中，俄国人遇到了一些曾导致土耳其人覆灭的困难。
Furthermore, although the Ninth Corps had been hemmed in so that no relief could reach it, the Turkish command had by no means lost the power of effective counteraction.
此外，尽管第九军已被包围，无法救援，但土耳其指挥部并没有失去有效反击的力量。
The Eleventh Corps at Khorasan carried on an energetic campaign against the Russian front, gained a local and tactically important success, and drove the enemy back as far as Kara-Urgan, less than twenty miles from Sarikamish.
呼罗珊的第十一军对俄罗斯前线进行了一场充满活力的战役，取得了局部和战术上的重要胜利，并将敌人赶回了距萨勒卡米什不到二十英里的卡拉乌尔干。
Indeed, so serious became the threat to the Russian forces that General Woronzov, much against his wishes, was compelled to call off the pursuit of the Tenth Corps and strengthen the Sarikamish front with the troops that had been operating farther to the east.
事实上，俄罗斯军队面临的威胁如此严重，以至于沃龙佐夫将军不得不取消对第十军的追击，并用一直在东部行动的部队加强萨里卡默什前线，这与他的意愿非常不符。
In the second week of January, 1915, between these forces and the Eleventh Corps of the Turkish army a fierce battle, lasting several days, opened.
1915年1月的第二周，这些部队与土耳其军队的第十一军团之间展开了一场持续数天的激烈战斗。
The struggle was of the utmost intensity, at times developing into a hand-to-hand combat between whole regiments.
战斗异常激烈，有时发展为整个团之间的肉搏战。
On January 14 the Fifty-second Turkish Regiment was put to the bayonet by the Russians.
1月14日，土耳其第52团被俄罗斯人用刺刀刺死。
At Genikoi a regiment of Cossacks charged, during an engagement with a portion of the Thirty-second Turkish Division, and killed and wounded more than 300.
在杰尼科伊，一个哥萨克团在与土耳其第 32 师的一部分交战中发起冲锋，造成 300 多人死伤。
It must be remembered in judging the terrible nature of the struggle that the armies were fighting in difficult country.
在判断军队在困难国家进行的斗争的可怕性质时，必须记住这一点。
The battle of Kara-Urgan, furthermore, was waged in a continual snowstorm.
此外，卡拉-乌尔干战役是在持续的暴风雪中进行的。
Thousands of dead and wounded were buried in the rapidly falling snow and no effort was made to recover them.
数以千计的死者和伤者被埋在迅速飘落的雪中，但没有人采取任何措施来营救他们。
By the end of this week, January 16, 1915, owing largely to their superior railway communications and the possibility of reenforcements, the Russians had not only checked the Turkish offensive, but had decisively defeated the Eleventh Corps.
到 1915 年 1 月 16 日这个周末，俄罗斯人不仅遏制了土耳其的攻势，而且决定性地击败了第十一军团，这主要归功于其优越的铁路交通和增援的可能性。
Pressing their advantage the Russians pursued the beaten Turks toward Erzerum, but the heavy snows prevented them gaining the full fruits of their victory.
俄罗斯人利用优势，向埃尔祖鲁姆追击被击败的土耳其人，但大雪阻止了他们获得胜利的全部果实。
If the Eleventh Corps had not won a victory it had, however, accomplished its object in that it had relieved the pressure on the Tenth and enabled it to make good its escape to the north, where it proceeded to effect a junction with the First Corps.
虽然第十一军没有取得胜利，但它也达到了目的，因为它减轻了第十军的压力，使其能够顺利逃往北方，并在那里与第一军会合。
The experience of this First Corps had not been a happy one.
第一军团的经历并不愉快。
We left it on Christmas Day, 1914, overlooking Ardahan.
1914 年圣诞节，我们离开这里，俯瞰阿尔达汉。
A week later it entered the city and prepared to carry out its role in the general offensive by advancing upon the Russian right flank at Kars.
一周后，它进入该城，并准备向卡尔斯的俄罗斯右翼推进，以履行其在总攻中的作用。
It met serious opposition, however, when it attempted to move out of Ardahan, was itself compelled to retreat, and finally sought safety beyond the ridges to the west.
然而，当它试图离开阿尔达汉时，遭到了严重的反对，它自己也被迫撤退，最后到了西边的山脊之外寻求安全。
There, in the valley of the Choruk, it joined up with the Tenth Corps.
在那里，在乔鲁克山谷，它与第十军会合。
Together they continued their retreat upon Trebizond.
他们一起继续向特拉比松撤退。
Subsequently they tried a new offensive in the Choruk valley which was undecisive, however, and at the end of January, 1914, the situation had developed into a deadlock.
随后，他们在乔鲁克山谷尝试新的攻势，但未果，到1914年1月底，局势陷入僵局。
The Turkish troops in their operation in the Caucasus appeared to have suffered from the difficulty of keeping open their sea communications with Constantinople.
土耳其军队在高加索地区的行动中似乎遇到了与君士坦丁堡保持海上交通畅通的困难。
Lacking railways they relied too much upon supplies arriving at Trebizond.
由于缺乏铁路，他们过于依赖抵达特拉比松的补给。
The Russian fleet in the Black Sea was active, however, and upset the Turkish calculations.
然而，俄罗斯舰队在黑海的活跃程度打破了土耳其的算计。
In the first week of January, 1915, at Sinope a Russian cruiser discovered the Turkish cruiser _Medjidieh_ convoying a transport.
1915 年 1 月的第一周，一艘俄罗斯巡洋舰在锡诺普发现了正在护送一艘运输船的土耳其巡洋舰_Medjidieh_。
After a short engagement the _Medjidieh_ was put to flight, and the transport sunk.
短暂交战后，梅吉迪号被击落，运输船沉没。
On January 6, 1915, the Russian Black Sea fleet ran into the _Breslau_ and the _Hamidieh_ and damaged them both in a running fight.
1915 年 1 月 6 日，俄罗斯黑海舰队与“布雷斯劳”号和“哈米迪耶”号相撞，并在一场持续的战斗中双双被击伤。
A week later Russian torpedo boats sank several Turkish supply boats near Sinope.
一周后，俄罗斯鱼雷艇在锡诺普附近击沉了几艘土耳其补给船。
While this fighting was taking place in the north, farther to the south toward the Persian frontier the Russians were attempting a turning movement against the Turkish right flank.
当这场战斗发生在北部时，在更远的南部，靠近波斯边境的地方，俄罗斯人正试图对土耳其右翼进行转向行动。
At the same time that the Russian force in the north crossed the Turkish frontier the Russian column entered Turkey fifty miles farther southeast.
在北方的俄罗斯军队越过土耳其边境的同时，俄罗斯纵队在东南方五十英里处进入土耳其。
On November 8, 1914, this force entered the Turkish town of Kara Kilissa.
1914年11月8日，这支部队进入土耳其城镇卡拉基利萨。
A week later, making its way southwest for a distance of twenty miles, it engaged, near the village of Dutukht, a Turkish force composed largely of Arab troops of the Thirteenth Corps.
一周后，它向西南行进二十英里，在杜图克特村附近与一支主要由第十三军阿拉伯部队组成的土耳其军队交战。
At the outset the Russians met with a measure of success, but on November 22, 1914, the Turks, having been reenforced by troops from Bagdad, began a fierce offensive.
一开始，俄国人取得了一定程度的成功，但 1914 年 11 月 22 日，土耳其人在巴格达部队的增援下开始猛烈进攻。
After indecisive fighting in the Alashgird valley the Turks, about the middle of December, 1914, almost caught the Russians in a bold enveloping movement north of Dutukht.
1914 年 12 月中旬左右，土耳其人在阿拉什格德山谷进行了一场优柔寡断的战斗，在杜图赫特以北的一次大胆包围行动中几乎追上了俄国人。
In order to escape the Russians were compelled to retreat hurriedly and thus ended their offensive operation in this section.
为了逃跑，俄军被迫仓促撤退，结束了该路段的进攻行动。
Still farther to the south, in Persia, the Turks and Russians also battled.
再往南，在波斯，土耳其人和俄罗斯人也在交战。
Not only because of political conditions, but because of the nature of the country, it was easier for Russia and Turkey to attack each other through Persia than directly across other frontiers, just as it was easier for Germany and France to reach each other across Belgium.
不仅因为政治条件，而且因为国家的性质，俄罗斯和土耳其通过波斯相互攻击比直接跨越其他边境更容易，就像德国和法国通过比利时相互攻击更容易一样。
At the outbreak of war both Turkey and Russia, recognizing these circumstances, were occupants of Persian territory.
战争爆发时，土耳其和俄罗斯都认识到这些情况，成为波斯领土的占领者。
Early in November two Russian columns marched across the northwest corner of Persia and into Turkey by the Kotur and Khanesur passes, evidently with the important city of Van, on the lake of that name, as an objective.
11月初，两支俄罗斯纵队穿过波斯西北角，经科图尔山口和哈内苏尔山口进入土耳其，显然以凡湖上的重要城市凡城为目标。
At a point near Dilman, and again at Serai, they drove the Turkish troops back toward Van, but were checked by reenforcements.
在迪尔曼附近的一个地点，以及在瑟莱，他们将土耳其军队赶回凡城，但遭到增援部队的阻止。
Meanwhile the Turks had a more considerable success to the south.
与此同时，土耳其人在南方取得了更大的成功。
Apparently taking the Russian higher command completely by surprise, Turkish troops advanced almost unopposed to Tabriz, the most important of the cities of northern Persia.
显然，土耳其军队几乎毫无抵抗地向波斯北部最重要的城市大不里士挺进，这显然让俄罗斯高级指挥部完全措手不及。
Alarmed by this, Russia sent a strong force which, on January 30, 1915, succeeded in recapturing the city.
俄罗斯对此感到震惊，派出了强大的军队，并于 1915 年 1 月 30 日成功夺回了这座城市。
Thus, up to the end of January, 1915, nothing decisive had been accomplished on the Caucasian front by either Turkey or Russia.
因此，截至 1915 年 1 月底，土耳其或俄罗斯都没有在高加索战线上取得任何决定性的成果。
The Battle of Sarikamish, resulting in a Turkish loss estimated by the Russian authorities at 50,000, while decisive enough locally, seems to have had no appreciable effect upon the situation as a whole.
萨里卡米什战役导致土耳其人损失 50,000 人，俄罗斯当局估计，虽然在当地具有足够的决定性，但似乎对整个局势没有产生明显的影响。
For reasons resting very largely in the difficulty of finding the troops necessary, as well as in the conditions of the country and the weather, the Russians had been unable to follow up their success.
由于难以找到必要的部队以及当地的条件和天气，俄罗斯人未能取得成功。
Indeed, the offensive appears to have continued in the hands of the Turks.
事实上，进攻似乎仍在土耳其人手中继续进行。
It is probably the case that Russia was unwilling to detach any considerable number of troops from her Polish and Galician front, where important events were brewing.
情况可能是，俄罗斯不愿意从其正在酝酿重要事件的波兰和加利西亚前线撤出大量部队。
Her General Staff rightly regarded the Caucasian front as of secondary importance--and like Austria on her Italian frontier, determined to fight a defensive campaign.
她的总参谋部正确地认为高加索战线是次要的——就像奥地利在意大利边境一样，决心打一场防御战。
However that may be, conditions after the first few months of campaigning settled down into a stalemate.
不管怎样，竞选活动最初几个月后，情况陷入了僵局。
Engagements on a relatively small scale were reported from time to time, but the balance of advantage remained fairly even.
不时有报道称规模相对较小的交战，但优势的平衡仍然相当均匀。
Both countries had fronts where victories would bring larger returns and more immediate effect upon the ultimate outcome of the war.
两国都有各自的战线，胜利会带来更大的回报，并对战争的最终结果产生更直接的影响。
CHAPTER II
第二章
TURKISH ADVANCE AGAINST EGYPT
土耳其进攻埃及
To the Turk no operation of the war appeared more important than did the campaign against Egypt.
对于土耳其人来说，没有哪场战争的行动比针对埃及的战役更重要。
That in the early days of the struggle in 1914 he contented himself with what amounted to little more than a demonstration designed to hold as many British troops in Egypt as possible was due primarily to considerations of larger strategy.
在 1914 年斗争的初期，他满足于只不过是一场示威活动，目的是在埃及保留尽可能多的英国军队，这主要是出于更大战略的考虑。
Undoubtedly, by his incursion into the Sinai Peninsula and his half-hearted attempt with a hopelessly small force to cross the Suez Canal, he learned many lessons invaluable in any future and more ambitious campaign.
毫无疑问，通过入侵西奈半岛和半心半意地尝试用一支无可救药的小部队穿越苏伊士运河，他学到了许多宝贵的教训，这些教训对于未来任何更雄心勃勃的战役来说都是无价的。
Considered as a diversion the early advance upon the Suez was a success: as a serious military operation, resting on its own legs, it was a fiasco.
早期对苏伊士运河的推进被认为是一种牵制，是一次成功：作为一次严重的军事行动，单靠自己的力量，这是一场惨败。
No operation the Turks might have conducted could have been so unwelcome to the British as was that against Egypt.
土耳其人进行的任何行动都不会像针对埃及的行动那样受到英国人的欢迎。
For weeks in advance it was discussed by English writers and, while they all, naturally, agreed that it was foredoomed to failure, there was an undercurrent of apprehension in official circles.
提前几周，英国作家们就这个问题进行了讨论，虽然他们都自然地同意它注定会失败，但官方圈子里却存在着一股忧虑的暗流。
It was realized that many untried problems and theories would be put to a severe test by such a campaign, if undertaken in a serious way by a large and well-equipped force.
人们认识到，如果由一支规模庞大、装备精良的部队认真开展，许多未曾尝试过的问题和理论将受到这样一场战役的严峻考验。
Of a purely Turkish force, commanded and organized by Turkish officers, there was no fear, but such wonderful organizers had the Germans proved themselves to be that the combination of Teuton brains and Turkish fighting qualities and endurance was regarded as formidable.
对于一支由土耳其军官指挥和组织的纯土耳其军队来说，没有什么可畏惧的，但如此出色的组织者让德国人证明了自己，条顿人的头脑与土耳其人的战斗素质和耐力的结合被认为是令人畏惧的。
It was realized in England also that any measure of success that might come to an invading force would have two very serious results.
英国也认识到，入侵部队的任何成功措施都会带来两个非常严重的结果。
It would not only threaten, and perhaps sever, the shortest route to the east and so seriously embarrass the trade, military and naval efficiency of the Allies, but it would have a grave and perhaps decisive effect upon Mohammedan malcontents in Egypt and India.
它不仅会威胁甚至切断通往东方的最短路线，严重损害盟军的贸易、军事和海军效率，而且还会对埃及和印度的伊斯兰教不满者产生严重的、也许是决定性的影响。
The exact truth of the conditions in India and Egypt will possibly never be known, so rigorous were the operations of the censorship set up by the British War Office.
印度和埃及情况的确切真相可能永远不会为人所知，因为英国陆军部设立的审查制度是如此严格。
One thing is certain, however: in both countries political conditions were serious before the war and they could not, by any stretch of optimism, be conceived as improving with the coming of a great struggle aimed at the only remaining independent Mohammedan power.
然而，有一件事是肯定的：战前两国的政治状况都很严峻，无论以何种乐观态度，都不能认为随着一场针对唯一剩余的独立伊斯兰教势力的伟大斗争的到来，情况会有所改善。
For many months previous to August, 1914, the Indian office in London had been apprehensive of rebellion in India.
1914 年 8 月之前的几个月里，印度驻伦敦办事处一直担心印度发生叛乱。
In Egypt the circumstance that at the beginning of the war the British authorities announced that they would make no use of the native Egyptian army speaks for itself.
在埃及，战争开始时英国当局宣布不再使用埃及本土军队的情况就说明了一切。
It was believed in Constantinople and in Berlin that both Egypt and India were ripe for a terrible revolt against the rule of the British Raj: the uprisings of millions of fanatical natives that would forever sweep British control from these two key places to the trade of the world and would institute a Turkish suzerainty, backed and controlled by Berlin.
君士坦丁堡和柏林都相信，埃及和印度发动一场反对英国统治的可怕反抗的时机已经成熟：数百万狂热当地人的起义将永远将英国对这两个关键地区的控制权席卷到世界贸易上，并将在柏林的支持和控制下建立土耳其宗主权。
This was thought all the more likely as thousands of the British regular troops had been withdrawn from India and Egypt for service in France, being replaced by raw levies from England and the Colonies.
人们认为这种可能性更大，因为数千名英国正规军已从印度和埃及撤回法国服役，取而代之的是来自英国和殖民地的原始征兵。
These, then, were the major considerations that prompted the early offensive against Egypt.
那么，这些就是促使早期进攻埃及的主要考虑因素。
It was based upon sound political and military strategy.
它基于健全的政治和军事战略。
Just how near it came to complete success, just how much additional worry and effort it added to the burden of Great Britain and France, only a complete revelation of the progress of events in all fields will tell.
它到底有多接近完全成功，到底给英法两国增加了多少额外的忧虑和努力，只有全面揭示各个领域的事态进展才能告诉我们。
In the attack upon the canal the Turks operated primarily from their base at Damascus.
在对运河的攻击中，土耳其人主要从大马士革的基地发起行动。
As preparations progressed the troops that were to take part in the actual advance were concentrated between Jerusalem and Akabah.
随着准备工作的进展，参加实际进攻的部队集中在耶路撒冷和阿卡巴之间。
Under command of Djemel Pasha, Turkish Minister of Marine, there were gathered some 50,000 troops consisting mostly of first line troops of the best quality, reenforced by about 10,000 more or less irregular Arab Bedouins.
在土耳其海军部长杰梅尔帕夏的指挥下，集结了大约 50,000 名军队，其中大部分是最优秀的一线部队，并有大约 10,000 名左右非正规阿拉伯贝都因人增援。
During November and early December, 1914, the force was moved forward by slow and methodical stages, until by December 15 it was awaiting orders to advance, encamped on the confines of the great desert that separated it from its objective.
1914 年 11 月和 12 月初，这支部队缓慢而有条不紊地前进，直到 12 月 15 日，它在将其与目标分开的大沙漠边界上扎营，等待前进的命令。
Here it is well that the reader should have a good idea of the difficulties of the task the Turkish higher command had imposed upon Djemel Pasha and his troops.
在这里，读者应该很好地了解土耳其最高统帅部交给杰梅尔帕夏和他的部队的任务的难度。
The two chief difficulties to be met by the invaders of the Sinai were lack of transport facilities and lack of water.
西奈半岛入侵者遇到的两个主要困难是缺乏交通设施和缺水。
Three routes were possible for the Turkish army, all artificial obstacles being for the moment ignored; two by land, across the Sinai desert, and the third by sea, across the Mediterranean.
土耳其军队可以选择三种路线，暂时忽略所有人为障碍；两个是陆路，跨越西奈沙漠，第三个是海上，跨越地中海。
The latter, however, must be ruled out because the seas were controlled by the Anglo-French fleet.
然而，后者必须被排除，因为海洋由英法舰队控制。
For the same reason, the northern land route had many disadvantages, because it could be commanded for a part of its length by warships.
出于同样的原因，北方陆路也有很多缺点，因为它的一部分长度可以由军舰指挥。
However, it is instructive to examine it in detail.
然而，详细研究它是有启发性的。
The whole region crossed by the sea road is desert of the most difficult and forbidding character.
海路所经过的整个地区是最困难、最险恶的沙漠。
By this road all the great invasions--the Roman, Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and French--have been made.
所有伟大的入侵——罗马、埃及、亚述、希腊和法国——都是通过这条道路进行的。
The road enters the desert at El Arish and from there to El Kantara on the Suez Canal, the probable point of attack of an army moving by this route, is 100 miles.
这条路从阿里什进入沙漠，从那里到苏伊士运河上的埃尔坎塔拉，这是沿这条路线行进的军队的可能攻击点，距离为 100 英里。
Over this whole distance there are only three places, once an army has left El Arish, where water can be had.
军队离开阿里什后，在整个距离上，只有三个地方可以获得水。
The first is a matter of a day's march, at El Maza, thirty mile away; the second is at Bir-El-Abd, another day's march; and the third at Katieh, within striking distance of the canal.
第一个是在三十英里外的埃尔马扎进行一天的行军；第二次是在 Bir-El-Abd，又是一天的行军。第三个位于凯蒂，距离运河很近。
Without the construction of a special railway the transport of a force large enough to efficiently control the canal by this route seems to be out of the question.
如果不修建专门的铁路，那么通过这条路线运输足够大的力量来有效地控制运河似乎是不可能的。
The southern route, known as the Hadj, or Pilgrim's Road, running from Akaba to Suez, besides being longer is even worse off in the matter of water.
南部的路线，被称为朝圣之路，从阿卡巴通往苏伊士，除了更长之外，在水方面也更糟糕。
This was the traditional path of pilgrims traveling from Egypt to Mecca, and still is much in use for that purpose.
这是朝圣者从埃及前往麦加的传统道路，至今仍被广泛使用。
Something like 150 miles separate Akaba and Suez, yet only two watering places are to be found in the whole distance.
阿卡巴和苏伊士相距约 150 英里，但整个距离内只有两个饮水点。
The first is three days' march from the former place, at a point called Nakhl, where modern cisterns had been built and an adequate supply of water for a large force probably was obtainable.
第一个路线是从原来的地点行军三天，到达一个叫做纳克尔的地方，那里已经建造了现代化的蓄水池，可能可以为一支大部队提供充足的水源。
The next watering place is another three days' march, at Ayun Mousa, or Well of Moses, within a short distance of the canal.
下一个饮水地点是另外三天的行军路程，位于距离运河不远的阿云穆萨（Ayun Mousa）或摩西之井。
But tremendous as were the problems facing a considerable body of men in attempting to cross the Sinai desert and arrive at the Suez Canal in condition to fight a strong, fresh and fully prepared foe, they were not to be compared to the difficulties that would face such an army when the canal had been reached.
但是，尽管相当多的人在试图穿越西奈沙漠并到达苏伊士运河以与强大的、新鲜的和准备充分的敌人作战时所面临的问题是巨大的，但它们不能与这样一支军队到达运河时所面临的困难相提并论。
We have seen how great an obstacle a wide river, such as the Vistula, proved to be to an army when attempting to cross in the face of a prepared enemy.
我们已经看到，当军队试图渡过有准备的敌人时，像维斯瓦河这样的宽阔河流对军队来说是多么大的障碍。
In the case of the Suez Canal, although there were no strong currents, a force attempting to cross it had to contend with two added difficulties: The Suez Canal could not, in the circumstances be turned, as was the Vistula by the Germans.
就苏伊士运河而言，尽管没有强大的水流，但试图穿越它的部队还必须应对两个额外的困难：苏伊士运河在这种情况下无法转向，就像德国人的维斯瓦河一样。
Furthermore its defensive value was immeasurably increased by the circumstance that it could and did carry warships of the largest type which not only had the value of fortresses mounting the heaviest of guns, but were mobile as well.
此外，由于它能够而且确实携带了最大型的战舰，它的防御价值得到了不可估量的增加，这些战舰不仅具有安装最重火炮的堡垒的价值，而且还具有机动性。
And finally, because of the nature of the shores of the canal, it was possible for an attacking force to cross it at but few points.
最后，由于运河沿岸的性质，进攻部队有可能在少数几个地点渡过它。
The question of crossing the canal or dominating it in any sense was for the Turks largely a question of bringing to bear a superior force of artillery--a task that had only to be stated to reveal its difficulties.
对于土耳其人来说，渡过运河或在任何意义上控制运河的问题在很大程度上是一个要发挥优势炮兵力量的问题——这一任务只要一说出来就可以揭示其困难。
No force with smaller or fewer guns would hope to cross the Suez in the face of the concentration of artillery and naval gunfire that the British could bring to bear at any threatened point.
面对英国人可以在任何受到威胁的地点集中炮火和海军炮火，拥有更小或更少火炮的部队都不会希望渡过苏伊士河。
The defenders on the western side of the canal had the additional advantage of railway communication running along the entire canal from Suez to Port Said, and connecting with interior bases.
运河西侧的防御者还有一个额外的优势，即从苏伊士到塞得港的整条运河都有铁路交通，并与内部基地相连。
There were five points from which, once having conquered the desert and reached the canal, the invaders could advantageously launch an attack or attacks upon the canal defenses.
一旦征服了沙漠并到达了运河，入侵者就可以从五个地点对运河防御发起有利的攻击。
The first is just south of El Kantara, where the old sea road crosses the Suez.
第一个位于埃尔坎塔拉 (El Kantara) 以南，古老的海路在这里穿越苏伊士河。
Just south of Ismailia a group of heights on the east bank provides a second opportunity.
伊斯梅利亚以南东岸的一组高地提供了第二次机会。
The third is found at the point called the Plateau of Hyena.
第三个是在鬣狗高原发现的。
The fourth is just north of the Bitter Lake, and the fifth is to the south of the same body of water.
第四个位于苦湖以北，第五个位于苦湖以南。
Late in December, 1914, Djemel Pasha began active preparations for an advance upon the canal.
1914 年 12 月下旬，杰梅尔帕夏开始积极准备进攻运河。
This campaign the Turks later called a reconnaissance in force and as, of their total strength of 50,000 men, only 12,000 at the outside and possibly less were used, the limited term seems justified.
土耳其人后来将这次战役称为“武力侦察”，因为在他们 50,000 人的总兵力中，只有 12,000 人在外围，甚至可能更少，所以这个有限的术语似乎是合理的。
Although the southern route was used by the main force, a small force eluded the watchfulness of the Anglo-French naval patrol operating along the shore commanding the first day's march of the northern, or sea road, and ultimately struck at El Kantara.
虽然主力部队走的是南线，但一小股部队避开了英法海军巡逻队的监视，沿着海岸指挥第一天的北线或海路行军，并最终袭击了埃尔坎塔拉。
Furthermore, sometime before one of these two forces--the larger, or southern--reached the vicinity of the canal, it split and conducted an independent attack at Suez.
此外，在这两支部队中的一支（较大的部队或南方部队）到达运河附近之前的某个时候，它分裂并对苏伊士运河进行了独立攻击。
There had been much speculation among military writers all over the world as to the possibility or probability of the construction by the Turks of a light railway running a part of the distance across the Sinai Desert and linking up with the line to Mecca.
世界各地的军事作家对土耳其人建造一条轻轨的可能性或概率进行了很多猜测，该轻轨的部分距离穿过西奈沙漠并与通往麦加的线路连接起来。
It was realized that such a railway would be an enormous help to Djemel Pasha and his army, especially in the transport of supplies, ammunitions, and artillery.
人们意识到，这样一条铁路将为杰梅尔帕夏和他的军队提供巨大帮助，特别是在运输物资、弹药和火炮方面。
Indeed, it was held that only by the construction of such a railway, extending almost to the canal, could the absolutely essential artillery be brought into action.
事实上，人们认为，只有修建这样一条几乎延伸到运河的铁路，绝对必要的火炮才能投入使用。
There was serious doubt of the ability of the Turks to build such a line.
人们严重怀疑土耳其人是否有能力建造这样的防线。
The strength of the German "stiffening" in the army based upon Damascus was believed to be slight.
据信，德国在以大马士革为基地的军队中“加强”的力量是微乎其微的。
Djemel Pasha is said to have seriously opposed any great number of Teuton officers, especially in the higher commands.
据说杰梅尔帕夏严重反对任何大量的条顿军官，尤其是高级指挥部。
Thus the assistance the Turks could expect from the Germans in the organization and construction of such a railway would be small.
因此，土耳其人在组织和建设这样一条铁路方面所能从德国人那里得到的援助将会很小。
Whether or not the scheme was feasible at that time it is impossible to say.
这个方案在当时是否可行，就不好说了。
At any rate the Turks, for reasons best known to themselves, did not put it to a test.
无论如何，土耳其人出于他们自己最清楚的原因，没有对其进行测试。
The British force in Egypt was well supplied with aeroplanes and kept the Turkish army under constant observation.
驻埃及的英国军队拥有充足的飞机补给，并不断监视土耳其军队。
With the exception of the use of the first section of the road, covering a couple of days of time, there was probably no element of surprise in the Turkish attack upon the canal.
除了使用第一段道路（长达几天的时间）外，土耳其对运河的攻击可能并没有什么意外之处。
Realizing the limited possibilities of attack from the east shore, the British, taking their lesson from experience in France, had constructed an elaborate system of trenches to the east of the canal at the five points where attacks would possess some likelihood of successful conclusion.
英国人意识到从东岸发动攻击的可能性有限，因此吸取了法国的经验教训，在运河以东的五个地点修建了一个精心设计的战壕系统，在这些地点发动攻击有一定成功的可能性。
It was the end of January, 1915, before the Turkish army, marching in easy stages across the desert reached the vicinity of the canal.
那是 1915 年 1 月底，土耳其军队轻松地穿过沙漠到达运河附近。
Their German mentors had constructed for them elaborate carriages with the wheels of enormous width to carry the artillery and the heavy supplies across the soft sands.
他们的德国导师为他们建造了精致的马车，车轮非常宽，可以在柔软的沙滩上运送火炮和重型补给品。
Also, in preparation of a crossing of the canal, the Turks brought a supply of ready-assembled pontoon bridges, running on wheels and similar to those used by the German army in Europe, except that they were much lighter.
此外，为了准备穿越运河，土耳其人带来了一批现成的浮桥，这些浮桥在轮子上运行，与德国军队在欧洲使用的浮桥类似，只是重量轻得多。
In the transport of all this material the Turks were dependent upon camels, suited as are no other animals for work in the desert.
在运输所有这些材料时，土耳其人依赖骆驼，骆驼不适合在沙漠中工作。
In thousands, they had been collected at Hadj, the cooperation of the Arab Bedouins being specially valuable in this work.
朝觐时收集了数千件这些物品，阿拉伯贝都因人的合作在这项工作中特别有价值。
The consideration of these events in the campaign which begins in February, 1915, will be found in Volume III of this work.
对 1915 年 2 月开始的战役中这些事件的考虑可在本书的第三卷中找到。
CHAPTER III
第三章
FAILURE OF "HOLY WAR" PROPAGANDA
“圣战”宣传的失败
One of the most interesting of the various phases of the war, so far as the participation of Turkey was concerned, was the religious development.
就土耳其的参与而言，战争各个阶段中最有趣的阶段之一是宗教的发展。
Countless pages of learned speculation had been written for years before the struggle in an attempt to forecast the outcome of exactly the conditions that had arisen.
在这场斗争之前的许多年里，人们已经写下了无数页的学术推测，试图准确地预测已经出现的情况的结果。
It must be said at once that in the first six months of the war reality failed to live up to prophecy.
必须立即指出的是，在战争的头六个月里，现实并没有达到预言。
The cataclysm that was expected by many to involve the revolt of millions and a vast change in the political color of much of the earth's surface did not appear.
许多人预计会引发数百万人反抗的灾难以及地球表面大部分地区政治色彩的巨大变化并没有出现。
Any change that took place operated so quietly and on so comparatively small a scale that it was lost to view beside the greater interest of the struggle on the battle fields of France and Poland.
所发生的任何变化都是如此悄然发生，而且规模相对较小，以至于除了法国和波兰战场上的斗争的更大利益之外，人们都忽视了这一点。
It is desirable, however, that the situation be examined.
然而，最好对这种情况进行审查。
Abbas II, Khedive of Egypt, had early in the war openly shown his lack of sympathy with the British in Egypt.
埃及赫迪夫阿巴斯二世在战争初期就公开表示他对埃及的英国人缺乏同情。
By his actions he left no doubt regarding his attitude.
他的行动让他对自己的态度毫无疑问。
He not only vehemently expressed his adherence to Constantinople but left Cairo, and journeyed to Turkey, safe from British official pressure or persuasion.
他不仅强烈表达了对君士坦丁堡的支持，而且离开了开罗，前往土耳其，免受英国官方压力或劝说。
Whereupon the British Government called upon him to return, threatened him with deposition, and finally took that extreme step, setting up another in his place on December 18, 1914.
于是，英国政府要求他回国，并威胁要让他被废黜，最终采取了这一极端步骤，于 1914 年 12 月 18 日任命了另一个人接替他的位置。
Furthermore, the day before, Great Britain declared Egypt a British protectorate independent of Constantinople.
此外，前一天，英国宣布埃及为独立于君士坦丁堡的英国保护国。
In this action Great Britain relied not upon any legal right to take such action, but merely upon the right of actual possession.
在这一行动中，英国不依赖任何合法权利来采取这种行动，而仅仅依赖实际占有权。
Since Great Britain had taken over the government of Egypt in 1883, she had acknowledged the sultan's rights of suzerainty and had countenanced the payment to that ruler of certain considerable yearly sums from the Egyptian exchequer.
自1883年英国接管埃及政府以来，她承认苏丹的宗主权，并支持每年从埃及国库向这位统治者支付一定数额的款项。
Indeed, Great Britain was in Egypt merely by virtue of an international understanding and on a definite agreement to release her control of the country when certain conditions of political and financial stability had been restored.
事实上，英国在埃及的存在只是凭借国际谅解和明确协议，当政治和金融稳定的某些条件得到恢复时，英国将释放对该国的控制。
The other nations had, willingly, or unwillingly, become resigned to her possession of this strategically important land.
其他国家自愿或不自愿地接受了她对这片具有重要战略意义的土地的占有。
Great Britain a decade before the war, at the beginning of that rapprochement with France which led up to the Entente and which had so many fateful consequences for the whole world, sought to legalize her position in Egypt--at least so far as the other great north African power was concerned.
战前十年，英国在与法国和解之初寻求使自己在埃及的地位合法化——至少就另一个北非大国而言是这样，英国与法国的和解导致了协约国的签订，并对整个世界产生了许多致命的后果。
A bargain was struck with France by which the English occupation of Egypt for an indefinite period was recognized in exchange for a free hand in Morocco.
与法国达成一项协议，承认英国对埃及无限期的占领，以换取在摩洛哥的自由行动。
Great Britain could now urge that the coming of war, and especially the entry of Turkey into the struggle, placed her administration in Egypt in a position impossible to maintain.
英国现在可以敦促战争的到来，特别是土耳其的介入，使她在埃及的政府处于无法维持的境地。
In theory she was, so long as she acknowledged the suzerainty of the sultan, in the country merely on that ruler's sufferance.
从理论上讲，只要她承认苏丹的宗主权，她就可以留在这个国家，而这一切都取决于这位统治者的容忍。
She admitted his ultimate authority and especially the loyalty and duty of the Egyptian army and khedive to him.
她承认他的最终权威，特别是埃及军队和赫迪夫对他的忠诚和责任。
Strictly she could make no move to prevent an armed occupation of the country by the sultan's troops nor could she call upon the khedive and his cabinet to repudiate Constantinople's sway.
严格来说，她不能采取任何行动阻止苏丹军队武装占领该国，也不能呼吁赫迪夫和他的内阁否认君士坦丁堡的影响力。
To put an end to this condition of affairs was the most legitimate reason for England's action.
结束这种状况是英国采取行动的最正当理由。
Although the native Egyptian is in religion allied to the Turk, his religious fervor was not great enough to induce him to rise against British control.
尽管土生土长的埃及人在宗教上与土耳其人结盟，但他的宗教热情还不足以促使他起来反抗英国的控制。
Among the better educated of the Egyptians and especially among those who had traveled, there was a strong "Nationalist" movement.
在受过良好教育的埃及人中，特别是在那些旅行过的人中，存在着强烈的“民族主义”运动。
At times, even in the period of peace, this movement had threatened to make matters extremely unpleasant for the British rulers.
有时，即使是在和平时期，这一运动也可能使英国统治者感到极其不愉快。
For some years before the war, German and Turkish agents had been working among these ardent Egyptian patriots, encouraging and advising them, and when war with Turkey came England was seriously alarmed.
战前几年，德国和土耳其特工一直在这些热心的埃及爱国者中工作，鼓励他们并为他们提供建议，当与土耳其的战争爆发时，英国感到非常震惊。
Using the country as a central base for her Turkish, Persian, and Balkan operations, Great Britain imported thousands upon thousands of troops into Egypt.
英国利用该国作为其土耳其、波斯和巴尔干行动的中心基地，向埃及输入了成千上万的军队。
Just how many hundreds of thousands of armed men passed in and out of the country from first to last only the records of the British war office would show, but it can be said that England never had a force of less than 90,000 trained men in Egypt at any one time.
自始至终，进出埃及的武装人员有多少，只有英国陆军部的记录才能得知，但可以说，英国在埃及从来没有一支训练有素的士兵少于九万人的军队。
Any chance of effective action that the Egyptian nationalists might have had was neutralized by the indifference and lack of interest in the vast body of their countrymen.
埃及民族主义者可能有任何有效行动的机会，但由于对其广大同胞的冷漠和缺乏兴趣而被抵消了。
There were more than 10,000,000 Mohammedans in Egypt, but only a small minority of them, under the most promising of circumstances, could have been counted upon to pay the least heed to the call of Constantinople.
埃及有超过 10,000,000 名伊斯兰教徒，但在最有希望的情况下，只有一小部分人可以指望对君士坦丁堡的号召毫不在意。
The Egyptian fellah is anything but a fighter.
埃及小伙子根本不是一个战士。
Lazy, unlearned, unambitious, he is content to accept his daily lot, perhaps conscious that the British rule has brought a certain amount of comparative prosperity even to him.
他懒惰、无知、没有野心，但他满足于接受自己的日常生活，也许意识到英国的统治甚至给他带来了一定程度的相对繁荣。
On the other hand, there were in Egypt something like 600,000 nomads, a very large proportion of whom could be depended upon to follow the lead of Constantinople.
另一方面，埃及有大约60万游牧民族，其中很大一部分可以信赖，会追随君士坦丁堡的领导。
The males of these wild tribespeople were remarkable fighters, subject to no control, hating the English sway, and so independent of roads and transport that they could keep busy an even larger force of less mobile troops.
这些野生部落的男性都是出色的战士，不受控制，讨厌英国人的影响，并且非常独立于道路和交通，因此他们可以让一支机动性较差的更大部队忙碌起来。
Their chief weakness was their lack of cohesion and the impossibility of any concerted action on their part.
他们的主要弱点是缺乏凝聚力，不可能采取任何协调一致的行动。
This, then, was the native situation in Egypt.
这就是埃及的本土情况。
In other parts of the world, where Great Britain maintained sway over large numbers of Mohammedans, the situation was equally complicated.
在世界其他地区，英国对大量伊斯兰教徒保持着影响力，情况同样复杂。
With the issue of a call for a Holy War by the Sheik-ul-Islam, the religious ruler of the Mohammedan world, many well-informed observers looked for a large measure of trouble in India.
随着伊斯兰教世界的宗教统治者伊斯兰酋长呼吁发动圣战，许多消息灵通的观察家认为印度会遇到很大的麻烦。
So many were the elements of dissatisfaction, and even open revolt, in India that it was believed the Sheik-ul-Islam's call would be the match applied to the powder magazine.
印度的不满甚至公开叛乱的因素如此之多，以至于人们相信伊斯兰酋长的呼吁将与火药库相匹配。
The attitude of the various Indian potentates was uncertain.
各个印度统治者的态度并不确定。
Some of them were known to be only outwardly loyal to the British authority.
据了解，其中一些人只是表面上忠于英国当局。
The now famous incident at the visit of King George to India, some years before the war, when one of the richest and most important of the native princes refused to bend the knee, was indicative of very widespread dissatisfaction.
战前几年，乔治国王访问印度时发生了现在著名的事件，当时当地最富有、最重要的王子之一拒绝屈膝，这表明了广泛的不满。
Innumerable cases of individual and even concerted violence against British rule immediately preceded the war, and several of these were openly encouraged by native princes.
战争爆发前不久，发生了无数针对英国统治的个人甚至联合暴力事件，其中一些事件是受到当地王子的公开鼓励的。
So far as definite action was concerned, the opening of the war with Turkey and the months that immediately followed falsified all these predictions of disaster to British rule in India.
就具体行动而言，与土耳其的战争的爆发以及随后的几个月证明了所有这些对英国在印度的统治将造成灾难的预测。
Many of the native princes were effusive in their professions of loyalty to the British Empire, and several offered personal service at the front or financial contributions to the huge cost of the struggle.
许多本土王子都热情洋溢地宣称效忠大英帝国，有几位王子主动在前线提供个人服务，或者为这场斗争的巨大代价提供财政捐助。
Notable, and perhaps decisive, was the open adherence to Britain of the Agar Khan, the immensely powerful ruler of millions of Indian Mohammedans.
值得注意的，或许也是决定性的，是数百万印度伊斯兰教徒的极其强大的统治者阿加尔汗公开拥护英国。
The Agar Khan had spent many of the years previous to the war in England in daily association with English high society and official circles.
战前的许多年里，阿加尔汗一直在英国与英国上流社会和官方圈子日常交往。
At the outbreak of the war with Turkey, in October, 1914, at the request of the British Government, he visited Egypt, and it was largely upon his advice that the former khedive was deposed and the new one elevated to the post.
1914 年 10 月，土耳其战争爆发时，应英国政府的要求，他访问了埃及，前赫迪夫被废黜，新赫迪夫上任，很大程度上是根据他的建议。
Indeed, at one time there were strong rumors, afterward energetically denied by the British Government, that the Agar Khan had advised a Mohammedan repudiation of the authority of the caliph and the elevation of another to his place under a British guarantee.
事实上，一度有强烈的谣言称，阿加尔汗建议穆罕默德否认哈里发的权威，并在英国的保证下任命另一位哈里发为哈里发，后来被英国政府极力否认。
In support of this plan it was pointed out that Great Britain, judged by the number of adherents under her rule, was the world's greatest Mohammedan power.
支持这一计划的人指出，从其统治下的信徒数量来看，英国是世界上最伟大的伊斯兰教强国。
It was intolerable to many English people, especially to those of strong imperialistic tendencies, that the real control, even in theory, of so large and important a section of the people of the British Empire should be in Constantinople, safe from the "influence" and "persuasion" of the British Government.
对于许多英国人，特别是那些具有强烈帝国主义倾向的人来说，即使在理论上，大英帝国如此庞大而重要的一部分人民的真正控制权应该在君士坦丁堡，不受英国政府的“影响”和“说服”，这是无法忍受的。
By these people it was held that the sultan's lineal claim was weak, and that an even better claim to the headship of the Moslems could be established for any one of several other men who might have been named.
这些人认为，苏丹的直系主张是微弱的，并且可以为可能被提名的其他几个人中的任何一个确立对穆斯林领袖地位的更好的主张。
However, the plan was never achieved.
然而，该计划从未实现。
CHAPTER IV
第四章
RESULTS OF FIRST SIX MONTHS OF TURKISH CAMPAIGN
土耳其战役前六个月的结果
What was the situation as a whole, so far as Turkey and her military actions against the Allies were concerned, as to the outcome of these various operations in three fields--the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Egypt--during the first six months of the war?
就土耳其及其对盟军的军事行动而言，战争头六个月在高加索、美索不达米亚和埃及这三个领域的各种行动的结果如何？
The military narrative is recorded in the chapter following.
军事叙述记录在下面的章节中。
It will be seen that all of them were inconclusive.
可以看出，所有这些都没有结论。
Indeed, from what we knew of the circumstances surrounding them, all we are justified in saying is that none of them was serious in the sense that they were not intended to have any decisive effect, directly, upon the progress of the war.
事实上，根据我们对这些事件周围情况的了解，我们有理由说，这些事件中没有一个是严重的，因为它们无意对战争的进展产生任何直接的决定性影响。
Of them all it might be urged by a military authority that they were subsidiary operations, dangerous and wasteful in that they withdrew valuable men, munitions, brains, and energy from the decisive fronts.
在所有这些行动中，军事当局可能会敦促说，这些行动都是辅助行动，危险且浪费，因为它们从决定性的战线上撤回了宝贵的人员、弹药、人才和能源。
Their only justification is that they imposed similar action on the part of both armies, and so, in just that degree, scattered their forces.
他们唯一的理由是，他们对两军采取了类似的行动，因此，在一定程度上分散了他们的兵力。
For the Turk it can be urged that at least two of the campaigns were forced upon him by his German mentors, while the third was imposed upon him by a British offensive.
对于土耳其人来说，至少有两次战役是他的德国导师强加给他的，而第三次战役则是英国的进攻强加给他的。
Furthermore, the Turk was entirely cut off from his Austro-German allies, and there was no possibility of his bringing his weight to bear in one of the main fields.
此外，土耳其人与他的奥德盟友完全隔绝，他不可能在一个主要战场上发挥作用。
From that point of view it is possible to justify the Turkish offensives as sound strategy.
从这个角度来看，土耳其的进攻是合理的。
Aside from a desire to protect the oil supply in Persia, it is hardly as easy to justify the British offensive in Mesopotamia.
除了保护波斯石油供应的愿望之外，要证明英国在美索不达米亚的进攻是合理的并不那么容易。
As events subsequently demonstrated, it was possible for the Turks to throw an overwhelming number of troops into Bagdad and to the south, and, furthermore, they were fighting under vastly more advantageous conditions than were the invaders.
正如随后发生的事件所表明的那样，土耳其人有可能向巴格达及其南部派遣大量军队，而且，他们的战斗条件比入侵者有利得多。
Only on the assumption that the Turks were hopelessly demoralized and disorganized, and that as fighting men they would belie all their past history, was it possible to visualize success for the British operations in Mesopotamia.
只有假设土耳其人士气低落、组织混乱，而且作为战士，他们会掩盖自己过去的历史，才有可能想象英国在美索不达米亚的行动取得成功。
Turkey had definitely come to grips with England and with Russia.
土耳其肯定已经与英国和俄罗斯交锋了。
She had in none of these fields measured swords with France, although she was equally at war with that country.
尽管她同样与法国交战，但她在这些领域都没有与法国有过交锋。
The exact apportionment of the actual work to be done by the individual powers of the Entente seems to have led to considerable disagreement, and resulted at times in serious delay.
协约国各自权力所要完成的实际工作的准确分配似乎引起了相当大的分歧，有时甚至导致了严重的拖延。
Such arrangements depend, of course, upon each country's idea of its spheres of influence.
当然，这种安排取决于每个国家对其势力范围的看法。
Obviously, no country, if it can help it, is going to waste its men or its efforts in a field in which it has only a minor political or commercial interest.
显然，任何一个国家，如果能够提供帮助，都不会在其政治或商业利益较小的领域浪费人力或精力。
So far as France was concerned, the Caucasus, Egypt--aside from the possibility of the closing of the canal--and Mesopotamia were not of enough importance to justify her in participating in the struggle with the Turks even were it physically possible.
就法国而言，高加索、埃及（除了关闭运河的可能性之外）和美索不达米亚的重要性不足以证明她有理由参与与土耳其人的斗争，即使实际上可能这样做。
All these remarks, of course, are subject to modifications imposed by considerations of the larger strategy of the Entente Powers; but for many months of the war the agreement of the Entente Powers in the matter of general strategy was conspicuous by its absence.
当然，所有这些言论都可以根据协约国更大的战略考虑而进行修改；但在战争的许多个月里，协约国在总体战略问题上没有达成一致，这是显而易见的。
With her neighbors in the Balkans Turkey had maintained remarkably good relations considering the bitterness engendered, not only by centuries of strife, but by the recent events of the two Balkan wars.
土耳其与其巴尔干邻国保持着非常良好的关系，考虑到不仅是几个世纪的冲突，而且是最近发生的两次巴尔干战争所造成的痛苦。
Bulgaria, smarting under the loss of territory through the attack upon her by Serbia, Greece, and Rumania in the Second Balkan War, was openly conducting friendly negotiations with Turkey for the acquisition of valuable territory--a compact that could mean only one thing.
保加利亚因在第二次巴尔干战争中遭到塞尔维亚、希腊和罗马尼亚的攻击而失去领土而痛苦不已，正在公开与土耳其进行友好谈判，以获取宝贵的领土——这一契约可能只意味着一件事。
Greece, frightened by the menace of the German power, had resisted up to the moment all the blandishments of the Entente Powers, who urged her to active participation in the struggle.
希腊被德国势力的威胁吓坏了，迄今为止一直抵制协约国敦促她积极参加斗争的所有甜言蜜语。
Rumania, largely isolated from the Entente Powers, menaced on the north by Austro-German forces, on the south by a revengeful Bulgaria, borrowed heavily from Britain, the universal money bag, but straddled the fence.
罗马尼亚在很大程度上与协约国隔绝，北部受到奥德军队的威胁，南部受到复仇的保加利亚的威胁，它从英国这个全球钱袋大举借债，但又骑墙。
Thus Turkey, which in different circumstances might have been in a precarious military situation, felt reasonably secure, despite her isolation.
因此，土耳其虽然处于孤立状态，但在不同情况下可能处于不稳定的军事局势，却感到相当安全。
In the early part of the war, however, events moved rapidly and not exactly to her liking.
然而，在战争初期，事态发展迅速，并不完全符合她的意愿。
For they threatened to sweep the whole Balkans into the whirl of war, and no man could tell exactly how the various petty states, under the stress of sympathy, military and naval considerations and dynastic control, would align themselves.
因为他们威胁要把整个巴尔干地区卷入战争漩涡，没有人能准确地预测各个小国在同情、军事和海军考量以及王朝控制的压力下会如何结盟。
With these events came, too, the first participation of France in the war against Turkey in the campaign in the Dardanelles, now to be described.
随着这些事件的发生，法国首次参与对土耳其的战争，即达达尼尔海峡战役，现在将进行描述。
CHAPTER V
第五章
THE DARDANELLES--STRATEGY OF THE CAMPAIGN
达达尼尔海峡——战役策略
The beginning of the bombardments in the Dardanelles opens a remarkable chapter in military and naval warfare.
达达尼尔海峡炮击的开始开启了军事和海战的非凡篇章。
The desperate campaign to batter down the fortifications which lead to Constantinople and the disastrous attempt to conquer the most strongly barricaded city in the world, probably excited more world-wide interest or put to the test more theories of warfare than did the Dardanelles campaign undertaken by Great Britain with the assistance of France.
与英国在法国协助下进行的达达尼尔海峡战役相比，这场拼命摧毁通向君士坦丁堡的防御工事的战役，以及征服世界上封锁最坚固的城市的灾难性尝试，可能会激发更多的世界范围的兴趣，或对更多的战争理论进行检验。
It was fiercely attacked by military critics almost from the start.
几乎从一开始它就受到了军事批评家的猛烈攻击。
It was, however, a boldly conceived operation, calculated to have a most important effect upon the war as a whole--certainly upon the war in the southeast corner of Europe.
然而，这是一次构思大胆的行动，旨在对整个战争——尤其是欧洲东南角的战争——产生最重要的影响。
The Dardanelles campaign was largely conceived and controlled by the Rt.
达达尼尔海峡战役主要是由 Rt 构思和控制的。
Hon.
尊敬的。
Winston Spencer Churchill, the remarkable and able British Secretary of the Admiralty.
温斯顿·斯宾塞·丘吉尔，杰出而能干的英国海军大臣。
He has been widely condemned for his share of the operation, but revelations that have been made would appear to clear him of a great measure of the blame.
他因在这次行动中所承担的责任而受到广泛谴责，但所披露的内容似乎在很大程度上免除了他的责任。
What were the considerations that weighed with the British admiralty in deciding to undertake one of the most difficult operations in the whole world?
英国海军部在决定进行全世界最困难的行动之一时，是出于什么考虑？
Primarily it seems to have had the idea of relieving the pressure on Russia.
主要似乎是有减轻对俄罗斯压力的想法。
The Turkish offensive in the Caucasus had come to grief about the end of December but a resumption was momentarily expected and feared.
12月底，土耳其在高加索地区的攻势惨遭失败，但人们暂时期待并担心土耳其会重开攻势。
Hindenburg's victory at Tannenberg in East Prussia had been a terrible blow to Russia and she had no troops to spare for defense in the Caucasus.
兴登堡在东普鲁士坦能堡的胜利对俄罗斯来说是一个可怕的打击，她没有多余的军队来防御高加索地区。
Furthermore, Constantinople, besides being one of the objectives of the war, was Russia's only warm sea gate into Europe.
此外，君士坦丁堡除了是战争目标之一之外，还是俄罗斯进入欧洲的唯一温暖海门。
It must have been apparent to the Russian military authorities that the existing supplies of munition and guns of the czar's army would not suffice to withstand a hard German-Austrian drive.
俄罗斯军事当局肯定清楚，沙皇军队现有的弹药和枪支供应不足以承受德奥的猛烈进攻。
In other words the condition that resulted in the defeat of the Russian army in Galicia and Poland in the summer of 1915 were foreseen.
换句话说，1915 年夏天俄罗斯军队在加利西亚和波兰惨败的情况是可以预见的。
Russia called upon England and France to force the Dardanelles.
俄罗斯呼吁英国和法国强行进入达达尼尔海峡。
One can find it easy to condemn the operation but few can be found who will deny that it was a glorious failure.
人们很容易发现谴责这一行动，但很少有人会否认这是一次光荣的失败。
One that added luster to the glory of the British army, navy, and many unmatched pages to the story of their bravery.
它为英国陆军、海军的荣耀增添了光彩，为他们的勇敢故事增添了许多无与伦比的篇章。
And no less credit and glory did it bring to the Turkish armies.
它给土耳其军队带来的信誉和荣耀也丝毫没有减少。
In addition to the question of war supplies there were other reasons for opening the Dardanelles as soon as possible.
除了战争物资问题之外，尽快开放达达尼尔海峡还有其他原因。
Russia's ability to finance a war of the magnitude of the one there being fought, especially where large foreign purchases were made, depended very largely upon the maintenance of foreign commerce.
俄罗斯为一场规模如此之大的战争提供资金的能力，特别是在进行大量外国采购的情况下，在很大程度上取决于对外贸易的维持。
Russia was buying from all the neutral world as well as from her Entente partners.
俄罗斯从所有中立世界以及协约伙伴那里购买。
England, for instance, was not only making for her millions of dollars' worth of war supplies, but she was, for the moment, financing many of Russia's purchases abroad.
例如，英国不仅为自己生产价值数百万美元的战争物资，而且目前还为俄罗斯的许多海外采购提供资金。
[Illustration: Gallipoli.]
[插图：加里波利。]
In return for all this it was important that Russia should export as freely as possible.
作为这一切的回报，俄罗斯应尽可能自由地进行出口。
Now one of her most valuable commodities and one in high demand not only in England, but in other countries, was wheat.
现在，小麦是她最有价值的商品之一，而且不仅在英国而且在其他国家都有很高的需求。
Millions upon millions of bushels of Russian wheat were stored in her great Black Sea ports waiting to be shipped through Constantinople when the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles were commanded by Entente guns and ships.
当博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡由协约国的枪支和船只指挥时，数以百万蒲式耳的俄罗斯小麦储存在她的黑海港口中，等待通过君士坦丁堡运输。
Greece, under the leadership of Premier Venizelos was hesitating on the brink of a plunge into the struggle as an ally of the Entente and not only agreed to the use of Greek islands but actually considered a proposal to send a Greek force of not less than 20,000 and possibly as many as 40,000 over to the Dardanelles.
韦尼泽洛斯总理领导下的希腊正犹豫是否要作为协约国的盟友投入这场斗争，不仅同意使用希腊岛屿，而且实际上考虑了向达达尼尔海峡派遣不少于2万、甚至可能多达4万的希腊军队的提议。
Bulgaria was in that state where a striking victory in the Turkish peninsula would have swept her off her feet.
保加利亚当时的状态是，如果在土耳其半岛取得一场惊人的胜利，她就会神魂颠倒。
Italy was at loggerheads with Austria, her ally, and about to break.
意大利与她的盟友奥地利发生了争执，并即将决裂。
Then from the English point of view there was the possible effect upon the Mohammedan throughout the British Empire.
然后从英国人的角度来看，这可能对整个大英帝国的伊斯兰教徒产生影响。
Possibly not for many years, if ever, will the world know the truth of the conditions in India during the war.
世界可能要等很多年（如果有的话）才能了解印度战争期间状况的真相。
One thing is certain.
有一点是确定的。
In one way and another there was much disaffection, much open rebellion and much fear of an even wider spread of revolt.
在某种程度上，存在着许多不满、许多公开的叛乱以及对更广泛的叛乱蔓延的恐惧。
The need for the maintenance and even strengthening of British prestige must have been constantly before the British ruler and no other campaign could possibly serve this end so efficaciously as a successful assault upon Constantinople and the temporal power of the sultan.
维护甚至加强英国威望的需要必须一直摆在英国统治者面前，没有任何其他战役能够像成功袭击君士坦丁堡和苏丹的世俗权力那样有效地实现这一目标。
It would clinch probably for generations to come Britain's claim to be the great Mohammedan power of the world and would destroy the one condition that for years before and at that time especially had contained the seeds of rebellion against the British yoke.
它可能会在未来几代人的时间里巩固英国作为世界伊斯兰教强国的地位，并将摧毁多年来、尤其是当时蕴藏着反抗英国枷锁的种子的一个条件。
In beginning the campaign which Great Britain and France carried on in the Dardanelles there reappeared a very old problem of war--the question of Warships versus Forts or land fortifications.
英国和法国在达达尼尔海峡进行的战役一开始，就再次出现了一个非常古老的战争问题——战舰与堡垒或陆地防御工事的问题。
It appears to have been the consensus of opinion among all except the more extreme exponents of battleships that land fortifications would possess an undoubted advantage in a contest against purely naval forces.
除了战列舰的更极端拥护者之外，所有人的意见似乎都一致认为，陆地防御工事在与纯粹的海军力量的竞争中拥有无疑的优势。
This it seems had been the opinion of the American naval authorities in the Spanish-American War, when the American commander, Admiral Sampson, was expressly warned not to risk his ships against the shore defenses of Santiago Harbor.
这似乎是美国海军当局在美西战争中的观点，当时美国指挥官桑普森海军上将被明确警告不要让他的船只冒险攻击圣地亚哥港的海岸防御。
It also appears to have been the opinion of many British admirals who have placed their views on record.
这似乎也是许多英国海军上将的观点，他们已将自己的观点记录在案。
Indeed, there was in existence the views of several competent naval authorities as to the possibilities of a purely naval attack upon this very system of defenses.
事实上，对于对这一防御系统进行纯粹的海军攻击的可能性，一些主管海军当局确实存在这样的观点。
It was not by any means the first time that an attempt had been made to force the Dardanelles.
无论如何，这并不是第一次有人试图强行进入达达尼尔海峡。
Many such attempts had proved this narrow neck of water running between high banks to be one of the great natural defensive spots of the world.
许多这样的尝试已经证明，这条流经高堤之间的狭窄水颈是世界上最伟大的天然防御点之一。
The realization of that obvious and oft-proved fact had made Constantinople through the ages one of the most fought for and schemed for cities of the whole world.
认识到这一显而易见且已被多次证明的事实，使君士坦丁堡成为了全世界最受争夺和策划的城市之一。
It is necessary to study these attempts in order to understand clearly the difficulties which faced the British and French Allies in 1914.
为了清楚地理解1914年英法同盟国所面临的困难，有必要研究这些尝试。
Of the previous attacks that had been made to force a way through the Dardanelles and so up to the city of Constantinople, that of the famous Admiral Hornby in 1877 was one of the most interesting as well as one of the most instructive.
在之前为强行穿过达达尼尔海峡直达君士坦丁堡市而进行的袭击中，著名的霍恩比海军上将于 1877 年发动的袭击是最有趣也是最有启发性的袭击之一。
Ordered by the British Government to take his fleet past the forts that lined the approaching banks, he proceeded to carry out his orders, but wrote a warning in which he pointed out that, while it might be possible for his fleet to make its way into the Sea of Marmora, once there it would be helpless if the land defenses were controlled by the enemy.
英国政府命令他的舰队经过沿岸的堡垒，他开始执行他的命令，但他写了一份警告，指出虽然他的舰队有可能进入马尔马拉海，但一旦到达那里，如果陆地防御被敌人控制，他将无能为力。
Out of coal, ammunition, and food, the ships would be at the mercy of the Turks.
由于没有煤炭、弹药和食物，船只将任由土耳其人摆布。
"Although the forts might not prevent a strong fleet passing through the Dardanelles, they certainly," wrote Admiral Hornby, "could sink armed and unarmed transports and supply ships." In view of these considerations, Hornby urged the British Government to provide a land force of sufficient strength to carry and hold the land defenses.
霍恩比海军上将写道：“虽然这些堡垒可能无法阻止一支强大的舰队通过达达尼尔海峡，但它们肯定可以击沉武装和非武装运输船和补给船。”鉴于这些考虑，霍恩比敦促英国政府提供一支足够兵力的陆军来承担和守住陆地防御力量。
His superiors, however, did not agree with him, for they told him to go ahead with a purely naval operation.
然而，他的上级并不同意他的观点，因为他们告诉他继续进行纯粹的海军行动。
His ideas were never put to a real test because the Turks offered no resistance to his passage of the straits.
他的想法从未受到真正的考验，因为土耳其人没有对他通过海峡进行任何抵抗。
The situation in the Great War of 1914 presented Constantinople as the same perplexing military problem.
1914 年第一次世界大战的形势给君士坦丁堡带来了同样令人困惑的军事问题。
If we go back another three-quarters of a century to 1807, the experience of Admiral Duckworth throws some light on the subject, although conditions had changed radically.
如果我们再追溯到四分之三个世纪前的 1807 年，达克沃斯海军上将的经历为这个问题提供了一些线索，尽管当时的情况已经发生了根本性的变化。
Duckworth, with his sailing ships, ran past the forts in the Dardanelles and anchored in front of Constantinople.
达克沃斯率领他的帆船驶过达达尼尔海峡的堡垒，在君士坦丁堡前停泊。
It was hoped that a threat of bombardment would bring the Turks to their knees, but the latter refused to be intimidated.
人们希望轰炸威胁能让土耳其人屈服，但后者拒绝被吓倒。
In the end, the British admiral ran out of food and water and was compelled to leave without accomplishing anything.
最终，这位英国海军上将耗尽了食物和水，被迫离开，一无所获。
The student of the War of 1914 also must consider that during the war between Italy and Turkey, the Italian General Staff is known to have worked out an elaborate plan for an attack upon the Dardanelles.
研究 1914 年战争的人还必须考虑到，在意大利和土耳其之间的战争期间，众所周知，意大利总参谋部制定了一份精心策划的进攻达达尼尔海峡的计划。
However, at the critical moment, the European powers interfered and forced upon Italy an agreement that the war should not be extended to the mainland of Europe.
然而关键时刻，欧洲列强介入，迫使意大利达成协议，战事不应扩大到欧洲大陆。
In the Balkan War, the Bulgarians threatened the lines of Bulair, the narrow neck which connects the Gallipoli peninsula to the mainland, but never launched the attack.
在巴尔干战争中，保加利亚人威胁到了连接加里波利半岛和大陆的狭窄颈部——布莱尔防线，但从未发起进攻。
When in 1914 the British and French determined to press a purely naval attack upon the Dardanelles, they appear to have been influenced by two major considerations.
1914 年，当英国和法国决定对达达尼尔海峡进行纯粹的海上攻击时，他们似乎受到两个主要考虑因素的影响。
At the time there was not ready a sufficient number of troops to make a land campaign successful and, at the last moment, King Constantine of Greece repudiated a personal agreement made by Venizelos, the Greek Premier, with the Allies by which Greece was to provide at least 20,000 troops to assist the France-British fleet.
当时，希腊还没有准备好足够的军队来成功进行陆战，而在最后一刻，希腊国王康斯坦丁拒绝了希腊总理韦尼泽洛斯与盟军达成的个人协议，即希腊将提供至少20,000名士兵协助法英舰队。
Even after the fall of Venizelos it was still determined to push the naval attack because of the second consideration.
即使在韦尼泽洛斯陷落之后，出于第二个考虑，它仍然决心推进海军进攻。
In the opinion of the British admiralty the full power of modern naval guns of 11-and 12-inch had never been tested and in their opinion they would suffice to reduce the Dardanelles defenses in a comparatively short time.
英国海军部认为，11英寸和12英寸现代舰炮的全部威力从未经过测试，他们认为它们足以在相对较短的时间内削弱达达尼尔海峡的防御。
Furthermore, the British authorities appear to have relied largely upon the new 15-inch guns of the _Queen Elizabeth_ and her sister vessels, then nearing completion in British yards.
此外，英国当局似乎很大程度上依赖于伊丽莎白女王号及其姊妹舰的新型 15 英寸火炮，当时这些舰艇已在英国造船厂中接近完工。
So tremendous was the power of these new guns and so great their range that it was believed the _Queen Elizabeth_ and her sister ships could stand miles out of range of the heaviest of the Dardanelles guns and quickly smash them to an unrecognizable mass of ruins.
这些新炮的威力如此巨大，射程如此之大，以至于人们相信伊丽莎白女王号和她的姐妹舰可以站在达达尼尔海峡最重型炮的射程之外数英里的地方，并迅速将它们粉碎成一堆无法辨认的废墟。
It was evident that the British naval command held these views even in spite of the experience of British warships off the coast of Belgium earlier in the war.
显然，尽管英国军舰在战争初期曾在比利时海岸附近经历过，但英国海军司令部显然仍持有这些观点。
For a while in 1914 British monitors and battleships bombarded almost at will the German troops posted along the coast running from the Dutch frontier line almost to Nieuport.
1914 年，英国炮兵和战列舰一度几乎随意轰炸了从荷兰边境线一直延伸到尼厄波特的海岸沿线的德国军队。
Finally, however, the Germans brought up heavy army and naval guns and, mounting them in concealed spots among the sand dunes, soon drove off the British naval force.
然而，最后，德国人调来了重型陆军和海军舰炮，并将它们安装在沙丘中的隐蔽地点，很快就击退了英国海军。
But Turkish guns were not German guns, Turkish gunners were not German gunners, and above all, the munition supply of the Turkish army was not fed by factories able to turn out a quarter of a million shells a day.
但土耳其的枪支不是德国的枪支，土耳其的炮手也不是德国的炮手，最重要的是，土耳其军队的弹药供应并不是由每天能够生产25万发炮弹的工厂提供的。
Some such considerations as these appear to have convinced the British higher command that there was a difference in the two tasks.
诸如此类的一些考虑似乎让英国高级指挥部相信这两项任务是有区别的。
The command of the Dardanelles forts at the entrance to Constantinople and the Black Sea is similar, except that it is perhaps more sure as to the command of the entrance to the Baltic by Copenhagen, the Mediterranean by Gibraltar, and, in a lesser degree, of the North Sea by Dover.
君士坦丁堡和黑海入口处的达达尼尔海峡要塞的指挥权是相似的，只不过哥本哈根对波罗的海入口的指挥权、直布罗陀对地中海入口的指挥权以及多佛尔对北海入口的指挥权可能更确定。
The narrow passage of water called the Dardanelles separates the peninsula of Gallipoli and the Asiatic shore of Turkey.
被称为达达尼尔海峡的狭窄水道将加里波利半岛和土耳其的亚洲海岸分开。
It connects the AEgean Sea and the Sea of Marmora, which in turn, through the Bosphorus, connects with the Black Sea.
它连接爱琴海和马尔马拉海，而马尔马拉海又通过博斯普鲁斯海峡与黑海相连。
Curiously enough this tremendously important waterway, the only warm sea outlet of Russia, had been closed against that country by the action of the very powers now fighting desperately to smash it open.
奇怪的是，这条极其重要的水道，俄罗斯唯一的温暖出海口，却被那些拼命想要打通它的列强所采取的行动所关闭。
The Black Sea was a Turkish lake in the seventeenth century but in the century following the growth of Russia in that part of Europe made the question of the control of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles one of supreme importance to her.
黑海在十七世纪是土耳其的一个湖泊，但在俄罗斯在欧洲这一地区崛起后的一个世纪，控制博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡的问题对她来说至关重要。
Thus we find, in the so-called "will" of Peter the Great, among other injunctions he lays upon his successors, an admonition never to rest until Constantinople had been wrested from the Turk.
因此，我们发现，在彼得大帝的所谓“遗嘱”中，除了他对他的继承者发出的其他禁令之外，还有一条警告，即在从土耳其人手中夺取君士坦丁堡之前，决不罢休。
But whether this "will" is authentic or not, Russian policy has steadily kept that object in view.
但无论这个“意愿”是否真实，俄罗斯政策始终牢记这一目标。
The Crimean War was an attempt by France and England to stem the almost resistless tide of Russian expanse toward the southwest.
克里米亚战争是法国和英国为阻止俄罗斯向西南扩张而发起的一次尝试。
Russian control of Constantinople was regarded as the chief danger that threatened the western powers and, in 1856, by the Treaty of Paris, not only was the strength of the Russian Black Sea fleet expressly limited, but the Dardanelles were closed against the passage of Russia's warships into the Mediterranean.
俄罗斯对君士坦丁堡的控制被视为威胁西方列强的主要危险，1856年的《巴黎条约》不仅明确限制了俄罗斯黑海舰队的实力，而且还关闭了达达尼尔海峡，禁止俄罗斯军舰进入地中海。
France and England revived what they called "an ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire, in virtue of which it has at all times been prohibited for ships of war of foreign powers to enter the Straits of the Dardanelles and of the Bosphorus."
法国和英国恢复了他们所谓的“奥斯曼帝国的古老统治，根据这一统治，外国列强的战舰在任何时候都被禁止进入达达尼尔海峡和博斯普鲁斯海峡”。
Turkey was of no mind to leave the enforcement of this "ancient rule" to the powers.
土耳其无意将这一“古老规则”的执行交给列强。
She began the construction of more elaborate fortifications commanding both the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
她开始建造更复杂的防御工事，控制博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡。
German advice, especially after the Franco-Prussian War, was asked and obtained and Krupp sent some of his gigantic pieces for the defense of the narrow waters.
德国人征求并获得了建议，特别是在普法战争之后，克虏伯派出了一些巨大的部件来保卫狭窄的水域。
This German cooperation with the Turks in the strengthening of those positions through all the years that have intervened is significant.
在这些年来的干预中，德国与土耳其在加强这些立场方面的合作意义重大。
CHAPTER VI
第六章
FORTIFICATIONS AND STRENGTH--FIRST MOVEMENTS
防御工事和力量——首先行动
Let us inspect the fortifications in the Dardanelles at the beginning of the war in 1914.
让我们来看看1914年战争爆发时达达尼尔海峡的防御工事。
The Dardanelles, from end to end, have a length of forty-seven miles.
达达尼尔海峡从一端到另一端全长四十七英里。
From the town of Gallipoli to the AEgean, however, the full distance of the narrow section of the waterway, is a matter of thirty-three miles.
然而，从加里波利镇到爱琴海，狭窄水道的总距离只有三十三英里。
At one point the passage is less than 1,400 yards wide and at no point is it more than 7,000.
通道的宽度有时不到 1,400 码，但从未超过 7,000 码。
Although there is a good depth in much of the channel, shallows are to be met with in most unexpected places.
尽管大部分航道都有足够的深度，但在大多数意想不到的地方都会遇到浅滩。
To make navigation even more difficult, there is a swift and powerful surface current running through the Narrows, on some occasions at a speed of eight knots an hour.
使航行变得更加困难的是，海峡中有一股快速而强大的海流，有时速度可达每小时八节。
In addition there is not only a strong undercurrent, but, as well, many cross currents.
此外，不仅有强大的暗流，而且还有许多横流。
At certain seasons of the year the wind and weather make navigation of large vessels almost impossible.
在一年中的某些季节，风和天气使大型船只几乎无法航行。
Both sides of the Dardanelles offered natural positions of enormous advantage to a defending force.
达达尼尔海峡的两侧都为防御力量提供了巨大优势的天然位置。
On the Gallipoli side were a tangled mass of rocks and hills, almost devoid of vegetation except for stubby yellow bushes.
加里波利一侧是一堆乱七八糟的岩石和山丘，除了粗短的黄色灌木丛外，几乎没有植被。
In a few of the little valleys, stray clusters of olive trees relieved the monotony of the view.
在一些小山谷里，零散的橄榄树丛缓解了景色的单调。
Heights rose upon heights and along the shores of the peninsula nearly perpendicular cliffs made landings almost out of the question.
高度越来越高，沿着半岛海岸几乎垂直的悬崖使登陆几乎不可能。
This whole peninsula was a difficult country to traverse even in times of peace.
即使在和平时期，整个半岛也是一个难以穿越的国家。
No large maps existed of its intricate paths, there were few roads, and those that did exist were so commanded by heights and concealed positions for guns and infantry that the progress of an attacking force would inevitably be most difficult and costly.
没有大地图显示其复杂的路径，道路也很少，而且即使存在，也受到高地和枪支和步兵隐蔽位置的控制，进攻部队的前进将不可避免地是最困难和代价最高的。
Water was almost nonexistent.
水几乎不存在。
Most of the available supply was so protected that an attacking force would in no case be able to use it until its task of conquest was complete.
大多数可用的补给都受到如此保护，以至于进攻部队在完成征服任务之前无论如何都无法使用它。
As such a force advanced inland, these difficulties as well as those of the country would constantly and rapidly increase.
随着这支部队向内陆推进，这些困难以及国家的困难将不断迅速增加。
From Cape Hellas, at the tip of the peninsula where a sandy beach made a landing possible, if difficult, the ground rapidly rose to a height of 140 feet.
从半岛顶端的希腊海角（Cape Hellas）出发，那里的沙滩使着陆成为可能（虽然难度较大），但地面迅速上升到 140 英尺的高度。
Hill country then led to ridges standing 600 feet, while a mile and a half beyond stood 600 feet in the air the commanding peak of Achi Baba, destined to play so large and so tragic a part in the struggle for the peninsula of Gallipoli.
然后，丘陵地带通向 600 英尺高的山脊，而一英里半之外，高 600 英尺高的阿奇巴巴 (Achi Baba) 山峰矗立在空中，注定将在加利波利半岛的争夺中发挥如此巨大和悲惨的作用。
At the narrowest part of the Narrows, the real key position to the straits, stood the Kilid Bahr plateau, 700 feet, while to the northwest, almost 300 feet higher, stood the precipitous eminence of Sari Bair, a dense mass of trackless ravines and thickets.
在海峡最狭窄的地方，也就是海峡的真正关键位置，矗立着 700 英尺高的基利德巴尔高原，而在西北方，几乎 300 英尺高的地方，矗立着陡峭的萨里拜尔山，这是一片密密麻麻、无人踪迹的峡谷和灌木丛。
Where the peninsula of Gallipoli joined the mainland is, comparatively speaking, a narrow neck of land.
相对而言，加里波利半岛与大陆的交界处是一条狭窄的陆地。
Even this, however, presented tremendous potential difficulties to any force.
然而，即便如此，也给任何势力带来了巨大的潜在困难。
A hill almost 500 feet in height rose in the center and marshes on either side prevented a turning movement.
中心矗立着一座近 500 英尺高的小山，两侧的沼泽阻止了转弯。
Furthermore, the difficulties of landing a force in the face of an enemy strongly intrenched on the heights were not lessened by the circumstance that the cliffs rose to a height of 300 feet, almost straight from the water's edge.
此外，面对在高地盘踞的敌人，部队登陆的难度并没有因为悬崖高达300英尺、几乎笔直地从水边升起的情况而减轻。
In short nature seems to have designed the country in every way as a protection against an armed force seeking to force its way either in or out of the Black Sea.
简而言之，大自然似乎从各个方面设计了这个国家，以防止武装部队试图强行进出黑海。
To just what extent these natural advantages had been utilized by the Turks it is impossible to say.
土耳其人究竟在多大程度上利用了这些自然优势，我们无法说清。
It is not likely, however, that they, or their German mentors, had been idle, in view of the importance the Allies were known to attach to the straits.
然而，考虑到盟军对海峡的重视，他们或他们的德国导师不可能闲着。
In September, 1914, and probably for some time before, the Turks were known to be busy strengthening the forts.
1914 年 9 月，或许在此之前的一段时间里，土耳其人都在忙于加固要塞。
Subsequent events led to the conclusion that they, or their German advisers, were alive to the lessons of the early days of the war in France and Belgium and had made elaborate arrangements for the placing of heavy guns in concealed positions.
随后发生的事件得出的结论是，他们或他们的德国顾问清楚地吸取了法国和比利时战争初期的教训，并为将重炮部署在隐蔽位置做出了精心安排。
In addition they perfected the mobility of even the heaviest of pieces, so that it became impossible for observation from the Franco-British ships or from aeroplanes to locate them with any certitude.
此外，他们还完善了即使是最重的部件的移动性，因此从法英船只或飞机上观察无法确定它们的位置。
The Turks also seem to have secured a plentiful supply of sea mines, with which the waters approaching the Dardanelles and the actual passage of the straits were strewn along the shores.
土耳其人似乎还获得了充足的水雷供应，在接近达达尼尔海峡的水域和实际通过海峡的沿岸布满了水雷。
Toward the Narrows were constructed shore batteries for the launching of torpedoes, as well as for the launching of floating mines.
海峡沿岸建造了岸炮台，用于发射鱼雷和浮式水雷。
The strong current of the straits could be depended upon to carry these latter engines of destruction among the allied ships of war should they venture within the narrow, confined waters of the Dardanelles.
如果盟军战舰冒险进入达达尼尔海峡狭窄、封闭的水域，可以依靠海峡的强劲水流来携带这些后一种毁灭性的发动机。
This was the condition of affairs, then, on November 3, 1914, when a joint Anglo-French squadron sailed in close to the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula and opened a bombardment of the outer defenses of the Dardanelles.
1914 年 11 月 3 日，当时的情况就是这样，当时一支英法联合分舰队驶近加里波利半岛的尖端，对达达尼尔海峡的外围防御展开轰炸。
For this and subsequent naval operations against the Turkish position, England was able to detach from her main theatre of naval activity--the North Sea--a considerable number of old, but still extremely powerful, battleships and battle cruisers.
在这次和随后针对土耳其阵地的海军行动中，英国能够从其海军活动的主要战区——北海——抽调出相当数量的老式但仍然极其强大的战列舰和战列巡洋舰。
These boats, with the exception of the _Queen Elizabeth_, which later appeared on the scene, were all built previous to the introduction of the dreadnought and were to a considerable extent made obsolete by that vessel.
这些船，除了后来出现的伊丽莎白女王号之外，都是在无畏舰问世之前建造的，并且在很大程度上被那艘船淘汰了。
At any rate they could not engage the more modern ships of the German navy and could not be attached to the grand fleet of England because of their lack of high speed and the heaviest of guns.
无论如何，它们无法与德国海军更现代化的舰艇交战，也无法加入英国的大舰队，因为它们缺乏高速和最重的火炮。
For these reasons, although their loss in any engagement against the Turkish defenses would not be relished by the British authorities, still such a disaster would not be decisive in any war.
出于这些原因，尽管英国当局不会乐于在与土耳其防御的任何交战中遭受损失，但这样的灾难在任何战争中都不会是决定性的。
As Winston Churchill subsequently pointed out, many of them would have, in the ordinary course of events, but a few more years of life in the British navy, so rapidly were modern battleships deteriorating under the rapid advance of naval science.
正如温斯顿·丘吉尔随后指出的那样，在正常情况下，它们中的许多人在英国海军中的寿命不过几年，因为在海军科学的快速发展下，现代战列舰的退化速度如此之快。
At the entrance to the straits the Turks had erected two major positions and several minor ones.
在海峡入口处，土耳其人建立了两个主要阵地和几个次要阵地。
On the Asiatic shore stood the Kum Kale Fort, known as the "New Castle of Asia." There the main battery consisted of four 10.2-inch guns.
亚洲海岸上矗立着被称为“亚洲新城堡”的库姆甘蓝堡。主炮组由四门 10.2 英寸火炮组成。
A short distance down the coast stood Yeni Shehr, where a main battery of two 9.2-inch guns and a short battery of smaller pieces had been erected.
沿着海岸不远的地方，矗立着耶尼谢尔，那里竖立着一个由两门 9.2 英寸火炮组成的主炮台和一个由较小炮组成的短炮台。
On the European side, opposite Kum Kale, stood Sedd-el-Bahr, with six 10-inch and two 5.9-inch guns.
在欧洲一侧，与库姆卡莱相对的地方是塞德-埃尔-巴赫尔（Sedd-el-Bahr），拥有六门 10 英寸和两门 5.9 英寸火炮。
At Cape Hellas, the extreme point of the Gallipoli Peninsula, was the Erteghrul Battery, mounting two 9.2-inch guns and some minor pieces.
在加里波利半岛的最远点希腊海角，有一座埃特格鲁尔炮台，安装有两门 9.2 英寸火炮和一些小部件。
Each of the attacking warships fired about a score of shells at these forts and an attempt was made to determine just how much damage had been done.
每艘攻击战舰都向这些堡垒发射了大约二十发炮弹，并试图确定到底造成了多少损失。
None of the forts were silenced, however, and it was finally decided by the commander of the Anglo-French naval force, Vice Admiral Carden, that conditions were not propitious for pushing home the attack and the vessels retired out to sea, where they maintained a tight blockade of the Dardanelles.
然而，没有一个堡垒被压制住，英法海军司令卡登中将最终决定，条件不适合推进进攻，舰只退出海上，对达达尼尔海峡保持严密封锁。
Then there followed a long period of naval inactivity, at least so far as the larger vessels were concerned.
随后，海军长期处于不活动状态，至少就大型舰艇而言是这样。
About a month later, however, on December 13, 1914, the commander of a British submarine accomplished a feat in the Sea of Marmora that not only aroused his countrymen to enthusiasm but as well won for him the coveted Victoria Cross, the first instance of the winning of that decoration by a naval officer since the beginning of the war.
然而大约一个月后，1914 年 12 月 13 日，一艘英国潜艇的指挥官在马尔莫拉海完成了一项壮举，不仅激起了他的同胞的热情，还为他赢得了令人垂涎的维多利亚十字勋章，这是自战争开始以来海军军官首次获得该勋章。
Lieutenant Holbrook was in command of the _B-11_, a 316-ton submarine launched as far back as 1906.
霍尔布鲁克中尉指挥的是 _B-11_，这是一艘早在 1906 年就下水的 316 吨级潜艇。
It was in no sense to be compared to the giant underwater crafts that were being launched and used at the outbreak of the war, some of them measuring 800 feet.
它与战争爆发时下水和使用的巨型水下航行器相比毫无意义，其中一些长达 800 英尺。
The _B-11_ carried only sixteen men in all--two officers and fourteen men.
_B-11_ 总共只载有 16 名人员——两名军官和十四名男子。
Early in the morning of December 13, 1914, she started through the straits.
1914年12月13日清晨，她开始穿越海峡。
Evidently her commander had knowledge of the disposition of the Turkish mine field, for Lieutenant Holbrook successfully navigated his ship through it, dived under five rows of mines, any one of which would have blown his frail craft into a thousand pieces, and came up under the side of the Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_.
显然，她的指挥官了解土耳其雷区的部署，因为霍尔布鲁克中尉成功地驾驶他的舰艇穿过了雷区，潜入了五排水雷（任何一排水雷都会将他脆弱的船只炸成一千块），然后来到了土耳其战列舰_Messudiyeh_的船侧。
The _Messudiyeh_, in any other navy, would have been retired long before, but Turkey had none too many ships and probably had been saving her to fight against the equally ancient vessels of some other minor power.
在任何其他海军中，梅苏迪耶号早就退役了，但土耳其没有太多的船只，可能是为了与其他一些小国的同样古老的船只作战而保留了她。
Launched as far back as 1874, she had been reconstructed and rearmed in 1901.
她早在 1874 年就已下水，并于 1901 年进行了重建和重新武装。
She was lying in the Sea of Marmora, guarding the very mine field under which Holbrook had dived his craft.
她躺在马尔马拉海，守卫着霍尔布鲁克把他的飞船潜入的雷区。
Holbrook observed the _Messudiyeh_ through the periscope of the _B-11_, maneuvered for position, dived, came up again and launched his torpedo.
霍尔布鲁克通过 _B-11_ 的潜望镜观察了 _Messudiyeh_，操纵位置，潜水，再次浮出水面并发射鱼雷。
It struck home and the ancient sides of the _Messudiyeh_ gaped wide.
它击中了要害，而_Messudiyeh_古老的侧面张开了大口。
Slowly she sank while Holbrook dived to safety.
她慢慢地沉没，而霍尔布鲁克则潜入安全地带。
For nine and a half hours the latter felt his way out of the straits and when he returned to the fleet his little vessel and its daring crew received an enthusiastic demonstration from the soldiers of the larger warships.
在九个半小时的时间里，后者摸索着离开了海峡，当他返回舰队时，他的小船和勇敢的船员受到了大型战舰士兵的热情示威。
Besides the Victoria Cross, received by Holbrook himself, his second in command, Lieutenant Sydney T.
除了霍尔布鲁克亲自获得的维多利亚十字勋章外，他的副手悉尼·T·霍尔中尉也获得了这一勋章。
Winn, received the Distinguished Service Order, and each of the fourteen members of the crew received the Distinguished Service Medal.
温恩获得了杰出服务勋章，十四名船员中的每一位都获得了杰出服务奖章。
On the next day, December 14, 1914, the British submarine _B-9_ attempted to repeat the feat, but the Turks were prepared.
第二天，即 1914 年 12 月 14 日，英国潜艇 _B-9_ 试图重复这一壮举，但土耳其人已做好准备。
When she came to the surface mines were exploded all around her, and she had all she could do to make good her escape.
当她到达地面时，她周围的地雷都爆炸了，她已经竭尽全力逃脱。
On January 15, 1915, not content that the British should have all the danger, or the glory, the French submarine, _Saphir_, entered the straits.
1915 年 1 月 15 日，法国潜艇“萨菲尔”号不满足于让英国承担所有危险或荣耀，进入了该海峡。
Near Nagara Point she struck the bottom in one of those shallow spots that abound in the Dardanelles, was compelled to come to the surface in a disabled condition and was quickly shot to pieces by the Turkish shore batteries.
在长拉角附近，她在达达尼尔海峡中常见的浅水点之一触底，被迫在残疾状态下浮出水面，并很快被土耳其海岸炮兵击成碎片。
The movement against the forts in the Dardanelles was now begun.
针对达达尼尔海峡堡垒的行动现在开始了。
This campaign, which was begun with so much confidence of ultimate success, was destined to become one of the greatest repulses that the Allies had encountered thus far during the war.
这场战役是在对最终成功充满信心的情况下开始的，注定会成为盟军在战争期间迄今为止遇到的最严重的击退之一。
PART II--JAPAN AND THE FAR EAST
第二部分——日本和远东
CHAPTER VII
第七章
WHY JAPAN JOINED THE ALLIES
日本为何加入同盟国
The battle lines of the Great War on land and sea were now beginning to encircle the earth.
陆地和海上大战的战线现在开始环绕地球。
While the gigantic armies on the battle grounds of Europe were engaged in the greatest test of "the survival of the fittest" that the world had ever witnessed, while the sharp encounters on the seas were carrying the war around the globe, the outbreaks in the Far East were bringing the Orient and the Occident--the two competitive systems of civilization--into a strange alignment.
当欧洲战场上的千军万马正在进行着世所未见的“适者生存”的最大考验时，当海上的激烈交锋将战火推向全球时，远东的疫情爆发却让东方和西方两大文明竞争体系陷入了奇怪的联盟。
The Moslem world was dividing against itself as had the Christian world.
穆斯林世界正像基督教世界一样分裂。
The followers of Buddha and the Brahmins were in direct conflict.
佛陀的追随者和婆罗门的信徒之间存在直接冲突。
It is important, therefore, to consider in this chapter the development of events in the Far East, which have been only outlined in the preceding narratives.
因此，在本章中考虑远东事件的发展非常重要，这些事件仅在前面的叙述中概述过。
Of all the powers that joined the coalition against Germany in August, 1914, none could state a clearer cause of action than Japan.
在 1914 年 8 月加入反德联盟的所有国家中，没有一个国家能比日本提出更明确的行动理由。
From the first outbreak of hostilities there was never any question of whether the "England of the East" would enter the war, and on which side she would be aligned.
自第一次敌对行动爆发以来，“东方英格兰”是否会参战以及她将站在哪一边，从来就没有任何问题。
Japan decided promptly and, having decided, acted with characteristic energy.
日本迅速做出了决定，并在决定后以特有的活力采取行动。
For a _casus belli_ the Japanese statesmen had only to hold up to the eyes of the world the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which had been signed on August 12, 1905.
为了获得战争借口，日本政治家只需在全世界面前举起 1905 年 8 月 12 日签署的英日同盟即可。
The object of this agreement was the maintenance of the general peace in eastern Asia and India, the preservation of the common interests of all powers in China, by insuring the independence and integrity of the Chinese Empire and the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations in China, the maintenance of the territorial rights of the high contracting parties in the regions of eastern Asia and of India, and the defense of their special interests in the said regions.
该协定的目的是维护东亚和印度的总体和平，维护中国列强的共同利益，确保中华帝国的独立和完整，保证中国各民族工商业机会均等的原则，维护各缔约方在东亚和印度地区的领土权利，并捍卫其在上述地区的特殊利益。
If these rights and interests were jeopardized, Japan and Great Britain agreed to discuss fully and frankly what measures should be pursued for defense, and to act in common in case of unprovoked attack or aggressive action wherever arising on the part of any other power or powers.
如果这些权益受到损害，日本和英国同意充分、坦诚地讨论应采取何种防御措施，并在任何其他国家发生无端攻击或侵略行为时采取共同行动。
Thus, in those critical days of August, 1914, one of the first acts of the British Government, when war was declared on Germany, and the empire was reaching out for every possible means of defense and aggression, was to ask Japan for assistance under the terms of this alliance.
因此，在 1914 年 8 月那些关键的日子里，当英国政府向德国宣战、帝国正在采取一切可能的防御和侵略手段时，英国政府的首要行动之一就是根据该联盟的条款向日本请求援助。
And Japan did not hesitate--she threw herself vigorously into the Great War.
日本毫不犹豫地投入了第一次世界大战。
The Japanese Emperor in his declaration of war against Germany did not suggest that Japan acted in response to her ally's direct request for assistance, but the Japanese Foreign Minister, Baron Kato, in his speech explaining the situation to the Diet, laid emphasis upon the treaty as the most important factor in the situation.
日本天皇在对德宣战中并没有暗示日本是响应其盟友的直接援助请求而采取行动的，但日本外务大臣加藤男爵在向国会解释局势的讲话中强调，该条约是局势中最重要的因素。
"German warships and armed vessels," said the foreign minister, "are prowling around the seas of eastern Asia, menacing our commerce and that of our ally, while Kiao-chau was carrying out operations apparently for the purpose of constituting a base for warlike operations in eastern Asia.
这位外交部长说：“德国军舰和武装船只正在东亚海域徘徊，威胁着我们和我们盟友的商业，而胶州正在开展行动，显然是为了在东亚建立一个军事行动基地。
Grave anxiety was thus felt for the maintenance of peace in the Far East.
因此，人们对维护远东和平感到严重焦虑。
"As all are aware," he continued, "the agreement and alliance between Japan and Great Britain has for its object the consolidation and maintenance of general peace in eastern Asia, and the maintenance of the independence and integrity of China, as well as the principle of equal opportunities for commerce and industry for all nations in that country, and the maintenance and defense respectively of territorial rights and special interests of contracting parties in eastern Asia.
他接着说：“众所周知，日本和英国之间的协定和同盟的目的是巩固和维护东亚的普遍和平，维护中国的独立和完整，以及该国所有国家商业和工业机会平等的原则，以及分别维护和捍卫东亚缔约方的领土权利和特殊利益。
Therefore, inasmuch as we are asked by our ally for assistance at a time when commerce in eastern Asia, which Japan and Great Britain regard alike as one of their special interests, is subjected to a constant menace, Japan, who regards that alliance as a guiding principle of her foreign policy, could not but comply to the respect to do her part."
因此，当我们的盟友要求我们提供援助时，日本和英国都将东亚的商业视为其特殊利益之一，却不断受到威胁，将这一同盟视为其外交政策指导原则的日本就不得不尊重并尽自己的一份力量。”
The Japanese statesman offered this explanation to his people: "Germany's possession of a base for powerful activities in one corner of the Far East was not only a serious obstacle to the maintenance of a permanent peace, but also threatened the immediate interests of the Japanese Empire.
这位日本政治家向国民做出了这样的解释：“德国在远东一角拥有强大活动的基地，不仅是维护永久和平的严重障碍，而且也威胁到了日本帝国的切身利益。
The Japanese Government, therefore, resolved to comply with the British request, and, if necessary, to open hostilities against Germany."
因此，日本政府决定遵守英国的要求，并在必要时对德国展开敌对行动。”
Baron Kato's speech was delivered after Japan had declared war.
加藤男爵的讲话是在日本宣战后发表的。
The Western world, when it found time to turn its attention from the absorbing drama already being enacted in Belgium to the minor crisis in the Far East, was not left long in doubt regarding the intentions of Great Britain's ally.
当西方世界把注意力从比利时已经上演的引人入胜的戏剧转向远东的小危机时，西方世界很快就对英国盟友的意图产生了怀疑。
War was declared on August 24, 1914, nine days after Japan had dispatched to Germany an ultimatum, which Germany scornfully ignored.
1914 年 8 月 24 日，日本向德国发出最后通牒九天后宣战，但德国轻蔑地忽视了这一最后通牒。
The text of the ultimatum was as follows: "We consider it highly important and necessary in the present situation to take measures to remove the causes of all disturbance of peace in the Far East, and to safeguard general interests as contemplated in the agreement of alliance between Japan and Great Britain.
最后通牒的全文如下：“我们认为，在当前形势下，采取措施消除一切扰乱远东和平的根源，维护日英同盟协定中规定的总体利益，是非常重要和必要的。”
"In order to secure firm and enduring peace in eastern Asia, the establishment of which is the aim of the agreement, the Japanese Government sincerely believes it to be its duty to give advice to the German Government to carry out the following two propositions:
“为了确保东亚地区牢固持久的和平（建立东亚地区和平协定是该协定的目标），日本政府真诚地认为，有责任向德国政府提供建议，以执行以下两项主张：
"(1) To withdraw immediately from Japanese and Chinese waters the German warships and armed vessels of all kinds, and to disarm those which cannot be withdrawn.
“（1）立即从日本和中国水域撤出德国军舰和各类武装船只，并解除无法撤出的舰艇的武装。
"(2) To deliver on a date not later than September 15 to the Japanese authorities, without condition or compensation, the entire leased territory of Kiao-chau, with a view to the eventual restoration of the same to China.
“（二）在不迟于9月15日之日，无条件、无补偿地将整个胶州租借领土交付日本当局，以期最终将其归还中国。
"The Japanese Government announces at the same time that in the event of its not receiving by noon on August 23, 1914, an answer from the German Government signifying unconditional acceptance of the above advice offered by the Japanese Government, Japan will be compelled to take such action as it may deem necessary to meet the situation."
“日本政府同时宣布，如果在1914年8月23日中午之前没有收到德国政府无条件接受日本政府提出的上述建议的答复，日本将被迫采取它认为必要的行动来应对这种情况。”
[Illustration: Kiao-Chau (Tsing-Tau).]
[插图：胶州（青头）。]
The intervention of Japan in the war, welcome as it was to Great Britain, created special problems for that empire.
日本对战争的介入虽然受到英国的欢迎，但却给这个帝国带来了特殊的问题。
The British in China, and the people of Australia, New Zealand, and western North America had long been uneasy regarding the commercial and political policy of Japan.
在中国的英国人以及澳大利亚、新西兰和北美西部的人民长期以来对日本的商业和政治政策感到不安。
On the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada a strong anti-Japanese sentiment had developed.
在美国和加拿大的太平洋沿岸，出现了强烈的反日情绪。
British statesmen were apprehensive lest the entry of Japan into the war might be used to alienate American sympathy from the Allies and diminish the zeal of the Canadian and Australasian colonies for the war.
英国政治家担心日本参战可能会被用来疏远美国对盟国的同情，并削弱加拿大和澳大利亚殖民地对战争的热情。
To meet this situation, the British Government issued a formal statement which said: "It is understood that the action of Japan shall not extend to the Pacific Ocean beyond the China Sea, except in so far as it may be necessary to protect Japanese shipping lines in the Pacific, nor beyond Asiatic waters westward of the China Seas, nor to any foreign territory except territory in German occupation on the continent of eastern Asia." This declaration went far toward allaying uneasiness, especially in the United States.
针对这种情况，英国政府发表正式声明称：“据了解，日本的行动不得延伸至中国海以外的太平洋，除非有必要保护日本在太平洋的航线，也不得延伸至中国海以西的亚洲水域以外的地区，也不得延伸至除东亚大陆德国占领领土以外的任何外国领土。”这一声明大大缓解了不安情绪，尤其是在美国。
The Japanese people accepted the situation calmly.
日本民众平静地接受了这一情况。
There were few noisy demonstrations.
很少有吵闹的示威活动。
Germans living in Japan were not molested, notwithstanding the action of Germany, which immediately after the ultimatum was issued arrested every Japanese subject in Germany and seized funds of the Japanese Government deposited in the Deutsche Bank of Berlin.
尽管德国采取了行动，但居住在日本的德国人并未受到骚扰，在最后通牒发出后，德国立即逮捕了所有在德国的日本人，并没收了日本政府存放在柏林德意志银行的资金。
In Tokyo the chief of police told the people that although the two Governments had entered into hostilities, the people individually were not to cultivate hostility.
在东京，警察局长告诉民众，虽然两国政府已经进入敌对状态，但民众个人不应煽动敌对情绪。
The German Ambassador remained at the Japanese capital until August 30, 1914.
德国大使一直留在日本首都直到 1914 年 8 月 30 日。
A number of Germans who decided to stay in Japan were allowed to continue their regular occupations.
许多决定留在日本的德国人被允许继续他们的正常职业。
When no answer came from Germany up to the time of the expiration of Japan's ultimatum, the imperial rescript declaring the existence of a state of war was issued next day.
由于德国在日本最后通牒期满前没有做出答复，第二天就发布了宣布战争状态的天皇诏书。
The emperor said: "We hereby declare war against Germany and we command our army and navy to carry on hostilities against that empire with all their strength, and we also command all our competent authorities to make every effort in pursuance of their respective duties to attain the national aim within the limit of the law of nations.
皇帝说：“我们特此对德国宣战，我们命令我们的陆军和海军全力对德国进行敌对行动，我们还命令我们所有主管当局尽一切努力，在国际法的范围内履行各自的职责，实现国家目标。
"Since the outbreak of the present war in Europe, the calamitous effect of which we view with grave concern, we, on our part, have entertained hopes of preserving the peace of the Far East by the maintenance of strict neutrality, but the action of Germany has at length compelled Great Britain, our ally, to open hostilities against that country, and Germany is at Kiao-chau, its leased territory in China, busy with warlike preparations, while her armed vessels, cruising the seas of eastern Asia, are threatening our commerce and that of our ally.
“自从当前的欧洲战争爆发以来，我们对这场战争的灾难性后果感到严重关切，我们一直希望通过保持严格的中立来维护远东的和平，但是德国的行动最终迫使我们的盟友英国对那个国家展开敌对行动，德国在它在中国的租借地胶州忙于战争准备，而它的武装船只则在东方海域巡航。亚洲正在威胁我们和我们盟友的商业。
The peace of the Far East is thus in jeopardy.
远东的和平因此受到威胁。
"Accordingly, our Government and that of his Britannic Majesty, after a full and frank communication with each other, agreed to take such measures as may be necessary for the protection of the general interests contemplated in the agreement of alliance, and we on our part, being desirous to attain that object by peaceful means, commanded our Government to offer, with sincerity, an advice to the Imperial German Government.
“因此，我国政府和英国国王陛下在充分和坦诚地相互沟通后，同意采取必要的措施来保护联盟协议中所设想的共同利益，而我们方面，渴望通过和平手段实现这一目标，命令我国政府真诚地向德意志帝国政府提出建议。
By the last day appointed for the purpose, however, our Government failed to receive an answer accepting their advice.
然而，到为此目的指定的最后一天，我国政府未能收到接受他们建议的答复。
"It is with profound regret that we, in spite of our ardent devotion to the cause of peace, are thus compelled to declare war, especially at this early period of our reign, and while we are still in mourning for our lamented mother.
“我们深感遗憾的是，尽管我们热心致力于和平事业，却被迫宣战，特别是在我们统治初期，当我们仍在哀悼我们可悲的母亲时。
"It is our earnest wish that, by the loyalty and valor of our faithful subjects, peace may soon be restored and the glory of the empire enhanced."
“我们真诚地希望，通过我们忠实臣民的忠诚和英勇，和平很快就会恢复，帝国的荣耀将会增强。”
CHAPTER VIII
第八章
MILITARY AND NAVAL SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST
远东军事和海军局势
We now pass to the first fighting ground in the Far East.
我们现在前往远东的第一战场。
Unlike the campaigns in the west, the war in eastern Asia developed along lines which any observer, possessing the least knowledge of history and international politics and military strategy, could foresee.
与西方的战役不同，东亚战争的发展路线是任何对历史、国际政治和军事战略了解最少的观察者都可以预见的。
From both military and commercial standpoints none of Germany's possessions in the Far East could compare in importance with the little tip of the Shantung Peninsula leased for a term of ninety-nine years from China in 1898.
从军事和商业角度来看，德国在远东的所有领地的重要性都无法与 1898 年从中国租借的山东半岛这一小小一角相比，租期为九十九年。
This concession, about fifteen miles long and ten miles across, was designated Kiao-chau.
这个租界长约十五英里，宽约十英里，被称为胶洲。
In the sixteen years since their tenure began, the Germans had laid out at Tsing-tau, situated at the extreme southern end of the peninsula, a city which was rapidly growing to foremost importance among the ports of the Chinese coast.
自其统治以来的十六年里，德国人在位于半岛最南端的青岛布局，这座城市迅速发展成为中国沿海港口中最重要的城市。
A large part of the native population was induced to migrate, hills were leveled, roads constructed, trees planted, and waterworks and sewers laid out along the most up-to-date lines.
大部分本地人口被迫迁移，山丘被夷为平地，道路被修建，树木被种植，供水系统和下水道沿着最新的线路铺设。
The Great War found Tsing-tau a modern city, almost European in appearance, with a magnificent harbor, where natural advantages had been enhanced by the construction of immense piers and breakwaters.
第一次世界大战使青岛成为一座现代化城市，其外观几乎是欧洲式的，拥有宏伟的港口，巨大的码头和防波堤的建设增强了这里的自然优势。
One line of railway connected the port with Chi-nan, capital of Shantung Province, and Germany held concessions for the construction of two new lines.
一条铁路线将港口与山东省省会济南连接起来，德国获得了建设两条新铁路的特许权。
The census of 1913 showed a total population of 58,000, of which Germans, exclusive of the garrison, numbered 2,500.
1913年的人口普查显示总人口为58,000人，其中德国人（不包括驻军）为2,500人。
Non-German Europeans, Americans, and Japanese numbered but 630.
非德裔欧洲人、美国人和日本人只有 630 人。
The European quarter was distinctly Teutonic.
欧洲区明显是条顿人的。
The attack on Tsing-tau was a foregone conclusion.
攻击青头岛已成定局。
As a naval base and a seat of menace to the commerce of hostile nations, Tsing-tau occupied an unexcelled situation, almost equidistant from Nagasaki and Shanghai, in virtually the same latitude as Tokyo, San Francisco, and Gibraltar.
作为一个海军基地和对敌对国家商业的威胁中心，青岛占据着无可比拟的地理位置，与长崎和上海几乎等距，与东京、旧金山和直布罗陀几乎处于同一纬度。
Its defenses were second in strength only to those of Port Arthur and Hongkong.
它的防御力量仅次于旅顺港和香港。
Kiao-chau was under the administration of the German admiralty.
胶州由德国海军部管辖。
The German fleet seized it in 1897 ostensibly to secure reparation for the murder of two German missionaries in Shantung.
德国舰队于 1897 年占领了它，表面上是为了为两名在山东被害的德国传教士获得赔偿。
The ninety-nine-year lease subsequently arranged gave Germany the right to fortify the new concession, and the thoroughness with which this privilege was exercised was proved by the stout resistance the garrison was able to make against far superior forces of besiegers.
随后签订的九十九年租约赋予了德国加固新租界的权利，而这一特权的彻底行使，通过驻军能够对远远占优势的围城军的顽强抵抗得到了证明。
The whole concession occupied 117 square miles.
整个租界占地117平方英里。
Although Kiao-chau was the kaiser's only continental colony in Asia the outbreak of the war found Germany in possession of several islands and groups of islands in the Pacific.
尽管胶州是德皇在亚洲唯一的大陆殖民地，但战争的爆发使德国拥有了太平洋上的几个岛屿和岛屿群。
These included German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Caroline, Pelew Marrana, Solomon and Marshall Islands and a portion of the Samoan group.
其中包括德属新几内亚、俾斯麦群岛、加罗林群岛、佩卢马拉纳群岛、所罗门群岛和马绍尔群岛以及萨摩亚群岛的一部分。
But the strongly fortified port on the Shantung Peninsula was the naval base for the protection of all these ocean possessions; and the Japanese statesmen rightly concluded that with Tsing-tau in their grasp the reduction of the other German colonies would be only a formal task of seizure.
但山东半岛的戒备森严的港口是保护所有这些海洋财产的海军基地；日本政治家正确地得出结论，认为只要青岛在他们的掌握之中，减少其他德国殖民地就只是一项正式的夺取任务。
Therefore the 27th of August, 1914, four days after the declaration of war, saw a Japanese fleet blockading Tsing-tau and Japanese transports carrying troops for landing expeditions in cooperation with the warships.
因此，在宣战四天后的1914年8月27日，日本舰队封锁了青岛，日本运输船载着部队与军舰配合登陆探险。
Germany began the concentration of all available forces inside the Tsing-tau fortifications on August 8, 1914.
1914 年 8 月 8 日，德国开始将所有可用兵力集中在青岛防御工事内。
But she was able to gather there when the siege began only 5,000 men, a handful compared with the great force Japan could muster for the reduction of the fortress.
但围攻开始时，她能够聚集到那里的只有 5000 人，与日本为攻克要塞而可以集结的庞大兵力相比，这只是寥寥几人。
The garrison of peace times was augmented by reservists, who came from treaty ports along the Chinese coast, from Japan, Siberia, and from every part of the Far East near enough to enable German veterans to reach the city before communication was cut off.
和平时期的驻军得到了预备役军人的扩充，这些预备役军人来自中国沿海的通商口岸、日本、西伯利亚以及远东各地，距离足够近，足以让德国退伍军人在通讯中断之前到达这座城市。
The crew of the Austrian cruiser _Kaiserin Elizabeth_, more than 300 men, who had left Tsing-tau by railroad before Austria decided to join her ally in the Far East as well as in Europe, hurried back in small groups and in civilian clothes to escape detection.
奥地利巡洋舰伊丽莎白女王号的船员有300多人，在奥地利决定与远东和欧洲的盟友会合之前，他们已经通过铁路离开了青岛，现在他们穿着便服，分成小组匆忙返回，以避免被发现。
Squads of the Landsturm, the last reserve, middle-aged men who had left their families and their business in all parts of China joined the ranks and went to drilling in preparation for the hard fighting expected as soon as the invading fleet passed the outer defenses of the harbor.
最后的预备队陆地突击队的中年男子离开了家人和生意，离开了中国各地，加入了队伍，开始训练，准备迎接入侵舰队一通过港口外围防御工事就会发生的恶战。
Altogether the defenders mustered three artillery and infantry regiments and four troops of cavalry.
守军总共集结了三个炮兵团、步兵团和四个骑兵队。
They had three aeroplanes and a few machine guns and in the harbor were four small gunboats in addition to the _Kaiserin Elizabeth_.
他们拥有三架飞机和几挺机枪，除了伊丽莎白皇后号之外，港口里还有四艘小型炮艇。
Tsing-tau's principal points of defense were Mount Moltke, Mount Bismarck and Mount Iltis.
青岛的主要防御点是毛奇山、俾斯麦山和伊尔蒂斯山。
The rugged slopes of these positions commanded the plain.
这些阵地崎岖的斜坡占据着平原。
Beyond the plain the important outer line of defense was along the Litsum River, which flows into Kiao-chau Bay and then through the mountains to the sea, a line about eight miles long and about ten miles distant from the city.
平原之外，重要的外防线是沿着立木河，这条河流入胶州湾，然后穿过山脉入海，这条线长约八英里，距城市约十英里。
Preparations to oppose a landing of hostile troops were made at points along the coast of the leased territory for a distance of twenty miles.
租借领土沿岸二十英里的一些地点已做好了阻止敌方部队登陆的准备工作。
At the entrance of the bay shore batteries and mines made a bombardment by the Japanese fleet impracticable, except with the support of land forces.
海湾入口处的炮台和水雷使得日本舰队无法进行轰炸，除非得到地面部队的支援。
The first line of defense comprised five forts connected by trenches and barbed wire entanglements.
第一道防线由五个堡垒组成，这些堡垒通过战壕和铁丝网连接起来。
The shore defenses consisted of five forts, called respectively: "The Kaiser's," armed with two large guns mounted upon unsheltered platforms and two cannon of medium caliber sheltered; "August Point," a square closed fort with unsheltered gun platforms, and two guns of large medium caliber; "Taisichen," unsheltered with four large cannon; "Kaiser Northeast," unsheltered four cannon; "Yunuisan Point," two cannon of medium caliber.
海岸防御由五个堡垒组成，分别称为：“皇帝”，配备两门安装在无遮蔽平台上的大炮和两门中口径大炮。 “八月角”，一座方形封闭堡垒，有无掩蔽的炮台和两门大中口径火炮； “太司辰”，四门大炮毫无掩护； “东北凯撒”，无遮蔽的四门大炮； “汤义山尖”，两门中口径大炮。
The main line of defense was for both land and sea work; "Fort Moltke" at the base of the German left wing had a shelter trench and guns of medium caliber; "Fort Bismarck" had three heavy gun platforms in addition to a platform for rapid fire guns of large caliber.
主要防线是陆地和海上工作；德国左翼基地的“毛奇堡”有掩体战壕和中口径火炮； “俾斯麦堡”除了一个大口径速射炮平台外，还拥有三个重炮平台。
From this the guns could be turned in any direction.
由此，枪可以转向任何方向。
"Fort Iltis" mounted four heavy guns of large and medium caliber besides mitrailleuse of large size.
“伊尔蒂斯堡”除了大型三重炮外，还装备了四门大中口径重炮。
Two heavy guns were mounted in the summit of Mount Iltis.
伊尔蒂斯山顶上架设了两门重炮。
In command of the German forces was the Governor General of Kiao-chau, Admiral Meyer-Waldeck, a naval officer of experience and reputation.
指挥德国军队的是胶州总督迈尔-瓦尔德克海军上将，他是一位经验丰富、声誉卓著的海军军官。
The defenses of both land and sea were under his control.
陆地和海上的防御都在他的控制之下。
This entrance of Japan into the war introduced a factor fraught with unknown possibilities.
日本参战带来了一个充满未知可能性的因素。
Unlike the other enemies of the Teutonic alliance, Japan had nothing to fear for her home territory or her possessions.
与条顿联盟的其他敌人不同，日本无需担心其祖国领土或财产。
Secure from attack, she was able to devote all her energies to the task of driving the Germans out of the Far East.
在免受攻击的情况下，她能够将全部精力投入到将德国人赶出远东的任务上。
By this accomplishment she not only fulfilled the terms of her alliance with Great Britain, but strengthened her own supremacy in that quarter of the globe.
通过这一成就，她不仅履行了与英国的联盟条款，而且巩固了自己在全球这一地区的霸主地位。
Tsing-tau, since its occupation by the Germans, had been like a mailed fist brandished in her face.
自从被德国人占领以来，青岛就像一只在她脸上挥舞的铁拳。
Since Japan's victory over Russia no other European power had occupied a position on the Asiatic coast that offered a threat comparable to this German stronghold.
自从日本战胜俄国以来，没有任何其他欧洲国家在亚洲海岸占据过能与德国这个据点相媲美的威胁的位置。
Also, it was only human that the Japanese remembered how Germany compelled them to abandon many of their fruits of victory in their last war with China.
此外，日本人还记得德国如何迫使他们放弃上一次与中国的战争中的许多胜利成果，这也是人之常情。
The unknown factor of her participation was just how far Japan would go in aiding her new allies.
她参与的未知因素是日本将在多大程度上帮助她的新盟友。
The military and naval potentialities of the Island Kingdom when the war started were greater than ever before.
战争爆发时岛国的军事和海军潜力比以往任何时候都强大。
She was twice as strong as when she went to war with Russia.
她的实力是与俄罗斯交战时的两倍。
Her navy was sufficiently formidable to resist, in home waters at least, that of any other power except England.
她的海军足够强大，至少在本土水域可以抵抗除英国以外的任何其他国家的海军。
Her army, twice proved during recent years against the soldiers of Russia and China, was steadily increasing its size and equipment.
近年来，她的军队两次证明自己可以对抗俄罗斯和中国的士兵，并且正在稳步扩大其规模和装备。
Her predominant position in the Far East was absolutely assured.
她在远东的主导地位是绝对有保障的。
The Japanese army, based to a certain extent upon the German model, numbered at the outbreak of the war somewhat over 250,000 men of all ranks.
日本军队在一定程度上是仿效德国模式的，战争爆发时，各军种的人数略超过 25 万。
This was its peace strength.
这就是它的和平力量。
Military service was obligatory upon all able-bodied males between the ages of seventeen and forty.
所有十七岁至四十岁之间身体健全的男性都必须服兵役。
This law made available each year 550,000 men, but in practice during times of peace the annual conscription amounted to only 120,000 men taken by ballot from among the number eligible.
这项法律每年征兵55万人，但实际上，在和平时期，每年通过抽签从合格人数中征兵的人数只有12万人。
The total effective military strength of the Empire was estimated at a million and a half trained soldiers.
帝国的总有效军事力量估计为一百万训练有素的士兵。
The army was divided into nineteen divisions, four independent cavalry brigades, three independent field artillery brigades, six regiments of heavy field artillery and a communication brigade.
全军分为十九个师、四个独立骑兵旅、三个独立野战炮兵旅、六个重型野战炮兵团和一个通讯旅。
Each divisional unit consisted of two infantry brigades of six battalions each, a cavalry regiment (three squadrons of 120 men each), a field artillery regiment (six batteries of six guns), and a battalion of army service corps.
每个师单位包括两个步兵旅，每个旅有 6 个营，一个骑兵团（三个中队，每个中队 120 人），一个野战炮兵团（六个连，六个炮），以及一个陆军勤务兵营。
A battalion of mountain guns was attached to certain divisions.
某些师辖有一个山炮营。
Thus the army on a peace footing consisted of seventy-six infantry regiments (228 battalions), twenty-seven regiments of cavalry.
因此，平时的军队由七十六个步兵团（228个营）和二十七个骑兵团组成。
150 field batteries, nine mountain batteries, nineteen battalions of garrison artillery and nineteen battalions of engineers.
150个野战连、9个山地连、十九个驻防炮兵营和十九个工兵营。
When the reserves were summoned to the colors the Japanese system provided for an indefinite increase in the number of battalions for each regiment.
当预备役部队被征召入伍时，日本的制度规定每个团的营数量可以无限期增加。
The Japanese navy had weathered a storm which at one time threatened to interfere seriously with its steady growth, and the year 1914 found it at a formidable climax of strength and efficiency.
日本海军经历了一场风暴，这场风暴一度严重干扰了其稳定发展，而 1914 年，日本海军的实力和效率达到了令人敬畏的顶峰。
The war with Russia had left the nation on the verge of bankruptcy and the annual budgets from 1907 to 1910 contained no appropriations for naval increases.
与俄罗斯的战争使国家濒临破产，1907年至1910年的年度预算中没有增加海军的拨款。
The lull in naval construction, however, was of short duration.
然而，海军建设的平静期持续时间很短。
The wisest statesmen realized, from the time when Japan first emerged from her Oriental seclusion and eagerly set out to learn the lessons of western civilization, that their country's insular situation made a strong navy the first requisite of national independence.
最明智的政治家们认识到，从日本第一次摆脱东方的闭关锁国并热切地学习西方文明的教训起，日本的孤立状况就使强大的海军成为国家独立的首要条件。
It was the warships of the western world that forced the Japanese to open their door to the foreigner.
正是西方世界的军舰迫使日本人向外国人敞开了大门。
Fifteen years after the Japanese had seen the foreign men-of-war riding dominant in their harbors, their antiquated collection of war junks had been replaced by an up-to-date navy, manned and officered by sea fighters trained upon the best western models.
日本人看到外国战舰在他们的港口占据主导地位十五年后，他们陈旧的战船被一支现代化的海军所取代，其人员和军官均由受过西方最佳模式训练的海上战士组成。
In 1910 the Japanese began to compare their naval equipment with that of Germany, and from that time their shipbuilding program was designed to make them secure against the chance of German aggression, ever present since the leasing of Kiao-chau.
1910年，日本人开始将他们的海军装备与德国进行比较，从那时起，他们的造船计划就旨在使他们能够抵御自租用胶州以来一直存在的德国侵略。
At the outbreak of the Great War the Japanese navy had nearly doubled its strength since the close of the war with Russia.
第一次世界大战爆发时，日本海军的实力自与俄罗斯的战争结束以来几乎增加了一倍。
It included two battleships of the dreadnought class, the _Kawachi_ and the _Settsu_, both over 21,000 tons, with a speed of twenty knots, two dreadnought battle cruisers of 27,500 tons each and a speed of twenty-seven knots, the _Kongo_ and the _Hiyei_; two semi-dreadnought battleships, the _Aki_ and _Satsuma_, between 19,000 and 20,000 tons each and a speed of twenty and eighteen and a quarter knots, respectively; four first-class battle cruisers with speeds ranging from twenty to twenty-three knots and averaging 14,000 tons; six battleships of slightly heavier displacement and slightly less speed; six first-class coast defense ships, averaging 13,000 tons and seventeen and a half knots; nine first-class cruisers ranging from 7,300 to 9,800 tons and twenty to twenty-one knots; thirteen second-class cruisers, some of which had a speed of twenty-six knots; seven second-class coast defense ships; nine gunboats, two first-class destroyers capable of thirty-five knots an hour; two second-class destroyers with a speed of thirty-three knots; and forty-six other destroyers of varying speeds; thirty-one torpedo boats and thirteen submarines, besides auxiliary craft, hospital ships, dispatch boats, etc.
其中包括两艘无畏级战列舰“河内”号和“摄津”号，排水量均超过21,000吨，航速为20节；还有两艘无畏级战列巡洋舰，每艘排水量为27,500吨，航速为27节，“刚果”号和“比睿”号；两艘半无畏舰，“安艺”号和“萨摩”号，每艘排水量在 19,000 吨至 20,000 吨之间，航速分别为 20 节和 18 节又四分之一节；四艘一流战列巡洋舰，航速为20至23节，平均排水量为14,000吨；六艘排水量稍大、航速稍慢的战列舰； 6艘一级海防舰，平均排水量13000吨，平均航速17节半； 9艘一级巡洋舰，吨位7,300吨至9,800吨，航速20至21节；十三艘二等巡洋舰，其中一些航速为二十六节；二等海防舰七艘；九艘炮艇，两艘每小时三十五节的一流驱逐舰；两艘二级驱逐舰，航速三十三节；以及其他四十六艘不同速度的驱逐舰；三十一艘鱼雷艇和十三艘潜艇，此外还有辅助艇、医院船、调度艇等。
Although the Japanese air fleet gave a good account of itself during the operations before Tsing-tau it developed no surprises, and accomplished no exploits to confirm rumors prevailing before the war that in Japan naval aviation had reached a special and advanced stage.
尽管日本航空舰队在青岛之前的行动中表现出色，但并没有取得任何意外，也没有立下战功，证实了战前盛行的日本海军航空兵已经达到特殊和先进阶段的谣言。
The Japanese Flying Corps conducted itself upon lines made familiar by the British, German and French aviators in Europe.
日本飞行队按照欧洲的英国、德国和法国飞行员所熟悉的路线行事。
CHAPTER IX
第九章
BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES--ATTACKS ON TSING-TAU FORTS
敌对行动的开始——攻击青头炮台
Having reviewed the military and naval situation in the Far East at the outbreak of war, we come now to the beginning of actual belligerent operations.
回顾了战争爆发时远东地区的军事和海军形势，现在我们即将开始实际的交战行动。
Japan's declaration of war against Germany was dated August 23, 1914.
日本对德宣战的日期是 1914 年 8 月 23 日。
The morning of the preceding day witnessed the departure from Japanese war ports of the greatest fleet of warships and transports the Empire had sent to sea since the Russian War.
前一天早上，帝国自俄罗斯战争以来派出的最强大的战舰和运输船队从日本战港出发。
It comprised the Second Squadron, embracing battleships, cruisers, destroyers and hydro-aeroplanes, a dozen in all.
它由第二分舰队组成，包括战列舰、巡洋舰、驱逐舰和水上飞机，总共十几艘。
The transports carried land forces numbering 22,980 officers and men and 142 guns to be put ashore as soon as the landing forces had ground for their advantageous location.
运输船运载着 22,980 名官兵和 142 门火炮，一旦登陆部队占据有利位置，就会立即上岸。
The Japanese troops included the Eighteenth Division, under Lieutenant General Mitsuomi Kamio, who was Commander in Chief of the expedition; the Twenty-third Brigade of Infantry (Major General B.
日军部队包括远征总司令神尾光臣中将指挥的第十八师团；步兵第二十三旅（B.
Horiuchi); the Twenty-fourth Brigade of Infantry, commanded by Major General Hanzo Yamanashi, Chief of Staff, and other divisional troops.
堀内）；步兵第24旅，由参谋长山梨半藏少将指挥，及其他师级部队。
The Twenty-ninth Brigade of Infantry (Major General G.
步兵第二十九旅（G.
Joholi).
乔霍利）。
Siege Artillery Corps (Major General Y.
攻城炮兵部队（Y.少将）
Watanebe), the Miyama Heavy Artillery Regiment, the Yokosuka Heavy Artillery Regiment, the Shimonosoki Heavy Artillery Battalion, and the Tadanoumi Heavy Artillery Battalion.
渡边）、深山重炮联队、横须贺重炮联队、下之急重炮营、忠海重炮营。
Detachments of Engineers and Army Service Corps from the Sixth and Twelfth Divisions.
第六师和第十二师的工兵分队和陆军勤务队。
Two Railway Battalions.
两个铁路营。
Railway Guard Troops, the Eighth Infantry Regiment.
铁路警卫部队，步兵第八团。
Detachment of the Flying Corps.
飞行军团的支队。
Marine Artillery Detachment.
海军陆战队炮兵支队。
Being intended for siege work this army carried no cavalry, horse artillery or light field artillery.
由于用于攻城任务，这支军队没有携带骑兵、马炮或轻型野战炮。
In command of the fleet was Vice Admiral Hikonojo Kamimura, whose reputation as one of Japan's war idols was established when his squadron had defeated three Russian warships, the _Rurik_, _Gromoboi_ and _Rossia_, off the east coast of Korea.
指挥这支舰队的是海军中将上村彦之丞，他的中队在朝鲜东海岸击败了三艘俄罗斯战舰“留里克号”、“格罗莫博伊号”和“俄罗斯号”，从此奠定了日本战争偶像之一的声誉。
Later his squadron had taken a commanding part in the great battle in the Japan Sea, which put an end to Russia's naval power in the East.
后来，他的分舰队在日本海的大战中发挥了指挥作用，终结了俄罗斯在东方的海军力量。
Admiral Kamimura was sixty-five years old, and had spent the greater part of his life in naval service.
上村海军上将现年六十五岁，一生中的大部分时间都在海军服役。
After the final Russian defeat he was rewarded with the title of Baron and invested with the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun and the first-class of the Golden Kite.
在最终击败俄罗斯后，他被授予男爵头衔，并获得了旭日大绶带和金风筝一级勋章。
On September 23, 1914, the Japanese were joined by a British force of 1,369 men under command of Lieutenant Colonel Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston, commander of the British forces in North China, including Wei-hai-wei.
1914 年 9 月 23 日，英军在华北地区（包括威海卫）的指挥官纳撒尼尔·沃尔特·巴纳迪斯顿 (Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston) 中校指挥下，一支由 1,369 人组成的英军与日军会合。
Although the British did not arrive until a month after the forces sailed from Japan, the distance that separated Laoshan Bay, where the former made their landing on the original leased territory and thus avoided the breach of neutrality against China committed by the Japanese, was so much shorter and the landing place presented so much less difficulty than the Japanese encountered in their preliminary advance, that the British really arrived on the scene of actual operations just as the Japanese were finishing their first engagements in force, on September 28, 1914.
尽管英军在离开日本一个月后才抵达，但英军在原租借地登陆并避免日军违反中立政策的崂山湾的距离比日军前期推进时所遇到的困难要小得多，以至于英军真正到达实战现场的时间是1914年9月28日，当时日军刚刚完成第一次交战。
Colonel Barnardiston's command consisted of 910 noncommissioned officers and men of the Second Battalion South Wales Borderers, and 450 noncommissioned officers and men of the Thirty-sixth Sikhs, besides nine staff officers.
巴纳迪斯顿上校的指挥包括南威尔士边防第二营的 910 名士官和士兵，以及锡克三十六团的 450 名士官和士兵，此外还有 9 名参谋。
The bombardment of the Tsing-tau forts began on August 26, 1914, and on September 1, 1914, the Japanese bluejackets seized several small islands in Kiao-chau Bay, which the Germans were unable to defend except by long range fire from their shore batteries, and by mines with which the harbor had been thickly sown.
对青头炮台的炮击始于1914年8月26日，1914年9月1日，日本水兵占领了胶州湾的几个小岛，德军无法防御这些岛屿，除非使用海岸炮台的远程火力和在港口布满的水雷。
Mine sweeping therefore occupied the first activities of the fleet.
因此，扫雷占据了舰队的首要活动。
This operation was signalized by one of the many acts of patriotism and bravery that characterized the siege on both sides.
这次行动是双方围困期间表现出的众多爱国主义和勇敢行为之一。
One hundred Japanese women who made their living by diving for pearls in these waters offered to enter the water and release the mines from their moorings so that they would be carried away by the tides.
一百名在这些水域潜水采珍珠为生的日本妇女自愿进入水中，将水雷从停泊处释放出来，以便被潮汐带走。
Their courageous offer was declined, not because the Japanese admiral believed it could not be carried out, but because the Japanese law expressly prohibited the employment of women in warlike operations.
她们勇敢的提议被拒绝了，并不是因为日本海军上将认为这一提议无法实施，而是因为日本法律明确禁止在战争行动中雇用妇女。
When one of the small boats that acted as mine sweepers was blown up during the dragging that followed the women renewed their offer, but again it was declined.
当其中一艘充当扫雷船的小船在拖曳过程中被炸毁时，妇女们再次提出了自己的提议，但再次遭到拒绝。
The first landing on the Shantung Peninsula was made September 2, 1914.
1914年9月2日首次登陆山东半岛。
Ten thousand troops were put ashore; but it was not until September 25, 1914, that the invaders made their first capture of a German outpost, Weihsien.
一万大军被派上岸；但直到 1914 年 9 月 25 日，侵略者才首次攻占德国前哨基地潍县。
The check on the Japanese advance, however, was due less to the defenders of Tsing-tau than to the torrential rains, which swelled the streams and for a time effectively barred further movements.
然而，日军的进攻受到阻碍，与其说是因为青岛的守军，不如说是因为暴雨，暴雨使溪流水位上涨，一度有效地阻止了进一步的行动。
The Japanese artillery was compelled to return to Lung-chow, their original base on the mainland.
日军炮兵被迫返回龙州，这是他们在大陆的原始基地。
The Japanese leaders proceeded with deliberation and caution.
日本领导人深思熟虑、谨慎行事。
They had the enemy penned up with no hope of reenforcement, and nothing was to be gained by haste or the unnecessary waste of men and equipment.
他们把敌人围困起来，没有增援的希望，仓促行事或不必要地浪费人力和装备是没有任何好处的。
On September 19, 1914, to facilitate the movement of their troops behind the beleaguered city, they seized the railway connecting Tsing-tau with the Chinese province of Shantung, and China, prompted by Berlin, protested against the act as a violation of neutrality.
1914 年 9 月 19 日，为了方便部队在这座陷入困境的城市后方调动，他们占领了连接青岛和中国山东省的铁路，中国在柏林的推动下抗议这一行为，称其违反中立性。
This was the second Chinese protest, the first having been sent to Tokyo after the Japanese made their first landing on Chinese territory at Lung-chow.
这是中国的第二次抗议，第一次是在日本人首次登陆中国领土龙州后向东京发出的。
To the former objection Japan had no answer except to set forth that the landing was a military necessity and made with no intention of permanent occupancy.
对于前一个反对意见，日本没有做出任何回应，只是指出这次登陆是出于军事需要，无意永久占领。
To the second protest, however, she replied without hesitation that possession of the railway line was justified since it was owned by Germans.
然而，对于第二次抗议，她毫不犹豫地回答说，拥有这条铁路线是合理的，因为它是德国人拥有的。
The wide area covered by the Japanese investment campaign is shown by the fact that by September 13, 1914, they had established guards at the railway station of Kiao-chau--a town having the same name as the whole German concession--twenty-two miles distant from Tsing-tau.
日本投资活动的覆盖范围之广，从以下事实可见一斑：到1914年9月13日，他们已在距青岛22英里的胶州火车站设立了警卫。胶州是一个与整个德国租界同名的城镇。
While the Japanese infantry and engineers waited for the floods the naval airmen were not idle.
当日本步兵和工兵等待洪水到来时，海军飞行员也没有闲着。
The first damage inside the city was inflicted by two seaplanes which dropped bombs upon the railway station and barracks.
两架水上飞机向火车站和军营投掷炸弹，造成了城市内的第一次破坏。
Although one of the planes was hit several times by the German guns, both made a safe return.
尽管其中一架飞机多次被德军炮火击中，但两架飞机均安全返航。
This raid was the forerunner of a systematic air campaign, designed as much to strike terror and discouragement into the hearts of the garrison and the civil population as to gain any military end by the actual destruction of defense works.
这次袭击是系统性空袭的先行者，其目的不仅是为了通过实际摧毁防御工事来达到军事目的，还在于使驻军和平民心中产生恐惧和沮丧。
Bombs were dropped also upon ships in the harbor.
炸弹也被投向港口内的船只。
Occasionally the Japanese flyers scattered circulars calling upon the defenders to surrender and pointing out the uselessness of further resistance.
日本传单偶尔会散发传单，呼吁守军投降，并指出进一步抵抗是没有用的。
The first serious losses on either side were naval.
双方首先遭受的严重损失都是在海军方面。
On August 28, 1914, two days after the first bombardment a typhoon swept the Japanese fleet, causing havoc among the little destroyers and sending one to the bottom.
1914 年 8 月 28 日，第一次轰炸两天后，一场台风席卷了日本舰队，对小型驱逐舰造成严重破坏，其中一艘沉入海底。
Five days later another destroyer ran aground in Kiao-chau Bay.
五天后，另一艘驱逐舰在胶州湾搁浅。
A German merchant ship in the harbor was set afire by the Japanese aerial bombs and destroyed.
港口内的一艘德国商船被日本航空炸弹点燃并被摧毁。
The greatest naval losses suffered during the whole engagement were the destruction of the Austrian cruiser _Kaiserin Elizabeth_ and of the Japanese cruiser _Takachiho_.
整个交战中海军遭受的最大损失是奥地利巡洋舰伊丽莎白皇后号和日本巡洋舰高千穗号被毁。
The _Kaiserin Elizabeth_ was sunk by the naval bombardment; but the loss of the _Takachiho_ was due to the German torpedo boat _S-90_.
伊丽莎白皇后号在海军轰炸中被击沉。但高千穗号的损失是由德国鱼雷艇_S-90_造成的。
It was September 26, 1914, before the floods subsided sufficiently to permit the Japanese to resume their advance.
1914 年 9 月 26 日，洪水完全消退，日军得以继续推进。
On that day they drove the Germans from the high ground between the rivers Pai-sha and Li-tsun, and next day they pushed forward to a point seven miles northeast of Tsing-tau, between the Li-tsun and the Chang-tsun.
当日，他们将德军从白沙河和立村河之间的高地赶走，第二天，他们又推进到青头东北七英里、立村河和长村河之间的地方。
The following morning found them established within five miles of the fortress.
第二天早上，他们发现他们已经驻扎在距离要塞五英里以内的地方。
Their casualties were reported as three killed and twelve wounded.
据报道，他们的伤亡为三人死亡、十二人受伤。
These two days saw the heaviest fighting thus far during the siege.
这两天是围城期间最激烈的战斗。
While the land forces were pushing up to the main German forts the fleet carried on a general bombardment, having by this time moved in close enough to make gun fire effective and having learned the range.
当陆军向德军主要要塞推进时，舰队进行了全面轰炸，此时舰队已经足够接近，可以使炮火有效并了解射程。
The Japanese warships were assisted by the British battleship _Triumph_, which had joined them a short time before with the British destroyer _Usk_.
日本军舰得到了英国战列舰凯旋号的协助，该舰不久前与英国驱逐舰乌斯克号一起加入了日本战列舰的行列。
These British boats remained throughout the investment, the _Triumph_ was a favorite mark for the German gunners, but escaped with comparatively slight damage.
这些英国船只在整个投资过程中一直保留下来，凯旋号是德国炮手最喜欢的标志，但逃脱时受到了相对轻微的损坏。
By September 30, 1914, the Germans were driven in from their outer fortifications and Tsing-tau itself was completely surrounded.
1914 年 9 月 30 日，德军被从外围防御工事中赶出，青岛本身被完全包围。
On that day the defenders made a desperate attempt to regain some of their lost positions, but they were repulsed, and the Japanese settled back for a few days to await the bringing up of their heavy siege guns.
那天，守军拼命试图夺回一些失去的阵地，但他们被击退了，日军在后撤了几天，等待重型攻城枪的出现。
It is said that the failure of this assault, in which the Germans apparently concentrated all their resources, convinced General Kamio that the capture of the city would not prove the long, arduous task that had been expected, and he abandoned forthwith his plans for a long, slow siege and made preparations to take the place by assault.
据说，这次德国人显然集中了所有资源的进攻的失败，使卡米奥将军相信，攻占这座城市不会是预期的长期而艰巨的任务，他立即放弃了长期缓慢的围攻计划，并准备通过进攻占领该地。
At the same time the Japanese commander showed no disposition to sacrifice his men unnecessarily, and while waiting for their big guns the Japanese worked like beavers with pick and shovel protecting their positions and digging saps and zigzag trenches up to the very face of the German defenses.
与此同时，日本指挥官并没有表现出不必要地牺牲他的士兵的意向，在等待他们的大炮时，日本人像海狸一样用镐和铲子保护自己的阵地，挖闷棍和锯齿形战壕，直到德国防御的最前面。
They labored under a storm of shells but so little exposed that losses under the bombardment were small compared with the casualties of the actual assault operations.
他们在炮弹风暴中奋战，但暴露的程度太低，与实际突击行动的伤亡相比，轰炸造成的损失很小。
For eight days the Germans poured projectiles into the enemy's works; but for the most part their shooting was a waste of ammunition.
德国人连续八天向敌人的工事发射炮弹；但他们的射击大部分都是浪费弹药。
Just why the defenders of Tsing-tau were so prodigal of ammunition at this time never has been satisfactorily explained.
为何青岛守军在此时如此挥霍弹药，至今仍未得到令人满意的解释。
Military correspondents estimated that during one period of twenty-four hours the forts on the three hills containing the main defensive positions fired more than 2,000 shells without inflicting any loss whatever.
军事记者估计，在24小时内，主要防御阵地所在的三座山上的炮台共发射了2000多发炮弹，没有造成任何损失。
But by October 8, 1914, the German fire slackened perceptibly.
但到了 1914 年 10 月 8 日，德国的火力明显减弱。
They had found that they were wasting their resources and that several positions were almost out of ammunition.
他们发现自己在浪费资源，有几个阵地几乎没有弹药了。
The warfare of that period is described in a letter written by an officer with the British expeditionary force:
英国远征军的一位军官在一封信中描述了那个时期的战争：
"That night," he said, "we were working in trenches along a river bed at the bottom of the slope, where the others had been wounded, and _sans doute_ most darnation close to the enemy.
“那天晚上，”他说，“我们正在斜坡底部的河床边的战壕里工作，其他人都受伤了，毫无疑问，我们离敌人很近。
A beginning had been made on this trench the night before, so there was a little cover.
这条战壕是前一天晚上开始施工的，所以有一点掩护。
The two redoubts were about 800 yards on our right and left respectively, the enemy's trenches about 350 yards to our front.
两个堡垒分别位于我方左右约800码处，敌军战壕距我方前方约350码处。
"Well, for the first hour after getting down we were left severely alone.
“好吧，在下楼后的第一个小时里，我们感到非常孤独。
Then they started throwing star rockets and sort of Roman candle things which lit up the place like day, and at the same time they peppered us with Maxims, pompoms, and rifle fire from all three places.
然后他们开始投掷星形火箭和罗马蜡烛之类的东西，把这个地方照得像白昼一样，同时他们从三个地方向我们发射了马克西姆斯、绒球和步枪射击。
We had some men hit further back in the communication trench, but funnily enough none in the forward line....
我们有一些人在通讯壕的后方进行攻击，但有趣的是，在前线却没有……
We were entertained by a certain amount of shell fire during the rest of the night.
整个晚上剩下的时间里，我们都受到了一定程度的炮火的影响。
Next night we were due to leave for the forward trenches at dusk to carry on, having had our usual entertainment in the afternoon from the Germans, when suddenly they began throwing shrapnel at our trench.
第二天晚上，我们原定于黄昏时出发前往前线战壕继续前进，下午我们从德国人那里得到了通常的娱乐，突然他们开始向我们的战壕投掷弹片。
For about half an hour it was all over us, and I'm blest if I know why nobody was hit.
在大约半个小时的时间里，我们周围都是这样的情况，如果我知道为什么没有人被击中，我就很高兴了。
It was the overhead cover, I fancy, that saved us this time.
我想，这次是头顶盖救了我们。
We came out like a lot of rabbits when it was over and proceeded to get down below.
结束后，我们像很多兔子一样出来，继续下到下面。
"The Japanese artillery was supporting us that night, as we were working on the enemy's side of the river, within 200 yards of their advance trenches.
“那天晚上，日本炮兵为我们提供支援，当时我们正在敌方河边作战，距离他们的先头战壕不到 200 码。
Never have I felt a more comforting sensation then when watching those Japanese shells bursting just over our heads, a little in advance, the shrapnel from them going slap into the Germans every time.
当看到那些日本炮弹在我们头顶上爆炸，提前一点，它们的弹片每次都击中德国人时，我从未感到如此安慰。
I must say it was a magnificent sight when the Japanese guns were going, the German rockets, etc., and their machine guns and rifles joining in when they could get their heads up.
我必须说，当日本的大炮开火，德国的火箭等，当他们抬起头来的时候，他们的机枪和步枪也加入进来，这是一个壮丽的景象。
One had to shout to make oneself heard, and those who saw it from the top of Heinrich Hill in rear said it was very fine."
人们必须大声喊叫才能让别人听到自己的声音，那些从后面的海因里希山顶上看到的人都说这很好。”
During the early days of the siege life in the beleaguered city went on about as usual.
在被围困的初期，这座被围困的城市的生活一切如常。
A large part of the civil population had withdrawn while there was yet time, but enough shops remained open to supply the needs of those who remained.
虽然还有时间，大部分平民已经撤离，但仍有足够的商店营业，可以满足留下来的人的需求。
Cafes continued business and meals were served without interruption at the German Club throughout the siege, although toward the end the number of those who gathered at the club's tables dwindled to a few administrative officers and civilians.
在整个围困期间，德国俱乐部的咖啡馆继续营业，餐食不间断，尽管到了最后，聚集在俱乐部餐桌上的人数减少到了一些行政官员和平民。
In a proclamation the day before the expiration of the Japanese ultimatum, Governor Meyer-Waldeck had expressed the spirit of the little garrison in the following words:
在日本最后通牒到期前一天的公告中，总督迈尔-瓦尔德克用以下的话表达了这支小驻军的精神：
"Never shall we surrender the smallest bit of ground over which the war flag is flying.
“我们永远不会放弃战旗飘扬的哪怕一丁点土地。
From this place, which we with love and success have endeavored during the last seventeen years to shape into a little Germany across the seas, we shall not retreat.
在过去的十七年里，我们用爱和成功努力将这个地方塑造成跨海的小德国，我们不会从这个地方撤退。
If the enemy wants Tsing-tau, he must come and take it."
敌人想要青头，他就必须来拿。”
Few, if any, military men in Tsing-tau doubted the outcome of the siege; but every resource was prepared for a desperate resistance.
青岛的军人中几乎没有人怀疑围城的结果。但一切资源都为绝望的抵抗做好了准备。
The city did not lack food; and after the surrender it was found that enough still remained to provision the garrison for more than three months longer.
这座城市并不缺乏食物；投降后发现，剩余的物资还足以让驻军维持三个月以上。
The supply of running water ceased about the middle of October.
十月中旬左右停止供应自来水。
News from the outside world came in until November 5, and invariably it told of German successes.
直到 11 月 5 日，外界的消息才传来，无一例外都是关于德国的成功。
"I remember one evening," said the Tsing-tau correspondent of the Associated Press, and the only foreign press representative in the city during the siege, "the roar of laughter that went up in the German Club when the news was read that England had asked Portugal for assistance.
“我记得有一天晚上，”美联社驻青陶记者、围城期间唯一在该市的外国新闻代表说道，“当读到英格兰向葡萄牙寻求援助的消息时，德国俱乐部爆发出阵阵笑声。
For two or three days it looked, according to the news, that the British Empire was going to pieces.
据新闻报道，有两三天的时间，大英帝国看起来即将分崩离析。
We heard of revolutions in India, riots in Alexandria, mutiny and martial law in South Africa and even disaffection in Sarawak and North Borneo."
我们听说了印度的革命、亚历山大的骚乱、南非的叛变和戒严，甚至砂拉越和北婆罗洲的不满情绪。”
When it became clear that the end was drawing near preparations were made that as few war munitions as possible should fall into the hands of the enemy.
当末日临近时，我们就做好了尽可能少的战争弹药落入敌人手中的准备。
The warships in the harbor that had escaped the bombardment were blown up.
港口里那些躲过炮击的战舰都被炸毁了。
When the big guns in the forts had fired their last shots the gunners under orders destroyed them.
当堡垒中的大炮打完最后一枪后，炮手奉命摧毁了它们。
In many cases this was done because without ammunition the guns were useless.
在许多情况下，这样做是因为没有弹药，枪支就没用了。
October 31, 1914, the anniversary of the emperor's birthday, was selected by the Japanese and English for their final bombardment.
1914年10月31日，天皇诞辰纪念日，被日本和英国选定进行最后的轰炸。
From 142 guns now occupying commanding positions came a deluge of shells that continued for seven days.
占据指挥位置的 142 门大炮不断发射炮弹，持续了 7 天。
The gunners by this time had the exact ranges and wasted no ammunition.
此时炮手已经掌握了准确的射程并且没有浪费弹药。
The staffs of the two expeditionary forces gathered on Prince Heinrich Hill to watch the final act of the passing of German rule in the Far East.
两支远征军的参谋人员聚集在海因里希王子山，观看德国在远东统治结束的最后一幕。
The warships ranged in the harbor joined in, and after an hour or two it became evident that the German defenses would be swept away by mere weight of metal.
停泊在港口的军舰也加入了进来，一两个小时后，很明显，德国的防御工事仅仅靠金属的重量就能被扫平。
Under cover of this terrific gunfire the Allies' troops drove their saps and trenches up the very edge of the defense works, where they waited orders to take the place by storm.
在这可怕的炮火掩护下，盟军部队将闷棍和战壕开到了防御工事的最边缘，在那里等待命令以猛攻占领该地。
The Germans replied bravely.
德国人勇敢地回应了。
A great cloud of smoke and dust arose over the doomed city visible far out at sea.
远处的海上，这座注定要失败的城市上空升起了浓烟和尘埃。
In the city the noncombatants took refuge in their cellars and helped care for the wounded.
在城里，非战斗人员躲进地窖并帮助照顾伤员。
Almost every German position, except the bomb-proof casements where the guns stood, was hammered to pieces.
几乎所有德军阵地，除了放置炮的防弹窗外，都被打成了碎片。
The electric power station was destroyed, so that during the last few nights the city was in darkness.
发电厂被毁，所以最近几个晚上这座城市陷入了黑暗。
The last handbills dropped into Tsing-tau by the Japanese aviators contained the following appeal: "To the honored officers and men in the fortress: It is against the will of God, as well as the principles of humanity, to destroy and render useless arms, ships of war, and merchantmen, and other works and constructions, not in obedience to the necessity of war, but merely out of spite, lest they fall into the hands of the enemy.
日本飞行员投向青头的最后传单包含以下呼吁：“致要塞中尊敬的官兵们：摧毁和使无用的武器、战舰、商船以及其他工程和建筑，不是出于战争的需要，而仅仅是出于恶意，以免它们落入敌人之手，是违反上帝意志的，也是违反人性原则的。
Trusting, as we do, that, as you hold dear the honor of civilization, you will not be betrayed into such base conduct, we beg you, however, to announce to us your own view as mentioned above.
正如我们所相信的那样，你们珍视文明的荣誉，不会被出卖而做出这种卑鄙的行为，但是，我们恳请你们向我们宣布你们自己的上述观点。
(Signed) "The Besieging Army."
（签名）“围城军”。
It is needless to say that the enemy's plea was not heeded.
不用说，敌人的请求没有得到重视。
By November 6, 1914, only spasmodic fire from widely scattered positions answered the Allies' bombardment.
到 1914 年 11 月 6 日，盟军的炮击只能从分散的阵地上间歇性地开火。
That night the Japanese and English charged across open ground and took the middle fort in the first line of defense with surprising ease, capturing 200 prisoners.
当晚，日军和英军冲过空地，轻而易举地占领了第一道防线的中间堡垒，俘虏了 200 名俘虏。
The charge was led by General Yoshimi Yamada at the head of companies of infantry and engineers.
这次冲锋由山田义美将军率领步兵连和工兵连领导。
At one point they surprised a squad of Germans in charge of a searchlight.
有一次，他们让一队负责探照灯的德国人感到惊讶。
To have fired upon them would have betrayed the advance to the defenders of the adjacent fort; so, the story says, the Germans were quietly and quickly dispatched by the engineers with picks and shovels.
如果向他们开火，就会让邻近堡垒的守军暴露出他们的进展。因此，故事说，德国人被拿着镐和铲子的工程师悄悄地、迅速地消灭了。
CHAPTER X
第十章
CAPTURE OF TSING-TAU
攻占青头
Tsing-Tau fell early on the morning of the next day, November 7, 1914.
1914 年 11 月 7 日，第二天一早，青头城就陷落了。
Encouraged by the unexpected successes of the night, the Japanese commander gave the order for a final grand assault.
受到当晚意外胜利的鼓舞，日军指挥官下达了最后一次大进攻的命令。
Nobody was more surprised than the Japanese themselves.
没有人比日本人自己更惊讶。
They had expected a last-ditch resistance and feared they would have to sacrifice a thousand men before gaining these positions commanding the city.
他们预计会发生最后的抵抗，并担心他们必须牺牲一千人才能获得指挥这座城市的职位。
But the Germans, their ammunition almost gone, stunned by the continuous rain of shells and broken by long fighting, had decided that further resistance was useless.
但德国人的弹药几乎耗尽，连续不断的炮弹袭击和长期战斗的破坏让他们感到震惊，他们认为进一步的抵抗是没有用的。
The Japanese infantry occupied the central positions on the main line of defense soon after midnight.
午夜过后不久，日军步兵占领了主线防线的中心阵地。
Just before dawn they captured the north battery on Shaotan Hill, then the east battery of Tahtungehin and the Chungchiawa fort on the west.
黎明前，他们占领了少滩山的北炮台，然后是塔同日欣的东炮台和西边的忠家洼炮台。
The heaviest loss suffered by any of the Japanese detachments in the final assault fell upon a company that was caught by machine-gun fire in an attack upon Redoubt No. 2.
在最后的进攻中，日军分遣队遭受最严重的损失的是一个连，该连在攻击二号堡垒时被机枪扫射。
Out of 250 men only 87 escaped.
250 人中只有 87 人逃脱。
The total Japanese casualties in the final assault were 450 killed and wounded.
最后一次进攻中日军伤亡总数为 450 人死伤。
The British casualties were slight.
英军伤亡轻微。
Daylight found the Japanese and British in possession of every position commanding the city and nearly 20,000 men were awaiting the signal to charge the last line of defenses when a white flag appeared on the Tsing-tau military observatory.
天亮时，日本人和英国人已经占领了这座城市的所有阵地，近两万名士兵正在等待冲锋最后一道防线的信号，此时青头山军事天文台上出现了一面白旗。
Within the next hour flags of surrender were flying from all the other German forts.
在接下来的一个小时内，所有其他德国堡垒都飘扬着投降的旗帜。
So unexpected was the sudden collapse of the defense that at six o'clock, when the Governor sent Major von Kayser, his adjutant, with a white flag to make terms, the signal of surrender was not observed and the Japanese, far from suspecting the German officer's purpose, opened fire, killing Von Kayser's trumpeter and shooting his horse under him.
防线的突然崩溃是如此出人意料，以至于六点钟，当总督派他的副官冯·凯泽少校举着白旗提出条件时，投降的信号没有被遵守，日本人根本没有怀疑德国军官的目的，而是开枪射击，杀死了冯·凯泽的号手，并射中了他身下的马。
The formal capitulation of Tsing-tau came at 7.50 o'clock on the evening of November 7, 1914, when both sides signed the Japanese terms.
1914年11月7日晚7时50分，青岛正式投降，双方签署了日本条款。
The Germans surrendered unconditionally, but were accorded the honors of war.
德国人无条件投降，但获得了战争荣誉。
On November 10, 1914, at 10 a.
1914 年 11 月 10 日上午 10 点。
m., Governor Meyer-Waldeck formally transferred possession to General Kamio, and German's last foothold in Asia passed from her possession.
米，迈耶-瓦尔德克总督正式将领地移交给卡米奥将军，德尔曼在亚洲的最后一个立足点也从她的领地中消失了。
News of the fall of Tsing-tau, although not unexpected, caused great rejoicing throughout Japan and among her allies, and profoundly stirred the German world.
青岛陷落的消息虽然并不出人意料，但却引起了整个日本及其盟友的极大欢欣，并深深地震动了德国世界。
The German attitude was expressed by an editorial in the Berlin "Lokalanzeiger," which said: "Never shall we forget the bold deed of the yellow robbers, or of England that set them on to do it.
柏林《Lokalanzeiger》的一篇社论表达了德国的态度，其中写道：“我们永远不会忘记黄色强盗的大胆行为，也不会忘记怂恿他们这样做的英国的大胆行为。
We know that we cannot yet settle with Japan for years to come.
我们知道，未来几年我们还无法与日本和解。
Perhaps she will rejoice over her cowardly robbery.
也许她会为自己懦弱的抢劫而庆幸。
Here our mills can grind but slowly.
在这里，我们的磨坊可以进行研磨，但速度很慢。
Even if the years pass, however, we shall certainly not often speak of it, but as certainly always think of it."
然而，即使岁月流逝，我们当然不会经常谈论它，但肯定会永远想起它。”
The Japanese and British forces made formal entry into the captured city on November 16, 1914.
1914 年 11 月 16 日，日英军队正式进入被占领的城市。
The Germans had done all in their power to destroy supplies, nevertheless the spoils of victory included 100 machine guns, 2,500 rifles, 30 field guns, a small amount of ammunition, about $6,000 in cash, 15,000 tons of coal, 40 motor cars, and a large quantity of provisions.
德军竭尽全力摧毁物资，但战利品包括100挺机枪、2500支步枪、30门野战炮、少量弹药、约6000美元现金、15000吨煤炭、40辆汽车和大量给养。
Prisoners taken numbered 4,043, including the governor general and 201 German officers and 3,841 noncommissioned officers and men.
被俘虏人数为 4,043 人，其中包括总督和 201 名德国军官以及 3,841 名士官和士兵。
The casualties on both sides, considering the length of the siege and the intensity of the gunfire in both directions, were remarkably small.
考虑到围困的时间和双向炮火的强度，双方的伤亡都非常小。
The Japanese had 236 killed and 1,282 wounded, the British had 12 killed and 63 wounded, including two officers.
日军有 236 人阵亡、1,282 人受伤，英军有 12 人阵亡、63 人受伤，其中包括两名军官。
The Germans estimated their losses in killed and wounded at about 1,000 men.
德国人估计伤亡人数约为 1,000 人。
To the Allies' losses must be added 10 killed and 56 wounded, all Japanese, by the explosion of German land mines several days after the surrender.
投降几天后，德国地雷爆炸造成盟军损失 10 人死亡、56 人受伤，全部是日本人。
PART III--THE WAR IN AFRICA
第三部分——非洲战争
CHAPTER XI
第十一章
CAMPAIGN IN TOGOLAND AND THE CAMEROONS
多哥兰和喀麦隆的活动
The first shots of the Great War had hardly detonated across Europe when their echoes were heard in Africa.
第一次世界大战的第一枪刚刚在欧洲响起，非洲就听到了回响。
The war fever began to hover over Germany's colonial possessions in Africa--Togoland, the Cameroons, German Southwest Africa, and, greatest of all, German East Africa.
战争热潮开始笼罩德国在非洲的殖民地——多哥兰、喀麦隆、德属西南部非洲，以及最重要的德属东非。
Each of these colonies became in turn the scene of armed invasions and fierce conflicts, as important to the small forces involved as the great campaigns on the continent across the seas.
这些殖民地中的每一个都反过来成为武装入侵和激烈冲突的场所，对于所涉及的小部队来说，其重要性与跨越海洋的大陆上的大规模战役一样重要。
When Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914, and the news flashed across the world to the official representatives of the warring nations in Africa, the British acting governor of the Gold Coast and the French governor of Dahomey planned a concerted campaign by land in cooperation with the warships to be found in African waters.
1914 年 8 月 4 日，英国向德国宣战，消息传遍世界各地，非洲交战国家的官方代表中，英国黄金海岸代理总督和法国达荷美总督计划与在非洲水域发现的军舰合作，在陆地上发动协同作战。
The first blow was struck on August 8, 1914, in Togoland, a country about the size of Ireland, lying between French Dahomey and the British Gold Coast.
第一次打击发生在 1914 年 8 月 8 日，发生在多哥兰，该国面积与爱尔兰相当，位于法国达荷美和英国黄金海岸之间。
It is populated by a million Hausas and about 400 whites.
这里居住着 100 万豪萨人和大约 400 名白人。
At the beginning of the war the military force of Togoland could not have exceeded 250 whites and 3,000 natives.
战争开始时，多哥兰的军事力量不可能超过250名白人和3000名当地人。
Hemmed in on three sides by French and British territory, with a coast line easily approached by warships, the colony was not in a position to offer much resistance if attacked.
该殖民地三面被法国和英国领土包围，海岸线很容易被军舰接近，如果受到攻击，该殖民地无法提供太多抵抗。
On August 8, 1914, a British cruiser appeared before Lome, the capital of Togoland, and the town was surrendered without a shot being fired.
1914年8月8日，一艘英国巡洋舰出现在多哥兰首都洛美前，该镇不费一枪一弹就投降了。
But before the British force landed, the little German army of about 60 Europeans and 400 natives fell back to Atakpame, 100 miles in the interior.
但在英军登陆之前，由约 60 名欧洲人和 400 名当地人组成的小型德国军队撤回了距内陆 100 英里的阿塔克帕梅。
While this was happening at Lome an expeditionary force composed of the Gold Coast Regiment, with British officers and commanded by Captain F.
当这一切发生在洛美时，一支由黄金海岸团组成的远征军，由英国军官组成，由 F.
C.
C.
Bryant, R.
布莱恩特，R.
A., crossed the frontier in motor cars on August 8, or 9, 1914, and a French force entered Togoland from the other side.
1914 年 8 月 8 日或 9 日，法国军队乘汽车越过边境，从另一边进入多哥兰。
A few days later the Allies had possession of all the southern part of Togoland, and advanced together toward Atakpame to capture an important German wireless station at Kamina in the same region.
几天后，盟军占领了多哥兰整个南部地区，并共同向阿塔克帕梅推进，占领了同一地区卡米纳的一个重要的德国无线电站。
The only real fighting in this campaign took place on August 25, 1914, when Captain Bryant and his forces had crossed the Monu River.
这次战役中唯一真正的战斗发生在 1914 年 8 月 25 日，当时布莱恩特上尉和他的部队渡过了莫努河。
The Allies drove the enemy from his intrenchments, seized the wireless station, and occupied Atakpame.
盟军将敌人赶出工事，夺取了无线电台，并占领了阿塔克帕梅。
Their losses were two officers and 21 men killed and about 50 wounded.
他们的损失包括 2 名军官和 21 名男子死亡，约 50 人受伤。
On August 26, 1914, the Germans surrendered unconditionally, and the Allies came into possession of three Maxim guns, 1,000 rifles and 320,000 rounds of ammunition.
1914年8月26日，德军无条件投降，盟军获得了三门马克沁枪、1000支步枪和32万发弹药。
It was stated at the time that the Germans offered such a feeble resistance because many natives, on whom they had counted, refused to take up arms against the British.
当时据说，德国人的抵抗如此微弱，因为许多他们所指望的当地人拒绝拿起武器对抗英国人。
Togoland having fallen to the Allies, it was arranged between the officials of Great Britain and France that the colony should be jointly governed, each to control that part of Togoland nearest her possessions.
多哥兰落入盟军之手后，英国和法国官员安排共同管理该殖民地，各自控制多哥兰距离其领土最近的部分。
In a few months' time normal trade was resumed in the Allies' colony, and since private property had been respected during the invasion, there was nothing left to show that the country had recently been the scene of small but decisive conflicts, far-reaching in their effects.
几个月后，盟军殖民地恢复了正常贸易，而且由于入侵期间私有财产受到尊重，没有任何证据表明该国最近发生了小规模但决定性的冲突，其影响深远。
The action in the African war drama now shifts to the Cameroons (German Kamerun Colony), which Germany took possession of in 1884.
非洲战争剧的故事情节现在转移到德国于 1884 年占领的喀麦隆（德国喀麦隆殖民地）。
It has a seacoast of about 200 miles on the Bight of Biafra.
它在比夫拉湾拥有约200英里的海岸。
To the northeast and south are the British Protectorate of Nigeria and French Equatorial Africa.
东北部和南部是英国尼日利亚保护国和法属赤道非洲。
The country is largely mountainous and is 290,000 square miles in extent.
该国主要是山区，面积 290,000 平方英里。
Before the war there were less than 2,000 whites among a population of 2,500,000 negroes, principally of the Bantu race.
战前，250万黑人（主要是班图族）中白人不到2000人。
The Cameroons, though surrounded by territory of the Allies, was a more difficult country to conquer than Togoland, owing to its natural advantages and the difficulties of communication over great distances.
喀麦隆虽然被盟军领土包围，但由于其自然优势和远距离通讯的困难，是一个比多哥兰更难征服的国家。
The first moves of the Allies met with disaster.
盟军的第一步行动就遭遇了灾难。
It was in the African rainy season and misadventures multiplied as the invading troops marched through a wild and badly mapped country.
当时正值非洲雨季，入侵部队行进在一个荒凉且地图绘制不清晰的国家，不幸的事情成倍增加。
It was decided between the Allies that two French columns should move from French Congo, while British columns entered at different points on the frontier of Nigeria.
盟军决定，法国的两支纵队应从法属刚果撤出，而英国的纵队则从尼日利亚边境的不同地点进入。
On August 8, 1914, a detachment of mounted infantry of the West African Frontier Force left Kano and, marching 400 miles in seventeen days through West Africa, got in touch with the Germans at Tepe, a frontier station just inside the Cameroons.
1914 年 8 月 8 日，西非边防部队的一支步兵分队离开卡诺，在 17 天的时间内行军 400 英里，穿过西非，在喀麦隆境内的边境站特佩与德国人取得联系。
In the fierce engagement that followed the Germans were repulsed, losing five officers and suffering other casualties.
在随后的激烈交战中，德军被击退，损失了五名军官，并造成其他人员伤亡。
On August 29, 1914, the river station of Garua was attacked, and here one of the most disastrous battles of the campaign was fought.
1914 年 8 月 29 日，加鲁阿河站遭到袭击，这场战役中最灾难性的战斗之一就是在这里打响的。
On August 31, 1914, Lieutenant Colonel Maclear, commanding the Royal Dublin Fusiliers and native troops, left their intrenchments 400 yards from the German forts and advanced to attack.
1914 年 8 月 31 日，麦克莱尔中校指挥皇家都柏林燧发枪团和本土部队，离开距离德军堡垒 400 码的堑壕，向前进攻。
The German gunners having perfect range, poured a murderous fire from machine guns on the British forces.
德国炮手拥有完美的射程，用机枪向英军发射致命的火力。
The native troops wavered and fled, leaving British officers in the trenches, and these in turn were soon forced to fly to escape complete annihilation.
当地军队犹豫不决并逃跑，英国军官留在战壕里，而这些军官很快也被迫飞行，以逃避彻底的歼灭。
Lieutenant Colonel Maclear was killed, and of the 31 other officers only 10 escaped, while 40 per cent of the native troops were lost.
麦克莱尔中校被杀，其他 31 名军官中只有 10 人逃脱，而 40% 的本土部队则损失惨重。
The remainder of the British force retreated into Nigeria in such an exhausted condition that had the Germans followed up their victory not a man would have escaped.
英军剩余部队在疲惫不堪的情况下撤退到尼日利亚，如果德军继续取得胜利，没有人能逃脱。
[Illustration: German Possessions in Africa.]
[插图：德国在非洲的属地。]
The second British expedition which entered the Cameroons from a more westerly point along the Nigerian frontier occupied, after slight resistance, the German station of Nsanakong a few miles from the border, where a week later the Germans attacked in force at two o'clock in the morning.
第二支英国远征队从尼日利亚边境更西的地方进入喀麦隆，经过轻微抵抗后，占领了距离边境几英里的德国恩萨纳孔车站，一周后，德国人于凌晨两点对那里发起了猛烈进攻。
The British resisted stubbornly, but, having exhausted their ammunition, the garrison tried to cut their way out with the bayonet.
英国人顽强抵抗，但由于弹药耗尽，驻军试图用刺刀杀出一条路。
The British lost three officers, while large numbers of native soldiers were killed or made prisoners.
英国人损失了三名军官，大量本土士兵被杀或被俘。
The remainder, escaping to the bush, after many hardships found their way back to Nigeria.
其余的人逃到丛林，历经千辛万苦才回到尼日利亚。
Another British expedition from Calabar, near the coast, occupied Archibong, August 29, 1914, while about the same time a German force took possession of the Nigerian station of Okuri.
1914 年 8 月 29 日，另一支英国远征队从靠近海岸的卡拉巴尔出发，占领了阿奇邦，而大约在同一时间，一支德国军队占领了尼日利亚的奥库里站。
The British had failed by land; they were more successful on the sea, as will be seen in the chapter on Naval Operations.
英国人在陆地上失败了。他们在海上更加成功，这一点将在海军作战章节中看到。
On September 4, 1914, an attempt was made by the Germans to wreck the British gunboat _Dwarf_, which with the cruiser _Cumberland_ was watching German ships in the Cameroon estuary.
1914 年 9 月 4 日，德国人试图击沉英国炮舰“矮人号”，当时该舰与巡洋舰“坎伯兰号”正在喀麦隆河口监视德国船只。
The German merchantman _Nachtigal_ tried later to ram the same gunboat and wrecked herself with a loss of 36 men.
德国商船_Nachtigal_后来试图撞击同一艘炮艇，结果导致自身沉没，造成 36 人死亡。
Further attempts to destroy the _Dwarf_ also failed.
进一步摧毁_矮人_的尝试也失败了。
The British now taking the offensive cleared the channel for three miles, where the Germans had sown mines and sunk 10 or 12 steamboats to obstruct the waterway to Duala, the capital of the Cameroons.
英国人现在采取攻势，清理了三英里长的航道，德国人在那里埋设了水雷并击沉了10到12艘汽船，以阻塞通往喀麦隆首都杜阿拉的水道。
H.M.S.
英国皇家海军
_Challenger_ and five troopships joined the _Dwarf_ and _Cumberland_ on September 26, 1914, and, moving on Duala, bombarded the town.
1914 年 9 月 26 日，挑战者号和五艘运兵船加入了矮人号和坎伯兰号，并向杜阿拉前进，轰炸了该镇。
On September 27, 1914, the Germans offered to surrender Duala unconditionally, and on September 28, 1914, Brigadier General C.
1914 年 9 月 27 日，德军提出无条件投降杜阿拉，1914 年 9 月 28 日，准将 C.
M.
M。
Dobell came ashore and took it over.
多贝尔上岸并接管了它。
About the same time a battalion landing at Bonaberi, across the river from Duala, capitulated after some desultory fighting.
大约在同一时间，一个营在与杜阿拉隔河相望的博纳贝里登陆，经过一番零星战斗后投降。
The wireless station at Duala was found to have been wrecked, but the British took several hundred prisoners, captured 8 merchantmen with valuable cargoes and the German gunboat _Soden_, which was at once put into commission in the British navy.
杜阿拉的无线电台被发现已被破坏，但英国人俘虏了数百名囚犯，俘获了 8 艘载有贵重货物的商船和德国炮舰索登号，该舰立即投入英国海军服役。
While the British were successful around Duala, a French force by sea from Libreville, French Congo, escorted by their warship _Surpris_, attacked _Ukoko_ on Corisco Bay, south of the Cameroons, during which the armed vessels _Khios_ and _Itolo_ were sunk.
当英国人在杜阿拉附近取得成功时，一支来自法属刚果利伯维尔的法国军队在其军舰“惊奇”号的护航下，从海上袭击了喀麦隆南部科里斯科湾的“乌科科”号，在此期间，武装船只“基奥斯”号和“伊托洛”号被击沉。
The Allies had captured the chief port and controlled the coast, but the most difficult work lay before them in the mountainous and almost roadless region still to be conquered.
盟军已经占领了主要港口并控制了海岸，但最艰巨的任务摆在他们面前，那就是尚未征服的山区和几乎没有道路的地区。
The retreating Germans occupied a defensive position on a river at Japona, where on October 8, 1914, a French column came up with them, forced a bridge, and compelled them to continue their retreat.
撤退的德国人在日本河上占据了防御阵地，1914 年 10 月 8 日，一支法国纵队追上他们，强行攻破一座桥梁，迫使他们继续撤退。
On October 8, 1914, Colonel E.
1914 年 10 月 8 日，E.
H.
H.
Gorges, commanding a British naval and military force and four field guns, sailed up the Wuri in launches and found the enemy intrenched near Jabassi.
戈格斯指挥一支英国海军和陆军部队以及四门野战炮，乘汽艇沿乌里河而上，发现敌人在贾巴西附近盘踞。
The British made a spirited attack, but were driven back by the accurate fire of the enemy.
英军发起猛烈攻击，但被敌精确火力击退。
After a flank attack failed, the order was given to retreat, and the British returned to Duala.
侧翼进攻失败后，英军接到撤退命令，返回杜阿拉。
The Allies reenforced, and with two 6-inch guns resumed the attack on October 14, 1914, when the German batteries were soon silenced.
1914 年 10 月 14 日，盟军增援，并用两门 6 英寸火炮重新发起进攻，德军炮兵很快就被压制住了。
After a brisk engagement the infantry occupied Jabassi, taking ten European prisoners.
经过一场激烈的交战后，步兵占领了贾巴西，俘虏了十名欧洲人。
Minor successes won by the Allies at this time were the defeat of the Germans at Susa, and the occupation of the region around Mora, near Lake Chad by a Nigerian Regiment which had entered the colony from the northeast.
盟军此时取得的小成就是在苏萨击败德国人，以及从东北进入殖民地的尼日利亚军团占领乍得湖附近的莫拉周围地区。
Two columns of Anglo-French troops under Brigadier General Dobell, with Colonel Mayer commanding the French colonial infantry, followed the retreating Germans to Edea on the Sanaga River, some fifty miles from Duala.
多贝尔准将率领的两支英法联军纵队，以及梅耶上校指挥的法国殖民步兵，跟随撤退的德国人到达萨纳加河畔的埃代亚，距离杜阿拉约五十英里。
Part of the road led through a thick forest where snipers were concealed, who harassed the expedition at every step and were dislodged with great difficulty.
部分道路穿过茂密的森林，那里隐藏着狙击手，他们步步骚扰远征队，好不容易才被赶走。
On October 26, 1914, Edea was taken without resistance, and the enemy retired to Yaunde, a station far in the interior.
1914 年 10 月 26 日，埃代亚在没有抵抗的情况下被占领，敌人撤退到远在内陆的雅温得。
Mujuka, a station about fifty miles from Duala, was occupied by the British a few weeks later.
距离杜阿拉约五十英里的穆朱卡车站几周后被英国人占领。
Early in November, 1914, General Dobell planned an attack on the German capital of Buea, and its seaport Victoria.
1914 年 11 月初，多贝尔将军计划袭击德国首都布埃亚及其海港维多利亚。
The latter place was bombarded by the French cruiser _Bruix_ and the yacht _Ivy_; marines were landed, and after a short and spirited fight it was taken, while the enemy, who had concentrated on the hills leading to Buea, were scattered by the Allies' forces advancing from different directions.
后者遭到了法国巡洋舰_Bruix_和游艇_Ivy_的轰炸；海军陆战队登陆，经过短暂而激烈的战斗后，敌人集中在通往布埃亚的山上，被从不同方向推进的盟军驱散。
The Germans made a determined effort to regain Edea, but were forced to retire with a loss of 20 Europeans and 54 natives.
德国人决心夺回埃代亚，但因失去 20 名欧洲人和 54 名当地人而被迫退役。
Meanwhile, in the hinterland, the French General, Aymerich, with a force of men and a steamer loaned by the authorities of the Belgian Congo drove the enemy from the Congo-Ubanghi region, which had been given to Germany in 1911.
与此同时，在内陆地区，法国将军艾默里奇带着一支部队和一艘由比属刚果当局借来的轮船将敌人赶出刚果-乌班吉地区，该地区于 1911 年划归德国。
After two days of strenuous fighting the German posts of Numen and Nola were taken, and some officers, guns, and ammunition.
经过两天的激战，努门和诺拉的德军哨所被占领，一些军官、枪支和弹药也被占领。
The greatest campaign in December, 1914, was the capture of the entire northern railway line, with rolling stock, locomotives, two aeroplanes, and about sixty white men.
1914 年 12 月最大规模的战役是夺取整个北部铁路线，包括机车车辆、机车、两架飞机和大约 60 名白人。
Mendawi, Bare, and Nkongsamba were other posts taken at this period.
Mendawi、Bare 和 Nkongsamba 是这一时期担任的其他职位。
At the close of the year the Cameroons were not conquered, but the Germans had been driven into the interior, could not secure supplies, and it was only a question of time when they must surrender or be annihilated.
年底，喀麦隆尚未被征服，但德国人已被赶入内陆，无法获得补给，他们必须投降或被歼灭只是时间问题。
The allied forces were constantly harrying their enemy.
联军不断骚扰敌人。
The Allies' next movement was an advance in three columns against Yaunde, where they fought two little battles January 27-28, 1915, and seized the post of Bersona.
盟军的下一步行动是分三纵队向雅温得进军，并于 1915 年 1 月 27 日至 28 日进行了两场小规模战斗，并夺取了贝尔索纳阵地。
Near the coast some important operations were successful.
在海岸附近，一些重要的行动取得了成功。
CHAPTER XII
第十二章
GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA--REBELLION IN UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
德属西南非洲——南非联盟的叛乱
German Southwest Africa, to which we will now turn, was in a different situation at the outbreak of the war from that of the German colonies of the east and west.
我们现在要讨论的德属西南非洲，在战争爆发时的情况与德国东西方殖民地的情况不同。
Over the frontier was a self-governing dominion, the Union of South Africa, with an independent parliament made up of a strange mixture of different parties.
边境上方是一个自治领地，即南非联盟，其独立议会由不同政党的奇怪组合组成。
The irreconcilables in the Dutch population who had dreamed of a greater Afrikander Republic, would they not take this opportunity to side with Germany who promised to further their ambitions?
梦想着建立一个更大的阿非利坎德共和国的荷兰人民中不可调和的人们，难道他们不会利用这个机会与承诺进一步实现其野心的德国站在一起吗？
Great Britain expected some trouble from this element in the Union, and prepared for the worst, while Germany was equally active, and there was much intriguing to persuade the Dutch to cast in their lot with them.
英国预料到联盟中的这一因素会带来一些麻烦，并做好了最坏的打算，而德国也同样积极，并且有很多有趣的事情可以说服荷兰人与他们一起命运。
In other parts of Africa, Germany had to fight her battles unaided, but here in the enemy's camp there was every hope of gaining powerful assistance.
在非洲其他地区，德国不得不在没有援助的情况下进行战斗，但在敌人的营地里，德国完全有希望获得强大的援助。
Until the situation in the Union became clear, it was Germany's part to defend her colony in Southwest Africa, hoping by a brave display of arms to win over the Dutch, who were bitter against England.
在联邦局势明朗之前，德国有责任保卫其在西南非洲的殖民地，希望通过勇敢地展示武器来赢得对英国怀有怨恨的荷兰人的支持。
German Southwest Africa enjoys many natural advantages.
德属西南部非洲拥有许多自然优势。
Her capital is far in the interior.
她的首都远在内地。
Between her railway on the south, which almost reaches the Cape frontier, and her border spreads out the desert of Kalahari and the arid, waterless plains of northwest Cape Colony.
南部的铁路几乎到达开普敦边境，其边界延伸到喀拉哈里沙漠和开普殖民地西北部干旱缺水的平原。
The branch railways are separated by about 200 miles from German territory, and on the northern line Kimberley was a little less than 400 miles distant.
支线铁路距德国领土约 200 英里，北线金伯利距德国领土不到 400 英里。
British forces entering the colony by land must encounter many difficulties, especially in the desert region, which the Germans left undefended because they believed it could not be crossed by troops.
英国军队从陆路进入殖民地必然会遇到许多困难，特别是在沙漠地区，德国人认为军队无法越过这里，因此没有设防。
Before the war, according to the official returns, the colony had a force of 3,500 men, mainly whites; but with reserves and volunteers from among the population of German blood it has been variously estimated that an army of from 6,000 to 10,000 men could be gathered together.
根据官方报告，战前该殖民地有 3,500 人的军队，其中主要是白人；但有了来自德国血统的后备部队和志愿者，据不同的估计，可以聚集一支6,000到10,000人的军队。
The Germans were believed to be strong in artillery, and were known to have sixty-six batteries of Maxims.
德国人被认为拥有强大的火炮，并拥有 66 个马克沁炮连。
There was also a camel corps 500 strong.
还有一支五百多人的骆驼队。
After the declaration of war in August, 1914, Dr. Seitz, the German Governor, began to carry out his plan of defense.
1914年8月宣战后，德国总督塞茨博士开始实施他的防御计划。
In the second week of August, 1914, the Germans abandoned Swakopmund and Luederitz Bay, their principal stations on the coast, and after destroying the jetty and tugs in harbor, retired with their military stores to Windhoek, the inland capital.
1914 年 8 月的第二周，德军放弃了他们在海岸上的主要驻地斯瓦科普蒙德和吕德里茨湾，并在摧毁港口的码头和拖船后，带着军需物资撤退到内陆首府温得和克。
In the last weeks in August they made short dashes into British territory, intrenching themselves in some places, and occasionally engaged in a skirmish with farmers on the frontier.
在八月的最后几周，他们短暂冲入英国领土，在一些地方构筑工事，偶尔与边境农民发生小规模冲突。
Thus, when the Union Parliament met September 8, 1914, it was informed by General Botha, the Premier, that Germany had begun hostilities against the British colonies.
因此，当联邦议会于 1914 年 9 月 8 日召开会议时，总理博塔将军通知德国已开始对英国殖民地采取敌对行动。
On the following day, as a challenge to the pro-German party, he moved a resolution to convey to King George an address, assuring him of the loyal support of the Union.
第二天，作为对亲德党的挑战，他提出一项决议，向乔治国王转达一份讲话，向他保证联邦的忠诚支持。
Upon this General Hertzog moved an amendment to the effect that attacking German territory in South Africa was against the interests of the Union and the empire.
赫佐格将军就此提出了一项修正案，大意是攻击德国在南非的领土违背了联邦和帝国的利益。
But the victory was with General Botha's Government when the questions were voted on.
但当问题进行投票时，博塔将军的政府取得了胜利。
Only 12 of the 104 votes cast were in favor of Hertzog's amendment.
104 票中只有 12 票支持赫佐格的修正案。
It was evident that many burghers living in districts on the borders of German Southwest Africa shared Hertzog's opinion, and were opposed to taking offensive measures against the German colony as long as the Union was left in peace.
显然，居住在德属西南非洲边境地区的许多市民都同意赫佐格的观点，只要联邦保持和平，他们就反对对德国殖民地采取进攻措施。
From the time that Hertzog had been dropped from Botha's cabinet he had posed as a martyr.
自从赫佐格被从博塔内阁除名以来，他就一直以烈士的姿态出现。
His adherents believed that he had been "sacrificed to please the English," and that Botha was merely a tool in the hands of the British Government.
他的追随者认为他是“为了取悦英国人而牺牲的”，而博塔只是英国政府手中的一个工具。
The spirit of rebellion in the Union did not show itself openly for some time, but the leaders--Beyers, De Wet, Maritz, and Kemp--were busy conspiring and stirring up disaffection among the burghers who had never become reconciled to the Union.
联邦的反叛精神有一段时间没有公开表现出来，但领导人——拜尔斯、德韦特、马里茨和坎普——却忙着密谋煽动从未与联邦和解的市民的不满。
De Wet, because of his world-wide fame during the Boer War, has been given undue prominence for the part he played in the rebellion.
德韦特因在布尔战争期间享誉世界而因其在叛乱中所扮演的角色而受到过分的关注。
He was not the head and front of the movement, though his name was one to conjure with among the disaffected Boers, and he proved to be a valuable recruiting agent.
他并不是这场运动的领导者和前线，尽管他的名字在心怀不满的布尔人中很容易让人想起，而且事实证明他是一位有价值的招募代理人。
His operations during the rebellion, as will be subsequently shown, were generally ineffective in the field, and terminated ingloriously, before he could work any great harm.
正如随后将要展示的那样，他在叛乱期间的行动通常在战场上无效，并且在他造成任何重大伤害之前就不光彩地结束了。
General Beyers, the most dangerous foe the Union had in the rebellion, was a direct contrast to the rude and unlettered De Wet.
拜尔斯将军是联邦在叛乱中最危险的敌人，他与粗鲁无知的德韦特形成了鲜明的对比。
He was young and brave, and had shown himself one of the ablest soldiers the British had to fight against during the Boer War.
他年轻而勇敢，并证明自己是英国在布尔战争期间必须对抗的最有能力的士兵之一。
He looked the dashing officer that he was--tall, straight, black bearded, and with his pleasant manners and easy speech he was just the man to inspire enthusiasm in others.
他看上去是一位风度翩翩的军官——高大挺拔，留着黑胡子，举止愉快，讲话轻松，正是激发他人热情的人。
Colonel Maritz and Colonel Kemp, the other chief leaders in the rebellion, had never been as prominent in South African affairs as Beyers and De Wet.
马里茨上校和坎普上校是叛乱的其他主要领导人，他们在南非事务中从未像拜尔斯和德韦特那样突出。
Maritz had shown ability as a leader in the Boer War, had held various military positions since, and at the beginning of the European War was in command of the South African border between the Union and German Southwest Africa, to which he had been appointed by Beyers, who was commandant general of the citizen forces.
马里茨在布尔战争中展现了作为领导者的能力，此后担任过各种军事职务，并在欧洲战争开始时负责指挥联邦和德属西南非洲之间的南非边境，他是由公民部队总司令拜尔斯任命的。
General Smuts, the Minister of Defense, may have suspected some sinister motives in this appointment, for Maritz had many friends in the German colony, but for the present he had to keep his suspicions to himself and await some overt act of offense.
国防部长斯马茨将军可能怀疑这一任命有一些险恶的动机，因为马里茨在德国殖民地有很多朋友，但目前他必须将自己的怀疑保密，等待一些公开的冒犯行为。
Colonel Kemp, the remaining chief leader, had never done anything to give him special prominence.
剩下的主要领导人坎普上校从未做过任何让他特别引人注目的事情。
He had proved himself an efficient soldier during the Boer War, and appears to have been in command of a training camp in the western Transvaal when the rebellion was started.
他在布尔战争期间证明了自己是一名高效的士兵，并且在叛乱开始时似乎正在指挥德兰士瓦西部的一个训练营。
Under these four leaders, acting independently, or in conjunction with them, were subleaders, an indefinite number, members of the Government, and men connected with the church and army, whose part in the rebellion was to stir up the people.
在这四位领导人的领导下，无论是独立行动还是与他们联合行动，都有数量不定的副领导人、政府成员以及与教会和军队有联系的人，他们在叛乱中的作用是煽动人民。
An interesting character among the somewhat nebulous subleaders in the rebellion was Van Rensburg, sometimes called "Prophet" Lichtenberg, from the place where he lived.
在叛乱中有些模糊的副领导人中，有一个有趣的人物是范·伦斯堡（Van Rensburg），他有时被称为“先知”利希滕贝格（Lichtenberg），来自他居住的地方。
During the Boer War he had predicted a remarkable victory for the Boers, which had resulted in the capture of Lord Methuen, and ever since the burghers of the Union had held him in reverential awe.
在布尔战争期间，他曾预言布尔人将取得一场非凡的胜利，梅休恩勋爵因此被俘，自此以后，联邦的市民们就对他怀有崇敬的敬意。
When the war with Germany broke out he made various prophecies.
当与德国的战争爆发时，他做出了各种预言。
He discovered that the events foretold in the Book of Revelation would now take place.
他发现《启示录》中所预言的事件现在就会发生。
Germany, he said, had been divinely ordained to conquer the world and purify it.
他说，德国是上帝注定要征服世界并净化世界的。
Any attempt to resist this divine ordinance would be punished by the righteous anger of an offended deity.
任何反抗这一神圣法令的企图都会受到冒犯神的正义愤怒的惩罚。
Nor was the "prophet" forgetful of local politics, for he had another "vision" in which he predicted that Generals Delarey, Beyers, and De Wet were divinely appointed leaders, who would restore the old republic.
这位“先知”也没有忘记当地政治，因为他有另一个“愿景”，他预言德拉雷将军、拜尔斯将军和德韦特将军是神圣任命的领导人，他们将恢复旧共和国。
These "prophecies" were spread broadcast throughout the Union, were eagerly believed by the superstitious burghers, and served to hearten up the disaffected who had some grudge against the Government.
这些“预言”在联邦各地广为流传，被迷信的市民们热切地相信，并鼓舞了那些对政府怀有怨恨的不满者。
A great meeting of the burghers was summoned to meet August 15, 1914, at Treurfontein.
1914 年 8 月 15 日，市民在特鲁方丹召开了一次盛大的会议。
This date had been fixed because Van Rensburg in a "vision" had seen "a dark cloud, with blood flowing from it, inscribed with number 15, and General Delarey, the uncrowned king of western Transvaal, returning home without his hat, followed by a carriage full of flowers." Eight hundred burghers attended the meeting, but Delarey, who spoke, had been warned by General Botha, and therefore spoke calmly, urging the burghers to remain cool and await events.
这个日期之所以被确定，是因为范·伦斯堡在“异象”中看到“一片乌云，上面流着血，上面刻着数字15，德莱雷将军，西德兰士瓦的无冕之王，没有戴帽子回家，后面跟着一辆装满鲜花的马车”。八百名市民参加了会议，但发言的德拉雷已经受到博塔将军的警告，因此平静地发言，敦促市民保持冷静，等待事态的发展。
Such was Delarey's influence over the assembly, who had come expecting to make a fiery speech, that a resolution expressing confidence in the Government was passed.
德拉雷对议会的影响力如此之大，议会本来期望发表一场激烈的演讲，以至于通过了一项表达对政府信心的决议。
On September 15, 1914, General Christian Beyers resigned his position of commandant general of the defense force in a letter which was practically a declaration of war against the British Empire.
1914年9月15日，克里斯蒂安·拜尔斯将军在一封几乎是对大英帝国宣战的信中辞去国防军司令职务。
It developed that for some weeks he had been organizing rebellion.
据了解，几周来他一直在组织叛乱。
He was secretly arranging a scheme of operations in which the German forces were to take part, while making plans for the Union Government.
他正在秘密安排一项让德国军队参与的行动计划，同时为联邦政府制定计划。
He hoped to win over General Delarey, leader of the Boers in the western Transvaal, but this officer was accidentally killed by the police near Johannesburg.
他希望拉拢德兰士瓦西部布尔人领袖德拉雷将军，但这位军官在约翰内斯堡附近被警察意外杀害。
The patrol out looking for the notorious Jackson gang of bandits, then in the neighborhood, had orders to examine any motor car and fire at once, if when summoned to stop their challenge was ignored.
当时在附近寻找臭名昭著的杰克逊强盗团伙的巡逻队接到命令，要检查任何汽车，如果被叫去阻止他们的挑战时被忽视，就立即开火。
The car bearing Generals Beyers and Delarey had been twice challenged while passing through the town.
载有拜尔斯将军和德拉雷将军的汽车在经过该镇时曾两次受到挑战。
The third time a policeman fired at the wheel to disable the car, and the bullet ricocheted and killed Delarey.
第三次，一名警察向方向盘开枪，致使汽车瘫痪，子弹弹跳并杀死了德拉雷。
A thousand armed Boers at this time were encamped at Potchefstroom in Delarey's district.
此时，一千名武装布尔人在德拉雷区的波切夫斯特鲁姆扎营。
Colonel Kemp, who had sent in his resignation to the Union Government, and was working here for Delarey, had won over their officers, and on parade urged the men to refuse to volunteer for German Southwest Africa.
坎普上校已经向联盟政府递交了辞呈，并在这里为德拉里工作，他赢得了军官们的支持，并在阅兵式上敦促这些人拒绝志愿参加德属西南非洲。
He also collected in his tent such ammunition as he could lay his hands upon.
他还在帐篷里收集了他能拿到的所有弹药。
The death of General Delarey disconcerted General Beyers, and his fellow conspirators, and Colonel Kemp withdrew his resignation from the Union army.
德拉雷将军的死让拜尔斯将军和他的同谋感到不安，坎普上校撤回了他在联邦军队中的辞呈。
Over the grave of Delarey General Beyers, in the presence of General Botha, declared that he had no intention of advising or causing a rebellion, yet the following day, with General De Wet and others, he was urging the Boers who had come to the funeral of their dead leader to revolt against active service should the commandos be called out under the Defense Act.
在德拉雷将军拜尔斯的坟墓上，当着博塔将军的面，他宣称他无意建议或引起叛乱，但第二天，他与德韦特将军和其他人一起敦促参加已故领袖葬礼的布尔人，如果根据《国防法》召集突击队，他们就反抗现役。
Botha knew the men who were stirring up rebellion and acted quickly.
博塔认识那些煽动叛乱的人，并迅速采取了行动。
He called for volunteers, announcing that he would lead in person the Union forces against the Germans, and the immediate response he received was gratifying.
他号召志愿者，宣布他将亲自率领联邦军队对抗德国人，他立即得到的回应令人欣慰。
The conspirators remained quiet for some weeks, but General Beyers and De Wet were secretly at work against the Government of the Union.
密谋者们沉默了几个星期，但拜尔斯将军和德韦特却在秘密地反对联邦政府。
On September 26, 1914, Colonel Grant and a small force of African Rifles and Transvaal Horse Artillery operating at Sandfontein near the German border were trapped by two German battalions while on their way to a water hole.
1914 年 9 月 26 日，格兰特上校和一支由非洲步枪队和德兰士瓦马炮兵组成的小部队在德国边境附近的桑方丹作战，在前往水坑的途中被两个德国营困住。
From the heights the German guns swept the circular basin below where the Union force was gathered.
德国炮兵从高处扫过下方联邦军集结的圆形盆地。
The advantage was all in favor of the Germans.
优势完全有利于德国人。
High explosive shells from ten guns wrought havoc among the South African soldiers, but not until their ammunition ran out and every man of their gun crews was either killed or wounded would the little band of Boers and Britons surrender.
十门枪发射的高爆炮弹对南非士兵造成了严重破坏，但直到他们的弹药用完，枪手们不是死就是伤，这支布尔人和英国人的小队才投降。
It developed later that Lieutenant Colonel S.
后来得知，S 中校。
G.
G。
Maritz, a Boer leader commanding Union forces in the Northwest territory, had turned traitor and arranged the disaster.
马里茨是一位在西北地区指挥联邦军队的布尔领导人，他已经叛徒并安排了这场灾难。
It was through General Beyers that he had been appointed to an important command on the German border.
正是通过拜尔斯将军，他被任命为德国边境的一个重要指挥部。
Maritz who was now ordered by General Smuts, Minister of Defense, to report to headquarters and give up his command, sent a defiant reply October 8, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 8 日，国防部长斯马茨将军命令马里茨向总部报告并放弃指挥权，他发出了挑衅性的答复。
He stated that in addition to his own troops he had German guns and men, and had signed an agreement with the Governor of Southwest Africa ceding Walfish Bay (a British possession) and certain portions of Union territory in return for a guarantee of the independence of the South African Republic.
他表示，除了自己的军队外，他还有德国枪支和人员，并与西南非洲总督签署了一项协议，割让沃尔菲什湾（英国属地）和联邦领土的某些部分，以换取南非共和国独立的保证。
All his officers and men who were unwilling to join with him had been sent as prisoners into German territory.
所有不愿加入他的军官和士兵都被作为囚犯送往德国领土。
General Botha replied to the rebel by proclaiming martial law throughout the Union.
博塔将军通过在整个联邦宣布戒严来回应叛军。
General Brits, with the imperial Light Horse, was sent to capture Maritz, and in an engagement October 15, 1914, at Ratedraai, near Upington, took seventy rebel prisoners.
英国将军率领帝国轻骑兵被派去抓捕马里茨，并于 1914 年 10 月 15 日在乌平通附近的拉特德拉伊交战中俘获了 70 名叛军俘虏。
On October 22, 1914, Maritz with 1,000 rebels and seventy German gunners, attacked at dawn the post of Keimos, where there were only 150 loyalists.
1914 年 10 月 22 日，马里茨率领 1,000 名叛军和 70 名德国炮手于拂晓时袭击了凯莫斯哨所，那里只有 150 名效忠者。
The little garrison held out until reenforcements arrived and the battle then turned against Maritz, who offered to surrender for a free pardon.
这支小驻军一直坚守着，直到增援部队到来，随后战事转向了马里茨，马里茨提出投降以获得免费赦免。
This being refused, the fight went on, and Maritz eventually fled wounded into German territory.
遭到拒绝后，战斗继续进行，马里茨最终受伤逃入德国境内。
Two days later a party of rebels with German gunners were defeated at Kakamas.
两天后，一支由德国炮手组成的叛军在卡卡马斯被击败。
General Hertzog, who had represented the pro-German party in the Union Parliament, gathered a commando and broke out in revolt on October 21, 1914.
1914 年 10 月 21 日，在联邦议会中代表亲德党的赫尔佐格将军召集了一支突击队，爆发了叛乱。
He issued a manifesto complaining of English oppression, and announced that he would tolerate it no longer.
他发表了一份宣言，抱怨英国人的压迫，并宣布他将不再容忍这种现象。
Three members of the Union Parliament and a member of the Defense Council, Mr. Wessel-Wessels, came out in arms.
联邦议会的三名议员和国防委员会的一名成员韦塞尔-韦塞尔斯先生全副武装地站出来。
In the western Transvaal and the northern Free State the rebel leaders had about 10,000 men in separate groups.
在德兰士瓦西部和自由邦北部，叛军领导人约有 10,000 人，分成不同的团体。
Their plan was to join their commandos with a force under Maritz from German Southwest Africa.
他们的计划是与来自德属西南非洲的马里茨领导的一支部队一起加入突击队。
The situation from a military point of view seemed to be serious for the Union, but Generals Botha and Smuts were active and resourceful and in a few weeks had 40,000 men in the field.
从军事角度来看，联邦的形势似乎很严峻，但博塔将军和斯穆茨将军积极主动，足智多谋，几周内就有 40,000 名士兵投入战场。
The loyal Boers were in a difficult position, for now they were asked to fight against their own kith and kin for the British Empire.
忠诚的布尔人处境艰难，因为现在他们被要求为大英帝国与自己的亲人作战。
In battle the Dutch generals showed that they were anxious to spare their own kinsmen, and ordered their men to withhold firing to the last moment, hoping that the rebels would surrender.
在战斗中，荷兰将军们表现出他们急于饶恕自己的同胞，并命令他们的士兵直到最后一刻才开枪，希望叛军投降。
The rebels were not allowed time to join their forces, for General Botha gave them no rest night or day.
叛军没有时间会师，因为博塔将军白天不让他们休息。
On October 27, 1914, General Beyers and his commando operating near Rustenburg were driven in headlong flight all day long by General Botha and a force of loyalists.
1914 年 10 月 27 日，拜尔斯将军和他的突击队在勒斯滕堡附近行动，整天被博塔将军和一群效忠者驱赶着仓皇逃窜。
Two days later General Beyers was a fugitive.
两天后，拜尔斯将军逃亡了。
His scattered commandos were defeated by Colonel Alberts at Lichtenburg and again at Zuitpansdrift on November 5, 1914.
1914 年 11 月 5 日，他分散的突击队在利希滕堡被阿尔伯特上校击败，并在 Zuitpansdrift 再次被击败。
Meanwhile, Colonel Kemp, who had been acting with General Beyers, now separated from his chief, and with a large force started for German Southwest Africa, pursued by Colonel Alberts.
与此同时，一直与拜尔斯将军一起行动的坎普上校现在与他的上司分开，并率领一支大部队前往德属西南部非洲，并受到阿尔伯特上校的追击。
Beyers, trying to get in touch with De Wet, entered the Orange Free State, closely followed by a large loyalist force under Colonel Lemmer.
拜尔斯试图与德韦特取得联系，进入奥兰治自由邦，紧随其后的是莱默上校率领的大批效忠派部队。
On November 7, 1914, Beyers's commando was attacked by Lemmer near the Vet River and though Beyers led in person, he was defeated, and, 364 of his men being captured and about 20 killed or wounded, the fugitive remnant returned to Hoopstad.
1914 年 11 月 7 日，拜尔斯的突击队在韦特河附近遭到莱默的袭击，虽然拜尔斯亲自率领，但他还是被击败，他的 364 名部下被俘，约 20 人死伤，逃亡的残余人员返回霍普斯塔德。
De Wet, whom General Beyers had been prevented from joining by the activity of the loyalist forces, had gathered together in the northern districts of the Orange Free State a poorly organized body of soldiers, but sufficient in numbers to cause the South African Government some anxiety.
由于忠诚部队的活动，拜尔斯将军未能加入德韦特，他在奥兰治自由邦北部地区聚集了一支组织混乱的士兵，但数量足以引起南非政府的一些焦虑。
Negotiations between the Free State leaders and De Wet postponed for a time any military action by the Government, but the old guerrilla captain was not to be pacified.
自由邦领导人与德韦特之间的谈判暂时推迟了政府的任何军事行动，但这位老游击队队长并没有得到安抚。
There had been a rivalry between him and Botha in the Boer war, and he seemed anxious to measure strength now with a soldier whom he considered his inferior.
在布尔战争中，他和博塔之间曾有过竞争，现在他似乎急于与一名他认为不如自己的士兵衡量实力。
De Wet's name was a power in the land, especially among the "poor whites" and the squatter class, who without much intelligence or education had not prospered under new conditions in the Union.
德韦特的名字在这片土地上是一股力量，尤其是在“贫穷的白人”和占屋者阶级中，他们没有太多的智慧或教育，在联邦的新条件下无法繁荣发展。
They were without hope for the future and felt that they were being crowded out by the more active spirits in the country.
他们对未来没有希望，并感到自己被国内更活跃的精神所排挤。
They saw in the rebellion a chance to improve their economic position.
他们在叛乱中看到了改善经济地位的机会。
There was little to lose and much might be won.
没什么可失去的，而且可能会赢得很多。
A new Afrikander Republic would bring back the old days for which they had never ceased to long for.
一个新的南非荷兰语共和国将带回他们从未停止渴望的旧时光。
It was from this class of malcontents that De Wet drew the bulk of his men.
德韦特正是从这一类不满者中吸引了他的大部分人马。
The rest were religious fanatics, disgruntled politicians, wastrels and adventurers.
其余的则是宗教狂热分子、心怀不满的政客、浪荡子和冒险家。
We have said previously that De Wet's recruits were poorly organized.
我们之前说过，德韦特的新兵组织得很差。
It was a weakness of this brilliant guerrilla fighter that he could not maintain discipline when handling a large body of men, and the sort of troops he was working with in the rebellion called for the sternest kind of authority to make them effective soldiers.
这位出色的游击战士的一个弱点是，他在与一大群人打交道时无法保持纪律，而他在叛乱中与之合作的部队需要最严厉的权威来使他们成为有效的士兵。
He only enjoyed a month of freedom and covered considerable territory, but he accomplished very little from a military point of view.
他只享受了一个月的自由，涉足了相当大的领土，但从军事角度来看，他的成就却微乎其微。
He could not follow the same tactics that he had employed in the Boer war with equal success now.
他现在无法再效仿他在布尔战争中所采用的策略并取得同样的成功。
At home on the back of a horse, it was impossible for him to slip through the enemy's lines as of old when there were motor cars to pursue.
在家骑在马背上，他不可能像以前有汽车追击那样溜过敌军的防线。
He began his campaign with an action at Winburg where he defeated a small loyalist commando under Cronje, and where one of his sons was killed.
他以在温堡的一次行动开始了他的竞选活动，在那里他击败了克罗涅领导的一支小型效忠派突击队，并在那里杀死了他的一个儿子。
A battle of considerable importance was fought on November 12, 1914, at Marquard to the east of Winburg.
1914 年 11 月 12 日，在温堡以东的马夸德发生了一场相当重要的战斗。
General Botha and his Transvaal commando by a forced night march had reached Winburg the day before and getting in touch with De Wet's forces encircled them on the east and northeast.
博塔将军和他的德兰士瓦突击队在前一天强行夜间行军到达温堡，并与在东部和东北部包围他们的德韦特部队取得联系。
Colonel Brandt at the same time led his commando from Winburg within easy reach of De Wet, while General Lukin and Colonel Brits moving forward from the west completed the hemming in of the enemy.
与此同时，勃兰特上校率领他的突击队从温堡出发，距离德韦特很近，而卢金将军和布里茨上校则从西边前进，完成了对敌人的包围。
General Botha's commando attacked De Wet's forces and defeated them with great loss.
博塔将军的突击队袭击了德韦特的部队并击败了他们，损失惨重。
If General Lukin and Colonel Brits had not been delayed in taking up their positions all the rebels would have been captured.
如果卢金将军和布里茨上校没有拖延就位，所有叛军都会被俘虏。
The victory was especially of far-reaching importance because it discouraged De Wet's hopes and strengthened the loyalist cause.
这次胜利具有特别深远的意义，因为它挫败了德韦特的希望，并加强了效忠派的事业。
All of De Wet's stores of food and ammunition were taken, and a hundred carts, wagons and motor cars, while the prisoners numbered about 250.
德韦特储存的所有食物和弹药以及一百辆手推车、马车和汽车都被拿走，囚犯人数约为 250 人。
De Wet, with a Boer commando in pursuit, now fled up the Vet River, then turning south at Boshof, divided his decreasing force into two divisions.
德韦特带着一支布尔突击队追击，沿维特河逆流而上逃窜，然后在博绍夫向南转向，将他日渐减少的部队分成两个师。
Leading one of these he turned again north, reaching the Vaal River with only 25 men remaining of the 2,000 he had fought with at Marquard.
他率领其中一支部队再次转向北方，到达瓦尔河时，在马夸德与他并肩作战的 2,000 人中只剩下 25 人。
Beaten back by a loyal outpost he succeeded in crossing the Vaal on November 21, 1914, closely pursued by Commandant Dutoit and a motor car contingent from Witwatersrand.
1914 年 11 月 21 日，他被忠诚的前哨部队击退，成功渡过瓦尔河，迪图瓦指挥官和来自威特沃特斯兰德的一支汽车特遣队紧追不舍。
De Wet's followers had gradually deserted, and he had only four men with him when he succeeded in joining a small commando of fugitives gathered at Schweizer Renek.
德韦特的追随者逐渐离去，当他成功加入聚集在施韦泽雷内克的一小群逃犯突击队时，他身边只剩下四个人。
The heavy rainstorms at this time favored him as he started with this force to follow Colonel Kemp and join Maritz in German Southwest Africa, for the motor cars in pursuit could make small progress over the heavy roads.
此时的暴风雨对他有利，他带着这支部队跟随坎普上校，前往德属西南非洲与马里茨汇合，因为追赶的汽车在崎岖的道路上前进缓慢。
Crossing Bechuanaland on November 25, 1914, De Wet was pursued by another loyalist force under Colonel Brits who in two days captured half of the fugitives.
1914 年 11 月 25 日，德韦特穿越贝专纳兰，遭到布里茨上校率领的另一支效忠派部队的追击，布里茨上校在两天内抓获了一半逃犯。
On December 1, 1914, at a farm at Waterburg, about a hundred miles from Mafeking, De Wet and his party of 52 men surrendered to Colonel Jordaan without firing a shot, and the one-time Commander in Chief of the Orange Free State forces was imprisoned at Johannesburg to await his trial for high treason.
1914 年 12 月 1 日，在距马菲金约 100 英里的沃特堡的一个农场，德韦特和他的 52 人队伍不费一枪一弹就向乔丹上校投降，这位奥兰治自由邦军队的前总司令被关押在约翰内斯堡，等待以叛国罪受审。
In the Orange Free State, General Beyers and about seventy men harried by loyal commandos divided his party, and leading one group made a dash for the Vaal River pursued by Captain Uys and Cornet Deneker with a small force.
在奥兰治自由邦，拜尔斯将军和大约七十人在忠诚的突击队的骚扰下将他的队伍分开，并率领一支部队冲向瓦尔河，尤斯上尉和科内特·德内克尔率领一小股部队追赶。
Trapped at daybreak on December 9, 1914, near the Vaal, Beyers and a few men tried to swim the river to the Transvaal under a fierce fire.
1914 年 12 月 9 日黎明时分，拜尔斯和几名男子被困在瓦尔河附近，试图在猛烈的炮火下游到德兰士瓦河。
Beyers was seen to fall from his horse, and was heard to cry for help, but was drowned before anyone could come to the rescue.
有人看到拜尔斯从马上摔下来，并听到呼救声，但在有人来救援之前就被淹死了。
General Botha's operations in the northern district of the Orange Free State were made difficult because of the heavy fogs, but early in December, 1914, the rebels were in sore straits, 500 being captured while 200 surrendered to Commandant Kloppers a loyalist, who had been taken a prisoner and was afterwards released.
波塔将军在奥兰治自由邦北部地区的行动因大雾而变得困难，但 1914 年 12 月初，叛军陷入了困境，500 人被俘，200 人向效忠派指挥官克洛珀斯投降，后者被俘，随后被释放。
General Maritz, Colonel Kemp, and the "Prophet" Litchtenburg had fled west, and after some fighting at Kurumun, and two minor successes, surprising two posts at Langklip and Onydas which they were forced to abandon on the arrival of reenforcements, they retired toward the German frontier where they were penned in by the Union forces.
马里茨将军、坎普上校和“先知”利奇滕堡向西逃亡，在库鲁蒙进行了一些战斗，并取得了两次小胜利，并在朗克利普和奥尼达斯取得了令人惊讶的两个哨所，他们在增援部队到来时被迫放弃这两个哨所，然后向德国边境撤退，在那里他们被联邦军队围困。
On January 24, 1915, the rebels made their last sally, attacking Colonel Van der Venter at Upington.
1915 年 1 月 24 日，叛军进行了最后一次突袭，袭击了乌平顿的范德文特尔上校。
The rebel force, about 1,200 strong and led by Maritz and Kemp, was easily repulsed.
由马里茨和坎普领导的大约 1,200 人的叛军很容易被击退。
On February 3, 1915, Maritz, having fled to German territory, Colonel Kemp and his commando of 43 officers and 486 men including the "Prophet" Lichtenburg surrendered.
1915 年 2 月 3 日，马里茨逃往德国领土后，坎普上校和他的 43 名军官和 486 名士兵（其中包括“先知”利希滕堡）投降了。
[Illustration: These Belgian soldiers are weary and covered with mud from the trenches, but they are rallying for a fresh resistance to German attacks.]
[插图：这些比利时士兵疲惫不堪，浑身沾满战壕的泥土，但他们正在集结起来，以新的方式抵抗德国的进攻。]
PART IV--THE WESTERN FRONT
第四部分——西线
CHAPTER XIII
第十三章
PREPARATIONS FOR AN OFFENSIVE
进攻准备
During the greater part of the winter of 1914-15, the fighting along the western front had been almost constant, but had resulted in little that either side could justly assert to be a success.
在 1914-15 年冬天的大部分时间里，西线的战斗几乎一直在持续，但双方都没有取得任何可以公正地宣称取得成功的成果。
The rigors inevitable in such a mode of warfare had become almost beyond human endurance, and commanders on both sides looked forward to a more active campaign.
这种战争方式所不可避免的严酷程度几乎超出了人类的承受能力，双方指挥官都期待着一场更加积极的战役。
An immense amount of ammunition had been stored by the French in and around Perthes in anticipation of a forward movement; and, by the second week of February, a quarter of a million men of the French army had been assembled near that place.
法军在佩尔特及其周边地区储存了大量弹药，以备进攻之需。到了二月的第二周，已有 25 万法军士兵集结在那个地方附近。
They were opposite a section of the German trenches which was about twelve miles long, extending from Ville-sur-Tourbe in the Argonne to the village of Souain.
他们对面是德国战壕的一段，长约十二英里，从阿尔贡河的图尔河畔维尔一直延伸到苏安村。
Early in the year this section had been held by only two divisions of Rhinelanders.
今年年初，该路段仅由莱茵兰人的两个师控制。
These two divisions had suffered severely from the heavy gun fire which the French had directed against them by means of the successful work of the French aviators.
这两个师因法国飞行员的成功工作而受到法军猛烈炮火的严重打击。
The French infantry also had done effective work in the short rush which they had been making, gaining on an average about twelve yards a day.
法国步兵在短途冲刺中也取得了有效的成果，平均每天前进约十二码。
Following the concentration of French troops, the German commanders brought up reenforcements to the number of 80,000.
法军集结后，德军指挥官增派了八万人的增援部队。
Some of these were taken from La Bassee, and others from a contingent which had been intended for a northern offensive movement.
其中一些是从拉巴斯拿来的，另一些是从一支打算进行北方进攻运动的特遣队拿来的。
Because of the chalk formation of the soil in this section of the front, the excessive moisture of this season of the year drained rapidly, leaving exposed an undulating section on which were small forests of fir trees.
由于前缘这部分土壤的白垩结构，这一季节的过多水分迅速流失，露出了一片起伏的部分，上面有小片的冷杉树林。
The nature of the ground made it an easy matter to move troops even in winter.
地形的特殊性使得即使在冬天调动军队也很容易。
General Joffre took advantage of this fact, and assembled a quarter of a million men against the German lines in Champagne.
霞飞将军利用这一事实，集结了 25 万士兵，对抗香槟地区的德军防线。
This caused the German commanders to mass troops just in front of Perthes.
这导致德军指挥官在佩尔特斯前面集结部队。
The concentration continued until there were 220,000 German soldiers packed there in close formation.
集中一直持续到22万名德国士兵排成密集队形。
The French attacked, and quickly a rain of more than a hundred thousand shells fell upon the Germans.
法军发起进攻，很快，十万多发炮弹如雨点般落在德军身上。
The Germans sought to reply by bringing up twenty-two batteries of heavy guns and sixty-four field batteries; but the French gunners kept command of the field.
德国人试图派出二十二个重炮连和六十四个野战连来反击。但法国炮手仍然控制着战场。
In the twenty days' battle--from February 16 to March 7, 1915--the French won scarcely a mile of ground; but they found and buried 10,000 German dead.
在 1915 年 2 月 16 日至 3 月 7 日的二十天战斗中，法军只赢得了几乎一英里的土地；但他们发现并掩埋了 10,000 名德国人的尸体。
The French staff estimated that 60,000 German soldiers had been put out of action.
法国参谋部估计有 60,000 名德国士兵已经失去行动能力。
The German staff admitted they had lost more men in this action than in the campaign in East Prussia against the Russians, where fourteen German army corps were engaged.
德国参谋部承认，他们在这次行动中损失的人员比在东普鲁士对抗俄罗斯人的战役中损失的人员还要多，当时有 14 个德国军团参与其中。
The French lost less than 10,000 men.
法军损失不到一万人。
In the last week of February, 1915, it had been learned by General Joffre that General von Falkenhayn of the German forces had withdrawn from Neuve Chapelle, and the section north of La Bassee six batteries of field artillery, six battalions of the Prussian Guard, and two heavy batteries of the Prussian Guard.
1915 年 2 月的最后一周，霞飞将军获悉，德军冯·法金汉将军已从新沙佩勒和拉巴斯以北的部分撤出了 6 个野战炮兵连、6 个普鲁士卫队营和 2 个普鲁士卫队重型连。
These had been withdrawn for the purpose of checking the supposed French advance at Perthes, as already narrated.
如前所述，这些撤回的目的是为了阻止法军在佩尔特的进攻。
Hence it was known that the English, in command of Sir Douglas Haig, at Neuve Chapelle, were opposed by a thin line of German troops who were making a demonstration of force for the purpose of concealing the weakness of their line.
因此，众所周知，由道格拉斯·黑格爵士指挥的英国人在新沙佩勒遭到了一支薄弱的德国军队的抵抗，这些德国军队正在展示武力，以掩盖其战线的弱点。
[Illustration: The Western Battle Line, January 1, 1915.]
[插图：西部战线，1915 年 1 月 1 日。]
The British officers in the region of Neuve Chapelle received complete instructions on March 8, 1915, in regard to an offensive which they were to start on the 10th.
1915 年 3 月 8 日，Neuve Chapelle 地区的英国军官收到了关于他们将于 10 日开始进攻的完整指示。
These instructions were supplemental to a communication which had been sent on February 19 by the British commander in chief to Sir Douglas Haig, the commander of the First Army.
这些指示是对英国总司令 2 月 19 日向第一集团军司令道格拉斯·黑格爵士发出的通信的补充。
Neuve Chapelle was to be the immediate objective of the prospective engagement.
Neuve Chapelle 是此次预期交战的直接目标。
This place is about four miles north of La Bassee at the junction of main roads, one leading southward to La Bassee, and another from Bethune on the west to Armentieres on the northeast.
这个地方位于拉巴斯以北约四英里处，在主要道路的交汇处，一条向南通向拉巴斯，另一条从西边的白求恩通向东北的阿尔芒蒂埃。
It is about eleven miles west of Lille.
它位于里尔以西约十一英里处。
These roads formed an irregular diamond-shaped figure with the village at the apex of the eastern sides, along which the German troops were stationed.
这些道路与村庄形成了一个不规则的菱形图形，村庄位于东侧的顶点，德军就驻扎在那里。
The British held the western sides of this figure.
英国人占据了这个人物的西侧。
The land in this part of France is marshy and crossed by dykes; but, to the eastward, the ground rises slowly to a ridge, on the western border of which are two spurs.
法国这一地区的土地是沼泽地，堤坝横亘。但是，向东，地面慢慢上升到山脊，山脊的西边有两个山刺。
Aubers is at the apex of one; and Illies at the apex of the other.
奥伯斯处于其中的顶峰；伊利斯则处于另一个的顶峰。
Both of these villages were held by the Germans.
这两个村庄都被德国人占领。
The ridge extends northeast, beyond the junction of the spurs, from Fournes to within two miles southwest of Lille.
山脊向东北延伸，超出了马刺的交汇处，从富尔内斯到里尔西南两英里以内。
Along the ridge is the road to Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing, all of which are among the chief manufacturing towns of France.
沿着山脊有通往里尔、鲁贝和图尔宽的道路，这些城市都是法国主要的制造业城镇。
The occupation of the ridge was a necessary step to the taking of Lille; and Neuve Chapelle was at the gateway to the ridge.
占领山脊是夺取里尔的必要步骤；纽夫·查佩尔 (Neuve Chapelle) 就在通往山脊的入口处。
If the Allies could take Lille they would then be in a position to move against their enemy between that point and the sea.
如果盟军能够占领里尔，他们就可以在该点和大海之间向敌人发起进攻。
The River Des Layes runs behind Neuve Chapelle to the southeast; and, behind the river, a half mile from the straggling village, is a wood known as the Bois du Biez.
德莱河 (Des Layes) 从 Neuve Chapelle 后方流向东南方；河的后面，距离这个落后的村庄半英里，有一片被称为“Bois du Biez”的树林。
Almost at right angles to the river, on the west, the main road from Estaires to La Bassee skirts Neuve Chapelle.
在西边，从埃斯塔雷斯到拉巴斯的主干道几乎与河流成直角，绕过新沙佩勒。
There is a triangle of roads north of the village where there were a few large houses with walls, gardens, and orchards.
村北有一条三角形的道路，那里有几座有围墙的大房子，还有花园和果园。
At this point the Germans had fortified themselves to flank the approaches to the village from that section.
此时，德军已在从该地区通往村庄的道路侧翼加强防御。
These trenches were only about a hundred yards from those of the British.
这些战壕距离英国人的战壕只有大约一百码。
The Germans had machine guns at a bridge over the river; and they had another post established a little farther up at the Pietre mill.
德国人在河上的一座桥上部署了机枪。他们还在稍远一点的彼得雷工厂设立了另一个哨所。
Farther down the stream, where the road into the village joins the main road to La Bassee, the Germans had fortified a group of ruined buildings which was known as Port Arthur.
沿着小溪继续往下走，在通往村庄的道路与通往拉巴斯的主干道的交汇处，德国人加固了一组被称为亚瑟港的废墟建筑。
From there was a great network of trenches which extended northwestward to the Pietre mill.
从那里有一个巨大的战壕网络，向西北延伸到彼得雷磨坊。
There were also German troops in the Bois du Biez, and in the ruined houses along the border of the wood.
德国军队也驻扎在比耶森林以及森林边缘的废墟房屋中。
The German trenches were in excellent positions, but were occupied by only a comparatively few soldiers; it was the German plan to keep large bodies of troops in reserve, so that they might be sent to any sector where the need seemed most likely.
德军战壕位置优越，但占领的士兵相对较少。德国计划保留大量部队作为后备部队，以便将他们派往最有需要的任何地区。
They have asserted they had only four battalions in the front line here; but that statement is denied by the British.
他们声称他们在前线只有四个营；但这一说法遭到了英国方面的否认。
The British plan of attack embraced a heavy bombardment to demoralize their enemy and prevent reenforcement.
英国的进攻计划包括猛烈轰炸，以挫伤敌人的士气并阻止其增援。
This was to be followed by an infantry attack.
随后是步兵进攻。
It was expected that the Germans would be surprised to such an extent it would be impossible for them to make much resistance.
预计德国人会大吃一惊，以至于他们不可能做出太大的抵抗。
Units of the First Army were to make the main attack, supported by the Second Army.
第一集团军主攻，第二集团军支援。
The support included a division of cavalry.
支援包括一个骑兵师。
Among the large force of heavy artillery for the opening bombardment were a number of French guns manned by French artillerymen.
在用于开场轰击的大批重炮部队中，有一些由法国炮兵驾驶的法国火炮。
CHAPTER XIV
第十四章
BATTLE OF NEUVE CHAPELLE BEGINS
新礼拜堂之战开始
Three hundred and fifty guns at short range began a most terrific bombardment March 10, 1915, at 7.30 a.
1915 年 3 月 10 日早上 7 点半，三百五十门短程火炮开始了最可怕的轰炸。
m.
米。
It is said that the discharges of the artillery was so frequent that it seemed as if some gigantic machine gun was in action.
据说，火炮的发射十分频繁，就像是一挺巨大的机枪在射击。
Shortly after this bombardment started, the German trenches were covered by a great cloud of smoke and dust and a pall of green lyddite fumes.
这次轰炸开始后不久，德军战壕就被一大团烟尘和绿色锂铁矿烟雾所覆盖。
The first line of German trenches, against which the fire was directed, became great shapeless furrows and craters filled with the dead and dying.
德军战壕的第一线，被火力所瞄准，变成了巨大的无形的沟渠和弹坑，里面充满了死者和垂死者。
This was the condition all along the line except on the extreme northern end where the artillery fire was less effective, owing, it was said, to a lack of proper preparation by the British staff.
除了最北端以外，全线都是这种情况，据说，由于英国参谋人员缺乏适当的准备，那里的炮火效果较差。
This terrific artillery fire was continued for thirty-five minutes; and then the range was changed from the first line of German trenches to the village of Neuve Chapelle itself.
这场可怕的炮火持续了三十五分钟；然后范围从德国战壕的第一线改为Neuve Chapelle村本身。
Thereupon the British infantry advanced and made prisoners of the few Germans left alive in the first line.
随后，英国步兵向前推进，俘虏了前线仅存的少数德国人。
The men found unwounded were so dazed by the onslaught which the guns had made upon their position that they offered no resistance.
那些没有受伤的人被大炮对他们阵地的猛烈攻击吓得目瞪口呆，没有做出任何抵抗。
The bombardment had swept away the wire entanglements; and the British had only the greasy mud with which to contend, when they made their dash forward.
轰炸把缠结的铁丝都扫掉了。而英国人在向前冲锋时，只能与油腻的泥浆作斗争。
Where the wire entanglements had been swept away, the Second Lincolnshire and the Berkshire regiments were the first to reach the German trenches.
在铁丝网被扫除的地方，第二林肯郡团和伯克郡团首先到达了德军战壕。
These regiments then turned to the right and left, and thus permitted the Royal Irish Rifles and the Rifle Brigade to go on toward the village.
然后，这些团向右和向左转向，从而允许爱尔兰皇家步枪队和步枪旅继续向村庄进发。
In order to understand the infantry attack in detail it is necessary to know the manner in which the British troops were distributed before they made their dash at the ruined trenches of the Germans.
为了详细了解步兵的进攻，有必要了解英军在冲向德军被毁的战壕之前的分布方式。
Two brigades of the Eighth Division, the Twenty-fifth to the right and the Twenty-third to the left, were due west of Neuve Chapelle.
第八师的两个旅，即右侧的第二十五旅和左侧的第二十三旅，位于新沙佩勒的正西。
On a front a mile and a half long to the south of them was the Meerut Division, supported by the Lahore Division.
在他们以南一英里半长的战线上，有密拉特师，由拉合尔师支援。
The Garhwal Brigade was on the left and the Dehra Dun Brigade was on its right.
Garhwal旅在左边，Dehra Dun旅在右边。
In the first attack the Twenty-third dashed to the northeast corner of the village, the Twenty-fifth against the village itself; and the Garhwal Brigade charged on the southwest corner.
在第一次攻击中，第二十三人冲向村庄的东北角，第二十五人则攻击村庄本身；第二十三人则冲向村庄的东北角。加瓦尔旅则向西南角发起冲锋。
The trenches opposite the Twenty-fifth were taken with practically no fighting.
第二十五军团对面的战壕几乎在没有战斗的情况下就被占领了。
The Germans who had manned them were either killed or too dazed to offer resistance.
操纵它们的德国人要么被杀，要么昏昏欲睡，无法抵抗。
As has already been told, the Second Royal Berkshires and the Second Lincolns took the first line of trenches in front of them, and opened the middle of their line to permit the Second Rifle Brigade and the First Irish Rifles to dash on to the village.
正如已经说过的，第二皇家伯克郡和第二林肯占据了他们前面的第一道战壕，并打开了战壕的中间，以便第二步枪旅和第一爱尔兰步枪队冲进村庄。
The British artillery range was lengthened, thereby preventing the German supports from interference with the well-defined plan of the British.
英国炮兵的射程被延长，从而防止德国的支援干扰英国人明确的计划。
Into the wrecked streets of Neuve Chapelle swung two battalions of the Twenty-fifth Brigade.
第二十五旅的两个营调入了新沙佩勒被毁坏的街道。
The few of their enemy who offered resistance were soon overpowered--being captured or slain.
少数抵抗的敌人很快就被制服——被俘或被杀。
These men of the Twenty-fifth Brigade found terrible scenes of destruction.
第二十五旅的这些人发现了可怕的破坏场景。
The village had been knocked literally into a rubbish heap.
整个村庄几乎被夷为平地，变成了垃圾堆。
Even the dead in the village churchyard had been plowed from their graves by the terrific bombardment.
就连村子墓地里的死者也被可怕的轰炸从坟墓里挖出来。
The Garhwal Brigade captured the first line of trenches on the right, and the Third Gurkhas, on the southern outskirts of the village, met the Rifle Brigade.
加瓦尔旅占领了右侧第一道战壕，第三廓尔喀人在村庄南郊与步枪旅会师。
Then it dashed on to the Bois du Biez, passing another rubbish heap which once had been the hamlet known as Port Arthur.
然后它冲向比耶森林，经过另一个垃圾堆，那里曾经是被称为亚瑟港的小村庄。
The attack on the left, however, resulted less successfully for the British forces.
然而，英军在左翼的进攻却不太成功。
As indicated above, the preparation for the bombardment at this part of the line had been inadequate for the purpose which the general in command had sought to achieve.
如上所述，对这部分战线的轰炸准备工作还不足以达到指挥官所希望达到的目的。
Thus on the northeast corner of Neuve Chapelle the German trenches and the wire entanglements in front of them had been damaged but little.
因此，在新礼拜堂的东北角，德军战壕和前面的铁丝网只受到了轻微的破坏。
The British forces on this part of the line included the Second Devons, the Second West Yorks, the Second Scottish Rifles, and the Second Middlesex, known as the Twenty-third Brigade.
这条防线上的英军包括第二德文郡、第二西约克郡、第二苏格兰步枪队和第二米德尔塞克斯郡（被称为第二十三旅）。
The Scottish Rifles charged against intact wire entanglements which halted them in the range of a murderous rifle and machine-gun fire.
苏格兰步枪队向完好无损的铁丝网发起冲锋，这些铁丝网将他们挡在了致命的步枪和机关枪的射程之内。
With daring bravery the Scots sought to tear down the wire with their hands; but were forced to fall back and lie in the fire-swept zone until one company forced its way through an opening and destroyed the barrier.
苏格兰人勇敢地试图用手撕断铁丝网。但他们被迫撤退并躺在火势蔓延的地区，直到一个连强行穿过一个开口并摧毁了屏障。
The regiment, as a result of this mishap to the plans of the commanding general, lost its commander, Colonel Bliss, and fourteen other officers.
由于指挥官的计划发生了这次事故，该团失去了指挥官布利斯上校和其他十四名军官。
The Middlesex, on the right, met with the same obstruction and lost many of its men and officers while waiting for the British artillery to smash a way through for them.
右侧的米德尔塞克斯号也遇到了同样的障碍，在等待英国炮兵为他们开路时损失了许多人员和军官。
This the artillery did when word had been carried back telling of the plight of the infantry.
当有关步兵困境的消息传回后，炮兵就这么做了。
The Twenty-fifth Brigade, to the south, had the good fortune to turn the flank of the Germans north of Neuve Chapelle.
南面的第二十五旅幸运地扭转了新沙佩勒以北德军的侧翼。
Then the entire Twenty-third Brigade forced its way to the orchard northeast of the village, where it met the Twenty-fourth Brigade, which included the First Worcesters, Second East Lancashires, First Sherwood Foresters, and the Second Northamptons.
然后，整个第二十三旅强行前往村庄东北部的果园，在那里与第二十四旅会合，其中包括第一伍斯特队、第二东兰开夏队、第一舍伍德森林队和第二北安普顿队。
The Twenty-fourth Brigade had fought its way through from the Neuve Chapelle-Armentieres road.
第二十四旅从新沙佩勒-阿门蒂埃公路杀出一条血路。
As soon as this had been accomplished by the British, their artillery proceeded to send such a rain of shrapnel fire between the village and the Germans that a counterattack was quite impossible.
英国人一完成这一任务，他们的炮兵就开始在村庄和德国人之间发射弹片雨，以至于反击几乎是不可能的。
This gave the victors an opportunity to intrench themselves practically at their leisure.
这给了胜利者一个几乎可以在闲暇时固守阵地的机会。
The plans of the British commander had embraced a forward movement when the troops had reached this point, but they had not included a means of keeping communication with the various units intact.
英国指挥官的计划包含了当部队到达这一点时向前推进，但其中没有包括与各部队保持完整通信的手段。
The telegraph and telephone wires had been cut by the shot and shell of both sides; and there was no opportunity to repair them until it was too late to take advantage of the demoralization of the Germans.
电报和电话线被双方的炮火和炮弹切断；等到德国人士气低落时，就没有机会修复它们了，但为时已晚。
Moreover, the delay of the Twenty-third Brigade had so disarranged the plans of the British that it is doubtful if they would not have failed in part even if the means of communication had not been destroyed.
此外，第二十三旅的拖延使英国人的计划打乱了，即使通讯手段没有被破坏，他们是否会部分失败也值得怀疑。
Nevertheless, Sir John French wrote: "I am of the opinion that this delay would not have occurred had the clearly expressed orders of the general officer commanding the First Army been more carefully observed."
尽管如此，约翰·弗伦奇爵士写道：“我认为，如果指挥第一集团军的将军明确表达的命令得到更仔细的遵守，这种延误就不会发生。”
There was also an additional delay in bringing up the reserves of the Fourth Corps.
第四军预备队的调动也被进一步推迟。
Thus it was not until 3.30 p.
因此直到下午 3.30 才开始。
m.
米。
that three brigades of the Seventh Division, the Twentieth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-second Brigades were in their places on the left of the Twenty-fourth Brigade.
第七师的三个旅，即第二十旅、第二十一旅、第二十二旅，就位在第二十四旅的左侧。
Then the left moved southward toward Aubers.
然后左翼向南向奥伯斯移动。
At the same time the Indian Corps, composed of the Garhwal Brigade and the Dehra Dun Brigade, forced its way through the Bois du Biez toward the ridge.
与此同时，由加瓦尔旅和德拉敦旅组成的印度军团强行穿过比耶森林，向山脊前进。
Strong opposition was met with to such an extent, however, that the Thirty-ninth Garhwals and the Second Leicesters suffered severe losses on reaching a German position which had practically escaped the heavy artillery fire.
然而，遭到了强烈的反对，以至于第三十九加瓦尔和第二莱斯特在到达几乎躲过了猛烈炮火的德军阵地时遭受了严重损失。
A German outpost at the bridge held the Dehra Dun Brigade, which was supported by the Jullundur Brigade of the Lahore Division, in its attack farther to the south on the line of the River Des Layes.
桥上的德军哨所控制着德拉敦旅，该旅在拉合尔师贾伦杜尔旅的支援下，向德莱河一线向南发起进攻。
The First Brigade of the First Corps was rushed forward by Sir Douglas Haig; but it was dark before these troops arrived.
第一军第一旅由道格拉斯·黑格爵士冲上前去；但这些部队到达之前天已经黑了。
Another fortified bridge, farther to the left, checked the Twenty-fifth Brigade; and machine-gun fire stopped the Twenty-fourth Brigade, this fire being from the German troops at the crossroads northwest of Pietre village.
左边更远的另一座坚固的桥阻止了第二十五旅；机枪火力阻止了第二十四旅，这次火力来自彼得雷村西北十字路口的德军。
The Seventh Division was held by the line of the Des Layes, and the defense of the Pietre mill.
第七师坚守在德雷河防线和皮埃尔磨坊的防线上。
By evening the British had gone forward as far as their artillery fire had been effective; and it was found necessary for them to stop to strengthen the new line which they had established.
到了晚上，英国人已经在炮火有效的范围内前进了。他们发现有必要停下来加强他们已经建立的新路线。
They had won Neuve Chapelle.
他们赢得了纽夫·查佩尔（Neuve Chapelle）。
They had advanced a mile.
他们已经前进了一英里。
They had straightened their line, but they could go no farther.
他们已经拉直了路线，但无法再继续前行。
On the following day, March 11, 1915, the British artillery was directed against the Bois du Biez and the trenches in the neighborhood of Pietre.
第二天，即 1915 年 3 月 11 日，英国炮兵瞄准比耶森林 (Bois du Biez) 和彼得雷 (Pietre) 附近的战壕。
The Germans, however, had recovered from the surprise of the great bombardment, and they made several counterattacks.
然而，德国人已经从大规模轰炸的震惊中恢复过来，并进行了几次反击。
Little progress was made on that day by either side.
当天双方都没有取得什么进展。
On that night, March 11, the Bavarian and Saxon reserves arrived from Tourcoing, and on the morning of March 12 the counterattack extended along the British front.
3月11日晚上，巴伐利亚和撒克逊预备队从图尔昆抵达，3月12日早上，反击沿着英军前线延伸。
Because of the heavy mist, and the lack of proper communications, it was impossible for the British artillery to do much damage.
由于大雾和缺乏适当的通讯，英国炮兵不可能造成太大破坏。
The defense of the bridges across the Des Layes kept the British forces from the ridges and the capture of Aubers.
德莱河上桥梁的防御使英军无法进入山脊并占领奥伯斯。
The best that the British seemed to be able to do was to prevent the German counterattack from being successful.
英国人似乎能做的最好的事情就是阻止德国人的反击成功。
An attempt to use the British cavalry was unsuccessful on March 12.
3 月 12 日，尝试使用英国骑兵未果。
The Second Cavalry Division, in command of General Hubert Gough, with a brigade of the North Midland Division, was ordered to support the infantry offensive, it being believed that the cavalry might penetrate the German lines.
由休伯特·高夫将军指挥的第二骑兵师和北米德兰师的一个旅奉命支援步兵进攻，据信骑兵可能会突破德军防线。
When the Fifth Cavalry Brigade, under command of Sir Philip Chetwode, arrived in the Rue Bacquerot at 4 p.
当第五骑兵旅在菲利普·切特沃德爵士的指挥下于下午 4 点抵达巴克罗街时。
m., Sir Henry Rawlinson reported the German positions intact, and the cavalry retired to Estaires.
下午，亨利·罗林森爵士报告德军阵地完好无损，骑兵撤退到埃斯塔雷斯。
[Illustration: The Battle at Neuve Chapelle.]
[插图：Neuve Chapelle 之战。]
The attack of the Seventh Division against the Pietre Fort continued all the day of March 12, as did the attempt to take the Des Layes bridges from the Germans, who were valiantly defending their second line of trenches in the Bois du Biez.
3月12日，第七师对彼得堡的攻击持续了一整天，同时还试图从德军手中夺取德莱桥梁，而德军正在英勇地保卫比耶森林的第二道战壕。
Probably the fiercest fighting of that day fell to the lot of the Twentieth Brigade, composed of the First Grenadiers, the Second Scots Guards, the Second Border Regiment, and the Second Gordons, with the Sixth Gordons, a Territorial battalion.
那天最激烈的战斗可能落在了第二十旅的头上，该旅由第一掷弹兵、第二苏格兰卫队、第二边防团和第二戈登团以及第六戈登团组成，这是一个领土营。
This brigade fought valiantly around Pietre Mill.
该旅在皮特·米尔周围英勇作战。
Position after position was taken by them, but their efforts could not remain effective without the aid of artillery, which was lacking.
他们占领了一个又一个的阵地，但如果没有炮兵的帮助，他们的努力就无法保持有效，因为炮兵缺乏。
The Second Rifle Brigade carried a section of the German trenches farther south that afternoon, but an enfilading fire drove the British back to their former position.
当天下午，第二步枪旅将德军战壕的一部分带到了更南边，但一场席卷的火力将英军赶回了原来的阵地。
It was evident by the night of March 12 that the British could not gain command of the ridge and that the Germans could not retake Neuve Chapelle.
到 3 月 12 日晚上，情况已经很明显了，英国人无法控制山脊，而德国人也无法夺回新沙佩勒。
Hence Sir John French ordered Sir Douglas Haig to hold and consolidate the ground which had been taken by the Fourth and Indian Corps, and suspend further offensive operations for the present.
因此，约翰·弗伦奇爵士命令道格拉斯·黑格爵士坚守并巩固第四军和印度军团所占领的阵地，并暂时停止进一步的进攻行动。
In his report General French set forth that the three days' fighting had cost the British 190 officers and 2,337 other ranks killed; 359 officers and 8,174 other ranks wounded, and 23 officers and 1,728 other ranks missing.
弗伦奇将军在报告中指出，三天的战斗使英国 190 名军官和 2,337 名其他军衔丧生； 359 名军官和 8,174 名其他人员受伤，23 名军官和 1,728 名其他人员失踪。
He claimed German losses of over 12,000.
他声称德军损失超过 12,000 人。
The British soldiers who had been engaged in the fighting about Neuve Chapelle spent all of March 13, 1915, in digging trenches in the wet meadows that border the Des Layes.
1915 年 3 月 13 日，参与 Neuve Chapelle 附近战斗的英国士兵都在德雷河边潮湿的草地上挖战壕。
On the following day the two corps that had fought so valiantly were sent back to the reserve.
第二天，战斗如此英勇的两个军团被送回预备队。
The German commanders, in the meantime, had been preparing for a vigorous counterattack.
与此同时，德军指挥官一直在准备猛烈反击。
They planned to make their greatest effort fifteen miles north of Neuve Chapelle, at the village of St. Eloi, and trained a large section of their artillery against a part of the British front, which was held by the Twenty-seventh Division.
他们计划在新沙佩勒以北十五英里的圣埃洛伊村尽最大努力，并训练大部分炮兵对抗第二十七师控制的英军前线的一部分。
The preparation of the Germans was well concealed on March 14 by the heavy mist that covered the low country.
3月14日，低地地区的大雾掩盖了德军的准备工作。
The bombardment started at 5 p.
轰炸于下午 5 点开始。
m., the beginning of which was immediately followed by the explosion of two mines which were under a hillock that was a part of the British front at the southeast of St. Eloi.
米，紧随其后的是圣埃洛伊东南部英国战线一部分小山下的两枚地雷爆炸。
The artillery attack was followed by such an avalanche of German infantry that the British were driven from their trenches.
炮火袭击之后，德国步兵蜂拥而至，导致英国人被赶出了战壕。
This German success was followed up by the enfilading of the British lines to the right and left, with the result that that entire section of the British front was forced back.
德军取得成功后，英军防线从左右两侧被纵横包围，结果英军前线的整个部分被迫后退。
That night a counterattack was prepared.
当天晚上，反击就做好了准备。
It was made at 2 a.
这是凌晨 2 点制作的。
m., on March 15, by the Eighty-second Brigade, which had the Eightieth Brigade as its support.
3月15日，第80旅支援的第82旅。
The Eighty-second Brigade drove the Germans from the village and the trenches on the east.
第八十旅将德军赶出了村庄和东部的战壕。
The Eightieth Brigade finished the task of regaining all of the ground that had been lost except the crater caused by the explosion of the mines.
第八十旅完成了收复除地雷爆炸造成的弹坑外所有失地的任务。
Among the regiments that made a most enviable record for themselves in this action were Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the Fourth Rifle Brigade, the First Leinsters, the Second Cornwalls, and the Second Royal Irish Fusiliers.
在这次行动中创造了最令人羡慕的战绩的团包括帕特里夏公主的加拿大轻步兵团、第四步枪旅、第一伦斯特团、第二康沃尔团和第二皇家爱尔兰燧发枪团。
The "Princess Pat's," as the Canadian troops were known in the home land, were the first colonial soldiers to take part in a battle of such magnitude in this war.
加拿大军队在祖国被称为“帕特公主部队”，他们是第一批参加这场战争中如此大规模战斗的殖民地士兵。
Their valor and their ability as fighting men were causes of great pride to the British.
他们作为战士的英勇和能力令英国人感到非常自豪。
Before leaving the Neuve Chapelle engagement and what immediately followed it, it is well to give a brief survey of the actions along the line that supported it.
在离开纽夫·查佩尔的交战以及随后发生的事情之前，最好对支持该交战的沿线行动进行简要回顾。
To prevent the Germans from taking troops from various points and massing them against the main British attack, the British soldiers all along that part of the front found plenty of work to do in their immediate vicinity.
为了防止德国人从不同地点调集部队并集结起来对抗英国的主要进攻，前线那部分的英国士兵在他们的附近发现了很多工作要做。
Thus, on March 10, 1915, the First Corps attacked the Germans from Givenchy, but there had been but little artillery fire on the part of the British there, and the wire entanglements stopped them from more than keeping the German troops in the position which they had held.
因此，1915 年 3 月 10 日，第一军从纪梵希攻击德军，但英军在那里几乎没有炮火，而铁丝网的纠缠不仅使德军坚守在原来的阵地上，也阻止了他们的行动。
The Second Corps, on March 12, was to have advanced at 10 a.
3 月 12 日，第二军原定于上午 10 点挺进。
m.
米。
southwest of Wytschaete.
位于Wytschaete西南。
The fog that prevailed on that day, however, prevented a movement until 4 p.
然而，当天的大雾使行动一直到下午 4 点才得以进行。
m.
米。
Then the First Wiltshires and the Third Worcesters of the Seventh Brigade began a movement which had to be abandoned when the weather thickened and night fell.
随后，第七旅的第一威尔特郡部队和第三伍斯特部队开始了一场运动，但当天气转暖、夜幕降临时，这场运动不得不放弃。
The attack on L'Epinette, a hamlet southeast of Armentieres, was much more successful on the same day.
同一天，对阿芒蒂耶尔东南部小村庄勒埃皮内特的袭击更加成功。
The Seventeenth Brigade of the Fourth Division of the Third Corps advanced at noon, with the Eighteenth Brigade as its support.
第三军第四师第十七旅于中午推进，第十八旅作为支援。
It advanced 300 yards on a front a half mile in length, carrying the village, which it retained in spite of all the counterattacks.
它在半英里长的战线上前进了 300 码，占领了村庄，尽管遭到了所有的反击，它还是保住了村庄。
The work of the artillery was not confined to the main attack, for it was very effective in shelling the Quesnoy railway station east of Armentieres, where German reenforcements were boarding a train for the front.
炮兵的工作并不局限于主攻，它还非常有效地炮击了阿尔芒蒂耶尔以东的凯斯诺伊火车站，德军增援部队正在那里登上前往前线的火车。
The British artillery fire was effective as far as Aubers, where it demolished a tall church spire.
英国的炮火一直有效到奥伯斯，摧毁了一座高高的教堂尖顶。
The work of the aviators, from March 10 to 12 inclusive, deserves special mention.
3 月 10 日至 12 日期间飞行员的工作值得特别提及。
Owing to the adverse weather conditions, it was necessary for them to fly as low as from 100 to 150 feet above the object of their attack in order to be sure of their aim.
由于恶劣的天气条件，他们必须飞到距攻击目标 100 至 150 英尺的低空，才能确定目标。
Nevertheless they destroyed one of the piers of the bridge over the Lys at Menin.
尽管如此，他们还是摧毁了梅宁利斯河上的一座桥的桥墩。
This bridge carried the railroad over the river.
这座桥将铁路架在河上。
They also wrecked the railway stations at Douai, Don, and Courtrai.
他们还破坏了杜埃、顿和考特赖的火车站。
The daring of the British aviators even took them over Lille, where they dropped bombs on one of the German headquarters.
英国飞行员的勇敢甚至让他们飞越了里尔，在那里他们向德国总部之一投下了炸弹。
To summarize the fighting about Neuve Chapelle, it may be said that the British had advanced something more than a mile on a three-mile front, replacing the sag which had existed in their line by a sag in that of the Germans.
总结一下纽夫·查佩尔的战斗，可以说，英国人在三英里的战线上推进了超过一英里，用德国人的阵线中的凹陷取代了他们战线中存在的凹陷。
The British had not won the ridges which were the key to Lille, but they had advanced their trenches close to those ridges.
英国人没有赢得里尔的关键山脊，但他们已经将战壕推进到靠近这些山脊的地方。
The entire moral effect was a gain for the British; but even that and the gain in advancing the front had been obtained at a too great sacrifice of the life of their men.
整个道德影响对英国人来说是一种收获。但即便如此，以及推进前线的成果也是以他们的人员的生命牺牲太大为代价的。
The words of the Germans in characterizing the tremendous bombardment of the British were: "That is not war; it is murder."
德国人在描述英国人的巨大轰炸时说：“这不是战争；这是谋杀。”
The belief in the supposed superiority of the German artillery was so shaken in the minds of the General Staff as a result of the fighting on the Neuve Chapelle front that they shortly after issued an order to try a series of experiments on animals with asphyxiating gases.
由于新夏佩尔前线的战斗，总参谋部对德国炮兵所谓优势的信念发生了动摇，以至于他们不久后下令用窒息气体对动物进行一系列实验。
CHAPTER XV
第十五章
OPERATIONS FOLLOWING NEUVE CHAPELLE
Neuve Chapelle 后续行动
There was very little activity on the western front after the fighting at Neuve Chapelle and St. Eloi until the beginning of a renewal of the campaign between La Bassee and the sea.
在新沙佩勒和圣埃洛伊的战斗之后，西线的活动很少，直到拉巴斯和大海之间的战役重新开始。
The importance of success in this region was appreciated by both sides.
双方都认识到在该地区取得成功的重要性。
The Germans north of the Lys planned to cross the Comines-Ypres, Yperlee, and Yser Canals, capture Ypres, take all of the ridge of the Mont-des-Cats, and then continue west and take Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne.
里斯河北部的德军计划越过科米讷-伊普尔运河、伊珀利运河和伊塞尔运河，占领伊普尔，占领猫山的全部山脊，然后继续向西占领敦刻尔克、加来和布洛涅。
The Allies in their plan included an advance south of the Lys on two sides of Lille, the taking of the Aubers Ridge, and the turning from the north the German salient at La Bassee.
盟军的计划包括向里尔两侧的里斯河以南推进，夺取奥伯斯山脊，以及从北部转向拉巴斯的德军突出部。
This much of the Allies' plan was to be executed by the British.
盟军的大部分计划将由英国执行。
The work of the French was to drive the Germans from the vicinity of Lens and threaten La Bassee from the south and west.
法国人的工作是将德国人赶出朗斯附近，并从南部和西部威胁拉巴斯。
The reasons for making these plans are obvious.
制定这些计划的原因是显而易见的。
The German salient was a source of much danger to the joining of the British and French armies, and the possibility of the Germans forcing their way through to Boulogne meant a possibility of a cutting off of the entire British army and the French and Belgian forces between Ypres and the sea near Nieuport.
德国的突出部分对英法军队的会师构成了很大的危险，而德国人强行进入布洛涅的可能性意味着整个英军以及法国和比利时军队在伊普尔和尼厄波特附近海域之间的联系可能被切断。
However, if La Bassee was isolated and the Aubers Ridge taken by the British, the chances that the Germans could retain Lille were materially lessened; and if the British got Lille they might start to drive their enemy from Belgium.
然而，如果拉巴斯被孤立，而奥伯斯山脊被英国人占领，那么德国人保住里尔的机会就会大大减少；如果英国人占领里尔，他们可能会开始将敌人赶出比利时。
During the lull in the fighting on land, to which reference has been made, there was much activity in the air.
在上文提到的陆地战斗停顿期间，空中活动频繁。
Reconnaissances and raids were of almost daily occurrence.
侦察和袭击几乎每天都会发生。
A Zeppelin dropped twenty bombs on Calais, slaying seven workmen at the railroad station on March 18, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 18 日，一架齐柏林飞艇向加来投掷了 20 枚炸弹，炸死了火车站的 7 名工人。
Three days later another, or possibly the same Zeppelin, flew over the town, but this time it was driven away before it could do any harm.
三天后，另一架，或者可能是同一架齐柏林飞艇，飞过小镇上空，但这一次它在造成任何伤害之前被赶走了。
"Taubes" bombarded the railroad junction of St. Omer and made a similar attack on Estaires on March 23.
“陶布斯”轰炸了圣奥梅尔的铁路枢纽，并于3月23日对埃斯塔雷斯发动了类似的袭击。
Four days after another attack was made on Estaires, and on the same day, March 27, the German airmen did some damage to Sailly, Calais, and Dunkirk.
四天后，埃斯塔雷斯遭到另一次袭击，同一天，即 3 月 27 日，德国空军对赛利、加莱和敦刻尔克造成了一些损害。
The next day a "Taube" made an attack on Calais, Estaires, and Hazebrouck.
第二天，一支“陶贝”攻击了加来、埃斯塔雷斯和阿兹布鲁克。
A Zeppelin closed the month's warfare in the air for the Germans by making a dash over Bailleul.
一架齐柏林飞艇冲过巴勒尔，为德国人结束了这个月的空中战争。
Aviators of the Allies, too, were busy.
盟军的飞行员也很忙碌。
One of their aerial squadrons proceeded along the coast on March 16 and attacked the military posts at Ostend and Knocke.
3 月 16 日，他们的一个空中中队沿着海岸行进，袭击了奥斯坦德和诺克的军事哨所。
These aviators had as one of their main objective points the German coast batteries at the latter place.
这些飞行员的主要目标之一是后者的德国海岸炮台。
But the squadron was seen from a German observation balloon at Zeebrugge, and a flock of "Taubes" made a dash for their enemy's craft.
但是从泽布吕赫的德国观测气球上看到了这支中队，一群“陶布”冲向了敌人的飞行器。
The Germans were not as skillful airmen, however, and they found it necessary to retire.
然而，德国人并不是那么熟练的飞行员，他们发现有必要退役。
Five British aviators made an attack on the German submarine base at Hoboken, southwest of Antwerp, and destroyed a submarine and wrecked two others.
五名英国飞行员袭击了安特卫普西南霍博肯的德国潜艇基地，摧毁了一艘潜艇，并击沉了另外两艘潜艇。
This raid was made without injury to the aviators, the only accident being the necessity of one of the aircraft to descend, which it did, only to find it had landed on Dutch territory and must be interned.
这次袭击没有对飞行员造成伤害，唯一的意外是其中一架飞机必须降落，但它确实降落在荷兰领土上，必须被拘留。
The excellence of the Allies' flying was not confined to the English.
盟军飞行能力的卓越并不局限于英国人。
Belgian and French airmen, as well as British, flew almost constantly over Ostend, Zeebrugge, Roulers, Aubers, and such other places as German soldiers and their supplies were in evidence.
比利时和法国飞行员以及英国飞行员几乎不断地飞越奥斯坦德、泽布吕赫、鲁勒、奥伯斯和其他地方，德国士兵及其补给品随处可见。
The Belgian airmen dropped bombs on the aviation field at Ghistelles on March 27, and on the following day a Zeppelin hangar was destroyed at Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, near Brussels.
3 月 27 日，比利时飞行员在吉斯泰尔斯的航空场投下炸弹，第二天，布鲁塞尔附近贝尔赫姆-圣阿加特的一个齐柏林飞艇机库被摧毁。
On March 30, 1915, ten British and some French aviators flew along the coast from Nieuport to Zeebrugge and dropped bombs on magazines and submarine bases.
1915年3月30日，十名英国和一些法国飞行员沿着海岸从尼厄波特飞往泽布吕赫，向弹药库和潜艇基地投掷炸弹。
The last day of the month saw the destruction of the German captive balloon at Zeebrugge and the death of its two observers.
这个月的最后一天，泽布吕赫的德国系留热气球被毁，两名观察员死亡。
The Belgian aviators on the same day threw bombs on the aviation field at Handzaeme and the railroad junction at Cortemarck, and, south of Dixmude, the famous birdman, Garros, fought a successful duel in the air with a German aviator.
比利时飞行员当天向汉扎梅的航空场和科尔特马克的铁路枢纽投掷了炸弹，在迪克斯穆德以南，著名的鸟人加罗斯与一名德国飞行员进行了一场成功的空中决斗。
An aviator of the Allies flew over the aerodrome at Lille on April 1, 1915, and dropped a football.
1915 年 4 月 1 日，一名盟军飞行员飞越里尔机场，并扔下了一个足球。
The Germans hastened to cover.
德国人赶紧掩护。
When the ball bounced prodigiously as a result of being dropped from such a height, the Teutons thought it was some new kind of death dealer, and remained in their places of safety.
当球从这么高的地方掉下来并产生惊人的弹跳时，条顿人认为这是某种新型的死亡贩子，于是留在了安全的地方。
In fact, they remained there quite a few minutes after the football had ceased to bounce.
事实上，在足球停止弹跳后，他们在那里呆了好几分钟。
When they finally emerged most cautiously and approached the object of their terror, they read this inscription on it: "April Fool--Gott strafe England."
当他们最终小心翼翼地出现并接近他们的恐怖对象时，他们读到了上面的铭文：“愚人节——Gott strafe England。”
Though the antiaircraft guns, or "Archibalds," as the soldiers called them, were not especially effective except in keeping the flyers at such a height that it was not easy for them to make effective observations, a "Taube" was brought down at Pervyse, and near Ypres another was damaged on April 8.
尽管高射炮（士兵们称之为“阿奇博尔德”）除了将飞行器保持在不易进行有效观察的高度外，并没有特别有效的作用，但一架“陶贝”在佩尔维斯被击落，而在伊普尔附近，另一架于 4 月 8 日被损坏。
But on April 12 a German flyer inflicted some loss on the Allies' lines and escaped without being even hit.
但 4 月 12 日，一架德国飞行员对盟军防线造成了一些损失，并在没有被击中的情况下逃脱。
On the following day, presumably emboldened by that success, German aeroplanes threw flares and smoke balls over the British trenches east of Ypres, with the result that the soldiers of King George were subjected to a severe bombardment.
第二天，德国飞机大概是受到了这次成功的鼓舞，向伊普尔以东的英国战壕投掷了照明弹和烟球，结果乔治国王的士兵遭到了猛烈的轰炸。
All things considered, however, the Allies had ground for their belief that they more than held their own in the air.
然而，考虑到所有因素，盟军有理由相信，他们不仅仅是在空中保持自己的地位。
Afloat the Allies continued to maintain the supremacy which had been theirs.
盟军在海上继续保持着曾经的霸权。
The French and British battleships held the left of the Allies' line.
法国和英国战列舰坚守在盟军战线的左侧。
Their great guns proved their effectiveness on the Germans who were advancing from Ostend on Nieuport.
他们的大炮证明了他们对从奥斯坦德向尼厄波特推进的德军的有效性。
They repeatedly bombarded the position of the kaiser's men at Westende, east of Nieuport.
他们多次轰炸德皇军队在尼厄波特以东的韦斯滕德的阵地。
The Germans had trained one of their mammoth pieces of artillery against that town presumably because it held the sluices and locks which regulated the overflowing of the Yser territory.
德国人用他们的一门巨大的火炮攻击那个城镇，大概是因为它拥有控制伊瑟领土泛滥的水闸和船闸。
If the means of flooding the land could not be seized, the next best thing to do was to wreck them.
如果无法夺取淹没土地的手段，那么接下来最好的办法就是毁掉它们。
The Belgians, in the meantime, assumed the offensive, their left being protected by the Allied fleet and the French forces in the neighborhood of Nieuport.
与此同时，比利时人发起进攻，他们的左翼受到盟军舰队和纽波特附近的法国军队的保护。
These troops captured one of the smaller forts east of Lombartzyde on March 11, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 11 日，这些部队占领了隆巴齐德以东的一处较小的堡垒。
There was also fighting at Schoorbakke, north of the Yser loop, where the German trenches were shelled by French artillery.
伊瑟河环路以北的斯库尔巴克（Schoorbakke）也发生了战斗，法国炮兵在那里炮轰德军战壕。
This was on the eastern border of the inundated section.
这里位于被淹没地区的东部边界。
After destroying the German front in the graveyard at Dixmude, the French artillerists battered a German convoy on its way between Dixmude and Essen on March 17, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 17 日，法国炮兵在迪克斯穆德墓地摧毁了德军前线后，又炮击了一支在迪克斯穆德和埃森之间行驶的德国车队。
By March 23 the east bank of the Yser held a Belgian division.
3月23日，伊瑟河东岸占领了比利时师。
In fact, from Dixmude to the sea the Allied troops were advancing.
事实上，盟军正在从迪克斯穆德向大海推进。
The Germans, however, advanced south of Dixmude.
然而，德军却向迪克斯穆德以南推进。
On April 1, 1915, they shelled the farms and villages west of the Yser and the Yperlee Canals, and took the Driegrachten farm.
1915 年 4 月 1 日，他们炮击了伊瑟河和伊珀利运河以西的农场和村庄，占领了 Driegrachten 农场。
Thereupon the Germans crossed the canal with three machine guns.
随后，德军用三挺机枪穿过运河。
Their plan was to proceed along the border of the inundated district to Furnes.
他们的计划是沿着被淹没地区的边界前往弗内斯。
But the French balked the plan by shelling the farm, and the Belgians finished the work by driving the Germans back to Mercken on April 6, 1915.
但法国人通过炮击农场来阻止该计划，比利时人于 1915 年 4 月 6 日将德国人赶回默肯，从而完成了这项工作。
In the meantime, from March 15 to April 17, 1915, the bombardment of Ypres was continued, destroying most of the remaining buildings there.
与此同时，从 1915 年 3 月 15 日到 4 月 17 日，对伊普尔的轰炸仍在继续，摧毁了那里大部分剩余的建筑物。
Engagements of importance had not as yet started on the British front.
英国前线的重要交战尚未开始。
The British had a supply of shrapnel, and the British and French cannon, as well as the rifle-and machine-gun fire, held the Germans in check until they had time to perfect their plans for a vigorous offensive.
英国人拥有大量弹片，英国和法国的大炮以及步枪和机枪的火力一直在遏制德国人，直到他们有时间完善猛烈进攻的计划。
Nevertheless the British needed a much larger supply of ammunition before they could start on a determined campaign, which was so much desired by the troops.
尽管如此，英国人在开始一场坚决的战役之前需要更多的弹药供应，而这也是军队所渴望的。
One of the German headquarters, however, was shelled effectively by the British on April 1, 1915, and on the following day mortars in the trenches did considerable damage in the Wood of Ploegsteert.
然而，1915 年 4 月 1 日，德国总部之一遭到英国人的有效炮击，第二天，战壕中的迫击炮对普洛格斯蒂特森林造成了相当大的破坏。
A mine blew up a hundred yards of the trenches that were opposite Quinchy, a village to the south of Givenchy, on April 3, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 3 日，一枚地雷炸毁了纪梵希 (Givenchy) 南部村庄昆奇 (Quinchy) 对面一百码长的战壕。
To offset this the Germans bombarded the British line at that point.
为了抵消这一影响，德国人当时轰炸了英国的防线。
They also shelled Fleurbaix, which is three miles southwest of Armentieres, on April 5, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 5 日，他们还炮击了位于阿芒蒂埃西南 3 英里的弗勒贝。
The British on the same day wrecked a new trench mortar south of there.
同一天，英国人在那里击毁了一座新的战壕迫击炮。
On April 6, 1915, the German artillery began to be more active both north and south of the Lys, and the British retaliated by shelling the railway triangle that was near Quinchy.
1915 年 4 月 6 日，德国炮兵开始在里斯河北部和南部更加活跃，英国人则炮击昆奇附近的铁路三角区进行报复。
German soldiers were slain and others wounded when a mine was exploded at Le Touquet, on the north bank of the Lys.
里斯河北岸勒图凯的一枚地雷爆炸，造成德国士兵死亡，多人受伤。
One of the kaiser's ammunition depots was blown up near Quinchy on April 9, 1915, and his men were driven from their trenches in front of Givenchy by mortar fire.
1915 年 4 月 9 日，凯撒的一个弹药库在昆奇附近被炸毁，他的部下被迫击炮火赶出纪梵希前的战壕。
The comparative quiet along the front was broken by the fight for the possession of Hill 60, which became famous because of the rival claims as to victory.
前线相对平静的局面因争夺 60 号高地的争夺而打破，这场争夺因对手声称胜利而闻名。
The mound, for it was little more, getting its name on account of its height--sixty meters--was of importance only because it screened the German artillery which was shelling Ypres from the bridge to the west of Zandvoord.
这座土丘因其高度（六十米）而得名，它的重要性只是因为它掩护了从赞德沃德以西的桥炮击伊普尔的德国炮兵。
British trenches had been driven close to this hill by the Bedfords, whose sappers tunneled under the mound and there prepared three mines.
贝德福德家族在靠近这座山的地方挖了英国战壕，他们的工兵在土丘下面挖了隧道，在那里埋下了三个地雷。
At the same time the Germans were tunneling to plant mines under the Bedfords' trench.
与此同时，德国人正在贝德福德战壕下挖隧道埋设地雷。
In this underground race the Bedfords won on the night of April 17, 1915, when they blew three big craters in the hill, killing almost to a man all of the 150 Germans who were on the little rise of ground.
在这场地下竞赛中，贝德福德家族于 1915 年 4 月 17 日晚上获胜，当时他们在山上炸出了三个大弹坑，在这片小山丘上的 150 名德国人几乎全部丧生。
The Bedfords then dashed forward to the three craters they had opened up and took a quarter of a mile of the German trenches.
贝德福德号随后冲向他们打开的三个弹坑，占领了德军战壕四分之一英里。
The Germans were apparently unprepared for the attack which followed the explosion of the British mines, with the result that the British had to overcome little resistance, and had ample opportunity to prepare a defense from the bombardment that followed.
德国人显然对英国地雷爆炸后的进攻毫无准备，结果英国人几乎没有克服任何抵抗，并且有充分的机会准备防御随后的轰炸。
The next morning, April 18, 1915, the German infantry in close formation advanced on the hill.
1915 年 4 月 18 日第二天早上，德国步兵以密集队形向山上挺进。
This infantry was composed of Saxons, who continued on for a bayonet charge in spite of the downpour of lead that the British rained upon them.
这支步兵由撒克逊人组成，尽管英国人向他们倾盆而下的铅雨，他们仍继续进行刺刀冲锋。
But the Bedfords had been reenforced by the West Kents and about thirty motor machine guns.
但贝德福德军得到了西肯特军和大约三十挺机枪的增援。
The machine guns raked the charging Saxons in front, and shrapnel tore their flank.
机枪扫过前方冲锋的撒克逊人，弹片撕裂了他们的侧翼。
Only their dead and dying remained on the hill; but the German commanders continued to send their men against the British there, who were subjected to a murderous cross-fire, the hill forming a salient.
山上只剩下了他们的死者和垂死者。但德国指挥官继续派兵在那里对抗英军，英军遭到了残酷的交火，这座山形成了一个突出部。
As a result of their persistence the German troops managed to get a foothold on the southern part of the hill by 6 p.
由于坚持不懈，德军于下午 6 点在山的南部取得了立足点。
m.
米。
In the meantime a battalion of Highlanders and the Duke of Wellington's regiment had been sent to reenforce the Bedfords and the West Kents.
与此同时，一个高地营和威灵顿公爵的军团被派往贝德福德和西肯特增援。
The Highlanders made a desperate charge, using bayonets and hand grenades on the Germans who had gained the southern edge of the hill.
高地人用刺刀和手榴弹向占领了山丘南缘的德军发起了绝望的冲锋。
The Germans were driven back.
德国人被击退了。
The Duke of Wuerttemberg, the German commander, presumably believing his troops had not only held what they had taken, but had advanced, announced that another German victory had been gained in the capture of Hill 60.
德国指挥官符腾堡公爵大概相信他的部队不仅守住了他们所占领的地区，而且还取得了进展，他宣布德军在占领 60 号高地的过程中取得了另一场胜利。
Sir John French also sent out a message, but in his report he set forth that Hill 60 was held by the British.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士也发出了一条信息，但他在报告中指出，60号高地已被英国人占领。
Because there had been similar conflict in official reports all too frequently, it seemed as if a tacit agreement was made among the neutrals to determine who was telling the truth.
由于官方报道中类似的冲突屡见不鲜，中立者之间似乎达成了一种默契，来决定谁说的是真话。
This resulted in making what was a comparatively unimportant engagement one of the most celebrated battles of the war.
这使得这场相对不重要的战斗成为战争中最著名的战斗之一。
As soon as Duke Albrecht of Wuerttemberg discovered his mistake he did what he could to make good his statement by attempting to take Hill 60 without regard to sacrificing his men.
符腾堡公爵阿尔布雷希特一发现自己的错误，就尽其所能地试图兑现自己的诺言，不顾牺牲自己的部下，试图夺取 60 号高地。
Sir John French was just as determined to hold the hill.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士同样决心守住这座山。
So he moved large numbers of troops toward the shattered mound, the British artillery was reenforced, and the hastily constructed sandbag breastworks were improved with all possible speed.
于是，他将大量部队调往破碎的土丘，英军炮兵得到增援，仓促搭建的沙袋胸墙也以最快的速度得到改善。
The Germans then attacked with gas bombs.
德国人随后用毒气弹袭击。
Projectiles filled with gas were hurled upon the British from three sides.
充满气体的弹丸从三个侧面投向英国人。
The East Surrey Regiment, which defended the hill in the latter part of the battle for it, suffered severely.
在争夺山头的战斗后期，保卫该山的东萨里团遭受了严重损失。
Faces and arms became shiny and gray-black.
脸和手臂变得闪亮，呈灰黑色。
Membranes in the throats thickened, and lungs seemed to be eaten by the chlorine poison.
喉咙里的薄膜变厚，肺部似乎被氯毒吞噬了。
Yet the men fought on until exhausted, and then fell to suffer through a death struggle which continued from twenty-four hours to three days of suffocating agony.
但这些人仍坚持战斗，直到筋疲力尽，然后在二十四小时至三天的令人窒息的痛苦中经历殊死搏斗。
The German artillery kept up its almost incessant pounding of the British.
德国炮兵继续对英国人进行几乎不间断的猛击。
In short lulls of the big gun's work the German infantry hurled itself against the trenches on the hill, using hand grenades and bombs.
在大炮工作的短暂间歇期间，德国步兵使用手榴弹和炸弹冲向山上的战壕。
The fight continued until the morning of May 5, 1915, when the wind blew at about four miles an hour from the German trenches.
战斗一直持续到 1915 年 5 月 5 日早上，当时风从德国战壕吹来，风速约为每小时 4 英里。
Then a greenish-yellow fog of poisonous gas was released, and soon encompassed the hill.
紧接着，一股黄绿色的毒气雾气释放而出，很快就将整座山丘笼罩了起来。
The East Surreys, who were holding the hill, were driven back by the gas, but as soon as the gas passed they charged the Germans who had followed the gas and had taken possession of the hill.
守住这座山头的东萨里军被毒气击退，但毒气一过去，他们就向跟随毒气占领山头的德军发起冲锋。
Notwithstanding the machine-gun fire which the Germans poured upon them, many of the trenches were retaken by the Surrey soldiers in their first frenzied rush to regain what they had lost because of the gas.
尽管德军用机枪向他们猛烈射击，萨里士兵还是在第一次疯狂冲锋中重新夺回了许多战壕，以夺回因毒气而失去的东西。
The battle ended when there was no hill left.
当山丘所剩无几时，战斗结束了。
The bombardment and the mines had leveled the mound by distributing it over the surrounding territory.
轰炸和地雷将土丘夷为平地，并将土丘分布在周围地区。
The British, however, were accorded the victory, as they had trenches near where the hill was and made them a part of the base of the salient about Ypres.
然而，英国人获得了胜利，因为他们在山丘附近设有战壕，并使战壕成为伊普尔周围突出部基地的一部分。
That town has been likened to the hub of a wheel whose spokes are the roads which lead eastward.
那个城镇被比作一个轮子的轮毂，其辐条就是通往东方的道路。
It is true that one important road went over the canal at Steenstraate, but practically all of the highways of consequence went through Ypres.
确实，斯廷斯特拉特有一条重要的道路穿过运河，但实际上所有重要的高速公路都经过伊普尔。
Thus the spokes of the wheel, whose rim was the outline of the salient, were the roads to Menin, Gheluvelt, Zonnebeke, Poelcapelle, Langemarck, and Pilkem.
因此，轮子的轮辐，其边缘是突出部的轮廓，是通往梅宁、格鲁维尔特、佐讷贝克、波尔卡佩勒、朗格马克和皮尔肯的道路。
And the railroad to Roulers was also a spoke.
通往鲁勒斯的铁路也是一个辐条。
Hence all of the supplies for the troops on the salient must pass through Ypres, which made it most desirable for the Germans to take the town.
因此，突出部部队的所有补给都必须经过伊普尔，这使得德军最希望占领该镇。
It will be remembered that they had won a place for their artillery early in November, 1914, which gave them an opportunity to bombard Ypres through the winter.
人们会记得，他们早在 1914 年 11 月就为自己的炮兵赢得了一席之地，这让他们有机会在整个冬天轰炸伊普尔。
On February 1, 1915, a portion of the French troops which had held the salient were withdrawn and their places taken by General Bulfin's Twenty-eighth Division.
1915 年 2 月 1 日，部分占领突出部的法军撤出，由布尔芬将军的第二十八师接替。
Thus, by April 20, 1915, that part of the Allies' front was held as follows: From the canal to east of Langemarck was the Forty-fifth Division of the French army, consisting of colonial infantry.
因此，到 1915 年 4 月 20 日，盟军前线的这一部分的防御情况如下：从运河到朗格马克以东，是法军第四十五师，由殖民地步兵组成。
On the French right, to the northeast of Zonnebeke, was the Canadian division, under the command of General Alderson, consisting of the Third Brigade, under General Turner, on the left, and the Second Brigade, under General Currie, on the right.
在法军右翼，佐讷贝克东北部，是奥尔德森将军指挥的加拿大师，该师由位于左侧的特纳将军指挥的第三旅和位于右侧的柯里将军指挥的第二旅组成。
The Twenty-eighth Division extended from the Canadian right to the southeast corner of the Polygon Wood.
第二十八师从加拿大右翼延伸到多边形森林的东南角。
This division comprised the Eighty-third, Eighty-fourth, and Eighty-fifth Brigades in order from right to left.
该师从右到左依次为八十三旅、八十四旅、八十五旅。
The next section of the salient was held by Princess Patricia's Regiment of the Twenty-seventh Division, which division, under the command of General Snow, guarded the front to the east of Veldhoek along the ridge to within a short distance of Hill 60, where the Fifth Division, under the command of General Morland, held the line.
突出部的下一段由帕特里夏公主的第二十七师团负责守卫，该师在斯诺将军的指挥下，守卫着维尔德霍克以东的前线，沿着山脊，距 60 号高地不远，莫兰将军指挥下的第五师则守住了这条线。
The greater part of the German troops opposite the salient were from Wuerttemberg and Saxony.
突出部对面的德军大部分来自符腾堡和萨克森。
CHAPTER XVI
第十六章
BEGINNING OF SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES
第二次伊普尔战役开始
What is called the second battle of Ypres began with a bombardment of the little city on April 20, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 20 日，随着对这座小城市的轰炸，所谓的第二次伊普尔战役开始了。
The rain of shells continued on through April 22, 1915, on the evening of which the British artillery observers reported a strange green vapor moving over the French trenches.
炮弹雨一直持续到 1915 年 4 月 22 日，当天晚上，英国炮兵观察员报告说，法国战壕上空有一种奇怪的绿色蒸汽移动。
The wind was blowing steadily from the northeast.
风从东北方向持续吹来。
Soon the French troops were staggering back from the front, blinded and choking from the deadly German gas.
很快，法国军队就从前线摇摇晃晃地撤了回来，他们被致命的德国毒气弄得目眩、窒息。
Many of their comrades had been unable to leave the spot where they were overtaken by the fumes.
他们的许多战友被浓烟笼罩，无法离开现场。
Those who fled in terror rushed madly across the canal, choking the road to Vlamertinghe.
惊恐逃亡的人们疯狂地冲过运河，堵塞了通往弗拉梅尔廷赫的道路。
A part of the Zouaves and Turcos ran south toward the Langemarck road, finally reaching the reserve battalions of the Canadians.
部分轻骑兵和突厥人向南奔向兰格马克公路，最后到达加拿大人的预备营。
Ere long the Canadians caught the deadly odor also.
不久之后，加拿大人也闻到了这种致命的气味。
But the work of the gas did a much more valuable thing for the German troops than causing the agonizing death of many hundreds and sending thousands in headlong flight.
但毒气的作用对德国军队来说，比造成数百人痛苦死亡和数千人仓皇逃亡更有价值。
It made a four-mile-wide opening in the front of the Allies.
它在盟军前方打开了一个四英里宽的缺口。
And the Germans were quick to take advantage of that opening.
德国人很快就利用了这个机会。
They followed the gas, and were aided in their advance by artillery fire.
他们顺着毒气前进，并在炮火的帮助下前进。
The French were forced back on the canal from Steenstraate to Boesinghe.
法军被迫退回从斯廷斯特拉特到博辛赫的运河。
The Canadians had not suffered so much from the gas as the French soldiers, but their flank was too exposed for them to do much effective work against the onrushing Teutons.
加拿大人没有像法国士兵那样受到毒气的严重影响，但他们的侧翼暴露得太严重，无法对猛冲过来的条顿人做太多有效的工作。
The attempt to rally the Turcos failed.
集结土耳其人的尝试失败了。
The Third Brigade could not withstand the attack of four divisions, and was forced inward from a point south of Poelcappelle until its left rested on the wood east of St. Julien.
第三旅无法抵挡四个师的进攻，被迫从普尔卡佩勒以南的一个地点向内进攻，直到其左翼停在圣朱利安以东的树林上。
There was a gap beyond it, and the Germans were forcing their way around its flank.
它后面有一个缺口，德军正在从它的侧翼强行突破。
Because the entire First Brigade of Canadians had been held in reserve it could not be brought up in time to save the situation.
由于整个加拿大第一旅都被保留为预备队，无法及时调动来挽救局势。
Two of the battalions, the Sixteenth and Tenth, were in the gap by midnight.
其中两个营，第十六营和第十营，在午夜时分到达了缺口。
They charged and recovered the northern edge, and the guns of the Second London Division, which had been supporting the French in the wood east of St. Julien.
他们冲锋并收复了北部边缘，以及一直在圣朱利安以东树林支援法军的伦敦第二师的火炮。
But the British could not hold all they retook, and were forced to abandon the guns because the artillery horses were miles away.
但英国人无法保住他们重新夺回的所有枪支，因为炮马距离数英里远而被迫放弃枪支。
So parts of the guns were made useless before the Germans had them again.
因此，在德国人再次拥有这些枪支之前，部分枪支就已经失效了。
Then another counterattack was made by the First and Fourth Ontarios of General Mercer's First Brigade.
随后，默瑟将军的第一旅的第一和第四安大略部队再次发起反击。
The Fourth Ontario captured the German shelter trenches and held them for two days, when they were relieved.
第四安大略军团占领了德军掩体战壕并坚守了两天，之后才松了口气。
The Third Canadian Brigade held its position in spite of being opposed by many times their numbers and almost overcome by the gas fumes.
尽管遭到数倍于其人数的抵抗，并且几乎被毒气淹没，加拿大第三旅仍坚守阵地。
The Forty-eighth Highlanders, who had had to withstand the gas, rallied after their retreat and regained their former place in the front.
不得不承受毒气的四十八高地人在撤退后重整旗鼓，重新夺回了前线的位置。
The Royal Highlanders kept their original position.
皇家高地人保持原来的位置。
Yet there was every indication of a rout.
然而，一切迹象都表明溃败。
The roads were clogged by the night supply trains going forward and the rush of men trying to escape from the deadly gas.
道路被前方的夜间补给列车和试图逃离致命毒气的人们所堵塞。
The staff officers found it impossible to straighten out the tangle, and the various regiments had to act almost as independent bodies.
参谋们发现不可能理清这个混乱，各个团不得不几乎作为独立机构行动。
It was not until early the following morning, April 23, 1915, that the first reenforcements of British soldiers appeared to fill the breach.
直到 1915 年 4 月 23 日凌晨，第一批增援的英国士兵才出现填补缺口。
These men, for the most part, were from the Twenty-eighth Division, and had been east of Zonnebeke to the southeast corner of Polygon Wood.
这些人大部分来自第二十八师，位于佐讷贝克以东、波利贡森林的东南角。
So great was the pressure at the section where the break had been made in the line that troops were taken from wherever available, so that the units in the gap varied from day to day.
防线被突破的地区压力如此之大，以至于部队从任何可能的地方调集，因此缺口中的部队每天都在变化。
For the men had to be returned to their original positions, such as remained available, as soon as possible.
因为这些人必须尽快回到原来的位置，比如仍然可以使用的位置。
This composite body of troops has been called Geddes's Detachment.
这支复合部队被称为格迪斯分遣队。
The Germans had captured Lizerne and Het Sase, and Steenstraate was threatened by them.
德国人占领了利泽恩和海特萨斯，斯廷斯特拉特受到了他们的威胁。
They bombarded with heavy artillery, located on the Passchendaele ridge, the front held by the Canadians, the Twenty-eighth Division, and Geddes's Detachment, on April 23, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 23 日，他们用重型火炮轰炸了帕斯尚达尔山脊，这里是加拿大人、第二十八师和格德斯支队控制的前线。
The severest fighting was on that part of the front held by the Third Brigade of Canadians.
最激烈的战斗发生在加拿大第三旅控制的前线部分。
Many men had been killed or wounded in this brigade, and those who survived were ill from the effects of the gas.
该旅中有许多人死伤，幸存者也因毒气的影响而患病。
Furthermore, no food could be taken to them for twenty-four hours.
而且二十四小时内不能给他们带食物。
Moreover, they were subjected to a fire from three sides, with the result that they were forced to a new position on a line running through St. Julien.
此外，他们还遭到来自三个方向的火力攻击，结果被迫转移到穿过圣朱利安的一条线上的新位置。
Finally the Germans forced their way around to the left of the Third Brigade, establishing their machine guns behind it.
最后，德军强行绕到第三旅的左侧，并在其后方架设机枪。
A terrific artillery attack was started by the Germans on the morning of April 24, 1915, and this was followed by a second rush of gas from their trenches.
1915 年 4 月 24 日上午，德国人发起了猛烈的炮击，随后从战壕中喷出了第二次毒气。
It rose in a cloud seven feet high and was making its attack on the British in two minutes after it started.
它在七英尺高的云中升起，并在开始后两分钟内向英国人发起攻击。
It was thickest near the ground, being pumped from cylinders.
它在靠近地面的地方最厚，是从气瓶中抽出的。
And it worked with the same deadly effect.
它也产生了同样致命的效果。
The Third Brigade, receiving its second attack of this sort before it had recovered from the first, retreated to the southwest of St. Julien, but soon after regained most of their lost position.
第三旅在从第一次攻击中恢复过来之前就受到了第二次此类攻击，撤退到圣朱利安西南，但很快就收复了大部分失去的阵地。
The Second Brigade had to bend its left south.
第二旅不得不将其左翼向南弯曲。
Colonel Lipsett's Eighth Battalion, however, held fast on the Grafenstafel ridge, remaining in their position two days in spite of the gas of which they got a plentiful supply.
然而，利普塞特上校的第八营坚守在格拉芬斯塔菲尔山脊上，尽管毒气供应充足，但仍坚守阵地两天。
By noon of April 24, 1915, the Germans made an attack on the village of St. Julien and that part of the allied front to the east of the village.
1915 年 4 月 24 日中午，德军袭击了圣朱利安村以及该村以东的盟军战线部分。
Thereupon the Third Brigade retreated about 700 yards to a new front south of the village and north of the hamlet of Fortuin.
随后，第三旅撤退约 700 码，到达村庄以南、福图因村以北的新战线。
But what remained of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Battalions was forced by circumstances to remain in the St. Julien line until late that night.
但第十三营和第十四营的剩余部队迫于形势，被迫留在圣朱利安防线上，直到当晚深夜。
Colonel Lipsett's Eighth Battalion at Grafenstafel, in spite of its left being unsupported, held its position which was of great importance to the British front.
利普塞特上校率领的第八营在格拉芬斯塔菲尔虽然左翼没有得到支援，但仍守住了对英军前线至关重要的阵地。
For, had that part of the front been lost, the Germans in an hour could have worked their way back of the Twenty-eighth Division and the entire eastern sector.
因为，如果前线的这一部分被损失，德国人可以在一小时内撤退第二十八师和整个东区。
In the meantime the French on the western section of the front made a counterattack from the canal with partial success; but were unable to drive the German troops from the sector entirely.
与此同时，前线西段的法军从运河发起反击，取得了部分成功。但无法将德军完全赶出该地区。
The Teutons took Steenstraate; but their victory there was marred by the fact that the Belgian artillery smashed the bridge behind them.
条顿人占领了斯廷斯特拉特；但比利时炮兵摧毁了他们身后的桥梁，破坏了他们在那里的胜利。
By this time the British reenforcements began to arrive in fairly large numbers.
此时，英国的增援部队开始大量抵达。
The Thirteenth Brigade of the Fifth Division was placed to the west of Geddes's Detachment, between the Pilkem road and the canal.
第五师第十三旅部署在格德斯支队以西、皮尔肯路和运河之间。
Territorials who had arrived from England only three days before, the Durham and York Brigades of the Northumbrian Division, supported the Thirteenth Brigade.
三天前才从英格兰抵达的领土，诺森布里亚师的达勒姆旅和约克旅支援了第十三旅。
The Tenth Brigade of the Fourth Division were rushed to support the Third Brigade of Canadians who were south of St. Julien.
第四师第十旅紧急支援圣朱利安以南的加拿大第三旅。
Other British troops were sent to relieve the tense situation at Grafenstafel.
其他英国军队被派去缓解格拉芬斯塔费尔的紧张局势。
An attempt to retake St. Julien was made early on Sunday morning, April 25, 1915, by General Hull's Tenth Brigade and two battalions of the Durham and York Brigade.
1915 年 4 月 25 日星期日清晨，赫尔将军的第十旅以及达勒姆旅和约克旅的两个营试图夺回圣朱利安。
The British worked their way to the few Canadians who had continued on the former front when the main British force had been driven back.
当英军主力被击退时，英国人想方设法接近少数继续前线作战的加拿大人。
There they were checked by the German machine gun fire.
在那里，他们受到了德国机枪的射击。
The British lost many men here and the efforts to save the day resulted in such a mixture of fighting units that there were fifteen battalions under General Hull, as well as the Canadian artillery.
英国人在这里损失了很多人，拯救世界的努力导致了战斗部队的混合，赫尔将军指挥下有十五个营，还有加拿大炮兵。
At Grafenstafel the Eighth Battalion of the Durham Brigade were bombarded with asphyxiating shells before the German infantry attack.
在格拉芬斯塔费尔，达勒姆旅第八营在德军步兵进攻之前遭到令人窒息的炮弹轰炸。
The fighting on this section of the front was fierce throughout the afternoon, but finally the British were forced to retire.
整个下午，这一段前线的战斗非常激烈，但最终英军被迫撤退。
At Broodseinde, the extreme eastern point of the allied front, the Germans made a desperate attempt to take the salient, using asphyxiating and other bombs again and again on the men of the Twenty-eighth Division of the British.
在盟军战线最东端的布鲁德赛因德，德军孤注一掷地试图夺取突出部，一次又一次地对英军第二十八师的士兵使用窒息炸弹和其他炸弹。
King George's men, however, repelled the attacks with severe loss to the Teutons, taking many prisoners.
然而，乔治国王的军队击退了进攻，条顿人损失惨重，俘虏了许多人。
The French on the left, beyond the Yperlee Canal, prevented the advance of the German troops; and, farther to the left, the Belgians checked three attacks in which asphyxiating gas was used, south of Dixmude.
法军在左侧，越过伊珀利运河，阻止了德军的前进。在更左边的地方，比利时人制止了迪克斯穆德以南的三起使用窒息性毒气的袭击。
Thus it may be seen that the Germans had met with no success worth while, when Sunday, April 25, 1915, closed, so far as the ends of the salient were concerned; but in the center the British situation was so critical that the Second Canadian Brigade, reduced to less than 1,000 men, was once more called into action on the following day.
由此可见，当 1915 年 4 月 25 日星期日关闭时，就突出部的两端而言，德国人并没有取得任何值得的成功。但在中部地区，英军的形势十分严峻，以至于人数减少到不足 1,000 人的加拿大第二旅于第二天再次投入战斗。
On the same day, April 26, 1915, the Lahore Division of the Indian army was marched north of Ypres.
1915年4月26日同一天，印军拉合尔师向伊普尔北部进军。
The point of the salient was pushed in on that day at Broodseinde, but the German success there was short-lived.
那天，突出部在布鲁森德被推进，但德军在那里的成功是短暂的。
The brigade holding Grafenstafel was attacked fiercely by the Germans.
守卫格拉芬斯塔菲尔的旅遭到了德军的猛烈攻击。
The Durham Light Infantry was forced from Fortuin behind the Haanabeek River.
达勒姆轻步兵被迫离开哈纳贝克河后方的福图因。
The Teutons made several attacks from the St. Julien district against the section between the Yperlee Canal and the southern part of the village.
条顿人从圣朱利安地区对伊珀利运河和村庄南部之间的地区发动了多次袭击。
By this time Geddes's Detachment was almost exhausted, they, with the Canadians, having withstood the heaviest fighting at the beginning of the battle; and most likely saved the Allies a most disastrous defeat.
此时，格迪斯的分队已经几乎精疲力竭，他们和加拿大人一起经受了战斗开始时最激烈的战斗；并且很可能使盟军免遭一场最灾难性的失败。
The detachment could stand no more, and the various units of which it was composed were returned to their respective commands.
支队再也无法忍受，其所属的各部队也都回到了各自的指挥部。
But the salient was growing smaller as a result of the repeated hammering of the Germans; and that exposed the allied troops to a more deadly fire from three sides.
但由于德军的反复打击，突出部逐渐变小。这使盟军暴露在来自三个侧面的更致命的火力之下。
It was evident that the Allies must make a counterattack.
很明显，盟军必须反击。
General Riddell's Brigade was sent to Fortuin and with the Lahore Division on its left was told to retake St. Julien and the woods to the west of the village.
里德尔将军的旅被派往福图因，其左侧的拉合尔师奉命夺回圣朱利安和村庄西边的树林。
Beyond the Yperlee Canal, on the left, the French made an assault on Lizerne, supported by the Belgian artillery; while the French colonial soldiers poured on Pilkem from the sector about Boesinghe.
越过伊珀利运河，在左侧，法军在比利时炮兵的支援下向利泽恩发起进攻。与此同时，法国殖民士兵从博辛格周围的地区涌向皮尔肯。
On the right the allied troops were lined up as follows: the Connaught Rangers, Fifty-seventh Wilde's Rifles, the Ferozepore Brigade, the 129th Baluchis, the Jullundur Brigade, and General Riddell's battalions.
右翼的盟军部队排列如下：康诺特游骑兵团、王尔德第五十七步枪团、费罗兹波尔旅、俾路支第129团、贾伦杜尔旅和里德尔将军的营。
The Sirhind Brigade was held in reserve.
西尔欣德旅被保留为预备队。
The German artillerymen apparently knew the distances and topography of the entire region and poured a leaden hail upon the allied troops.
德国炮兵显然知道整个地区的距离和地形，并向盟军倾泻了铅雹。
The Indians and the British in their immediate neighborhood charged in short rushes, losing many men in the attempt to reach the German trenches.
印度人和英国人在他们的附近进行了短暂的冲锋，在试图到达德国战壕的过程中损失了许多人。
Before the Germans were in any danger of a hand-to-hand struggle, they sent one of their gas clouds from their trenches and the attack was abandoned, the British and Indians getting back to their trenches as best they could.
在德国人面临任何肉搏战的危险之前，他们从战壕中发射了一团毒气云，攻击被放弃，英国人和印度人尽其所能返回战壕。
In this action the British gave great praise to their comrades from India.
英国人对这次行动给予了印度同志极大的赞扬。
Riddell's Brigade was stopped in its attack on St. Julien by wire entanglements; and, though the outlaying sections of St. Julien were captured, the brigade was unable to hold them; and the Germans continued to hold the woods west of the village.
里德尔旅对圣朱利安的攻击因铁丝网的缠结而被阻止。虽然圣朱利安的外围部分被占领，但该旅无法守住它们。德国人继续占领村庄西边的树林。
Nevertheless the British front had been pushed forward from 600 to 700 yards in some places.
尽管如此，英军战线在某些地方已从600码推进到700码。
By that night, the night of April 26, 1915, the allied front extended from the north of Zonnebeke to the eastern boundary of the Grafenstafel ridge; thence southwest along the southern side of the Haanabeek to a point a half mile east of St. Julien; thence, bending around that village, it ran to Vamhuele--called the "shell trap"--farm on the Ypres-Poelcappelle road.
到了那天晚上，也就是 1915 年 4 月 26 日晚上，盟军战线从佐讷贝克北部延伸到了格拉芬斯塔菲尔山脊的东部边界；然后沿着哈纳贝克河南岸向西南到达圣朱利安以东半英里处；从那里，绕过那个村庄，它跑到伊普尔-波尔卡佩尔路上的Vamhuele农场——被称为“贝壳陷阱”。
Next it proceeded to Boesinghe and crossed the Yperlee Canal, passing northward of Lizerne after which were the French and the Belgians.
接下来，它继续前往伯辛格，穿过伊珀利运河，经过利泽恩以北，之后是法国人和比利时人。
The work of the allied aviators on April 26, 1915, deserves more than passing consideration in the record of that day's fighting.
1915 年 4 月 26 日，盟军飞行员的工作在当天的战斗记录中值得一提。
They dropped bombs on the stations of Courtrai, Roubaix, Thielt, and Staden.
他们向考特莱车站、鲁贝车站、蒂尔特车站和斯塔登车站投下炸弹。
They discovered near Langemarck an armored train with the result that it was shelled and thus forced to return.
他们在朗格马克附近发现了一列装甲列车，结果遭到炮击，被迫返回。
And they forced a German aviator to the ground at Roulers.
他们将一名德国飞行员强行按倒在鲁勒斯的地面上。
The Lahore Division with the French on their left attacked the Germans on April 27, 1915, but they met with little success because of the gas which the Teutons sent into the ranks of the attacking party.
1915 年 4 月 27 日，法军左翼的拉合尔师攻击了德军，但由于条顿人向攻击方的队伍中发射了毒气，他们几乎没有取得什么成功。
But the German troops had lost so heavily that they did not seem to be inclined to follow up their apparent advantage.
但德军损失惨重，似乎并不想继续占据明显的优势。
Incidentally the Allies needed a rest as well.
顺便说一句，盟军也需要休息。
Hence there was little fighting the next two days.
因此接下来的两天几乎没有发生战斗。
On April 30, 1915, however, General Putz attacked the Germans with so much force that they were hurled back an appreciable distance near Pilkem.
然而，1915 年 4 月 30 日，普茨将军对德军发起猛烈攻击，导致德军在皮尔肯附近被击退了相当远的距离。
Seven machine guns and 200 prisoners were taken, and the 214th, 215th, and 216th German regiments lost more than 1,000 men.
七挺机枪和200名俘虏被缴获，德军第214、215和216团损失了1000多人。
On the same day the London Rifle Brigade, further east, drove back a German forward movement from St. Julien.
同一天，更东边的伦敦步枪旅击退了来自圣朱利安的德军前锋部队。
West of the Yperlee Canal, however, it soon became known to the commanders of the allied forces that the Germans were in such a strong position that it would be impossible to dislodge their enemy until much greater preparations had been made.
然而，在伊珀利运河以西，盟军指挥官很快就知道，德军处于如此有利的地位，除非做好更多准备，否则不可能驱逐他们的敌人。
In the meantime the communications of the Allies were in danger.
与此同时，盟军的通讯处于危险之中。
Hence Sir John French on May 1, 1915, ordered Sir Herbert Plumer to retreat.
因此，约翰·弗伦奇爵士于 1915 年 5 月 1 日命令赫伯特·普卢默爵士撤退。
The wisdom of this order, the execution of which contracted the southern portion of the salient, was seen when the Germans again attempted to force their way through the allied front by the use of gas.
当德国人再次试图使用毒气强行突破盟军前线时，就看到了这一命令的明智之处，该命令的执行使突出部的南部部分收缩。
The attempt this time was made between Zonnebeke, on the Ypres-Roulers railroad, and Boesinghe on the Yperlee Canal on Sunday, May 2, 1915.
这次尝试于 1915 年 5 月 2 日星期日在伊普尔-鲁勒铁路上的佐讷贝克 (Zonnebeke) 和伊珀利运河 (Yperlee Canal) 上的博辛格 (Boesinghe) 之间进行。
Though the British had been supplied with respirators of a sort, these means of defense were not as effective as they should have been nor as adequate as what was provided later.
尽管英国人配备了某种呼吸器，但这些防御手段并没有达到应有的效果，也没有后来提供的那样充分。
The Germans, however, suffered large losses in this attack because, as soon as the wall of gas began to approach the British trenches, the men there fired into it, well knowing from past experience that the Germans were following the gas.
然而，德国人在这次袭击中遭受了巨大损失，因为一旦毒气墙开始接近英国战壕，那里的人就向毒气墙开火，他们从过去的经验中知道德国人正在跟踪毒气。
In this manner many of the Teutons were slain.
许多条顿人就这样被杀了。
The Allies adopted other tactics which were quite as effective.
盟军采取了其他同样有效的策略。
On seeing the gas approaching, the soldiers in some parts of the line proceeded to execute a flank movement, thereby getting away from the gas and subjecting the Germans to a deadly fire from a direction least expected.
当看到毒气逼近时，战线某些部分的士兵开始进行侧翼运动，从而远离毒气，并使德军从最意想不到的方向遭受致命的火力攻击。
Between Fortuin and Zonnebeke and south of St. Julien the allied line broke, but the supports with two cavalry regiments were rushed from Potijze, a mile and a half from Ypres on the Zonnebeke Road, and regained the lost ground.
在福图安和佐讷贝克之间以及圣朱利安以南，盟军战线被打破，但两个骑兵团的支援从佐讷贝克公路上距离伊普尔一英里半的波蒂泽赶来，收复了失地。
By night the Germans decided to discontinue their attempt to advance and left their dead and wounded on the field.
到了晚上，德军决定停止前进，将死伤者留在战场上。
CHAPTER XVII
第十七章
THE STRUGGLE RENEWED
斗争重新开始
The Germans had only stopped the struggle for a breathing spell.
德国人只是暂时停止了战斗。
On the following morning, Monday, May 3, they made an attempt to force the allied position back again.
第二天早上，即 5 月 3 日星期一，他们试图再次迫使盟军阵地退回。
This attempt was made on the British left, west of the Bois des Cuisenirs, between Pilkem and St. Julien.
这次尝试是在英军左翼、Cuisenirs 森林以西、皮尔肯和圣朱利安之间进行的。
The Germans cut their wire entanglements and, leaving their trenches and lying down in front of those protecting places, they were ready to advance; but, before they could start forward, the artillery of their enemy did such effective work that the Teutons returned to their trenches, and gave up an attack at that point.
德国人剪断了他们的铁丝网，离开了战壕，躺在那些保护地前面，准备前进。但是，在他们开始前进之前，敌人的炮兵已经完成了如此有效的工作，条顿人回到了战壕，并在那时放弃了进攻。
But they made an assault against the northern side of the salient which had by this time become very narrow.
但他们对突出部的北侧发起了攻击，此时该突出部已变得非常狭窄。
A German bomb wrecked a section of the British trenches, and the defenders of that part of the line had to go back of a wood that was a little to the northwest of Grafenstafel, where they were able to stop the German onrush.
德国的一枚炸弹摧毁了英军战壕的一部分，这部分防线的守军不得不退回格拉芬斯塔费尔西北方向不远的一片树林，在那里他们能够阻止德军的突袭。
The Belgians were bombarded with asphyxiating gas bombs beyond the French lines south of Dixmude.
在迪克斯穆德以南的法军防线之外，比利时人遭到了令人窒息的毒气炸弹的轰炸。
The Germans charged the Belgian trenches only to be cut down by machine-gun fire.
德国人向比利时战壕发起冲锋，结果却被机关枪扫平。
That night, the night of May 3, 1915, an attack was made on the British front; but it was stopped by the artillery.
那天晚上，即 1915 年 5 月 3 日晚上，英国前线遭到攻击；但被大炮阻止了。
Sir Herbert Plumer in the meantime had been executing the order he had received from Sir John French, and shortened his lines so they were three miles less in length than before starting the movement.
与此同时，赫伯特·普卢默爵士一直在执行他从约翰·弗兰奇爵士那里收到的命令，并缩短了他的队伍，使他们的长度比开始运动之前少了三英里。
The new line extended from the French position west of the Ypres-Langemarck Road and proceeded through "shell-trap" farm to the Haanebeek and the eastern part of the Frezenberg ridge where it turned south, covering Bellewaarde Lake and Hooge and bent around Hill 60.
新防线从伊普尔-朗厄马克公路以西的法军阵地延伸，穿过“贝壳陷阱”农场到达哈纳贝克和弗雷岑贝格山脊的东部，然后向南转向，覆盖贝尔瓦尔德湖和胡格，并在 60 号山周围弯曲。
This resulted in leaving to the Germans the Veldhoek, Bosche, and Polygon Woods, and Fortuin and Zonnebeke.
这导致将维尔德霍克 (Veldhoek)、博舍 (Bosche) 和多边形森林 (Polygon Woods) 以及福图因 (Fortuin) 和佐内贝克 (Zonnebeke) 留给了德国人。
This new front protected all of the roads to Ypres, and, at the same time, it was not necessary to employ as many soldiers to hold this line.
这条新战线保护了通往伊普尔的所有道路，同时，没有必要雇用那么多士兵来守住这条防线。
Moreover the defenders of it could not be fired upon from three sides as long as they held it.
此外，只要守卫者守住了它，就无法从三个方向向其开火。
In some places the British and German trenches had been no more than ten yards apart, but the difficulty of evacuating the British position was completed in safety on the night of May 3, 1915.
在一些地方，英德双方的战壕相距不超过十码，但英军阵地的艰难撤离于1915年5月3日晚安全完成。
The work included the taking with them 780 wounded.
这项工作包括带走 780 名伤员。
Sharpshooters were left in the trenches, however, and they maintained such an appearance of activity and alertness that the Germans kept on shelling the trenches all of the following day.
然而，神枪手留在战壕里，他们保持着活跃和警觉的样子，以至于德国人在第二天继续炮击战壕。
The attempt of General Putz to force the Germans back across the Yperlee Canal on May 4, 1915, was stopped by a combination of machine guns, asphyxiating gas and fog.
1915 年 5 月 4 日，普茨将军试图迫使德军撤回伊珀利运河，但被机关枪、窒息毒气和雾气联合阻止。
Then the French spent the next ten days in tunneling to Steenstraate.
接下来的十天里，法国人一直在挖掘通往斯廷斯特拉特的隧道。
Their tunnels toward their objective point were through that territory between Boesinghe and Lizerne.
他们通往目标点的隧道穿过博辛哈和利泽恩之间的地区。
On May 5, 1915 the Germans made a careful advance on the British front under the cover of fog and a heavy bombardment, to find only that the British position had been changed.
1915 年 5 月 5 日，德军在大雾掩护和猛烈轰炸下小心翼翼地向英军前线推进，却发现英军阵地已经发生了变化。
But they intrenched opposite the new alignment, and brought up their big guns.
但他们在新阵线对面构筑了工事，并举起了大枪。
Then they used poisonous gas again with the result that the British retreated and the Teutons followed, in spite of the many men who fell because of the accurate work of the British artillery.
然后他们再次使用毒气，结果英国人撤退，条顿人紧随其后，尽管许多人因英国炮兵的精确射击而倒下。
The greater part of this action took place around Hill 60, and some of the British trenches to the north of the hill were captured by the Germans.
这次行动的大部分发生在 60 号高地周围，该山以北的一些英军战壕被德军占领。
They then penetrated toward Zillebeke to the supporting line.
然后他们向齐勒贝克渗透到支援线。
Up to midnight the Germans seemed to be victorious; then, however, the British drove them from the hill only to be driven away in turn by the use of asphyxiating gas.
直到午夜，德国人似乎都取得了胜利。然而，随后英国人将他们赶出了山，却又用窒息性毒气将他们赶走。
On the following day the Teutons held Hill 60 and some of the trenches north of it.
第二天，条顿人占领了 60 号高地及其以北的一些战壕。
Asphyxiating gas also had been used in an attempt to break the British front on the left, on both the north and south sides of the Ypres-Roulers railroad.
窒息性毒气也被用来突破英国左侧战线，即伊普尔-鲁勒铁路的南北两侧。
Though this attack failed, the Teutons were ready to make as near superhuman efforts as possible because they knew that the French were getting ready for a decisive action in the Arras territory, which would have the aid of a British attack south of the Lys.
尽管这次袭击失败了，但条顿人已准备好做出尽可能近乎超人的努力，因为他们知道法国人正准备在阿拉斯地区采取决定性行动，这将得到英国在里斯河以南进攻的帮助。
Hence it was to the advantage of the Germans to force Sir John French and General Foch to retain most of the British and French soldiers north of the Lys.
因此，迫使约翰·弗伦奇爵士和福煦将军将大部分英法士兵保留在里斯河以北，对德国人来说是有利的。
On May 8, 1915, they turned their artillery on that part of the British front that was near Frezenberg.
1915 年 5 月 8 日，他们将炮兵转向弗雷岑贝格附近的英军前线部分。
It destroyed the trenches and killed or wounded hundreds of the defenders.
它摧毁了战壕并打死或打伤了数百名守军。
After three hours of this, the Germans commenced an attack on that part of the British front between the Ypres-Menin and the Ypres-Poelcappelle highways, the greatest pressure being brought to bear along both sides of the Ypres-Roulers railroad.
三小时后，德军开始攻击英军前线伊普尔-梅宁和伊普尔-普尔卡佩勒高速公路之间的部分，最大的压力集中在伊普尔-鲁勒铁路两侧。
The British fought bravely, but it was impossible for them to hold out against the avalanche of lead.
英国人奋勇作战，但他们不可能抵挡住雪崩般的铅弹。
First the right of a brigade went to pieces and then its center and the left of another brigade south of it were forced back.
首先一个旅的右翼被击溃，然后它的中队和它以南的另一个旅的左翼被迫后退。
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry held fast.
帕特里夏公主的加拿大轻步兵坚守阵地。
The Second Essex Regiment also made some little success for their side by annihilating a small detachment of Germans; but that was more than offset by the breaking of the center of another brigade, after which the First Suffolks were surrounded and put out of the fight.
第二埃塞克斯团也为自己一方取得了一些小成绩，歼灭了一小队德军。但是，另一个旅的中心被突破，这完全抵消了这一损失，之后萨福克第一军团被包围并退出战斗。
Finally the Germans pushed their way on to Frezenberg.
最后，德军挺进弗雷岑贝格。
Sir Herbert Plumer realized by the middle of the afternoon that a counterattack was necessary.
赫伯特·普卢默爵士在下午时意识到反击是必要的。
He had held two battalions in reserve along the Ypres-Menin Road.
他在伊普尔-梅宁公路沿线部署了两个营作为预备队。
He also had five battalions with him and reenforcements in the form of a brigade of infantry had arrived at Vlamertinghe Chateau, back of Ypres.
他还率领了五个营，一个步兵旅的增援部队已经抵达伊普尔后方的弗拉默廷赫城堡。
He sent the First Royal Warwickshires, the Second Royal Dublin Fusiliers, the Second Surreys, the Third Middlesex, and the First York and Lancaster Regiments into the break in the line with the result that Frezenberg was retaken.
他派出第一皇家沃里克郡团、第二皇家都柏林燧发枪团、第二萨里团、第三米德尔塞克斯团、第一约克团和兰开斯特团冲入防线，结果弗雷森伯格被夺回。
This victory was short-lived, however; for the German machine-gun fire was too fierce for the men to withstand.
然而，这场胜利是短暂的。因为德国机枪的火力太猛烈，士兵们无法承受。
The British retired to a new front which ran north and south through Verlorenhoek.
英国人撤退到一条穿过维洛伦胡克南北的新战线。
The Twelfth London Regiment, on the left, though it lost many men, managed to get to the original line of trenches.
左边的第十二伦敦团虽然损失了很多人，但仍设法到达原来的战壕线。
Next the British were menaced from the north and east.
接下来，英国人受到来自北部和东部的威胁。
Great bodies of Teutons rushed from the woods south of the Menin highway, when others rushed down the Poelcappelle Road and took Wieltje, which is only about two miles from Ypres.
条顿人的大军从梅宁高速公路以南的树林中冲出，而其他人则沿着波尔卡佩勒路冲进了距离伊普尔仅约两英里的维尔杰。
The fighting continued all night, but shortly after midnight the British charged with the bayonet and retook Wieltje as well as most of that section to the north of it which they had lost.
战斗持续了一整夜，但午夜过后不久，英军用刺刀发起冲锋，夺回了维尔杰及其北部失去的大部分地区。
Early on May 9, 1915, the fighting was continued, and, in the afternoon, the Germans charged from the woods in a vain attempt to take Ypres after a severe bombardment of the British trenches.
1915 年 5 月 9 日一早，战斗仍在继续，下午，德军在猛烈轰炸英军战壕后，从树林中发起进攻，试图夺取伊普尔。
An attacking party of five hundred was slain north of the town.
一支五百人的进攻队伍在城北被杀。
On the eastern side of the salient there were five distinct attacks.
在突出部的东侧，发生了五次不同的袭击。
An attempt to capture the Chateau Hooge was made early in the evening, only to result in heaping the ground with German dead.
傍晚时分，有人试图占领胡格城堡，但结果却是德国人的尸体堆积如山。
The day closed with 150 yards of British trenches in the hands of the Germans; but they had been taken at a fearful cost to the kaiser's men.
这一天结束时，150 码的英军战壕落入德军手中。但他们的夺取让德皇的部下付出了惨重的代价。
The Germans began the next day, May 10, 1915, by shelling the British north and south of the Ypres-Menin road.
第二天，即 1915 年 5 月 10 日，德国人开始炮击伊普尔-梅宁公路南北的英军。
They followed the cannonade with a cloud of asphyxiating gas.
他们跟随炮火而来，身后弥漫着令人窒息的气体。
They then started for the opposing trenches.
然后他们开始前往对方的战壕。
Many of them, the British allege, wore British uniforms.
英国人声称，他们中的许多人穿着英国制服。
The British had by now been equipped with proper respirators and could withstand a gas attack with comparative ease.
英国人现在已经配备了合适的呼吸器，可以相对轻松地抵御毒气攻击。
When the Germans were in close range they received a rifle and machine-gun fire that mowed them down almost instantly.
当德军靠近时，他们遭到步枪和机关枪的射击，几乎立即将他们击倒。
Those who had not been shot fell to the ground to escape the leaden hail.
那些没有被击中的人倒在地上躲避铅雹。
But escape was not for them.
但逃避并不适合他们。
Shrapnel was poured upon them, and nearly all of the attacking troops perished.
弹片倾泻在他们身上，几乎所有的进攻部队都被消灭了。
Another gas attack was made between the Ypres-Menin road and the Ypres-Comines canal.
另一次毒气袭击发生在伊普尔-梅宁公路和伊普尔-科米讷运河之间。
There two batteries of gas cylinders sent forth their deadly fumes for more than a half hour.
两组气瓶在半个多小时内释放出致命的烟雾。
The cloud that resulted became so dense that it was impossible for the British in the opposite trenches to see anything; so they were withdrawn temporarily; but the troops to the left and right kept the Germans from following up this advantage and the trenches were saved to the British.
由此产生的云层变得非常浓密，以至于对面战壕中的英国人根本看不到任何东西。所以他们暂时撤回了；但左右两侧的部队阻止了德国人利用这一优势，战壕被英国人保留了。
When the gas had passed away the men returned to their former position.
当气体消失后，人们又回到原来的位置。
North of the Menin road, however, the Germans were successful in driving the Fourth Rifle Brigade and the Third King's Royal Rifles to a new position, the trenches which the British occupied having been battered by shell fire to such an extent that some of the occupants were buried alive.
然而，在梅宁路以北，德军成功地将第四步枪旅和第三国王皇家步枪队赶到了新的阵地，英军占领的战壕已被炮火击中，部分占领者被活埋。
Hence the British here retreated to a new line of trenches west of the Bellewaarde Wood where the trees had been shelled until they were part of a hopeless entanglement rather than a forest.
因此，英国人撤退到贝尔瓦尔德森林以西的新战壕中，那里的树木被炮击，直到它们成为绝望的纠缠的一部分，而不是森林。
The next day, May 11, 1915, was started by the Germans hurling hundreds of incendiary shells into the already ruined town of Ypres.
第二天，也就是 1915 年 5 月 11 日，德国人向已经成为废墟的伊普尔镇投掷了数百枚燃烧弹。
They also fired almost countless high-explosive shells into the British trenches.
他们还向英军战壕发射了几乎无数的高爆炮弹。
The British big guns replied with considerable effect.
英国大炮的反击取得了相当大的效果。
One of the German cannon was rendered useless by the fire of the Thirty-first Heavy Battery, and several howitzers were damaged by the North Midland Heavy Battery.
一门德国大炮被三十一重炮台的火力摧毁，几门榴弹炮被北米德兰重炮台损坏。
The German cannonade was especially effective near the Ypres-St. Julien road.
德国的炮击在伊普尔-圣路易斯附近尤其有效。朱利安路。
The Teutons, however, did not confine their work to the artillery, for they made three assaults on the British trenches south of the Menin road.
然而，条顿人并没有将他们的工作局限于炮兵，他们对梅宁公路以南的英军战壕进行了三次攻击。
This part of the line was held by Scottish regiments, who, though they were forced out of their trenches, regained them with the aid of other Scots who were supporting them.
这部分战线由苏格兰军团守住，尽管他们被迫离开战壕，但在其他支持他们的苏格兰人的帮助下重新夺回了战壕。
By now it was apparent to the British commanding officers that they must still further lessen the projection of their salient.
到目前为止，英国指挥官显然必须进一步减少突出部的投射。
So on May 12, 1915, the Twenty-eighth Division was sent to the reserve.
于是1915年5月12日，第二十八师被派往预备役。
It had experienced continuous fighting since April 22, 1915, and had suffered severe losses.
自1915年4月22日起，经历连续战斗，损失惨重。
It had only one lieutenant colonel.
它只有一名中校。
Captains were in command of most of its battalions.
大部分营由上尉指挥。
The First and Third Cavalry Divisions took its place.
第一和第三骑兵师取代了它的位置。
They were under the command of General De Lisle.
他们由德莱尔将军指挥。
From left to right the new line was held as follows: The men of the Twelfth Brigade, the Eleventh Brigade, and a battalion of the Tenth Brigade of the Fourth Division guarded the new front to a point northeast of Verlorenhoek.
从左到右，新战线的守备情况如下：第四师第十二旅、第十一旅和第十旅的一个营守卫着新战线，直至维洛伦霍克东北部的一点。
Next came the First Cavalry which held the line to the Roulers railroad.
接下来是第一骑兵队，他们坚守着鲁勒斯铁路的防线。
From the railroad to Bellewaarde Lake the Third Division held the line.
从铁路到贝勒瓦尔德湖，第三师坚守阵地。
From the lake to Hill 60 the Twenty-seventh Division had its position.
从湖边到60号高地，第二十七师都有自己的阵地。
The British admitted that this new position was not strong, because it lacked natural advantages, and the trenches were more or less of hasty construction.
英国人承认，这个新阵地并不坚固，因为缺乏天然优势，而且战壕或多或少都是仓促修建的。
The Germans started a heavy bombardment of the cavalry on May 13, 1915, when the rain was pouring in torrents and a north wind was adding to the discomforts of the British.
1915 年 5 月 13 日，德军开始对骑兵进行猛烈轰炸，当时倾盆大雨和北风加剧了英国人的不适。
The fiercest part of this attack was on the Third Division.
这次进攻最猛烈的地方就是第三师。
Some idea of the fierceness of the bombardment can be gained when it is known that in a comparatively short space of time more than eight hundred shells were hurled on a part of the British line which was not more than a mile in length.
当我们知道，在相对较短的时间内，有八百多发炮弹投向英国战线长度不超过一英里的一段时，就可以对轰炸的猛烈程度有所了解。
In places the British were buried alive.
在一些地方，英国人被活埋。
In spite of the destructive fire, the North Somerset Yeomanry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Glyn, charged the Germans who were advancing on their trenches under cover of the bombardment.
尽管炮火具有破坏性，格林中校指挥的北萨默塞特自卫队仍然向在炮击掩护下向战壕推进的德军发起冲锋。
The charge was effective, and the Teutons were driven headlong toward their own trenches.
这次冲锋很有效，条顿人被一头扎向自己的战壕。
But the German artillery had the range of the Seventh Brigade on the right, and poured upon it such a fire that it retreated several hundred yards, leaving the right of the Sixth Brigade exposed.
但德军炮兵的射程在第七旅的右侧，并向其倾泻火力，使其后退了数百码，使第六旅的右侧暴露在外。
As soon as possible the British made an attempt to remedy the defect in their line, and found it necessary to make a counterattack.
英国人尽快尝试弥补他们战线上的缺陷，并发现有必要进行反击。
In this counterattack very satisfactory results were obtained by the use of the Duke of Westminster's armored motor cars.
在这次反击中，威斯敏斯特公爵的装甲车的使用取得了非常令人满意的结果。
The British regained the lost ground, but they found it impossible to retain it, for the Teuton's heavy artillery had the range of the position so accurately that no man could live there.
英国人收复了失地，但他们发现不可能保住它，因为条顿人的重型火炮的射程是如此精确，以至于没有人能在那里居住。
The result of the day's fighting was a farther pushing back of the line of the British so that it bent backward from Verlorenhoek and Bellewaarde Lake.
当天战斗的结果是英军的防线被进一步推后，使其从维洛伦胡克和贝尔瓦尔德湖向后弯曲。
In addition to being forced back, the British suffered a large loss of men, especially officers.
除了被迫撤退之外，英国人还遭受了大量人员损失，尤其是军官。
The infantry on the left had been fiercely attacked on this same day; but it managed to keep from being driven from its position.
左侧的步兵在同一天遭到猛烈攻击；但它成功地避免了被赶出自己的地位。
One of the defenders of this part of the line was a territorial battalion, the London Rifle Brigade.
这部分防线的防守者之一是一个领土营，即伦敦步枪旅。
There were only 278 men in the battalion at the beginning of the day, it having suffered severe losses previously.
该营当天初只有278人，之前损失惨重。
By night ninety-one more had been lost.
到了晚上，又有九十一人失踪。
Four survivors, under command of Sergeant Douglas Belcher, and two hussars whom the sergeant had added to his squad, held that part of the line in the face of repeated attacks.
四名幸存者在道格拉斯·贝尔彻中士的指挥下，以及中士添加到他的小队中的两名骠骑兵，面对反复的攻击，守住了这部分战线。
These plucky men not only made the Germans think the front was strongly defended there by using quick-firing methods, but they undoubtedly saved the right of the Fourth Division.
这些勇敢的人不仅使德军认为前线以速射方式防御严密，而且无疑挽救了第四师的右路。
Another especially gallant piece of work on the part of the British was done by the Second Essex, the reserve battalion of the Twelfth Brigade.
英国人的另一项特别英勇的工作是第十二旅的预备营第二埃塞克斯队完成的。
With a bayonet charge they drove the Germans from Shelltrap Farm, which was between the Langemarck and Poelcappelle highways, and, though it was held by first one side and then the other, the British had it at the close of the day in spite of the bombardment it received.
他们用刺刀冲锋将德国人赶出了朗格马克和普尔卡佩尔高速公路之间的谢尔特拉普农场，尽管它先被一方占领，然后另一方占领，但英国人在当天结束时就占领了它，尽管它受到了轰炸。
[Illustration: Gas Battle of Ypres.]
[插图：伊普尔毒气之战。]
The French met with better success on the British left.
法国人在英国左翼方面取得了更大的成功。
Under the command of General Putz they made an attack on Het Sase and Steenstraate.
在普茨将军的指挥下，他们对Het Sase 和Steenstraate 发起进攻。
The sharpshooters of the Zouaves and Algerians took a trench in front of the latter place and entered the village.
轻骑兵和阿尔及利亚人的神枪手在后者前面挖了一条壕沟，进入了村庄。
They fought on to the canal by the end of that day, which was May 15, 1915.
当天结束时，即 1915 年 5 月 15 日，他们一直战斗到运河。
More than six hundred Teuton dead were counted after that engagement.
那次交战后，有超过 600 条条顿人死亡。
At the same time the Zouaves captured Het Sase with great ease, because the artillery had rendered its defenders useless for more fighting.
与此同时，轻步兵轻而易举地占领了Het Sase，因为炮兵已经使守军无法进行更多的战斗。
The Germans, however, were not inclined to give up the town so easily.
然而，德国人并不想轻易放弃这座城镇。
They bombarded Het Sase that night, using asphyxiating shells.
那天晚上，他们使用令人窒息的炮弹轰炸了Het Sase。
Nothing daunted, the Zouaves put on their respirators and drove off with hand grenades and rifle fire the Germans who followed in the wake of the poisonous shells.
义勇军毫不畏惧，戴上呼吸器，用手榴弹和步枪扫射追随有毒炮弹的德国人。
On the following day it was said that the only Germans left alive on the left side of the Yperlee Canal were either wounded or prisoners.
第二天，据说伊珀利运河左侧唯一活着的德国人不是受伤就是被俘。
The French had destroyed three German regiments, taken three redoubts, and captured four fortified lines and three villages.
法军摧毁了德军的三个军团，占领了三个堡垒，占领了四个防御工事和三个村庄。
In this connection it may not be amiss to note that the French reported that, on May 15, 1915, the German Marine Fusiliers who were attempting to hold the Yperlee Canal concluded it was the better part of valor to surrender.
在这方面，值得注意的是，法国人报道称，1915 年 5 月 15 日，试图占领伊珀利运河的德国海军陆战队燧发枪团得出结论，投降是勇气的最佳体现。
Before the Germans could relinquish their places they were shot down by their comrades in the rear.
德国人还没来得及放弃自己的位置，就被后方的战友击落了。
Fighting along the line of the salient continued with more or less vigor for nearly ten days, but, until May 24, 1915, there were no engagements that had much out of the ordinary.
沿着突出部的战斗持续了近十天，但直到 1915 年 5 月 24 日为止，并没有发生任何异常的交战。
On that date, however, the entire front from Bellewaarde Lake to Shelltrap, a line three miles in length, was bombarded with asphyxiating shells.
然而，在那一天，从贝尔瓦尔德湖到谢尔特拉普的整个前线，一条三英里长的线，都遭到了令人窒息的炮弹的轰炸。
This was followed by a gas cloud that was sent against the same extent of trenches.
随后，向相同范围的战壕发射气体云。
The wind sent the cloud in a southwesterly direction, so that the deadly fumes got in their work along nearly five miles of the front.
风把云吹向西南方向，因此致命的烟雾沿着近五英里的前线进入了他们的工作。
It is asserted that the cloud was 40 feet in height, and that the Germans continued to renew the supply of gas for four and a half hours.
据称，云层高度为 40 英尺，德国人持续更新天然气供应达四个半小时。
It had little effect wherever the British used their respirators, for they managed to stay in their positions without undue inconvenience.
无论英国人在哪里使用呼吸器，它都收效甚微，因为他们设法留在自己的位置上，没有造成不必要的不便。
Those who suffered the most from the gas cloud were the infantry of the Fourth Division on the left.
受毒气影响最严重的是左边第四师的步兵。
The cloud which had followed the asphyxiating shells was in turn followed by a severe bombardment from three sides--the east, northeast, and north.
伴随着令人窒息的炮弹而来的云团，又接着从东、东北、北三面猛烈轰击。
The principal attacks were made in the neighborhood of Shelltrap, the British front along the Roulers railroad, and along the Menin road in the vicinity of Bellewaarde Lake.
主要攻击发生在谢尔特拉普附近、鲁勒斯铁路沿线的英军前线以及贝尔瓦尔德湖附近的梅宁路沿线。
In those places the British were pushed back at least temporarily; but counterattacks were delivered before nightfall, and the greater part of the lost ground regained.
在这些地方，英国人至少暂时被击退了。但夜幕降临前，反攻成功，收复了大部分失地。
Thus, to the disappointment of the Germans, their extra effort, with all the means of warfare at their disposal, had resulted only in reducing the salient at an enormous cost in lives on both sides, but the gain had been for the most part temporary.
因此，令德国人失望的是，他们使用所有可用的战争手段进行额外的努力，结果只是以双方都付出了巨大的生命代价来减少了突出部分，但这种收获大部分是暂时的。
Before leaving the consideration of the second battle of Ypres it may be well to estimate what has been gained and lost by both sides.
在考虑第二次伊普尔战役之前，最好先估计一下双方的得失。
In the attempt to wear down their opponents one side had inflicted as much of a blow as the other, to all intents and purposes, for there had been an almost prodigal waste of human life and ammunition.
在试图削弱对手的过程中，无论出于何种意图和目的，一方都对另一方造成了同样多的打击，因为这几乎浪费了人员的生命和弹药。
The distinct advantage that Germany had gained was in pushing back and almost flattening out the prow of the British salient, and they had demonstrated the superiority of their artillery.
德国获得的明显优势是击退并几乎压平了英国突出部的船头，并且他们展示了炮兵的优势。
Britain, on the other hand, had lost no strategical advantage by the change of her line.
另一方面，英国并没有因为路线的改变而失去战略优势。
The knowledge that Germany had a superior artillery acted as a stimulant in making the British provide a better equipment of big guns.
德国拥有先进火炮的知识，成为英国提供更好的大炮装备的兴奋剂。
But the British had demonstrated the great superiority of their infantry over that of Germany.
但英国人已经证明了他们的步兵相对于德国的巨大优势。
In fact there was comfort to be derived by the friends of each side as a result of the second battle of Ypres.
事实上，第二次伊普尔战役的结果是双方的朋友都感到安慰。
The fighting had to stop, as far as being a general engagement was concerned.
就一般交战而言，战斗必须停止。
There were other parts of the front in western Europe which were becoming by far too active for either the Germans or the British to neglect them.
西欧前线的其他部分也变得过于活跃，无论是德国人还是英国人都无法忽视它们。
Hence it is necessary to leave Ypres and the brave men who fell there, and consider what was being done elsewhere.
因此，有必要离开伊普尔和倒在那里的勇敢的人们，并考虑其他地方正在做什么。
CHAPTER XVIII
第十八章
OTHER ACTIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT
西线的其他行动
During the time in which the foregoing actions had been taking place, there was activity on the part of the Allies and the Germans in other sections of the great western front.
在上述行动发生期间，盟军和德国人在西部大前线的其他地区也有活动。
It is true that not much was accomplished in Alsace in either April or May; for the fighting in the plains had been for the most part what may be termed trench warfare.
诚然，无论是四月还是五月，阿尔萨斯都没有取得多少成果。因为平原上的战斗大部分可以称为堑壕战。
The most important engagement had been the effort to take and hold Hartmannsweilerkopf, the spur of the Molkenrain massif, which controls the union of the Thur and the Ill.
最重要的交战是夺取并守住哈特曼斯韦勒科普夫（Hartmannsweilerkopf）的努力，它是莫尔肯瑞恩山脉的支脉，控制着瑟尔和伊尔的联盟。
The top of this rise of ground, it will be remembered, had been won by the Germans on January 21, 1915; but the heights west of it and their slopes were in the possession of the French, who desired to add the spur to their possessions.
我们将记住，德国人于 1915 年 1 月 21 日占领了这片高地的顶峰。但它西边的高地和山坡却落入了法国人的手中，他们希望在自己的领地上增加支线。
For this purpose the French artillery bombarded it on March 25, 1915, and continued their work on the following day, March 26, 1915, when the Chasseurs stormed the height, and, after fighting for six hours, gained the top and captured 400 prisoners.
为此，法国炮兵于 1915 年 3 月 25 日对它进行了炮击，并在第二天（1915 年 3 月 26 日）继续工作，猎骑兵冲进了高地，经过六个小时的战斗，占领了山顶并俘虏了 400 名囚犯。
But the Germans had no intention of giving their opponents such a hold on the control of the valley of the Ill, so there were many counterattacks.
但德军无意让对手如此掌控伊尔山谷的控制权，因此进行了多次反击。
While the Germans were attempting to retake the summit, the French were making desperate efforts to drive the Teutons from the eastern slopes.
当德国人试图夺回山顶时，法国人正在拼尽全力将条顿人赶出东坡。
The Germans were temporarily successful, but their success was short-lived, for the French retook the top on April 28, 1915.
德国人暂时取得了成功，但他们的成功是短暂的，法国人于 1915 年 4 月 28 日重新夺回了山顶。
During the next month, May, both sides made claims of success; but what each actually possessed was as follows: The French had the top and all of the western portion; the Germans possessed the summit ridge, and the east and northeast portions.
在接下来的五月，双方都声称取得了成功。但每个人实际拥有的东西如下：法国人拥有顶部和整个西部地区；法国人拥有顶部和整个西部地区；德国人占领了山顶山脊以及东部和东北部部分。
But, until the French held the entire mountain, they could make little use of it in controlling the Ill Valley.
但是，在法国人占领整座山之前，他们几乎无法利用它来控制伊尔山谷。
The fighting in the other part of the Vosges had to do principally with the valley of the Fecht.
孚日山脉其他地区的战斗主要与费希特河谷有关。
The stream runs from Schlucht and Bramont east, and proceeds past Muenster and Metzeral.
该溪流从施卢赫特和布拉蒙向东流淌，经过明斯特和梅泽拉尔。
On its right bank is the railroad from Colmar to Metzeral.
右岸是从科尔马到梅泽拉尔的铁路。
The heights in the upper part of the valley were held by the Chasseurs Alpins; and they desired to take both towns.
山谷上部的高地由阿尔卑斯猎兵占领。他们想要占领这两个城镇。
Throughout the month of April the French were fairly successful on both banks of the river.
整个四月，法军在河两岸都取得了相当大的成功。
The spur above Metzeral to the northwest was taken by them.
梅特泽拉尔西北方向上方的支线已被他们占领。
The ridge between the two valleys was captured by the French on April 17, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 17 日，法国人占领了两个山谷之间的山脊。
The fighting here was continued throughout May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月，这里的战斗一直持续着。
The next scene of activity was north, where there was a wooded plateau between the Moselle and the Meuse.
下一个活动地点是北部，摩泽尔河和默兹河之间有一片树木繁茂的高原。
Here the Germans had a salient which was long and quite narrow.
德国人在这里有一个又长又窄的突出部。
The point of this salient was at St. Mihiel, the other side of the Meuse.
这个突出点位于默兹河对岸的圣米耶尔。
This point was well protected by the artillery at Camp des Romains, which controlled the section for ten miles in any direction.
这一点受到罗马人营地炮兵的很好保护，该炮兵控制着该地区各个方向十英里的范围。
To the north of the salient there was a railroad from Etain to Metz.
突出部以北有一条从埃坦到梅斯的铁路。
There was another line twenty miles to the south.
向南二十英里还有另一条线。
This ran from Metz to Thiaucourt by the Rupt de Mad.
这条路线从梅斯经 Rupt de Mad 一直延伸到蒂奥库尔。
The village of Vigneulles was about in the center of the narrow part of the salient, and on the road to St. Mihiel.
Vigneulles 村大约位于突出部狭窄部分的中心，位于通往圣米耶尔的路上。
There was a better road to the south through Apremont.
有一条更好的路穿过阿普雷蒙向南行驶。
A strategic railroad had been built from Thiaucourt by Vigneulles to St. Mihiel, down the Gap of Spada, which is an opening between the hills of the Meuse Valley.
维涅勒斯修建了一条从蒂奥古到圣米耶尔的战略铁路，沿着斯帕达峡（默兹河谷群山之间的一个缺口）而下。
The plateau of Les Eparges is north of Vigneulles.
Les Eparges 高原位于 Vigneulles 以北。
The plateau is approximately 1,000 feet above the sea level, and forms the eastern border of the heights of the Meuse.
该高原海拔约 1,000 英尺，形成默兹河高地的东部边界。
There was high land on the southern side of the salient, along which ran the main road from Commercy to Pont-a-Mousson.
突出部南侧有高地，从科默西到蓬阿穆松的主干道就沿着高地延伸。
Within the salient the land was rough and, to a considerable extent, covered with wood.
突出地内的土地崎岖不平，并且在相当大的范围内覆盖着木材。
The French did not plan to make an attack on the salient at its apex.
法国人并不打算攻击其顶部的突出部。
The artillery at Camp des Romains would be too effective.
罗马人营地的火炮威力太大了。
The French plan was to press in the sides of the salient and finally control the St. Mihiel communications.
法国的计划是向突出部两侧施压，最终控制圣米耶尔的交通。
The southeastern side of the salient, at the beginning of April, 1915, extended from St. Mihiel to Camp des Romains, thence to Bois d'Ailly, Apremont, Boudonville, Regnieville, and finally to the Moselle, three miles north of Pont-a-Mousson.
1915年4月初，突出部的东南侧从圣米耶尔延伸到罗马营，然后到布瓦达伊利、阿普勒蒙、布东维尔、雷尼维尔，最后到达蓬阿穆松以北三英里的摩泽尔河。
The northwestern side was marked by an imaginary line drawn from Etain in the north past Fresnes, over the Les Eparges Heights, and thence by Lamorville and Spada to St. Mihiel.
西北侧以一条假想线为标志，该线从北部的埃坦（Etain）经过弗雷讷（Fresnes），越过莱斯埃帕热高地（Les Eparges Heights），然后经拉莫维尔（Lamorville）和斯帕达（Spada）到达圣米耶尔（St. Mihiel）。
The place of most importance, from a military point of view, was the Les Eparges plateau, which controlled the greater part of the northern section of the salient.
从军事角度来看，最重要的地方是莱帕日高原，它控制着突出部北部的大部分地区。
The taking of this plateau would naturally be the first step in capturing Vigneulles.
占领这个高原自然是夺取维涅勒斯的第一步。
But the Germans had converted Les Eparges into what had the appearance of being an impregnable fort, when they took it on September 21, 1914.
但当德国人于 1914 年 9 月 21 日占领 Les Eparges 时，他们已经将它改造成一座看似坚不可摧的堡垒。
Their trenches lined the slopes, and everything had been made secure for a possible siege.
他们的战壕沿着斜坡排列，一切都已做好准备，以应对可能的围攻。
The French in February and March, 1915, however, had taken the village of Les Eparges and a portion of the steep side on the northwest.
然而，法国人于 1915 年 2 月和 3 月占领了 Les Eparges 村和西北陡坡的一部分。
But of necessity they made progress slowly, because they were in such an exposed position whenever they sought the top.
但他们必然进展缓慢，因为每当他们寻求顶峰时，他们都处于暴露的位置。
They had planned an assault for April 5, 1915, and, in a heavy rain, with the slope a great mass of deep mud, the French gained some territory.
他们计划于 1915 年 4 月 5 日发动进攻，在一场大雨中，斜坡上有大量深泥，法国人获得了一些领土。
This they were unable to hold when the Germans made a counterattack on the following morning, April 6, 1915.
当德国人于 1915 年 4 月 6 日早上发动反击时，他们无法守住这一点。
That night the soldiers of the republic forced their way up with the bayonet, taking 1,500 yards of trenches, by the morning of April 7, 1915.
那天晚上，共和国士兵们拿着刺刀强行冲上来，攻克了 1,500 码的战壕，直到 1915 年 4 月 7 日早上。
Thereupon the Germans brought up reenforcements, which were rendered useless by the French artillery, which prevented them from going forward to the battle line.
随后，德国人派出了增援部队，但法国炮兵使这些增援部队毫无用处，使他们无法前往战线。
The German artillery used the same tactics, with the result that the French reenforcements were kept out of the fight.
德国炮兵也采用了同样的战术，导致法国增援部队被排除在战斗之外。
After the cannons had completed their work, both sides were apparently willing to rest for the remainder of the day.
大炮完成工作后，双方显然都愿意休息一天。
But on the morning of April 8, 1915, two regiments of infantry and a battalion of Chasseurs forced their way to the top, which they took after an hour's hard fighting.
但在 1915 年 4 月 8 日早上，两个步兵团和一个猎兵营强行登上山顶，经过一个小时的激战，他们占领了山顶。
That pushed the Germans back to the eastern slope.
这迫使德军退回东坡。
Then the battle was fought on during the remainder of the day, which found the French, at its close, in possession of all except a little triangle in the eastern section.
然后，战斗在当天剩余的时间里继续进行，战斗结束时，法军已经占领了除了东部地区的一个小三角之外的所有地区。
[Illustration: The Fighting in Alsace--Hartmannsweilerkopf.]
[插图：阿尔萨斯的战斗——Hartmannsweilerkopf。]
Some idea of the conditions confronting those who attempted the ascent may be gained when it is learned that fourteen hours were required by the hardy French troops to go up to relieve their comrades who gained the top.
当得知顽强的法国军队需要十四个小时才能登上顶峰以接替登上顶峰的战友时，人们可能会对那些试图登顶的人所面临的情况有所了解。
This relief was not sent until the following day, April 9, 1915.
直到第二天，也就是 1915 年 4 月 9 日，这批救援物资才寄出。
On that day the Germans in the little triangle were driven off or slain.
那天，小三角地区的德国人被赶走或杀死。
One of the sudden and dense fogs of the region appeared later and made a cover for a German counterattack.
随后该地区突然出现浓雾，为德军的反击提供了掩护。
The French were at a disadvantage, but they quickly rallied, and, the fog suddenly lifting, they employed a bayonet charge with such good effect that the Germans were driven off with large losses.
法军虽然处于劣势，但很快又重整旗鼓，大雾突然散去，他们用刺刀冲锋，效果很好，德军被击退，损失惨重。
The importance of this achievement to the Allies is not likely to be overestimated.
这一成就对盟军的重要性不会被高估。
The height of Les Eparges dominated the Woevre district, and its capture by the French was one of the most heroic feats of the war.
Les Eparges 的高度占据了 Woevre 地区的主导地位，法国人占领它是战争中最英勇的壮举之一。
The Germans placed as high a value on the height for military purposes as the French.
德国人和法国人一样，高度重视军事用途的高度。
They had spent the winter in adding to what nature had made nearly perfect--the impregnability of the entire sector.
他们花了整个冬天来增强大自然创造的近乎完美的东西——整个区域的坚不可摧。
They intrusted its defense, when an attack seemed likely, only to first-line troops, the Tenth Division of the Fifth Corps from Posen holding it when the French made their successful attack.
当有可能发动进攻时，他们只将其防御委托给一线部队，当法军成功进攻时，来自波森的第五军第十师负责防守。
To gain the height it was necessary for the French to climb the slimy sides, which were swept by machine-gun fire.
为了获得高度，法国人必须爬上被机枪扫射的粘糊糊的侧面。
The Germans knew the exact range of every square foot of the slopes.
德国人知道斜坡每一平方英尺的确切范围。
There was no place that offered even a slight shelter for the attacking force.
没有任何地方可以为攻击者提供哪怕一点庇护。
The weather was at its worst.
天气最糟糕。
Yet, in spite of the many difficulties which seemed insurmountable, the French soldiers had won the most decisive engagement in this part of the campaign.
然而，尽管有许多看似无法克服的困难，法国士兵还是在这部分战役中赢得了最具决定性的胜利。
It is true the Teutons occupied the lesser spur of Combres; but that gave them little or no advantage, for no attack could be made from it without subjecting the attacking party to a leaden hail from St. Remy and Les Eparges.
条顿人确实占领了孔布尔的小支线。但这给他们带来的优势微乎其微，甚至没有任何优势，因为如果攻击方不遭受来自圣雷米和莱斯埃帕日的沉重冰雹，就无法从中发起攻击。
But the German salient still remained, and the French continued their pressure on it.
但德国的突出部仍然存在，法国人继续对其施加压力。
They pushed forward in the north to Etain, and took the hills on the right bank of the Orne, which hampered their enemy in his use of the Etain-Conflans railroad.
他们向北推进至埃坦，占领了奥恩河右岸的山丘，阻碍了敌人使用埃坦-孔夫兰斯铁路。
They closed in on the reentrant of the salient to the north--Gussainville; and they used the same tactics in regard to Lamorville, because it dominated the Gap of Spada; and to the north of it they exerted a pressure on the Bois de la Selouse.
他们逼近了北部突出部的折返处——古桑维尔。他们对拉莫维尔也采取了同样的策略，因为它控制了斯帕达的缺口。在它的北面，他们对塞卢兹森林施加了压力。
The engagements on the south of the salient were fought desperately.
突出部以南的战斗进行得非常激烈。
The part of the top which falls away to the Rupt de Mad was held by the French.
顶部延伸至疯狂鲁普特的部分由法国人控制。
That section is covered with a low wood, which develops into presentable forests in the region toward the Moselle Valley to the east.
该地区覆盖着低矮的树林，在东部摩泽尔河谷的地区发展成为可观的森林。
The Teutons had taken every advantage of the ground in constructing their fortifications, and the French found a hard task before them.
条顿人充分利用了地形来建造防御工事，而法国人则发现摆在他们面前的是一项艰巨的任务。
They proceeded against their opponents in the Bois d'Ailly, the Forest of Apremont, the Bois de Mont-Mare, the village of Regnieville, and the Bois le Pretre.
他们在艾利森林、阿普勒蒙森林、蒙特马雷森林、雷尼维尔村和勒普雷特森林与对手进行了对抗。
Though each success was not large, the entire effort was effective in pushing in the southern side of the salient.
虽然每一次的成功都不大，但整个努力都有效地推进了突出部的南侧。
This brought the soldiers of the republic to within about four miles of Thiaucourt, which, with the control of Les Eparges, threatened St. Mihiel.
这使得共和国的士兵们来到了距蒂奥古约四英里的地方，蒂奥古在莱·埃帕日的控制下威胁着圣米耶尔。
The French heavy artillery shelled the southern front of the trenches at Metz on May 1, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 1 日，法国重炮炮击了梅斯战壕的南面。
The great desire to take Alsace and Lorraine, however, was set aside early in the month.
然而，夺取阿尔萨斯和洛林的伟大愿望在本月初被搁置了。
The plight of Russia at this time made it imperative for the Allies to make a great movement on the western front to prevent as much as possible the pressure on the czar's line.
俄罗斯此时的困境，使得协约国势在必行，必须在西线大举出击，以尽可能阻止沙皇防线受到压力。
Hence the campaign which seemed to be planned by the French was abandoned for a larger opportunity.
因此，这场看似由法国人策划的战役被放弃，以寻求更大的机会。
This was the advance of the Tenth Army in the Artois over the plain of the Scheldt in the direction of Douai and Valenciennes, thereby threatening the communications of the entire Teuton line from Soissons to Lille.
这是阿图瓦第十集团军越过斯海尔德河平原向杜埃和瓦朗谢讷方向推进，从而威胁到从苏瓦松到里尔的整个条顿防线的交通。
Hence the French started a vigorous movement against Lens, while the British sought to take Lille.
因此，法国人发起了一场针对朗斯的激烈运动，而英国人则试图占领里尔。
CHAPTER XIX
第十九章
CAMPAIGN IN ARTOIS REGION
阿图瓦地区的战役
To understand properly the campaign in the Artois, it is necessary to have at least a fair knowledge of the geography and the topography of the territory between La Bassee and Arras.
为了正确理解阿图瓦战役，至少有必要对拉巴斯和阿拉斯之间地区的地理和地形有一定的了解。
The valley of the Scarpe is held in on the south by low hills, and on the north by a low plateau, which descends in long ridges to the valley of the Lys and the plains about Lens.
斯卡普河谷的南部是低矮的山丘，北部是低洼的高原，高原沿着长长的山脊延伸到利斯河谷和朗斯周围的平原。
The greatest altitude in this section is the ridge known as Notre-Dame de Lorette, running east and west, and containing numerous ravines.
该区域海拔最高的是被称为 Notre-Dame de Lorette 的山脊，东西走向，并包含许多峡谷。
To the south of it, in a little valley, is the town of Albain St. Nazaire.
在它的南面，在一个小山谷里，是阿尔拜圣纳泽尔镇。
Carency is opposite on the next ridge.
卡伦西就在下一个山脊对面。
Next is the Bois de Berthonval in the middle of a wide depression.
接下来是位于宽阔洼地中央的贝通瓦尔森林 (Bois de Berthonval)。
Beyond, the land ascends to Mont St. Eloi.
再往前，土地上升到圣埃洛伊山。
The valley of the Lys is to the north of the Lorette ridge.
利斯河谷位于洛雷特山脊以北。
To the east the land descends to the long, narrow valley in which is the highway between Arras and Bethune.
向东，土地下降到狭长的山谷，那里有阿拉斯和白求恩之间的高速公路。
La Targette and Souchez are along the way.
La Targette 和 Souchez 就在沿途。
Again the land rolls upward to the hills of Vimy with the Lens-Arras highway beyond them.
土地再次向上延伸到维米山，远处是朗斯-阿拉斯高速公路。
The Teutons held a salient in this region at the beginning of May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月初，条顿人在该地区占据了一个据点。
The line which bounded this salient ran east of Loos over the Bethune-Lens road, east of Aix-Noulette, and appeared on the Lorette plateau considerably to the west of its tallest spur, where was situated the Chapel of Our Lady; running out to the prow of the salient, it took in Albain; and then proceeded to Carency; bending closely, it ran east of the Bois de Berthonval, taking in La Targette and the Arras-Bethune highway.
这条突出部的边界线从路斯以东穿过白求恩-朗斯公路，在艾克斯-努莱特以东，出现在洛雷特高原上，位于其最高山脊以西的地方，那里是圣母教堂。它跑到突出部的船头，抓住了阿尔班。然后前往卡伦西；它紧密地弯曲，向贝通瓦尔森林以东延伸，并进入拉塔吉特和阿拉斯-贝求恩高速公路。
That part of the German line was called by the French the "White Works," on account of the chalk with which the breastworks were constructed.
德国防线的这一部分被法国人称为“白色工程”，因为其胸墙是用粉笔建造的。
To the southeast of it was a section known as the Labyrinth.
它的东南方有一个被称为迷宫的区域。
Ecurie was inside the line which finally ran back east of Arras.
埃居里位于最终跑回阿拉斯以东的防线上。
The salient was constructed for the guarding of Lens, which was considered the entrance to the upper valley of the Scheldt and the lowlands in the direction of Douai and Valenciennes.
该突出部是为了保卫朗斯而建造的，被认为是通往斯海尔德河上游山谷以及杜埃和瓦朗谢纳方向低地的入口。
Of more importance than Lens itself was the railroad back of this front, the capture of which would naturally be a source of great danger to the Germans.
比朗斯本身更重要的是这条战线的后方铁路，占领它自然会给德国人带来巨大的危险。
The French had won some ground in the region of the Lorette plateau early in 1915.
1915 年初，法国人在洛雷特高原地区赢得了一些土地。
The Tenth Army in the Artois received enough additional men to give it seven corps.
阿图瓦的第十集团军接收了足够的额外人员，使其拥有七个军。
More than 1,100 pieces of artillery, of varying caliber, were taken to this region by the French.
法国人将 1,100 多门不同口径的火炮带到了这个地区。
The entire preparation for the campaign was under the personal direction of General Foch.
整个战役的准备工作都是在福煦将军的个人指导下进行的。
In the meantime the Germans, becoming aware that their enemy was becoming more and more active, proceeded to strengthen the front by the addition of three divisions which were known as "divisions of assault." The men composing these additions were from Bavaria, Saxony, and Baden.
与此同时，德国人意识到他们的敌人变得越来越活跃，开始通过增加三个师来加强战线，这三个师被称为“突击师”。撰写这些补充内容的人来自巴伐利亚、萨克森和巴登。
Even this reenforcement left the Teutons outnumbered, and with less artillery than their opponents; but they held a position which was considered more impregnable than any other on either front.
即使是这样的增援，条顿人仍然在数量上处于劣势，而且火炮也比对手少。但他们所占据的地位被认为比任何一条战线上的任何其他阵线都更加坚不可摧。
The Germans here had a chain of forts linked together by an elaborate series of trenches, these latter so arranged that the taking of one of the series placed its captors within the zone of fire of several others.
德国人在这里拥有一连串的堡垒，由一系列精心设计的战壕连接在一起，这些战壕的布置使得攻占其中一个要塞将其俘获者置于其他几个战壕的火力范围内。
Moreover there was an elaborate series of underground works, including mines and wolf pits, the latter being covered over with a thin layer of turf and thickly studded with stakes whose points awaited the charging French.
此外，还有一系列精心设计的地下工程，包括地雷和狼坑，狼坑上覆盖着一层薄薄的草皮，上面布满了厚厚的木桩，木桩的尖端等待着法国人的冲锋。
General Foch was ready on Sunday morning, May 9, 1915, and his artillery began one of the heaviest bombardments in history.
1915 年 5 月 9 日星期日早上，福煦将军已做好准备，他的炮兵开始了历史上最猛烈的轰炸之一。
The 1,100 French cannon hurled 300,000 shells on the German fortifications that day.
法国的1100门大炮当天向德军防御工事投掷了30万发炮弹。
The reverberations were deafening and terrifying.
回响震耳欲聋，令人恐惧。
They startled the British engaged at the Aubers Ridge.
他们吓坏了在奥伯斯山脊交战的英国人。
The deluge of projectiles crashed their way through the supposedly impregnable work of engineering that the Germans had erected, and buried their mangled defenders in chaotic ruins.
大量的炮弹击穿了德国人建造的本应坚不可摧的工程，并将他们支离破碎的防御者掩埋在混乱的废墟中。
The preliminary work of the artillery was continued for three hours, accompanied by the plaudits of the French infantrymen.
炮兵的准备工作持续了三个小时，伴随着法国步兵的喝彩。
Then the infantry were sent to take the wrecks of what had been the pride of the German engineers.
然后步兵被派去打捞曾经让德国工程师引以为豪的残骸。
They took what was still in existence at La Targette, and the important crossroads there.
他们占领了拉塔吉特仍然存在的地方以及那里的重要十字路口。
They waged a fierce fight in and around the village of Neuville St. Vaast, which was stoutly defended by German machine guns.
他们在诺伊维尔·圣瓦斯特村及其周围进行了激烈的战斗，该村有德国机枪的严密防守。
Here there was house-to-house fighting.
这里发生了挨家挨户的战斗。
The French center, farther north, charged over the remnants of the White Works, and went on beyond the Arras-Bethune road.
法军中心在更北的地方，冲过白工厂的残余部分，继续越过阿拉斯-白求恩公路。
This section of the advance took more than two and a half miles of trenches in an hour and a half.
这一段推进在一个半小时内走了超过两英里半的战壕。
On the left the French were unable to maintain such speed, because of the many ravines.
在左边，由于沟壑众多，法军无法保持这样的速度。
They took the outlying sections of Carency, and worked their way eastward, cutting the road to Souchez.
他们占领了卡伦西的边远地区，并向东前进，切断了通往苏切兹的道路。
At the end of the first day the French had to their credit three lines of German trenches on a five-mile front, 3,000 prisoners, 10 field guns, and 50 machine guns.
第一天结束时，法军在五英里的战线上占领了三道德军战壕，俘获了 3,000 名战俘、10 挺野战炮和 50 挺机枪。
The bombardment was continued all night by the French gunners, while the men who had taken the trenches did their best to make such repairs as were necessary for the protection of the victors.
法国炮手整晚都在持续轰炸，而占领战壕的人们则竭尽全力进行必要的修复，以保护胜利者。
On the morning of the following day, May 10, 1915, the soldiers of the republic had forced their way into the center of the German position.
第二天，即 1915 年 5 月 10 日早上，共和国士兵强行冲入德军阵地中央。
North of the plateau of Notre Dame de Lorette a feint attack was made to hold the German reserves.
在洛雷特圣母院高原以北，德军发起佯攻，以控制德军预备队。
When the first French line was about to dash forward to complete their work of the day before, they suddenly received an order to remain where they were and seek all cover possible.
当法军第一线正要冲过去完成前一天的工作时，他们突然接到命令，留在原地并寻找一切可能的掩护。
One of the French aviators had seen a German counterattack getting under way near the sugar factory at Souchez.
一名法国飞行员看到德军在苏什糖厂附近发动反击。
Preparatory to the Teuton advance the German artillery hurled hundreds of high-explosive shells on the section where the French would have been had they not received the order to keep under cover.
在条顿人前进的准备过程中，德国炮兵向法军如果没有接到隐蔽命令的话本应所在的地段投掷了数百枚高爆炮弹。
To be exposed under such conditions would have meant annihilation.
暴露在这种情况下就意味着毁灭。
Believing their plans for the counterattack were working favorably, the Germans advanced, only to be mowed down by the French guns.
德国人相信他们的反击计划正在顺利进行，于是他们向前推进，结果却被法国人的炮火击倒。
Then the French infantry charged and gained another trench line.
随后，法国步兵发起冲锋，占领了另一条战壕。
So eager were the younger French soldiers that some of those who charged from the south were not content with taking the trench which was their objective point, but dashed on into a ravine that extended in the direction of Ablain.
年轻的法国士兵是如此渴望，以至于一些从南方冲锋的士兵并不满足于占领作为他们目标的战壕，而是冲进了一条向阿布兰方向延伸的峡谷。
There they killed or made prisoners of the Germans they found.
他们在那里杀死或俘虏了他们发现的德国人。
This dash was extremely hazardous in the face of a possible German counterattack, which luckily for the French did not occur as the Teutons retired to Souchez in confusion and were unable to rally for any counterattack.
面对德军可能发起的反击，这次突袭是极其危险的，幸运的是，法军并没有发生这种情况，因为条顿人在混乱中撤退到苏切兹，无法集结进行任何反击。
A summary of the day's fighting includes the taking of all of the German trenches across the Bethune-Loos road; the attack on the fortified chapel of Notre Dame de Lorette, and the gaining of the trenches to the south of it, these connecting with Ablain and Souchez; the capture of the cemetery of Neuville St. Vaast; and the defeat of the German reserves who were rushed in motor cars from Lens and Douai.
当天战斗的总结包括占领白求恩-路斯公路上的所有德军战壕；对洛雷特圣母院的防御教堂的攻击，并夺取了教堂南面的战壕，这些战壕与阿布兰和苏什相连；占领诺伊维尔·圣瓦斯特公墓；德军预备队的失败，他们从朗斯和杜埃乘汽车赶来。
The trenches and approaches being too narrow and deep to allow freedom of action in using rifle and bayonet, the rifle is generally slung on the man's back in bandolier, and the fighting within the trenches is done with short weapons, especially with hand grenades, hence the new military expressions "bombing" and "bombing parties," as the squads are called that are especially detailed for bomb work during the charges.
战壕和通道太窄太深，无法自由使用步枪和刺刀，步枪通常挂在弹带中，战壕内的战斗使用短武器，尤其是手榴弹，因此新的军事用语是“轰炸”和“轰炸方”，这些小队在冲锋期间专门负责炸弹工作。
The fighting continued fiercely throughout May 11, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 11 日，战斗持续激烈。
Late in the day the French took the lower part of the Arabs' Spur.
当天晚些时候，法国人占领了阿拉伯人马刺的下部。
An unsuccessful counterattack was made that night from the Spur of the White Way.
那天晚上，从白道支线发起的反击没有成功。
But the French were harried by the artillery in Angres and the machine guns in Ablain, and their discomforts were added to by the work of the bursting shells which opened the graves of soldiers who had been slain in previous months.
但法国人受到安格尔的大炮和阿布兰的机枪的骚扰，而爆炸的炮弹打开了前几个月阵亡士兵的坟墓，这让他们更加不安。
Carency, surrounded on the east, south and west, and wrecked by the 20,000 shells which had been fired upon it, surrendered on the afternoon of May 12, 1915.
卡伦西号在东、南、西三面被包围，并被发射的 20,000 发炮弹击毁，于 1915 年 5 月 12 日下午投降。
The Germans captured there made a total of more than 5,000 prisoners taken by the French.
在那里被俘的德军总共被法军俘虏了5000多人。
Notre Dame de Lorette with its chapel and fort was also taken this same day, as was Ablain which was in flames when it was surrendered.
洛雷特圣母院及其教堂和堡垒也在同一天被占领，阿布兰在投降时已着火。
Thus all of the highland to the west of Souchez was held by the French except a few fortins on eastern ridges.
因此，除了东部山脊上的几个堡垒外，苏什以西的所有高地都被法国人占领。
[Illustration: The Battles in Artois.]
[插图：阿图瓦之战。]
A north wind and a heavy rain added to the discomforts of the soldiers on May 13, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 13 日，北风和大雨加剧了士兵们的不适。
But physical discomforts were not all that made for more or less unhappiness.
但身体上的不适并不是造成或多或少不快乐的全部原因。
The Germans had little reason to be happy; but the French had the edge taken from their elation, because of their victory, by the fact that it seemed as if it must be won again before it would be of use to them.
德国人没有理由感到高兴。但法国人的兴高采烈已经失去了优势，因为他们的胜利，因为似乎必须再次获胜才能对他们有用。
According to the rules of the war game the German line had been broken and the French had made for themselves a right of way; but there were many instances in this war where the rules were not followed; and this was one of the exceptions.
根据兵棋推演规则，德军防线已被突破，法军为自己开辟了通行权。但在这场战争中，不遵守规则的情况也不少。这是例外之一。
It is true the German line had been smashed, but it had not fallen back.
德军的防线确实被击溃了，但并没有后退。
Instead the remnants of the line had collected themselves in the series of independent redoubts which had seemingly been prepared for just such an emergency.
相反，战线的残余部分聚集在一系列独立的堡垒中，这些堡垒似乎是为这种紧急情况而准备的。
They were so situated that it was well-nigh impossible to destroy them at long range; but it was impossible to make any forward movement which would not be enfiladed by them.
它们的位置如此之近，几乎不可能在远距离摧毁它们。但是，任何前进的举动都不可能不被他们包围。
Hence it became necessary for the French, if they were to be really victorious, to reduce each separate redoubt.
因此，法国人如果想真正取得胜利，就必须减少每个单独的堡垒。
The most prominent of these were the sugar factory at Souchez, the cemetery at Ablain, the White Road on a spur of the Lorette, the eastern portion of Neuville St. Vaast, and the Labyrinth.
其中最著名的是苏什糖厂、阿布兰墓地、洛雷特河支流上的白色路、诺伊维尔圣瓦斯特东部和迷宫。
The last named was so called because it was an elaborate system of trenches and redoubts in an angle between two roads.
最后一个之所以如此命名，是因为它是两条道路之间的一个由战壕和堡垒组成的复杂系统。
The White Road surrendered on May 21, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 21 日，白路投降。
Ablain was taken on May 29, 1915.
阿布兰于 1915 年 5 月 29 日被捕。
The Souchez sugar factory fell on May 31, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 31 日，Souchez 糖厂倒塌。
Neuville St. Vaast was captured on June 8, 1915.
诺伊维尔·圣瓦斯特于 1915 年 6 月 8 日被占领。
The Labyrinth, however, remained under German control.
然而，迷宫仍然处于德国的控制之下。
Part of it was fifty feet below the surface of the earth, much of the fighting there being carried on in underground galleries and by means of mines.
其中一部分位于地表以下五十英尺，那里的大部分战斗都是在地下坑道和地雷中进行的。
It finally was entirely in the hands of the French on June 19, 1915, after being taken to a considerable extent foot by foot.
1915 年 6 月 19 日，在被一步步占领了相当大的范围后，它终于完全落入法国人手中。
The last of the fighting there was in what was known as the Eulenburg Passage, where the entire 161st German Regiment, consisting of 4,000 men, were slain and a Bavarian regiment suffered a heavy loss in killed and wounded.
最后一场战斗发生在被称为尤伦堡海峡的地方，共有 4,000 名士兵的整个第 161 军团被杀，巴伐利亚军团伤亡惨重。
The French took 1,000 prisoners; and only 2,000 of their own men were unable to answer roll call after the fight, of whom many were only slightly wounded.
法国人俘虏了 1,000 名囚犯；战斗结束后，只有 2000 名自己的士兵无法响应点名，其中许多人只受了轻伤。
In concluding the account of the battle of the Artois it may be admitted that the French had won what has been called a brilliant victory, but it had not been a complete success.
在结束对阿图瓦战役的叙述时，可以承认法国人赢得了所谓的辉煌胜利，但这并不是完全成功。
They had made an end of the German salient; and only the last defense of Lens remained.
他们已经消灭了德军的突出部；朗斯只剩下最后一道防线。
How much they had reduced the pressure on Russia is problematical; but there is little doubt they had prevented the Germans from continuing the offensive on the Ypres front.
他们在多大程度上减轻了对俄罗斯的压力，这是一个问题。但毫无疑问，他们阻止了德军在伊普尔前线继续进攻。
They estimated the German loss at 60,000; and, by a peculiar coincidence, the Crown Prince of Bavaria, whose armies they fought, estimated the French loss at the same figure--60,000.
他们估计德军损失为 60,000 人；而且，出于一个奇特的巧合，双方军队交战的巴伐利亚王储估计法国的损失也是同样的数字——60,000。
It is known they lost many men in the hand-to-hand struggles; but their great forward movement was so well protected by their artillery that the French loss there was comparatively slight.
众所周知，他们在肉搏战中失去了许多人。但他们的大前行受到炮兵的良好保护，法军在那里的损失相对较小。
Some idea can be gained from the fact that one French division killed 2,600 of their enemy and captured 3,000 prisoners with a loss of only 250 slain and 1,250 wounded.
法国的一个师杀死了 2,600 名敌人，俘虏了 3,000 名俘虏，仅损失了 250 人，受伤了 1,250 人，这一事实可以得出一些结论。
But the greatest gain to the French was probably the fact that the battle of the Artois had proved to the soldiers of the republic that their artillery was the equal of the German, which had been the arm in which the Teutons excelled.
但法国人最大的收获可能是，阿图瓦河战役向共和国士兵证明，他们的火炮与德国人不相上下，而德国人曾是条顿人最擅长的武器。
It also proved that the Germans could not intrench themselves in any manner that was impregnable to the French; for they had taken the Labyrinth, a most complicated series of military engineering feats which were supposed to be able to withstand any assault.
这也证明了德国人不可能以任何方式让法国人坚不可摧。因为他们占领了迷宫，这是一系列最复杂的军事工程壮举，应该能够抵御任何攻击。
And lastly, and perhaps of most importance to the French, the belief in the superiority of the German soldier, as a result of 1870 was shattered in the mind of the Frenchman.
最后，也许对法国人来说最重要的是，由于 1870 年的结果，法国人对德国士兵优越性的信念被粉碎了。
CHAPTER XX
第二十章
BRITISH FORWARD MOVEMENT--BATTLE OF FESTUBERT
英国前进运动--费斯图伯特之战
To aid the French in the Artois, the British made a forward movement in the Festubert region in May, 1915.
为了援助阿图瓦地区的法军，英国人于 1915 年 5 月在费斯图贝尔地区向前推进。
Its purpose was to prevent the Seventh German Corps from sending troops and artillery to reenforce Lens.
其目的是阻止德军第七军团派遣部队和炮兵增援朗斯。
Moreover the British, if they succeeded, would take the Aubers ridge, which they had tried to gain in the battle of Neuve Chapelle.
此外，英国人如果成功，将夺取奥伯斯山脊，这是他们在新沙佩尔战役中试图夺取的。
If they could capture the Aubers ridge, the way would be opened to Lille and La Bassee.
如果他们能够占领奥伯斯山脊，通往里尔和拉巴斯的道路就会打开。
The action began on Sunday morning, May 9, 1915, in the region between Bois Grenier and Festubert, and was a part of the forward movement of the British from Armentieres to La Bassee.
该行动于 1915 年 5 月 9 日星期日上午在布瓦格雷尼尔 (Bois Grenier) 和费斯图贝尔 (Festubert) 之间的地区开始，是英军从阿芒蒂埃 (Armentieres) 向拉巴斯 (La Bassee) 前进的一部分。
Part of the First Corps and the Indian Corps marched forward on the right from the Rue du Bois toward the southern part of the Bois du Biez, where there had been much fighting before.
第一军团和印度军团的部分部队从布瓦街右侧向布瓦杜比耶南部地区前进，那里此前曾发生过多次战斗。
The principal attack was made by the Eighth Division on Rouges Bancs, not far from Fromelles and the Aubers ridge, near where the British had been stopped in the battle of Neuve Chapelle.
主要进攻是由第八师对红班克斯发起的，该班克斯距离弗罗梅勒斯和奥伯斯山脊不远，靠近英军在新沙佩尔战役中被阻止的地方。
At approximately the same time that General Sir Douglas Haig with the British First Army reached the slightly elevated plateau in front of Lille, General Foch with a large body of French troops made a desperate attack on the Germans on their front from La Bassee to Arras.
大约在道格拉斯·黑格将军率领英国第一集团军到达里尔前方稍高的高原的同时，福煦将军率领大批法军对从拉巴斯到阿拉斯前线的德军发起了绝望的攻击。
The French and British had joined their efforts here, not only to relieve the pressure which was being exerted on Ypres and to take Lille, which dominated a region rich in coal, but also for the purpose of keeping the Germans so busy on the western front that none could be sent to the eastern front and further embarrass Russia.
法国和英国在这里联手，不仅是为了减轻对伊普尔的压力，夺取里尔这个煤炭资源丰富的地区，而且是为了让德国人在西线忙得不可开交，以至于无法派出任何人到东线，让俄罗斯进一步难堪。
The artillery of both the British and French attempted to wreck the German trenches before their infantry should be sent against their foe.
英国和法国的炮兵都试图在他们的步兵被派去对抗敌人之前摧毁德国的战壕。
In this effort the British, using principally shrapnel, made little headway; but their ally, using high-explosive shells, such as they had been hurling at the Germans for weeks at the rate of a hundred thousand a day, was successful.
英国人主要使用弹片，但进展甚微。但他们的盟友使用高爆炮弹取得了成功，就像他们几周来以每天十万枚的速度向德国人投掷的那样。
Soon the Teutons' front was screened by clouds of yellow, green, black and white smoke.
很快，条顿人的前线就被黄色、绿色、黑色和白色的烟雾遮蔽了。
But this was not to be a one-sided artillery engagement, and the Germans soon had their artillery in action.
但这并不是一场一边倒的炮战，德国人很快就开始了炮兵行动。
They trained it on their enemies' trenches, believing from the size of the bombardment that an assault was soon to be made and that the trenches would be filled with troops.
他们将其瞄准敌人的战壕，从轰炸的规模来看，他们相信攻击很快就会发生，战壕里将充满军队。
Their surmise was correct, but the Allies had suspected their opponents would reason thus, so the French and British infantry were in covered positions.
他们的猜测是正确的，但盟军怀疑对手会这样推理，因此法国和英国的步兵处于掩护位置。
Of course the Germans did not know how well their opponents were protected, so they sent thousands of shells against the allied positions.
德国人当然不知道对手受到的保护有多好，所以他们向盟军阵地发射了数千发炮弹。
And again the allied artillerists replied in kind.
盟军炮兵再次以同样的方式回应。
This time they caught the German reenforcements, with the result that many of them were slain before they could reach their own front.
这次他们追上了德军的增援部队，结果他们中的许多人在到达自己的前线之前就被杀了。
In this work the British shrapnel was more effective than the French high-explosive shells.
在这项工作中，英国的弹片比法国的高爆弹更有效。
The bombardment was continued vigorously for three-quarters of an hour.
猛烈的轰炸持续了三刻钟。
That the allied range finders had been doing accurate work was evidenced by the appearance of the German trenches when the British and French fire was turned against the supporting German trenches; but the Teutons' wire entanglements remained intact.
当英国和法国的火力转向支援的德国战壕时，德国战壕的出现就证明了盟军测距仪一直在做准确的工作。但条顿人的铁丝网依然完好无损。
Heretofore the big guns had been able to sweep such obstructions away.
迄今为止，大炮已经能够扫除这些障碍。
When the infantry reached the barbed wire, it found the Germans had improved this particular method of defense by using specially manufactured wire cable, well barbed, which was from one and one-half to two inches in diameter.
当步兵到达铁丝网时，他们发现德国人改进了这种特殊的防御方法，使用了特制的钢丝绳，带刺，直径从一英寸半到两英寸不等。
And, to protect their cable entanglements, the Germans had built parapets in front of the entanglements.
而且，为了保护电缆纠缠物，德国人在纠缠物前面建造了护墙。
Their enemy's charging infantry coming upon such an obstruction could not cut it, and the only means of circumventing this new device was for the attacking force to throw their overcoats on the entanglements and crawl across the wire in the face of rifle and machine-gun fire.
敌人冲锋的步兵遇到这样的障碍物无法切断它，而绕过这个新装置的唯一方法是进攻部队将大衣扔到纠缠物上，并在步枪和机枪的火力面前爬过铁丝网。
For a considerable distance along this part of the front the distance between the German and British trenches was not more than two hundred yards.
沿着战线的这一部分，在相当长的距离内，德国和英国的战壕之间的距离不超过两百码。
At not a few sections the opposing trenches were near enough to permit the soldiers to converse with their opponents.
在不少地段，敌方战壕足够近，可以让士兵们与对手交谈。
The trenches for the most part were built on the marshland with sandbags, those of the British being khaki-colored, and the German being black and white.
战壕大部分是用沙袋在沼泽地上修筑的，英国人的战壕是卡其色的，德国人的战壕是黑白的。
When the inevitable order to charge was given, the British artillery shifted its range to the German rear and the Eighth Division dashed over the black and white sandbags behind which the Germans were crouching.
当不可避免的冲锋命令下达时，英国炮兵将射程转移到德军后方，第八师冲过德军蹲在后面的黑白沙袋。
Beyond them was a ridge, in horseshoe formation, which was the last barrier that lay between the Allies and the plains that led to Lille.
他们之外是一座马蹄形的山脊，这是盟军和通往里尔的平原之间的最后一道屏障。
This ridge trails off in a northeasterly direction at Rouges Bancs.
这条山脊在 Rouges Bancs 处向东北方向逐渐减弱。
Near the hamlet there was a small wood which had been taken by the Pathans and Gurkhas before the cannonade started.
小村庄附近有一片小树林，在炮击开始前已被帕坦人和廓尔喀人占领。
Among the regiments that led the attack of the Eighth Division were the Kensington Battalion of the London Regiment, the First Gloucesters, the Second Sussex, and the Northamptons.
领导第八师进攻的团包括伦敦团的肯辛顿营、第一格洛斯特营、第二苏塞克斯营和北安普顿营。
They were supported by the Liverpool Territorials, the First North Lancashires, the Second King's Royal Rifles, and the Sussex Territorials.
他们得到了利物浦领地、第一北兰开夏领地、第二国王皇家步枪团和苏塞克斯领地的支持。
The Germans had large bodies of reenforcements held at Lille, but they were unavailing; and the British took the first line of trenches though it required fifteen and a half hours to do it.
德国人在里尔驻扎了大量增援部队，但他们没有发挥作用。英国人占领了第一道战壕，尽管花了十五个半小时才完成。
Then they went on until they were on the slope of the ridge.
然后他们继续前行，直到来到山脊的斜坡上。
Beyond that, however, it seemed impossible to proceed, for the Germans had such an array of machine guns trained on the approach to their second line of trenches that no human being could live in the face of their deadly fire.
然而，除此之外，似乎无法继续前进，因为德国人在接近他们的第二道战壕时部署了如此多的机枪，以至于没有人能够在他们致命的火力面前生存。
The British needed an equipment with which to bombard their enemy with high-explosive shells.
英国人需要一种用高爆炮弹轰击敌人的装备。
Such an equipment they did not possess.
他们没有这样的装备。
The German commander played a clever trick on the British when their First Army Corps and their Indian Division attempted to make progress in the triangle to the west of La Bassee.
当英军第一军团和印度师试图在拉巴斯以西的三角地带取得进展时，德国指挥官对英军施展了一个聪明的伎俩。
He evacuated his first two lines of trenches while the artillery was doing what it could to demolish his parapets; but his men were drawn up in the third line of trenches waiting for the inevitable advance of the British.
当炮兵竭尽全力拆除他的护墙时，他撤离了前两行战壕；但他的部下已经列队在第三道战壕里，等待着英军不可避免的进攻。
This third line of trenches was protected with armor plate and concrete.
第三条战壕由装甲板和混凝土保护。
Moreover he had planted a large number of machine guns in the brickfield near La Bassee.
而且他还在拉巴斯附近的砖地上安置了大量机枪。
The British dashed forward until they were in range of the machine guns.
英国人向前猛冲，直到进入机枪射程内。
Then they suffered such severe losses that they were forced to retreat, even though they had almost taken the inviting German trenches.
然后他们遭受了如此严重的损失，以至于他们被迫撤退，尽管他们几乎占领了德军的战壕。
The Highlanders and the Bedfords had made a gallant charge and felt especially humiliated to have to withdraw when victory was about to perch on their banners.
高地人和贝德福德人进行了英勇的冲锋，但当胜利即将降临在他们的旗帜上时却不得不撤退，他们感到特别羞辱。
They believed that a lack of reenforcements was responsible for their nonsuccess.
他们认为，缺乏增援是他们失败的原因。
The day's fighting ended with the First Army of the British driven back except in the center.
当天的战斗以英军第一集团军被击退（中部地区除外）而结束。
There the Kensington Territorial Battalion made a remarkable record for itself.
肯辛顿领土营在那里创造了非凡的战绩。
In the morning when the British artillery ceased firing, the Kensington men dashed from their trenches and captured three lines of the German trenches at the point of the bayonet.
早上，当英国炮兵停止射击时，肯辛顿人从战壕中冲出，在刺刀尖上占领了德军战壕的三排。
A part of the battalion, in its eagerness to win the day, went on up the ridge.
该营的一部分人渴望赢得胜利，继续爬上山脊。
At the same time one of its companies turned to the left and another to the right, and with bayonet and bomb drove the Germans from the trenches for a distance of 200 yards.
与此同时，其一个连转向左侧，另一个连转向右侧，用刺刀和炸弹将德军从战壕中赶出200码。
The Kensingtons were doing the work that had been set for them to do; but two regular battalions, one to their left and the other to their right, were not as able to comply with the orders they had received.
肯辛顿夫妇正在做安排给他们做的工作。但是两个正规营，一个在他们的左边，另一个在他们的右边，无法遵守他们收到的命令。
The regulars were stopped by wire entanglements that the artillery had failed to smash, and, at the same time, they were raked by machine-gun fire.
正规军被大炮未能击碎的铁丝网拦住，同时，他们还遭到机枪扫射。
Hence they were unable to keep up with the Territorials.
因此他们无法跟上领土的步伐。
In fact the regulars never got up to the Kensington men; but were forced to retire.
事实上，常客从来没有跟肯辛顿的人打过交道。但被迫退休。
This left the Territorials in a most precarious condition.
这使得领土处于极其危险的境地。
They had gained such an important point on the German line that a heavy fire was directed against them.
他们已经在德军战线上取得了如此重要的据点，以至于遭到了猛烈的炮火攻击。
But the British would not give up what they had taken.
但英国人不会放弃他们所夺取的东西。
Instead of retiring, they sent for reenforcements which were promised to them.
他们没有退休，而是派人增援，这也是他们所承诺的。
In the meantime the Germans gave up trying to blow the Kensingtons out of their position and made a counterattack.
与此同时，德国人放弃了将肯辛顿人从阵地中击落的尝试，并进行了反击。
The left wing of the plucky Territorial battalion used bombs effectively to hold their enemy at bay.
勇敢的领土营的左翼有效地使用炸弹将敌人拒之门外。
The right wing at the same time was kept busy in its attempt to prevent being enveloped.
与此同时，右翼则忙于阻止被包围。
In spite of all the Germans could do with their artillery and their repeated counterattacks the West London men maintained their small wedge in the Teuton front.
尽管德军竭尽全力使用火炮并不断发起反击，但西伦敦人仍然在条顿人战线上保持着小楔子。
Finally trench mortars were brought against them.
最后，战壕迫击炮被用来对付他们。
Then the Kensington battalion, or what was left of it, received the order to retire.
然后肯辛顿营，或者说它剩下的部队，接到了撤退的命令。
To do that necessitated fighting their way back through the thickening line of their enemy.
要做到这一点，就必须从敌人的防线中杀出一条血路。
Those British Territorials had held their peculiar position several hours, and had suffered severely in consequence; but their loss was undoubtedly much larger when retiring to their former line.
这些英国领土已经坚守其特殊位置几个小时，并因此遭受了严重损失。但退到原来的阵线后，他们的损失无疑要大得多。
They fought the greater part of the afternoon and well into the evening in endeavoring to get back; and finally a comparatively few of them succeeded.
他们花了整个下午的大部分时间，一直战斗到晚上，才试图返回。最终，只有少数人成功了。
The last dash to the British trenches was made over a barren piece of ground which was so flat that there was no opportunity for concealment.
最后一次冲向英国战壕是在一块贫瘠的土地上进行的，该土地非常平坦，没有任何隐藏的机会。
And here the Germans raked what was left of the battalion with rifle and machine-gun fire.
在这里，德国人用步枪和机枪扫荡了该营的残部。
Ultimately, however, a portion of the brave band returned to the British trenches.
然而，最终，勇敢的队伍的一部分回到了英国战壕。
Previous to withdrawing the survivors from the front, General Sir Henry Rawlinson told them that their gaining the position which they took and holding it as long as they did had not only relieved the pressure on Ypres but had aided General Foch's army to advance between Arras and La Bassee.
在从前线撤回幸存者之前，亨利·罗林森将军告诉他们，他们获得了他们所占据的阵地并坚持住了很长一段时间，这不仅减轻了伊普尔的压力，而且帮助福煦将军的军队在阿拉斯和拉巴斯之间推进。
In conclusion he said: "It was a feat of arms surpassed by no battalion in this great war."
他最后说：“这是这场伟大战争中任何一个营都无法超越的军事壮举。”
The Sussex and Northampton troops made a desperate effort to get into the German trenches on the morning in which this action started, but they never got nearer than forty yards, being stopped by the deluge of shrapnel, rifle, and machine-gun fire to which they were subjected.
行动开始的那天早上，苏塞克斯和北安普顿的部队拼命想进入德军战壕，但他们从未接近过四十码，因为他们受到了弹片、步枪和机枪的大量火力的攻击。
When they were ordered to return to the British trenches, those who remained able to make the attempt found it quite as dangerous as trying to go forward.
当他们被命令返回英国战壕时，那些仍然能够尝试的人发现这与试图前进一样危险。
That afternoon the Black Watch and the First Cameronians charged where the Sussex and Northamptons had been repulsed, but the Scotchmen had but little more success.
那天下午，黑守军和第一卡梅伦军向苏塞克斯军和北安普顿军被击退的地方发起进攻，但苏格兰人也没有取得多少成功。
It is true some of the men from the land of the heather got into the German trenches; but they did not survive.
确实，一些来自石南花地的人进入了德国战壕。但他们没有活下来。
The determination of the British was shown when men, who had been wounded in the first charge and been unable to return to their own line, joined the Scots in their mad rush to death.
当在第一次冲锋中受伤且无法返回自己的战线的士兵加入苏格兰人的疯狂冲锋行列时，英国人的决心就得到了体现。
Those men had lain under fire twelve hours before making their dying assault on the German trenches.
这些人在向德军战壕发起垂死进攻之前，已经在炮火下躺了十二个小时了。
It had been expected the Scotchmen would get into the opposing trenches and bomb and bayonet the Teutons out.
人们预计苏格兰人会进入敌方战壕，用炸弹和刺刀刺杀条顿人。
Then reenforcements would be sent from the British line.
然后增援部队将从英国战线派遣。
But the artillery of King George was unable to check the devastating work of the kaiser's big guns and give the reenforcements a clear field through which to go to the aid of the attacking force.
但乔治国王的炮兵无法阻止德皇大炮的毁灭性威力，也无法为增援部队提供清晰的视野来援助进攻部队。
The result was that the Germans continued such a leaden hail between the lines that it was sending soldiers to certain death to order them to cross the zone of fire.
结果是，德国人继续在战线之间施压，以至于为了命令他们穿越火区而将士兵送入必死之地。
The remnant of the Scottish regiments was recalled, and it lost as many men on its return as it had in its desperate struggle to reach the German trenches.
苏格兰军团的残部被召回，他们在返回时损失的人员数量与在拼命奋战到达德军战壕时损失的人员数量一样多。
Both the Kensingtons and the Scots found groups of German machine guns, doing most destructive work, that could have been rendered useless if the British had had a supply of high-explosive shells.
肯辛顿夫妇和苏格兰人都发现了成群的德国机枪，这些机枪正在进行最具破坏性的工作，如果英国人拥有大量高爆弹，这些机枪可能会毫无用处。
Under the circumstances there was nothing for Sir Douglas Haig to do but to order his men all along the line to retire.
在这种情况下，道格拉斯·黑格爵士别无选择，只能命令沿线的士兵撤退。
They obeyed the order sullenly, and many of them were slain in their attempt to get back to their own trenches.
他们闷闷不乐地服从命令，许多人在试图返回自己的战壕时被杀。
But their comrades felt they had not died wholly in vain; for the woeful lack of lyddite shells thus became known in England and the indignation thus aroused resulted in the appointment of a minister of munitions who organized the manufacture of the necessary explosives on a scale heretofore unattempted by the British.
但他们的战友们觉得他们并没有完全白白死去。由于缺乏利德铁矿炮弹的情况在英国广为人知，由此引起的愤慨导致任命了一位军需部长，他组织了必要的炸药的制造，其规模是英国人迄今为止从未尝试过的。
A lesson had been learned, but at a fearful cost to life.
我们吸取了教训，但付出了可怕的生命代价。
The same lesson was being taught the British public at another section of the battle front.
在前线的另一部分，英国公众也受到了同样的教训。
Its soldiers not only were unable to maintain a successful artillery fire, but the fact became so impressed on the German mind that the Teutons in the Ypres and Lille regions felt assured that their infantry had the British at their mercy.
它的士兵不仅无法维持成功的炮火，而且这一事实在德国人心中留下了如此深刻的印象，以至于伊普尔和里尔地区的条顿人确信他们的步兵已经受到英国人的摆布。
Sir John French, however, had a clever knowledge of human nature.
然而，约翰·弗伦奇爵士对人性有着深刻的了解。
He began his efforts to remedy the difficulty by telling the war correspondents his troubles.
他开始努力通过告诉战地记者他的麻烦来解决这个困难。
They spread the news.
他们传播消息。
Then he secretly collected all of the available artillery in the Ypres region, together with his limited supply of shells, and was ready to deal such a blow to the Duke of Wuerttemberg's army when it marched on Ypres the latter part of May, 1915, that it was necessary for the Germans to get reenforcements through Belgium.
然后，他秘密收集了伊普尔地区所有可用的火炮，加上他有限的炮弹供应，准备在1915年5月下旬向伊普尔进军时对符腾堡公爵的军队造成沉重打击，以至于德军必须通过比利时获得增援。
This was a great surprise to the Teutons and cost them dearly.
这对条顿人来说是一个巨大的惊喜，也让他们付出了惨重的代价。
CHAPTER XXI
第二十一章
SIR JOHN FRENCH ATTEMPTS A SURPRISE
约翰·弗伦奇爵士尝试制造惊喜
The operation of this plan of Sir John French had an excellent effect in the Ypres region, but it had the opposite effect on the British who were trying to take Lille.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士这一计划的实施，在伊普尔地区取得了极好的效果，但对试图夺取里尔的英国人却产生了相反的效果。
Moreover it was necessary for the British to continue to occupy the attention of the left wing of the German army, under the command of the Crown Prince of Bavaria, in order to keep him from using his men against General Foch, who was attempting to push his way between Arras and Lille.
此外，英国人有必要继续吸引巴伐利亚王储指挥下的德国军队左翼的注意力，以阻止他使用他的部队对抗试图在阿拉斯和里尔之间推进的福煦将军。
Inasmuch as the British artillery had proved ineffective because of its lack of enough and the proper kind of ammunition, Sir John French planned another surprise for the Germans.
由于英国炮兵由于缺乏足够和适当类型的弹药而被证明是无效的，约翰·弗伦奇爵士计划给德国人另一个惊喜。
This time he selected the weapon which the Teutons seemed most to fear when it was in the hands of the British--the bayonet.
这次他选择了条顿人在英国人手中时似乎最害怕的武器——刺刀。
The salient on the German front at Festubert, between La Bassee and Neuve Chapelle, was chosen for the proposed military feat.
德国前线位于拉巴斯和新沙佩勒之间的费斯图伯特突出部被选为军事壮举的目标。
The territory occupied by the Teutons had the appearance, to the casual observer, of being lowlands on which were wrecked homes, farms, and trees.
对于不经意的观察者来说，条顿人占领的领土看起来像是低地，上面有被毁坏的房屋、农场和树木。
The actual conditions of this section of the country were much more serious for any body of troops which planned to make an attack.
对于任何计划发动进攻的部队来说，该地区的实际情况要严峻得多。
The ground was moist and muddy, in many places being crossed by treacherous ditches filled with slimy water.
地面潮湿泥泞，许多地方都被充满泥水的危险沟渠所穿过。
Moreover the exact range of practically every square foot of it was known to the German artillerymen, whose guns were on the high ground to the west of the lowlands.
此外，德国炮兵几乎知道每一平方英尺的精确射程，他们的炮兵部署在低地以西的高地上。
The British were in trenches from seventy to three hundred yards from those of their enemy.
英国人的战壕距离敌人的战壕有七十到三百码。
If the men there could dash across the intervening space and get into the German trenches before being annihilated by the kaiser's cannon, they would use the bayonet with deadly effect, and, from past experiences, have reasonable hope of gaining a victory.
如果那里的人能够冲过中间的空间，进入德军战壕，然后被德皇的大炮消灭，他们就会使用具有致命效果的刺刀，并且从过去的经验来看，他们有合理的希望获得胜利。
It was decided to make such an attempt first on that part of the line between Richebourg on the left and Festubert on the right.
决定首先在左边的里什堡和右边的费斯图伯特之间的那部分线路上进行这样的尝试。
The British Seventh Division was sent south to support the attack which was to have been made on May 12, 1915.
英国第七师被派往南方支援原定于 1915 年 5 月 12 日发起的进攻。
On that day it was too foggy for the aviators to see with any degree of accuracy; so the movement was delayed.
那天，雾太大了，飞行员无法看清任何情况。所以行动被耽搁了。
This gave time for the Canadian Division to be sent south and add their strength to the support.
这给了加拿大师南下增援的时间。
The German trenches, at this point where the attack was to be made, were occupied by the Seventh Westphalian Army Corps.
德军战壕，此时即将发起攻击的地方，已被第七威斯特伐利亚军团占领。
This corps had lost many of its men at Neuve Chapelle; and their places had been taken by youths who had not reached the development of manhood and whose immaturity and lack of military training greatly lessened the efficiency of this famous body of troops.
该军团在新查佩勒失去了许多人。取代他们的位置的是尚未成年的年轻人，他们的不成熟和缺乏军事训练大大降低了这支著名部队的效率。
Finally, on Saturday night, May 15, 1915, all conditions for the attack seemed favorable to the British.
最后，1915 年 5 月 15 日星期六晚上，所有进攻条件似乎都对英国有利。
There was no moon and the sky was dark, though there was not that inky blackness that occasionally occurs under similar weather conditions.
没有月亮，天空一片漆黑，不过并没有类似天气条件下偶尔出现的漆黑一片。
The Indian Corps stole from their trenches and began to go forward from Richebourg l'Avoue.
印度军团从战壕中偷偷溜出，开始从里什堡拉武出发。
But the Germans were alert, and they illumined the movement with innumerable flares which made the Indians easy targets for the machine guns and rifles of the Teutons in that part of the line.
但德国人很警惕，他们用无数的照明弹照亮了这场运动，这使得印第安人很容易成为这条战线上那部分条顿人机枪和步枪的目标。
So quick was the work to repel the attack that many of the Indians were slain as they were climbing out of their own trenches.
击退进攻的工作如此之快，以至于许多印第安人在爬出自己的战壕时被杀。
As a surprise attack at night, the British were not making much of a success of their plan, but as a method of gaining ground and keeping their enemy busy on that particular part of the line the men of their Second Division were effective.
作为夜间的突然袭击，英国人的计划并没有取得多大成功，但作为一种夺取阵地并让敌人在战线特定部分忙碌的方法，他们的第二师的人员是有效的。
They dashed into the first line of German trenches and cleared them out with the bayonet and hand grenade.
他们冲进德军战壕的第一线，用刺刀和手榴弹清除了他们。
The furor of the attack took them on into the second line.
猛烈的攻击使他们进入了第二防线。
By dawn the soldiers of the Second Division had driven a wedge into the German line.
黎明时分，第二师的士兵已经楔入德军战线。
This wedge was widened and driven in harder by Sir Douglas Haig's old command--the First Corps.
这个楔子被道格拉斯·黑格爵士的旧指挥部——第一军团加宽并更用力地推入。
This corps had suffered heavy losses at the first battle of Ypres; but the men who filled the gaps in the line were hardy young men who made excellent soldiers from the start.
该军团在第一次伊普尔战役中损失惨重；但填补这一空缺的人都是坚强的年轻人，他们从一开始就是优秀的士兵。
Added to their enthusiasm was a desire to show their ability as fighters, with the result that the British right wing was so effective that it, in a great measure, made up for the failure of the Indian troops.
除了他们的热情之外，还渴望展示自己作为战士的能力，结果英国右翼非常有效，在很大程度上弥补了印度军队的失败。
The center and the right, with bomb and bayonet, drove the Germans from the trenches; and then together they forced their way into the Teutons' position 600 yards along a front 800 yards in length.
中间和右翼用炸弹和刺刀将德军赶出了战壕。然后他们一起沿着800码长的前线强行进入600码处的条顿人阵地。
Early the next morning, before daylight on May 16, 1915, the British Seventh Division forced its way into the German salient at Festubert.
第二天一早，即 1915 年 5 月 16 日天亮之前，英国第七师强行进入位于费斯图伯特的德国突出部。
In the meantime the Germans were making hasty preparations for a counterattack.
与此同时，德国人正在仓促准备反击。
Sir John French's plan, however, had proved effective.
然而，约翰·弗伦奇爵士的计划被证明是有效的。
It would have required a large supply of high-explosive shells to have made much of an impression on the excellent defenses which the German soldiers had constructed on this part of the front.
需要大量的高爆炮弹才能对德国士兵在前线这部分构筑的出色防御工事造成很大影响。
The British had no such supply of ammunition, and, even if they had had it, it is doubtful if they would have been able to demolish the formidable wire entanglements.
英国人没有这样的弹药供应，而且，即使他们有，他们是否能够拆除这些可怕的铁丝网也值得怀疑。
Yet in this night attack with the bayonet the British troops had accomplished all they could have done if supplied with proper ammunition.
然而，在这次用刺刀进行的夜袭中，英军已经完成了他们在弹药充足的情况下所能完成的一切。
In the desperate charge which they made no wire entanglement could stop the British soldiers.
在他们绝望的冲锋中，没有任何铁丝纠缠可以阻止英国士兵。
They threw their overcoats or blankets over the barbed wire and then climbed across the obstruction.
他们把大衣或毯子扔到铁丝网上，然后爬过障碍物。
The Seventh Division took three lines of trenches in this manner, until it was 12,000 yards back of the original line of its enemy.
第七师就这样攻克了三道战壕，直到距离敌军原阵线后12000码处。
There were now two wedges driven into the German front, and the British desired to join them and make what might be termed a countersalient, or a salient running into the original salient of the Germans.
现在有两个楔子进入了德国前线，英国人希望加入他们，并形成所谓的反突出部，或者突出部与德国人最初的突出部相撞。
But the space between the two horns of the British force was a network of trenches.
但英军两角之间的空间是一个战壕网络。
The horns might prod and irritate the Teutons, but they needed artillery again to rid the German breastworks of machine guns and demolish the obstructions which would cost too many lives to take in the same manner in which the British success had been won in its night attack.
号角可能会刺激和激怒条顿人，但他们再次需要火炮来清除德军胸墙的机枪，并拆除障碍物，而这些障碍物将付出太多的生命代价，就像英国人在夜袭中取得胜利一样。
Nevertheless the British started in to bomb their way toward Festubert, and they even gained forty yards in this hazardous undertaking before they were forced to stop.
尽管如此，英国人还是开始向费斯图贝尔轰炸，他们甚至在这次危险的行动中前进了四十码，然后才被迫停下来。
If they had seemed to be an irresistible force, they had met what had every appearance of being an immovable body--and there was a limit to human endurance.
如果他们看起来是一股不可抗拒的力量，那么他们遇到的却是一个看上去不可动摇的身体——而人类的忍耐力是有限度的。
By May 17, 1915, the British concluded that their most advisable offensive was to clear the space between their two wedges by cutting off the Germans who held that part of their line.
到 1915 年 5 月 17 日，英国人得出结论，他们最明智的进攻是通过切断占领该部分防线的德军来清理两个楔子之间的空间。
To do this the British attempted to cut off the German communication to the north from La Quinque Rue; but, by that time, the Teutons had received reenforcements; and they rained such a shower of lead on the attacking force that the attempt had to be abandoned; but not until many heroic efforts had been made by the British to succeed in their purpose.
为此，英国人试图切断德国人从拉昆克街向北的交通。但到那时，条顿人已经得到了增援。他们向进攻部队倾泻了铅雨，以致这次尝试不得不放弃。但直到英国人做出了许多英勇的努力才成功实现了他们的目的。
Many Germans were made prisoners at all stages of the fighting.
许多德国人在战斗的各个阶段都被俘虏。
The British bayonet seemed to strike them with terror, and the bombs were more potent in scattering them than were the orders of their commanders to repel the attacking force.
英国人的刺刀似乎让他们感到恐惧，而炸弹比指挥官击退进攻部队的命令更能驱散他们。
Between Richebourg l'Avoue and Le Quinque Rue is the farm Cour de l'Avoue.
Cour de l'Avoue 农场位于 Richebourg l'Avoue 和 Le Quinque Rue 之间。
In front of this farm the remains of a battalion of Saxons attempted to surrender.
在这个农场前，有一队撒克逊人的遗骸试图投降。
They had arrived on the line as reenforcements to the Westphalians, and had been fighting valiantly until their numbers were so decreased that they were unable to hold out against their foes longer.
他们作为威斯特伐利亚人的增援部队抵达前线，并一直英勇作战，直到人数减少，无法再与敌人对抗。
Whether their commanding officer ordered them to surrender or a common impulse dictated their action, they left their position and advanced toward the British.
无论是他们的指挥官命令他们投降，还是共同的冲动决定了他们的行动，他们都离开了自己的阵地，向英国人前进。
Not understanding their action, the attacking force fired upon the Saxons who were sufficiently numerous to give the impression that they might be leading a counterattack.
由于不了解他们的行动，攻击部队向数量充足的撒克逊人开火，给人一种他们可能正在领导反击的印象。
Thereupon the Saxons dropped their guns and the firing from the British side ceased, only to be taken up on the German side by the Westphalians.
于是，撒克逊人放下了枪，英国方面的射击也停止了，但德国方面的射击却被威斯特伐利亚人接替了。
This was followed by an attack on the would-be prisoners by the German artillery until every soldier in the surrendering party was slain.
随后，德国炮兵对那些可能成为俘虏的人进行攻击，直到投降方的所有士兵都被杀死。
This action horrified the British, but the Germans considered it a means of discipline which would have a salutary effect on any who might prefer the comforts of a prison camp to dying for the Fatherland.
这一行为震惊了英国人，但德国人认为这是一种纪律手段，对于那些宁愿在战俘营里舒适而不是为祖国而死的人来说，都会产生有益的影响。
The British Seventh Division at Festubert continued to work south along the German trenches.
驻扎在费斯图伯特的英军第七师继续沿着德军战壕向南推进。
Its bayonets and bombs cleared the way before it.
它的刺刀和炸弹在它面前扫清了道路。
The plan was for them to continue toward Rue d'Ouvert, Chapelle St. Roch, and Canteleux.
他们的计划是继续前往 Rue d'Ouvert、Chapelle St. Roch 和 Canteleux。
In the meantime the Second Division, on the left of the Seventh Division, was to fight its way to Rue du Marais and Violaines.
与此同时，位于第七师左侧的第二师将向马黑街和维奥莱内斯杀出一条血路。
The Indian contingent had received orders to keep in touch with the Third Division.
印度特遣队接到命令，要与第三师保持联系。
The Fifty-first Division was sent to Estaires to act as a support to the First Army.
第五十师被派往埃斯塔雷斯，为第一集团军提供支援。
By the night of May 17, 1915, the British held all of the first line of German trenches from the south of Festubert to Richebourg l'Avoue.
到 1915 年 5 月 17 日夜间，英国人已经占领了从费斯图贝尔南部到里什堡拉武埃的所有德军第一线战壕。
For a part of that distance the second and third lines of trenches had been taken and held; and still farther forward the British possessed many important points.
在这段距离的一部分中，第二条和第三条战壕已经被占领并守住了。再往前走，英国人掌握了许多重要的要点。
Moreover the British soldiers were so inspired with their success that they desired to press on in spite of the fact that the nature of the country was such that they were wet through and covered with mud.
此外，英国士兵因他们的成功而深受鼓舞，尽管这个国家的天气使他们浑身湿透，浑身是泥，但他们仍想继续前进。
It was not all enthusiasm, however.
然而，这并不全是热情。
Mingled with the desire for victory was a desire for revenge.
对胜利的渴望中夹杂着复仇的渴望。
The British on this part of the line were enraged by the use of gas at Ypres and the sinking of the _Lusitania_.
这条线的英国人对伊普尔使用毒气和卢西塔尼亚号的沉没感到愤怒。
On the night of May 17, 1915, the Fourth Cameron Highlanders, a Territorial battalion, met with disaster.
1915 年 5 月 17 日晚上，第四卡梅伦高地营，一个领土营遭遇了灾难。
The men composing this unit were from Inverness-shire, Skye, and the Outer Islands.
组成这支部队的人员来自因弗内斯郡、斯凯岛和外岛。
Many of them had been gamekeepers and hence were accustomed to outdoor life and the handling of guns, all of which aided them in saving the remnant of their command.
他们中的许多人曾经是猎场看守人，因此习惯了户外生活和枪支操作，所有这些都有助于他们拯救指挥部的残余人员。
They had been ordered to take some cottages, occupied by German soldiers as a makeshift fortification.
他们奉命占领一些被德国士兵占领的小屋作为临时防御工事。
The Cameronians on the way to the attack fell into a ditch which was both deep and wide.
卡梅伦人在进攻途中掉进了一条又深又宽的沟里。
It was necessary for them to swim to get across the ditch in some places.
有些地方需要游泳才能过沟。
In the meantime Highlanders were being slain by German shells and the rifle fire that the men in the cottages rained upon the Scots.
与此同时，高地人被德国炮弹和小屋里的人向苏格兰人倾泻而下的步枪火力杀死。
One company was annihilated.
一家连队被歼灭。
Another company lost its way.
又一家公司迷失了方向。
The rear end of a German communicating trench was reached by a third company.
第三个连到达了德国通讯壕的后端。
Long before midnight this company was almost without ammunition.
早在午夜之前，该连就几乎没有弹药了。
Two platoons reenforced it at midnight; but the reenforcements had no machine guns, which would have given at least temporary relief.
两个排在午夜增援了它。但增援部队没有机枪，这至少可以暂时缓解压力。
Under the circumstances the only thing for the Territorials to do was to retreat.
在这种情况下，领地军唯一能做的就是撤退。
The Germans made that quite as perilous a venture as the advance had been.
德国人的这次冒险与前进一样危险。
Only half of those who started for the cottages returned.
出发前往小屋的人中只有一半返回。
Among the slain was the commander, and twelve other officers were also killed.
阵亡者中有一名指挥官，另外十二名军官也被杀。
The British, in spite of a cold rain, pushed on 1,200 yards north of the Festubert-La Quinque Rue road; and took a defense 300 yards to the southeast of the hamlet.
英国人不顾寒冷的雨，向费斯图伯特-拉昆克街以北 1,200 码处推进；并在小村庄东南300码处进行防御。
Two farms west of the road and south of Richebourg l'Avoue, the farm du Bois and the farm of the Cour de l'Avoue, in front of which latter the surrendering Saxons were slain, had been held by the Germans with numerous machine guns.
道路以西、里什堡拉武埃以南的两个农场，杜布瓦农场和库尔德拉武埃农场，投降的撒克逊人在后一个农场前被杀，德军用大量机枪占领了这两个农场。
The British took both farms by nightfall and found, on counting their prisoners, that they then had a total of 608 as well as several machine guns.
英国人在夜幕降临时占领了这两个农场，清点俘虏后发现，他们总共拥有 608 名俘虏以及几挺机枪。
The Second and Seventh Divisions were withdrawn by Sir Douglas Haig on the following day, Wednesday, May 19, 1915.
第二天，即 1915 年 5 月 19 日星期三，第二师和第七师被道格拉斯·黑格爵士撤出。
The Fifty-first Division and the Canadians took the places of the men who were sadly in need of relief from active duty.
第五十师和加拿大人取代了那些不幸需要减免现役军人的位置。
Lieutenant General Alderson received the command of both divisions together with the artillery of both the Second and Seventh Divisions.
奥尔德森中将负责指挥两个师以及第二师和第七师的炮兵。
The cold, wet weather hampered operations and there was comparatively little activity, though hostilities by no means altogether ceased.
寒冷潮湿的天气阻碍了行动，活动相对较少，但敌对行动并未完全停止。
Each side needed a little rest and time to fill in gaps in their respective lines.
双方都需要一点休息和时间来填补各自阵线的空白。
Hence it was not until Sunday, May 23, that any fighting on a large scale took place.
因此，直到5月23日星期日，才发生了大规模的战斗。
On that day the Seventh Prussian Army Corps made a desperate effort to break through that part of the British line held by the Canadians near Festubert.
那天，普鲁士第七军团孤注一掷，试图突破费斯图伯特附近加拿大人占领的英军防线。
The Prussians used their old tactics with the result that the British shrapnel, rifle, and machine-gun fire plowed great holes in their ranks.
普鲁士人使用了他们的老战术，结果英国人的弹片、步枪和机关枪的火力在他们的队伍中造成了巨大的伤害。
The Teutons in this instance were without adequate artillery support, for many of their batteries had been made useless by the British.
在这种情况下，条顿人没有足够的炮兵支援，因为他们的许多炮台都被英国人弄得毫无用处。
From then on to May 25, 1915, there were several small engagements in which the British made gains.
此后至 1915 年 5 月 25 日，英军在几次小规模交战中取得了进展。
Then Sir John French concluded to end the activity of his men on this part of the front.
然后约翰·弗伦奇爵士决定结束他的部下在这部分前线的活动。
In that connection he made the following statement: "I had now reasons to consider that the battle which was commenced by the First Army on May 9 and renewed on the 16th, having attained for the moment the immediate object I had in view, should not be further actively proceeded with.
就此，他发表了如下声明：“我现在有理由认为，第一集团军于5月9日开始并于16日重新开始的战斗，目前已达到我所设想的直接目标，不应进一步积极进行。
"In the battle of Festubert the enemy was driven from a position which was strongly intrenched and fortified, and ground was won on a front of four miles to an average depth of 600 yards."
“在费斯图贝尔战役中，敌人被赶出了坚固的工事和防御工事，并在前方四英里、平均深度为 600 码的战线上赢得了阵地。”
CHAPTER XXII
第二十二章
ATTACKS AT LA BASSEE
拉巴斯的袭击
The British had discovered the futility of attempting to smash through the German lines without an adequate supply of high-explosive shells with which to destroy the heavy wire entanglements.
英国人发现，如果没有足够的高爆炮弹来摧毁沉重的铁丝网，试图突破德军防线是徒劳的。
Moreover, in maintaining a curtain of fire between the German lines and potential reenforcements, it was necessary to increase the artillery arm of the service.
此外，为了维持德军战线和潜在增援部队之间的火幕，有必要增加该军的炮兵部队。
At this time the Germans could fire four shells to one by the British.
此时德国人可以向英国人发射四发炮弹。
Another very essential equipment in which the British were lacking was machine guns.
英国人缺乏的另一种非常重要的装备是机枪。
The German army had developed machine-gun warfare apparently to its highest power.
德国军队显然已经将机枪战发展到了最高水平。
They not only used it to increase their volume of fire, but also as a means of saving their infantry.
他们不仅用它来增加火力，而且还把它作为拯救步兵的一种手段。
When, for any reason, it was found expedient to move infantry, a few machine-gun crews would take the place of the soldiers with the rifle and maintain a fire which would be almost as effective in checking the British advance as the infantry had been.
无论出于何种原因，当发现需要移动步兵时，一些机枪组就会代替持步枪的士兵并保持火力，这几乎与步兵一样有效地阻止了英国的前进。
The British had no such number of machine guns.
英国人没有这么多机枪。
They lacked this necessary part of their equipment just as they lacked shells, cannon, aircraft, and other war material which the Germans had developed and accumulated in large quantities under the supervision of the German General Staff.
他们缺乏这部分必要的装备，就像缺乏德国人在德国总参谋部监督下大量研制和积累的炮弹、大炮、飞机和其他战争物资一样。
The German munition factories had been making and storing enormous supplies for an army of several millions of men.
德国军火工厂一直在为数百万军队生产和储存大量物资。
On the other hand the British had believed in the excellence of their comparatively small army to such an extent that it required all of the fighting from the time their troops landed on the Continent up to Festubert to convince them that they must make and maintain a military machine at least equal, if not superior, to the one her foes possessed.
另一方面，英国人相信他们相对较小的军队的卓越性，以至于需要从他们的军队登陆欧洲大陆到费斯图伯特的所有战斗才能说服他们，他们必须制造和维持一支至少与敌人拥有的军事机器相当（如果不是更好的话）的军事机器。
It is true the British needed more men in the ranks, but what was needed more was large additions to the supply of machine guns, artillery, and ammunition.
英国确实需要更多的士兵，但更需要的是大量增加机枪、火炮和弹药的供应。
For those reasons the British generals avoided clashes with the Germans after the battle of Festubert, except when it was necessary to hold as many of the Germans as possible to the British part of the western front.
由于这些原因，英国将军们在费斯图伯特战役后避免与德国人发生冲突，除非有必要将尽可能多的德国人控制在西线的英国部分。
This plan was maintained throughout the summer of 1915.
这个计划一直维持到 1915 年整个夏天。
In the meantime the Germans were constructing, beyond their trenches, the most elaborate series of field fortifications in the history of warfare.
与此同时，德国人正在战壕之外建造战争史上最复杂的一系列野战防御工事。
The German staff realized that the time was coming when the British would again take the offensive.
德国参谋们意识到英国人再次发动进攻的时刻即将到来。
When that time arrived the Germans would thus be prepared to make every foot of ground gained as costly as possible to their foes.
当那个时刻到来时，德国人将准备好让敌人付出尽可能惨重的代价。
In fact they had reason for believing that it would be almost impossible for their opponents to gain ground where it was held by such seemingly impregnable works.
事实上，他们有理由相信，他们的对手几乎不可能在这些看似坚不可摧的作品所占据的地方取得进展。
An attack at La Bassee in the first weeks in June, 1915, started with the British Second Army making a pretended advance in the Ypres region.
1915 年 6 月的头几周，英国第二集团军假装向伊普尔地区推进，对拉巴斯发动了进攻。
The British in the forest of Ploegsteert drove a mine into the German lines and blew it up.
英国人在普洛格斯蒂特森林中将一枚地雷埋入德军防线并将其炸毁。
The explosion followed by a British charge, which resulted in the taking of a part of the German trenches.
爆炸之后，英军发起冲锋，占领了德军战壕的一部分。
This forest extended northwest of Lille and south of Messines.
这片森林延伸至里尔西北和梅西讷以南。
Under the ground in this section the sappers had built a city, whose streets were named for the thoroughfare of London.
在这一段的地下，工兵们建造了一座城市，其街道以伦敦的大道命名。
Thus there was "Regent Street," "Piccadilly Circus," "Leicester Square," and many others.
因此就有了“摄政街”、“皮卡迪利广场”、“莱斯特广场”等等。
There was also a "Kensington Garden," in which grew wild flowers transplanted from the forest by the soldiers.
还有一个“肯辛顿花园”，里面种植了士兵们从森林里移植的野花。
The Germans had been driven out of the forest in the fall of 1914 when they made their dash to reach Calais; but their trenches were only about 400 yards beyond the eastern edge.
1914 年秋天，当德国人冲进加莱时，他们被赶出了森林。但他们的战壕距离东部边缘仅约 400 码。
The earth here was especially adaptable for mines, and both sides made many attempts to work destruction by tunneling forward.
这里的土地特别适合埋设地雷，双方都曾多次尝试通过向前挖掘隧道来进行破坏。
In this activity it was soon found necessary to have men in advanced positions in the tunnels to listen to the mining operations of their opponents.
在这项活动中，很快就发现有必要让人员在隧道中处于前沿位置，以监听对手的采矿作业。
As soon as such operations were discovered, a countertunnel was driven in that direction and a mine exploded, thereby destroying the enemy's tunnel and burying his sappers.
一旦发现此类行动，就朝该方向挖出一条反隧道，并引爆地雷，从而摧毁了敌人的隧道并掩埋了其工兵。
Sometimes, however, the men in the countertunnel cut through to the other excavation and engaged in a hand-to-hand conflict beneath the surface of the earth.
然而，有时，反隧道中的人会直接进入另一个挖掘坑，并在地表下进行肉搏战。
Then primitive methods were used.
然后使用原始方法。
Though mining had taken place on other sections of the western front, as at Hill 60, it was in this forest area that it was probably brought to its highest development.
尽管在西线的其他地区（如 60 号山）也进行了采矿活动，但正是在这个森林地区，采矿业才达到了最高的发展。
The British mine here, as noted above, on June 6, 1915, blew up the German trenches, and the British charged into the crater and drove the Germans out with bayonet and bomb.
如上所述，英国在这里的地雷于1915年6月6日炸毁了德军战壕，英国人冲进弹坑，用刺刀和炸弹将德军赶了出去。
A similar crater was the result of the mining at La Bassee.
拉巴斯采矿时也出现了类似的火山口。
Five mines at the end of tunnels constructed by the Germans did not go far enough toward the British trenches, and when the explosions occurred the trenches remained intact.
德国人在隧道尽头埋设的五枚地雷，距离英国战壕的距离还不够远，爆炸发生时，战壕仍然完好无损。
The sappers, however, had other things to contend with; this was the case when a tunnel was driven toward the German trenches between Rue du Bois and Rue d'Ouvert, near the La Bassee Canal.
然而，工兵们还有其他事情需要应对。在拉巴斯运河附近的杜布瓦街和乌弗特街之间，有一条隧道通向德军战壕时就是这种情况。
Water was found below the German intrenchments.
在德军堑壕下面发现了水。
The British managed to keep the water out of the tunnel by using sandbags.
英国人设法用沙袋阻止水进入隧道。
Then they planted enough dynamite to blow up a large part of the German force.
然后他们放置了足够的炸药来炸毁大部分德军。
The two trench lines were very close together on this part of the front; and, to prevent accidents, the British left their trenches near the mine before it was fired.
在前线的这一部分，两条战壕线非常接近。为了防止发生事故，英国人在水雷发射前在水雷附近留下了战壕。
On the night of June 6, 1915, the mine tore open the trenches of both sides, and buried one of the British magazines which was filled with hand grenades and killed several British bomb throwers.
1915年6月6日晚，地雷炸开了双方的战壕，埋掉了英国的一本装满手榴弹的弹匣，炸死了几名英国炸弹投掷者。
At about the same moment another supply of British bombs was exploded when it was struck by a shell from a German howitzer.
大约在同一时刻，另一批英国炸弹被德国榴弹炮的炮弹击中而爆炸。
This occurred at a place on the line called Duck's Bill, and resulted in the British being without an adequate supply of hand grenades.
这件事发生在前线上一个叫“鸭嘴”的地方，导致英国人没有足够的手榴弹供应。
The British troops in this action were the soldiers of a British division and a Canadian brigade.
这次行动的英军是英国一个师和加拿大一个旅的士兵。
The latter included the First Ontario Regiment, the Second and Fourth Canadian Battalions, the Third Toronto Regiment, and the East Yorkshires.
后者包括安大略第一团、加拿大第二和第四营、多伦多第三团和东约克郡。
The Ontario regiment was directed against a fortified part of the German line which was called Stony Mountain.
安大略团的目标是德军防线的一个防御工事部分，即石山。
To the south of Stony Mountain, about 150 yards, was another fortified position called Dorchester.
在斯托尼山以南约 150 码处，有另一个防御工事，称为多切斯特 (Dorchester)。
This also was to be taken by the Ontario men.
这也将由安大略人采取。
If they succeeded in their work the right flank of the British division would be protected.
如果他们的工作取得成功，英国师的右翼将受到保护。
But it was Stony Mountain that was of most importance to the British.
但对英国人来说最重要的是石山。
Its machine guns and its northern defenses menaced the route which the British must take to make an advance.
它的机枪和北方防御力量威胁着英国人前进的路线。
In order to prevent the Germans from giving their undivided attention to the Canadians, the British division on the left made an advance against the Teutons north of Stony Mountain.
为了阻止德国人全神贯注于加拿大人，左侧的英国师向斯托尼山以北的条顿人推进。
The British artillery had been shelling this part of the German line day and night many days as a preparation for this advance.
许多天来，英国炮兵日夜不停地炮击德军防线的这一部分，为这次进攻做准备。
Its projectiles crashed into the brick fields near La Bassee, and in front of the wrecked village of Quinchy.
它的炮弹坠入拉巴斯附近的砖田和被毁的昆奇村庄前面。
The German machine-gun crews were hidden behind the brick stacks which were square blocks of burned clay upon which the British shells burst without perceptible effect.
德国机枪手隐藏在砖堆后面，这些砖堆是方形的烧粘土块，英国炮弹在上面爆炸，但没有产生明显的影响。
The shells that went over the stacks, however, did much damage.
然而，穿过烟囱的炮弹造成了很大的破坏。
Beyond the brick field to the north were the ruins of farm buildings which were also hiding places for the Germans and their machine guns.
砖田北边是农场建筑的废墟，这些建筑也是德国人和机枪的藏身之处。
All the buildings back of the German line had been turned into fortresses whose underground works were concreted and connected with their headquarters by telephone.
德军防线后方的所有建筑物都变成了堡垒，其地下工程已用混凝土浇筑，并通过电话与总部相连。
While the British artillery was attempting to destroy these fortresses it was also hurling lyddite shells into the trenches.
当英国炮兵试图摧毁这些堡垒时，它也向战壕中投掷了锂铁矿炮弹。
The German artillery fire greatly exceeded the British in volume.
德国的炮火数量大大超过了英国。
Nevertheless the British forces were in the more comfortable position.
尽管如此，英军仍处于更有利的位置。
They had comparatively little to do except wait until they were needed, which would be when their artillery had completed the preparation for the inevitable charge.
除了等待需要他们的时候，他们几乎没有什么可做的，那时他们的炮兵已经完成了不可避免的冲锋的准备。
On the other hand the German soldier had a nerve-racking part to play.
另一方面，德国士兵则扮演着令人伤脑筋的角色。
He knew from the preparation that an attack in force was about to be made; but he did not know when it would occur nor where.
他从做好的准备中就知道，一场猛烈的攻击即将到来。但他不知道它会在何时、何地发生。
Hence it was necessary for him to be constantly on the alert.
所以他必须时刻保持警惕。
Many of the Germans were under arms at all hours of the day and night.
许多德国人不分昼夜地全副武装。
In fact few of them on that part of their line got any real rest during the week in which the bombardment continued.
事实上，在轰炸持续的一周里，那部分战线上的人很少有人得到真正的休息。
The section between the two lines of trenches was illuminated at night, and the cannonade kept up so that there was no opportunity for the Germans to repair the havoc made by the British shells.
两线战壕之间的部分在夜间被照亮，炮火不断，使德军没有机会修复英军炮弹造成的破坏。
The suspense was terminated on the evening of June 15, 1915, by an additional flight of projectiles from the British guns.
1915 年 6 月 15 日晚，英军再次发射炮弹，悬念结束。
Every piece of British ordnance on that part of the line was worked at top speed.
这条战线上的每一件英国军械都在以最快的速度发射。
The Germans, knowing that this immediately preceded an infantry charge, used their artillery to stop it.
德国人知道这即将发生步兵冲锋，因此使用大炮阻止了进攻。
But the British charge formed in their trenches, with the Canadians on their right.
但英国人的冲锋在他们的战壕里形成，加拿大人在他们的右边。
In addition to the shrapnel the Germans made breaks in the lines of their foes by the use of machine guns, but the breaks were quickly filled.
除了弹片之外，德国人还用机枪打破了敌人的防线，但这些缺口很快就被填补了。
On some parts of the front the British and Canadians were successful and reached the trenches.
在前线的某些地方，英国人和加拿大人取得了成功并到达了战壕。
In all the captured trenches extended from Rue du Bois to Rue d'Ouvert.
在所有被占领的战壕中，战壕从布瓦街一直延伸到乌弗特街。
In the meantime those Canadians who had been directed against Stony Mountain and Dorchester were doing heroic work.
与此同时，那些针对斯托尼山和多切斯特的加拿大人正在做着英勇的工作。
The First Company of the Ontario Regiment charged through the debris of the mine explosion, only to run into the deadly hail sent at them by the machine guns.
安大略军团第一连冲过地雷爆炸的废墟，结果却遇到了机枪向他们发射的致命冰雹。
But the Canadians were determined to complete their task, and they took Dorchester and the connecting trench.
但加拿大人决心完成他们的任务，他们占领了多切斯特和连接战壕。
The fire was too heavy for them to reach Stony Mountain.
火势太猛，他们无法到达石山。
A group of bombers made a dash forward, but were shot down before they could get near enough to use their weapons.
一群轰炸机向前冲去，但在他们接近使用武器之前就被击落了。
The second and third companies rushed forward, suffering severely from the deluge of lead, but some of their men got into the German second line and then began to bomb their way to right and left.
第二连和第三连冲上前去，在大量铅弹的袭击下遭受重创，但他们的一些人进入了德军第二线，然后开始左右轰炸。
The captured first trench was utilized by the attacking force.
进攻部队利用了占领的第一条战壕。
From that vantage the advance was led by a machine gun which was followed by a group of bomb throwers.
从这个有利位置，前进由一挺机枪引导，后面跟着一群炸弹投掷者。
In working forward the machine-gun base became lost when the man who had it was slain.
在前进的过程中，机枪基地失去了，因为拥有机枪基地的人被杀了。
Thereupon a Canadian "lumberjack" named Vincent became the base, the machine gun being fired from his back.
于是，一位名叫文森特的加拿大“伐木工人”成为了基地，机关枪从他的背后发射。
But the German bomb throwers drove the attacking force out of the trench.
但德国投掷炸弹的人将进攻部队赶出了战壕。
The Germans kept a rain of lead between the Canadians and the British line of trenches with the result that it was almost suicide for a man to attempt to return for bombs.
德国人在加拿大人和英国人的战壕之间设置了铅雨，结果是一个人试图返回炸弹几乎等于自杀。
Nevertheless many braved the ordeal.
尽管如此，许多人仍勇敢地面对考验。
Only one was successful.
只有一个成功了。
He, Private Smith of Southampton, Ontario, seemed to bear a charmed life, for he made the trip five times.
他是安大略省南安普敦市的二等兵史密斯，他曾五次出国旅行，似乎过着幸福的生活。
The Third Canadian Battalion was sent forward to reenforce the Ontario Regiment which had lost most of its officers, but such a pressure of German forces were brought to bear on the Canadians that the reenforcements were unavailing, and the Canadians were forced to relinquish all they had gained, and return to their own trenches that night.
加拿大第三营被派往增援失去了大部分军官的安大略团，但德军对加拿大人的压力如此之大，以至于增援毫无作用，加拿大人被迫放弃他们所获得的一切，并于当晚返回自己的战壕。
The retreat was a desperate undertaking; the Germans then had the Canadians in the open and added heavily to the Canadian's death roll.
撤退是一次孤注一掷的行动。德国人随后将加拿大人暴露在空旷的地方，并为加拿大人的死亡名单增添了沉重的一笔。
On the other side of Stony Mountain the British had met with no better success than the Canadians.
在石山的另一边，英国人并没有比加拿大人取得更好的成功。
Having started their enemies back, the Germans massed for a counterattack and drove them back a mile, but not without a terrific struggle.
德军将敌人击退后，集结起来发起反击，将他们击退了一英里，但并非没有经过一场激烈的战斗。
The battle field was lighted by the peculiar fireworks used for such purposes and bursting of shells.
战场上被用于此类目的的特殊烟花和炮弹爆炸照亮。
Jets of flame shot forth from machine guns and rifles.
机枪和步枪喷射出火焰。
In many places the intermittent light disclosed deadly hand-to-hand conflicts.
在许多地方，断断续续的灯光揭示了致命的肉搏冲突。
Suddenly the Germans concentrated their fire on a portion of their lost first line of trenches, and the trenches of their enemies who held them were no more.
突然间，德军将火力集中在他们失去的第一道战壕的一部分上，而占领他们的敌人的战壕也消失了。
Having the British and Canadians defeated, as they believed, the Germans proceeded to add to their victory by storming the British and Canadian trenches.
正如他们所相信的那样，英国人和加拿大人被击败了，德国人继续通过猛攻英国和加拿大的战壕来增加他们的胜利。
They met with resistance, however, that drove them back.
然而，他们遇到了阻力，迫使他们返回。
At daybreak on June 16, 1915, the artillery on both sides resumed firing on a large scale.
1915年6月16日黎明，双方炮兵恢复大规模射击。
Suddenly, in the afternoon, the British fire increased preparatory to another charge.
下午突然，英军火力加大，准备再次发起冲锋。
This time the British commander had selected a smaller section for his attack.
这次英国指挥官选择了一个较小的区域进行攻击。
This was at Rue d'Ouvert, and the men who had been selected to make the charge were the Territorials and the Liverpool Irish.
这是在乌弗特街，被选中发起冲锋的人是领土队和利物浦爱尔兰队。
They got into the first line of German trenches which the Teutons shelled to such an extent that the remnant of the attacking force had to retreat.
他们进入了德军战壕的第一线，条顿人的炮击使得剩余的进攻部队不得不撤退。
Then the Second Gordon Highlanders and other Scotch soldiers made a gallant charge at the same place, Rue d'Ouvert, on June 18, 1915, but were forced to retire to their own trenches.
随后，第二戈登高地骑兵团和其他苏格兰士兵于 1915 年 6 月 18 日在同一地点杜维特街 (Rue d'Ouvert) 发起英勇冲锋，但被迫退回自己的战壕。
These attacks on this part of the German front resulted in repulses for those who made them; but, at the same time, they helped the Allies win victories elsewhere by keeping the German troops on that part of the line from going to reenforce those who were being hard pressed by the French.
对德国前线这部分地区的这些攻击导致攻击者被击退。但与此同时，他们阻止了那部分战线的德国军队去增援那些受到法国军队重压的军队，从而帮助盟军在其他地方赢得了胜利。
In this manner the British and Canadians, who fought so valiantly and with so little apparent success at Stony Mountain and Rue d'Ouvert, were in a measure responsible for the French victories at Angres, Souchez, and the Labyrinth.
这样，英国人和加拿大人虽然在石山和乌维特路作战如此英勇，却收效甚微，但他们在一定程度上对法军在安格尔、苏什和迷宫的胜利负有责任。
The Crown Prince of Bavaria could not hold out against both the French and British, but he believed it was more important for him to check the British, because a victory for them would threaten Lille to a greater extent.
巴伐利亚王储无法同时对抗法国和英国，但他认为制衡英国更重要，因为英国的胜利将更大程度地威胁里尔。
CHAPTER XXIII
第二十三章
OPERATIONS AROUND HOOGE
胡格周围的行动
The next action of importance on the British front occurred at the Chateau of Hooge on the Menin road about three miles east of Ypres.
英国前线的下一个重要行动发生在伊普尔以东约三英里的梅宁路上的胡格城堡。
Here had been the headquarters of Sir John French and Sir Douglas Haig at the first battle of Ypres.
这里是第一次伊普尔战役中约翰·弗伦奇爵士和道格拉斯·黑格爵士的指挥部。
From the Chateau Sir John French had seen the British line break at Gheluvelt, thereby opening the road for the Germans to Calais.
约翰·弗伦奇爵士在城堡中亲眼目睹了英军在盖吕韦尔特的防线突破，从而为德国人打开了通往加莱的道路。
That opening, however, had been closed by the Worcesters.
然而，这个空缺已经被伍斯特队封堵了。
After the Germans began to use their deadly gas in the spring of 1915 they again took possession of Hooge, and used the Menin road for a forward movement which threatened what was left of Ypres.
1915 年春天，德国人开始使用致命毒气后，他们再次占领了胡格，并利用梅宁公路向前推进，威胁到了伊普尔的残余地区。
The Duke of Wuerttemberg was in command of that part of the line opposed to the British, and his forces extended from near Pilkem in the north to near Hill 60 in the south, in the form of a crescent.
符腾堡公爵指挥着那段与英军对峙的战线，他的部队从北部的皮尔肯附近延伸到南部的60号高地附近，呈新月形。
He made use of the asphyxiating gas cloud and gas bombs so frequently on this part of the front that the British soldiers became expert in donning their hoodlike masks and in using respirators.
他在前线的这一地区频繁使用令人窒息的毒气云和毒气弹，以至于英国士兵都成为戴上兜帽式面具和使用呼吸器的专家。
Moreover, the British were constantly on the alert for the appearance of the poison gas.
此外，英国人时刻警惕着毒气的出现。
So that this method of attack was much less effective.
以至于这种攻击方式的效果要差很多。
Before the Germans discovered how well the British had prepared themselves against the gas, they met with disaster twice when using it.
在德国人发现英国人对毒气的准备有多充分之前，他们在使用毒气时遭遇了两次灾难。
On both occasions they had followed their gas cloud expecting to find their foes writhing on the ground in choking agony--an easy prey for an attack.
在这两次事件中，他们都跟随毒气云，期望发现他们的敌人在地面上痛苦地翻滚——这是很容易受到攻击的猎物。
But the British had put on their curious-appearing headgear, and were waiting for the men whom they knew would be following the cloud at a safe distance.
但英国人已经戴上了看起来很奇怪的头饰，正在等待那些他们知道会在安全距离跟随云的人。
As soon as the Germans were near enough the British turned loose everything that would hurl a projectile large or small.
一旦德国人足够接近，英国人就放开了所有能投掷大大小小的射弹的东西。
By the time the gas cloud had cleared, or, to be more accurate, passed on to the rear of the British line and spent itself, the only Germans to be seen were in the piles of dead and wounded in front of the British most advanced trenches.
当毒气云散去，或者更准确地说，到达英军战线后方并消耗殆尽时，唯一能看到的德国人就在英军最先进战壕前的成堆死伤者中。
The first time this occurred did not teach the Germans its lesson sufficiently well.
第一次发生这种情况并没有给德国人足够好的教训。
A second time the Germans did not follow their gas cloud so closely.
德国人第二次没有如此密切地跟踪他们的毒气云。
The gas-filled shells, however, the British found more difficult.
然而，英国人发现充气炮弹更加困难。
They did not give warning of their coming as did the appearance of the comparatively slow-moving gas cloud.
它们没有像相对缓慢移动的气体云的出现那样发出警告。
Thus in the first week of May, 1915, Hill 60 was taken by the Germans in a bombardment of asphyxiating shells.
因此，在 1915 年 5 月的第一周，德国人在令人窒息的炮弹轰击中占领了 60 号高地。
The bombardment had been immediately followed by a charge of bomb throwers who made an assault on the hill from three sides at once.
轰炸之后，炸弹投掷者立即从三个方向向山上发起进攻。
That forced the British to retreat to a trench line at the foot of the hill, and gave the top of the hill to the Germans who immediately set up a lookout post for their artillery back of the Zandvoord ridge.
这迫使英国人撤退到山脚下的战壕线，并将山顶让给了德国人，德国人立即在赞德沃德山脊的后方为他们的炮兵设立了一个了望哨。
This part of the British line was under the command of Sir Herbert Plumer.
英国战线的这一部分由赫伯特·普卢默爵士指挥。
His troops occupied themselves from the first week in May to the middle of August, 1915, in fighting in the Hooge district.
1915 年 5 月第一周到 8 月中旬，他的部队在胡格地区作战。
Most of this fighting was important only because it kept the Germans busy on that section of the line, and prevented them from being able to reenforce the Crown Prince of Bavaria or adding men to the force that was driving the Russians eastward.
这场战斗的大部分内容之所以重要，只是因为它让德国人在战线的那一段忙碌，并阻止他们增援巴伐利亚王储或为驱赶俄罗斯人向东的部队增援。
The men, fresh from the training camps, fought alongside of hardened veterans and learned much from them.
这些刚从训练营出来的人与经验丰富的老兵并肩作战，并从他们身上学到了很多东西。
From being what amounted to auxiliaries in these actions the new troops became hardened to actual fighting conditions.
新部队从这些行动中的辅助人员变得更加适应实际的战斗条件。
For this reason the personnel of the British troops on this part of the line was changed frequently.
为此，该地区英军的人员变动频繁。
This was especially true at Hooge.
在胡格尤其如此。
Princess Patricia's Canadian Regiment occupied the Chateau and village of Hooge on May 8, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 8 日，帕特里夏公主的加拿大军团占领了霍格城堡和村庄。
The "Princess Pats," as they were known at home, turned over their quarters to the Ninth Lancers who were followed by the Fifteenth Hussars and the Second Camerons.
他们在国内被称为“帕茨公主”，他们将自己的住所移交给了第九枪骑兵团，随后是第十五骠骑兵团和第二卡梅伦团。
On May 24, 1915, the Germans made a great gas attack.
1915 年 5 月 24 日，德军发动了一次大规模毒气袭击。
They had placed along the line from St. Julien to Hooge a great number of gas tanks.
他们沿着从圣朱利安到胡格的线路放置了大量的储气罐。
They then started a bombardment with asphyxiating shells.
然后他们开始用令人窒息的炮弹进行轰炸。
When the bombardment was well under way the tanks were opened.
当轰炸开始时，坦克被打开。
The ensuing cloud was five miles long and forty feet high; and it floated over the British trenches from 3 a.
随后出现的云有五英里长，四十英尺高。从凌晨 3 点开始，它就漂浮在英国战壕上空。
m.
米。
to 7 a.
到上午 7 点。
m.
米。
The cloud was followed by three columns of infantry, who dashed forward under the protection of the shells of their artillery.
云彩后面跟着三列步兵，在炮弹的保护下向前冲去。
But the Germans made gains in only two places--at Hooge and to the north of Wieltje.
但德军只在两个地方取得了进展——胡格和维尔杰以北。
For the most part the British regained by counterattacks what they lost; but they were unable to retake the Chateau of Hooge, though the Ninth Lancers and the Fifteenth Hussars made a heroic attempt to regain it.
大多数情况下，英国人通过反击夺回了他们失去的东西。但他们无法夺回胡格城堡，尽管第九枪骑兵团和第十五骠骑兵团英勇地试图夺回它。
Thereupon the Third Dragoons received orders to attempt to retake the Chateau of Hooge.
随后，第三龙骑兵团接到命令，试图夺回胡格城堡。
They went into the second line of the British trenches to the south of the Menin road on May 29, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 29 日，他们进入梅宁路以南的英军战壕第二线。
The Germans bombarded the trenches with high-explosive shells while from the German trenches a torrent of small arms fire poured.
德军用高爆炮弹轰击战壕，而德军战壕中则涌出小型武器火力。
In spite of the continued hail of lead, the Dragoons held to their position though their trenches were wrecked.
尽管铅冰雹持续不断，龙骑兵们仍坚守阵地，尽管他们的战壕被毁了。
Early in the morning of May 31, the British charged and drove their enemy from the ruins of the Chateau and its stables.
5月31日清晨，英军发起冲锋，将敌人从城堡及其马厩的废墟中赶走。
The Germans turned all of their artillery on that part of the line against Hooge, and when the bombardment was finished there was only a heap of ruins left.
德军将所有火炮都集中在这一段防线上，攻击胡格，当轰炸结束时，只剩下一堆废墟。
The British withdrew from the Chateau, but only for a short distance.
英国人从城堡撤退，但只撤了很短的距离。
The bombardment was renewed on June 1; on that day the German infantry tried to dislodge the Dragoons, but the attempt was unsuccessful.
6月1日，轰炸再次开始；那天，德国步兵试图驱逐龙骑兵，但没有成功。
Again, on June 2, the artillery was used, the German shells being hurled a part of the time at the rate of twenty a minute.
6月2日，德国再次使用火炮，部分时间以每分钟20枚的速度投掷炮弹。
Under the cover of this terrific bombardment a part of the German infantry charged from the Bellewaarde Lake region.
在这场可怕的轰炸掩护下，部分德军步兵从贝尔瓦尔德湖地区发起冲锋。
They got to the Chateau before a British battery opened fire on them.
他们在英国炮兵向他们开火之前到达了城堡。
Again they entered the ruins and made a dash out on the opposite side, where they were met by more machine-gun fire.
他们再次进入废墟，向对面冲去，但遭到更多机枪扫射。
Three times they tried to escape, but practically all of them were slain.
他们曾三次试图逃跑，但几乎全部被杀。
Other attempts were made by the Germans that afternoon, but none of them was successful.
当天下午，德国人还进行了其他尝试，但都没有成功。
The Dragoons were relieved on June 3, 1915, and their places were taken by a much larger force.
1915 年 6 月 3 日，龙骑兵被解职，他们的位置被一支规模大得多的部队取代。
It included the Third Worcesters, the First Wiltshires, the First Northumberland Fusiliers, the First Lincolnshires, the Royal Fusiliers, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, and the Liverpool Scottish, a territorial organization.
它包括第三伍斯特燧发枪团、第一威尔特郡燧发枪团、第一诺森伯兰燧发枪团、第一林肯郡燧发枪团、皇家燧发枪团、皇家苏格兰燧发枪团和利物浦苏格兰燧发枪团（一个领土组织）。
The British artillery was concentrated in the neighborhood of Hooge and started a bombardment on June 16.
英军炮兵集中在胡格附近，于6月16日开始炮击。
After a fairly adequate preparation by cannonade, the infantry charged the German line for a thousand yards near the Chateau, and took a part of the second line of trenches.
经过相当充分的炮击准备后，步兵向城堡附近的德军防线发起了一千码的冲锋，并占领了第二条战壕的一部分。
Again the British bayonet and bomb had won, though in this attack the greater credit must be given to the bomb.
英国的刺刀和炸弹再次获胜，尽管在这次袭击中，更大的功劳必须归功于炸弹。
The Germans made an attempt to retrieve the day by battering the British out of the trenches they had won.
德国人试图通过将英国人从他们赢得的战壕中击退来挽回局面。
To do this the German artillery used a plentiful supply of high-explosive shells.
为此，德国炮兵使用了大量的高爆炮弹。
They continued the attempt for twenty-four hours; but all they succeeded in doing was driving the British back to the first line of German trenches where they waited for the inevitable attack of the infantry which was repulsed.
他们持续了二十四小时的尝试；但他们所做的只是将英国人赶回德国战壕的第一线，在那里他们等待步兵不可避免的进攻，但遭到击退。
Finally the Germans seemed inclined to give up trying to accomplish much on this part of their front.
最后，德国人似乎倾向于放弃在前线的这一部分取得很大成就的尝试。
In the first week of July, 1915, the British took two hundred yards of German trenches, eighty prisoners and three trench mortars.
1915 年 7 月的第一周，英国人占领了 200 码的德国战壕、80 名囚犯和三门迫击炮。
The German commander now turned once more to Hooge.
德国指挥官现在再次转向胡格。
An additional reason for his renewed interest in that place was the fact that the British engineers, on July 20, blew up a mine west of the Chateau, thereby making a great crater in which the British infantry made themselves comparatively secure.
他对那个地方重新产生兴趣的另一个原因是，英国工程师于 7 月 20 日炸毁了城堡以西的一个地雷，从而形成了一个大弹坑，英国步兵在其中相对安全。
The crater was one hundred and fifty feet wide and fifty feet deep.
陨石坑有一百五十英尺宽，五十英尺深。
The Germans made an unsuccessful attempt to take the crater on July 21, 1915; and tried again on July 24.
1915 年 7 月 21 日，德国人试图占领火山口，但没有成功。并于7月24日再次尝试。
The Duke of Wuerttemberg found his men making comparatively little progress.
符腾堡公爵发现他的部下取得的进展相对较小。
It is true that the British had not made much more.
确实，英国人并没有制造出更多的东西。
The gas attacks had gained ground before the British had learned how to avoid the more severe effects of the poison.
在英国人学会如何避免更严重的毒药影响之前，毒气袭击就已经开始蔓延。
The result of experience brought into existence a new device.
经验的结果催生了一种新设备。
It has been called a flame projector, and has been described as a portable tank which is filled with a highly inflammable coal-tar product.
它被称为火焰喷射器，并被描述为一个装有高度易燃煤焦油产品的便携式罐体。
The contents of the tank were pumped through a nozzle at the end of which was a lighting arrangement.
罐中的内容物通过喷嘴泵出，喷嘴的末端是照明装置。
The flame could be thrown approximately forty yards.
火焰可以被抛出大约四十码。
A large supply of these flame projectors arrived in the German trenches on July 30, 1915.
1915 年 7 月 30 日，大量此类火焰喷射器抵达德国战壕。
The action began with the usual bombardment of high-explosive shells.
行动以通常的高爆炮弹轰击开始。
Other shells filled with the burning liquid were also used.
还使用了其他充满燃烧液体的外壳。
At the height of the bombardment, the British lines were flame swept.
在轰炸最激烈的时候，英军的防线被火焰席卷。
No preparation had been made for such an attack; and the only thing that the British could do was to get out of the way of the flame.
没有为这样的袭击做好任何准备；英国人唯一能做的就是避开火焰。
Thus they lost their trenches in the crater and at the Chateau and village of Hooge.
因此，他们失去了在火山口、霍格城堡和村庄的战壕。
The method of attack so infuriated the British that they made a desperate counterattack with the result that they regained most of what they lost with the exception of about five hundred yards of trenches.
这种攻击方式激怒了英国人，他们进行了绝望的反击，结果除了大约五百码的战壕之外，他们收复了大部分失去的东西。
CHAPTER XXIV
第二十四章
FRANCO-GERMAN OPERATIONS ALONG THE FRONT
法德在前线的行动
We have thus far dealt chiefly with the British operations in the western front, but it must not be assumed that the French, in the meantime, were idle.
到目前为止，我们主要讨论了英国在西线的行动，但绝不能认为法国人在此期间无所事事。
On the contrary, their operations, covering the far greater territory, were proportionally more important than those of their allies.
相反，他们的行动覆盖了更大的领土，在比例上比他们的盟友更重要。
During the winter months artillery duels along the entire Franco-German front were kept up without intercession.
在冬季的几个月里，整个法德战线的炮火对决在没有调解的情况下持续进行。
These were varied by assaults on exposed points which were in many cases repeatedly taken and lost by the opposing forces.
这些攻击因对暴露点的攻击而异，在许多情况下，这些暴露点被敌方军队反复占领和损失。
The French staff applied itself with the utmost vigor to the accumulation of large stacks of munitions and supplies for the production of active movements when weather conditions should permit.
法国参谋人员以最大的精力积聚了大量的弹药和物资，以便在天气条件允许的情况下进行积极的行动。
For the most part, however, the Franco-German operations were desultory movements occurring in various portions of the long line.
然而，在大多数情况下，法德行动是在长线的各个部分进行的断断续续的运动。
Actions of the first importance began with the attacks in the St. Mihiel salient in April, 1915.
最重要的行动始于 1915 年 4 月对圣米耶尔突出部的袭击。
On the night of February 6, 1915, Germans exploded three mines at La Boisselle in front of the houses in the village which the French occupied, but the attempt of the Germans to advance was checked after a small amount of ground had been gained.
1915 年 2 月 6 日晚，德军在法军占领的拉布瓦塞尔村庄的房屋前引爆了三枚地雷，但德军的进攻企图在取得少量阵地后被阻止。
The next day a counterattack carried out by a French company retook this ground, and inflicted a loss of 200 men.
第二天，法国连队发起反击，重新夺回该地，造成 200 人损失。
The French seized a wood north of Mesnil-les-Hurles on the night of February 7.
2 月 7 日晚，法国人占领了梅尼尔莱于勒以北的一片树林。
Here the Germans had strongly established themselves.
德国人在这里牢固地站稳了脚跟。
During the first part of February, 1915, the Germans made a series of assaults on the Marie Therese works in the Argonne.
1915 年 2 月上旬，德国人对位于阿贡的玛丽·特蕾莎 (Marie Therese) 作品进行了一系列袭击。
Their force comprised about a brigade; but the French repulsed all attacks.
他们的兵力大约有一个旅；但法国人击退了所有进攻。
Both sides suffered severe losses.
双方都损失惨重。
On the night of February 9, there was an infantry engagement at La Fontenelle in the Ban de Sapt.
2 月 9 日晚，Ban de Sapt 的 La Fontenelle 发生了一场步兵交战。
Two battalions of Germans took part in the action and gained some ground which the French regained by counterattacks on the following day.
两个营的德军参加了这次行动，并取得了一些阵地，法军在第二天通过反击重新夺回了一些阵地。
Actions in the Vosges continued in spite of heavy snow.
尽管下着大雪，孚日山脉的行动仍在继续。
The French carried Hill 937, eight hundred meters northwest of the farm of Sudelle, in the region north of Hartmannsweilerkopf.
法军占领了位于哈特曼斯韦勒科普夫 (Hartmannsweilerkopf) 以北地区苏德尔 (Sudelle) 农场西北 800 米处的 937 号高地。
About February 9, 1915, there was considerable activity on the part of the German artillery in Champagne, especially before Rheims.
1915 年 2 月 9 日左右，德国炮兵在香槟区进行了大量活动，尤其是在兰斯之前。
The city being again bombarded.
这座城市再次遭到轰炸。
There was also a lively cannonade in the region of Lens, around Albert, between the Avre and Oise, in the neighborhood of Soissons, and at Verneuil, northeast of Vailly.
在朗斯地区、阿尔伯特周围、阿夫尔河和瓦兹河之间、苏瓦松附近以及韦利东北部的韦讷伊，也发生了激烈的炮击。
In Lorraine the Germans, after having pushed back the French main guard, succeeded in occupying the height of the Xon beacon and the hamlet of Norroy.
在洛林，德军在击退法军主力后，成功占领了克松灯塔和诺罗伊小村庄的高地。
The Germans were repulsed by a counterattack as far as the slopes north of the beacon.
德军的反击一直打到了灯塔以北的山坡上。
The French on February 18 made some progress in the region of Boureuilles on Hill No. 263.
2月18日，法军在263号高地的Boureuilles地区取得了一些进展。
They also gained a wood south of the Bois de Cheppy.
他们还在切皮森林以南获得了一片树林。
At the same time French troops took four hundred meters of trenches north of Malancourt and about as much south of the Bois de Forges.
与此同时，法军占领了马朗库尔以北和福尔日森林以南约四百米的战壕。
The Germans made five unsuccessful counterattacks, near Bolincourt, to retake the trenches which the French had captured.
德军在博林库尔附近发动了五次反击，试图夺回法军占领的战壕，但均未成功。
On the same day, the French recaptured the village of Norroy.
同一天，法国人重新夺回了诺罗伊村。
In the Vosges, the French repulsed two infantry attacks north of Wisembach, in the region of the Col de Bonhomme, and consolidated their positions, progressing methodically north and south of the farm of Sudelle.
在孚日山脉，法军击退了维森巴赫以北博霍姆山口地区的两次步兵进攻，并巩固了阵地，有条不紊地向苏代勒农场的北部和南部推进。
The bombardment of Rheims was continued during these days.
这些天来，对兰斯的轰炸仍在继续。
On the heights of the Meuse, at Les Eparges, three German counterattacks on the trenches which the French had won on February 17 were stopped by the French artillery fire.
在默兹河高地的 Les Eparges，德军对 2 月 17 日法军占领的战壕进行了三次反击，但均被法军炮火阻止。
In the Vosges, between Lusse and Wisembach, in the Bonhomme region, the Germans, after succeeding in getting a footing on Hill 607, were dislodged on the morning of February 19, 1915.
1915 年 2 月 19 日上午，在孚日山脉、卢塞和维森巴赫之间的 Bonhomme 地区，德军在 607 号高地成功站稳脚跟后被驱逐。
The French held their position on the height notwithstanding the violent efforts to dislodge them.
尽管法国人用暴力将他们驱逐，但他们仍坚守在高地。
An attack by the Germans on Le Sattel north of the Sudelle farm was also repulsed.
德国人对苏德尔农场以北的勒萨特尔的进攻也被击退。
In the evening of February 19, 1915, the Germans delivered their fourth counterattack against the trenches which the French took at Les Eparges, but the French artillery again beat them back.
1915 年 2 月 19 日晚，德军对法军在 Les Eparges 占领的战壕发动第四次反击，但法军炮兵再次将其击退。
The Germans were also unsuccessful in a counterattack on Hill 607, at Sattel, south of the Fecht.
德军对费希特河以南萨特尔 607 号高地的反击也没有成功。
They succeeded in gaining a footing on the eastern spur of Reichsackerkopf.
他们成功地在赖克萨克普夫的东边站稳了脚跟。
After having repulsed a sixth counterattack by the Germans at Les Eparges, the French on February 10, 1915, delivered a fresh attack which enabled them to enlarge and complete the progress they made on the day before.
1915 年 2 月 10 日，法军在 Les Eparges 击退了德军的第六次反击后，发起了新的进攻，扩大并完成了前一天取得的进展。
They took three machine guns, two trench mortars, and made two hundred prisoners, among whom were several officers.
他们拿走了三挺机枪、两门迫击炮，俘虏了两百名俘虏，其中有几名军官。
They also repulsed a counterattack of the Germans and then took all of their trenches to the north and east of the wood which had been captured by the French on the day before.
他们还击退了德军的反击，然后占领了前一天被法军占领的树林以北和以东的所有战壕。
Two other counterattacks were repulsed, and the French made fresh progress, particularly to the north of Mesnil, where they captured two machine guns and one hundred prisoners.
另外两次反击被击退，法军取得了新的进展，特别是在梅尼尔以北，他们在那里缴获了两挺机枪和一百名囚犯。
The Germans made their seventh unsuccessful counterattack on Les Eparges on February 21.
2 月 21 日，德军对 Les Eparges 进行了第七次反击，但未成功。
The French advanced posts fell back on the main line in Alsace on both banks of the Fecht; but the main line was strongly held, and the Germans, attacking in serried and deep formations, suffered heavy losses.
法军先头部队退回到阿尔萨斯的费希特河两岸的主线。但主线被坚守，德军以密集、纵深的阵型进攻，损失惨重。
On the Belgian front the French batteries demolished one of the German heavy guns near Lombaertzyde on February 22, 1915.
1915 年 2 月 22 日，在比利时前线，法国炮兵连在隆巴齐德附近摧毁了一门德国重炮。
On the same day the French artillery dispersed German troops and convoys between the Lys and the Aisne.
同一天，法国炮兵驱散了里斯河和埃纳河之间的德国军队和车队。
The French made progress on the Souain-Beausejour front, taking a line of trenches and two woods, and repulsed two particularly violent counterattacks.
法军在苏万-博塞茹尔前线取得进展，占领了一条战壕和两片树林，并击退了两次特别猛烈的反击。
Many prisoners were taken by the French in this action.
在这次行动中，法国人俘虏了许多囚犯。
In the Argonne the French artillery and infantry had the better of the almost continuous fighting.
在阿尔贡河，法军炮兵和步兵在几乎持续不断的战斗中取得了胜利。
This was especially true near Fontaine-aux-Charmes and Marie Therese, as well as at the Bois Bolante.
在 Fontaine-aux-Charmes 和 Marie Therese 附近以及 Bois Bolante 附近尤其如此。
The bombardment of Rheims continued on February 22, lasting for a first period of six hours, and a second period of five hours.
2月22日，对兰斯的轰炸继续进行，第一次持续了六个小时，第二次持续了五个小时。
One thousand five hundred shells were fired into all quarters of the town.
一千五百发炮弹射向城镇的各个角落。
The cathedral was made a special target and suffered severely.
大教堂成为特别目标并遭受严重损失。
The interior of the vaulted roof, which had resisted up to this time, fell.
一直抵抗到此时的拱形屋顶内部倒塌了。
Twenty houses were set on fire and twenty of the civilian population were killed.
二十栋房屋被纵火，二十名平民丧生。
The French captured more trenches in the region of Beausejour and held their gains of previous fighting, on February 23, 1915.
1915 年 2 月 23 日，法军在博塞茹尔地区夺取了更多战壕，守住了先前战斗的成果。
Their batteries blew up a German ammunition store to the northwest of Verdun at Drillancourt, in the region of the Bois de Forges, on the same day, February 23, 1915, and stopped an attempted German attack in Alsace from the village of Stossweiler.
1915 年 2 月 23 日同一天，他们的炮兵连炸毁了凡尔登西北部福尔日森林地区德里兰库尔的一家德军弹药库，并阻止了德军从斯托斯韦勒村对阿尔萨斯发动的进攻。
There was an action of some importance in the Wood of Malancourt, on February 26, 1915, when the Germans sprayed the French advanced trenches with burning liquid.
1915 年 2 月 26 日，马兰古森林发生了一次相当重要的行动，当时德国人向法军前沿战壕喷洒燃烧液体。
The French troops evacuated them, the soldiers being severely burned before they could escape.
法国军队将他们撤离，士兵们在逃走之前就被严重烧伤。
A counterattack was immediately made.
立即发起反击。
This checked the German advance.
这阻止了德军的前进。
On the same day, in the region of Verdun and on the heights of the Meuse, the French heavy artillery enveloped with its fire the German artillery, wrecked some guns, exploded about twenty wagons or depots, annihilated a detachment, and destroyed an entire encampment.
同一天，在凡尔登地区和默兹河高地，法军重炮的火力包围了德军炮兵，击毁了一些火炮，炸毁了大约二十辆货车或仓库，歼灭了一支分队，并摧毁了整个营地。
In Champagne the French on the night of February 26, 1915, captured five hundred meters of German trenches to the north of Mesnil-les-Hurles.
1915 年 2 月 26 日夜间，法国人在香槟地区占领了梅尼尔莱许勒以北 500 米长的德军战壕。
On February 28, 1915, Rheims was again bombarded and still again on March 2, 1915.
1915年2月28日，兰斯再次遭到轰炸，并于1915年3月2日再次遭到轰炸。
About fifty shells fell on the town.
大约有五十枚炮弹落在该镇上。
In the Argonne, on March 2, 1915, in the Bagatelle-Marie Therese sector, there was mine and infantry fighting in an advanced trench which the French reoccupied after they had been forced to abandon it.
1915 年 3 月 2 日，在阿尔贡河的巴加泰勒-玛丽·特蕾莎地区，地雷和步兵在一条先进的战壕中战斗，法国人在被迫放弃后重新占领了这条战壕。
At the same time in the region of Vauquois, the French made some progress and held the ground captured in spite of the counterattacks of the Germans.
与此同时，在沃奎地区，法军取得了一些进展，尽管遭到德军的反击，但仍守住了夺取的阵地。
The French also took some prisoners.
法国人还俘虏了一些囚犯。
In the Vosges, at La Chapelotte, they captured trenches and gained three hundred meters of ground.
在孚日山脉的拉夏普洛特，他们占领了战壕并取得了三百米的阵地。
The bombardment of Rheims was continued on March 4, 1915, and lasted all day, a shell falling about every three minutes.
1915 年 3 月 4 日，对兰斯的轰炸持续了一整天，大约每三分钟就有一枚炮弹落下。
While the bombardment was in progress the Germans captured an advanced trench from the French to the north of Arras, near Notre Dame de Lorette; but in the Argonne the French made fresh progress in the region of Vauquois.
当轰炸进行时，德军占领了一条从法军到阿拉斯以北、靠近洛雷特圣母院的前沿战壕。但在阿贡，法国人在沃魁地区取得了新的进展。
On the following day, March 5, however, the French made successful counterattacks in the region of Notre Dame de Lorette.
然而，第二天，即 3 月 5 日，法军在洛雷特圣母院地区成功反击。
The Germans lost the advanced positions which they had taken from the French and held them for two days.
德国人失去了从法国人手中夺取的前沿阵地，并坚守了两天。
At Hartmannsweilerkopf, in Alsace, the French captured a trench, a small fort, and two machine guns.
在阿尔萨斯的哈特曼斯韦勒科普夫，法军占领了一条战壕、一座小堡垒和两挺机枪。
They also repulsed a counterattack opposite Uffholz, and blew up an ammunition store at Cernay.
他们还击退了乌夫霍尔茨对面的反击，并炸毁了塞尔奈的一个弹药库。
On the same night, the French drove back the German advanced posts which were trying to establish themselves on the Sillakerkopf, a spur east of Hohneck.
同一天晚上，法军击退了试图在霍内克以东的西拉科普夫山上建立的德军先头部队。
The French continued to gain ground, on March 7, to the north of Arras in the region of Notre Dame de Lorette, where their attacks carried some German trenches.
3 月 7 日，法军继续在阿拉斯以北的洛雷特圣母院地区取得进展，他们的攻击攻占了一些德军战壕。
The German losses were considerable.
德军损失惨重。
During this first week in March, 1915, the French carried successively, to the west of Muenster, the two summits of the Little and the Great Reichaelerkopf.
1915 年 3 月的第一周，法国人相继登上了明斯特以西的小赖查勒科普夫峰和大赖查勒科普夫峰两座山峰。
The Germans made two counterattacks starting from Muehlbach and Stossweiler; but they were unsuccessful.
德军从米尔巴赫和斯托斯韦勒发起两次反击；但他们没有成功。
On the right bank of the Fecht the French captured Imburg, one kilometer southeast of Sultzern.
在费希特河右岸，法军占领了苏尔岑东南一公里处的伊姆堡。
This success was completed farther to the north by the capture of Hill 856 to the south of the Hutes Hutles.
这一成功是在更北的地方通过攻占 Hutes Hutles 以南的 856 号高地而完成的。
Finally, at Hartmannsweilerkopf the French repelled a counterattack delivered by a German battalion which suffered heavy losses and left numerous prisoners in the hands of the French.
最后，法军在哈特曼斯韦勒科普夫击退了德军一个营的反击，德军损失惨重，并留下大量俘虏。
On March 8, 1915, the French gained two hundred meters on the ridge northeast of Mesnil which they added to the gains of the previous day.
1915 年 3 月 8 日，法军在梅尼尔东北部的山脊上前进了 200 米，在前一天的基础上又增加了这一距离。
Here the French carried a German redoubt, took a revolver gun and three machine guns, and made some prisoners.
法军在这里占领了德军的堡垒，拿走了一把左轮枪和三挺机关枪，并俘虏了一些囚犯。
The Germans had armored shelters supplied with revolver guns and very deep subterranean chambers.
德国人有配备左轮枪的装甲掩体和非常深的地下房间。
In the Argonne, between Four-de-Paris and Bolante, the French delivered an attack which made them masters of the first line of German trenches of more than two hundred meters in length.
在巴黎四区和博兰特之间的阿尔贡河，法军发起进攻，占领了德军两百多米长战壕的第一线。
To the north of Rheims in front of the Bois de Luxembourg, the Germans attempted, on March 14, to carry one of the French advanced trenches, but were repulsed.
3 月 14 日，在兰斯以北的卢森堡森林前，德军试图攻占法军的一处先进战壕，但被击退。
On the same day, between Four-de-Paris and Bolante in the Argonne, the French gained three hundred meters of trenches, and took some prisoners.
同一天，在巴黎四区和阿贡省的博兰特之间，法军攻占了三百米的战壕，并俘虏了一些俘虏。
Two counterattacks which the Germans made were unsuccessful.
德军的两次反击均未成功。
In the region of Lombaertzyde on March 15, the French artillery very effectively bombarded the German works.
3月15日，在隆巴齐德地区，法国炮兵非常有效地轰炸了德国工事。
When the Germans attempted to recapture the small fort which was taken from them on the night of March 1 they were repulsed and left fifty dead.
当德国人试图夺回 3 月 1 日晚上从他们手中夺走的小堡垒时，他们被击退并造成 50 人死亡。
The French losses were small.
法国人的损失很小。
To the north of Arras, a brilliant attack by the French infantry enabled them to capture, by a single effort, three lines of trenches on the spur of Notre Dame de Lorette, and to reach the edge of the plateau.
在阿拉斯以北，法军步兵的一次出色的进攻使他们一举攻克了洛雷特圣母院山麓上的三道战壕，并到达了高原边缘。
The French captured one hundred prisoners including several officers.
法国人俘虏了一百名囚犯，其中包括几名军官。
They also destroyed two machine guns and blew up an ammunition store.
他们还摧毁了两挺机枪并炸毁了一个弹药库。
Farther to the south, in the region of Ecurie-Roclincourt, near the road from Lille, they blew up several German trenches and prevented their reconstruction.
再往南，在埃库里-罗克林库尔地区，靠近里尔的公路，他们炸毁了几条德军战壕并阻止了它们的重建。
In Champagne the French made fresh progress.
法国人在香槟方面取得了新的进展。
They gained ground in the woods to the northeast of Souain and to the northwest of Perthes.
他们在苏万东北部和佩尔特斯西北部的树林里占领了据点。
They also repulsed two German counterattacks in front of Ridge 196, northeast of Mesnil, and extended their position in that sector.
他们还在梅尼尔东北部的 196 号山脊前击退了德军的两次反击，并扩大了他们在该地区的阵地。
In the region of Bagatelle in the Argonne two German counterattacks were repulsed.
在阿贡地区的巴加泰勒地区，德军的两次反击均被击退。
The French demolished a blockhouse there, and established themselves on the site of it.
法国人拆毁了那里的一座碉堡，并在其原址上建立了自己的据点。
Between Four-de-Paris and Bolante the Germans attempted two counterattacks which failed.
在巴黎四城和博兰特之间，德军尝试了两次反击，但均以失败告终。
At Vauquois the French infantry delivered an attack which gave it possession of the western part of the village.
在沃奎，法军步兵发起进攻，占领了村庄的西部地区。
Here they made prisoners.
他们在这里关押囚犯。
At the Bois-le-Pretre, northeast of Pont-a-Mousson, the Germans blew up with a mine four of the French advanced trenches which were completely destroyed.
在穆松桥东北部的布瓦勒普雷特，德军用地雷炸毁了法军的四条先进战壕，这些战壕被完全摧毁。
The Germans gained a footing there, but the French retook the first two trenches and a half of the third.
德国人在那里站稳了脚跟，但法国人夺回了前两个战壕和第三个战壕的一半。
Between the Bois-le-Pretre and Pont-a-Mousson, in the Haut de Rupt, the Germans made an attack which was repulsed.
在布瓦勒普雷特和蓬阿穆松之间的上鲁普，德军发起进攻，但被击退。
In Champagne, before Hill 196, northeast of Mesnil, on March 19, 1915, the Germans, after violently bombarding the French position, made an infantry attack which was repulsed with heavy losses.
1915年3月19日，在香槟地区，梅尼尔东北部196高地前，德军猛烈炮击法军阵地后，发起步兵进攻，但被击退，损失惨重。
In the Woevre, in the Bois Mortmore, on March 20, 1915, the French artillery destroyed a blockhouse and blew up several ammunition wagons and stores.
1915 年 3 月 20 日，在 Bois Mortmore 的 Woevre，法国炮兵摧毁了一座碉堡，并炸毁了几辆弹药车和仓库。
At La Boisselle, northeast of Albert, the Germans, after a violent bombardment, attempted a night attack which was repulsed with large losses.
在阿尔伯特东北部的拉布瓦塞尔，德军在猛烈轰炸后试图发动夜间袭击，但被击退，损失惨重。
The Germans bombarded the Cathedral of Soissons again on March 21, 1915, firing twenty-seven shells and causing severe damage to the structure.
1915 年 3 月 21 日，德军再次轰炸苏瓦松大教堂，发射 27 发炮弹，对该建筑造成严重损坏。
On the same day Rheims was bombarded, fifty shells falling there.
同一天，兰斯遭到轰炸，五十枚炮弹落在那里。
Near Bagatelle the French, on March 22, blew up three mines; and two companies of their troops stormed a German trench in which they maintained their position in spite of a strong counterattack.
3 月 22 日，法国人在巴加泰勒附近引爆了三枚地雷；他们的两个连冲进了德军的一个战壕，尽管遭到猛烈的反击，他们仍然坚守阵地。
Five hundred yards from there, the Germans, after exploding two mines, and bombarding the French trenches, rushed to an attack on a front of about two hundred and fifty yards.
距离那里五百码处，德军引爆了两枚地雷并轰炸了法军战壕，然后冲向约两百五十码的正面发动攻击。
After some very hot hand-to-hand fighting the assailants were hurled back in spite of the arrival of their reenforcements.
经过一番激烈的肉搏战后，尽管增援部队已经到来，袭击者仍被击退。
The French artillery caught them under its fire as they were falling back, and inflicted very heavy losses.
当他们撤退时，法军炮兵的炮火击中了他们，造成了惨重的损失。
The French then retreated some fifteen meters at Vauquois on March 23, 1915, when the Germans sprayed one of their trenches with inflammable liquid.
1915 年 3 月 23 日，法军在沃奎伊斯撤退了约 15 米，德军向其中一条战壕喷洒了易燃液体。
CHAPTER XXV
第二十五章
CAMPAIGN IN ARGONNE AND AROUND ARRAS
阿贡和阿拉斯周边地区的活动
There were some weak places in the French line from Switzerland to the North Sea; and one of them was that part in the region between the Forest of the Argonne and Rheims.
法军从瑞士到北海的防线上有一些薄弱的地方；其中之一就是阿贡森林和兰斯之间的地区。
General Langle de Cary was in command of the army which held this section.
兰格尔·德·卡里将军指挥的军队占领了该地区。
It requires no military genius to comprehend that the French center and the right wing from Belfort to Verdun were not safe until the Germans had been forced back across the Aisne at every place.
不需要任何军事天才就能明白，在德国人被迫撤回埃纳河各地之前，从贝尔福到凡尔登的法国中军和右翼并不安全。
The French general had made an effort to drive the Germans under General von Einem from Champagne Pouilleuse.
这位法国将军曾努力将冯·埃纳姆将军领导下的德国人赶出香槟普耶斯。
The preliminary effort had been to stop the Germans from using the railroad which ran from near the Nort to Varennes through the Forest of the Argonne and across the upper Aisne to Bazancourt.
初步的努力是阻止德国人使用从北河附近到瓦伦、穿过阿尔贡森林、穿过埃纳河上游到巴赞库尔的铁路。
[Illustration: Prayer in a French church which the exigencies of war have converted into a Red Cross hospital.]
[插图：在法国一座教堂里祈祷，由于战争的紧急情况，该教堂改建为红十字会医院。]
After the battle of the Marne, the crown prince's army, severely handled by the Third French Army under General Sarrail, pushed hastily toward the north and established itself on a line running perpendicularly through the Argonne Forest, at about ten or fifteen kilometers from the road connecting Ste.
马恩河战役后，王储的军队在萨拉伊尔将军率领的法军第三集团军的严厉打击下，仓促向北推进，在一条垂直穿过阿尔贡森林的线上扎根，距离连接圣彼得堡的道路大约有十到十五公里。
Menehould with Verdun.
梅内胡德与凡尔登。
Almost immediately there developed a series of fights that lasted during a whole year and were really among the bloodiest and most murderous combats of the war.
几乎立刻就发生了一系列持续了整整一年的战斗，这确实是战争中最血腥、最残酷的战斗之一。
The German army in the Argonne, commanded by the crown prince, whose headquarters had long been established at Stenay, consisted of the finest German troops, including, among others, the famous Sixteenth Corps from Metz, which, with the Fifteenth Corps from Strassburg, is considered the cream of the Germanic forces.
阿尔贡地区的德军由王储指挥，司令部早已设在斯特奈，由德军最精锐的部队组成，其中包括著名的梅斯第十六军团，它与斯特拉斯堡的第十五军团一起被认为是日耳曼军队的精华。
This corps was commanded by the former governor of Metz, General von Mudra, an expert in all branches of warfare relating to fortresses and mines.
这支部队由梅斯前州长冯·穆德拉将军指挥，他是与要塞和地雷有关的所有战争领域的专家。
Specially reenforced by battalions of sharpshooters and a division of Wuerttembergers, the Twenty-Seventh, accustomed to forest warfare, this corps made the most violent efforts from the end of September, 1914, to throw the French troops back to the south and seize the road to Verdun.
该军团得到了神枪手营和一个习惯于森林战的符腾堡师第二十七师的特别增援，从 1914 年 9 月底开始，他们做出了最猛烈的努力，将法国军队击退到南部，并夺取了通往凡尔登的道路。
The crown prince evidently meant to sever this route and the adjoining highway, leading from Verdun to Ste.
王储显然打算切断这条路线和毗邻的高速公路，从凡尔登通往圣彼得堡。
Menehould.
梅内胡德。
The road then turns to the south and joins at Revigny, the main line of Bar-le-Duc to Paris via Chalons, forming, in fact, the only possible line of communication for the fortress of Verdun.
然后道路转向南方，在雷维尼（Revigny）汇合，这是巴勒迪克（Bar-le-Duc）经沙隆（Chalons）通往巴黎的主干线，事实上，这是通往凡尔登要塞的唯一可能的交通线。
The other line, running from Verdun to St. Mihiel, was rendered useless after the Germans had fixed themselves at St. Mihiel in September, 1914.
另一条从凡尔登到圣米耶尔的防线在德军于 1914 年 9 月占领圣米耶尔后就变得毫无用处。
Up to the first months of 1916 there was only a small local railway that could be used between Revigny and Ste.
直到 1916 年前几个月，只有一条小型地方铁路可以在雷维尼和圣彼得堡之间使用。
Menehould by Triaucourt.
特里奥库尔的梅内胡德。
Of the two big lines, one was cut by the Germans, and the other was exposed to the fire of their heavy artillery.
两条大防线中，一条被德军切断，另一条则暴露在德军重炮的火力之下。
The violence of the German attacks in the Argonne prove that so long ago as September, 1914, they already dreamt of taking Verdun.
德军在阿贡的猛烈进攻证明，早在 1914 年 9 月，他们就已经梦想着占领凡尔登。
Their aim was to force the French troops against Ste.
他们的目的是迫使法国军队对抗圣。
Menehould and invest the fortress on three sides to bring about its fall.
梅尼霍德从三个方向攻击要塞，使其陷落。
These Argonne battles were invested with a particular interest and originality.
这些阿贡战役被赋予了特别的兴趣和独创性。
They were in progress for a whole year, in a thick forest of almost impenetrable brushwood, split with numerous deep ravines and abrupt, slippery precipices.
他们在一片几乎无法穿透的灌木丛中进行了整整一年，森林中布满了许多深深的峡谷和陡峭而滑的悬崖。
The humidity of the forest is excessive, the waters pouring down from high promontories.
森林湿度过高，海水从高处的海角倾泻而下。
The soldiers who struggled here practically spent two winters in the water.
在这里奋战的战士们几乎在水里度过了两个冬天。
One can hardly imagine the courage and heroism necessary to bear the terrible hardships of fighting under such conditions.
人们很难想象在这种条件下承受可怕的战斗所需要的勇气和英雄气概。
All the German soldiers made prisoners by the French describe life in the Argonne as a hideous nightmare.
所有被法国人俘虏的德国士兵都将阿贡的生活描述为一场可怕的噩梦。
From the end of September, 1914, the Germans delivered day and night attacks, generally lasting ten days.
从1914年9月底开始，德军昼夜发动进攻，一般持续十天。
These attacks were made with forces of three or four battalions up to a division or a division and a half.
这些攻击由三到四个营到一个师或一个半师的兵力进行。
In each attack the Germans aimed at a very limited objective--to capture the first or second line of trenches, to seize some particular fortified point.
在每次进攻中，德军的目标都非常有限——夺取第一条或第二条战壕，占领某个特定的防御点。
That object once attained, the Germans held on there, consolidated the occupied terrain, fortified their new positions and prepared for another push forward.
这一目标一旦实现，德军就坚守在那里，巩固占领的地形，巩固他们的新阵地，并准备再次推进。
It was thus by a process of nibbling the French trenches bit by bit that the Germans hoped to attain the Verdun-Ste.
因此，德国人希望通过一点点蚕食法国战壕的过程来占领凡尔登圣地。
Menehould line.
梅内胡德线。
The tactics employed in these combats were those suited to forest fighting; sapping operations methodically and minutely carried out to bring the German trenches as near as possible to the French; laying small mines to be exploded at a certain hour.
这些战斗中采用的战术是适合森林战斗的。有条不紊、细致地进行攻坚行动，使德军战壕尽可能靠近法军；埋设小型地雷，并在特定时间引爆。
Two or three hours before an attack the French positions were bombarded by trench mortars and especially heavy mine throwers.
在袭击发生前两三个小时，法军阵地遭到战壕迫击炮和特别是重型地雷投掷器的轰炸。
At the short distances the effect would naturally be to cause considerable damage; trenches and their parapets were demolished, shelters, screening reserves, were torn open.
在近距离的情况下，自然会造成相当大的伤害；战壕及其护墙被拆除，掩体、掩护区被撕开。
At that moment when the attack is to be launched, the German artillery drops the "fire curtain" behind the enemy trenches to prevent reenforcements from arriving.
在进攻即将发起的那一刻，德军炮兵在敌方战壕后面投下“火幕”，以阻止增援部队到来。
Such are the tactics almost constantly employed by the Germans.
这就是德国人几乎一直采用的策略。
Despite their most furious efforts during the winter of 1914 and the spring and summer of 1915, in at least forty different attacks, the German gains were very insignificant, and if one considers the line they held after the battle of the Marne and compares it with their present position, one may gather some idea of how little progress they have made.
尽管他们在 1914 年冬天和 1915 年春天和夏天进行了最猛烈的努力，在至少四十次不同的攻击中，德军的收获非常微不足道，如果人们考虑一下他们在马恩河战役后所占据的防线并将其与他们目前的位置进行比较，人们可能会发现他们取得的进展是多么的少。
It was in June and July, 1915, that the Germans displayed their main efforts in the Argonne.
1915 年 6 月和 7 月，德国人在阿贡展示了他们的主要力量。
Their three great attacks were made with greater forces than ever before (two or three divisions), but the results were as profitless as their predecessors.
他们的三次大进攻，兵力比以往任何时候都大（两个或三个师），但结果却和他们的前任一样毫无收获。
The heroism of the French barred the way.
法国人的英雄主义挡住了道路。
At Arras in June, there was almost as much activity as at Ypres.
六月份阿拉斯的活动几乎与伊普尔一样多。
During the last part of the campaign in the Artois, General d'Urbal began an advance between Hebuterne and Serre.
在阿图瓦战役的最后阶段，杜巴尔将军开始在赫布特讷和塞尔之间推进。
The former had been held by the French and the latter by the Germans.
前者由法国人占领，后者由德国人占领。
The two villages were each on a small hill and not quite two miles apart.
这两个村庄各在一座小山上，相距不到两英里。
There were two lines of German trenches in front of the farm of Tout Vent which was halfway between the villages.
位于村庄中间的托特文特农场前有两道德军战壕。
The trenches were held by the Seventeenth Baden Regiment which was attacked by the French on June 7, 1915.
战壕由第十七巴登团守卫，该团于 1915 年 6 月 7 日遭到法军袭击。
The French troops consisted of Bretons, Vendeans, and soldiers from Savoy and Dauphine.
法国军队由布列塔尼人、旺代人以及来自萨伏依和王太子的士兵组成。
The work of the infantry was preceded by a heavy bombardment to which the German artillery replied.
在步兵行动之前，德国炮兵进行了猛烈炮击。
Then the French charged with a dash that seemed irresistible.
随后，法国人发起猛冲，势不可挡。
On the following day, June 8, 1915, the French gained more ground to the north in spite of the activity of the German artillery.
第二天，即 1915 年 6 月 8 日，尽管德国炮兵猛烈进攻，法军还是在北部取得了更多阵地。
June 9, 1915, saw desperate fighting in the German communicating trenches, and on June 10, 1915, several hundred yards of trenches to the south were taken.
1915 年 6 月 9 日，德军通讯战壕中发生了殊死战斗，1915 年 6 月 10 日，以南数百码的战壕被占领。
The Seventeenth Baden Regiment was only a name and a memory when the fighting ceased; and two German battalions had fared but little better.
当战斗结束时，巴登第十七团只是一个名字和记忆；德国的两个营的表现也好不到哪里去。
Of the five hundred and eighty prisoners taken ten were officers.
被俘的五百八十名囚犯中，有十名是军官。
General de Castelnau, on the day before the fighting at Hebuterne, made a break in the German line east of Forest of l'Aigle which is a continuation of the Forest of Compiegne but is separated from it by the Aisne.
德卡斯泰尔诺将军在赫布特纳战役前一天突破了莱格勒森林以东的德军战线，该森林是贡比涅森林的延续，但被埃纳河隔开。
Within the French lines were the farms of Ecaffaut and Quennevieres.
法军防线内有埃卡福 (Ecaffaut) 和昆尼维尔 (Quennevieres) 农场。
The Germans held Les Loges and Tout Vent.
德国人占领了 Les Loges 和 Tout Vent。
There was a German salient opposite Quennevieres with a small fort at the peak of the salient.
昆尼维尔对面有一个德国突出部，突出部的山顶有一座小堡垒。
Defenses had been built also where the northern and southern sides of the salient rested on the main line of trenches.
在战壕主线的突出部南北两侧也建立了防御工事。
There were two lines of trenches on the arc of the salient with three lines on a portion of the arc.
突出部的弧线上有两行战壕，弧线的一部分有三行战壕。
An indented trench held the chord of the arc.
一条锯齿状的沟槽固定着弧线的弦线。
The Germans had placed several guns in a ravine which ran down toward Tout Vent.
德国人在通向图特文特的山谷中放置了几门大炮。
Four companies of the Eighty-sixth Regiment had held the salient.
第八十六团的四个连占据了突出部。
On June 5, 1915, the reserve troops were taken from the Tout Vent ravine for reenforcements.
1915 年 6 月 5 日，预备役部队被从 Tout Vent 峡谷调来增援。
Their places were occupied then by other German troops.
他们的位置随后被其他德国军队占领。
The French artillery bombarded the fort at the peak of the salient, and all of the trenches and defenses of the Germans in that neighborhood and the French infantry kept up a rifle and machine-gun fire which was an aid in preventing the Germans from repairing the damage done their defenses.
法军炮兵轰炸了突出部顶部的堡垒，该地区德军的所有战壕和防御工事以及法军步兵都保持着步枪和机关枪的火力，这有助于防止德军修复防御工事所造成的损害。
The bombardment continued all day and all night and increased in volume and intensity on the morning of June 6, 1915.
轰炸持续了整整一天一夜，并于 1915 年 6 月 6 日早上增加了数量和强度。
Then it was continued intermittently.
然后断断续续地继续。
A mine under the fort at the peak of the salient blew up.
突出部山顶堡垒下方的一枚地雷爆炸了。
The Germans who sought refuge in their dugouts found them unavailing.
在防空洞里寻求庇护的德国人发现他们无济于事。
The shells had blown the roofs from those places of supposed safety.
炮弹炸毁了那些本应安全的地方的屋顶。
In many instances their occupants had been buried in the debris and suffocated.
在许多情况下，其居住者被埋在废墟中并窒息而死。
The French artillery lengthened its range and made a curtain of fire between the Germans on the front and the German supports in the rear.
法军炮兵拉长了射程，在前线的德军和后方的德军支援之间形成了一道火幕。
Then the French infantry charged.
随后法军步兵发起冲锋。
The men had dispensed with knapsack that they might not be hampered with unnecessary weight.
这些人没有携带背包，这样他们就不会受到不必要的重量的束缚。
All had three rations and two hundred and fifty rounds of ammunition.
所有人都有三份口粮和两百五十发弹药。
They were also provided with two hand grenades and a sack.
他们还获得了两枚手榴弹和一个麻袋。
The last was to be filled with earth.
最后是用泥土填满。
The filled sacks were sufficient to form breastworks with which any place taken might be held.
装满的麻袋足以形成胸墙，可以用来容纳任何占据的地方。
With a cheer the French infantry ran across the two hundred yards between the two lines.
法国步兵欢呼着跑过两道防线之间的两百码。
The German infantry's nerves had been so badly shaken by the bombardment that only a scattering fire, badly directed, greeted the French.
德国步兵的神经因轰炸而严重动摇，迎接法军的只有方向不正确的分散火力。
It was but the work of minutes to take the first line of German trenches.
只需几分钟就占领了德军战壕的第一线。
The two hundred and fifty survivors of two German battalions were made prisoners.
德国两个营的 250 名幸存者被俘虏。
The German reserves in the ravine on the Tout Vent farm made a dash to aid their fire line; but the French artillery shells accounted for them before the reserves ever reached those whom they would have relieved.
图特文特农场峡谷中的德军预备队冲进支援火力线。但在预备队到达他们本应救援的人之前，法国的炮弹就将他们击溃了。
Thus in less than an hour 2,000 Germans were put out of the fight.
这样，不到一个小时，就有 2000 名德国人退出了战斗。
The French who had been selected for this work included Bretons, Zouaves, and Chasseurs.
被选中从事这项工作的法国人包括布列塔尼人、轻步兵和猎手。
The Zouaves then made a dash for the ravine on the Tout Vent front.
随后，轻步兵冲向图特文特前线的峡谷。
There they came upon a field work equipped with three guns.
在那里，他们遇到了配备三把枪的野外工作场所。
This work was protected by wire entanglements.
这件作品受到金属丝缠绕的保护。
The German artillerymen retreated to their dugouts, but the Zouaves captured them and their fortification.
德国炮兵撤回防空洞，但轻骑兵占领了他们及其防御工事。
At that stage of the fighting the French aviators saw German reenforcements on their way to take part in the battle.
在战斗的那个阶段，法国飞行员看到德国增援部队正在前往参加战斗的途中。
The aviators signaled to their troops this information.
飞行员向他们的部队传达了这一信息。
Two German battalions were being hurried in motor cars from Roye to the east of the Oise; but before they reached the scene of the fighting the Germans managed to mass for a counterattack.
两个德国营正乘汽车从罗伊赶往瓦兹河以东。但在到达战斗现场之前，德军设法集结发起反击。
It was ill-planned and executed.
这是计划和执行不周的。
French shrapnel and machine guns annihilated those making the counterattack.
法军的弹片和机关枪歼灭了反击者。
In the meantime the French sappers were fortifying with sacks of earth the ends of the salient, so that by night the French were in a position to hold what they had gained.
与此同时，法军工兵用麻袋土在突出部的两端加固，以便在夜间法军能够守住他们所取得的成果。
The precautions which the French had made were shown to be extremely timely, for that night the reenforcements from Roye made eight desperate attacks.
法军采取的预防措施非常及时，罗伊的援军在当晚发起了八次拼死的进攻。
The lack of success throughout the night did not prevent the Germans from making a reckless attack on the French works at both ends of the salient on the morning of June 7.
整晚的失败并没有阻止德军在6月7日早上对突出部两端的法军工事发起鲁莽的攻击。
The Germans made their advance along the lines of the communicating trenches.
德军沿着交通壕前进。
They were greeted with a shower of hand grenades.
迎接他们的是一阵手榴弹。
By nightfall the Germans seemed to have wearied of the attacks.
到了夜幕降临时，德国人似乎已经厌倦了袭击。
The total German loss in killed in this engagement was three thousand.
在这次交战中，德军总共损失了三千人。
The French had lost only two hundred and fifty killed and fifteen hundred wounded.
法军仅损失了 250 人阵亡和 1500 人受伤。
They captured a large amount of equipage and ammunition, besides twenty machine guns.
他们缴获了大量装备和弹药，此外还有二十挺机枪。
The French front south of Pont-a-Mousson, on the Moselle, through the gap of Nancy to the tops of the Vosges experienced only slight changes during the spring and summer of 1915.
1915 年春夏期间，法军前线从穆松桥以南、摩泽尔河沿岸，穿过南锡峡口一直到孚日山顶，只经历了轻微的变化。
The Germans assumed the offensive in the region of La Fontenelle, in the Ban-de-Sapt, in April and June.
德军于 4 月和 6 月在 Ban-de-Sapt 的 La Fontenelle 地区发起攻势。
The French engineers had built a redoubt to the east of La Fontenelle on Hill 627.
法国工程师在拉丰特内尔以东的 627 号山上建造了一座堡垒。
The Germans found they could not take it by an assault; so their sappers went to work to tunnel under it; but they had to bore through very hard rock and the work was necessarily slow.
德国人发现他们无法通过进攻来占领它。于是他们的工兵就开始在它下面挖隧道。但他们必须钻穿非常坚硬的岩石，工作速度必然很慢。
The French, learning of the mining operations of their foes, started a countereffort with the result that there was a succession of fierce skirmishes under the surface of the earth.
法国人得知敌人的采矿作业后，开始反击，结果在地表下发生了一系列激烈的小冲突。
Finally the German sappers were lured into a communicating tunnel which had been mined for the purpose and they all perished.
最后，德国工兵被引诱进入为此目的而开采的交通隧道，他们全部丧生。
The greatest activity of the sappers was between April 6 and April 13, 1915.
工兵最活跃的时期是 1915 年 4 月 6 日至 13 日。
On the night of the latter date the officers of the Germans tried to rally their men for further operations, but their soldiers had had enough and refused to renew their work.
在后一天的晚上，德国军官试图召集他们的士兵进行进一步的行动，但他们的士兵已经受够了，拒绝继续他们的工作。
The Germans, however, did not give up in their attempts to take Hill 627, which they called Ban-de-Sapt, and in an assault they made upon it on June 22 they took the hill.
然而，德国人并没有放弃攻占 627 号高地（他们称之为 Ban-de-Sapt）的企图，并在 6 月 22 日的进攻中占领了这座高地。
Thereupon the general in command of the Thirtieth Bavarian Division made the following announcement:
随后，巴伐利亚第30师的指挥官发表了以下声明：
"I have confidence that the height of Ban-de-Sapt will be transformed with the least possible delay into an impregnable fortification and that the efforts of the French to retake it will be bloodily repulsed."
“我相信，Ban-de-Sapt的高地将在最短的时间内变成坚不可摧的防御工事，法国人夺回它的努力将被血腥击退。”
On the night of July 8 the French began a bombardment which was followed by an infantry charge which forced its way through five lines of trenches and gained the redoubt on the top of the hill, in spite of its corrugated iron and gun-shield defenses to which had been added logs and tree trunks.
7月8日晚，法军开始炮击，随后步兵冲锋，强行冲破五道战壕，攻占山顶堡垒，尽管堡垒有波纹铁皮和炮盾防御，还添加了圆木和树干。
At the same time the French made an attack on the German trenches on the left and surrounded the hill from the eastward.
与此同时，法军向左侧的德军战壕发起进攻，并从东面包围了这座山头。
The Germans on the right flank of the French were kept busy by another attack.
法军右翼的德军正忙于另一次进攻。
In this battle two battalions of the Fifth Bavarian Ersatz Brigade were taken from the German ranks either by death or as prisoners.
在这场战斗中，巴伐利亚第五旅的两个营要么被杀，要么被俘。
The French captured eight hundred and eighty-one, of whom twenty-one were officers, who, for the most part, were men of more than ordinary education.
法国人俘虏了八百八十一人，其中二十一人是军官，其中大部分是受过普通教育的人。
The principal work of the French troops at this time was in the valley of the Fecht and the neighboring mountains.
法军此时的主要工作是在费希特河谷和邻近的山区。
They planned to go down through the valley to Muenster and take the railroad to which the mountain railroads were tributaries.
他们计划穿过山谷到达明斯特，走山区铁路的支流铁路。
In connection with this campaign in the mountains the achievement of a company of French Chasseurs serves to illustrate the heroic and hardy character of these men.
在这次山地战役中，法国猎兵连的成就体现了这些人的英雄和顽强的性格。
They were surrounded by German troops on June 14, 1915, but refused to surrender.
1915年6月14日，他们被德军包围，但拒绝投降。
Instead they built a square camp which they prepared to hold as long as one of them remained alive.
相反，他们建造了一个方形营地，只要其中一人还活着，他们就准备坚守这个营地。
When their ammunition began to give out, they rolled rocks down on their enemy and hurled large stones at the advancing foe.
当他们的弹药开始耗尽时，他们向敌人扔石头，并向前进的敌人投掷大石块。
At the same time the French artillery aided them by raining shells on the Germans, though the artillery was miles from the scene of action.
与此同时，法国炮兵向德国人发射炮弹，尽管炮兵距离行动现场有数英里之遥，但法国炮兵却向他们提供了援助。
Thus the Chasseurs were able to hold their position until they were relieved on June 17, 1915.
因此猎兵团能够坚守阵地，直至 1915 年 6 月 17 日被解职。
In the meantime the French proceeded down the valley of the Fecht and up the mountains overlooking the valley.
与此同时，法国人沿着费希特河谷前进，爬上俯瞰山谷的山脉。
An assault was made on the top of Braunkopf and an attack was made on Anlass on June 15 and 16, 1915.
1915 年 6 月 15 日至 16 日，对布伦科普夫山顶和安拉斯进行了攻击。
The French captured Metzeral on June 19, 1915, the Germans having set fire to it before being driven out.
1915 年 6 月 19 日，法国人占领了梅泽拉尔，德国人在将其驱逐之前放火焚烧了它。
The soldiers of the republic then began to bombard Muenster with such success that they destroyed a German ammunition depot there.
随后，共和国士兵开始轰炸明斯特，并成功摧毁了那里的一个德国弹药库。
The Sondernach ridge was held by the French about the middle of July, 1915, and they continued to gain ground so that they were near Muenster by the end of July, 1915.
1915 年 7 月中旬左右，法军占领了松德尔纳赫山脊，并继续攻势，到 1915 年 7 月底已逼近明斯特。
In these actions the French mountaineers were pitting their skill against the mountaineers from Bavaria.
在这些行动中，法国登山者将他们的技能与来自巴伐利亚的登山者进行了较量。
By midsummer the lines on both sides of the western front were an elaborate series of field fortifications.
到仲夏时节，西线两侧的防线已经布满了一系列精心设计的野战工事。
The shallow trenches of the preceding fall were practically things of the past.
去年秋天的浅沟几乎已经成为过去。
And these fortifications extended from the Vosges to the North Sea.
这些防御工事从孚日山脉一直延伸到北海。
They naturally varied with the nature of the region in which they were built.
它们自然会随着建造地区的性质而变化。
The marshy character of the soil along the Yser and about the Ypres salient made it impossible to go down very deep.
伊瑟河沿岸和伊普尔突出部周围的土壤具有沼泽特征，因此不可能深入深处。
Hence it was necessary to build up parapets which were easy marks for the artillery.
因此，有必要修建易于炮火攻击的护墙。
The Germans had the better places on the higher levels from Ypres to Armentieres; but the British line opposing them showed remarkable engineering skill.
德国人在从伊普尔到阿尔芒蒂耶尔的较高级别比赛中占据了更好的位置。但反对他们的英国战线却表现出了非凡的工程技巧。
The advances of the Allies had resulted in making the first line of trenches somewhat temporary in character in the sections about Festubert, La Bassee, and the Artois; but in these regions there were strong fortifications in the rear of both lines.
盟军的进攻使得费斯图贝尔、拉巴斯和阿图瓦地区的第一道战壕具有临时性。但在这些地区，两条战线的后方都有坚固的防御工事。
The condition of the ground from Arras to Compiegne was excellent for fortification purposes.
从阿拉斯到贡比涅的地面条件非常适合防御工事。
The Teutons had the better position in the chalky region along the Aisne, though the chalk formation did not add to the comfort of the men.
条顿人在埃纳河沿岸的白垩地区占据了更好的位置，尽管白垩地层并没有增加人们的舒适度。
In the northern part of Champagne trench life was more bearable.
在香槟海沟的北部，生活比较容易忍受。
The forests in the Argonne, the Woevre, and the Vosges made the trenches the best of all on the western front.
阿尔贡山脉、沃弗尔山脉和孚日山脉的森林使战壕成为西线最好的战壕。
The greater part of these so-called trenches, the like of which had never before been constructed, could not be taken without a bombardment by heavy artillery.
这些所谓的战壕的大部分是以前从未建造过的，如果没有重型火炮的轰击，就无法攻克。
And, in the rear of each line there was a series of other fortifications quite as impregnable.
而且，在每条防线的后方都有一系列其他同样坚不可摧的防御工事。
This condition was a gradual growth which had developed as a result of the increasingly new methods of attack.
这种情况是由于越来越多的新攻击方法而逐渐发展起来的。
As new means of taking life were invented, new means of protection came into existence, until, for the present, the inventive genius of man seemed to be at a standstill.
随着新的夺取生命的手段被发明，新的保护手段也随之出现，直到目前，人类的创造力似乎处于停滞状态。
But all this activity and preparation at the front meant a greater activity in the rear of the opposing lines.
但前线的所有这些活动和准备意味着敌方战线后方的活动更大。
Fighting men were a necessity; but, under existing conditions of warfare, they were useless unless they were kept supplied by an army of artisans and another army of men to transport munitions to the soldiers on the firing line.
战士是必需品。但是，在现有的战争条件下，除非有一支工匠大军和另一支军队为前线的士兵运送弹药，否则它们毫无用处。
In fact it was being forced on the minds of the commanding officers that the war could be won in the workshop and laboratory rather than on the battle field.
事实上，指挥官们被迫相信，战争可以在车间和实验室而不是战场上获胜。
CHAPTER XXVI
第二十六章
BELGO-GERMAN OPERATIONS
比利时-德国业务
For the most part the activity of the Belgian army in February, 1915, consisted of a continuous succession of advanced-post encounters, in which detachments of from thirty to forty soldiers fought with the Germans on the narrow strips of land which remained inundated, while the artillery of the contending forces bombarded the trenches and the machine-gun forts.
1915 年 2 月，比利时军队的活动大部分由连续不断的前哨遭遇战组成，三十到四十名士兵组成的分遣队与德军在仍被淹没的狭长地带上作战，而交战双方的炮兵则轰炸战壕和机枪炮台。
The intermittent artillery duel continued through the forepart of February, 1915, and on February 14, 1915, the Germans bombarded Nieuport, Bains and the Dune trenches, and continued the bombardment on February 15, 1915, and again on February 20, 1915.
间歇性的炮火对决一直持续到1915年2月上旬，1915年2月14日，德军炮击了纽波特、贝恩斯和沙丘战壕，并于1915年2月15日和1915年2月20日再次炮击。
Near Dixmude on February 28, 1915, the Belgian artillery demolished two of the German trenches, and their infantry occupied a farm on the right bank of the Yser.
1915 年 2 月 28 日，在迪克斯穆德附近，比利时炮兵摧毁了德军的两座战壕，他们的步兵占领了伊瑟河右岸的一座农场。
One of their aviators dropped bombs on the harbor station at Ostend.
他们的一名飞行员向奥斯坦德的港口站投掷了炸弹。
By the beginning of March, 1915, strips of dry land began to be seen in the flooded region; and, along these, the Belgians advanced at Dixmude and the bend of the Yser.
到了 1915 年 3 月初，洪水泛滥的地区开始出现条状的旱地；比利时人沿着这些路线向迪克斯穆德和伊瑟河河湾推进。
They won additional bridgeheads on the northern bank of the river.
他们在河北岸赢得了更多的桥头堡。
By the middle of the month, March, 1915, the Belgians had obtained a strategical point by possessing Oudstuyvenkerke on the Schoorbakke highway.
到了 1915 年 3 月中旬，比利时人占领了 Schoorbakke 高速公路上的 Oudstuyvenkerke，从而获得了战略要点。
From there they could force the Germans back until they were in a position that would prevent any German action against the Dixmude bridgehead.
从那里他们可以迫使德军后退，直到他们处于能够阻止德军对迪克斯穆德桥头堡采取任何行动的位置。
On March 18, 1915, the Belgian army continued its progress on the Yser, and on March 23, 1915, the artillery destroyed several German observation points.
1915年3月18日，比利时军队继续向伊瑟河推进，1915年3月23日，炮兵摧毁了德军的几个观察点。
A division of the Belgian army made some progress on the right bank of the Yser on March 24, 1915; while another was taking a German trench on the left bank.
1915 年 3 月 24 日，比利时军队的一个师在伊瑟河右岸取得了一些进展；而另一个则在左岸占领德军战壕。
The almost continuous artillery fighting was more active in the Nieuport region on March 26, 1915; and farther south a farm north of St. Georges in advance of the allied lines was taken and held.
1915年3月26日，尼厄波特地区几乎持续不断的炮战更加活跃；再往南，在盟军防线之前，圣乔治以北的一个农场就被占领并占领了。
But the Belgian army was unable to take any decisive action against the left wing of the German army during the spring and summer of 1915, both on account of the wetness of the land and the activity of the German artillery.
但1915年春夏期间，由于土地潮湿和德军炮兵的活跃，比利时军队无法对德军左翼采取任何决定性行动。
Yet it harassed the Germans by so much activity that the Teutons continued to add to their heavy howitzers and large caliber naval guns.
然而，它对德国人的骚扰如此之多，以至于条顿人继续增加他们的重型榴弹炮和大口径舰炮。
Nevertheless the Belgian strategy gained for its little army many advantages of tactical importance.
尽管如此，比利时的战略为其小规模的军队赢得了许多具有战术意义的优势。
It seemed to be a part of the plan of the Belgian generals to give their new troops, which were filling up the previously thinned ranks, a training under heavy bombardments without risking the lives or liberty of many of their men.
这似乎是比利时将军计划的一部分，目的是为他们的新部队提供猛烈轰炸下的训练，而这些新部队正在填补先前薄弱的队伍，而不会危及许多士兵的生命或自由。
They held the old cobbled roads which remained about the waters, using an almost innumerable number of trenches for that purpose.
他们使用了几乎无数的战壕来守卫水域周围的旧鹅卵石道路。
The Germans sought to obviate this check to their activities by approaching on rafts on which were machine guns, from which attempts were made to pour an enfilading fire on the trenches.
德国人试图通过载有机枪的木筏接近他们的活动，试图从战壕中向战壕射击。
Thereupon the Belgian sharpshooters became especially active and exterminated the machine-gun crews before the Germans could take advantage of the position they had gained by using the rafts.
于是，比利时神枪手变得特别活跃，在德国人利用木筏占据的阵地之前消灭了机枪组。
Finally the waters subsided and the mud which remained dried.
最后，水退了，泥土也干了。
As soon as the ground became firm enough to support troops the Belgians became so active that the Germans desired more men, but their soldiers were also needed in many other sections of the western front, and for the time being none could be sent against the Belgians.
一旦地面变得足够坚固，足以支持军队，比利时人就变得如此活跃，以至于德国人需要更多的兵力，但西线的许多其他地区也需要他们的士兵，暂时无法派出任何士兵来对抗比利时人。
Hence King Albert's troops continued to make progress.
因此，阿尔伯特国王的军队不断取得进展。
The Germans made an attack between Nieuport and the sea on May 9, 1915, but were repulsed.
1915 年 5 月 9 日，德军在纽波特和大海之间发动进攻，但被击退。
To the north of Dixmude the Belgians were violently attacked during the night of May 10, 1915, by three German battalions.
1915 年 5 月 10 日夜间，在迪克斯穆德以北，比利时人遭到三个德国营的猛烈攻击。
They were repulsed and suffered large losses.
他们被击退并遭受重大损失。
On the night of May 16, 1915, the Germans threatened with complete envelopment by the successful attacks of preceding days, evacuated the positions which they had occupied to the west of the Yser Canal, and they gained nothing on the eastern bank.
1915 年 5 月 16 日晚，德军因前几天的成功进攻而面临全面包围的威胁，他们将占领的阵地撤至伊瑟运河以西，但在东岸却一无所获。
The Germans left about two thousand dead and many rifles when they were forced from the western bank.
当德军被迫撤离西岸时，他们留下了大约两千人的死亡和许多步枪。
On the following night, May 17, 1915, the positions on the eastern bank were consolidated, and a German counterattack, which was preceded by a bombardment, was repulsed.
第二天晚上，即 1915 年 5 月 17 日，东岸阵地得到巩固，德军在炮击之前的反击被击退。
The Germans gained a footing in the trenches to the east of the Yser Canal in an attack made on the night of May 20, 1915, but they were driven out and lost some of the ground they had held before making the attack.
1915 年 5 月 20 日夜间，德军在伊瑟运河以东的战壕中站稳了脚跟，但他们被赶了出去，失去了进攻前占领的一些阵地。
The Germans made a violent attack on the edge of the Belgian front at Nieuport in order to prevent the Belgians from aiding in the defense of Ypres, but the Belgians defended Nieuport with one army corps and made an advance on Dixmude with another corps, with the result that they assisted the Zouaves in taking the German bridgeheads on the western bank of the canal above Ypres.
德军为了阻止比利时人协助保卫伊普尔，对纽波特的比利时战线边缘进行了猛烈攻击，但比利时人用一个军保卫纽波特，用另一个军向迪克斯穆德挺进，结果协助轻骑兵夺取了伊普尔上方运河西岸的德军桥头堡。
These bridgeheads were protected by forts manned by machine guns, and the approaches were commanded by heavy artillery fire, but defense was destroyed in the middle of May, 1915.
这些桥头堡受到由机枪守卫的堡垒的保护，并由猛烈炮火指挥，但防御力量在 1915 年 5 月中旬被摧毁。
The Germans concentrated their efforts against the Belgians at one point between Ypres and Dixmude.
德国人将攻击比利时人的力量集中在伊普尔和迪克斯穆德之间的一个地点。
They bombarded the trenches, using bombs filled with poisonous gas.
他们使用充满毒气的炸弹轰炸战壕。
When they believed the Belgians had been overcome by the gas the German infantry charged.
当他们相信比利时人已经被德国步兵冲锋的毒气击倒时。
The Belgians, however, had kept their faces close to the ground, thus escaping most of the fumes from the shells.
然而，比利时人将脸贴近地面，从而躲避了炮弹中的大部分烟雾。
When the Germans arrived within easy range they were greeted with machine-gun fire to such an extent that the companies leading the charge were slain.
当德军到达容易射程的范围内时，他们遭到机枪扫射，导致带头冲锋的连队被杀。
A battalion of Belgian troops on June 14, 1915, gained the east bank of the Yser south of the Dixmude railroad bridge, and established themselves there.
1915 年 6 月 14 日，一个营的比利时军队占领迪克斯穆德铁路桥以南的伊瑟河东岸，并在那里扎营。
The Belgians also destroyed a German blockhouse in the vicinity of the Chateau of Dixmude.
比利时人还摧毁了迪克斯穆德城堡附近的一座德国碉堡。
The Belgian troops, south of St. Georges, captured a German trench, all the defenders of which were killed or made prisoners on June 22, 1915.
1915 年 6 月 22 日，比利时军队在圣乔治以南占领了一条德国战壕，所有守卫者都被杀或被俘。
After the canal line was won, and the Belgians were in position to hold it, they could make little headway eastward.
拿下运河线后，比利时人也能守住它，但他们向东的进展却微乎其微。
Their advance was checked by a series of batteries which were concealed in the Forest of Houthulst.
他们的前进受到隐藏在胡图尔斯特森林中的一系列炮台的阻碍。
These batteries, containing many guns of large caliber, continued to shell the Belgian trenches to such an extent that it was necessary for their inhabitants to keep close to the bomb-proof chambers with which the trenches were liberally supplied.
这些包含许多大口径火炮的炮台继续对比利时战壕进行炮击，以至于其居民必须靠近战壕提供的防弹室。
But the Belgians kept so many of the German troops occupied that, in this way, they gave great aid to their allies, and enabled the French and British to regain much of the territory which was lost in the first attack which the Germans made with poisonous gas.
但比利时人占领了如此多的德国军队，从而为他们的盟国提供了巨大的援助，并使法国和英国能够收复德国人第一次使用毒气发动的第一次进攻中失去的大部分领土。
The remainder of the summer was occupied with intermittent artillery duels and minor engagements between the opposing trench lines.
夏天剩下的时间里，双方都在断断续续地炮火交锋和战壕线之间的小规模交战。
In the meantime the Belgian army was adding to the number of its troops and gathering munitions for an aggressive movement.
与此同时，比利时军队正在增兵并为侵略行动收集弹药。
PART V--NAVAL OPERATIONS
第五部分——海军行动
CHAPTER XXVII
第二十七章
THE WAR ZONE
战区
The war on the seas, with the long-expected battle between the fleets of the great nations, developed during the second six months of the war into a strange series of adventures.
海上战争，以及大国舰队之间期待已久的战斗，在战争的后六个月里发展成了一系列奇怪的冒险。
The fleets of the British and the Germans stood like huge phantoms--the first enshrouded in mystery somewhere in the Irish and North Seas; the second held in leash behind the Kiel Canal, awaiting the opportune moment to make its escape.
英国和德国的舰队像巨大的幽灵一样矗立着——第一支舰队在爱尔兰和北海的某个地方笼罩在神秘之中；第二支舰队则在爱尔兰和北海的某个地方。第二只被拴在基尔运河后面，等待逃跑的最佳时机。
These tense, waiting days were broken by sensational and spectacular incidents--not so much through the sea fights of great modern warships as through the adventures of the raiders on the seven seas, the exploits of the submarines, and the daring attempt of the allied fleets to batter down the mighty forts in the Dardanelles and bombard their way toward Constantinople--the coveted stronghold of the Ottoman Empire.
这些紧张等待的日子被轰动而壮观的事件所打破——与其说是现代大型战舰的海战，不如说是通过七大洋上的袭击者的冒险、潜艇的功绩以及盟军舰队大胆尝试摧毁达达尼尔海峡的强大堡垒并炮轰向君士坦丁堡——奥斯曼帝国令人垂涎的据点。
The several phases of these naval operations are described in special chapters in this volume, therefore We will now confine ourselves to the general naval developments.
这些海军行动的几个阶段在本书的专门章节中进行了描述，因此我们现在将仅限于一般海军发展。
In the spring of 1915 the threat made by Admiral von Tirpitz that Germany would carry on war against British and allied shipping by sinking their vessels with submarines, was made effective.
1915 年春，冯·提尔皮茨海军上将发出的威胁得到了落实，即德国将用潜艇击沉英国及其盟国的船只，对英国及其盟国的航运发动战争。
The submersible craft began to appear on all the coasts of the British Isles.
潜水艇开始出现在不列颠群岛的所有海岸。
It infested the Irish Sea to such an extent that shipping between England and Ireland was seriously menaced.
它在爱尔兰海的肆虐严重到英格兰和爱尔兰之间的航运受到严重威胁。
A particularly daring raid took place on the night of February 1, 1915, when a number of submarines tried to scuttle ships lying at Dover.
1915 年 2 月 1 日晚上，发生了一次特别大胆的袭击，当时多艘潜艇试图凿沉停泊在多佛的船只。
The attack failed, but drew fire from the guns of the fort here.[1]
攻击失败了，但引来了这里堡垒的炮火。[1]
[Footnote 1: See chapter on "Exploits of the Submarines."]
[脚注 1：参见“潜艇的战绩”一章。]
On the 5th of February, 1915, the German Naval Staff announced that beginning February 18, 1915, the waters around Great Britain would be considered a "war zone." This was in retaliation for the blockade maintained against Germany by the British navy.
1915 年 2 月 5 日，德国海军参谋部宣布，从 1915 年 2 月 18 日开始，英国周围海域将被视为“战区”。这是为了报复英国海军对德国的封锁。
The proclamation read as follows:
公告内容如下：
"The waters round Great Britain and Ireland, including the whole of the English Channel, are herewith proclaimed a war region.
“英国和爱尔兰周围的水域，包括整个英吉利海峡，特此宣布为战区。
"On and after February 18, 1915, every enemy merchant vessel found in this war region will be destroyed without its always being possible to warn the crew or passengers of the dangers threatening.
“1915 年 2 月 18 日及之后，在该战区发现的每艘敌方商船都将被摧毁，而其却无法始终警告船员或乘客面临的危险。
"Neutral ships will also incur danger in the war region, where, in view of the misuse of the neutral flags ordered by the British Government and incidents inevitable in sea warfare, attacks intended for hostile ships may affect neutral ships also.
“中立国船只在战区也会面临危险，鉴于英国政府下令滥用中立旗帜以及海战中不可避免的事件，针对敌方船只的攻击也可能影响中立国船只。
"The sea passage to the north of the Shetland Islands and the eastern region of the North Sea in a zone of at least thirty miles along the Netherlands coast is not menaced by any danger.
“沿着荷兰海岸至少三十英里的范围内，通往设得兰群岛北部和北海东部地区的海上通道没有受到任何危险的威胁。
(Signed) Berlin, February 4, 1915, Chief of Naval Staff,
（签名）柏林，1915 年 2 月 4 日，海军参谋长，
VON POHL."
冯·波尔。”
[Illustration: The German Submarine War Zone.]
[插图：德国潜艇战区。]
The effect of this proclamation, which was in truth nothing more than official sanction for the work that the submarines had been doing for some weeks, and which they continued to do, was to bring Germany into diplomatic controversy with neutral countries, particularly the United States; such controversy is taken up in a different chapter of this history.
这一声明实际上只不过是对潜艇几周来所做的工作以及他们继续做的工作的官方制裁，其结果是使德国陷入与中立国家，特别是美国的外交争议；这种争论在这段历史的不同章节中展开。
In connection with the naval history of the Great War it suffices to say that such a proclamation constituted a precedent in naval history.
结合第一次世界大战的海军历史，可以说，这样的公告构成了海军历史上的先例。
The submarine had heretofore been an untried form of war craft.
迄今为止，潜艇一直是一种未经尝试的战舰形式。
The rule had formerly been that a merchantman stopped by an enemy's warship was subject to search and seizure, and, if it offered no resistance, was taken to one of the enemy's ports as a prize.
以前的规则是，被敌人军舰拦截的商船将受到搜查和扣押，如果没有抵抗，就会被带到敌人的港口作为战利品。
If it offered resistance it might be summarily sunk.
如果它遇到阻力，它可能会立即沉没。
But it was impossible for submarines to take ships into port on account of the patrols of allied warships; and the limited quarters of submarines made it impossible to take aboard them the crews of ships which they sank.
但由于盟军战舰的巡逻，潜艇无法将船只驶入港口；潜艇的舱位有限，无法搭载被击沉船只的船员。
Reference made to the use of neutral flags quoted in the German proclamation had been induced by the fact that certain of the British merchant ships, after Germany had begun to send them to the bottom whenever one of its submarines caught up with them had gone through the waters where the submarines operated flying the flag of the United States and other neutral powers in order to deceive the commanders of the submarines.
德国公告中提到使用中立国旗帜的原因是，德国开始在德国的一艘潜艇追上它们时将其送入海底，之后，某些英国商船在潜艇作业的水域悬挂美国和其他中立国的旗帜，以欺骗潜艇指挥官。
The latter had little time to do more than take a brief observation of merchantmen which they sank, and one of the first things they sought was the nationality of the flag that the intended victims carried; unless they could be sure of the identity of a ship through familiarity with the lines of her hull, they ran the risk, in attacking a ship flying a neutral flag, of sinking a vessel belonging to a neutral power.
后者除了对他们击沉的商船进行简短观察外，几乎没有时间做更多的事情，他们首先要寻找的事情之一就是目标受害者所携带的旗帜的国籍；除非他们能够通过熟悉船体线条来确定船只的身份，否则他们在攻击悬挂中立国旗的船只时，将面临击沉中立国船只的风险。
Here was another matter that opened up diplomatic exchanges between Germany and the United States, and between the United States and England.
这是另一件事开启了德国与美国、美国与英国之间的外交交往。
It suffices here to give not only the controversy or the points involved, but the record of events.
这里不仅要给出争议或所涉及的要点，而且要给出事件的记录就足够了。
The first use of the flag of a neutral country by a ship belonging to one of the belligerents in the Great War occurred on January 31, 1915, when the Cunard liner _Orduna_ carried the American flag at her forepeak in journeying from Liverpool to Queenstown.
第一次世界大战中交战国之一的船只首次使用中立国国旗发生在 1915 年 1 月 31 日，当时冠达邮轮 _Orduna_ 在从利物浦前往皇后镇的航程中，在其首尖舱悬挂着美国国旗。
She again did so on February 1, 1915, when she left the latter port for New York.
1915 年 2 月 1 日，她再次这样做，当时她离开后一个港口前往纽约。
And another notable instance was on February 11, 1915, when the _Lusitania_, another Cunard liner, arrived at Liverpool flying the American flag in obedience to orders issued by the British admiralty.
另一个值得注意的例子是 1915 年 2 月 11 日，另一艘冠达邮轮卢西塔尼亚号遵照英国海军部的命令，悬挂美国国旗抵达利物浦。
It was only the prominence of these vessels which gave them notoriety in this regard; the same practice was indulged in by many smaller ships.
正是这些船只的突出地位才使它们在这方面声名狼藉。许多较小的船只也采取了同样的做法。
"What will happen after the 18th?" was the one important question asked during February, 1915, by the public of the neutral as well as belligerent countries.
“18号之后会发生什么？”这是 1915 年 2 月中立国和交战国公众提出的一个重要问题。
February 18, 1915, arrived and saw Von Pohl's proclamation go into effect, and from that date onward the toll of ships sunk, both of neutral and belligerent countries, grew longer daily.
1915 年 2 月 18 日，冯·波尔的公告正式生效，从那天起，中立国和交战国沉没船只的死亡人数每天都在增加。
But before the German submarines could begin the new campaign, those of the British navy became active, and it was admitted in Berlin on February 15, 1915, that British submarines had made their way into the Baltic, through the sound between Sweden and Denmark, where they attacked the German cruiser _Gazelle_ unsuccessfully.
但在德国潜艇开始新的战役之前，英国海军的潜艇就开始活跃起来，1915 年 2 月 15 日在柏林承认，英国潜艇已通过瑞典和丹麦之间的海峡进入波罗的海，在那里攻击了德国巡洋舰“瞪羚”号，但没有成功。
Nor was the British navy inactive in other ways, though it had been greatly discredited by the fact that the German submarines were playing havoc with British shipping right at England's door.
英国海军在其他方面也并非无所作为，尽管德国潜艇在英格兰门口对英国航运造成严重破坏这一事实使英国海军名誉扫地。
A fleet of two battleships and several cruisers drew up off Westende and bombarded the German trenches on the 4th of February, 1915.
1915 年 2 月 4 日，一支由两艘战列舰和几艘巡洋舰组成的舰队在韦斯滕德附近列队轰炸德国战壕。
Only one day after the war-zone proclamation went into effect the Allies brought out their trump card for the spring of 1915.
战区公告生效仅一天，盟军就在 1915 年春季拿出了他们的王牌。
CHAPTER XXVIII
第二十八章
ATTACK ON THE DARDANELLES
进攻达达尼尔海峡
By the middle of February, 1915, the Allies completed the arrangement for the naval attack on the Dardanelles.
1915年2月中旬，盟军完成了对达达尼尔海峡的海上进攻的部署。
The military part of the campaign in these regions is treated in the chapter on the "Campaign in the Dardanelles"; hence we must confine ourselves at present to the general naval affairs.
这些地区战役的军事部分在“达达尼尔海峡战役”一章中进行了讨论；因此，我们目前必须只讨论一般的海军事务。
The naval operations began with the concentration in the adjacent waters of a powerful fleet consisting of both French and British ships.
海军行动开始时，由法国和英国船只组成的强大舰队集中在邻近水域。
The ships engaged were the _Queen Elizabeth_, with her main battery of 15-inch guns, the _Inflexible_, veteran of the fight off the Falkland Islands, the _Agamemnon_, _Cornwallis_, _Triumph_, and _Vengeance_.
交战的舰艇包括主炮为 15 英寸火炮的伊丽莎白女王号、福克兰群岛附近战斗的老兵“顽固号”、阿伽门农号、康沃利斯号、凯旋号和复仇号。
In addition to these British ships there were the French battleships _Suffren_, _Gaulois_, and _Bouvet_, and a fleet of destroyers.
除了这些英国舰艇之外，还有法国战列舰“叙弗朗”号、“高卢瓦”号和“布维”号战列舰以及一支驱逐舰舰队。
The senior British officer was Vice Admiral Sackville Carden, and the French commander was Admiral Guepratte.
英国高级军官是萨克维尔·卡登中将，法国指挥官是格普拉特海军上将。
A new "mother ship" for a squadron of seaplanes was also part of the naval force; this was the ship _Ark Royal_.
水上飞机中队的一艘新“母舰”也是海军的一部分；这就是_皇家方舟_号船。
At eight in the morning on February 19, 1915, this powerful fleet started "The Great Attempt."
1915年2月19日早上八点，这支强大的舰队开始了“伟大的尝试”。
After bombarding the Turkish forts till three in the afternoon without receiving a single reply from the guns of the forts, the warships ceased firing and went in closer to the shore, the allied commanders believing that the forts had not replied because they all had been put out of action.
炮击土耳其堡垒直到下午三点，都没有收到堡垒炮火的任何回应，战舰停止射击并靠近海岸，盟军指挥官认为这些堡垒没有回应，因为它们都已经失去了战斗能力。
The fallacy of this belief was discovered when, at the shortened range, shells began to fall about the ships.
当炮弹在缩短的射程内开始落在船只周围时，人们发现了这种信念的谬误。
None was hit; when dusk came on they retired.
没有人被击中；黄昏来临时，他们就退休了。
Stormy weather prevented further action on the part of the warships for almost a week, but on February 25, 1915, they resumed their bombardment.
暴风雨天气使军舰无法采取进一步行动近一周，但 1915 年 2 月 25 日，他们恢复了轰炸。
The _Irresistible_ and _Albion_ had by then joined the other British ships, and the _Charlemagne_ had augmented the French force.
此时，“不可抗拒”号和“阿尔比恩”号已经加入了其他英国舰艇，而“查理曼”号则增强了法国的力量。
At ten o'clock in the morning of February 25, 1915, the _Queen Elizabeth_, _Gaulois_, _Irresistible_, and _Agamemnon_ began to fire on the forts Sedd-el-Bahr, Orkanieh, Kum Kale, and Cape Hellas--the outer forts--at long range, and drew replies from the Turkish guns.
1915 年 2 月 25 日上午 10 点，“伊丽莎白女王”号、“高卢瓦”号、“不可抗拒”号和“阿伽门农”号开始向塞德巴赫尔堡、奥尔卡尼赫堡、库姆卡莱堡和希腊海角堡（外堡）进行远距离射击，并得到土耳其炮火的还击。
It was out of all compliance with naval tradition for warships to stand and engage land fortifications, for lessons learned by naval authorities from the Spanish-American and Russo-Japanese wars had established precedents which prohibited it.
军舰坚守并与陆地防御工事交战完全不符合海军传统，因为海军当局从美西战争和日俄战争中吸取的教训已经确立了禁止这样做的先例。
But here the larger warships were carrying heavier guns than those in the forts.
但这里更大的战舰携带的火炮比堡垒里的更重。
Whereas the _Queen Elizabeth_ carried 15-inch guns, the largest of the Turkish guns measured only 10.2 inches.
伊丽莎白女王号携带 15 英寸火炮，而土耳其最大的火炮只有 10.2 英寸。
At 11.30 o'clock in the morning of February 25, 1915, the _Agamemnon_ was hit with a shell which had traveled six miles, but it did not damage her beyond repair.
1915 年 2 月 25 日上午 11 时 30 分，阿伽门农号被一枚射程六英里的炮弹击中，但并未造成无法修复的损坏。
Meanwhile the _Queen Elizabeth_ had silenced Cape Hellas, firing from a distance far beyond the range of the forts' guns.
与此同时，伊丽莎白女王号从远超出要塞火炮射程的地方开火，压制了希腊角。
And then, just before noon, and after the larger ship had silenced the main battery at Cape Hellas, the ships _Vengeance_ and _Cornwallis_ dashed in at shorter range and destroyed the minor batteries there.
然后，就在中午之前，在较大的舰艇压制了希腊角的主炮台之后，复仇号和康沃利斯号舰艇以较短的距离冲入并摧毁了那里的小炮台。
The _Suffren_ and _Charlemagne_ also took part in this phase of the engagement, and later, in the afternoon, the _Triumph_ and _Albion_ concentrated fire on Sedd-el-Bahr, silencing its last guns by five o'clock in the evening.
苏弗伦号和查理曼号也参加了这一阶段的交战，随后，在下午，凯旋号和阿尔比恩号将火力集中在塞德巴赫尔，并在晚上五点钟之前关闭了最后的炮火。
The larger ships needed the respite during the night of February 25, 1915, while trawlers, which had been brought down from the North Sea for the purpose, began to sweep the entrance to the forts for mines, and cleared enough of them out by the morning of the 26th to enable the _Majestic_--which had by then joined the fleet--and the _Albion_ and _Vengeance_ to steam in between the flanking shores and fire at the forts on the Asiatic side.
1915 年 2 月 25 日夜间，较大的船只需要休息，而为此目的从北海降落的拖网渔船开始扫荡堡垒入口处的水雷，并在 26 日早上清除了足够多的水雷，以便使当时已加入舰队的雄伟号、阿尔比恩号和复仇号能够在侧翼之间航行。亚洲一侧的海岸和堡垒的火力。
It was known by the allied commanders that they might expect return fire from Fort Dardanos, but this they did not fear, for they knew that its heaviest gun measured but 5.9 inches.
盟军指挥官知道他们可能会期待来自达达诺斯堡的还击，但他们并不担心这一点，因为他们知道其最重的火炮尺寸仅为 5.9 英寸。
But they had a surprise when concealed batteries near by, the presence of which had not been suspected, suddenly began to fire.
但令他们大吃一惊的是，附近隐藏的电池（此前并未被怀疑）突然开始点火。
Believing now that the Turks were abandoning the forts at the entrance, the allied ships covered the landing of parties of marines.
现在，盟军舰艇相信土耳其人正在放弃入口处的堡垒，因此掩护了海军陆战队的登陆。
Long-range firing had by the end of February 26, 1915, enabled the allied fleets to silence the outer forts and to clear their way to the straits.
1915 年 2 月 26 日，远程射击使盟军舰队压制住了外围堡垒，并扫清了通往海峡的道路。
They now had to take up the task of destroying the real defenses of the Dardanelles--the forts at the Narrows, and this was a harder task, for long-range firing was no longer possible.
他们现在必须承担起摧毁达达尼尔海峡真正的防御工事——海峡要塞的任务，这是一项更艰巨的任务，因为不再可能进行远程射击。
The guns of the forts and those of the ships would be meeting on a more equal basis.
堡垒的火炮和舰艇的火炮将在更加平等的基础上相遇。
But this was not to be essayed at once, for more rough weather kept the fleets from using their guns effectively, their trawlers continued to sweep the waters for mines near the Narrows.
但这并不是立即进行的，因为更恶劣的天气使舰队无法有效地使用他们的火炮，他们的拖网渔船继续在海峡附近的水域中扫雷。
By March 3, 1915, however, the commanders were ready to resume operations.
然而，到 1915 年 3 月 3 日，指挥官们已准备好恢复行动。
The _Lord Nelson_ and the _Ocean_ had by then also arrived on the scene, and in the subsequent operations were hit a number of times by the Turkish guns; and the _Canopus_, _Swiftsure_, _Prince George_, and _Sapphire_, though they did not report being hit, were also known to have been present.
纳尔逊勋爵号和海洋号此时也已抵达现场，但在随后的行动中多次遭到土耳其炮火的打击；而_Canopus_、_Swiftsure_、_Prince George_和_Sapphire_虽然没有报告被击中，但据了解也曾出现过。
The new "eyes" of the fleets located new and concealed batteries placed in position by the Turks, and at two o'clock in the afternoon of February 3, 1915, they ascended to direct the fire of the ships' guns by signal.
舰队的新“眼睛”发现了土耳其人安置的新的隐蔽炮台，并于 1915 年 2 月 3 日下午两点上升，通过信号指挥舰炮开火。
The bombardment was kept up till darkness fell, but it was resumed on the next day.
轰炸一直持续到天黑，但第二天又恢复了。
On March 4, 1915, the _Queen Elizabeth_, so great was the range of her guns, was able to reach the forts Hamadieh I, Tabia, and Hamadieh II, firing across the Gallipoli Peninsula.
1915 年 3 月 4 日，伊丽莎白女王号的火炮射程如此之大，能够到达哈马迪一号、塔比亚和哈马迪二号要塞，向加里波利半岛开火。
Three times she was hit by shells from field pieces lying between her and her target, but no great damage was done to her.
她曾三次被位于她和目标之间的野战炮弹击中，但没有对她造成太大伤害。
While her guns roared out, the _Suffren_, _Albion_, _Prince George_, _Vengeance_, and _Majestic_ went inside the straits and had attacked the forts at Soundere, Mount Dardanos, and Rumili Medjidieh Tabia, and were fired upon by Turkish guns from the forts and from concealed batteries which struck these ships, but not a man was killed or a ship put out of action.
当她的炮轰鸣时，“萨弗伦”号、“阿尔比恩”号、“乔治王子”号、“复仇”号和“雄伟”号进入海峡，攻击了桑德雷、达尔达诺斯山和鲁米利·梅吉迪耶·塔比亚的堡垒，并遭到来自堡垒和隐蔽炮台的土耳其炮火射击，击中了这些船只，但没有人员死亡，也没有一艘船被击出。行动。
March 7, 1915, the _Agamemnon_ and _Lord Nelson_ attacked the forts at the Narrows, their bombardment being covered by the four French battleships.
1915 年 3 月 7 日，阿伽门农号和纳尔逊勋爵号攻击了海峡要塞，他们的炮击由四艘法国战列舰掩护。
All of the ships were struck, but again none of them was put out of action.
所有的船只都被击中，但仍然没有一艘停止行动。
After heavy shelling forts Rumili Medjidieh Tabia and Hamadieh I were silenced.
在对鲁米利·梅吉迪·塔比亚和哈马迪耶要塞进行猛烈炮击后，我被压制住了。
While these operations were going on, another British fleet, consisting of battleships and cruisers, on March 5, 1915, began an attack on Smyrna.
当这些行动正在进行时，另一支由战列舰和巡洋舰组成的英国舰队于 1915 年 3 月 5 日开始攻击士麦那。
For two hours, and in fine, clear weather, Fort Yeni Kale was damaged after being subjected to heavy bombardment, but it was not silenced when dusk interrupted the attack.
在两个小时的时间里，天气晴朗，耶尼卡莱堡在遭受猛烈轰炸后受损，但当黄昏打断袭击时，它并没有平静下来。
Little was accomplished for some days afterward.
此后几天，几乎没有取得任何进展。
Some of the forts which had been reported silenced were getting ready to resume firing; their silence had been due to the fact that the defenders often had to leave their guns while the gases generated by the firing cleared off, and they had also thought it wiser to conserve ammunition rather than fire ineffective shots.
一些据报道已被压制的堡垒正准备恢复射击；他们保持沉默的原因是，防御者常常不得不在射击产生的气体散尽后离开枪支，而且他们还认为，节省弹药比进行无效射击更为明智。
Sedd-el-Bahr and Kum Kale were able to resume firing in a few days, for though the shells of the allied fleets had damaged the structural parts of these defenses, they had not landed troops out to occupy them, with the result that the Turks were enabled to intrench near the ruins and there reset their guns.
塞德-埃尔-巴赫尔号和库姆卡莱号几天后就恢复了射击，因为虽然盟军舰队的炮弹损坏了这些防御工事的结构部分，但他们没有派出部队登陆占领这些防御工事，结果土耳其人得以在废墟附近构筑工事，并在那里重新设置火炮。
On the morning of March 15, 1915, the small British cruiser _Amethyst_ made a dash into the Narrows, which when reported led the British and French public to believe that the defense had been forced, but, as a matter of fact, this exploit was a bit of stratagem, being only designed to draw the fire of concealed batteries.
1915 年 3 月 15 日早晨，英国小型巡洋舰紫水晶号冲进了海峡，据报道，英国和法国公众认为防御是被迫的，但事实上，这一举动有点计谋，只是为了吸引隐蔽炮台的火力。
On March 18, 1915, "The Great Effort" was made to force the defenses with naval operations, all previous work having been preliminary.
1915年3月18日，“伟大努力”以海军行动强行防御，之前的所有工作都是初步的。
The battleships _Agamemnon_, _Prince George_, _Queen Elizabeth_, _Lord Nelson_, _Triumph_, and _Inflexible_ steamed right up to the Narrows.
战列舰阿伽门农号、乔治王子号、伊丽莎白女王号、纳尔逊勋爵号、凯旋号和顽固号直接驶向海峡。
Four of them bombarded Chanak and a battery which lay opposite it, and the forts at Saghandere, Kephez Point, and Dardanos were kept busy by the _Triumph_ and the _Prince George_.
其中四艘轰炸机轰炸了恰纳克及其对面的一座炮台，萨甘德尔、凯菲兹角和达尔达诺斯的堡垒被凯旋号和乔治王子号保持忙碌。
After the fleet had been at it for an hour and a half they received the support of the four French ships which steamed in close and attacked the forts at a shorter range.
舰队在该处待了一个半小时后，他们得到了四艘法国舰艇的支援，这些舰艇近距离航行并在较短的距离内攻击堡垒。
When the forts ceased firing the six battleships _Ocean_, _Swiftsure_, _Majestic_, _Albion_, _Irresistible_, and _Vengeance_ came in and tried to carry the attack further.
当要塞停止射击时，六艘战列舰_海洋_、_斯威夫特_、_雄伟_、_阿尔比恩_、_不可抗拒_和_复仇_驶入并试图进一步发动攻击。
While the French squadron maneuvered to allow freedom of action for this newer British squadron the Turkish guns resumed fire.
当法国中队进行机动以允许这支新成立的英国中队自由行动时，土耳其炮兵又重新开火。
Then came the first of a series of disasters.
然后是一系列灾难中的第一个。
Three shells struck the _Bouvet_, and she soon began to keel over.
三枚炮弹击中了布维号，她很快就开始倾覆。
When the underwater part of her hull came into view it was seen that she had been hit underneath, probably by one of the mines which the Turks had floated toward the crowded ships.
当她船体的水下部分进入视野时，可以看到她的水下被击中，可能是土耳其人向拥挤的船只飘来的一颗水雷击中的。
She sank almost immediately, carrying the greater part of her crew down with her.
她几乎立即沉没，大部分船员也随之沉没。
Only two hours later another mine did damage to the _Irresistible_, and she left the line, listing heavily.
仅仅两个小时后，另一枚地雷对“不可抗拒”号造成了损坏，她离开了队伍，严重倾斜。
While she floated and while she was under heavy fire from Turkish guns a destroyer took off her crew.
当她漂浮时，当她受到土耳其炮火的猛烈射击时，一艘驱逐舰带走了她的船员。
She sank just before six o'clock.
六点前她沉没了。
Not fifteen minutes later the _Ocean_ became the third victim of a floating mine, and she also went to the bottom.
不到十五分钟后，“海洋”号成为浮雷的第三个受害者，她也沉入了海底。
Destroyers rescued many of her crew from the water.
驱逐舰从水中救出了许多船员。
The guns from the forts were also able to do damage; the _Gaulois_ had been hit again and again, with the result that she had a hole in her hull and her upper works were damaged badly.
堡垒的火炮也能造成伤害。高卢号被一次又一次击中，导致其船体上出现一个洞，其上部结构也严重受损。
Fire had broken out on the _Inflexible_, and a number of her officers and crew had been either killed or wounded.
不屈号上发生火灾，一些军官和船员死或伤。
The day ended with the forts still able to return a lively fire to all attacks, and "The Great Attempt" on the part of the allied fleets had failed.
这一天结束时，要塞仍然能够对所有攻击进行猛烈的火力还击，而盟军舰队的“伟大尝试”失败了。
On the other end of the passage there had also been some naval operations, when, on March 28, 1915, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian navy had bombarded the forts on the Bosphorous.
通道的另一端也发生了一些海军行动，1915 年 3 月 28 日，俄罗斯海军黑海舰队轰炸了博斯普鲁斯海峡的堡垒。
Smyrna was again attacked on April 6, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 6 日，士麦那再次遭到袭击。
The operations of allied submarines were the next phases of the attack on the Dardanelles to be reported.
盟军潜艇的行动是对达达尼尔海峡攻击的下一阶段的报道。
The _E-5_ grounded near Kephez Point on April 17, 1915, but before she could be captured by the Turks picket boats from the allied fleet rescued her crew and then destroyed her.
1915 年 4 月 17 日，E-5 号在凯菲兹角附近搁浅，但在她被盟军舰队的土耳其纠察艇捕获之前，它救出了她的船员，然后摧毁了她。
It was just two months now since the naval operations had begun at the Dardanelles; it was seen then that all attempts to take them by naval operations alone must fail as did the attack of March 18, 1915.
达达尼尔海峡的海军行动刚刚开始两个月。当时人们认为，仅靠海军行动夺取这些地区的所有尝试都必将失败，就像 1915 年 3 月 18 日的袭击一样。
CHAPTER XXIX
第二十九章
GERMAN RAIDERS AND SUBMARINES
德国袭击者和潜艇
The next important event in the naval history of the war occurred in far-distant waters.
海军战争史上的下一个重要事件发生在遥远的海域。
On March 10, 1915, there ended the wonderful career of the German auxiliary cruiser _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, Captain Thierichens, which on that date put in at the American port of Newport News, Va., for repairs, after making the harbor in spite of the watch kept on it by British cruisers.
1915 年 3 月 10 日，德国辅助巡洋舰艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号（蒂里兴斯船长）的精彩生涯结束了，该舰当天不顾英国巡洋舰的监视，驶入美国弗吉尼亚州纽波特纽斯港进行维修。
She brought with her more than 500 persons, 200 of them being her own crew, and the remainder being passengers and crews of French, British, Russian, and American ships that had been her victims in her roving over 30,000 miles of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans since leaving Tsing-tau seven months before.
她带来了500多人，其中200人是她自己的船员，其余的是法国、英国、俄罗斯和美国船只的乘客和船员，这些人是她自七个月前离开青岛以来在大西洋和太平洋上航行30,000多英里的过程中的受害者。
She had sent eight merchant ships to the bottom, one of them being the _William P.
她已将八艘商船送入海底，其中一艘是_William P.
Frye_, an American vessel carrying wheat, three British ships, three flying the French flag, and one Russian ship.
Frye_号是一艘运载小麦的美国船只，三艘英国船只，三艘悬挂法国国旗，还有一艘俄罗斯船只。
Their total tonnage came to 18,245.
总吨位达到 18,245 吨。
The fact that she had sunk an American ship on the high seas opened up still another diplomatic controversy between Germany and the United States, which cannot be treated here.
她在公海击沉一艘美国船只的事实引发了德国和美国之间的另一场外交争议，这里不能讨论。
When she left Tsing-tau she took as her crew the men from the German gunboats _Tiger_ and _Luchs_, and had their four 4.1-inch and some of their one-pounder guns as her armament.
当她离开青岛时，她带着德国炮艇_Tiger_和_Luchs_上的船员作为她的船员，并用他们的四门4.1英寸炮和一些一磅炮作为她的武器。
Soon afterward she stopped the British ship _Schargost_ and expected to refill her coal bunkers from those of the merchantman, but in this she was disappointed, for those of the latter were almost empty.
不久之后，她拦住了英国船“沙戈斯特号”，并希望用商船的煤仓来补充她的煤仓，但她很失望，因为后者的煤仓几乎是空的。
Her next victim was a French sailing vessel, _Jean_, and on board this was found a pleasant surprise for the German raider, for the vessel was laden with coal.
她的下一个受害者是一艘法国帆船“让”号，在船上发现的这对德国袭击者来说是一个惊喜，因为这艘船满载着煤炭。
Captain Thierichens had her towed 1,500 miles, to Easter Island, where the coal was transferred to the bunkers of the _Eitel Friedrich_, and the crews of her first three victims were put ashore.
蒂埃里兴斯船长将她拖了 1,500 英里，到达复活节岛，在那里煤炭被转移到艾特尔·弗里德里希号的掩体中，而她的前三名遇难者的船员则被救上岸。
These marooned men were burdens to the white inhabitants of the island, for there was not too much food for the extra forty-eight mouths.
这些被困的人是岛上白人居民的负担，因为额外的四十八张嘴没有太多食物。
Finally, on February 26, 1915, the Swedish ship _Nordic_ saw them signaling from the island and took them off, landing them at Panama on the day after the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ entered Newport News.
最终，1915 年 2 月 26 日，瑞典轮船“北欧”号看到他们从岛上发出信号，并将其起飞，并在艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号进入纽波特纽斯的第二天在巴拿马登陆。
By the beginning of December, 1914, the German raider was in the South Atlantic, and while there heard wireless messages exchanged between the ships of the British fleet that took part in the battle off the Falkland Islands.
1914 年 12 月初，德国袭击者号已抵达南大西洋，同时听到参加福克兰群岛战役的英国舰队舰艇之间交换的无线信息。
The bark _Isabella Browne_, flying the Russian flag, was the next ship overtaken by the _Eitel Friedrich_, on January 26, 1915.
1915 年 1 月 26 日，悬挂俄罗斯国旗的伊莎贝拉·布朗号帆船是艾特尔·弗里德里希号追上的下一艘船。
She was boarded and all of her provisions and stores were removed to the German ship; after her crew and their personal effects were taken aboard the German ship she was dynamited and sank.
她被登上，她的所有补给品和补给品都被转移到德国船上。在她的船员和他们的个人物品被带上德国船后，她被炸毁并沉没。
On that same morning the French ship _Pierre Loti_ was sighted, and while the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ put an end to her, after first taking off her crew, the captive crew of the _Isabella Browne_ was sent below, but was allowed to come on deck to watch the sinking of the French ship.
就在同一天早上，人们看到了法国船皮埃尔·洛蒂号，而艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号在首先将其船员解救后杀死了她，而伊莎贝拉·布朗号上的被俘船员则被送往下方，但被允许来到甲板上观看法国船的沉没。
The American ship _William P.
美国船_William P.
Frye_ was sunk soon afterward, and her crew, also, was made part of the party on board the raider.
不久之后，弗莱号就被击沉了，她的船员也成为了袭击者号上的一员。
After sinking the French bark _Jacobsen_ the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ stopped the _Thalasia_ on February 8, 1915, and let her go on her way, but on February 18 the British ships _Cindracoe_ and _Mary Ada Scott_ were sunk.
在击沉法国三桅帆船雅各布森号后，艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号于 1915 年 2 月 8 日停泊了塔拉西亚号并让其继续航行，但 2 月 18 日英国船只辛德拉科号和玛丽·艾达·斯科特号被击沉。
On the 19th the French steamer _Floride_ was overtaken off the coast of Brazil; all persons aboard her were transferred to the German ship and most of her provisions were also taken aboard the latter; the _Floride_, the largest steamer destroyed by the German ship, was set afire and left to burn.
19日，法国轮船“佛罗里达号”在巴西海岸被追上；船上的所有人员都被转移到德国船上，大部分补给品也被带到了德国船上；被德国舰艇摧毁的最大的轮船“佛罗里达”号被点燃并任其燃烧。
On February 20, 1915, the British ship _Willerby_ was overtaken and nearly sank the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ before being boarded.
1915 年 2 月 20 日，英国船“威勒比”号被追上，并在登上“艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王”号之前差点将其击沉。
As the German ship passed across the stern of the other at a short distance the British captain, knowing that the end of his own ship was near, decided to take his captor down with him.
当这艘德国船在很短的距离内驶过另一艘船的船尾时，英国船长知道自己的船的尽头已经临近，决定将俘虏他的人一起击落。
He tried to ram the German ship with the stern of his ship, but failed in the attempt.
他试图用船尾撞击德国船，但失败了。
On the evening of February 20, 1915, the wireless operator of the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ heard British cruisers "talking" with each other, one of them being the _Berwick_.
1915 年 2 月 20 日晚上，艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号的无线电操作员听到英国巡洋舰互相“交谈”，其中一艘就是伯威克号。
The German captain now saw that his long raiding cruise was up, for though he could replenish his stores and bunkers from captured ships he could not make the many repairs which his vessel needed.
德国船长现在看到他的长途袭击巡航已经结束，因为尽管他可以从捕获的船只上补充他的补给和掩体，但他无法对其船只进行所需的许多修理。
To put them off at a neutral port or to let them go in one of the ships he captured would mean that his position would be reported to British ships within a week.
将他们推迟到中立港口或让他们乘坐他捕获的一艘船离开意味着他的位置将在一周内报告给英国船只。
He therefore decided to end his raiding and put in at Newport News.
因此，他决定结束袭击并投入纽波特纽斯。
His vessel was interned in the American port.
他的船只被扣押在美国港口。
We may now return to the story of the blockade against Germany and the retaliation she sought.
现在我们可以回到对德国的封锁及其寻求报复的故事。
The Allies were now stopping as much shipping on its way to Germany as they dared without bringing on trouble with neutral powers.
盟军现在尽可能多地阻止前往德国的运输，以免给中立国带来麻烦。
The _Dacia_, formerly a German merchantman, was taken over, after the outbreak of the war, by an American citizen and sailed from New Orleans for Rotterdam with a cargo of cotton on February 12, 1915.
达西亚号原本是一艘德国商船，战争爆发后被一位美国公民接管，并于 1915 年 2 月 12 日载着一船棉花从新奥尔良驶往鹿特丹。
She was stopped by a French warship and taken to a French port February 27, 1915, and there held till the matter of the validity of her transfer of registry could be settled.
1915 年 2 月 27 日，她被一艘法国军舰拦截并带到法国港口，并一直扣留在那里，直到其登记转移的有效性问题得到解决。
On the other hand the German submarine exploits continued and found among their victims a British warship, along with the many merchantmen.
另一方面，德国潜艇的攻击仍在继续，并在受害者中发现了一艘英国军舰以及许多商船。
On March 11, 1915, the British auxiliary cruiser _Bayano_, while on patrol duty became the victim of a German torpedo off the Scotch coast.
1915 年 3 月 11 日，英国辅助巡洋舰巴亚诺号在执行巡逻任务时在苏格兰海岸遭到德国鱼雷的袭击。
She went down almost immediately, carrying with her the greater part of her crew.
她几乎立刻就沉没了，带着大部分船员。
But not always were the submarines immune.
但潜艇并不总是能幸免。
Only the day before the British destroyer _Ariel_ rammed the German submarine _U-12_ and sent her to the bottom, after rescuing her crew.
就在前一天，英国驱逐舰“爱丽儿”号撞上了德国潜艇“U-12”，并在救出其船员后将其送入海底。
She was of an older type, built in 1911, of submarine, and had played an active part in the raiding in British waters.
她是 1911 年建造的老式潜艇，在英国水域的袭击中发挥了积极作用。
On February 21, 1915, she had sunk the Irish coasting steamer _Downshire_ in the Irish Sea, and her destruction was particularly welcome in British shipping circles.
1915 年 2 月 21 日，她在爱尔兰海击沉了爱尔兰海岸轮船_Downshire_，她的被毁在英国航运界尤其受欢迎。
Once more an incident in the naval warfare of the Great War was to involve diplomatic exchanges between the belligerents and the United States.
第一次世界大战海战中的一个事件再次涉及交战国与美国之间的外交交流。
The African liner _Falaba_, a British ship on her way from Liverpool to Lisbon, was torpedoed in St. George's Channel on the afternoon of March 28, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 28 日下午，非洲客轮法拉巴号是一艘从利物浦开往里斯本的英国轮船，在圣乔治海峡被鱼雷击中。
She had as one of her passengers an American, L.
她的乘客之一是美国人 L.
C.
C.
Thrasher, who lost his life when the ship sank.
Thrasher 在船沉没时丧生。
The naval warfare was proceeding like a game of checkers.
海战就像跳棋一样进行。
When on March 14, 1915, there came the end of still another of the German raiding cruisers, the _Dresden_.
1915 年 3 月 14 日，另一艘德国突击巡洋舰德累斯顿号迎来了终结。
She was a cruiser built in 1907 and having a displacement of 3,544 tons.
她是一艘建于1907年的巡洋舰，排水量为3,544吨。
Her speed was good--24.5 knots--and her armament of ten 4.1-inch guns and eight 5-pounder guns made her quite a match for enemy warships of her class and superior as for merchantmen.
她的速度很快，达到 24.5 节，而且她的武器装备包括 10 门 4.1 英寸火炮和 8 门 5 磅炮，这使她能够与敌方同级战舰和商船相比。
She was a sister ship to that other famous raider the _Emden_.
她是另一艘著名袭击者埃姆登号的姐妹船。
In 1909 she had taken her place among the other foreign warships in the line in the Hudson River, participating in the Hudson-Fulton Celebration.
1909 年，她在哈德逊河上的其他外国战舰中占据一席之地，参加了哈德逊-富尔顿庆典。
In the spring of 1914 she was in the neighborhood of Central America and rescued a number of foreign refugees who fled from Mexico, and also took Senor Huerta from Puerto Mexico.
1914年春，她在中美洲附近解救了一批逃离墨西哥的外国难民，还从墨西哥港带走了韦尔塔先生。
She was still in that neighborhood when the war broke out, and was immediately sought after by British and French warships which were near by.
战争爆发时，她还在附近，立即受到附近英法军舰的追捕。
She managed to get away from these pursuers and sank the British steamers _Hyades_ and _Holmwood_ off the Brazilian coast during the latter part of August, 1914.
1914 年 8 月下旬，她成功摆脱了这些追击者，并在巴西海岸击沉了英国轮船 _Hyades_ 和 _Holmwood_。
She then went south, rounded the Horn and joined the other ships under command of Admiral Von Spee, taking part in the battle off Coronel, on November 1, 1914.
随后，她向南航行，绕过非洲之角，与冯·斯佩海军上将指挥的其他舰只会合，参加了 1914 年 11 月 1 日科罗内尔附近的海战。
She remained with that squadron and took part in a second battle--that off the Falkland Islands--on December 8, 1914.
她留在该中队并参加了 1914 年 12 月 8 日在福克兰群岛附近的第二次战斗。
When Admiral von Spee saw that he had little chance of winning the battle he gave orders that the lighter ships should leave the line and seek safety in flight.
当冯·施佩海军上将看到自己几乎没有机会赢得这场战斗时，他下令轻型舰艇离开战线并在飞行中寻求安全。
The _Dresden_ was one of the ships which escaped, to the chagrin of the British Admiral.
德累斯顿号是逃脱的船只之一，令英国海军上将懊恼不已。
She then turned "raider."
然后她变成了“袭击者”。
Five days later, on December 13, 1914, she had appeared off Punta Arenas, in the Straits of Magellan, stopped at that port long enough to take on some provisions and put to sea again, with British and Japanese warships on her trail.
五天后，即 1914 年 12 月 13 日，她出现在麦哲伦海峡的蓬塔阿雷纳斯附近，在该港口停留了足够长的时间以装载一些补给品并再次出海，英国和日本的军舰紧随其后。
She was too closely hunted to be able to sink many ships, but during the week of March 12, 1915, she sank the British steamer _Conway Castle_, off the coast of Chile, and took coal and provisions from the two German steamers _Alda_ and _Sierra Cordoba_.
她遭到严密追捕，无法击沉许多船只，但在 1915 年 3 月 12 日这一周，她在智利海岸击沉了英国轮船_康威城堡_，并从两艘德国轮船_阿尔达_和_塞拉科尔多瓦_上获取了煤炭和补给。
On March 14, 1915, she was sighted by the British cruisers _Glasgow_, _Kent_ and _Orama_ near Juan Fernandez Island.
1915 年 3 月 14 日，英国巡洋舰格拉斯哥号、肯特号和奥拉马号在胡安·费尔南德斯岛附近发现了她。
What then ensued is in doubt, owing to conflicting reports made by the senior British officer and by the captain of the German cruiser.
由于英国高级军官和德国巡洋舰船长的报告相互矛盾，随后发生的事情尚存疑问。
The latter insisted that, seeing his ship was at the end of her career, he ordered his men to leave her and then blew her up.
后者坚称，看到他的船已接近其职业生涯的终点，他命令他的手下离开她，然后炸毁了她。
The former declared that shots were exchanged, that she was set afire and was otherwise badly damaged by the British fire.
前者声称双方发生了交火，她被英国人的炮火点燃，其他方面也受到严重损坏。
At any rate, she was destroyed, and all of her men were saved.
无论如何，她被毁灭了，而她的手下都得救了。
It was estimated that the amount of damage she inflicted on allied trade amounted to $1,250,000.
据估计，她对盟国贸易造成的损失达 1,250,000 美元。
Thus at the end of March, 1915, only the _Karlsruhe_ and _Kronprinz Wilhelm_, of the eleven German warships that were detached from the main German fleet in the North Sea at the outbreak of the war, and of the few ships which slipped out of various ports as converted auxiliary cruisers, were still at large on the high seas.
因此，到1915年3月底，战争爆发时从北海德国主力舰队中分离出来的11艘德国战舰，以及从各个港口改装成辅助巡洋舰的少数几艘战舰中，只有卡尔斯鲁厄号和威廉王储号仍然在公海上逍遥法外。
Naval activity in the northern waters of Europe did not abate.
欧洲北部水域的海军活动并未减弱。
The British admiralty on March 25, 1915, had announced that the German submarine _U-29_, one of the most improved craft of the type in use, had been sunk.
1915 年 3 月 25 日，英国海军部宣布德国潜艇 _U-29_ 已被击沉，该潜艇是同类潜艇中改进程度最高的潜艇之一。
This loss was admitted by the German admiralty on April 7, 1915.
德国海军部于 1915 年 4 月 7 日承认了这一损失。
It was a serious loss to the German navy, for its commander was Otto von Weddigen, he who, in the _U-9_, had sent the _Cressy_, _Aboukir_ and _Hogue_ to the bottom in September, 1914.
这对德国海军来说是一次严重的损失，因为德国海军的指挥官是奥托·冯·韦迪根 (Otto von Weddigen)，他在 _U-9_ 中于 1914 年 9 月将_Cressy_、_Aboukir_ 和_Hogue_ 击沉到了海底。
The naval warfare at the Dardanelles proceeded in the same desultory fashion.
达达尼尔海峡的海战也以同样断断续续的方式进行。
A Turkish torpedo boat caught up with the British transport _Manitou_, and opened fire on her, killing some twenty of the soldiers on board.
一艘土耳其鱼雷艇追上了英国运输船“马尼图号”，并向其开火，造成船上大约二十名士兵死亡。
In answer to calls for help from the _Manitou_ the British cruiser _Minerva_ and some torpedo boats went to the scene and attacked the Turkish craft on April 7, 1915, driving it ashore off Chios and destroyed it as it lay beached.
1915 年 4 月 7 日，为了响应“马尼图”号的求救，英国巡洋舰“密涅瓦”号和一些鱼雷艇前往现场攻击土耳其船只，将其驶到希俄斯附近的岸上，并在其搁浅时将其摧毁。
But during April, 1915, it seemed as though there would be another pitched fight between British and German warships in the North Sea.
但 1915 年 4 月，英国和德国军舰之间似乎又要在北海发生一场激战。
On April 23, 1915, the German admiralty announced that "the German High Sea Fleet has recently cruised repeatedly in the North Sea, advancing into English waters without meeting the sea forces of Great Britain." The British admiralty had undoubtedly been aware of this activity on the part of their enemy, but for reasons of their own did not choose to send British ships to meet the German fleet, and the expected battle did not take place.
1915年4月23日，德国海军部宣布“德国公海舰队最近多次在北海巡航，在没有与英国海上力量会面的情况下挺进英国水域”。英国海军部无疑已经意识到了敌人的这一活动，但由于自身原因没有选择派遣英国舰艇与德国舰队会合，预期的战斗并没有发生。
France, on April 26, 1915, was to sustain a severe loss to her navy; she had up to this time not lost as many ships as her ally, England, or her enemy, Germany, but her navy was so much smaller than either of them that the sinking of the _Leon Gambetta_ on that date was a matter of weight.
1915 年 4 月 26 日，法国海军遭受严重损失；到目前为止，她损失的船只数量还没有她的盟友英国或她的敌人德国那么多，但她的海军比这两个国家都小得多，以至于那天“莱昂甘贝塔”号的沉没只是重量问题。
The _Gambetta_ was an armored cruiser, built in 1904, and carrying four 7.6-inch guns, sixteen 6.4-inch guns and a number of smaller caliber.
甘贝塔号是一艘装甲巡洋舰，建于 1904 年，携带四门 7.6 英寸火炮、十六门 6.4 英寸火炮和一些较小口径的火炮。
She had a speed of twenty-three knots.
她的航速为二十三节。
While doing patrol duty in the Strait of Otranto she was made the victim of the Austrian submarine _U-5_, and sank, carrying with her 552 men.
在奥特朗托海峡执行巡逻任务时，她成为奥地利潜艇 _U-5_ 的受害者，并沉没，船上载有 552 名船员。
On April 28, 1915, there occurred another incident which gave rise to diplomatic exchanges between Germany and the United States.
1915年4月28日，又发生了一件引发德美外交交往的事件。
On that date a German seaplane attacked the American merchantman in broad daylight in the North Sea, but fortunately for its crew the ship was not sent to the bottom.
当天，一架德国水上飞机在北海光天化日之下袭击了美国商船，但幸运的是，该船并未沉入海底。
The first American ship to be struck by a torpedo in the war zone established by the German admiralty's proclamation of February 5, 1915, was the _Gulflight_.
在德国海军部 1915 年 2 月 5 日宣布建立的战区中，第一艘被鱼雷击中的美国舰艇是“湾号”号。
This tank steamer was hit by a torpedo fired by a German submarine off the Scilly Islands, on the 1st of May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 1 日，这艘油轮在锡利群岛附近被一艘德国潜艇发射的鱼雷击中。
But of more importance, because of the number of American lives lost, the standing of the matter in international law and the prominence of the vessel, was the sinking of the Cunard liner _Lusitania_, on May 7, 1915.
但更重要的是，由于美国人丧生的人数、此事在国际法中的地位以及该船的突出地位，1915 年 5 月 7 日冠达邮轮_卢西塔尼亚号沉没。
This is fully described in the chapter on submarines, and in the diplomatic developments discussed in the chapter on the United States and the War.
关于潜艇的章节以及关于美国和战争的章节中讨论的外交发展对此进行了充分描述。
The _Lusitania_ had left New York for Liverpool on the 1st of May, 1915.
卢西塔尼亚号于 1915 年 5 月 1 日离开纽约前往利物浦。
She was one of the fastest ships plying between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
她是往返于东半球和西半球之间最快的船只之一。
Larger than any warship afloat at the time, she was able to make the trip from Liverpool to New York in a little under five days.
她比当时漂浮的任何军舰都大，能够在不到五天内从利物浦到达纽约。
On her last crossing she carried 2,160 persons, including passengers and crew, many of the former being Americans, some of them of great prominence.
在她最后一次穿越时，她载有 2,160 人，包括乘客和船员，其中许多是美国人，其中一些是名人。
While off Old Head of Kinsale, on the southeastern end of Ireland, at about half past two, on the afternoon of May 7, 1915, with a calm sea and no wind, she was hit by one or more torpedoes from a German submarine without warning.
1915 年 5 月 7 日下午两点半左右，在爱尔兰东南端的金塞尔老海角附近，海面平静，无风，她在毫无预警的情况下被一艘德国潜艇发射的一枚或多枚鱼雷击中。
Those on board immediately went to the life boats, but it was only twenty minutes after she had first been hit that she sank, and not enough of the small craft could be gotten over her side in that time to rescue all those on board.
船上的人立即前往救生艇，但她在第一次被击中后仅二十分钟就沉没了，当时没有足够的小艇越过她的侧面来营救船上的所有人员。
Out of the 2,160 souls aboard at least 1,398 were lost.
船上 2,160 人的灵魂中，至少有 1,398 人丧生。
Of these 107 were American citizens.
其中 107 人是美国公民。
Small boats in the neighborhood of the disaster hurried to the scene and rescued those whom they could reach in the water and brought them to Queenstown.
灾情附近的小船迅速赶到现场，救起水中能接触到的人，并将他们带回皇后镇。
The sacks of mail which the liner carried and which went down with her were the first American mail sacks ever lost at sea as a result of war.
这艘客轮携带并随其沉没的邮件袋是第一批因战争而在海上丢失的美国邮件袋。
The controversies which this disaster gave rise to between England, Germany and the United States are given elsewhere.
这场灾难在英国、德国和美国之间引发的争议在其他地方也有提及。
Against British warships the submarine warfare was also effective during the month of May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月，潜艇战对英国军舰也很有效。
On the 1st day of that month the old British destroyer _Recruit_ was sent to the bottom of the North Sea by a German submarine, but the two German destroyers which had accompanied the submarine that did this were pursued immediately by British destroyers and were sunk.
当月 1 日，英国老式驱逐舰“招募”号被一艘德国潜艇送入北海海底，但随同这艘潜艇一起行动的两艘德国驱逐舰立即遭到英国驱逐舰的追击并被击沉。
On the same day that the _Lusitania_ went down a German mine ended the career of the British destroyer _Maori_.
卢西塔尼亚号触礁的同一天，英国驱逐舰毛利号的职业生涯结束了。
CHAPTER XXX
第三章
ITALIAN PARTICIPATION--OPERATIONS IN MANY WATERS
意大利的参与——在许多水域的行动
The month of May, 1915, saw new characters enter the theatres of naval warfare.
1915 年 5 月，新的角色进入了海战战场。
Italy had now entered the war and brought to the naval strength of the Allies a minor naval unit.
意大利此时已经参战，并为盟军的海军力量带来了一支小型海军部队。
At the time Italy entered the war she possessed six dreadnoughts, the _Caio Duilio_ and the _Andrea Doria_, completed in 1915, the _Conte di Cavour_, _Giulio Cesare_, and _Leonardo da Vinci_, completed in 1914, and the _Dante Alighieri_, completed in 1912.
意大利参战时，她拥有六艘无畏舰：1915 年完工的卡约·杜利奥号和安德里亚·多利亚号，1914 年完工的加富尔伯爵号、朱利奥·切萨雷号和列奥纳多·达·芬奇号，以及 1912 年完工的但丁·阿利吉耶里号。
Each of these dreadnoughts had a speed of 23 knots.
每艘无畏舰的航速均为 23 节。
The _Dante Alighieri_ displaced 19,400 tons and had a main battery of twelve 12-inch guns, and a complement of 987 men.
但丁·阿利吉耶里号排水量 19,400 吨，拥有 12 门 12 英寸火炮的主炮和 987 名船员。
Each of the other five had thirteen 12-inch guns and a complement of 1,000 men.
其他五支部队各有十三门 12 英寸火炮和 1000 名士兵。
The displacement of vessels of the 1914 type was 22,340 tons; that of the 1915 type 23,025 tons.
1914型舰艇的排水量为22,340吨； 1915 型的总吨位为 23,025 吨。
There were many lesser craft flying the Italian flag, but these larger ships were the most important additions to the naval forces of the Allies in southern waters.
有许多较小的船只悬挂着意大利国旗，但这些较大的船只是南部水域盟军海军力量最重要的补充。
The chief operations of the Italian navy were directed against Austria.
意大利海军的主要行动针对奥地利。
On May 28, 1915, the Italian admiralty announced the damage inflicted on Austrian maritime strength up to that date.
1915 年 5 月 28 日，意大利海军部宣布了迄今为止对奥地利海上实力造成的损害。
On May 24, 1915, the Austrian torpedo boat _S-20_ approached the canal at Porto Corsini, but drew a very heavy fire from concealed and unsuspected batteries which forced her to leave immediately.
1915 年 5 月 24 日，奥地利鱼雷艇 _S-20_ 接近科西尼港运河，但遭到隐蔽且毫无防备的炮台的猛烈火力，迫使她立即离开。
The Austrian torpedo boat destroyer _Scharfschuetze_, the scout ship _Novara_ and the destroyer _Ozepel_, all of the Austrian navy, came to the assistance of the _S-20_ and also received salvos from the Italian land batteries.
奥地利海军的鱼雷艇驱逐舰_Scharfschuetze_、侦察舰_Novara_和驱逐舰_Ozepel_都前来支援_S-20_，并且还受到了意大利陆地炮台的齐射。
But on the same day the Italian destroyer _Turbine_, while scouting gave chase to an Austrian destroyer and the Austrian cruiser _Helgoland_.
但就在同一天，意大利驱逐舰涡轮号在侦察时追击了一艘奥地利驱逐舰和奥地利巡洋舰黑尔戈兰号。
The strength of these Austrian ships was too much for the _Turbine_ and she put on speed with the intention of escaping from their fire, but she was severely damaged by Austrian shells, and not having enough ammunition aboard to give a good account of herself, she was scuttled by her own crew.
这些奥地利舰艇的力量对于涡轮号而言太过强大，她加快了速度，意图逃离炮火，但她被奥地利炮弹严重损坏，而且船上没有足够的弹药来充分说明自己，她被自己的船员凿沉了。
It is now necessary to take up again the story of the German raiding ships at large on the high seas.
现在有必要再次讨论德国在公海上大规模袭击船只的故事。
As has been told above, after the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ ended her career by putting in at Newport News the only German ships of the kind remaining at large were the _Karlsruhe_ and _Kronprinz Wilhelm_.
如上所述，在艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号停泊在纽波特纽斯结束了她的职业生涯后，唯一仍然在逃的德国同类舰艇是卡尔斯鲁厄号和威廉王储号。
But on the 1st of April, 1915, the _Macedonia_, a converted liner which since November, 1914, had been interned at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, succeeded in slipping out of the harbor laden with provisions and supplies for use of warships and made her way to South American waters in spite of the fact that she had run through lines patrolled by British cruisers.
但1915年4月1日，自1914年11月起一直被扣押在加那利群岛拉斯帕尔马斯的改装客轮“马其顿号”成功地从港口溜出，满载军舰使用的给养和补给，前往南美海域，尽管她穿过了英国巡洋舰的巡逻线。
The _Kronprinz Wilhelm's_ career as a raider ended on April 11, 1915, when, like the _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, she succeeded in getting past the British cruisers and slipped into Newport News, Virginia.
威廉王储号作为袭击者的生涯于 1915 年 4 月 11 日结束，当时她像艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号一样成功地越过了英国巡洋舰并潜入弗吉尼亚州纽波特纽斯。
How this former Hamburg-American liner had slipped out of the harbor of New York on the night of August 3, 1914, with her bunkers and even her cabins filled with coal and provisions, with all lights out and with canvas covering her port holes has already been told.
这艘前汉堡-美国班轮是如何在 1914 年 8 月 3 日晚上从纽约港溜出的，她的掩体甚至她的船舱都装满了煤炭和粮食，所有的灯都熄灭了，舷窗上用帆布盖住了，我们已经知道了。
From that date until she again put in at an American port she captured numerous merchant ships, taking 960 prisoners and doing damage amounting to more than $7,000,000.
从那天起，直到她再次进入美国港口为止，她俘获了许多商船，俘虏了 960 名囚犯，造成的损失超过 7,000,000 美元。
She kept herself provisioned from her captives, and it was only the poor condition of her plates and boilers that made her captain give up raiding when he did.
她让自己的俘虏给自己提供食物，只是她的盘子和锅炉状况不佳才让她的船长放弃了袭击。
Her movements had been mysterious during all the time she was at large.
在逃期间，她的行动一直很神秘。
She was known to have reprovisioned the cruiser _Dresden_ and to have taken an almost stationary position in the South Atlantic in order to act as a "wireless station" for the squadron of Admiral von Spee.
众所周知，她重新配置了巡洋舰德累斯顿号，并在南大西洋占据了几乎静止的位置，以便充当冯·施佩海军上将的中队的“无线站”。
But when the latter was defeated off the Falkland Islands, she resumed operations as a raider of commerce.
但当后者在福克兰群岛被击败后，她又恢复了商业掠夺者的行动。
When she came into Newport News more than 60 per cent of her crew were suffering from what was thought to be beri-beri; she had but twenty-one tons of coal in her bunkers and almost no ammunition.
当她来到纽波特纽斯时，超过 60% 的船员都患有脚气病；她的掩体里只有二十一吨煤炭，几乎没有弹药。
The total damage inflicted on the commerce of the Allies by the _Emden_, _Karlsruhe_, _Kronprinz Wilhelm_, _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, _Koenigsberg_, _Dresden_ and _Leipzig_ amounted, by the end of May, 1915, to $35,000,000.
截至 1915 年 5 月底，埃姆登号、卡尔斯鲁厄号、威廉王储号、艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号、科尼斯堡号、德累斯顿号和莱比锡号对盟军商业造成的总损失达 35,000,000 美元。
Sixty-seven vessels had been captured and sunk by them.
他们俘获并击沉了六十七艘船只。
In the Dardanelles the naval operations were resumed, to some extent, during the month of May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月，达达尼尔海峡的海军行动在一定程度上恢复了。
For a number of weeks after the allied fleet had made the great attempt to force the Dardanelles on March 19, 1915, their commanders attempted no maneuvers with the larger ships, but the submarines were given work to do.
1915 年 3 月 19 日，盟军舰队做出了强行达达尼尔海峡的伟大尝试，几周后，他们的指挥官没有尝试与大型舰艇进行任何演习，但潜艇却有任务要做。
On April 27, 1915, the British submarine _E-14_, under command of Lieutenant Commander Boyle, dived and went under the Turkish mine fields, reaching the waters of the Sea of Marmora.
1915年4月27日，英国潜艇E-14号在博伊尔中校的指挥下潜入土耳其雷区，到达马尔马拉海海域。
In spite of the fact that Turkish destroyers knew of its presence and hourly watched for it in the hope of sinking it, this submarine was able to operate brilliantly for some days, sinking two Turkish gunboats and a laden transport.
尽管土耳其驱逐舰知道它的存在并每小时监视它以期击沉它，但这艘潜艇还是能够出色地运作了几天，击沉了两艘土耳其炮艇和一艘满载的运输船。
Similar exploits were performed by Lieutenant Commander Nasmith with the British submarine _E-11_, which even damaged wharves at the Turkish capital.
奈史密斯中校驾驶英国潜艇_E-11_也进行了类似的攻击，甚至损坏了土耳其首都的码头。
But when the military operations were getting under way during May, 1915, the larger ships of the fleets were again used.
但当 1915 年 5 月军事行动开始时，舰队中较大的船只再次被使用。
The Germans realizing that these great ships, moving as they did slowly and deliberately while they fired on the land forts, would be good targets for torpedoes, sent some of their newest submarines from the bases in the North Sea, down along the coasts of France and Spain, through the passage at Gibraltar and to the Dardanelles.
德国人意识到，这些大型舰艇在向陆地堡垒开火时缓慢而谨慎地移动，将成为鱼雷的良好目标，因此从北海基地派遣了一些最新的潜艇，沿着法国和西班牙海岸，穿过直布罗陀海峡到达达达尼尔海峡。
Destroyers accompanying the allied fleets kept diligent watch for attacks from them.
伴随盟军舰队的驱逐舰时刻警惕着他们的攻击。
The _Goeben_, one of the German battle cruisers that had escaped British and French fleets in the Mediterranean during the first weeks of the war, and which was now a part of the Turkish navy, was brought to the scene and aided the Turkish forts in their bombardment of the hostile warships.
戈本号是德国战列巡洋舰之一，在战争的头几周内逃离了地中海的英国和法国舰队，现在是土耳其海军的一部分，被带到现场并协助土耳其堡垒轰炸敌方战舰。
On May 12, 1915, the British battleship _Goliath_, of old design and displacing some 12,000 tons, was sunk by a torpedo.
1915 年 5 月 12 日，设计陈旧、排水量约 12,000 吨的英国战列舰歌利亚号被鱼雷击沉。
This ship had been protecting a part of the French fleet from flank attack inside the straits, and under the cover of darkness had been approached by a Turkish destroyer which fired the fatal torpedo.
这艘船一直在海峡内保护法国舰队的一部分免受侧翼攻击，在夜色掩护下，一艘土耳其驱逐舰接近并发射了致命的鱼雷。
It sank almost immediately.
它几乎立刻就沉没了。
The submarines of the German navy which had made the long journey to participate in the action near the Dardanelles got in their first work on May 26, 1915, when a torpedo fired by one of them struck the British battleship _Triumph_ and sent her to the bottom.
1915年5月26日，长途跋涉参加达达尼尔海峡附近行动的德国海军潜艇首次投入工作，其中一艘发射的鱼雷击中了英国战列舰凯旋号，将其沉入海底。
Of interest to naval authorities all over the world was the fact that this ship at the time she was struck had out torpedo nets which were supposed to be torpedo-proof; but the German missile tore through them and reached the hull.
世界各地海军当局感兴趣的事实是，这艘船在被击中时配备了鱼雷网，而这些网应该是防鱼雷的；但德国导弹却穿透了它们并到达了船体。
A hunt was made for the hostile submarine by the British destroyers, but she was found by the British battleship _Majestic_; but before the British ship could fire a shot at the German submarine, the latter fired a torpedo that caught the battleship near her stern and sank her immediately.
英国驱逐舰对这艘敌方潜艇进行了搜寻，但它被英国战列舰雄伟号发现了；但在英国舰艇向德国潜艇开枪之前，德国潜艇发射了一枚鱼雷，击中了战列舰的船尾附近并立即将其击沉。
Apprehension was now felt for the more formidable ships such as the _Queen Elizabeth_ and others of her class which were in those waters; inasmuch as the operations at the Dardanelles assumed more and more a military rather than a naval character, the British admiralty thought it wiser to keep the _Queen Elizabeth_ in safer waters; she was consequently called back to England.
现在，人们对那些水域中的更强大的船只感到担忧，例如伊丽莎白女王号和其他同级船只；由于达达尼尔海峡的行动越来越具有军事性质，而不是海军性质，英国海军部认为将伊丽莎白女王号留在更安全的水域更为明智。她因此被召回英国。
Only old battleships and cruisers were left to cooperate with the troops operating on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
只剩下老旧的战列舰和巡洋舰来配合在加里波利半岛行动的部队。
Naval warfare in southern waters was continued against British warships by the Austrian navy.
奥地利海军继续在南部海域与英国军舰进行海战。
On June 9, 1915, the Austrian admiralty announced that a cruiser of the type of the _Liverpool_ had been struck by a torpedo fired by an Austrian submarine while the former was off San Giovanni di Medua, near the Albanian coast.
1915 年 6 月 9 日，奥地利海军部宣布，一艘“利物浦”号巡洋舰在靠近阿尔巴尼亚海岸的圣乔瓦尼迪梅杜亚附近被奥地利潜艇发射的鱼雷击中。
Reports of the incident issued by the Austrian and British naval authorities differed, the former claiming that the cruiser had sunk, and the latter that it had remained afloat and had been towed to an Adriatic port.
奥地利和英国海军当局对这一事件发表的报告有所不同，前者声称巡洋舰已沉没，后者则称其仍漂浮在水面并被拖至亚得里亚海港口。
Most unique was an engagement between the Italian submarine _Medusa_ and a similar craft flying the Austrian flag on June 17, 1915.
最独特的是 1915 年 6 月 17 日意大利潜艇“美杜莎”号与一艘悬挂奥地利国旗的类似潜艇之间的交战。
This was the first time that two submarines had ever fought with each other.
这是两艘潜艇首次交战。
On that day the two submarines, the presence of each unknown to the other, lay submerged, not a great distance apart.
那天，两艘潜艇都潜伏在水下，彼此相距不远，彼此都不知道对方的存在。
The _Medusa_, after some hours, came up, allowing only her periscope to show; seeing no enemy about, her commander brought the rest of her out of the water.
几个小时后，“美杜莎”号出现了，只允许她的潜望镜显现出来。看到周围没有敌人，她的指挥官将她的其余部分从水中救了出来。
She had not emerged many moments before the Austrian vessel also came up for a look around and the commander of the latter espied the Italian submarine through his periscope.
她还没出现多久，奥地利舰艇也上来环顾四周，后者的指挥官通过潜望镜发现了意大利潜艇。
He immediately ordered a torpedo fired; it found a mark in the hull of the _Medusa_ and she was sent to the bottom.
他立即下令发射鱼雷；它在美杜莎号的船体上发现了一个痕迹，她被送到了海底。
One of her officers and four of her men were rescued by the Austrian submarine and made prisoners.
她的一名军官和四名船员被奥地利潜艇救起并被俘虏。
Italy's navy was not to continue to act as a separate naval unit in the southern naval theatre of war, for on June 18, 1915, the Minister of Marine of France announced that the "Anglo-French forces in the Mediterranean were cooperating with the Italian fleet, whose participation made possible a more effective patrol of the Adriatic.
意大利海军不再继续作为南部海军战区的独立海军部队，因为1915年6月18日，法国海军部长宣布“地中海的英法军队正在与意大利舰队合作，意大利舰队的参与使亚得里亚海的巡逻成为可能。
Warships of the Allies were engaged in finding and destroying oil depots from which the enemy's submarines had been replenishing their supplies." This effective patrol did not, however, prevent an Austrian submarine from sinking an Italian torpedo boat on June 27, 1915.
盟军军舰正在寻找并摧毁敌方潜艇正在补充补给的油库。”然而，这种有效的巡逻并没有阻止一艘奥地利潜艇于 1915 年 6 月 27 日击沉一艘意大利鱼雷艇。
In the Baltic Sea the naval activity had at no time during the first year of the war been great, but during the month of June, 1915, there was a minor naval engagement at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga, during which the Germans lost a transport and the Russians an auxiliary cruiser.
在战争的第一年中，波罗的海的海军活动从未如此活跃，但 1915 年 6 月，里加湾口发生了一场小型海军交战，期间德国损失了一艘运输舰，俄罗斯损失了一艘辅助巡洋舰。
In the other northern waters the Germans lost the submarine _U-14_, which was sunk on June 9, 1915.
在北部其他水域，德国人失去了潜艇 _U-14_，该潜艇于 1915 年 6 月 9 日被击沉。
The crew were brought to England as prisoners.
船员们作为囚犯被带到英国。
Three days later the British admiralty admitted that two torpedo boats, the _No.
三天后，英国海军部承认两艘鱼雷艇，即_No.
10_ and the _No.
10_ 和 _No。
12_ had been lost.
12_ 丢失了。
The loss of two such small boats did not worry Britain as much as did the loss of many merchant ships in the war zone right through the spring and summer of 1915, and to show that British warships were not immune from submarine attack, in spite of the fact that many of the underwater craft of Germany were meeting with disaster, the British cruiser _Roxburgh_ was struck by a torpedo on June 20, 1915, but was able to get away under her own steam.
失去两艘这样的小船并没有像1915年春夏期间在战区损失许多商船那样让英国感到担忧，并且为了表明英国军舰也未能免受潜艇攻击，尽管德国的许多水下船只都遭受了灾难，英国巡洋舰罗克斯堡号在1915年6月20日被鱼雷击中，但能够依靠自己的力量逃脱。
The rest of the month saw small losses to nearly all of the fleets engaged in the war, but none of these were of importance.
本月剩下的时间里，几乎所有参战的舰队都遭受了小幅损失，但这些都不重要。
The twelfth month of the first year of war was not particularly eventful in so far as naval history was concerned.
就海军历史而言，战争第一年的第十二个月并不是特别多事。
On July 1, 1915, the Germans maneuvered in the Baltic Sea with a small fleet which accompanied transports bearing men who were to try to land on the northern shores of Russia.
1915 年 7 月 1 日，德国人在波罗的海部署了一支小型舰队，该舰队随载着试图登陆俄罗斯北岸的运输船。
The port of Windau was the point at which the German bombardment was directed, but Russian torpedo boats and destroyers fought off the invading German fleet--which must have been small--and succeeded in chasing the German mine-layer _Albatross_, making it necessary for her captain to beach her on the Swedish island of Gothland, where the crew was interned on July 2, 1915.
温道港是德国炮击的目标地点，但俄罗斯鱼雷艇和驱逐舰击退了入侵的德国舰队（这支舰队一定规模不大），并成功追击了德国布雷舰信天翁号，这使得她的船长不得不将她搁浅在瑞典哥特兰岛上，1915 年 7 月 2 日，船员们被拘留在那里。
On the same day a German predreadnought battleship, believed to have been the _Pommern_, was sunk at the mouth of Danzig Bay by a torpedo from a British submarine.
同一天，一艘被认为是波美拉尼亚号的德国无畏舰在但泽湾口被一艘英国潜艇的鱼雷击沉。
In the Adriatic Austria lost a submarine, the _U-11_, through a unique action.
在亚得里亚海，奥地利通过一次独特的行动损失了一艘潜艇，U-11。
The submersible was sighted on July 1, 1915, by a French aeroplane.
1915 年 7 月 1 日，一架法国飞机发现了这艘潜水器。
The aviator dropped two bombs which found their mark on the deck of the submarine and sank her.
飞行员投下了两枚炸弹，在潜艇的甲板上留下了痕迹，导致潜艇沉没。
Austria had, during that month, made an attempt to capture the Austrian island of Pelagosa, which had been occupied by the Italians on July 26, 1915.
当月，奥地利试图占领奥地利的佩拉戈萨岛，该岛已于 1915 年 7 月 26 日被意大利占领。
But July 29, 1915, the fleet of Austrian cruisers and destroyers, which made the attack, was driven off by unnamed units of the Italian navy.
但1915年7月29日，发起进攻的奥地利巡洋舰和驱逐舰舰队被意大利海军的无名部队击退。
But a loss by the latter had been incurred on July 7, 1915, when the armored cruiser _Amalfi_, while scouting in the upper waters of the Adriatic Sea, was sighted and torpedoed by an Austrian submarine.
但后者在 1915 年 7 月 7 日遭受了损失，当时阿马尔菲号装甲巡洋舰在亚得里亚海上游水域进行侦察时被一艘奥地利潜艇发现并用鱼雷击中。
She sank, but most of her men were saved.
她沉没了，但她的大多数人都得救了。
Another Austrian submarine had the same success on July 17, 1915, when it fired a torpedo at the Italian cruiser _Giuseppe Garibaldi_, and saw her go down fifteen minutes later.
1915 年 7 月 17 日，另一艘奥地利潜艇也取得了同样的成功，它向意大利巡洋舰朱塞佩·加里波第号发射了一枚鱼雷，十五分钟后她就沉没了。
Italy endeavored to imitate the actions of Germany when, on July 6, 1915, she proclaimed that the entire Adriatic Sea was a war zone and that the Strait of Otranto was in a state of blockade.
意大利极力效仿德国，于1915年7月6日宣布整个亚得里亚海为战区，奥特朗托海峡处于封锁状态。
All the ports of Dalmatia were closed to every kind of commerce.
达尔马提亚的所有港口均禁止各种商业活动。
Near the coasts of Turkey, toward the end of the first year of war, there was fought the second duel between submarines.
第一年战争快结束时，在土耳其海岸附近，发生了第二次潜艇之间的决斗。
This time the vanquished vessel was the French submarine _Mariotte_, which, on July 26, 1915, was sunk by a torpedo from a German submarine in the waters right near the entrance to the Dardanelles.
这次被击败的船只是法国潜艇马里奥特号，1915年7月26日，它在达达尼尔海峡入口附近的水域被德国潜艇的鱼雷击沉。
Britain ended the first year of naval warfare by destroying the German cruiser _Koenigsberg_, which, since the fall of the year before, had been lying up the Rufiji River in German East Africa, after having been chased thence by a British cruiser.
英国通过摧毁德国巡洋舰柯尼斯堡号结束了第一年的海战，自去年秋天以来，这艘巡洋舰在被一艘英国巡洋舰追击后一直躺在德属东非的鲁菲吉河上。
It was decided to destroy her in order that she might not get by the sunken hulls that the British had placed at the mouth of the river in order to "bottle her up." Consequently, on the morning of July 4, 1915, after her position had been noted by an aviator, two British river monitors, _Severn_ and _Mersey_, aided by a cruiser and minor vessels, began to fire upon the stationary vessel.
人们决定摧毁她，以免她通过英国人为了“将她困住”而放置在河口的沉没船体。因此，1915 年 7 月 4 日早晨，在一名飞行员注意到她的位置后，两艘英国河流监视舰“塞文号”和“默西号”在一艘巡洋舰和小型船只的协助下，开始向静止的船只开火。
Their fire was directed by the aviator who had discovered her, but it was at first almost ineffective because she lay so well concealed by the vegetation of the surrounding jungle.
他们的火力是由发现她的飞行员指挥的，但一开始几乎没有效果，因为她被周围丛林的植被隐藏得很好。
She answered their fire and succeeded in damaging the _Mersey_, but after being bombarded for six hours she was set on fire.
她还击了他们的火力并成功损坏了默西号，但在遭到六个小时的轰炸后她被点燃了。
When the British monitors had finished with her she was a total wreck.
当英国监察员消灭她时，她已经彻底崩溃了。
CHAPTER XXXI
第三十一章
STORY OF THE "EMDEN"
“埃姆登”号的故事
We now return to the exploits of the _Emden_, its mysterious disappearance and the narrative of its heroes--a great epic of the sea.
现在我们回到埃姆登号的功绩、它的神秘失踪以及它的英雄们的叙述——一部伟大的海洋史诗。
When in Volume III the story of the sinking of the German cruiser _Emden_ was related, mention was made of the escape of the landing party belonging to that ship from Cocos Island.
第三卷讲述德国埃姆登号巡洋舰沉没的故事时，提到了该船的登陆部队从科科斯岛逃亡的事。
This party consisted of fifty men, headed by Captain Muecke, and from the time their ship went down on November 9, 1914, until they reported for duty again at Damascus, Syria, in May, 1915, they had a series of adventures as thrilling as those encountered by the heroes in any of the Renaissance epics.
这支队伍由五十名男子组成，以穆克船长为首，从 1914 年 11 月 9 日船只沉没，到 1915 年 5 月在叙利亚大马士革再次报到，他们经历了一系列惊心动魄的冒险，就像文艺复兴时期史诗中的英雄所经历的那样。
Before the _Emden_ met the Australian cruiser _Sydney_, and had been sunk by the latter, she had picked up three officers from German steamers which she had met.
在埃姆登号与澳大利亚巡洋舰悉尼号相遇并被后者击沉之前，她从她所遇见的德国轮船上救起了三名军官。
This proved to be a piece of good fortune, for extra officers were needed to board and command the prize crews of captured vessels.
事实证明，这是一件好运，因为需要额外的军官来登上并指挥被俘船只的战利品船员。
The story of the raiding of the _Emden_ has already been given; but here the story of the landing party is given as told by Captain Muecke himself on May 10, 1915, at Damascus:
袭击埃姆登号的故事已经讲过了；但这里讲述的登陆部队的故事是由 Muecke 上尉本人于 1915 年 5 月 10 日在大马士革讲述的：
"On November 9, 1914," he said, "I left the _Emden_ in order to destroy the wireless plant on Cocos Island.
“1914 年 11 月 9 日，”他说，“我离开埃姆登号去摧毁科科斯岛上的无线工厂。
I had fifty men, four machine guns, about thirty rifles.
我有五十个人，四挺机枪，大约三十支步枪。
Just as we were about to destroy the apparatus it reported, 'Careful; _Emden_ near.' The work of destruction went smoothly.
正当我们准备摧毁该装置时，它报告说：“小心； _埃姆登_附近。破坏工作进展顺利。
The wireless operators said: 'Thank God.
无线运营商说：“感谢上帝。”
It's been like being under arrest day and night lately.' Presently the _Emden_ signaled us, 'Hurry up.' I packed up, but simultaneously the _Emden's_ siren wailed.
最近就像日夜被逮捕一样。”不久，埃姆登号向我们发出信号：“快点。”我收拾行李，但与此同时，埃姆登号的警报器鸣响了。
I hurried to the bridge and saw the flag 'Anna' go up.
我赶紧跑到桥上，看到“安娜”的旗帜升了起来。
That meant 'Weigh anchor.' We ran like mad to our boat, but already the _Emden's_ pennant was up, the battle flag was raised, and they began to fire from the starboard."
这意味着“起锚”。我们疯狂地跑向我们的船，但埃姆登号的三角旗已经升了起来，战旗也升了起来，他们开始从右舷开火。”
"The enemy," explained Captain Muecke, "was concealed by the island and therefore not to be seen, but I saw the shells strike the water.
“敌人，”穆克上尉解释说，“被岛隐藏了，因此看不见，但我看到炮弹击中水面。
To follow and catch the _Emden_ was out of the question, as she was going at twenty knots, and I only four with my steam pinnace.
跟随并赶上埃姆登号是不可能的，因为她的航速是二十节，而我的蒸汽艇只有四节。
Therefore I turned back to land, raised the flag, declared German laws of war in force, seized all arms, set up my machine guns on shore in order to guard against a hostile landing.
于是我返回陆地，升起旗帜，宣布德国战争法生效，缴获所有武器，在岸上架起机关枪，以防敌方登陆。
Then I ran out again in order to observe the fight.
然后我又跑出去观看战斗。
From the splash of the shells it looked as though the enemy had 15-centimeter guns, bigger, therefore, than the _Emden's_.
从炮弹飞溅的情况来看，敌人似乎拥有 15 厘米的火炮，因此比埃姆登号的火炮更大。
He fired rapidly but poorly.
他的射击速度很快，但效果不佳。
It was the Australian cruiser _Sydney_."
那是澳大利亚巡洋舰_悉尼号_。”
According to the account of the Englishmen who saw the first part of the engagement from the shore, the _Emden_ was cut up rapidly.
根据从岸上目睹交战第一部分的英国人的说法，埃姆登号很快就被炸毁了。
Her forward smokestack lay across the deck, and was already burning fiercely aft.
她的前烟囱横亘在甲板上，船尾已经在猛烈燃烧。
Behind the mainmast several shells struck home.
主桅后面有几发炮弹击中了目标。
"We saw the high flame," continued Captain Muecke, "whether circular fighting or a running fight now followed, I don't know, because I again had to look to my land defenses.
“我们看到了熊熊烈火，”穆克上尉继续说道，“我不知道接下来是循环战斗还是连续战斗，因为我再次不得不注意我的陆地防御。
Later, I looked on from the roof of a house.
后来，我在一个房子的屋顶上观看。
Now the _Emden_ again stood out to sea about 4,000 to 5,000 yards, still burning.
现在埃姆登号再次出现在距海面约 4,000 至 5,000 码处，仍在燃烧。
As she again turned toward the enemy, the forward mast was shot away.
当她再次转向敌人时，前桅杆被击飞。
On the enemy no outward damage was apparent, but columns of smoke showed where shots had struck home.
敌人没有明显的外部损伤，但烟雾柱显示了炮弹击中的地方。
Then the _Emden_ took a northerly course, likewise the enemy, and I had to stand there helpless, gritting my teeth and thinking; 'Damn it; the _Emden_ is burning and you aren't aboard!'"
然后埃姆登号向北航行，敌人也是如此，我不得不无助地站在那里，咬紧牙关思考； ‘该死的；埃姆登号正在燃烧，而你却不在船上！”
[Illustration: The Cruise of the "Emden" Landing Party.]
【图：“埃姆登”号登陆队巡航。】
Captain Muecke, in relating his thrilling adventure, then explained: "The ships, still fighting, disappeared behind the horizon.
穆克船长在讲述他惊心动魄的冒险时解释道：“那些仍在战斗的船只消失在地平线后面。
I thought that an unlucky outcome for the _Emden_ was possible, also a landing by the enemy on the Keeling Island, at least for the purpose of landing the wounded and taking on provisions.
我认为埃姆登号可能会出现不幸的结果，即敌人在基林岛登陆，至少是为了让伤员登陆并运送给养。
As there were other ships in the neighborhood, according to the statements of the Englishmen, I saw myself faced with the certainty of having soon to surrender because of a lack of ammunition.
根据英国人的说法，由于附近还有其他船只，我看到自己面临着由于缺乏弹药而很快就会投降的确定性。
But for no price did I and my men want to get into English imprisonment.
但我和我的手下并不想付出任何代价进入英国监狱。
As I was thinking about all this, the masts again appeared on the horizon, the _Emden_ steaming easterly, but very much slower.
当我思考这一切时，桅杆再次出现在地平线上，埃姆登号向东航行，但速度慢得多。
All at once the enemy, at high speed, shot by, apparently quite close to the _Emden_.
突然，敌人高速射击，显然距离埃姆登号很近。
A high white waterspout showed amidst the black smoke of the enemy.
敌人的黑烟之中，出现了一道高高的白色水龙卷。
That was a torpedo.
那是一枚鱼雷。
I saw how the two opponents withdrew, the distance growing greater and greater between them; how they separated, till they disappeared in the darkness.
只见两人后退，距离越来越远。他们如何分开，直到消失在黑暗中。
The fight had lasted ten hours.
战斗持续了十个小时。
"I had made up my mind to leave the island as quickly as possible.
“我已经下定决心要尽快离开这个岛。
The _Emden_ was gone; the danger for us growing.
埃姆登号不见了；我们成长的危险。
In the harbor I had noticed a three-master, the schooner _Ayesha_.
在港口里，我注意到一艘三桅船，纵帆船_Ayesha_。
Mr. Ross, the owner of the ship and of the island, had warned me that the boat was leaky, but I found it quite a seaworthy tub.
罗斯先生，这艘船和该岛的主人，曾警告我这艘船漏水，但我发现它是一个非常适合航海的浴缸。
Now provisions for eight weeks, and water for four, were quickly taken on board.
现在八周的食物和四个星期的水很快就被运上船了。
The Englishmen very kindly showed us the best water and gave us clothing and utensils.
英国人非常友善地给我们提供了最好的水，并给了我们衣服和餐具。
They declared this was their thanks for our 'moderation' and 'generosity.' Then they collected the autographs of our men, photographed them and gave three cheers as our last boat put off.
他们宣称这是对我们“节制”和“慷慨”的感谢。然后他们收集了我们人员的签名，给他们拍照，并在我们最后一艘船出发时欢呼了三声。
It was evening, nearly dark, when we sailed away.
当我们启航离开时，已是傍晚，天色已近黄昏。
"The _Ayesha_ proved to be a really splendid boat.
“事实证明，阿耶莎号是一艘非常出色的船。
We had only one sextant and two chronometers on board, but a chronometer journal was lacking.
我们船上只有一台六分仪和两台天文钟，但缺少天文钟日志。
Luckily I found an 'Old Indian Ocean Directory' of 1882 on board; its information went back to the year 1780.
幸运的是，我在船上发现了一本 1882 年的《旧印度洋指南》；它的信息可以追溯到1780年。
"I had said: 'We are going to East Africa.' Therefore I sailed at first westward, then northward.
“我说过：‘我们要去东非。’于是我先向西航行，然后又向北航行。
There followed the monsoons, but then also, long periods of dead calm.
季风过后，又出现了长时间的死寂。
Only two neutral ports came seriously under consideration; Batavia and Padang.
只有两个中立港口受到认真考虑；巴达维亚和巴东。
At Keeling I had cautiously asked about Tsing-tau, of which I had naturally thought first, and so quite by chance I learned that it had fallen.
在基林，我小心翼翼地询问了青岛的情况，我自然首先想到的是青岛，所以很偶然我得知它已经沦陷了。
Now I decided for Padang, because I knew I would be more apt to meet the _Emden_ there, also because there was a German consul there, because my schooner was unknown there and because I hoped to find German ships there, and learn some news.
现在我决定去巴东，因为我知道在那里我更容易遇见埃姆登号，还因为那里有一位德国领事，因为我的纵帆船在那里不为人所知，而且因为我希望在那里找到德国船只，并了解一些消息。
'It'll take you six to eight days to reach Batavia' a captain had told me at Keeling.
“你需要六到八天才能到达巴达维亚”一位船长在基林告诉我。
Now we needed eighteen days to reach Padang, the weather was so rottenly still."
现在我们需要十八天才能到达巴东，天气非常糟糕。”
The suffering of the crew of the _Emden_ on their perilous voyage is here told in the captain's words: "We had an excellent cook aboard; he had deserted from the French Foreign Legion.
船长的话讲述了埃姆登号船员在危险航行中所遭受的痛苦：“我们船上有一位出色的厨师；他是从法国外籍军团开小差的。
We had to go sparingly with our water; each man received but three glasses daily.
我们必须节约用水；每个人每天只喝三杯。
When it rained, all possible receptacles were placed on deck and the main sail was spread over the cabin roof to catch the rain.
下雨的时候，所有可能的容器都放在甲板上，主帆铺在船舱顶上来接雨。
"At length as we came in the neighborhood of Padang, on the 26th of November, 1915, a ship appeared for the first time and looked for our name.
“1915 年 11 月 26 日，当我们来到巴东附近时，一艘船第一次出现并寻找我们的名字。
But the name had been painted over, because it was the former English name.
但这个名字被涂掉了，因为它是以前的英文名。
As I thought, 'You're rid of the fellow' the ship came up again in the evening, and steamed within a hundred yards of us.
当我想“你摆脱了这个家伙”时，船在晚上再次出现，在距离我们一百码的地方航行。
I sent all my men below deck, and I promenaded the deck as the solitary skipper.
我把所有的人都派到了甲板下面，我作为孤独的船长在甲板上漫步。
Through Morse signals the stranger gave her identity.
通过莫尔斯电码，陌生人透露了她的身份。
She proved to be the Hollandish torpedo boat _Lynx_.
事实证明她就是荷兰鱼雷艇_Lynx_。
I asked by signals, 'Why do you follow me?' No answer.
我用信号问道：“你为什么跟着我？”没有答案。
The next morning I found myself in Hollandish waters, so I raised pennant and war flag.
第二天早上，我发现自己身处荷兰水域，所以我升起了三角旗和战旗。
Now the _Lynx_ came at top speed past us.
现在，山猫号以最快的速度从我们身边飞过。
As it passed I had my men line up on deck, and gave a greeting.
当它过去时，我让我的人在甲板上排好队，并向他们致意。
The greeting was answered.
问候得到了回应。
Then, before the harbor at Padang, I went aboard the _Lynx_ in my well and carefully preserved uniform and declared my intentions.
然后，在巴东港口之前，我穿着精心保存的制服登上了山猫号，并宣布了我的意图。
The commandant opined that I could run into the harbor, but whether I might come out again was doubtful.
指挥官认为我可以跑进港口，但我能否再次出来还是值得怀疑的。
"Three German ships were in the harbor at Padang," continues Captain Muecke.
“三艘德国船只停泊在巴东港口，”穆克船长继续说道。
"The harbor authorities demanded the certification for pennant and war flag, also papers to prove that I was the commander of this warship.
“港口当局要求提供三角旗和战旗证明，以及证明我是这艘军舰指挥官的文件。
For that, I answered, I was only responsible to my superior officer.
为此，我回答说，我只对我的上级负责。
Now they advised me most insistently to allow ourselves to be interned peacefully.
现在他们极力建议我让自己和平地被拘留。
They said it wasn't at all pleasant in the neighborhood.
他们说这附近一点也不愉快。
We'd fall into the hands of the Japanese or the English.
我们会落入日本人或英国人的手中。
As a matter of fact, we again had great luck.
事实上，我们又很幸运。
On the day before a Japanese warship had been cruising around here.
前一天，一艘日本军舰曾在此附近巡航。
Naturally, I rejected all the well-meant and kindly advice, and did this in the presence of my lieutenants.
当然，我拒绝了所有善意和善意的建议，并在我的副官在场的情况下这样做了。
I demanded provisions, water, sails, tackle, and clothing.
我需要给养、水、帆、装备和衣服。
They replied we could take on board everything which we had formerly had on board, but nothing which would mean an increase in our naval strength.
他们回答说，我们可以携带以前船上的所有东西，但不能增加我们的海军力量。
"First thing, I wanted to improve our wardrobe, for I had only one sock, a pair of shoes, and one clean shirt, which had become rather threadbare.
“首先，我想改善一下我们的衣柜，因为我只有一只袜子、一双鞋子和一件干净的衬衫，已经变得相当破旧了。
My comrades had even less.
我的战友们就更少了。
But the master of the port declined to let us have, not only charts, but also clothing and toothbrushes, on the ground that these would be an increase in armament.
但港口的主人不肯给我们，不仅有海图，还有衣服和牙刷，理由是这些会增加军备。
Nobody could come aboard, nobody could leave the ship without permission.
未经许可，任何人都不能登船，也不能离开船。
I requested that the consul be allowed to come aboard.
我请求允许领事上船。
The consul, Herr Schild, as also did the brothers Baeumer, gave us assistance in the friendliest fashion.
领事希尔德先生和鲍默兄弟一样，以最友好的方式为我们提供了帮助。
From the German steamers boats could come alongside and talk with us.
德国轮船上的船只可以靠岸与我们交谈。
Finally, we were allowed to have German papers.
最后，我们获准持有德国证件。
They were, to be sure, from August only.
可以肯定的是，它们只是从八月份开始的。
From then until March, 1915, we saw no papers.
从那时起直到1915年3月，我们没有看到任何文件。
"Hardly had we been towed out of the harbor again after twenty-four hours, on the evening of the 28th of November, 1914, when a searchlight flashed before us.
“1914 年 11 月 28 日晚上，二十四小时后，我们刚被拖出港口，探照灯就在我们面前闪烁。
I thought, 'Better interned than prisoner.' I put out all lights and withdrew to the shelter of the island.
我想，“被拘留总比囚犯好。”我熄灭了所有的灯，撤到了岛上的避难所。
But they were Hollanders and didn't do anything to us.
但他们是荷兰人，并没有对我们做任何事。
Then for two weeks more we drifted around, lying still for days.
然后又过了两周，我们四处漂泊，一动不动地躺了好几天。
The weather was alternately still, rainy, and blowy.
天气时而静止，时而下雨，时而刮风。
At length a ship, a freighter, came in sight.
终于，一艘船，一艘货轮，出现在了我们的视野中。
It saw us and made a big curve around us.
它看到了我们并在我们周围绕了一个大弯。
I made everything hastily 'clear for battle.' Then one of our officers recognized her for the _Choising_.
我匆忙地让一切都“准备好战斗”。然后我们的一位军官认出了她的_选择_。
She showed the German flag.
她展示了德国国旗。
I sent up light rockets, although it was broad day, and went with all sails set, that were still setable, toward her.
尽管是大白天，我还是发射了轻型火箭，并在所有仍可设置的帆上向她驶去。
The _Choising_ was a coaster from Hongkong to Siam.
_Choising_ 是从香港到暹罗的过山车。
She was at Singapore when the war broke out, then went to Batavia, was chartered, loaded with coal for the enemy, and had put into Padang in need, because the coal in the hold had caught fire.
战争爆发时，她在新加坡，然后前往巴达维亚，被包租，为敌人装载煤炭，并在需要时投入巴东，因为货舱里的煤炭着火了。
There we had met her.
我们在那里遇见了她。
"Great was our joy now.
“现在我们很高兴。
I had all my men come on deck and line up for review.
我让我所有的人都到甲板上排队接受审查。
The fellows hadn't a rag on.
伙计们没有穿破布。
Thus, in nature's garb, we gave three cheers for the German flag on the _Choising_.
因此，我们穿着自然的服装，在_Choising_上为德国国旗欢呼了三声。
The men of the Choising told us afterward 'We couldn't make out what that meant, those stark-naked fellows all cheering.' The sea was too high, and we had to wait two days before we could board the _Choising_ on December 16, 1914.
乔伊森的人们后来告诉我们，“我们无法理解这意味着什么，那些赤裸的家伙都在欢呼。” 1914年12月16日，海平面太高，我们等了两天才登上“选择”号。
We took very little with us; the schooner was taken in tow.
我们带的东西很少；纵帆船被拖走。
In the afternoon we sank the _Ayesha_ and were all very sad.
下午，我们击沉了“阿耶莎”号，大家都很伤心。
The good old _Ayesha_ had served us faithfully for six weeks.
善良的老阿耶莎已经忠实地为我们服务了六个星期。
The log showed that we had made 1,709 sea miles under sail since leaving Keeling.
日志显示，自离开基林以来，我们已经航行了 1,709 海里。
She wasn't at all rotten and unseaworthy, as they had told me, but nice and white and dry inside.
她根本没有像他们告诉我的那样腐烂和不适于航海，而是内部漂亮、洁白、干燥。
I had grown fond of the boat, on which I could practice my old sailing maneuvers.
我越来越喜欢这艘船，我可以在上面练习我以前的航海技巧。
The only trouble was that the sails would go to pieces every now and then, because they were so old.
唯一的麻烦是，船帆时不时就会碎裂，因为它们太旧了。
"But anyway, she went down quite properly.
“但不管怎样，她倒地很顺利。
We had bored a hole in her; she filled slowly and then all of a sudden disappeared.
我们在她身上钻了一个洞；她慢慢地充满，然后突然消失。
That was the saddest day of the whole month.
那是整个月最悲伤的一天。
We gave her three cheers, and my next yacht at Kiel will be named _Ayesha_, that is sure.
我们为她欢呼了三声，我在基尔的下一艘游艇将被命名为_Ayesha_，这是肯定的。
"To the captain of the _Choising_ I had said, when I hailed him, 'I do not know what will happen to the ship.
“当我向“选择”号的船长打招呼时，我曾说过，‘我不知道这艘船会发生什么。
The war situation may make it necessary for me to strand it.' He did not want to undertake the responsibility.
战局可能会让我不得不搁浅。他不想承担这个责任。
I proposed that we work together, and I would take the responsibility.
我提议我们一起努力，我来承担责任。
Then we traveled together for three weeks, from Padang to Hodeida.
然后我们一起旅行了三个星期，从巴东到荷台达。
The _Choising_ was some ninety meters long, and had a speed of nine miles, though sometimes only four.
选择号大约有九十米长，航速为九英里，尽管有时只有四英里。
If she had not accidentally arrived I had intended to cruise along the west coast of Sumatra to the region of the northern monsoon.
如果她没有意外到达，我本来打算沿着苏门答腊岛西海岸航行到北部季风地区。
I came about six degrees north, then over toward Aden to the Arabian coast.
我向北移动了大约六度，然后朝亚丁到达阿拉伯海岸。
In the Red Sea the northeastern monsoon, which here blows southeast, could bring us to Djidda.
在红海，东北季风向东南吹，可以把我们带到吉达。
I had heard in Padang that Turkey was still allied with Germany, so we would be able to get safely through Arabia to Germany.
我在巴东听说土耳其仍然与德国结盟，因此我们能够安全地通过阿拉伯到达德国。
"I next waited for information through ships, but the _Choising_ did not know anything definite, either.
“接下来我通过船只等待信息，但是_Choising_也不知道任何明确的信息。
By way of the _Luchs_, the _Koenigsberg_ and _Kormoran_ the reports were uncertain.
通过_Luchs_、_Koenigsberg_ 和_Kormoran_ 得到的报告是不确定的。
Besides, according to newspapers at Aden, the Arabs were said to have fought with the English; therein there seemed to be offered an opportunity near at hand to damage the enemy.
此外，据亚丁报纸报道，据说阿拉伯人曾与英国人作战；其中似乎有一个近在眼前的机会来伤害敌人。
I therefore sailed with the _Choising_ in the direction of Aden.
因此，我随“选择”号向亚丁方向航行。
Lieutenant Cordts of the _Choising_ had heard that the Arabian railway already went almost to Hodeida, near the Perin Strait.
选拔队的科尔茨中尉听说，阿拉伯铁路已经几乎到达佩林海峡附近的荷台达。
The ship's surgeon there, Docounlang, found confirmation of this in Meyer's Traveling Handbook.
船上的外科医生 Docounlang 在迈耶的旅行手册中证实了这一点。
This railway could not have been taken over by the Englishmen, who always dreamt of it.
这条铁路不可能被一直梦想着的英国人接管。
By doing this they would have further and completely wrought up the Mohammedans by making more difficult the journey to Mecca.
通过这样做，他们将使前往麦加的旅程变得更加困难，从而进一步彻底地激励伊斯兰教徒。
Best of all, we thought, 'We'll simply step into the express train and whizz nicely away to the North Sea.' Certainly there would be safe journeying homeward through Arabia.
最重要的是，我们想，“我们只需踏上特快列车，就可以轻松地驶向北海。”当然，通过阿拉伯半岛回家的旅程会很安全。
To be sure, we had maps of the Red Sea; but it was the shortest way to the foe whether in Aden or in Germany.
可以肯定的是，我们有红海地图；但无论是在亚丁还是在德国，这都是通往敌人的最短路线。
"On the 7th of January, 1915, between nine and ten o'clock in the evening, we sneaked through the Strait of Perin.
“1915年1月7日晚上九点到十点之间，我们偷偷穿过佩林海峡。
It lay swarming full of Englishmen.
里面挤满了英国人。
We steered along the African coast, close past an English cable layer.
我们沿着非洲海岸航行，靠近英国电缆层。
That was my greatest delight--how the Englishmen will be vexed when they learn that we passed safely by Perin.
这是我最大的喜悦——当英国人得知我们安全地经过佩林时，他们会多么烦恼。
On the next evening we saw on the coast a few lights near the water.
第二天晚上，我们在海岸上看到靠近水边的几盏灯。
We thought that must be the pier of Hodeida.
我们认为那一定是荷台达的码头。
But when we measured the distance by night, three thousand meters, I began to think that must be something else.
但当我们在夜间测量了三千米的距离时，我开始认为那一定是别的东西。
At dawn I made out two masts and four smokestacks; that was an enemy ship and, what is more, an armored French cruiser.
黎明时分，我辨认出了两根桅杆和四个烟囱。那是一艘敌舰，而且是一艘法国装甲巡洋舰。
I therefore ordered the _Choising_ to put to sea, and to return at night.
因此，我命令选择号出海，并于夜间返回。
"The next day and night the same; then we put out four boats--these we pulled to shore at sunrise under the eyes of the unsuspecting Frenchmen.
“第二天白天和晚上都一样；然后我们派出四艘船——日出时我们在毫无戒心的法国人的注视下把这些船拉到岸上。
The sea reeds were thick.
海里的芦苇很茂密。
A few Arabs came close to us; then there ensued a difficult negotiation with the Arabian coast guards.
一些阿拉伯人走近我们；随后与阿拉伯海岸警卫队进行了艰难的谈判。
For we did not even know whether Hodeida was in English or French hands.
因为我们甚至不知道荷台达是在英国人手中还是在法国人手中。
We waved to them, laid aside our arms, and made signs to them.
我们向他们挥手，放下武器，向他们打手势。
The Arabs, gathering together, began to rub two fingers together; that means 'We are friends.' We thought it meant 'We are going to rub against you and are hostile.' I therefore said: 'Boom-boom' and pointed to the warship.
阿拉伯人聚集在一起，开始互相摩擦两个手指；这意味着“我们是朋友”。我们认为这意味着“我们将与你发生冲突并且充满敌意。”我于是说：“轰轰”，并指着那艘军舰。
At all events, I set up my machine guns and made preparations for a skirmish.
无论如何，我架起了机关枪，为一场小冲突做好了准备。
But, thank God, one of the Arabs understood the word 'Germans'; that was good.
但是，感谢上帝，其中一个阿拉伯人理解了“德国人”这个词。那很好。
"Soon a hundred Arabs came and helped us and as we marched into Hodeida the Turkish soldiers who had been called out against us saluted us as Allies and friends.
“很快就有一百名阿拉伯人来帮助我们，当我们进军荷台达时，被叫来反对我们的土耳其士兵向我们致敬，称我们为盟友和朋友。
To be sure, there was not a trace of a railway, but we were received very well and they assured us we could get through by land.
可以肯定的是，那里没有铁路的痕迹，但我们受到了很好的接待，他们向我们保证我们可以通过陆路通过。
Therefore, I gave red-star signals at night, telling the _Choising_ to sail away, since the enemy was near by.
因此，我在夜间发出红星信号，告诉选择号扬帆离去，因为敌人就在附近。
Inquiries and deliberations concerning a safe journey by land proceeded.
有关陆路安全旅行的询问和审议正在进行。
I also heard that in the interior about six days' journey away, there was healthy highland where our fever invalids could recuperate.
我还听说，在六天路程外的内陆地区，有一个健康的高地，我们的发烧病人可以在那里疗养。
I therefore determined to journey next to Sana.
于是我决定接下来去萨那旅行。
On the kaiser's birthday we held a great parade in common with the Turkish troops--all this under the noses of the Frenchmen.
在德皇生日那天，我们与土耳其军队一起举行了盛大的阅兵式——这一切都是在法国人眼皮底下进行的。
On the same day we marched away from Hodeida to the highland.
同一天，我们从荷台达出发前往高原。
"Two months later we again put to sea.
“两个月后，我们再次出海。
The time spent in the highland of Sana passed in lengthy inquiries and discussions that finally resulted in our foregoing the journey by land through Arabia, for religious reasons.
在萨那高地度过的时间经过了漫长的询问和讨论，最终导致我们出于宗教原因放弃了陆路穿越阿拉伯的旅程。
But the time was not altogether lost.
但时间并没有完全消失。
The men who were sick with malaria had, for most part, recuperated in the highland air.
大部分患有疟疾的人都在高原空气中康复。
"The Turkish Government placed at our disposal two sambuks (sailing ships), of about twenty-five tons, fifteen meters long and four wide.
“土耳其政府向我们提供了两艘桑布克（帆船），重约二十五吨，长十五米，宽四米。
But, in fear of English spies, we sailed from Jebaua, ten miles north of Hodeida.
但是，由于担心英国间谍，我们从荷台达以北十英里的杰巴瓦出发。
That was on March 14, 1915.
那是 1915 年 3 月 14 日。
At first we sailed at a considerable distance apart, so that we would not both be captured if an English gunboat caught us.
起初，我们航行时相距相当远，这样如果英国炮艇追上我们，我们就不会同时被俘获。
Therefore, we always had to sail in coastal water.
因此，我们总是要在近海航行。
That is full of coral reefs, however."
然而，那里充满了珊瑚礁。”
Captain Muecke had charge of the first sambuk.
穆克船长负责第一艘桑布克。
Everything went well for three days.
三天一切都很顺利。
On the third day the order was given for the sambuks to keep near together because the pilot of the first one was sailing less skillfully than the other.
第三天，命令三艘船靠拢在一起，因为第一艘船的领航员的航行技术不如另一艘。
Suddenly, in the twilight the men in the second sambuk felt a shock, then another, and a third.
突然，在暮色中，第二辆三布车里的人感到震惊，然后是另一次，第三次。
The water poured into it rapidly.
水迅速倒入其中。
It had run upon the reef of a small island, where the smaller sambuk had been able to pass on account of its lighter draft.
它跑到了一个小岛的礁石上，较小的桑布克因其吃水较轻而得以通过。
Soon the stranded boat began to list over, and the twenty-eight men aboard had to sit on the gunwale.
不久，搁浅的船开始倾斜，船上的二十八个人不得不坐在船舷上。
"We could scarcely move," narrated Lieutenant Gerdts, who commanded the stranded boat.
“我们几乎无法移动，”指挥搁浅船只的格尔茨中尉说道。
"The other boat was nowhere in sight.
“另一艘船不见踪影。
Now it grew dark.
现在天黑了。
At this stage I began to build a raft of spars and old pieces of wood that might keep us afloat.
在这个阶段，我开始用圆木和旧木头建造一个木筏，以维持我们的漂浮。
But soon the first boat came into sight again.
但很快，第一艘船又出现在了人们的视线中。
The commander turned about and sent over his little canoe; in this and in our own canoe, in which two men could sit at each trip, we first transferred the sick.
指挥官转身送来了他的小独木舟。我们首先用这艘船和我们自己的独木舟（每次航行时可以坐两个人）来转移病人。
Now the Arabs began to help us.
现在阿拉伯人开始帮助我们。
But just then the tropical helmet of our doctor suddenly appeared above the water in which he was standing up to his ears.
但就在这时，我们医生的热带头盔突然出现在他站立的水面之上。
Thereupon the Arabs withdrew: We were Christians, and they did not know that we were friends.
于是阿拉伯人就退出了：我们是基督徒，他们不知道我们是朋友。
Now the other sambuk was so near that we could have swum to it in half an hour, but the seas were too high.
现在另一个桑布克已经很近了，我们可以在半小时内游到它那里，但是海平面太高了。
At each trip a good swimmer trailed along, hanging to the painter of the canoe.
每次航行时，都会有一名优秀的游泳运动员尾随其后，紧跟着独木舟的油漆工。
When it became altogether dark we could not see the boat any more, for over there they were prevented by the wind from keeping any light burning.
当天完全黑下来时，我们就再也看不到那条船了，因为那边的风阻止了它们保持任何灯光的燃烧。
My men asked: 'In what direction shall we swim?' I answered: 'Swim in the direction of this or that star; that must be about the direction of the boat.' Finally a torch flared up over there--one of the torches that was still left from the _Emden_.
我的手下问：“我们该朝哪个方向游？”我回答说：‘朝这个或那个星星的方向游；那一定是关于船的方向。那边终于燃起了一支火把——埃姆登号上还剩下的火把之一。
But we had suffered considerably through submersion.
但我们因淹没而遭受了很大的痛苦。
One sailor cried out: 'Oh, psha!
一名水手喊道：“哦，psha！
It's all up with us now, that's a searchlight.' About ten o'clock we were all safe aboard, but one of our typhus patients wore himself out completely by exertion and died a week later.
现在一切都取决于我们了，那是探照灯。”大约十点钟，我们都安全上船了，但是我们的一名斑疹伤寒患者因过度劳累而精疲力尽，一周后去世了。
On the next morning we went over again to the wreck in order to seek the weapons that had fallen into the water.
第二天早上，我们再次前往沉船，寻找落入水中的武器。
You see, the Arabs dive so well; they fetched up a considerable lot--both machine guns, all but ten of the rifles, though these were, to be sure, all full of water.
你看，阿拉伯人潜水技术真好；他们搬来了相当多的东西——两挺机枪，除了十支步枪之外的所有步枪，尽管可以肯定的是，这些都装满了水。
Later they frequently failed to go off when they were used in firing.
后来用于射击时，经常出现打不发火的情况。
"Now we numbered, together with the Arabs, seventy men on the little boat.
“现在我们和阿拉伯人一起数了那条小船上的七十人。
Then we anchored before Konfida and met Sami Bey.
然后我们在 Konfida 前停泊并遇到了 Sami Bey。
He had shown himself useful, even before, in the service of the Turkish Government, and had done good service as a guide in the last months of the adventure.
甚至在此之前，他就已经在为土耳其政府服务的过程中表现出了自己的用处，并且在冒险的最后几个月中作为向导提供了良好的服务。
He procured for us a larger boat of fifty-four tons.
他为我们采购了一艘重达五十四吨的更大的船。
We sailed from the 20th of March, 1915, to the 24th, unmolested to Lith.
我们从 1915 年 3 月 20 日一直航行到 24 日，一路平安到达利斯。
There Sami Bey announced that three English ships were cruising about in order to intercept us.
萨米·贝在那里宣布，三艘英国船只正在巡航以拦截我们。
I therefore advised traveling a bit overland.
因此，我建议走一点陆路。
I disliked leaving the sea a second time, but it had to be done."
我不喜欢第二次离开大海，但又不得不这么做。”
Captain Muecke explained that Lith is nothing but desert, and therefore it was very difficult to get up a caravan at once.
穆克队长解释说，利斯只不过是沙漠，因此很难立即组建一支商队。
They marched away on March 28, 1915, with only a vague suspicion that the English might have agents here also.
1915 年 3 月 28 日，他们启程离开，只是隐约怀疑英国人可能在这里也有特工。
They could travel only at night, and when they slept or camped around a spring, there was only a tent for the sick men.
他们只能在夜间出行，当他们睡觉或在泉水周围扎营时，只有一个帐篷供病人使用。
Two days' march from Jeddah, the Turkish Government having received word about the crew, sent sixteen good camels.
从吉达出发两天后，土耳其政府收到有关船员的消息后，派出了十六头好骆驼。
"Suddenly, on the night of April 1, 1915, things became uneasy," said Captain Muecke.
“突然之间，1915 年 4 月 1 日晚上，事情变得不稳定，”穆克上尉说。
"I was riding at the head of the column.
“我骑在纵队的最前面。
All our shooting implements were cleared for action, because there was danger of an attack from Bedouins, whom the English had bribed.
我们所有的射击工具都已准备就绪，可以用于行动，因为有受到英国人贿赂的贝都因人袭击的危险。
When it began to grow a bit light I thought: 'We're through for to-day'; for we were tired--had been riding eighteen hours.
当天色开始变得有点亮时，我想：“今天我们就结束了”；因为我们已经骑了十八个小时了，很累了。
Suddenly I saw a line flash up before me, and shots whizzed over our heads.
突然，我看到一条线在我面前闪现，子弹从我们头顶呼啸而过。
Down from the camels!
从骆驼身上下来！
We formed a fighting line.
我们组成了战线。
You know how quickly it becomes daylight there.
你知道那里天亮得有多快。
The whole space around the desert hillock was occupied.
沙漠小丘周围的整个空间都被占领了。
Now we had to take up our guns.
现在我们必须拿起枪。
We rushed at the enemy.
我们向敌人冲去。
They fled, but returned again, this time from all sides.
他们逃跑了，但又回来了，这次是从四面八方。
Several of the gendarmes that had been given to us as an escort were wounded; the machine-gun operator fell, killed by a shot through the heart; another was wounded.
护送我们的几名宪兵受伤了；机枪手倒地，心脏中弹身亡；另一个人受伤。
Lieutenant Schmidt was mortally wounded.
施密特中尉受了致命伤。
He received a bullet in the chest and another in the abdomen.
他胸部中弹，腹部中弹。
"Suddenly, they waved white cloths.
“突然，他们挥舞着白布。
The sheik, to whom a part of our camels belonged, went over to them to negotiate, then Sami Bey and his wife.
我们的一部分骆驼属于酋长，他去找他们谈判，然后是萨米·贝和他的妻子。
In the interim we quickly built a sort of wagon barricade, a circular camp of camel saddles, of rice and coffee sacks, all of which we filled with sand.
在此期间，我们很快建造了一个马车路障，一个由骆驼鞍、大米和咖啡袋组成的圆形营地，所有这些都装满了沙子。
We had no shovels, and had to dig with our bayonets, plates, and hands.
我们没有铲子，只能用刺刀、盘子和手来挖。
The whole barricade had a diameter of fifty meters.
整个路障的直径有五十米。
Behind it were dug trenches, which we deepened even during the skirmish.
在它后面挖了战壕，甚至在小冲突期间我们也加深了战壕。
The camels inside had to lie down, and thus served very well as cover for the rear of the trenches.
里面的骆驼必须躺下，因此可以很好地掩护战壕的后部。
Then an inner wall was constructed, behind which we carried the sick men.
然后建造了一堵内墙，我们把病人抬到墙后。
In the very center we buried two jars of water, to guard us against thirst.
我们在正中央埋了两罐水，以防渴。
In addition we had ten petroleum cans full of water; all told, a supply for four days.
此外，我们还有十个装满水的石油罐；总而言之，可以供应四天。
Late in the evening Sami's wife came back from the futile negotiations, alone.
深夜，萨米的妻子结束了徒劳的谈判，独自一人回来。
She had unveiled for the first and only time on this day of the skirmish, had distributed cartridges and had acted faultlessly.
在冲突发生的这一天，她第一次也是唯一一次揭开面纱，分发了弹药筒，并且表现得非常完美。
"Soon we were able to ascertain the number of the enemy.
“很快我们就确定了敌人的人数。
There were about 300 men; we numbered fifty, with twenty-nine machine guns.
大约有300人；我们人数五十，有二十九挺机枪。
In the night Lieutenant Schmidt died.
当晚，施密特中尉去世了。
We had to dig his grave with our hands and with our bayonets, and to eliminate every trace above it, in order to protect the body.
我们必须用手和刺刀挖他的坟墓，并清除上面的所有痕迹，以保护尸体。
Rademacher had been buried immediately after the skirmish with all honors.
拉德马赫在小冲突后立即被隆重地安葬。
"The wounded had a hard time of it.
“伤员们过得很艰难。
We had lost our medicine chest in the wreck; we had only little packages of bandages for skirmishes; but no probing instrument, no scissors, were at hand.
我们在沉船事故中失去了药箱；我们只有一小包用于小冲突的绷带；但手边没有探测仪器，也没有剪刀。
On the next day our men came up with thick tongues, feverish, and crying: 'Water, water!' But each one received only a little cupful three times each day.
第二天，我们的人又来了，舌头厚实，发烧，喊着：“水，水！”但每个人每天只收到一小杯三杯。
If our water supply became exhausted we would have to sally forth from our camp and fight our way through.
如果我们的水源耗尽，我们就必须从营地出击，杀出一条血路。
At night we always dragged out the dead camels that had served as cover and had been shot.
晚上，我们总是把被射杀的用作掩护的死骆驼拖出来。
"This continued about three days.
“这种情况持续了大约三天。
On the third day there were new negotiations.
第三天又进行了新的谈判。
Now the Bedouins demanded arms no longer, but only money.
现在贝都因人不再要求武器，而只要求金钱。
This time the negotiations took place across the camp wall.
这一次谈判是跨越营地墙进行的。
When I declined the Bedouin said, 'Lots of fight.' I said, 'Please go to it.'
当我拒绝时，贝都因人说：“有很多战斗。”我说：“请去吧。”
"We had only a little ammunition left, and very little water.
“我们只剩下一点弹药了，水也很少。
Now it really looked as if we would soon be dispatched.
现在看来，我们确实很快就会被派遣出去了。
The mood of the men was pretty dismal.
男人们的心情都非常低落。
Suddenly, at about ten o'clock in the morning, there bobbed up in the north two riders on camels, waving white cloths.
突然，上午十点左右，北方突然出现了两个骑着骆驼的人，挥舞着白布。
Soon afterward there appeared, coming from the same direction, far back, a long row of camel troops, about a hundred; they drew rapidly nearer, rode singing toward us, in a picturesque train.
不久之后，从同一方向远处出现了一长排骆驼队，大约有一百人。他们乘坐一列风景如画的火车，迅速靠近，唱着歌向我们驶来。
They were the messengers and the troops of the Emir of Mecca.
他们是麦加埃米尔的使者和军队。
"Sami Bey's wife, it developed, had in the course of the first negotiations, dispatched an Arab boy to Jeddah.
“据报道，萨米·贝的妻子在第一次谈判过程中派遣了一名阿拉伯男孩前往吉达。
From that place the governor had telegraphed to the emir.
总督从那个地方给埃米尔发了电报。
The latter at once sent camel troops with his two sons and his personal surgeon; the elder, Abdullah, conducted the negotiations, and the surgeon acted as interpreter in French.
后者立即派遣骆驼队带着他的两个儿子和他的私人外科医生；长老阿卜杜拉主持了谈判，外科医生担任法语翻译。
Now things proceeded in one-two-three order, and the whole Bedouin band speedily disappeared.
现在事情按照一二三的顺序进行，整个贝都因人很快就消失了。
From what I learned later I know definitely that they had been corrupted with bribes by the English.
从我后来了解到的情况来看，我确实知道他们受到英国人的贿赂而腐败。
They knew when and where we would pass, and they had made all preparations.
他们知道我们将在何时何地经过，并且已经做好了一切准备。
Now our first act was a rush for water; then we cleared up our camp, but had to harness our camels ourselves, for the camel drivers had fled at the very beginning of the skirmish.
现在我们的第一件事就是抢水。然后我们清理了营地，但必须自己给骆驼套上套具，因为骆驼夫在冲突一开始就逃跑了。
"Then, under the safe protection of Turkish troops, we got to Jeddah.
“然后，在土耳其军队的安全保护下，我们到达了吉达。
There the authorities and the populace received us very well.
那里的当局和民众都很好地接待了我们。
From there we proceeded in nineteen days by sail boat to Elwesh, and under abundant guard with the Suleiman Pasha, in a five-day caravan journeyed to El Ula."
从那里，我们在十九天内乘船前往埃尔韦什，并在苏莱曼帕夏的重兵护卫下，在为期五天的商队中前往埃尔乌拉。”
"Have I received the Iron Cross?" was the first question Captain Muecke asked when he got to that place, and old newspapers which he found there told him that he had.
“我获得铁十字勋章了吗？”这是穆克上尉到达那个地方时问的第一个问题，他在那里找到的旧报纸告诉他，他已经做到了。
A few days later the party was on train, riding toward Germany.
几天后，一行人登上了前往德国的火车。
CHAPTER XXXII
第三十二章
SUMMARY OF THE FIRST YEAR OF NAVAL WARFARE
海战第一年概要
The first year of the war came to an end in August, 1915, with the naval situation much the same as it stood at the end of the first six months.
战争的第一年于 1915 年 8 月结束，海军形势与头六个月结束时大致相同。
The navy of practically every belligerent was intact; the Allies enjoyed the freedom of the seas, but the fact that a German fleet lay intact in the North Sea, and an Austrian fleet lay intact in the Adriatic Sea, indicated only the naval supremacy of the Allies, but not that they had won decisive naval victories.
几乎所有交战国的海军都完好无损。协约国享有海上自由，但德国舰队完好无损地驻扎在北海，奥地利舰队完好无损地驻扎在亚得里亚海，这仅表明了协约国的海上霸权，但并不能说明他们取得了决定性的海上胜利。
As there had been no victory there had been no defeat, yet there had been losses to all concerned.
因为没有胜利，所以也就没有失败，但各方都遭受了损失。
The mine and the submarine had changed somewhat the methods of naval warfare--the enemies "nibbled" at their opponents' fleets.
水雷和潜艇在一定程度上改变了海战的方式——敌人“蚕食”对手的舰队。
Battleships were lost, though the first year of the Great War had seen no pitched battle between ships of that class.
尽管在第一次世界大战的第一年，该级别战舰之间没有发生过激烈的战斗，但战列舰还是损失了。
During the second six months of the war England lost the five old battleships _Irresistible_, _Ocean_, _Goliath_, _Triumph_, and _Majestic_; the destroyers _Recruit_ and _Maori_; and the submarine _E-15_ and another unidentified; and the auxiliary cruisers _Clan McNaughton_, _Bayano_, and _Princess Irene_.
在战争的后六个月里，英国失去了五艘旧战列舰_不可抗拒_、_海洋_、_歌利亚_、_凯旋_和_雄伟_；驱逐舰_Recruit_和_Maori_；以及潜艇_E-15_和另一艘身份不明的潜艇；以及辅助巡洋舰_麦克诺顿氏族_、_巴亚诺_和_艾琳公主_。
Her ally France had lost, during the same period, the old battleship _Bouvet_, the cruiser _Leon Gambetta_, the destroyer _Dague_, and the submarines _Joule_, _Mariotte_, and one unidentified.
在同一时期，她的盟友法国损失了旧战列舰布维号、巡洋舰莱昂甘贝塔号、驱逐舰达格号、潜艇焦耳号、马里奥特号和一艘身份不明的潜艇。
The losses on the other side were confined to the German navy, with the exception of the Turkish cruiser _Medjidieh_.
另一方的损失仅限于德国海军，但土耳其巡洋舰梅吉迪号除外。
Germany lost the battleship _Pommern_; the cruisers _Dresden_ and Koenigsberg; the submarines _U-12_, _U-29_, _U-8_, one of the type of the _U-2_, and another unidentified; two unidentified torpedo boats; and the auxiliary cruisers _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ (interned), _Holger_, _Kronprinz Wilhelm_ (interned), and _Macedonia_.
德国失去了战列舰波美拉尼亚号；巡洋舰德累斯顿号和柯尼斯堡号；潜艇_U-12_、_U-29_、_U-8_，其中一艘是_U-2_型，另一艘身份不明；两艘身份不明的鱼雷艇；以及辅助巡洋舰艾特尔·弗里德里希亲王号（被拘留）、霍尔格号、威廉王储号（被拘留）和马其顿号。
Also the destroyer _G-196_, the mine layer _Albatross_, and the auxiliary cruiser _Meteor_.
还有驱逐舰_G-196_、布雷舰_信天翁_和辅助巡洋舰_流星_。
In retaliation for having her flag swept from the seas, Germany's submarines, during the second six months of the war, had sunk a total of 153 merchant ships, including those belonging to neutral countries as well as to her enemies.
为了报复德国国旗从海上被扫除，德国潜艇在战争的后六个月内总共击沉了 153 艘商船，其中包括属于中立国和敌国的商船。
The total tonnage of these was about 500,000 tons; 1,643 persons died in going down with these ships.
其总吨位约为50万吨； 1,643 人因这些船只沉没而丧生。
Not of the least importance were the precedents that were established, or attempted to be established, by Germany in conducting naval warfare with her submarine craft.
同样重要的是德国用潜艇进行海战所建立或试图建立的先例。
In a note delivered to the United States Government, the German Government declared that British merchant vessels were not only armed and instructed to resist or even attack submarines, but often disguised as to nationality.
德国政府在给美国政府的一份照会中宣称，英国商船不仅配备武器并被指示抵抗甚至攻击潜艇，而且经常伪装国籍。
Under such circumstances it was assumed to be impossible for a submarine commander to conform to the established custom of visit and search.
在这种情况下，潜艇指挥官被认为不可能遵守既定的访问和搜查惯例。
Accordingly, vessels of neutral nations were urgently warned not to enter the submarine war zone.
据此，中立国船只被紧急警告不要进入潜艇战区。
The war zone which she proclaimed about Great Britain had no precedent in history, and it immediately brought to her door a number of controversies with neutrals, particularly the United States.
她所宣称的英国战区在历史上是没有先例的，这立即给她带来了与中立国，特别是美国的一系列争议。
The sinking of liners carrying passengers claiming citizenship in neutral countries was another precedent, which had the same effect with regard to diplomatic exchanges.
载有中立国公民的客轮沉没是另一个先例，这对外交交往也有同样的影响。
Predictions that had been made long before the war came were found to be worthless; there were those who had predicted that Germany in the event of war with England would give immediate battle with her largest ships; but twelve months went by without an actual battle between superdreadnoughts.
人们发现，战争爆发前很久所做的预测毫无价值。有人预测，一旦德国与英国发生战争，德国将立即使用其最大的战舰进行战斗。但十二个月过去了，超级无畏舰之间还没有发生过真正的战斗。
"Der Tag" had not come.
“Der Tag”还没有来。
There were those who had predicted that the British navy would force the German ships out of their protected harbors.
有人预测英国海军将迫使德国船只离开其受保护的港口。
"We shall dig the rats out of their holes," said Mr. Winston Churchill, British Secretary of State for the Navy in the early months of the war.
“我们要把老鼠从洞里挖出来，”战争初期几个月的英国海军大臣温斯顿·丘吉尔先生说。
Mr. Churchill was removed from his position, and twelve months passed by with the German ships still in their "holes."
丘吉尔先生被免职，十二个月过去了，德国舰艇仍然在“洞里”。
Certain lessons had been taught naval authorities of all nations through the actual use of the modern battleship in war.
通过现代战列舰在战争中的实际使用，各国海军当局都吸取了一些教训。
The first year showed that the largest ships must have very high speed and long gun range.
第一年表明，最大的船只必须具有非常高的航速和很长的火炮射程。
To some extent the fact that the fighting ships of nearly all of the belligerent countries were thus equipped changed battle tactics.
几乎所有交战国的战舰都配备了这种装备，这在一定程度上改变了作战策略。
When the allied fleets had started their bombardment of the Turkish forts at the Dardanelles they were breaking certain well-defined rules which had been axiomatic with naval authorities.
当盟军舰队开始轰炸达达尼尔海峡的土耳其堡垒时，他们违反了某些明确的规则，这些规则对于海军当局来说是不言而喻的。
The greatest of modern battleships were designed to fight with craft of their like, but not to take issue with land fortifications.
最伟大的现代战列舰的设计目的是与同类船只作战，但不会与陆地防御工事发生冲突。
For weeks, while the fleets succeeded in silencing for a time some of the Turkish forts, it was thought that this rule no longer held good.
几周来，虽然舰队成功地压制了土耳其的一些堡垒一段时间，但人们认为这一规则不再有效。
But when, after March 19, 1915, the fleets ceased attempting to take the passage without military cooperation, the worth of the rule was reestablished.
但 1915 年 3 月 19 日之后，当舰队不再尝试在没有军事合作的情况下占领该通道时，这一统治的价值就被重新确立了。
The ease with which the bombarding ships were made victims of hostile submarines was greatly instrumental in making the rule again an axiom.
轰炸船只很容易成为敌方潜艇的受害者，这极大地促进了这一规则再次成为公理。
The naval supremacy of the allied powers brought them certain advantages--advantages which they had without winning a decisive victory.
同盟国的海上优势给他们带来了一定的优势——这些优势是他们在没有取得决定性胜利的情况下所拥有的。
Germany and Austria were cut off from the Western Hemisphere, and were troubled, in consequence, by shortage in food for their civilian populations to a greater or lesser degree.
德国和奥地利与西半球隔绝，因此或多或少地受到平民粮食短缺的困扰。
This was perhaps a negative benefit derived by the Allies from their naval supremacy; the affirmative benefit was that their own communications with the Western Hemisphere were maintained, enabling them not only to get food for their civilian populations, but arms and munitions for their armies; and even financial arrangements, which, if their emissaries could not pass back and forth freely could not have been made, depended on their control of the high seas.
这也许是盟军从其海上霸权中获得的负面好处。肯定的好处是他们与西半球的联系得以维持，使他们不仅能够为其平民获取食物，而且能够为其军队获取武器和弹药；甚至连财政安排也取决于他们对公海的控制，如果他们的使者不能自由地来回通行，就不可能做出这些安排。
They were able to keep the Channel clear of submarines long enough to permit the passage of the troops, which England from time to time during the first year of the war sent to the Continent, and permitted the participation of the troops of the British overseas dominions, the troops from Canada joining those in France, and the troops from New Zealand and Australia taking their places in the trenches along the Suez Canal and on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
他们能够在足够长的时间内保持英吉利海峡没有潜艇，以允许英国在战争第一年不时派往欧洲大陆的部队通过，并允许英国海外领土的部队参加，加拿大的部队加入法国的部队，新西兰和澳大利亚的部队在苏伊士运河沿岸和加里波利半岛的战壕中就位。
Thus, to a certain extent, the advantage of continuous railroad communication which was enjoyed by the Teutonic allies "inside" the arena of military operations was offset by the naval communication maintained by the Entente Powers "outside" the arena of military operations.
因此，在一定程度上，条顿盟国在军事行动“内部”所享有的持续铁路交通的优势被协约国在军事行动“外部”维持的海军交通所抵消。
CHAPTER XXXIII
第三十三章
FIGHTS OF THE SUBMARINES
潜艇的战斗
When, on the 5th of February, 1915, the German admiralty proclaimed a "war zone" around the British Isles and announced that it would fight the sea power of the Allies with submarines, a new era in naval warfare had opened.
1915年2月5日，德国海军部宣布在不列颠群岛周围设立“战区”，并宣布将用潜艇对抗盟军的海上力量，海战的新时代就此开启。
In all previous wars, and in the earlier months of the Great War, submarines were employed as auxiliaries to the larger naval units.
在之前的所有战争中，以及第一次世界大战的前几个月，潜艇都被用作大型海军部队的辅助力量。
The Germans were the first to use them as separate units.
德国人是第一个将它们作为独立单位使用的人。
The idea of sending a fleet of submarines out on to the high seas was a new one, and had been impossible in the last war in which they had been used--that between Russia and Japan.
将一支潜艇舰队派往公海的想法是一个新想法，在上一次使用潜艇的战争（俄罗斯和日本之间的战争）中是不可能的。
But the improvements which had been made in their design and equipment since then had made an actual cruising submarine possible, and made possible the new phase of naval warfare inaugurated by the German admiralty.
但此后设计和设备的改进使得真正的巡航潜艇成为可能，并使德国海军部开创的海战新阶段成为可能。
While Germany was the last great sea power to adopt the submarine as a weapon, both England and Germany, in the years immediately preceding the war, had spent the same amounts of money on this sort of craft--about $18,000,000--but while the Germans had later given as much attention to them as to any other sort of naval craft, the British authorities did not figure on employing the submarine as a separate offensive tactical unit being sufficiently equipped in large ships carrying large guns.
虽然德国是最后一个采用潜艇作为武器的海上强国，但英国和德国在战争爆发前的几年里，在这种舰艇上花费了相同数量的资金——大约18,000,000美元——但尽管德国人后来对它们给予了与任何其他类型的海军舰艇一样多的关注，但英国当局并没有考虑将潜艇用作单独的进攻战术单位，并充分装备在携带大炮的大型舰艇上。
And being weaker in capital ships Germany was compelled to rely upon underwater warfare in her campaign of attrition.
由于主力舰实力较弱，德国被迫依靠水下战来进行消耗战。
Not only were the naval authorities of the rest of the world uninformed about the improvements that German submarines carried, but they were fooled even as to the actual number which Germany had built.
世界其他国家的海军当局不仅不了解德国潜艇所进行的改进，甚至连德国建造的实际数量也被愚弄了。
The most modern of the German submarines at the time had a length of 213 feet and a beam of twenty feet, these dimensions giving them sufficient deck space to mount thereon two rapid-fire guns, one of 3.5 inches and another of 1.4 inches.
当时最现代化的德国潜艇长 213 英尺，宽 20 英尺，这些尺寸为它们提供了足够的甲板空间来安装两门速射炮，一门 3.5 英寸，另一门 1.4 英寸。
Their displacement was 900 tons, and they could make a speed of 18 knots when traveling "light" (above water), and 12 knots when traveling submerged.
它们的排水量为 900 吨，“轻型”（水面）航行时的速度为 18 节，水下航行时的速度为 12 节。
These speeds made it possible for them to overtake all but the fastest merchantmen, though not fast enough to run away from destroyers, gunboats, and fast cruisers.
这些速度使他们有可能超越除了最快的商船之外的所有商船，尽管速度不足以逃离驱逐舰、炮艇和快速巡洋舰。
Their range of operation was 2,000 miles, and in the early months of 1915, it was possible for Germany to send two or three of them from their base in the North Sea to the Mediterranean.
它们的作战范围为 2,000 英里，在 1915 年初的几个月里，德国有可能将其中两到三艘从北海基地派遣到地中海。
Germany was at the same time experimenting with a larger type, with a displacement of 1,200 tons and an operating distance of 5,000 miles.
德国同时正在试验一种更大的型号，排水量为1,200吨，作业距离为5,000英里。
The ordinary submarine in service at the beginning of the war could remain below the surface for twenty-four hours at least.
战争初期服役的普通潜艇至少可以在水面下停留二十四小时。
Reserve amounts of air for breathing were carried in tanks under pressure, and in the German type there were also chemical improvements for regenerating air.
用于呼吸的储备空气在压力下储存在储罐中，在德国型号中还进行了化学改进以再生空气。
Contrary to the opinion of laymen, submerging was accomplished both by letting water into ballast tanks, and also by properly deflecting a set of rudders; every submarine had two sets of rudders, one of which worked in vertical planes and pointed the prow of the ship either to the left or the right; the other pair worked in horizontal planes and turned the prow either upward or downward.
与外行人的观点相反，淹没是通过将水注入压载舱以及适当地偏转一组舵来完成的。每艘潜艇都有两套舵，其中一套在垂直平面上工作，将船头指向左侧或右侧；另一对在水平面上工作并将船头向上或向下转动。
A pair of fins on the sides of the hull assisted action in both rising and diving.
船体两侧的一对鳍有助于上升和潜水。
The action of water against the fins and rudders when the ship was in motion was exactly the same as that of the air against the planes of a kite; to submerge one of the craft it was necessary to have it in motion and to have its horizontal rudders so placed that the resistance of the water would drive the ship downward; the reverse operation drove it upward.
船行驶时，水对鳍和舵的作用与空气对风筝翼面的作用完全相同。要淹没其中一艘船，必须使其运动并放置其水平舵，以便水的阻力会推动船向下；反向操作则推动其向上。
And here lay a danger, for if the engines of a diving submarine stopped she was bound to come to the surface.
这里存在着危险，因为如果潜水艇的引擎停止，她必然会浮出水面。
Her presence, while moving entirely submerged could be detected by a peculiar swell which traveled on the water above; if submerged only so much as to leave the tip of her periscope still showing, the latter left an easily discernible wake.
她的存在，虽然完全在水下移动，但可以通过上方水面上流动的特殊波浪来检测到。如果潜望镜的尖端仍然露出来，后者就会留下易于辨别的尾迹。
The periscope was merely a tube in which there were arranged mirrors so that anything reflected in the first mirror, the one above the surface of the water, was again reflected till it showed in a mirror at the bottom of the tube, within the hull of the vessel, where its commander could observe it safely.
潜望镜只是一个管子，里面排列着镜子，所以在第一个镜子（水面上方的镜子）中反射的任何东西都会再次反射，直到它显示在管子底部的镜子中，船体内部，在那里它的指挥官可以安全地观察它。
A crew of about twenty-five men was necessary to operate one of these crafts, and theirs was an unpleasant duty, first because of the danger that accompanied each submergence of their vessel; second because of the discomforts aboard.
操作其中一艘飞船需要大约二十五名船员，而他们的任务是令人不愉快的，首先是因为每次船只沉没都伴随着危险；第二是因为船上的不舒服。
The explosive engines which drove the craft, whether burning oil or the lighter refinements such as gasoline, gave off gases that caused headaches and throbbing across the forehead; and it was almost impossible to heat the interior of the craft.
驱动飞船的爆炸性发动机，无论是燃烧石油还是汽油等较轻的精炼品，都会释放出令人头痛和前额抽痛的气体；而且飞船内部几乎不可能加热。
Though merchantmen had gone to the bottom as victims of German submarines before the proclamation of a "war zone" was issued they were individual cases; the first instance of a merchant ship being sunk as a result of the new policy of the German admiralty was the sinking of the British steamer _Cambark_ on the 20th of February, 1915.
尽管在宣布“战区”之前，商船已经成为德国潜艇的受害者，但它们只是个案；德国海军部新政策导致商船沉没的第一例是 1915 年 2 月 20 日英国轮船坎巴克号的沉没。
This ship was bound for Liverpool, from Huelva, Spain.
这艘船从西班牙韦尔瓦开往利物浦。
While off the north coast of Wales, on the morning of the 20th, the periscope of a hostile submarine was sighted only 200 yards ahead.
20日上午，在威尔士北海岸附近，一艘敌方潜艇的潜望镜在前方200码处发现了一艘敌方潜艇。
The engines of the steamship were immediately reversed, but she had no time to make off, for a torpedo caught her amidships and she started to sink immediately.
轮船的引擎立即反转，但她来不及起飞，因为一枚鱼雷击中了她的船中部，她立即开始下沉。
Her crew managed to get off in small boats, but all of their personal belongings were lost.
她的船员设法乘坐小船下船，但他们所有的个人物品都丢失了。
The small Irish coasting steamer _Downshire_ was made a victim on the 21st of February, 1915, but instead of sending a torpedo into her hull, the commander of the _U-12_, the submarine which overhauled her, resorted to boarding.
1915 年 2 月 21 日，小型爱尔兰海岸轮船“唐郡”号成为受害者，但检修该船的潜艇“U-12”号的指挥官没有向她的船体发射鱼雷，而是采取了登船的方式。
After trying to elude the submarine by steering a zigzag course, the _Downshire_ was finally overtaken.
在试图通过曲折航线来躲避潜艇后，“唐郡”号最终被追上。
The crew was ordered to take to the small boats, while nineteen men of the submarine, which had come above water, watched the operations from the deck.
船员们被命令登上小船，而潜艇上的 19 名船员已经浮出水面，在甲板上观看行动。
A crew from the submarine took one of the small boats of the steamship and rowed toward her.
潜艇上的一名船员驾驶着轮船的一艘小船，向她划去。
They placed a bomb in a vital spot and set it off, sinking the merchantman.
他们在要害地点放置了一枚炸弹，然后引爆，沉没了商船。
In this way the submarine's commander had saved a torpedo.
就这样，潜艇艇长救下了一枚鱼雷。
A conversation which took place between the captains of the two craft revealed the methods by which the submarine commanders were able, not only to steal up on their intended victims, but to elude being sighted by the patrolling British warships.
两艘船的船长之间的对话揭示了潜艇指挥官不仅能够偷偷接近目标受害者，而且还能躲避正在巡逻的英国军舰的发现的方法。
Some fishing smacks had been in the vicinity while the _Downshire_ was sunk, and the British captain asked the German captain why they had not been attacked.
当唐郡号沉没时，附近出现了一些捕鱼的痕迹，英国船长问德国船长为什么他们没有受到攻击。
The latter hinted that his plans worked best if the fishing boats were unmolested.
后者暗示，如果渔船不受干扰，他的计划效果最好。
When asked whether he had hidden behind one these little boats he changed the subject, but it was learned later that the commanders of the submarines made a practice of coming to the surface right near fishing boats and bade them act as screens while they lay in wait for victims.
当被问及他是否隐藏在这些小船后面时，他改变了话题，但后来得知，潜艇指挥官们习惯于在渔船附近浮出水面，并命令它们在等待受害者时充当屏障。
By keeping the small boats covered with a deck gun or by putting a boarding crew aboard, it was possible for the commanders of the submarines to keep their periscopes or the hulls of their vessels behind the sails of the fishing boats, unobservable to lookouts on larger ships.
通过用甲板炮覆盖小船或在船上配备登船人员，潜艇指挥官可以将潜望镜或船体保持在渔船帆后面，大型船只的瞭望员无法观察到。
By the 23d of February, 1915, the success of German submarines had been so marked that the insurance rates on merchantmen went up.
到 1915 年 2 月 23 日，德国潜艇的成功已经如此显着，以至于商船的保险费率也随之上涨。
Lloyd's underwriters announced that the rate on transatlantic passage had gone up nearly one per cent.
劳合社的承保人宣布，跨大西洋航行的费率上涨了近百分之一。
And on the same day it was announced that the British Government would thereafter regulate steamship traffic in the Irish Sea.
同一天，英国政府宣布此后将监管爱尔兰海的轮船交通。
Certain areas of the Irish Sea were closed to all kinds of traffic; lines of passage were defined and had to be followed by all merchantmen, and vessels of all descriptions were ordered to keep away from certain parts of the coast from sunset to sunrise.
爱尔兰海的某些地区禁止所有类型的交通；航道是明确的，所有商船都必须遵循，各种类型的船只都被命令从日落到日出远离海岸的某些部分。
The comparatively small size of the submarines made it possible for the German admiralty to load them on to trains in sections and transport them where needed, and in this manner some were sent from the German ports on the North Sea to Zeebrugge, there assembled and launched.
由于潜艇尺寸相对较小，德国海军部可以将它们分段装载到火车上并运输到需要的地方，并通过这种方式将其中一些潜艇从德国北海港口发送到泽布吕赫，在那里组装并下水。
Others were sent to the Adriatic, arriving at Pola on the 25th of February, 1915.
其他人被送往亚得里亚海，于 1915 年 2 月 25 日抵达波拉。
These were intended for use in the Mediterranean as well as in the Adriatic Sea.
这些计划用于地中海和亚得里亚海。
Neutral ships, in order to escape attack by German submarines had to resort to unusual methods of self-identification.
中立舰艇为了躲避德国潜艇的攻击，不得不采取不寻常的自我识别方法。
The use of flags belonging to neutral countries by the merchantmen of belligerent powers made the usual identification by colors almost impossible, the German admiralty claiming that the commanders of submarines were unable to wait long enough, after stopping a vessel, to ascertain whether she had a right to fly one flag or another.
交战国商船使用属于中立国的旗帜，使得通常通过颜色进行识别几乎不可能，德国海军部声称，潜艇指挥官在拦截船只后无法等待足够长的时间来确定她是否有权悬挂一面旗帜或另一面旗帜。
Consequently the ships belonging to Dutch and American lines had their names painted with large lettering along their sides.
因此，属于荷兰和美国战线的船只的船名都在其侧面涂上了大字。
At night, streamers of electric lights were hung over the sides to illuminate these letterings; and on the decks of many of the neutral ships their names and nationalities were painted in large letters so that they might be identified by aircraft.
晚上，两侧悬挂着电灯彩带来照亮这些字母。在许多中立国船只的甲板上，它们的名字和国籍都用大写字母涂成，以便飞机可以识别。
Owing to such precautions the Dutch steamship _Prinzes Juliana_ escaped being sunk by a torpedo on the 3d of March, 1915.
由于采取了这些预防措施，荷兰轮船朱莉安娜亲王号于 1915 年 3 月 3 日躲过了被鱼雷击沉的危险。
A submarine ran a parallel course to that followed by the Dutch ship, but after examining the lettering on her sides the commander of the German craft saw that she was not legitimate game and turned off.
一艘潜艇与荷兰舰艇的航线平行，但在检查了她两侧的文字后，德国潜艇的指挥官发现她不是合法的游戏并关闭了。
Not always did the German submarines themselves succeed in escaping unharmed in their raiding of allied merchantmen.
德国潜艇在袭击盟军商船时并不总是能够毫发无伤地逃脱。
Rewards were offered in Great Britain for the sinking of German submersibles by the commanders of British merchantmen.
英国为击沉德国潜水器而向英国商船指挥官提供奖励。
Instructions were issued in the British shipping periodicals, showing how a submarine might be sunk by being rammed.
英国航运期刊上发表了说明，展示了潜艇如何通过撞击而沉没。
It was officially announced on the 5th of March, 1915, by the British admiralty, that the _U-8_ had been rammed and sunk by a British warship.
1915 年 3 月 5 日，英国海军部正式宣布 _U-8_ 被一艘英国军舰撞沉。
The crew of twenty-nine was rescued and brought to Dover.
二十九名船员获救并被带到多佛。
For the British this was a stroke of good fortune, for while the _U-8_ was of an earlier type it was a dangerous craft, having a total displacement of 300 tons, a radius of operation of 1,200 miles, a speed of 13 knots when traveling "light" and a speed of 8 knots when submerged.
对于英国人来说，这是一次好运，因为虽然 _U-8_ 是早期型号，但它是一艘危险的船只，总排水量为 300 吨，作业半径为 1,200 英里，“轻”行驶时的速度为 13 节，水下时的速度为 8 节。
On the same day the French minister of marine announced that a French warship had come upon a German submarine of the type of the _U-2_ in the North Sea and that after firing at the hull of the vessel and hitting it three times it was seen to sink and did not reappear.
同一天，法国海军部长宣布，一艘法国军舰在北海遭遇了一艘德国U-2型潜艇，向船体开火并击中潜艇三枪后，发现该潜艇已沉没，之后就没有再出现。
During the last week of February and the first week of March, 1915, bad weather on the waters surrounding the British Isles hampered the operations of German submarines to an extent which led the British public to believe that the submarine warfare on merchantmen had been abandoned, but they were disillusioned when on the 9th of March, 1915, three British ships were sunk by the underwater craft.
1915年2月的最后一周和3月的第一周，不列颠群岛周边海域的恶劣天气阻碍了德国潜艇的行动，英国公众认为针对商船的潜艇战已经放弃，但当1915年3月9日，三艘英国船只被水下船只击沉时，他们的幻想破灭了。
The steamship _Tangistan_ was torpedoed off Scarborough, the _Blackwood_ off Hastings and the _Princess Victoria_ near Liverpool.
唐吉斯坦号轮船在斯卡伯勒附近被鱼雷击中，布莱克伍德号在黑斯廷斯附近被鱼雷击中，维多利亚公主号在利物浦附近被鱼雷击中。
Part of this was believed to be the work of the _U-16_.
据信，其中一部分是 _U-16_ 所为。
In the three days beginning March 10, 1915, eight ships were made victims of German submarines in the waters about the British Isles.
从 1915 年 3 月 10 日开始的三天里，有 8 艘船只在不列颠群岛附近海域遭到德国潜艇的袭击。
Most novel was the experience of a crowd gathered on the shore of one of the Scilly Islands on March 12, 1915, when two of these eight ships, the _Indian City_ and the _Headlands_, were torpedoed.
最新颖的是 1915 年 3 月 12 日，一群人聚集在锡利群岛之一的海岸上，当时八艘船中的两艘，“印度城”号和“海岬”号，被鱼雷击中。
At about eight in the morning the islanders on St. Mary's Island saw a German submarine overtake the former and sink her.
早上八点左右，圣玛丽岛上的岛民看到一艘德国潜艇超越了前者并将其击沉。
The German vessel then remained in the adjacent waters to watch for the approach of another victim, while two patrol boats near by put out and opened fire on her.
随后，这艘德国船只留在附近水域，观察另一名受害者的靠近，附近的两艘巡逻艇向她开火。
The crowd saw the enemies exchange shots at a distance of ten miles off shore.
众人看到敌人在离岸十英里的地方交火。
But neither side put in any effective shots, and the combat ended when the submarine dived and retired.
但双方都没有进行任何有效的射击，随着潜艇下潜并退役，战斗结束。
The steamship _Headlands_ was then sighted by the commander of the submarine and he immediately started to pursue her.
随后，潜艇指挥官发现了“Headlands”号轮船，并立即开始追击。
The steamship steered a zigzag course, but the submarine got in a position to launch a torpedo, and at about half past ten in the morning the crowd on the shore saw steam escaping from her in large quantities.
轮船曲折行驶，但潜艇已准备好发射鱼雷，上午十点半左右，岸上的人群看到大量蒸汽从她身上逸出。
Some time after they saw a large volume of black smoke and debris fly upward and they knew that another torpedo had found its mark.
一段时间后，他们看到大量黑烟和碎片向上飞扬，他们知道另一枚鱼雷已经找到了目标。
She then settled, her crew and the men from the _Indian City_ reaching St. Mary's in small boats.
然后她安顿下来，她的船员和来自印度城的人乘小船到达圣玛丽。
To keep British harbors free from the German submarines the British admiralty had to set their engineers to work to devise some method of trapping the underwater craft automatically, for there seemed to be no sort of patrol which they could not elude.
为了使英国港口免受德国潜艇的袭击，英国海军部不得不让工程师们设计出某种自动捕获水下船只的方法，因为似乎没有什么巡逻队是他们无法躲避的。
Steel traps, not unlike the gill nets used by fishermen, were finally hit upon as the best thing to use against the submarines, and by March 13, 1915, a number of these were installed at entrances to some of the British harbors.
钢制陷阱，与渔民使用的刺网没有什么不同，最终被认为是对抗潜艇的最佳工具，到 1915 年 3 月 13 日，一些英国港口的入口处安装了许多这样的陷阱。
They were made of malleable iron frames, ten feet square, used in sets of threes, so arranged that they might hold a submarine by the sides and have the third of the set buckle against its bottom.
它们由可锻铁框架制成，十英尺见方，三组一组使用，其排列方式可以将潜艇的侧面固定住，并将一组的三分之一扣在其底部。
They were suspended by buoys about thirty feet below the surface of the water.
他们通过浮标悬挂在水面以下约三十英尺处。
When a submarine entered one of these it was held fast, for the frame which came up from the bottom caught the propeller and made it impossible for the submarine to work itself loose.
当潜艇进入其中一个时，它被牢牢地固定住，因为从底部升起的框架卡住了螺旋桨，使潜艇无法自行松动。
The disadvantage to the submarine was that, while traveling under water, it traveled "blind"; the periscopes in use were good only for observation when the top of them were above water; when submerged the commander of a submarine had to steer by chart.
潜艇的缺点是，在水下航行时，它是“盲目”航行的。使用中的潜望镜只有当其顶部露出水面时才有利于观察；当潜艇被淹没时，指挥官必须根据海图进行驾驶。
By the end of March, 1915, a dozen submarines had been caught in nets of this kind.
截至 1915 年 3 月底，已有十几艘潜艇被此类网捕获。
By the 18th of March, 1915, three more British ships had been made the victims of German torpedoes.
到 1915 年 3 月 18 日，又有三艘英国船只成为德国鱼雷的受害者。
The _Atlanta_ was sunk off the west coast of Ireland only a day before the _Fingal_ was sunk off Northumberland.
就在芬格尔号在诺森伯兰郡附近沉没的前一天，亚特兰大号在爱尔兰西海岸被沉没。
And the _Leeuwarden_ was sunk by being hit from the deck guns of a German submarine off the coast of Holland.
吕伐登号在荷兰海岸附近被一艘德国潜艇的甲板炮击中而沉没。
There was no loss of life except during the sinking of the _Fingal_, some of whose men were drowned when she dragged a lifeboat full of men down with her.
除了_Fingal_号沉没期间外，没有人员伤亡，当她拖着一艘满载人员的救生艇沉没时，其中一些人员被淹死。
By way of variety the Germans attempted to sink a British ship in the "war zone" with bombs dropped from an airship, the news of which was brought to England by the crew and captain of the _Blonde_ when they reached shore on March 18, 1915.
德国人试图用飞艇投下的炸弹击沉“战区”的一艘英国船只，1915 年 3 月 18 日，“金发号”号的船员和船长抵达岸边时，将这一消息传回了英国。
This ship had been German originally, but being in a British port when the war started was taken over and run by a British crew.
这艘船本来是德国的，但战争开始时停泊在英国港口，由英国船员接管并运营。
Two or three mornings before the men landed they had noticed a Taube aeroplane circling over their ship at about 500 feet altitude.
登陆前两三天的早晨，他们注意到一架陶伯飞机在大约 500 英尺的高度在他们的船上盘旋。
It then swept downward and took a close look at the vessel.
然后它向下掠去，仔细观察了这艘船。
Two bombs which fell into the water near the ship, were dropped by the German aviator.
两枚炸弹落入船附近的水中，是德国飞行员投下的。
The captain of the _Blonde_ ordered that the rudder of his ship be fastened so that she might drive in a circle and her engines were set at full speed, with the intention of making a more difficult target for the airship's bombs.
金发号的船长命令他的船舵被紧固，以便她可以绕圈行驶，并将她的发动机全速运转，目的是为飞艇的炸弹制造一个更困难的目标。
The whistle of the ship was set going and continued to blow in the hope of attracting help from other ships.
船的汽笛开始鸣响，并持续吹响，希望能吸引其他船只的帮助。
More bombs were near the vessel, but none of them found its mark.
船只附近有更多炸弹，但没有一枚找到目标。
After one more attempt, when only 300 feet above the ship's deck, the aviator let go with his last supply, but again being unsuccessful he veered off to the north and allowed the _Blonde_ to escape.
再一次尝试后，当距船甲板仅 300 英尺时，飞行员释放了他最后的补给品，但再次失败，他转向北方并让_金发女郎_逃脱。
The naval attack on the Dardanelles is told in another chapter, but the work of the Allies' submarines there included the use of French submarines, which is not narrated elsewhere.
对达达尼尔海峡的海军攻击在另一章中讲述，但盟军潜艇在那里的工作包括使用法国潜艇，这一点在其他地方没有叙述。
On the 19th of March, 1915, Rear Admiral Guepratte of the French navy reported that one of his submarines had attempted, without success, to run through the Dardanelles.
1915 年 3 月 19 日，法国海军少将格普拉特报告说，他的一艘潜艇曾试图穿过达达尼尔海峡，但没有成功。
The object of the attempt was to sink the Turkish battle cruiser _Sultan Selim_, formerly the _Goeben_.
这次尝试的目的是击沉土耳其战列巡洋舰苏丹塞利姆号（前身为戈本号）。
The submarine submerged and got as far as Nagara.
潜艇潜入水中，最远到达长良。
But she had to travel "blind" and her captain, being unfamiliar with those waters, struck some rocks near the shore and immediately brought her to the surface.
但她不得不“盲目”航行，而她的船长由于不熟悉这些水域，撞到了海岸附近的一些岩石，立即将她带到了水面。
She became a target for the land guns of the Turks at once and was sunk, only a few of her men, who were taken prisoners, escaping death.
她立即成为土耳其人陆炮的目标并被击沉，只有少数被俘的船员逃脱了死亡。
On the 19th of March, 1915, the British admiralty reported that the three British ships, _Hyndford_, _Bluejacket_, and _Glenartney_ had been torpedoed in the "war zone" without warning, with the loss of only one man.
1915 年 3 月 19 日，英国海军部报告称，三艘英国舰艇“海德福德”号、“蓝夹克”号和“格伦纳特尼”号在“战区”毫无预警地遭到鱼雷袭击，仅损失一人。
Beachy Head in the British Channel had been the scene of most of the operations of German submarines against British ships, and consequently, when on the 21st of March, 1915, the collier _Cairntorr_ was torpedoed in that region, no unusual comment was made by the admiralty.
英吉利海峡的比奇角是德国潜艇针对英国船只的大部分行动的地点，因此，当 1915 年 3 月 21 日，凯恩托号煤船在该地区被鱼雷击中时，海军部没有发表任何异常评论。
Heretofore the scene of the latest attack had been thought worthy of mention on account of the unusual and unexpected places that submarines chose for action.
迄今为止，由于潜艇选择的不同寻常和意想不到的行动地点，最近一次袭击的场景被认为值得一提。
A new phase of the submarines' activities was opened on March 21, 1915, when two Dutch ships _Batavier V_ and _Zaanstroom_ were held up and captured.
1915 年 3 月 21 日，两艘荷兰舰艇 _Batavier V_ 和 _Zaanstroom_ 被劫持并俘获，潜艇活动的新阶段开始了。
The _U-28_ had for some days been hiding near the Maas Lightship, and had been taking shots with torpedoes at every ship which came within range.
_U-28_ 已经在马斯灯塔附近隐藏了几天，并一直用鱼雷对射程内的每艘船进行射击。
The _Batavier V_ had left the Hook of Holland on March 18, 1915.
巴塔维尔 V 号于 1915 年 3 月 18 日离开荷兰角。
At about five o'clock that morning she came near the Maas Lightship on her way to England, whence she was carrying provisions and a register of fifty-seven persons, including passengers and crew; among the former there were a number of women and children.
那天早上大约五点钟，她在前往英国的途中来到了马斯灯船附近，那里载着补给品和包括乘客和船员在内的五十七人的登记册；前者中有一些妇女和儿童。
Suddenly a submarine appeared off her port bow, and her captain was ordered to stop his ship.
突然，一艘潜艇出现在她的左舷处，她的船长被命令停下来。
This he did readily, for he had been thus stopped before, only to be allowed to proceed.
他很乐意地这么做了，因为他以前就这样被阻止过，只是被允许继续前进。
But this time the commander of the submarine, the _U-28_, shouted to him through a megaphone: "I am going to confiscate your ship and take it to Zeebrugge."
但这一次，U-28号潜艇的指挥官通过扩音器对他喊道：“我要没收你的船，把它带到泽布吕赫。”
While the two commanders were arguing over the illegality of this, the _Zaanstroom_ was sighted, and was immediately overtaken by the submarine.
当两位指挥官争论此举是否违法时，赞斯特鲁姆号被发现，并立即被潜艇追上。
An officer and a sailor from the submarine had been placed on the _Batavier V_, and this prevented her escaping while the pursuit of the _Zaanstroom_ was on.
潜艇上的一名军官和一名水手被安置在巴塔维尔 V 号上，这使得她在追击赞斯特鲁姆号时无法逃脱。
A similar detail was now placed on the latter, and her captain was ordered to follow the _U-28_ which returned to the _Batavier V_.
现在，后者也出现了类似的情况，她的舰长奉命跟随返回巴塔维尔 V 号的 _U-28_。
"Follow me to Zeebrugge" was the order which the commander of the submarine gave the two ships, and their captains obeyed.
“跟我去泽布吕赫”是潜艇艇长向两艘舰发出的命令，舰长们都服从了。
They arrived at Zeebrugge at noon, and were immediately unloaded.
他们于中午抵达泽布吕赫，并立即卸货。
Those of the passengers and crews who were citizens of neutral countries were sent to Ghent and there released, while all those aboard, such as Belgians and Frenchmen, were detained.
中立国公民的乘客和机组人员被送往根特并在那里获释，而船上的所有人员，例如比利时人和法国人，则被拘留。
When possible, the commanders of the German submarines saved their costly torpedoes and used shell fire instead to sink their victims.
在可能的情况下，德国潜艇的指挥官节省了昂贵的鱼雷，转而使用炮弹来击沉受害者。
This was done in the case of the steamship _Vosges_, which was sunk on March 28, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 28 日沉没的孚日号轮船就是这样做的。
For two hours, while the engines of the steamship were run at full speed in an attempt to get away from the submarine, she was under fire from two deck guns on board the submersible.
在两个小时的时间里，当轮船的发动机全速运转试图逃离潜艇时，她遭到了潜水器上两门甲板炮的射击。
Though the latter made off at the approach of another vessel, her shells did enough damage to cause the _Vosges_ to sink a few hours later.
尽管后者在另一艘船接近时逃跑了，但她的炮弹造成了足够的伤害，导致孚日号在几个小时后沉没。
Up to the middle of March, 1915, all the ships which had become victims of German submarines had been of the slower coasting variety.
到 1915 年 3 月中旬为止，所有成为德国潜艇受害者的舰艇都是航行速度较慢的舰艇。
There had been numerous unconfirmed reports that the faster transatlantic ships had been chased, but no credence had been given to them.
有许多未经证实的报道称，速度更快的跨大西洋船只已被追击，但没有人相信这些报道。
On the 27th of March, 1915, however, when the _Arabic_ arrived at Liverpool it was reported by those on board that she had given a submarine a lively chase and had gotten away safely.
然而，1915 年 3 月 27 日，当阿拉伯号抵达利物浦时，据船上人员报告，她对一艘潜艇进行了激烈的追逐，并安全逃脱。
At about nine o'clock the evening before the submarine was sighted off Holyhead.
晚上九点左右，在霍利黑德附近发现了这艘潜艇。
She was only 200 yards ahead, and while her commander jockeyed for a position from which he could successfully launch a torpedo, the commander of the _Arabic_ gave the order "Full speed ahead." His passengers lined the rail of the ship to watch the maneuvers.
她仅领先 200 码，当她的指挥官努力寻找可以成功发射鱼雷的位置时，阿拉伯号的指挥官发出了“全速前进”的命令。他的乘客们站在船舷旁观看演习。
Soon the steamship had up a speed of 18 knots, which was a bit too fast for the submarine, and she fell to the rearward.
很快，轮船的速度就达到了18节，这对于潜艇来说有点太快了，她向后倒去。
Her chance for launching a torpedo was gone, but she brought her deck guns into action, firing two shots which went wild.
她发射鱼雷的机会已经消失，但她还是将甲板炮投入了行动，发射了两枪，但结果却很疯狂。
The _Arabic_ proceeded to port unmolested.
_Arabic_ 号不受干扰地继续驶向港口。
At times even the cost of shell fire was figured by the commanders of German submarines, and pistol and rifles were used instead.
有时，德国潜艇的指挥官甚至计算了炮弹射击的成本，并使用手枪和步枪来代替。
This was done in the case of the _Delmira_ on the 26th of March, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 26 日，_Delmira_ 号就是这样做的。
This steamship was sunk off Boulogne.
这艘轮船在布洛涅附近沉没。
Ten minutes were given by the crew of the submarine to the crew of the steamship for them to get off.
潜艇船员给轮船船员十分钟的时间让他们下船。
The submarine had come up off the bow of the _Delmira_, and men standing on the deck of the former had fired shots toward the bridge of the latter to make her captain bring her to a stop.
潜艇已经从德尔米拉号的船头升起，站在前者甲板上的人员向后者的舰桥开枪，迫使其船长将其停下来。
The latter ordered his engines started again at full speed, with the intention of ramming the enemy, but his Chinese stokers refused to obey the order, and his ship did not move.
后者命令他的发动机再次全速启动，意图撞击敌人，但他的中国司炉拒绝服从命令，他的船没有移动。
The crew of the steamship got into their small boats, and for an hour and a half these were towed by the submarine so that their row to shore would not be so long.
轮船的船员们登上了他们的小船，这些小船被潜艇拖着一个半小时，这样他们到岸边的划船时间就不会那么长了。
Though torpedoed, the _Delmira_ did not sink, and was last seen in a burning condition off the French coast near Cape de la Hogue.
虽然被鱼雷击中，但德尔米拉号并没有沉没，最后一次被发现是在拉霍格角附近的法国海岸附近，处于燃烧状态。
The sinking of the steamship _Falaba_, which is mentioned, though not narrated in full, in another chapter, was the last act of German submarines during the month of March, 1915.
法拉巴号轮船的沉没是德国潜艇在 1915 年 3 月的最后一次行动，虽然在另一章中没有详细叙述，但也有提及。
This ship on the 29th of March, 1915, was overtaken by a German submarine in St. George's Channel.
1915 年 3 月 29 日，这艘船在圣乔治海峡被一艘德国潜艇追上。
She was engaged in the African trade, voyaging between the African ports and Liverpool.
她从事非洲贸易，在非洲港口和利物浦之间航行。
On her last journey she carried a crew of 90 men and some 160 passengers, many of the latter being women and children.
在她的最后一次旅程中，她载有 90 名男性船员和约 160 名乘客，其中许多是妇女和儿童。
The commander of the submarine brought his craft to the surface off the bow of the _Falaba_, and gave the captain of the steamship five minutes in which to put his crew and passengers into lifeboats.
潜艇指挥官将他的飞船从法拉巴号的船头带到水面，并给了轮船船长五分钟的时间将船员和乘客送上救生艇。
A torpedo was sent against her hull and found the engine room, causing a tremendous explosion.
一枚鱼雷击中了她的船体并找到了机舱，引起了巨大的爆炸。
One hundred and eleven persons lost their lives because they had not been able to get off in time, or because they were too near the liner when she went down.
一百一十一人因未能及时下船或沉没时离邮轮太近而丧生。
This was the most important merchantman which had been sent to the bottom by a submarine since the proclamation of February 15, 1915.
这是自 1915 年 2 月 15 日公告以来被潜艇沉入海底的最重要的商船。
The next two victims of this sort of warfare were the steamships _Flaminian_ and the _Crown of Castile_, one of which was sunk by the _U-28_, and the other by an unidentified submarine on April 1, 1915.
此类战争的下两个受害者是轮船“弗拉米尼安”号和“卡斯蒂利亚皇冠”号，其中一艘于 1915 年 4 月 1 日被 _U-28_ 击沉，另一艘被一艘身份不明的潜艇击沉。
They went down off the west coast of England with no loss of life, though the _Crown of Castile_ was torpedoed before her crew could get off.
他们在英格兰西海岸沉没，没有人员伤亡，尽管“卡斯蒂利亚王冠”号在船员下船之前就被鱼雷击中了。
The _Flaminian_ had tried to get away, but had to stop under fire from deck guns on the submarine.
弗拉米尼安号曾试图逃跑，但在潜艇甲板炮的射击下不得不停下来。
The shells did not hit her in vital spots, however, and it was necessary to send a torpedo into her hull to sink her.
然而，炮弹没有击中她的要害，因此有必要向她的船体发射鱼雷才能将她击沉。
The ease with which submarines had been able to bob up in unexpected places and to sink British merchantmen, in spite of the patrols maintained by British warships, caused the captains of merchant vessels to petition the British Government to be allowed to arm their vessels on April 1, 1915.
尽管有英国军舰进行巡逻，潜艇还是能够轻而易举地在意想不到的地方浮起并击沉英国商船，这导致商船船长于 1915 年 4 月 1 日向英国政府请求允许武装他们的船只。
This was not granted, because their being armed would have made the steamship legitimate prey for the submarines, nor was any attention paid to the demand made by the British press that the crews and officers of captured German submarines be treated, not as prisoners of war, but as pirates.
但这并没有得到批准，因为如果他们武装起来，这艘轮船就会成为潜艇的合法猎物，而且英国媒体提出的要求，即被俘获的德国潜艇的船员和军官不被视为战俘，而是被视为海盗，也没有受到任何关注。
Reprisals on the part of the Germans was feared.
人们担心德国人会进行报复。
Beachy Head on the 1st of April, 1915, was again the scene of two successful attacks on merchantmen by submarines.
1915 年 4 月 1 日，比奇角再次成为潜艇两次成功袭击商船的地点。
On that day the French steamship _Emma_, after being torpedoed, went to the bottom with all of the nineteen men in her crew.
那天，法国轮船艾玛号在被鱼雷击中后，连同船上的十九名船员一起沉入海底。
The same submarine sank the British steamer _Seven Seas_, causing the deaths of eleven of her men.
同一艘潜艇击沉了英国轮船“七海”号，导致船上十一名船员死亡。
In order to indicate the amount of harm which the submarine warfare caused British shipping, the admiralty on April 1, 1915, announced that though five merchantmen had been sent to the bottom and one had been only partially damaged by submarines during the week ending March 31, 1915, some 1,559 vessels entered and sailed from British ports during the same period.
为了表明潜艇战对英国航运造成的损害程度，英国海军部于 1915 年 4 月 1 日宣布，尽管在截至 1915 年 3 月 31 日的一周内，已有 5 艘商船沉入海底，其中一艘仅被潜艇部分损坏，但同期约有 1,559 艘商船进入并从英国港口航行。
Efforts were made to damage the base, from which many of the German submarines had been putting out at Zeebrugge, with aircraft.
人们试图破坏泽布吕赫的基地，许多德国潜艇都从这里用飞机出动。
On the 1st of April, 1915, the British Government's press bureau announced that bombs had been dropped, with unknown success, on two German submarines lying there, and that on the same day a British airman had flown over Hoboken and had seen submarines in building there.
1915 年 4 月 1 日，英国政府新闻局宣布，向停泊在那里的两艘德国潜艇投掷了炸弹，但成功程度未知。同一天，一名英国飞行员飞越霍博肯上空，看到那里正在建造潜艇。
The steamship _Lockwood_, while off Start Point in Devonshire, was hit abaft the engine room by a German torpedo on the morning of April 2, 1915, and though she went down almost immediately, her crew was able to get off in small boats and were picked up by fishing trawlers.
1915 年 4 月 2 日上午，洛克伍德号轮船在德文郡起点附近时，机舱后方被一枚德国鱼雷击中，尽管她几乎立即沉没，但船员们能够乘坐小船下船，并被拖网渔船救起。
The _U-28_, which had done such effective work for the Germans during the month of March, 1915, was relieved of duty near the British Isles during the first week of April by the _U-31_, which sank the Russian bark _Hermes_ and the British steamship _Olivine_ off the coast of Wales on April 5, 1915.
1915 年 3 月期间为德国人做出了如此卓有成效的工作的 _U-28_ 在 4 月的第一周被_U-31_ 解除了在不列颠群岛附近的任务，该船于 1915 年 4 月 5 日在威尔士海岸击沉了俄罗斯三桅帆船_Hermes_ 和英国轮船_Olivine_。
The British admiralty decided in April, 1915, to use some other means besides the employment of torpedo boats and destroyers to keep watch for German submarines, and innocent-looking fishing trawlers were used for the purpose.
1915年4月，英国海军部决定，除使用鱼雷艇和驱逐舰外，还采用其他手段监视德国潜艇，并使用了看似无辜的拖网渔船。
While these could give no fight against a submarine, it was intended that they would carefully make for land to report after sighting one of the hostile craft.
虽然它们无法对抗潜艇，但它们的目的是在看到其中一艘敌方飞船后小心翼翼地着陆报告。
The Germans, discovering this strategy, then began to sink trawlers when they found them.
德国人发现了这一策略，并在发现拖网渔船后开始击沉它们。
On the morning of April 5, 1915, one of these small craft was sighted and chased by the _U-20_.
1915 年 4 月 5 日早晨，其中一艘小型飞行器被 _U-20_ 发现并追击。
After a pursuit of an hour or more the German ship was near enough for members of her crew to fire on the trawler with rifles.
经过一个多小时的追击，这艘德国船已经足够近了，船员们可以用步枪向拖网渔船开火。
Her crew got into the small boat and were picked up later by a steamer.
她的船员们登上了小船，随后被一艘轮船接走。
The trawler was sent to the bottom.
拖网渔船被送到底。
The _U-20_ still kept up her raiding.
_U-20_仍在继续她的袭击。
On the 5th of April, 1915, she overtook the steamer _Northland_, a 2,000-ton ship, and torpedoed her off Beachy Head.
1915 年 4 月 5 日，她追上了一艘 2000 吨级的轮船“北国”号，并在比奇角附近用鱼雷击沉了她。
The crew of the steamer were able to escape, although their ship went down only ten minutes after the submarine caught up with it.
轮船的船员得以逃脱，尽管他们的船在潜艇追上后仅十分钟就沉没了。
The use of nets to catch submarines was vindicated, when on the 6th of April, 1915, one of these vessels became entangled in a steel net near Dover and was held fast.
1915 年 4 月 6 日，其中一艘潜艇在多佛附近被一张钢网缠住并被紧紧抓住，使用网捕获潜艇的做法被证明是正确的。
The loss of the _U-29_, which was commanded by the famous Otto von Weddigen, who commanded the _U-9_ when she sank the _Hogue_, _Cressy_, and _Aboukir_ in September, 1914, was confirmed by a report issued by the German admiralty on April 7, 1915, after rumors of her loss had circulated throughout England and France for a number of weeks.
_U-29_ 号的损失由著名的奥托·冯·韦迪根 (Otto von Weddigen) 指挥，他在 1914 年 9 月击沉了_Hogue_、_Cressy_ 和_Aboukir_ 号时指挥了_U-9_ 号，德国海军部于 1915 年 4 月 7 日发布的一份报告证实了_U-29_号的损失，此前有关她损失的谣言已在英国和法国流传了许多年。几周。
In order to encourage resistance on the part of crews of British vessels attacked by German submarines, the British Government rewarded the crew of the steamship _Vosges_.
为了鼓励英国船只船员抵抗德国潜艇的袭击，英国政府奖励了孚日号轮船的船员。
It was announced on April 9, 1915, that the captain had been given a commission as a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve and the Distinguished Service Cross; the remaining officers were given gold watches, and the crew were given $15 per man.
1915 年 4 月 9 日宣布，该船长被授予皇家海军预备役中尉军衔和杰出服役十字勋章；其余军官获得金表，船员每人获得 15 美元。
Rumors had reached the outside world that the German submarines were using hidden spots to store fuel and provisions so that they might go about their raiding without having to return to German ports for reprovisioning.
外界有传言称，德国潜艇正在利用隐蔽地点储存燃料和补给品，以便他们可以进行袭击而不必返回德国港口重新补给。
Neutral nations, such as the Netherlands and Norway, found it necessary, to maintain their neutrality, to keep watch for such action.
荷兰和挪威等中立国发现有必要保持中立，密切关注此类行动。
On the 9th of April, 1915, Norwegian airmen reported to their Government that such a cache had been discovered by them behind the cliffs in Bergen Bay.
1915 年 4 月 9 日，挪威飞行员向政府报告说，他们在卑尔根湾的悬崖后面发现了这样一个藏匿处。
Submarines found there were ordered to intern or to leave immediately, and chose to do the latter.
发现那里的潜艇被勒令实习或立即离开，并选择了后者。
Certain acts of the commanders of German submarines seemed to make it evident that their intention was to sink ships of every description, no matter where found, in order to make the "war zone" a reality, and to make it shunned by neutral as well as belligerent ships.
德国潜艇指挥官的某些行为似乎表明，他们的意图是击沉各种类型的船只，无论在何处发现，以使“战区”成为现实，并让中立国和交战国船只避开它。
Thus the Dutch steamship _Katwyk_, which lay at anchor seven miles west of the North Hinder Lightship off the Dutch coast, was sunk.
因此，停泊在荷兰海岸北辛德灯塔以西七英里处的荷兰轮船卡特维克号被击沉。
This lightship was maintained by the Netherlands Government and stood at the mouth of the River Scheldt, forty-five miles northwest of Flushing.
这艘灯船由荷兰政府维护，位于法拉盛西北四十五英里的斯海尔德河河口。
The _Katwyk_ was stationary there on the night of April 14, 1915, when the crew felt a great shock and saw that their ship was rapidly taking water.
1915 年 4 月 14 日晚上，卡特威克号停在那里，船员们感到极大的震惊，并看到他们的船正在迅速进水。
They managed to reach the lightship in their lifeboats just as their vessel sank.
当他们的船沉没时，他们设法用救生艇到达灯塔。
The same submarine sank the British steamer _Ptarmigan_ only a few hours later.
仅仅几个小时后，同一艘潜艇就击沉了英国雷鸟号轮船。
Among victims flying the flags of neutral nations the next ship was of American register.
在悬挂中立国国旗的遇难者中，下一艘是美国注册的。
This was the tank steamship _Gulflight_, which was torpedoed off the Scilly Islands on the 29th of May, 1915.
这就是 _Gulflight_ 号坦克轮船，于 1915 年 5 月 29 日在锡利群岛附近被鱼雷击中。
The hole made in her hull was not large enough to cause her to sink, and she was able to get to port.
船体上的洞并没有大到足以导致她沉没，她能够到达左舷。
But during the excitement of the attack her captain died of heart failure and two of her crew jumped into the sea and were drowned.
但在激动人心的袭击过程中，她的船长因心力衰竭去世，两名船员跳入海中溺水身亡。
Three days later the French steamship _Europe_ and the British ship _Fulgent_ were sent to the bottom, probably by the same submarine.
三天后，法国轮船“欧洲”号和英国轮船“富尔金特号”被沉入海底，很可能是由同一艘潜艇所为。
The month of May, 1915, had opened with greater activity on the part of German submarines than had been shown for many weeks previous.
1915 年 5 月伊始，德国潜艇的活动就比之前几周更加活跃。
Between the 1st and the 3d of that month seven ships were torpedoed, four of them being British, one Swedish, and two Norwegian.
当月 1 日至 3 日期间，有 7 艘舰艇被鱼雷击中，其中 4 艘是英国舰艇，一艘是瑞典舰艇，两艘是挪威舰艇。
By the 5th of May, 1915, ten British trawlers had been sunk; some of these were armed for attack on either German submarines or torpedo boats.
到 1915 年 5 月 5 日，已有 10 艘英国拖网渔船被击沉；其中一些装备了武器，可以攻击德国潜艇或鱼雷艇。
CHAPTER XXXIV
第三十四章
SINKING OF THE "LUSITANIA"
“卢西塔尼亚”号的沉没
On the 7th of May, 1915, came the most sensational act committed by German submarines since the war had started--the sinking of the Cunard liner _Lusitania_.
1915 年 5 月 7 日，德国潜艇发生了自战争开始以来最轰动的一幕——击沉冠达邮轮卢西塔尼亚号。
The vessel which did this was one of the _U-39_ class.
执行此操作的船只是 _U-39_ 级的一艘。
In her last hours above water the giant liner was nearing Queenstown on a sunny day in a calm sea.
在阳光明媚的日子里，这艘巨型客轮在水面上的最后几个小时，在平静的海面上靠近皇后镇。
When about five miles off shore, near Old Head of Kinsale, on the southeastern coast of Ireland, a few minutes after two o'clock, while many of the passengers were at lunch and a few of them on deck, there came a violent shock.
两点过几分钟，距离海岸约五英里，靠近爱尔兰东南海岸的金塞尔老海角，当时许多乘客正在吃午饭，其中一些人在甲板上，突然发生了剧烈的震动。
[Illustration: The Great liner, "Lusitania," which was torpedoed by a German submarine, not far from Old Kinsale Head, Ireland, May 7, 1915.]
[插图：1915 年 5 月 7 日，距离爱尔兰老金塞尔角不远的伟大客轮“卢西塔尼亚号”被一艘德国潜艇的鱼雷击中。]
Five or six persons who had been on deck had noticed, a few moments before, the wake of something that was moving rapidly toward the ship.
几分钟前，甲板上的五六个人注意到有什么东西正在快速向船移动。
The moving object was a torpedo, which struck the hull to the forward on the starboard side and passed clean through the ship's engine room.
移动的物体是一枚鱼雷，它击中了船体右舷前方，并干净利落地穿过了船的发动机舱。
She began to settle by the bows immediately, and the passengers, though cool, made rushes for lifebelts and for the small boats.
她立即开始在船头安顿下来，乘客们虽然很冷静，但还是冲向救生带和小船。
The list of the boat made the launching of some of these impossible.
船的倾斜使得其中一些无法下水。
The scenes on the decks of the sinking liner were heartrending.
沉没客轮甲板上的场景令人心碎。
Members of families had become separated and ran wildly about seeking their relatives.
家庭成员失散，四处奔走寻找亲人。
The women and children were put into the lifeboats--being given preference.
妇女和儿童被优先放入救生艇。
"I was on the deck about two o'clock," narrated one of the survivors, "the weather was fine and bright and the sea calm.
“两点左右我在甲板上，”一位幸存者讲述道，“天气晴朗，海面平静。
Suddenly I heard a terrific explosion, followed by another, and the cry went up that the ship had been torpedoed.
突然我听到一声可怕的爆炸声，紧接着又是一声，接着有人喊叫说船被鱼雷击中了。
She began to list at once, and her angle was so great that many of the boats on the port side could not be launched.
她立刻开始倾斜，而且角度太大，左舷的许多船只都无法下水。
A lot of people made a rush for the boats, but I went down to my cabin, took off my coat and vest and donned a lifebelt.
很多人争先恐后地冲上船，但我回到自己的船舱，脱下外套和背心，系上救生带。
On getting up again I found the decks awash and the boat going down fast by the head.
当我再次站起来时，我发现甲板被水淹没了，船头正在快速下沉。
I slipped down a rope into the sea and was picked up by one of the lifeboats.
我顺着一根绳子滑进海里，被一艘救生艇救了起来。
Some of the boats, owing to the position of the vessel, got swamped, and I saw one turn over no less than three times, but eventually it was righted."
有的船因为位置的原因，被淹没了，我亲眼看到其中一次翻了不下3次，但最后都被扶正了。”
Not all of the women and children got off the liner into the small boats.
并非所有的妇女和儿童都下了客轮进入小船。
"Women and children, under the protection of men, had clustered in lines on the port side of the ship," reported another survivor.
另一位幸存者报告说：“妇女和儿童在男人的保护下，聚集在船的左舷。”
"As the ship made her plunge down by the head, she finally took an angle of ninety degrees, and I saw this little army slide down toward the starboard side, dashing themselves against each other as they went, until they were engulfed."
“当船让她的头猛冲下去时，她最终形成了九十度的角度，我看到这支小军队向右舷滑落，边走边互相冲撞，直到被吞没。”
Even under the stress of avoiding death the sight of the sinking hull was one that held the attention of those in the water.
即使在避免死亡的压力下，船体下沉的景象仍然引起了水中人员的注意。
One of the sailors said afterward: "Her great hull rose into the air and neared the perpendicular.
一名水手事后说道：“她巨大的船体升入空中并接近垂直。
As the form of the vessel rose she seemed to shorten, and just as a duck dives so she disappeared.
随着船形的上升，她似乎变短了，就像鸭子俯冲一样，她消失了。
She went almost noiselessly.
她走得几乎无声无息。
Fortunately her propellers had stopped, for had these been going, the vortex of her four screws would have dragged down many of those whose lives were saved.
幸运的是，她的螺旋桨已经停止了，因为如果这些螺旋桨继续运转，她的四个螺旋桨的漩涡就会把许多获救的人拖下来。
She seemed to divide the water as smoothly as a knife would do it."
她似乎像刀一样顺利地分开了水。”
Twenty minutes after the torpedo had struck the ship she had disappeared beneath the surface of the sea.
鱼雷击中这艘船二十分钟后，她就消失在海面之下。
"Above the spot where she had gone down," said one of the men who escaped death, "there was nothing but a nondescript mass of floating wreckage.
“在她坠落的地方上方，”一名幸免于难的男子说道，“除了一大堆难以形容的漂浮残骸之外，什么也没有。
Everywhere one looked there was a sea of waving hands and arms, belonging to the struggling men and frantic women and children in agonizing efforts to keep afloat.
放眼望去，到处都是挥舞着的双手和手臂，属于奋力挣扎的男人、疯狂的女人和孩子们，他们正在努力维持生计。
That was the most horrible memory and sight of all."
那是最可怕的记忆和景象。”
Fishing boats and coasting steamers picked up many of the survivors some hours after the disaster.
灾难发生几小时后，渔船和沿海轮船救起了许多幸存者。
The frightened people in the small boats pulled for the shore after picking up as many persons as they dared without swamping their boats.
小船上受惊的人们在救起尽可能多的人后把船拉到岸边，但没有淹没他们的船。
Some floated about in the waters for three and four hours, kept up by their lifebelts.
有些人靠救生带在水中漂浮了三四个小时。
Some, who were good swimmers, managed to keep above water till help came; others became exhausted and sank.
有些人是游泳高手，他们设法保持在水面上直到救援到来；有些人则擅长游泳。其他人则筋疲力尽，沉了下去。
Probably the best story, covering the entire period from the time the ship was hit till the survivors were landed at Queenstown, was told by Dr. Daniel V.
丹尼尔·五世 (Daniel V.
Moore, an American physician: "After the explosion," said Dr. Moore, "quiet and order were soon accomplished by assurances from the stewards.
美国医生摩尔：“爆炸发生后，”摩尔医生说，“在乘务员的保证下，很快就恢复了安静和秩序。
I proceeded to the deck promenade for observation, and saw only that the ship was fast leaning to the starboard.
我走到甲板长廊观察，只见船正在快速向右舷倾斜。
I hurried toward my cabin below for a lifebelt, and turned back because of the difficulty in keeping upright.
我急忙跑到楼下的船舱去索救生带，又因为难以保持直立而折返。
I struggled to D deck and forward to the first-class cabin, where I saw a Catholic priest.
我费力地爬上D甲板，来到头等舱，在那里我看到了一位天主教神父。
"I could find no belts, and returned again toward E deck and saw a stewardess struggling to dislodge a belt.
“我找不到安全带，于是再次返回E甲板，看到一名空姐正在努力解开安全带。
I helped her with hers and secured one for myself.
我帮她买了一份，也为自己买了一份。
I then rushed to D deck and noticed one woman perched on the gunwale, watching a lowering lifeboat ten feet away.
然后我冲到 D 甲板，注意到一名妇女坐在船舷上，看着十英尺外一艘救生艇正在下降。
I pushed her down and into the boat, then I jumped in.
我把她推到船上，然后跳了进去。
The stern of the lifeboat continued to lower, but the bow stuck fast.
救生艇的船尾继续下降，但船头却牢牢地卡住了。
A stoker cut the bow ropes with a hatchet, and we dropped in a vertical position.
司炉用斧头砍断了弓绳，我们就垂直落下。
"A girl whom we had heard sing at a concert was struggling, and I caught her by the ankle and pulled her in.
“我们在音乐会上听到一个女孩唱歌，她正在挣扎，我抓住她的脚踝，把她拉了进去。
A man I grasped by the shoulders and I landed him safe.
我抓住了一个人的肩膀，把他安全落地。
He was the barber of the first-class cabin, and a more manly man I never met.
他是头等舱的理发师，是我从未见过的更有男子气概的男人。
"We pushed away hard to avoid the suck, but our boat was fast filling, and we bailed fast with one bucket and the women's hats.
“我们用力推开以避免吸水，但我们的船很快就装满了，我们用一个水桶和女帽快速地把水捞上来。
The man with the bucket became exhausted, and I relieved him.
提水桶的人已经筋疲力尽了，我帮他解了担。
In a few minutes she was filled level full.
几分钟后，她就被填满了。
Then a keg floated up, and I pitched it about ten feet away and followed it.
然后一个小桶浮了上来，我把它扔到十英尺外，然后跟着它。
After reaching the keg I turned to see what had been the fate of our boat.
到达小桶后，我转身想看看我们的船的命运如何。
She had capsized.
她翻船了。
Now a young steward, Freeman, approached me, clinging to a deck chair.
现在，一位年轻的乘务员，弗里曼，靠在一张躺椅上向我走来。
I urged him to grab the other side of the keg several times.
我好几次催促他抓住小桶的另一边。
He grew faint, but harsh speaking roused him.
他变得虚弱，但严厉的话语让他清醒了。
Once he said: 'I am going to go.' But I ridiculed this, and it gave him strength.
有一次他说：“我要走了。”但我嘲笑了这一点，这给了他力量。
"The good boat _Brock_ and her splendid officers and men took us aboard.
“布洛克号好船和她出色的官兵们把我们带上了船。
"At the scene of the catastrophe the surface of the water seemed dotted with bodies.
“在灾难现场，水面上似乎布满了尸体。
Only a few of the lifeboats seemed to be doing any good.
只有少数救生艇似乎还能发挥作用。
The cries of 'My God!' 'Save us!' and 'Help!' gradually grew weaker from all sides, and finally a low weeping, wailing, inarticulate sound, mingled with coughing and gargling, made me heartsick.
“我的上帝！”的呼喊声“救救我们！”和“救命！”渐渐地，四面八方的力量越来越弱，最后，一声低沉的哭泣、哀号、说不出的声音，夹杂着咳嗽和漱口，让我心痛不已。
I saw many men die.
我看到很多人死去。
Some appeared to be sleepy and worn out just before they went down."
有些人在倒下之前似乎很困并且疲惫不堪。”
Officials of the Cunard Line claimed afterward that three submarines had been engaged in the attack on the liner, but, after all evidence had been sifted, the claim made by the Germans that only one had been present was found to be true.
丘纳德航运公司的官员后来声称，有三艘潜艇参与了对邮轮的袭击，但在筛选了所有证据后，德国人声称只有一艘潜艇在场的说法被证明是真实的。
The commander of the submarine had evidently been well informed as to just what route the liner would take.
潜艇的指挥官显然非常清楚这艘客轮将走哪条航线。
Trouble with her engines, which developed after she had left New York, had brought her speed down to 18 knots, a circumstance which was in favor of the attacking vessel, for it could not have done much damage with a torpedo had she been going at her highest speed; it would have given her a chance to cross the path of the torpedo as it approached.
离开纽约后，她的发动机出现了故障，导致她的速度降至 18 节，这种情况对攻击舰有利，因为如果她以最高速度行驶，鱼雷不可能造成太大伤害；当鱼雷接近时，这会让她有机会穿过鱼雷的路径。
No sign of the submarine was noticed by the lookout or by any of the passengers on the _Lusitania_ until it was too late to maneuver her to a position of safety.
瞭望员或卢西塔尼亚号上的任何乘客都没有注意到潜艇的迹象，直到为时已晚，无法将其操纵到安全位置。
A few moments before the white wake of the approaching torpedo was espied, the periscope had been seen as it came to the surface of the water.
就在发现接近鱼雷的白色尾迹之前几分钟，潜望镜浮出了水面。
From that moment onward the liner was doomed.
从那一刻起，客轮就注定失败了。
The German admiralty report of the actual sinking of the ship, which was issued on the 14th of May, 1915, was brief.
德国海军部于 1915 年 5 月 14 日发布的关于该船实际沉没的报告很简短。
It read: "A submarine sighted the steamship _Lusitania_, which showed no flag, May 7, 2.20 Central European time, afternoon, on the southeast coast of Ireland, in fine, clear weather.
上面写道：“欧洲中部时间 5 月 7 日下午 2 点 20 分，天气晴朗，一艘潜艇在爱尔兰东南海岸发现了没有旗帜的卢西塔尼亚号轮船。
"At 3.10 o'clock one torpedo was fired at the _Lusitania_, which hit her starboard side below the captain's bridge.
“3点10分，一枚鱼雷向卢西塔尼亚号发射，击中了船长驾驶台下方的右舷。
The detonation of the torpedo was followed immediately by a further explosion of extremely strong effect.
鱼雷爆炸后，立即又发生了一次威力极强的爆炸。
The ship quickly listed to starboard and began to sink.
船很快右舷倾斜并开始下沉。
"The second explosion must be traced back to the ignition of quantities of ammunition inside the ship."
“第二次爆炸必须追溯到船内大量弹药的点燃。”
One of the effects of the sinking of the _Lusitania_ was to cut down the number of passengers sailing to and from America to Europe on ships flying flags of belligerent nations.
卢西塔尼亚号沉没的影响之一是减少了悬挂交战国旗帜的船只往返美洲和欧洲的乘客数量。
Attacks by submarines on neutral ships did not abate, however, for on the 15th of May, 1915, the Danish steamer _Martha_ was torpedoed in broad daylight and in view of crowds ashore off the coast of Aberdeen Bay.
然而，潜艇对中立船只的攻击并没有减少，因为 1915 年 5 月 15 日，丹麦轮船_玛莎号在光天化日之下在阿伯丁湾海岸上岸的人群面前被鱼雷击中。
The sinking of ships in the "war zone" continued in spite of rumors that the German admiralty was expected to discontinue operations of the submarines against merchantmen on account of the unfriendly feeling aroused in neutral nations, particularly the United States.
尽管有传言称，由于中立国家，特别是美国的不友好情绪，预计德国海军部将停止针对商船的潜艇行动，但“战区”的船只沉没仍在继续。
On the 19th of May, 1915, came the news that the British steamship _Dumcree_ had been torpedoed off a point in the English Channel.
1915 年 5 月 19 日，传来英国轮船“邓克里”号在英吉利海峡某处被鱼雷击中的消息。
A torpedo fired into her hull failed to sink her immediately, and a Norwegian ship came to her aid, passing her a cable and attempting to tow her to port.
一枚鱼雷射入她的船体，但未能立即击沉她，一艘挪威船只赶来救援，向她传递了一根缆绳，并试图将她拖到港口。
But the submarine returned, and fearing attack, the Norwegian ship made off.
但潜艇返回，挪威舰艇因担心受到攻击而离开。
A second torpedo fired at the _Dumcree_ had better effect than the first one, and she began to settle.
向杜姆克里号发射的第二枚鱼雷比第一枚效果更好，她开始稳定下来。
When the submarine left the scene the Norwegian steamship again returned to the _Dumcree_ and managed to take off all of her crew and passengers.
当潜艇离开现场时，挪威轮船再次返回_Dumcree_并设法带走了所有船员和乘客。
Three trawlers, one of them French, were sunk in the same neighborhood during the next forty-eight hours.
在接下来的四十八小时内，三艘拖网渔船（其中一艘是法国渔船）在同一地区被击沉。
As soon as Italy entered the war an attempt was made by the Teutonic Powers to establish the same sort of submarine blockade in the Adriatic which obtained in the waters around Great Britain.
意大利一参战，条顿强国就试图在亚得里亚海建立与英国周围海域相同的潜艇封锁。
This was evinced when the captain of the Italian steamship _Marsala_ reported on May 21, 1915, that his ship had been stopped by an Austrian submarine, but the latter not wishing to disclose its location to the Italian navy, allowed his ship to proceed unharmed.
1915 年 5 月 21 日，意大利轮船“马萨拉”号的船长报告说，他的船被一艘奥地利潜艇拦截，但后者不愿向意大利海军透露其位置，允许他的船毫发无伤地继续前进，这一点就证明了这一点。
The suspicion that the German admiralty maintained bases for their submarines right on the coasts of Great Britain where the submersible craft could obtain oil for driving their engines, as well as supplies of compressed air and of food for the crew, was confirmed on the 14th of May, 1915, when it was reported that agents of the British admiralty had discovered caches of the kind at various points in the Orkney Islands, in the Bay of Biscay, and on the north and west coasts of Ireland.
1915 年 5 月 14 日，人们怀疑德国海军部在大不列颠海岸为其潜艇保留了基地，潜水艇可以在那里获得用于驱动发动机的机油以及压缩空气和船员食物，当时有报道称，英国海军部特工在奥克尼群岛、比斯开湾以及英国北部和西海岸的多个地点发现了此类藏匿处。爱尔兰。
In order to damage shipping in the "war zone" by having ships go wrong through having no guiding lights an attack was made by a German submarine on the lighthouse at Fastnet, on the southern coast of Ireland, on the night of May 25, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 25 日夜间，一艘德国潜艇对爱尔兰南部海岸法斯特内特的灯塔进行了攻击，目的是让船只因没有导航灯而出错，从而损害“战区”的航运。
Shortly after nine in the evening the submarine was sighted in the waters near the lighthouse by persons on shore.
晚上九点刚过不久，岸上的人们在灯塔附近的水域发现了这艘潜艇。
She was about ten miles from Fastnet, near Barley Cove.
她距离大麦湾附近的法斯特内特大约十英里。
When she came near enough to the lighthouse to use her deck guns, men on shore opened fire on her with rifles, and she submerged, not to reappear in that neighborhood again.
当她足够靠近灯塔以使用甲板炮时，岸上的人用步枪向她开火，她淹没了，再也没有出现在那个附近。
But this same submarine managed to do other damage.
但这艘潜艇还造成了其他损害。
The American steamship _Nebraskan_ was in the neighborhood on its way to New York.
美国内布拉斯加号轮船在前往纽约的途中就在附近。
The sea was calm and the ship was traveling at 12 knots, when some time near nine o'clock in the evening a shock was felt aboard.
海面风平浪静，船以 12 节的速度行驶，当晚九点左右的某个时间，船上感到震动。
A second later there came a terrific explosion, and a subsequent investigation showed that a large hole, 20 feet square, had been torn in her starboard bow, not far from the water line.
一秒钟后，发生了可怕的爆炸，随后的调查显示，距离吃水线不远的右舷船头被撕开了一个 20 平方英尺的大洞。
When she began to settle the captain ordered all hands into the small boats.
当她开始安顿下来时，船长命令所有的人都进入小船。
They stayed near the damaged ship for an hour and saw that she was not going to sink.
他们在受损的船附近待了一个小时，发现她不会沉没。
When they got aboard again they found that a bulkhead was keeping out the water sufficiently to allow her to proceed under her own steam.
当他们再次登船时，他们发现舱壁足以挡住水，使她能够在自己的蒸汽下继续前进。
In crippled condition she made for port, being convoyed later by two British warships which answered her calls for help.
她在残废的情况下前往港口，后来由两艘英国军舰护航，这艘军舰回应了她的求救。
In spite of the sharp diplomatic representations which were at the time passing back and forth between Germany and the United States over the matter of the German submarine warfare, the craft kept up as active a campaign against merchant ships as they did before the issues became pointed.
尽管当时德国和美国之间就德国潜艇战问题进行了尖锐的外交交涉，但该舰仍然像问题被指出之前一样积极地针对商船进行攻击。
On May 28, 1915, there came the news that three more ships had been sent to the bottom.
1915年5月28日，传来消息，又有三艘船被送入海底。
The _Spennymoor_, a new ship, was chased and torpedoed off Start Point, near the Orkney Islands.
_Spennymoor_，一艘新船，在奥克尼群岛附近的起始点被追击并被鱼雷击中。
Some of her crew were drowned when the lifeboat in which they were getting away capsized, carrying them down.
一些船员在逃离时乘坐的救生艇倾覆，导致他们溺水身亡。
On the same day the large liner _Argyllshire_ was chased and fired upon by the deck guns of a hostile submarine, but she managed to get away.
同一天，大型客轮阿盖尔郡号遭到一艘敌方潜艇的甲板炮的追击和射击，但她设法逃脱了。
Not so fortunate, however, was the steamship _Cadesby_.
然而，卡兹比号轮船就没那么幸运了。
While off the Scilly Islands on the afternoon of May 28, 1915, a German submarine hailed her, firing a shot from a deck gun across her bows as a signal to halt.
1915 年 5 月 28 日下午，在锡利群岛附近，一艘德国潜艇向她招手，并从甲板炮向她的船头发射了一枪，作为停止的信号。
Time was given for the crew and passengers to get into small boats, and when these were at a distance from the ship the deck guns of the submarine were again brought into action, and after firing thirty shots into her hull they sank her.
船员和乘客有时间登上小船，当这些小船距船较远时，潜艇的甲板炮再次启动，向她的船体发射三十枪后将她击沉。
The third victim was the Swedish ship _Roosvall_.
第三名受害者是瑞典舰“罗斯瓦尔”号。
She was stopped and boarded off Malmoe by the crew of a German submarine.
她被一艘德国潜艇的船员拦截并登上了马尔默。
After examining her papers they permitted her to proceed, but later sent a torpedo into her, sinking her.
在检查了她的文件后，他们允许她继续前进，但后来向她发射了一枚鱼雷，将她击沉。
A new raider, the _U-24_, made its appearance in the English Channel during the last week in May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月的最后一周，一架新型突袭机 _U-24_ 出现在英吉利海峡。
On the twenty-eighth of the month this submarine sank the liner _Ethiope_.
本月二十八日，这艘潜艇击沉了“埃塞俄比亚”号客轮。
The captain of the steamship attempted some clever maneuvering, which did not accomplish its object.
轮船的船长尝试了一些巧妙的操纵，但没有达到目的。
He paid no attention to a shot from the deck guns of the submarine which passed across his bow.
他没有注意到潜艇甲板炮从他的船头射出的一发子弹。
The hostile craft then began to circle around the liner, while the rudder of the latter was put at a wide angle in an effort to keep either stern or bow of the ship toward the submarine, thus making a poor target for a torpedo.
然后，敌方船只开始绕着这艘客轮盘旋，而后者的舵被置于一个大角度，以努力使船尾或船头朝向潜艇，从而成为鱼雷的不良目标。
But the commander of the submarine saw through the movement and ordered fire with his deck guns.
但潜艇指挥官看到了这一动静，下令用甲板炮开火。
After shells had taken away the ship's bridge and had punctured her hull near the stern the crew and passengers were ordered into the small boats.
炮弹摧毁了船桥并击穿了船尾附近的船体，船员和乘客被命令登上小船。
They had hardly gotten twenty feet from their ship when she was rent by a violent explosion and went down.
他们刚离开船二十英尺，船就被猛烈的爆炸撕裂并沉没了。
The transatlantic liner _Megantic_ had better luck, for she managed to escape a pursuing submarine on May 29, 1915, as she was nearing Queenstown, Ireland, homeward bound.
跨大西洋客轮梅甘蒂克号运气较好，1915 年 5 月 29 日，当她接近爱尔兰皇后镇返航时，她成功逃脱了一艘追击的潜艇。
A notable change in the methods adopted by the commanders of submarines as a result of orders issued by the German admiralty in answer to the protests throughout the press of the neutral nations after the sinking of the _Lusitania_ was the giving of warning to intended victims.
卢西塔尼亚号沉没后，德国海军部为回应中立国媒体的抗议而发布命令，潜艇指挥官采取的方法发生了显着变化，那就是向预期的受害者发出警告。
By the end of May, 1915, in almost every instance where a German submarine stopped and sank a merchantman the crew was given time to get off their ship and the submarine did not hesitate to show itself.
到 1915 年 5 月底，几乎每次德国潜艇停下并击沉一艘商船时，船员都会有时间下船，而潜艇也会毫不犹豫地现身。
In fact, warning to stop was generally given when the submarine's deck was above water and the gun mounted there had the victim "covered." This was done in the case of the British steamship _Tullochmoor_, which was torpedoed off Ushant near the most westerly islands of Brittany, France.
事实上，当潜艇的甲板露出水面并且安装在那里的枪“覆盖”受害者时，通常会发出停止警告。英国轮船_Tullochmoor_就是这样做的，该船在法国布列塔尼最西端岛屿附近的乌桑特附近被鱼雷击中。
On the 1st of June, 1915, there came the news of the sinking of the British ship _Dixiana_, near Ushant, by a German submarine which approached by aid of a clever disguise.
1915 年 6 月 1 日，传来消息称，一艘德国潜艇在乌尚特附近击沉了英国船只_Dixiana_，这艘潜艇巧妙地进行了伪装。
The crew managed to get off the ship in time; when they landed on shore they reported that the submarine had been seen and on account of sails which she carried was thought to be an innocent fishing boat.
船员们及时下船；当他们登陆岸上时，他们报告说有人看到了这艘潜艇，并且由于她携带的帆被认为是一艘无辜的渔船。
The disguise was penetrated too late for the _Dixiana_ to make its escape.
伪装被识破为时已晚，迪克西安娜号无法逃脱。
The clear and calm weather which came with June, 1915, made greater activity on the part of German submarines possible.
1915 年 6 月天气晴朗、风平浪静，使得德国潜艇可以进行更大的活动。
On the 4th of June, 1915, it was reported by the British admiralty that six more ships had been made victims, three of them being those of neutral countries.
1915年6月4日，英国海军部报告说，又有六艘船只遇难，其中三艘是中立国的船只。
In the next twenty-four hours the number was increased by eleven, and eight more were added by the 9th of June, 1915.
在接下来的 24 小时内，这个数字增加了 11 个，到 1915 年 6 月 9 日又增加了 8 个。
On that date Mr. Balfour, Secretary of the British admiralty, announced that a German submarine had been sunk, though he did not state what had been the scene of the action.
当天，英国海军大臣贝尔福先生宣布一艘德国潜艇被击沉，但他没有说明行动现场是什么。
At the same time he announced that Great Britain would henceforth treat the captured crew of submarines in the same manner as were treated other war prisoners, and that the policy of separating these men from the others and of giving them harsher treatment would be abandoned.
同时他宣布英国今后将像对待其他战俘一样对待被俘的潜艇船员，并且将放弃将这些人与其他人分开以及给予他们更严厉待遇的政策。
On the 20th of June, 1915, the day's reports of losses due to the operations of German submarines, issued by the British Government, contained the news of the sinking of the two British torpedo boats, the _No.
1915 年 6 月 20 日，当天英国政府发布的德国潜艇行动损失报告中包含了两艘英国鱼雷艇“_No.1”沉没的消息。
10_ and the _No.
10_ 和 _No。
20_.
20_。
No details were made public concerning just how they went down.
关于它们如何坠落的细节没有公开。
On the same day the Italian admiralty announced that a cache maintained to supply submarines belonging to the Teutonic Powers and operating in the Mediterranean, had been discovered on a lonely part of the coast near Kalimno, an island off the southwest coast of Asia Minor.
同一天，意大利海军部宣布，在小亚细亚西南海岸附近卡利姆诺岛附近海岸的一个偏僻地区发现了一个为条顿国家和在地中海作战的潜艇提供补给的储藏室。
Ninety-six barrels of benzine and fifteen hundred barrels of other fuel were found and destroyed.
九十六桶汽油和一千五百桶其他燃料被发现并被销毁。
It was believed that this supply had been shipped as kerosene from Saloniki to Piraeus.
据信，这些供应是作为煤油从萨洛尼基运往比雷埃夫斯的。
How submarines belonging to Germany had reached the southern theatre of naval warfare had been a matter of speculation for the outside world.
德国潜艇如何到达海战南部战区一直是外界猜测的问题。
But on the 6th of June, 1915, Captain Otto Hersing made public the manner in which he took the _U-51_ on a 3,000 mile trip from Wilhelmshaven on the North Sea to Constantinople.
但在 1915 年 6 月 6 日，奥托·赫辛上尉公开了他驾驶 _U-51_ 从北海威廉港到君士坦丁堡 3,000 英里的旅程的方式。
He was the commander who managed to torpedo the British battleships _Triumph_ and _Majestic_.
他是成功用鱼雷击沉英国战列舰凯旋号和雄伟号的指挥官。
He received his orders to sail on the 25th of April, 1915, and immediately began to stock his ship with extra amounts of fuel and provisions, allowing only his first officer and chief engineer to know the destination of their craft.
1915 年 4 月 25 日，他收到了启航的命令，并立即开始为他的船补充额外的燃料和补给，只允许他的大副和轮机长知道他们的飞船的目的地。
He traveled on the surface of the water as soon as he had passed the guard of British warships near the German coast; traveling "light" allowed him to make six or seven knots more in speed.
他一经过德国海岸附近英国军舰的守卫，就在水面上航行； “轻装”旅行使他的速度提高了六到七节。
As he passed through the "war zone" he kept watch for merchantmen which might be made victims of his torpedo tubes.
当他穿过“战区”时，他一直监视着可能成为鱼雷发射管受害者的商船。
His craft was sighted by a British destroyer, however, off the English coast and he had to submerge to escape the fire of the destroyer's guns.
然而，在英国海岸附近，一艘英国驱逐舰发现了他的飞船，他不得不潜入水中以躲避驱逐舰炮火。
He then proceeded cautiously down the coast of France, encountering no hostile ships.
然后他小心翼翼地沿着法国海岸前进，没有遇到敌对船只。
When within one hundred miles of Gibraltar he was again discovered by British destroyers, but again managed to escape by submerging his craft.
当距离直布罗陀一百英里时，他再次被英国驱逐舰发现，但再次通过淹没他的飞船成功逃脱。
Passage through the Strait of Gibraltar was made in the early morning hours, while a mist hung near the surface of the water and permitted no one at the fort to see the wake of the _U-51's_ periscope.
穿越直布罗陀海峡是在清晨，当时水面附近笼罩着一层薄雾，堡垒里的任何人都无法看到_U-51_潜望镜的尾迹。
Once inside the Mediterranean he headed for the south of Greece, escaping attack from a French destroyer and proceeding through the AEgean Sea to the Dardanelles.
进入地中海后，他前往希腊南部，躲避了法国驱逐舰的攻击，并穿过爱琴海到达达达尼尔海峡。
The journey ended on the 25th of May, just one month after leaving Wilhelmshaven.
旅程于 5 月 25 日结束，距离开威廉港仅一个月。
The British ships _Triumph_ and _Majestic_ were sighted early in the morning, but attack upon them was difficult on account of the destroyers which circled about them; one of the destroyers passed right over the _U-51_ while she was submerged.
英国舰艇凯旋号和雄伟号在清晨就被发现，但由于驱逐舰在它们周围盘旋，攻击它们很困难；当_U-51_号被淹没时，其中一艘驱逐舰正好从她上方掠过。
Captain Hersing brought her to the surface soon afterward and let go the torpedo which sank the _Triumph_.
不久之后，赫辛船长将她带上水面，并发射了鱼雷，击沉了凯旋号。
For the next two days the submarine lay submerged, but came up on the following day and found itself right in the midst of the allied fleet.
在接下来的两天里，这艘潜艇一直处于水下状态，但第二天又浮出水面，发现自己正处于盟军舰队的中间。
This time the _Majestic_ was taken as the target for a torpedo and she went down.
这次，雄伟号被鱼雷瞄准，她沉没了。
Again submerging his vessel Captain Hersing kept it down for another day, and when he again came to the surface he saw that the fleets had moved away.
赫辛船长再次潜入水中，又将其沉没了一天，当他再次浮出水面时，他看到舰队已经离开。
He then returned to Constantinople.
随后他返回君士坦丁堡。
On the 23d of June, 1915, the British cruiser _Roxborough_, an older ship, was hit by a torpedo fired by a German submarine in the North Sea, but the damage inflicted was not enough to prevent her from making port under her own steam.
1915 年 6 月 23 日，英国巡洋舰罗克斯伯勒号是一艘较旧的船，在北海被一艘德国潜艇发射的鱼雷击中，但所造成的损害不足以阻止她自行靠港。
The deaths of a number of Americans occurred on the 28th of June, 1915, when the Leyland liner _Armenian_, carrying horses for the allied armies, was torpedoed by the _U-38_, twenty miles west by north of Trevose Head in Cornwall.
1915 年 6 月 28 日，为盟军运送马匹的利兰号客轮“亚美尼亚号”在康沃尔郡特雷沃斯角以北 20 英里处被 U-38 鱼雷击中，造成多名美国人死亡。
According to the story of the captain of the vessel, the submarine fired two shots to signal him to stop.
据船长的说法，潜艇开了两枪示意他停止。
When he put on all speed in an attempt to get away from the raider her guns opened on his ship with shrapnel, badly riddling it.
当他全速试图逃离袭击者时，她的枪在他的船上发射了弹片，严重地打穿了他的船。
She had caught fire and was burning in three places before he signaled that he would surrender.
在他示意投降之前，她已经着火了，三处都在燃烧。
Thirteen men had meanwhile been killed by the shrapnel.
与此同时，有十三名男子被弹片炸死。
Some of the lifeboats had also been riddled by the firing from the submarine's deck guns, making it more difficult for the crew to leave the ship.
一些救生艇还被潜艇甲板炮的射击打得千疮百孔，使船员更难离开船只。
The German commander gave him ample time to get his boats off.
德国指挥官给了他充足的时间让他的船只离开。
To offset the advantage which the Germans had with their submarines the British admiralty commissioned ten such craft during the week of June 28, 1915.
为了抵消德国潜艇的优势，英国海军部在 1915 年 6 月 28 日这一周委托建造了 10 艘此类潜艇。
These vessels were of American build and design and were assembled in Canada.
这些船只由美国建造和设计，并在加拿大组装。
During the week mentioned they were manned by men sent for the purpose from England.
在提到的一周内，他们由从英国派来的人员负责操作。
Each was manned by four officers and eighteen men, to take them across the Atlantic.
每艘船由四名军官和十八名男子驾驶，带领他们横渡大西洋。
Never before in history had so many submarines undertaken a voyage as great.
历史上从未有过如此多的潜艇完成如此伟大的航行。
They got under way from Quebec on July 2, 1915, and proceeded in column two abreast, a big auxiliary cruiser, which acted as their escort steaming in the center.
他们于 1915 年 7 月 2 日从魁北克出发，以第二纵队并列前进，一艘大型辅助巡洋舰在中间充当护航舰。
The next large liner which had an encounter with the German submarine _U-39_ was the _Anglo-Californian_.
下一艘与德国潜艇_U-39_遭遇的大型客轮是_Anglo-Californian_。
She came into Queenstown on the morning of July 5, 1915, with nine dead sailors lying on the deck, nine wounded men in their bunks, and holes in her sides made by shot and shell.
1915 年 7 月 5 日早晨，她抵达皇后镇，甲板上躺着 9 名死去的水手，铺位上躺着 9 名受伤人员，两侧的炮弹和炮弹在她的两侧留下了多个洞。
She had withstood attack from a German submarine for four hours.
她已经抵御了德国潜艇的攻击四个小时。
Her escape from destruction was accomplished through only the spirit of the captain and his crew, combined with the fact that patrol vessels came to her aid forcing the submarine to submerge.
她从毁灭中逃脱只能靠船长和船员的精神，再加上巡逻艇的帮助，迫使潜艇沉入水中。
A variety in the methods used by the commanders of German submarines was revealed in the stopping of the Norwegian ship _Vega_ which was stopped on the 15th of July, while voyaging from Bergen to Newcastle.
德国潜艇指挥官使用的各种方法在 7 月 15 日拦截挪威舰艇 _Vega_ 时暴露无遗，该舰在从卑尔根前往纽卡斯尔的航行中被拦截。
The submarine came alongside the steamship at night and the commander of the submarine supervised the jettisoning of her cargo of 200 tons of salmon, 800 cases of butter, and 4,000 cases of sardines, which was done at his command under threat of sinking his victim.
潜艇在夜间靠近轮船，潜艇指挥官监督丢弃了船上的货物，包括200吨鲑鱼、800箱黄油和4000箱沙丁鱼，这是在他的命令下完成的，威胁要击沉受害者。
The week of July 15, 1915, was unique in that not one British vessel was made the victim of a German submarine during that period, though two Russian vessels had been sunk.
1915 年 7 月 15 日这一周是独一无二的，因为在此期间没有一艘英国船只成为德国潜艇的受害者，尽管有两艘俄罗斯船只被击沉。
Figures compiled by the British admiralty and issued on the 22d of July, 1915, gave out the following information concerning the attacks on merchantmen by German submarines since the German admiralty's proclamation of a "war zone" around Great Britain went into effect on the 18th of February, 1915.
英国海军部编制并于 1915 年 7 月 22 日发布的数据给出了自德国海军部于 1915 年 2 月 18 日宣布在英国周围设立“战区”以来有关德国潜艇袭击商船的以下信息。
The official figures were as follows:
官方数据如下：
Week ending Vessels lost Lives lost Feb.
2 月结束的一周 失去的船只 失去的生命
25, 1915 11 9 March 4, " 1 None March 11, " 7 38 March 18, " 6 13 March 25, " 7 2 April 1, " 13 165 April 8, " 8 13 April 15, " 4 None April 22, " 3 10 April 29, " 3 None May 6, " 24 5 May 13, " 2 1,260 May 20, " 7 13 May 27, " 7 7 June 3, " 36 21 June 10, " 36 21 June 17, " 19 19 June 24, " 3 1 July 1, " 9 29 July 8, " 15 2 July 15, " 12 13 July 22, " 2 None 235 1,641
25, 1915 11 9 March 4, " 1 无 3月11日, " 7 38 March 18, " 6 13 March 25, " 7 4月1日2日, " 13 165 四月8日, " 8 13 April 15, " 4 无 4月22日, " 3 10 April 29, " 3 无 5月6日, " 24 5月5日13, " 2 1,260 5月20日, " 7 13 May 27, " 7 7 6月3日, " 36 6月21日, " 36 21 June 17, " 19 19 June 24, " 3 1 7月1日, " 9 29 7月8日, " 15 2 7月15日, " 12 13 7月22日, " 2 无 235 1,641
The first year of the Great War came to an end with the German submarines as active in the "war zone" as they had been during any part of it.
第一次世界大战的第一年结束时，德国潜艇在“战区”中一如既往地活跃。
On the 28th of July, 1915, the anniversary of the commencement of the war, there was reported the sinking of nine vessels.
1915 年 7 月 28 日，战争爆发周年纪念日，据报道有 9 艘船只沉没。
These were the Swedish steamer _Emma_, the three Danish schooners _Maria_, _Neptunis,_ and _Lena_, the British steamer _Mangara_, the trawlers _Iceni_ and _Salacia_, the _Westward_ Ho, and the Swedish bark _Sagnadalen_.
这些是瑞典轮船_Emma_，三艘丹麦纵帆船_Maria_、_Neptunis_和_Lena_，英国轮船_Mangara_，拖网渔船_Iceni_和_Salacia_，_Westward_ Ho以及瑞典三桅帆船_Sagnadalen_。
No lives were lost with any of these vessels.
这些船只均未造成人员伤亡。
The first year of the war closed with a cloud gathered over the heads of the members of the German admiralty raised by the irritation the submarine attacks in the "war zone" had caused.
战争的第一年结束时，德国海军部成员的头顶上笼罩着一层阴云，因为“战区”的潜艇袭击引起了愤怒。
Germany's enemies protested against the illegality of these attacks; neutral nations protested because they held that their rights had been overridden.
德国的敌人抗议这些袭击的非法性；中立国家提出抗议，因为他们认为自己的权利被剥夺了。
But the German press showed the feeling of the German public on the matter--at the end of July, 1915, it was as anxious as ever to have the attacks continued.
但德国媒体表明了德国公众对此事的感受——1915 年 7 月底，他们一如既往地渴望袭击继续下去。
Conflicting claims were issued in Germany and England.
德国和英国提出了相互矛盾的主张。
In the former country it was claimed that the attacks had seriously damaged commerce; in the latter it was claimed that the damage was of little account.
在前国家，据称袭击严重损害了商业；在后者中，据称损失微乎其微。
PART VI--THE EASTERN FRONT--AUSTRO-RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
第六部分——东线——奥俄战役
CHAPTER XXXV
第三十五章
THE CARPATHIAN CAMPAIGN--REVIEW OF THE SITUATION
喀尔巴阡战役——形势回顾
In the beginning of 1915 comparative calm reigned over the Austro-Russian theatre of war, so far as actual hostilities were concerned.
1915 年初，就实际的敌对行动而言，奥俄战区相对平静。
But it was not altogether the variable climatic conditions of alternate frost and thaw--the latter converting road and valley into impassable quagmires--that caused the lull.
但造成平静的并不完全是霜冻交替的气候条件——后者将道路和山谷变成了无法通行的泥潭。
It was a short winter pause during which the opposing forces--on one side at least--were preparing and gathering the requisite momentum for the coming storm.
这是一个短暂的冬季停顿，在此期间，敌对势力——至少在一侧——正在为即将到来的风暴做准备并聚集必要的动力。
During January, 1915, the Russian armies were in a decidedly favorable position.
1915 年 1 月，俄罗斯军队处于明显有利的位置。
In their own invaded territory of Poland, as we have seen, they held an advanced position in front of the Vistula, which circumstance enabled them to utilize that river as a line of communication, while barring the way to Warsaw against Von Hindenburg.
正如我们所看到的，在他们自己入侵的波兰领土上，他们在维斯瓦河前占据了前沿阵地，这种情况使他们能够利用该河作为交通线，同时封锁通往华沙的道路以对抗冯·兴登堡。
Lemberg, the capital of Galicia, which they had captured in September, 1914, was still in their hands.
1914 年 9 月他们占领的加利西亚首府伦贝格仍然在他们手中。
Sixty miles away to the west there lay the great fortress of Przemysl, invested by the Russians under General Selivanoff, and completely cut off from the outer world since November 12, 1914.
向西 60 英里处坐落着巨大的普热梅希尔要塞，由塞利瓦诺夫将军领导的俄罗斯人占领，自 1914 年 11 月 12 日起就完全与外界隔绝。
At least 150,000 troops and enormous quantities of stores and munitions were locked up in the town and outlying forts, together with a population of 50,000 inhabitants, mostly Polish.
至少 150,000 名士兵和大量物资和弹药被锁在该镇和边远的堡垒中，还有 50,000 名居民，其中大部分是波兰人。
In addition to these material advantages, the Russians held all the Carpathian passes leading from Galicia into the vast plains of Hungary, and a strong advanced position on the Dunajec in the west, which, besides threatening Cracow, the capital of Austrian Poland, served also as a screen to the mountain operations.
除了这些物质优势之外，俄军还掌握着从加利西亚通往匈牙利广阔平原的所有喀尔巴阡山口，以及西部杜纳耶茨的强大前沿阵地，除了威胁奥属波兰首都克拉科夫外，还充当了山地作战的屏障。
Finally, to the far east of the range, they had occupied nearly the whole of the Bukowina right up to the Rumanian frontier.
最后，在山脉的最东边，他们几乎占领了整个布科维纳，一直到罗马尼亚边境。
Such, briefly, was the situation on the Austro-Russian front when the second winter campaign opened.
这就是第二次冬季战役开始时奥俄前线的情况。
For Austria the situation was extremely critical.
对于奥地利来说，形势极其严峻。
Her armies, broken and scattered after a series of disastrous reverses, could scarcely hope by their own efforts to stem the threatened invasion of Hungary.
她的军队在经历了一系列灾难性的挫折后支离破碎，几乎不可能指望靠自己的努力阻止对匈牙利的入侵。
General Brussilov, however, made no serious attempt to pour his troops through the passes into the plain below; although what was probably a reconnaissance emerged from the Uzsok Pass and penetrated as far as Munkacs, some thirty miles south, while on several occasions small bands of Cossacks descended from the Dukla and Delatyn (Jablonitza) passes to raid Hungarian villages.
然而，布鲁西洛夫将军并没有认真地尝试将他的部队从山口涌入下面的平原。尽管可能是侦察行动从乌兹索克山口出发，一直深入到以南约三十英里的蒙卡奇，同时有几次小股哥萨克人从杜克拉和德拉廷（雅布洛尼察）山口袭击匈牙利村庄。
General Brussilov evidently regarded it inadvisable to risk an invasion of the plain, especially as he did not hold control of the southern exits from the passes, beyond which he would be exposed to attack from all sides and liable to encounter superior forces.
布鲁西洛夫将军显然认为冒险入侵平原是不明智的，特别是因为他无法控制山口的南部出口，越过这些出口他将面临来自四面八方的攻击，并可能遭遇优势部队。
The main Austrian anxiety for the moment was the precarious position of Przemysl, to relieve which it was first essential to dislodge Brussilov or to pierce his line.
目前奥地利人的主要忧虑是普热梅希尔的岌岌可危的地位，为了缓解这种状况，首先必须驱逐布鲁西洛夫或刺穿他的防线。
Again, in the hour of her extremity, Austria's powerful ally came to the rescue.
在奥地利最危急的时刻，她的强大盟友再次出手相救。
[Illustration: The Carpathian Passes and Russian Battle Line.]
[插图：喀尔巴阡山口和俄罗斯战线。]
Under the command of the Archduke Eugene the Austrian troops--all that were available--were formed into three separate armies.
在尤金大公的指挥下，所有可用的奥地利军队被分成三个独立的军队。
For convenience sake we will designate them A, B, and C.
为了方便起见，我们将它们指定为 A、B 和 C。
Army A, under General Boehm-Ermolli, was ordered to the section from the Dukla Pass to the Uzsog.
伯姆-埃尔莫利将军指挥的 A 集团军奉命进驻从杜克拉山口到乌兹索格的路段。
It was charged with the task of cutting a way through to relieve Przemysl.
它的任务是开辟一条道路来解救普热梅希尔。
Army B, under the German General von Linsingen, who also had some German troops with him, was to assail the next section eastward, from the Uzsog to the Wyszkow Pass; and Army C, under the Austrian General von Pflanzer-Baltin, likewise supplied with a good "stiffening" of German soldiers, was accredited to the far-eastern section--the Pruth Valley and the Bukowina.
B集团军由德国将军冯·林辛根率领，并率领一些德国部队，向东进攻下一个路段，从乌兹索格到威什科夫山口；奥地利将军冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷指挥的C集团军，同样配备了大量的德国士兵，被派往远东地区——普鲁斯河谷和布科维纳。
These three armies represented the fighting machine with which Austria hoped to retrieve the misfortunes of war and recover at the same time her military prestige and her invaded territories.
这三支军队代表着奥地利希望挽回战争不幸、同时恢复军事威望和被侵略领土的战斗机器。
We have no reliable information to enable us to estimate the exact strength of these armies, but there is every reason to believe that it was considerable, having regard to the urgency of the situation and the bitter experience of the recent past.
我们没有可靠的信息来估计这些军队的确切兵力，但考虑到局势的紧迫性和最近的痛苦经历，我们有充分的理由相信，其兵力相当大。
Hence the figure of 400,000 men is probably approximately correct.
因此，400,000 人的数字可能是大致正确的。
Somewhere about January 23, 1914, after a period of thaw and mud the weather settled down to snow and hard frost.
1914 年 1 月 23 日左右，经过一段时间的解冻和泥泞之后，天气转为下雪和严霜。
Then the machine began to move.
然后机器开始移动。
A snow-clad mountain rampart lay spread before; over 200 miles of its length embraced the area of the projected operations.
一座冰雪覆盖的山壁铺在眼前；它的长度超过 200 英里，涵盖了预计的作战区域。
Here we may leave this army for a while in order to review some of the political and strategic considerations underlying the campaign, which is the scope of this chapter.
在这里，我们可能会暂时离开这支军队一段时间，以便回顾这场战役背后的一些政治和战略考虑，这也是本章的范围。
The Russian occupation of the Bukowina, which was undertaken and accomplished by a force far too small to oppose any serious resistance, appears to have been carried out with the definite political object of favorably impressing Rumania, and to guide her into the arms of the Allies.
俄罗斯占领布科维纳的力量太小，无法抵抗任何严重的抵抗，这似乎是为了给罗马尼亚留下好印象并引导其投入协约国的怀抱这一明确的政治目标。
From her geographical position Rumania commands nearly the whole western frontier of the Dual Monarchy.
从地理位置来看，罗马尼亚几乎控制着二元君主国的整个西部边境。
Her fertile soil supplied the Central Powers with grain, dairy produce, and oil.
她肥沃的土壤为同盟国提供了谷物、乳制品和石油。
Furthermore, Rumania's foreign policy leaned to the side of Italy, and the general European impression was, after the death of King Carol, October 10, 1914, that if one of the two countries entered the war, the other would follow suit.
此外，罗马尼亚的外交政策偏向意大利一边，1914年10月10日卡罗尔国王去世后，欧洲的普遍印象是，如果两国其中一方参战，另一方也会效仿。
As subsequent events have shown, however, that expectation was not realized.
然而，正如后来发生的事件所表明的那样，这一期望并未实现。
Rumania, too, had aspirations in the direction of recovering lost territories, but her grievance in this respect was equally divided between Russia and Austria, for, while the one had despoiled her of Bessarabia, the other had annexed Transylvania (Siebenbuergen).
罗马尼亚也有收复失地的愿望，但她在这方面的不满在俄罗斯和奥地利之间平分秋色，因为一方掠夺了她的比萨拉比亚，另一方吞并了特兰西瓦尼亚（西本布尔根）。
Hence the Russian tentative conquest and occupation of the Bukowina paved the way for Rumania, should she decide on intervention.
因此，如果罗马尼亚决定干预的话，俄罗斯对布科维纳的试探性征服和占领为罗马尼亚铺平了道路。
The road was clear for her to step in and occupy the Bukowina (which Russia was prepared to hand over), and probably Transylvania as well, which latter the proximity of a Russian force might--at the time--have enabled her to do.
她介入并占领布科维纳（俄罗斯准备交出）的道路是畅通无阻的，可能还有特兰西瓦尼亚，当时俄罗斯军队的接近可能使她能够做到这一点。
But the bait failed, no doubt for weighty reasons.
但诱饵失败了，这无疑是有重大原因的。
Even if Rumania had favored the Triple Entente, which there is strong ground to presume she would, by entering the war, have found herself in as perilous a position as Serbia, with her Black Sea littoral exposed to hostile Turkey and her whole southern boundary flanked by a neighbor--Bulgaria--whose intentions were as yet unknown.
即使罗马尼亚支持三国协约，我们有充分的理由认为，通过参战，她也会发现自己处于与塞尔维亚一样危险的境地，她的黑海沿岸暴露在敌对的土耳其面前，而她的整个南部边界两侧都是邻国保加利亚，但其意图尚不清楚。
However, on January 27, 1915, the Bank of England arranged a $25,000,000 loan to Rumania--an event which further heightened the probability of her entry into the arena.
然而，1915 年 1 月 27 日，英格兰银行向罗马尼亚提供了 2500 万美元的贷款，这一事件进一步提高了罗马尼亚进入舞台的可能性。
We may safely take it for granted that these considerations were not overlooked by the German staff, in addition to the patent fact that the Russians were persistently gaining ground against the Austrians.
我们可以放心地认为，除了俄罗斯人不断战胜奥地利人这一显而易见的事实之外，德国工作人员并没有忽视这些考虑因素。
German officers and men were therefore rushed from the eastern and western fronts to the south of the Carpathians to form the three armies we have labeled A, B, and C.
因此，德国官兵从东线和西线赶往喀尔巴阡山脉以南，组成了我们称之为A、B和C的三支军队。
The points of attack for which they were intended have already been stated; but the roundabout manner in which they traveled to their respective sections is both interesting and worthy of notice.
它们的攻击目标已经明确；但他们前往各自区域的迂回方式既有趣又值得注意。
At this stage a new spirit seemed to dominate Austro-Hungarian military affairs; we suddenly encounter greater precision, sounder strategy, and deeper plans: a master mind appears to have taken matters in hand.
在这个阶段，一种新的精神似乎主导着奥匈帝国的军事事务。我们突然遇到了更精确、更合理的策略和更深入的计划：一个大师似乎已经掌控了一切。
It is the cool, calculating, mathematical composite brain of the German General Staff.
它是德国总参谋部冷静、精于计算、数学复合的大脑。
As the formation and dispatching of three great armies can hardly be kept a secret, especially where hawk-eyed spies abound, a really astute piece of stage management was resorted to.
由于三大军的编组和调动很难保密，尤其是鹰眼间谍比比皆是，所以不得不使用非常精明的舞台管理手段。
Wild rumors were set afloat to the effect that the Austrian Government had decided to undertake a great offensive--for the third time--against Serbia, and erase her from the map, with the assistance of four German army corps.
谣言四起，大意是奥地利政府决定在四个德国军团的协助下，对塞尔维亚发动第三次大规模攻势，并将其从地图上抹去。
The concentration zone for operations against either Serbia or the Russian front in the Carpathians was naturally in the central plains of Hungary.
在喀尔巴阡山脉针对塞尔维亚或俄罗斯前线作战的集中区自然是在匈牙利中部平原。
But to cover the real object of Austro-German concentration active demonstrations were made on the Serb border in the form of bombardments of Belgrade, and occupation of Danube islands.
但为了掩盖奥德集中的真正目的，在塞尔维亚边境进行了积极的示威活动，其形式是轰炸贝尔格莱德和占领多瑙河群岛。
These demonstrations made plausible the Teutonic assertion that the concentration of troops was being carried out with a view to an invasion of Serbia.
这些示威活动使条顿人的断言变得合理，即集结部队是为了入侵塞尔维亚。
So successful was the ruse, and so well had the secret been kept that on February 1, 1914, a Petrograd "official" gravely announced to an eagerly listening world: "The statement is confirmed that the new Austro-German southern army, intended for the third invasion of Serbia, consists of six Austrian and two German corps or 400,000 men, under the command of the Archduke Eugene(!)" At the very time this appeared the new Austro-German "southern" army had been already, for quite a week, making its presence severely felt in the eastern and central sections of the Carpathians, and still the Russian authorities had not recognized the identity of the forces operating there.
这个诡计如此成功，秘密也被保守得如此之好，以致于1914年2月1日，彼得格勒的一位“官员”向热切倾听的世界郑重地宣布：“这一声明得到证实，新的奥德南方军队，旨在第三次入侵塞尔维亚，由六个奥地利军团和两个德国军团组成，共40万人，由尤金大公指挥（！）”就在此时，新的奥德军队出现了。 “南方”军队已经在喀尔巴阡山脉东部和中部地区出现了相当长的一周，但俄罗斯当局仍然没有承认在那里作战的部队的身份。
A brief description of the battle ground will enable the reader to follow more easily the course of the struggle.
对战场的简要描述将使读者更容易了解斗争的进程。
Imagine that length of the Carpathian chain which forms the boundary between Galicia and Hungary as a huge, elongated arch of, roughly, 300 miles.
想象一下形成加利西亚和匈牙利之间边界的喀尔巴阡山脉的长度，就像一个巨大的、细长的拱门，大约有 300 英里。
(The whole of the range stretches as a continuous rampart for a distance of 900 miles, completely shutting in Hungary from the northwest to the east and south, separating it from Moravia [Maehren], Galicia, the Bukowina, and Rumania.) Through the curve of this arch run a number of passes.
（整个山脉像一个连续的壁垒一样延伸900英里，从西北到东部和南部完全封闭了匈牙利，将其与摩拉维亚[梅伦]、加利西亚、布科维纳和罗马尼亚分开。）通过这个拱门的曲线，有许多山口。
Beginning as far west as is here necessary, the names of the chief passes eastward leading from Hungary are: into Galicia--Beskid, Tarnow, Tilicz, Dukla, Lupkow, Rostoki, Uzsok, Vereczke (or Tucholka), Beskid[2] (or Volocz), Wyszkow, Jablonitza (or Delatyn); into the Bukowina--Strol, Kirlibaba, Rodna; into Rumania--Borgo.
从这里必要的西边开始，从匈牙利向东延伸的主要通道的名称是：进入加利西亚——贝斯基德、塔尔努夫、提利奇、杜克拉、卢普科夫、罗斯托基、乌索克、韦雷茨克（或图霍尔卡）、贝斯基德[2]（或沃洛克兹）、维什科、雅布洛尼察（或德拉廷）；进入布科维纳——斯特罗尔、基利巴巴、罗德纳；进入罗马尼亚——博尔戈。
In parts the range is 100 miles in width, and from under 2,000 to 8,000 feet high.
部分范围宽度为 100 英里，高度从 2,000 英尺到 8,000 英尺不等。
The western and central Carpathians are much more accessible than the eastern, and therefore comprise the main and easiest routes across.
喀尔巴阡山脉西部和中部比东部更容易到达，因此构成了主要和最容易穿越的路线。
The Hun and Tartar invasions flooded Europe centuries ago by this way, and the Delatyn is still called the "Magyar route." The passes vary in height from under a thousand to over four thousand feet.
几个世纪前，匈奴和鞑靼人的入侵就通过这条路线淹没了欧洲，德拉廷路线至今仍被称为“马扎尔路线”。山口的高度从一千英尺以下到四千多英尺不等。
The Dukla and Uzsok passes were to be the main objective, as through them lay the straightest roads to Lemberg and Przemysl.
杜克拉和乌兹索克山口是主要目标，因为通过这些山口是通往伦贝格和普热梅希尔的最笔直的道路。
The former is crossed by railway from Tokay to Przemysl, and the latter by rail and road from Ungvar to Sambor.
前者有铁路从托凯到普热梅希尔，后者有铁路和公路从翁格瓦尔到桑博尔。
A railroad also runs through the Vereczke from Munkacs to Lemberg, and another through Delatyn from Debreczen to Kolomea.
还有一条铁路穿过韦雷茨克河从蒙卡奇到伦贝格，还有一条铁路穿过德拉廷从德布勒森到科洛梅亚。
So far as concerned means of communication, matters were nearly equal, but geographical advantage lay with the Russians, as the way from Galicia to Hungary is by far an easier one than vice versa.
就通讯方式而言，情况几乎是平等的，但地理优势属于俄罗斯人，因为从加利西亚到匈牙利的道路迄今为止比从加利西亚到匈牙利更容易。
[Footnote 2: There are two passes named Beskid.]
[脚注 2：有两个名为 Beskid 的通行证。]
CHAPTER XXXVI
第三十六章
BATTLE OF THE PASSES
关隘之战
Before proceeding with the opening of the second winter campaign in the Carpathians, the reader should remember that, as stated in the beginning of this narrative, a Russian army under General Radko Dmitrieff (a Bulgarian), held an advanced position on the Dunajec-Biala line, extending from the Vistula to Zmigrod, northwest of Dukla.
在喀尔巴阡山脉的第二次冬季战役开始之前，读者应该记住，正如本文开头所述，拉德科·德米特里耶夫将军（保加利亚人）率领的一支俄罗斯军队在杜纳耶茨-比亚拉防线上占据了前沿阵地，从维斯瓦河一直延伸到杜克拉西北部的兹米格罗德。
This force was consequently beyond the zone of the Austro-German offensive, but, as events proved, it had not been overlooked, for it was here that the heaviest blow was finally to fall.
因此，这支部队超出了奥德攻势的范围，但是，正如事件所证明的那样，它并没有被忽视，因为正是在这里，最沉重的打击终于降临了。
It is also important to bear in mind that the Russian armies occupying Galicia and the northern slopes of the Carpathians were not conducting an isolated campaign on their own account; they formed an integral part of the far-flung battle line that reached from the shores of the Baltic down to the Rumanian frontier, a distance of nearly 800 miles.
同样重要的是要记住，占领加利西亚和喀尔巴阡山脉北坡的俄罗斯军队并不是为了自己的利益而进行孤立的战役；他们构成了从波罗的海沿岸一直延伸到罗马尼亚边境的遥远战线的组成部分，距离近800英里。
Dmitrieff's force represented a medial link of the chain--and the weakest.
德米特里夫的力量代表了链条的中间一环——也是最弱的一环。
Over the slushy roads of the valleys and into the snow-laden passes the Germanic armies advanced, each of the widely deployed columns with a definite objective: From Dukla, Lupkow, and Rostoki to relieve Przemysl; from Uzsok through the valley of the Upper San to Sambor; through Beskid and Vereczke northward to Stryj, thence westward also to Sambor; over Wyszkow to Dolina; via Jablonitza to Delatyn; and across Kirlibaba and Dorna Vatra into the Bukowina.
日耳曼军队越过山谷中的泥泞道路，进入积雪覆盖的山口，每支广泛部署的纵队都有一个明确的目标：从杜克拉、卢普科和罗斯托基出发，解救普热梅希尔；从杜克拉、卢普科和罗斯托基出发，解救普热梅希尔；从乌兹索克穿过上桑河谷到桑博尔；穿过贝斯基德和韦莱茨克向北到达斯特赖吉，然后再向西到达桑博尔；飞越威什科夫 (Wyszkow) 至多利纳 (Dolina)；经雅布洛尼察 (Jablonitza) 至德拉廷 (Delatyn)；穿过基利巴巴和多纳瓦特拉进入布科维纳。
Opposed to them were the Russian Generals Brussilov, Ivanoff, and Alexieff, respectively.
反对他们的分别是俄罗斯将军布鲁西洛夫、伊万诺夫和阿列克谢夫。
Correspondents with the Teutonic troops in these weeks wrote in wonderment of the scenes of the slowly forward toiling advance into the mountains which they had seen.
这几周，条顿军队的通讯员们对他们所看到的缓慢前进、艰苦进军山区的场景感到惊奇。
On every road leading into Galicia there was the same picture of a flood rolling steadily on.
在通往加利西亚的每条道路上，都呈现着同样的洪水滚滚的景象。
Everywhere could be seen the German and Austro-Hungarian troops on the move, men going into the firing line to fight for days, day after day, with the shedding of much blood, among the peaks and valleys, under changing skies.
到处都可以看到德国和奥匈帝国的军队在行进，他们在前线战斗了几天，日复一日，在山峰和山谷之间，在变幻的天空下，流着大量的鲜血。
Here is a word picture of the supply columns winding upward into the Carpathians to the support of the Teutonic troops furnished by a German correspondent:
这是德国记者提供的一张文字图片，显示补给纵队蜿蜒进入喀尔巴阡山脉，以支援条顿军队：
"Truly fantastic is the appearance of one of these modern supply caravans, stretching in zigzag, with numerous sharp corners and turns, upward to the heights of the passes and down on the opposite side.
“真正令人惊奇的是这些现代补给大篷车之一的外观，它们呈之字形延伸，有许多尖角和转弯，向上到达山口的高度，向下到达对面。
Here we see in stages, one above the other and moving in opposite directions, the queerest mixture of men, vehicles, machines and animals, all subordinated to a common military purpose and organization by military leadership, moving continually and regularly along.
在这里，我们看到了一个阶段，一个在另一个之上，朝相反的方向移动，这是人、车辆、机器和动物的最奇怪的混合物，所有这些都服从于一个共同的军事目的和军事领导的组织，不断地、有规律地移动。
The drivers have been drummed up from all parts of the monarchy, Serbs, Ruthenians, Poles, Croats, Rumanians, Hungarians, Slovaks, Austrians, and turbaned Mohammedans from Bosnia.
司机来自王国各地，有塞尔维亚人、鲁塞尼亚人、波兰人、克罗地亚人、罗马尼亚人、匈牙利人、斯洛伐克人、奥地利人，还有来自波斯尼亚的戴头巾的穆斯林。
Everyone is shouting to his animals and cursing in his own language.
每个人都对着他的动物大喊大叫，用自己的语言咒骂。
The whole mix-up is a traveling exhibition of most variegated characteristic costumes, for the most part, of course, extremely the worse for wear.
整个混搭就像一场巡回展览，展示了最多样化的特色服装，当然，其中大部分都非常不耐磨。
Common to all these are the little wagons adapted to mountain travel, elastic and tough, which carry only half loads and are drawn by little ponylike, ambitious horses.
所有这些车辆的共同点是适合山地旅行的小马车，富有弹性且坚韧，只能运载一半货物，由小马般雄心勃勃的马牵引。
In between are great German draft horses, stamping along with their broad high-wheeled baggage and ammunition wagons, as though they belonged to a nation of giants.
中间是巨大的德国驮马，带着宽大的高轮辎重和弹药车跺着脚，仿佛它们属于一个巨人的国家。
"Gravely, with a kind of sullen dignity, slow-stepping steers drag at their yokes heavily laden sledges.
“严肃地，带着一种阴沉的尊严，缓慢步伐的公牛拖着沉重的雪橇。
They are a powerful white breed, with broad-spreading horns a yard long.
它们是一种强大的白色品种，有着一码长的宽角。
These are followed in endless rows by carefully stepping pack animals, small and large horses, mules and donkeys.
后面是一排排小心翼翼的驮畜、大大小小的马、骡子和驴子。
On the wooden packsaddles on their backs are the carefully weighed bales of hay or ammunition boxes or other war materials.
他们背上的木马鞍上放着经过仔细称重的成捆干草、弹药箱或其他战争物资。
Walking gingerly by the edges of the mountain ridges they avoid pitfalls and rocks and walk round the stiff, distended bodies of their comrades that have broken down on the way.
他们小心翼翼地沿着山脊边缘行走，避开陷阱和岩石，并绕着途中倒下的战友僵硬肿胀的身体走。
At times there ambles along a long row of working animals a colt, curious and restlessly sniffing.
有时，有一匹小马沿着一长排劳作的牲畜漫步，好奇地不停地嗅着。
In the midst of this movement of the legs of animals, of waving arms, of creaking and swaying loaded vehicles of manifold origin, there climbs upward the weighty iron of an Austrian motor battery, with an almost incomprehensible inevitableness, flattening out the broken roads like a steam roller.
在动物的腿、挥舞的手臂、吱吱作响和摇晃的各种来源的负载车辆的运动中，奥地利汽车电池的沉重铁杆向上爬升，以一种几乎难以理解的必然性，像蒸汽压路机一样压平破碎的道路。
"From the first pass the baggage train sinks down into the depths, again to climb upward on the next ridge, to continue striving upward ever toward higher passages, slowly pushing forward toward its objective against the resistance of numberless obstacles.
“从第一道关口开始，辎重列车就沉入深处，再次爬上下一个山脊，继续努力向上，向更高的通道前进，克服无数障碍的阻力，慢慢地向着目标前进。
"The road to the battle field of to-day crosses the battle field of recent weeks and months.
“通往今天战场的道路穿越了最近几周和几个月的战场。
Here there once stood a village, but only the stone foundations of the hearths are left as traces of the houses that have been burned down.
这里曾经有一个村庄，但只剩下石灶台基，是房屋被烧毁的痕迹。
Sometimes falling shots or the terrors of a brief battle in the streets have reduced to ruins only a part of a village.
有时，落下的子弹或街道上短暂战斗的恐怖只会使村庄的一部分变成废墟。
The roofs of houses have been patched with canvas and boards to some extent, and now serve as quarters for troops or as stables.
房屋的屋顶在一定程度上用帆布和木板修补，现在用作部队的宿舍或马厩。
In the narrow valleys the level places by the sides of streams have been utilized for encampments.
在狭窄的山谷里，溪边的平地被用来扎营。
Here stand in order wagons of a resting column and the goulash cannons shedding their fragrance far and wide, or the tireless ovens of a field bakery.
这里整齐地排列着休息纵队的马车和向四面八方散发香味的炖牛肉大炮，或者是田间面包店不知疲倦的烤箱。
Frequently barracks, hospital buildings, and shelters for men and animals have been built into the mountain sides.
山坡上经常建有营房、医院建筑以及人和动物的庇护所。
Here and there simple huts have been erected, made of a few poles and fir twigs.
到处都搭建起了简单的小屋，用几根柱子和冷杉树枝搭建起来。
Often they are placed in long rows, which, when their inmates are warming themselves by the fire at night turn the dark mountain road into a romantic night encampment, and everywhere fresh crosses, ornamented at times in a manner suggestive of the work of children, remind us of our brothers now forever silenced, who, but a short time before went the same road, withstood just such weather and such hardships, talked perhaps in these same huts of the war, and dreamt of peace.
它们常常被排成一长排，当囚犯们晚上在火边取暖时，黑暗的山路就变成了浪漫的夜间营地，到处都是新鲜的十字架，有时装饰得让人想起孩子们的工作，让我们想起我们现在永远沉默的兄弟，就在不久前，他们还走在同一条路上，经受了这样的天气和艰辛，也许在这些同样的小屋里谈论着战争，梦想着和平。
"The saddest spectacle, however, were the lightly wounded, poor fellows, who might under ordinary conditions have readily walked the distance from the first aid station to the central gathering point, but who here on account of the ice or muddy roads require double and three times the usual time."
“然而，最悲惨的景象是那些受轻伤的可怜人，在正常情况下，他们可能很容易从急救站步行到中心集合点，但在这里，由于道路结冰或泥泞，他们需要的时间是平时的两倍和三倍。”
CHAPTER XXXVII
第三十七章
BATTLE OF KOZIOWA--OPERATIONS IN THE BUKOWINA
科齐奥瓦战役——布科维纳的行动
Owing to the topographical conditions under which fighting must be carried on in the central Carpathians, some weeks might be expected to elapse before a general engagement developed along the entire front.
由于战斗必须在喀尔巴阡山脉中部进行的地形条件，预计在整个战线展开全面交战之前可能需要几周的时间。
Lateral communication or cooperation between the advancing columns was out of the question; the passes were like so many parallel tunnels, each of which must first be negotiated before a reunion can take place at the northern exits.
前进纵队之间不可能进行横向沟通或合作；这些通道就像许多平行的隧道一样，必须先通过每条隧道，然后才能在北出口汇合。
We will follow the achievements of the three groups in separate order.
我们将按顺序关注这三个小组的成就。
Army A, under Boehm-Ermolli, crossed Uzsok and Rostoki, and forced part of the Russian line back upon Baligrod, but Brussilov held it fast on Dukla and Lupkow, strongly supported by Dmitrieff on his right.
A集团军在伯姆-埃尔莫利的率领下越过乌兹索克和罗斯托基，并将部分俄军战线逼回巴利格罗德，但布鲁西洛夫在杜克拉和卢普科坚守住了阵地，并得到了右翼德米特里耶夫的大力支持。
Here the attack failed with severe losses; the Germanic forces were thrown back into Hungary, and the Russians commanded the southern ends of the passes around Dukla.
这次攻击失败了，损失惨重。日耳曼军队被赶回匈牙利，俄罗斯人控制了杜克拉周围山口的南端。
The Uzsok Pass was of small strategical value to the Austrians now that they had it.
既然奥地利人占领了乌兹索克山口，那么它的战略价值就很小了。
It is extremely vulnerable at every point; steep, narrow, and winding roads traverse its course nearly 3,000 feet high, with thickly wooded mountains up to 4,500 feet overlooking the scene from a close circle.
它在每一点上都极其脆弱；陡峭、狭窄、蜿蜒的道路横贯其高度近 3,000 英尺，树木茂密的山脉高达 4,500 英尺，从近距离俯瞰整个场景。
Regarded merely as a short cut to Przemysl and Lemberg, the Uzsok was a useful possession provided always that the northern debouchment could be cleared and an exit forced.
乌兹索克仅被视为通往普热梅希尔和伦贝格的捷径，但只要始终能够清除北方的出口并强制撤离，它就是一个有用的财产。
But the Russians held these debouchments with a firm grip, and the pass was consequently of no use to the Austrians.
但俄国人牢牢控制住了这些出口，因此这个山口对奥地利人来说毫无用处。
About February 7, 1915, the Russians attempted to outflank the Austrian position in the Lupkow Pass from the eastern branch of the Dukla by pushing forward in the direction of Mezo-Laborc on the Hungarian side.
1915 年 2 月 7 日左右，俄军试图从杜克拉河东支线向匈牙利一侧的梅佐-拉博克方向推进，包抄奥地利在卢普科山口的阵地。
The movement partially succeeded; they took over 10,000 prisoners, but failed to dislodge the Austrians from the heights east of the pass.
这场运动取得了部分成功；他们俘虏了一万名俘虏，但未能将奥军赶出山口以东的高地。
Severe fighting raged round this district for over a month, the Russians finally capturing Lupkow, as well as Smolnik at the southern exit of Rostoki.
该地区的激烈战斗持续了一个多月，俄军最终占领了卢普科夫以及罗斯托基南口的斯莫尔尼克。
Had the Russians succeeded in getting between Uzsok and the Austrian line of communication, as was undoubtedly their aim, the Austrians would have been compelled to relinquish the pass without even a fight.
如果俄罗斯人成功地进入乌兹索克和奥地利人的交通线之间（这无疑是他们的目标），那么奥地利人将被迫放弃通行证，甚至不战而屈人之兵。
However, General Boehm-Ermolli's mission proved a failure.
然而，伯姆-埃尔莫利将军的任务失败了。
Army B, under Von Linsingen, succeeded in traversing all the passes in its appointed section.
B集团军在冯·林辛根的指挥下，成功地通过了指定路段的所有关口。
Crossing by the railway pass of Beskid and the two roads leading through Vereczke and Wyszkow, they pushed forward in the direction of Stryj and Lemberg, but never reached their destination.
他们穿过贝斯基德铁路关口以及通往韦莱茨克和维什科的两条公路，向斯特里耶和伦贝格方向前进，但始终没有到达目的地。
Barely through the passes, the Germans struck upon Lysa Gora, over 3,300 feet high.
德军刚刚穿过山口，就袭击了海拔超过 3,300 英尺的莱萨戈拉 (Lysa Gora)。
This mountain range is barren of all vegetation--no sheltering trees or shrubs adorn its slopes.
这座山脉没有任何植被——山坡上没有任何遮蔽的树木或灌木。
The route of the Germans crossed Lysa Gora south and in front of the ridge of Koziowa, where the Russian lines, under General Ivanoff, lay in waiting.
德军的路线向南越过莱萨戈拉，在科齐奥瓦山脊前，伊万诺夫将军指挥的俄军防线在那里等待。
Passing down the bald slopes of Lysa Gora toward the valley of the Orava River, the advancing German columns presented a conspicuous target for the Russians on the opposite slopes of Koziowa, screened by thick forests.
沿着莱萨戈拉的光秃秃的山坡向奥拉瓦河谷前进，前进的德军纵队在科齐奥瓦对面的山坡上为俄军提供了一个明显的目标，山坡上有茂密的森林。
Here one of the most desperate battles of the campaign ensued on February 6, 1915, between Von Linsingen's Austro-German army and Brussilov's center.
1915 年 2 月 6 日，冯·林辛根的奥德军队与布鲁西洛夫的中军之间展开了这场战役中最惨烈的战斗之一。
In close formation and with well-drilled precision the Germans attempted to storm the position at the point of the bayonet.
德军以紧密的队形和训练有素的精确度，试图用刺刀攻击阵地。
Again and again they returned to the charge, only to be repulsed with severe losses.
他们一次又一次地返回冲锋，但都被击退，损失惨重。
As many as twenty-two furious bayonet charges were made in one day, February 7.
2 月 7 日一天之内，猛烈的刺刀冲锋多达 22 次。
Wherever a footing was gained in the Russian lines, there a few minutes ferocious hand-to-hand _melee_ developed--Saxon and Slav at death grips--the intruders were expelled or hacked down.
凡是在俄国防线中站稳脚跟的地方，就会发生几分钟激烈的肉搏战——撒克逊人和斯拉夫人陷入死亡之战——入侵者要么被驱逐，要么被砍倒。
Great masses of Austro-German dead and wounded were strewn over the lower slopes of Koziowa.
科齐奥瓦较低的山坡上散布着大批奥德战死伤者。
For five weeks Von Linsingen hammered at the Russian front without being able to break through.
冯·林辛根连续五个星期猛攻俄罗斯前线，但未能突破。
So long as the Russians held the heights it was impossible for their enemy to emerge from the passes.
只要俄国人守住了高地，他们的敌人就不可能从山口出来。
These two, Vereczke and Beskid, so close together, may literally be described as twin tunnels.
Vereczke 和 Beskid 这两座隧道距离如此之近，实际上可以被描述为双隧道。
Owing to the highland between them, the two columns moving through could not cooperate; if one side needed reenforcements from the other, they had to be taken back over the range into Hungary to the junction where the roads diverged.
由于中间有高地，两支纵队行进时无法配合；如果一方需要另一方增援，就必须将他们带回匈牙利境内，直到道路分岔的路口。
It was sound strategy on the Russian side to select Koziowa as the point from which to check the Germanic advance.
选择科齐奥瓦作为阻击日耳曼人进攻的据点，对于俄罗斯方面来说是明智的策略。
For the time being, with Dukla and Lupkow in their hands and the exits of Uzsok and Rostoki strongly guarded, the defense of Koziowa held Galicia safe from reconquest.
目前，由于杜克拉和卢普科夫掌握在手中，乌兹索克和罗斯托基的出口受到严密把守，科齐奥瓦的防御使加利西亚免遭重新征服。
The attacks against Koziowa continued beyond the middle of March, 1915.
对科齐奥瓦的袭击持续到 1915 年 3 月中旬以后。
On the 16th of that month the Russians captured a place called Oravcyk, about four miles westward, from where they could threaten the German left, which had the effect of keeping Von Linsingen still closer to his mountain passages.
当月 16 日，俄国人占领了西边约四英里处一个叫奥拉夫茨克的地方，从那里他们可以威胁德国左翼，这使得冯·林辛根更接近他的山区通道。
The fighting in this region represents one of the important phases of the war, for it prevented the relief of Przemysl; temporarily saved Stryj and Lemberg for the Russians; enabled them to send reenforcements into the Bukowina, and, finally, inspired the German General Staff to plan the great and decisive Galician campaign, which was to achieve the task wherein Boehm-Ermolli and Von Linsingen had both failed.
该地区的战斗是战争的重要阶段之一，因为它阻止了普热梅希尔的解救。暂时为俄罗斯人拯救了斯特里吉和伦贝格；使他们能够向布科维纳派遣增援部队，并最终激励德国总参谋部策划伟大而决定性的加利西亚战役，以完成伯姆-埃尔莫利和冯·林辛根都未能完成的任务。
Meanwhile, what had Von Pflanzer-Baltin accomplished with Army C--the third column?
与此同时，冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷用C集团军——第三纵队完成了什么？
His path lay through Jablonitza, Kirlibaba, and Dorna Vatra; his task was to clear the Russians out of the Bukowina, and either to force them back across their own frontiers, or to turn the extreme end of their left flank.
他的路线途经雅布洛尼察、基利巴巴和多纳瓦特拉。他的任务是将俄罗斯人清除出布科维纳，要么迫使他们退回自己的边境，要么转向他们左翼的最末端。
We have seen that the Russian occupation of the Bukowina was more in the nature of a political experiment than a serious military undertaking, and that their forces in the province were not strong enough to indulge in great strategical operations.
我们已经看到，俄罗斯对布科维纳的占领更多地是一次政治实验，而不是一次严肃的军事行动，而且他们在该省的兵力还不足以进行大规模的战略行动。
Hence we may expect the Austrian general's progress to be less difficult than that of his colleagues in the western and central Carpathians.
因此，我们可以预期这位奥地利将军的进展不会比他在喀尔巴阡山脉西部和中部的同僚们的进展顺利。
To some extent this presumption is correct, for on February 18, 1915, after launching out from the southern corner of the Bukowina at Kimpolung and via the Jablonitza Pass down the Pruth Valley, they captured Czernowitz, and after that Kolomea, whence the railway runs to Lemberg.
在某种程度上，这个假设是正确的，因为 1915 年 2 月 18 日，他们从金波隆的布科维纳河南角出发，经雅布洛尼察山口沿普鲁斯山谷而下，占领了切尔诺维茨，然后又占领了科洛梅亚，铁路从那里通向伦贝格。
Within three days they reached Stanislawow, another important railway center, defended by a small Russian force, and a big battle ensued.
三天之内，他们到达了另一个重要的铁路中心斯坦尼斯拉沃，由一小支俄罗斯军队保卫，一场大战随之爆发。
Altogether, the Germanic troops in the Bukowina were reported at 50,000 in number, though these were split up into two columns, one of which was making but slow progress farther east.
据报道，布科维纳的日耳曼军队总共有 50,000 人，尽管这些部队被分成两支纵队，其中一支正在向东推进，但进展缓慢。
[Illustration: Detail Map of the Forts of Przemysl.]
【插图：普热梅希尔要塞详细地图】
Russian reenforcements were thrown into the town, and the struggle for the railway, which lasted a week, appears to have been of a seesaw nature, for no official reports of the fighting were issued by either side.
俄罗斯增援部队被投入该镇，持续一周的铁路争夺战似乎具有拉锯性质，因为双方都没有发布有关战斗的正式报告。
Still the Austrians pushed westward in the hope of reaching the railways which supplied those Russian armies which were barring the advance through the central passes.
奥地利人仍然向西推进，希望到达铁路，这些铁路为阻止俄罗斯军队通过中央山口的前进提供补给。
The Russians were forced to withdraw from Stanislawow, and their opponents now held possession of the line running to Stryj and Przemysl--a serious menace to the Russian main communications.
俄国人被迫从斯坦尼斯瓦夫撤军，而他们的对手现在已经占领了通往斯特里耶和普热梅希尔的线路——这对俄国的主要交通构成了严重威胁。
This meant that Von Pflanzer-Baltin had succeeded in getting to the rear of the Russians.
这意味着冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷已经成功到达俄罗斯人的后方。
But assistance came unexpectedly from the center, whence Ivanoff was able to send reenforcements to his colleague, General Alexeieff, who was continually falling back before the Austrians.
但援助出乎意料地来自中央，伊万诺夫能够向他的同事阿列克谢耶夫将军派遣增援部队，阿列克谢耶夫将军在奥地利人面前不断撤退。
Furious counterattacks were delivered by the Russians at Halicz and Jezupol, the bridgeheads of the southern bank of the Dniester.
俄军在德涅斯特河南岸的桥头堡哈利奇和热祖波尔发动了猛烈的反击。
If the Austrians could not force a victory at these points, their position in Stanislawow would be untenable, since the Russians still had a clear road to pour reenforcements into the fighting area between the Dniester and the Carpathians.
如果奥地利人不能在这些地点取得胜利，他们在斯坦尼斯瓦夫的地位将难以维持，因为俄罗斯人仍然有一条畅通的道路可以向德涅斯特河和喀尔巴阡山脉之间的战斗地区注入增援部队。
On March 1, 1915, the Austrians were defeated at Halicz in a pitched battle, and on the 4th the Russians reentered Stanislawow.
1915 年 3 月 1 日，奥军在哈利奇激战中被击败，4 日俄军重新进入斯坦尼斯瓦沃。
According to their official communique the Russians captured nearly 19,000 prisoners, 5 guns, 62 machine guns, and a quantity of stores and munitions.
根据官方公报，俄罗斯人缴获了近 19,000 名囚犯、5 支枪、62 挺机枪以及大量物资和弹药。
About March 16 the opposing forces came again into touch southeast of Stanislawow on the road to Ottynia, but nothing of importance appears to have happened.
3月16日左右，敌对部队在通往奥蒂尼亚的路上再次在斯坦尼斯瓦沃东南部发生接触，但似乎没有发生任何重要的事情。
To sum up the results of the Germanic offensive, we must remember what the objectives were.
要总结日耳曼进攻的结果，我们必须记住目标是什么。
Of the latter, none was attained.
后者没有实现。
The Russians had not been expelled from Galicia; Przemysl was no nearer to relief than before, and Lemberg had not been retaken.
俄罗斯人并没有被驱逐出加利西亚；普热梅希尔并没有比以前更接近解脱，伦贝格也没有被夺回。
With the exception of Dukla and Lupkow, all the passes were in Austrian hands; but the Russians dominated the northern debouchments of all of them excepting Jablonitza.
除了杜克拉和卢普科夫之外，所有通行证都在奥地利人手中。但除雅布洛尼察外，俄罗斯人控制了所有这些国家的北部边境。
CHAPTER XXXVIII
第三十八章
FALL OF PRZEMYSL
普热梅希尔的陷落
The town and fortress of Przemysl formally surrendered to the Russian General Selivanoff on Monday, March 22, 1915.
1915 年 3 月 22 日星期一，普热梅希尔镇和要塞正式向俄罗斯将军塞利瓦诺夫投降。
The first investment began at the early stages of the war in September, 1914.
第一项投资于 1914 年 9 月战争初期开始。
On the 27th of that month the Russian generalissimo announced that all communications had been cut off.
当月27日，俄罗斯大元帅宣布切断所有通讯。
By October 15, 1914, the Russian investment had been broken again, and for a matter of three weeks, while the road was open, more troops, provisions, arms, and munitions were rushed to the spot.
到了 1914 年 10 月 15 日，俄罗斯的投资再次被打破，在大约三个星期的时间里，当道路开放时，更多的部队、给养、武器和弹药被赶到了现场。
As we have seen, however, the Russians recovered their lost advantage, for, after the fall of Jaroslav, the fortress to the north of Przemysl, their troops were hurried up from east, north, and west, and within a few days the Austrians were sent back along the whole front.
然而，正如我们所看到的，俄国人恢复了失去的优势，因为在普热梅希尔北部的要塞雅罗斯拉夫失陷后，他们的军队从东、北、西三面紧急赶来，几天之内，奥军就全线撤退。
From the region of Przemysl three railroads cross the Carpathians to Budapest, along all of which the Russians had pushed vigorously, besides advancing on the west.
从普热梅希尔地区出发，有三条铁路穿过喀尔巴阡山脉到达布达佩斯，除了向西推进外，俄罗斯人还沿着所有这些铁路大力推进。
As regarded railroad communications, the fate of Przemysl was sealed by the capture of Chyrow, an important junction about twenty miles south of the fortress.
就铁路交通而言，普热梅希尔的命运因占领奇罗而决定，奇罗是要塞以南约二十英里处的一个重要枢纽。
Przemysl itself was important as a road junction and as a connecting link with the Uzsok and Lupkow passes.
普热梅希尔本身作为一个公路枢纽以及与乌兹索克和卢普科山口的连接纽带非常重要。
The garrison prepared to make a stubborn resistance with the object of checking the Russian pursuit.
驻军准备进行顽强抵抗，目的是阻止俄军的追击。
A week later the Russians had broken up their heavy artillery and had begun a steady bombardment.
一周后，俄军解除了重型火炮并开始持续轰炸。
By November 12, 1914, Przemysl was once more completely besieged by General Selivanoff with not more than 100,000 troops.
1914年11月12日，普热梅希尔再次被塞利瓦诺夫将军以不超过10万的军队完全包围。
Przemysl is one of the oldest towns of Galicia, said to have been founded in the eighth century.
普热梅希尔是加利西亚最古老的城镇之一，据说建于八世纪。
It was once the capital of a large independent principality.
它曾经是一个独立大公国的首都。
In the fourteenth century Casimir the Great and other Polish princes endowed it with special civic privileges, and the town attained a high degree of commercial prosperity.
十四世纪卡西米尔大帝和其他波兰王子赋予它特殊的公民特权，该镇获得了高度的商业繁荣。
In the seventeenth century its importance was destroyed by inroads of Tatars, Cossacks, and Swedes.
十七世纪，它的重要性因鞑靼人、哥萨克人和瑞典人的入侵而被摧毁。
Przemysl is situated on the River San, and was considered one of the strongest fortresses of Europe.
普热梅希尔位于桑河沿岸，被认为是欧洲最坚固的堡垒之一。
The original strategic idea embodied in the purpose of the fortress was purely defensive; in the event of war with Russia only the line of the San and Dniester was intended to be held at all costs, while the whole northeastern portion of Galicia was to be abandoned.
要塞的最初目的所体现的战略思想是纯粹的防御性的；如果与俄罗斯发生战争，只打算不惜一切代价守住桑河和德涅斯特河防线，而加利西亚的整个东北部地区将被放弃。
With the fortress of Cracow guarding the west, Przemysl was meant to be the first defense between the two rivers and to hold the easiest roads to Hungary through the Dukla, Lupkow, and Uzsok passes.
克拉科夫要塞守卫着西部，普热梅希尔是两条河流之间的第一道防线，并守住通过杜克拉、卢普科和乌兹索克山口通往匈牙利的最便捷的道路。
Within the last ten years, however, the Austrian War Staff altered its plans and decided upon a vigorous offensive against Russia should occasion offer, and that Eastern Galicia was not to be sacrificed.
然而，在过去的十年里，奥地利战争参谋部改变了计划，决定对俄罗斯发动猛烈进攻，并且不牺牲东加利西亚。
Hence a network of strategic railways was constructed with a view to attacking the prospective enemy on a wide front extending from the Vistula near Cracow on the west to the Bug on the east, where the latter flows into Austrian territory and cuts off a corner of eastern Galicia.
因此，建立了一个战略铁路网，旨在从西边克拉科夫附近的维斯瓦河到东边的布格河，从西边的克拉科夫附近的维斯瓦河延伸到东边的布格河，从宽阔的战线上攻击潜在的敌人，布格河从那里流入奥地利领土，切断了加利西亚东部的一角。
The plan does not appear to have worked successfully, for, before the war was many days old, the Russians had taken Lemberg, swept across the Dniester at Halicz, across the San at Jaroslav, just north of Przemysl, and had already besieged the fortress, which at no time imposed any serious obstacle in the path of their progress.
这个计划似乎并没有成功，因为在战争开始多天之前，俄国人就占领了伦贝格，横扫哈利奇的德涅斯特河，越过普热梅希尔以北的雅罗斯拉夫的桑河，并已经围困了这座要塞，但这并没有在他们的前进道路上造成任何严重的障碍。
Perhaps the only useful purpose that Przemysl served was that it restrained the Russians from attempting an invasion of Hungary on a big scale, by holding out for nearly seven months.
也许普热梅希尔唯一有用的目的是，它坚持了近七个月，阻止了俄罗斯人大规模入侵匈牙利。
Not having sufficient siege artillery at their disposal, the Russians made no attempt to storm the place.
由于没有足够的攻城火炮可供使用，俄罗斯人没有尝试袭击该地区。
General Selivanoff surrounded the forts with a wide circle of counterdefenses, which were so strongly fortified that the garrison would have found it an almost hopeless task to attempt a rush through the enemy's lines.
塞利瓦诺夫将军用大圈的反防御包围了要塞，防御工事如此坚固，驻军会发现试图冲破敌人的防线几乎是无望的任务。
The Austrian artillery was naturally well acquainted with the range of every point and position that lay within reach of their guns; and Selivanoff wisely offered them little opportunity for effective practice.
奥地利炮兵自然非常熟悉他们火炮射程范围内的每一个点和阵地的射程。塞利瓦诺夫明智地为他们提供了很少的有效练习机会。
Considering it too expensive to attack by the overland route, he worked his way gradually toward the forts by means of underground operations.
考虑到通过陆路攻击成本太高，他通过地下作战逐步向要塞进发。
To sap a position is slow work, but much more economical in the expenditure of lives and munitions.
削弱一个职位是一项缓慢的工作，但在生命和弹药的消耗上要经济得多。
The weakness of Przemysl lay in the fact that its garrison was far too large for its needs, and that provisions were running short.
普热梅希尔的弱点在于其驻军数量远远超出了其需要，而且供给也不足。
In the early part of the campaign the Germanic armies operating in the San region had drawn freely on Przemysl for supplies, and before these could be adequately replaced the Russians had again forged an iron ring around the place.
在战役初期，在桑地区活动的日耳曼军队随意从普热梅希尔获取补给，在这些补给得到充分补充之前，俄罗斯人再次在该地区周围建立了铁环。
The Russian commander, moreover, was aware that a coming scarcity threatened the town, and that he had only to bide his time to starve it into submission.
此外，俄罗斯指挥官意识到即将到来的物资匮乏威胁着这座城镇，他只能等待时机，让它挨饿屈服。
Whilst he was simply waiting and ever strengthening his lines, the Austrians found it incumbent on them to assume the offensive.
当他只是等待并不断加强防线时，奥地利人发现他们有责任发起进攻。
Several desperate sorties were made by the garrison to break through the wall, only to end in complete disaster.
守军多次拼命出击，试图突破城墙，但最终都以彻底的灾难告终。
General Herman von Kusmanek, the commander in chief of the fortress, organized a special force, composed largely of Hungarians, for "sortie duty," under the command of a Hungarian, General von Tamassy.
要塞总司令赫尔曼·冯·库斯马内克将军组织了一支主要由匈牙利人组成的特种部队，在匈牙利冯·塔马西将军的指挥下执行“出击任务”。
These sorties had been carried out during November and December, 1914, especially during the latter month, when the Austro-German armies were pouring across the mountains.
这些出击是在 1914 年 11 月和 12 月期间进行的，特别是在后一个月，当时奥德军队正在翻山越岭。
So critical was the Russian position at the time that the relief of Przemysl was hourly expected.
当时俄罗斯的立场如此关键，以至于普热梅希尔的救援随时都在等待着。
According to an officer of General Selivanoffs staff, "The Austrians in the fortress were already conversing with the Austrians on the Carpathians by means of their searchlights.
据塞利瓦诺夫将军参谋部的一名军官称，“要塞中的奥地利人已经通过探照灯与喀尔巴阡山上的奥地利人进行了交谈。
The guns of Przemysl could be heard by the Austrian field artillery.
普热梅希尔的炮声可以被奥地利野战炮兵听到。
The situation was serious, and General Selivanoff took prompt measures.
情况严重，塞利瓦诺夫将军迅速采取了措施。
He brought up fresh troops to the point of danger and drove the sortie detachments back to the fortress." It is stated from the Austrian side that one of the sortie detachments had succeeded in breaking through the Russian lines and marching to a point fifteen miles beyond the outer lines of the forts.
他把生力军带到了危险的边缘，并将出击的分队赶回了要塞。”据奥地利方面称，其中一支出击分队已成功突破俄罗斯防线，并行进至要塞外线外十五英里处。
A Russian official announcement states that during two months of the siege the Austrian captures amounted only to 4 machine guns and about 60 prisoners, which occurred in an engagement where two Honved regiments fell on a Russian company which had advanced too far to be reenforced in time.
俄罗斯官方公告称，在两个月的围困期间，奥地利人仅俘获了 4 挺机枪和大约 60 名囚犯，这是在一次交战中，两个洪维德团袭击了一个前进得太远而无法及时增援的俄罗斯连。
On their part in repulsing sorties by the garrison, frequently made by considerable forces, the Russians made prisoners 27 officers and 1,906 soldiers, and captured 7 machine guns, 1,500,000 cartridges, and a large quantity of arms.
俄军在击退驻军经常出击的过程中，俘获了 27 名军官和 1,906 名士兵，并缴获了 7 挺机枪、1,500,000 发子弹和大量武器。
In two sorties the garrison in the region of Bircza had more than 2,000 killed and wounded, among them being many officers.
在两次出击中，比尔恰地区的驻军造成 2000 多人死伤，其中包括许多军官。
No further sorties were undertaken in that particular region.
没有在该特定地区进行进一步的飞行。
During January and February, 1915, very little fighting took place around Przemysl; sorties were useless as there was no Austro-German force anywhere near the fortress, and the Russians were tightening the pressure around it.
1915 年 1 月和 2 月期间，普热梅希尔周围很少发生战斗；出动是没有用的，因为要塞附近没有奥德军队，而俄罗斯人正在加强对它周围的压力。
The only means of communication with the outer world was by aeroplane, so that, despite the rigid investment, the Austro-German war staff were kept fully informed of the straits in which Przemysl found itself.
与外界沟通的唯一方式是飞机，因此，尽管投入严格，奥德战争参谋部仍能充分了解普热梅希尔所在的海峡。
General Boehm-Ermolli, with Army A, was making desperate efforts to extricate himself from the Russian grip round Uzsok, Lupkow, and Dukla; he did not get beyond Baligrod, as the crow flies, thirty miles south of Przemysl.
伯姆-埃尔莫利将军率领A军正在拼尽全力摆脱俄军对乌兹索克、卢普科夫和杜克拉的控制。他没有越过普热梅希尔以南三十英里的巴利格罗德。
On March 13, 1915, the Russians stormed and captured the village of Malkovise, on the northeast, breaking through the outer line of the defense.
1915年3月13日，俄军突袭并占领了东北部的马尔科维兹村，突破了外线防线。
From this position they began to bombard parts of the inner ring.
他们从这个位置开始轰炸内环的部分地区。
About the beginning of the third week in March, 1915, a new spirit of activity appeared to seize the beleaguered garrison: they commenced a terrific cannonade which, however, elicited no response.
大约在 1915 年 3 月的第三周开始，一种新的活动精神似乎抓住了陷入困境的驻军：他们开始了一场可怕的炮轰，但没有引起任何反应。
It was but the energy of despair: they were firing to get rid of their ammunition, hoping at the same time to hit something or somebody.
那只是绝望的能量：他们开枪是为了摆脱弹药，同时希望击中某物或某人。
The end was at hand.
结局就在眼前。
On March 18, 1915, a Petrograd "official" laconically reports that: "In the Przemysl sector the fortress guns continue to fire more than a thousand heavy projectiles daily, but our troops besieging the fortress lose only about ten men every day." It is also on March 18 that General von Kusmanek issued the following manifesto to the defenders of Przemysl:--"Heroes, I announce to you my last summons.
1915年3月18日，彼得格勒的一位“官员”简洁地报告说：“在普热梅希尔地区，要塞的炮火每天继续发射一千多发重型炮弹，但我们围攻要塞的部队每天只损失大约十人。”同样是在 3 月 18 日，冯·库斯马内克将军向普热梅希尔的捍卫者发表了以下宣言：——“英雄们，我向你们宣布我的最后召唤。
The honor of our country and our army demands it.
我们国家和我们军队的荣誉需要它。
I shall lead you to pierce with your points of steel the iron circles of the enemy, and then march ever farther onward, sparing no efforts, until we rejoin our army, which, after heavy fighting, is now near us."
我将带领你们用你们的钢尖刺穿敌人的铁圈，然后不遗余力地继续前进，直到我们重新加入我们的军队，经过激烈的战斗，现在我们的军队已经靠近我们了。”
Just before the surrender two Austrian officers escaped from the fortress in an aeroplane.
就在投降之前，两名奥地利军官乘坐飞机逃离了要塞。
These reported concerning the last days of the siege:
这些报道了围困的最后几天：
"On the 18th of March the last provisions had been dealt out and at the same time the last attempt at breaking through the line of the besiegers had been ordered.
“3月18日，最后的给养已经发放完毕，同时，突破围攻者防线的最后一次尝试也已下令。
This was carried out on the night of the 19th of March.
这是在3月19日晚上进行的。
It was shattered, however, against the unbreakable manifold ring of the Russian inclosing lines and against the superior forces which were brought in time to the threatened points.
然而，在俄军牢不可破的包围圈和及时赶到受威胁地点的优势部队的攻击下，它被粉碎了。
Our men were so weakened by their long fasting that it took them fully seven hours to make the march of seven kilometers, and even in this short stretch many of them had to lie down from exhaustion, yet they fought well and were bravely led by their officers.
由于长时间的禁食，我军的体力十分虚弱，足足花了七个小时才行军七公里，甚至在这短短的一段路程中，许多人都累得躺倒了，但他们在军官的带领下，英勇地战斗着。
"In spite of all this," Captain Lehmann, one of the escaped officers, reported, "the heroic garrison fought on, after their last sortie, for fully forty-eight hours, against assaults of the Russians which now set in with terrific violence.
“尽管如此，”逃脱的军官之一莱曼上尉报告说，“英勇的驻军在最后一次出击后，仍然奋战了整整四十八小时，抵抗俄罗斯人的进攻，而俄罗斯人现在以可怕的暴力袭击了他们。
The men of the fortress were fully informed of the situation by an announcement of the commander.
要塞的士兵们，通过指挥官的宣布，已经完全了解了情况。
They knew that the provisions were at an end and this very knowledge spurred them on to make their last sacrifice.
他们知道供给已经结束，正是这种认识促使他们做出最后的牺牲。
Practically all the nations of the monarchy were represented in the fortress.
几乎所有君主制国家的代表都出席了要塞。
Tyrolese Landsturm held the south, Hungarians the west, Ruthenians and Poles the north, and lower Austrians the east.
蒂罗尔土地冲锋控制了南部，匈牙利人控制了西部，鲁塞尼亚人和波兰人控制了北部，下奥地利人控制了东部。
To this last battle the troops marched out singing, striving thus to master their weakness.
在这最后的战斗中，部队高声歌唱，努力克服自己的弱点。
On this, occasion the above mentioned notice had fallen into the hands of the Russians and the prospect had thus been opened to them to seize the fortress with little effort.
此时，上述通知落入了俄国人的手中，从而为他们打开了不费吹灰之力夺取要塞的前景。
For two days and nights all the works of Przemysl were taken under an uninterrupted terrible artillery fire, including that of modern howitzers of all calibers, up to eighteen centimeters.
两天两夜，普热梅希尔的所有工程都受到不间断的可怕炮火的攻击，其中包括各种口径的现代榴弹炮，最大口径为十八厘米。
Then followed an assault at night on the east front, which, however, was again bloodily repelled."
随后，夜间对东线发起进攻，但再次被血腥击退。”
Starvation is conducive neither to good feeling nor heroism, especially when it is superimposed upon an unbroken series of more or less disastrous experiences.
饥饿既不利于良好的感觉，也不利于英雄主义，尤其是当它叠加在一系列不间断的或多或少灾难性的经历之上时。
Misfortune and the so-called "tradition of defeat" had dogged the steps of Austria's troops from the beginning of the war; unlucky generals--Dankl, Auffenberg, and others--had been relieved of their commands and replaced by "new blood"--Boehm-Ermolli, Boroyevitch von Bojna, and Von Pflanzer-Baltin.
从战争一开始，不幸和所谓的“失败传统”就一直困扰着奥地利军队。不幸的将军——丹克尔、奥芬贝格和其他人——被解除了指挥权，并被“新鲜血液”取代——博姆-埃尔莫利、博罗耶维奇·冯·博伊纳和冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷。
Of these three, two had as yet failed in carrying to success the German plans which had taken the place of those of their own strategists.
在这三个国家中，有两个国家尚未成功地实施德国的计划，这些计划已经取代了他们自己的战略家的计划。
Hence it is not at all improbable that the reports of dissensions among the garrison, which leaked out at the time, were substantially accurate.
因此，当时泄露的有关驻军内部分歧的报道基本上是准确的，这并非不可能。
That jealousies broke out among the numerous races forming the Austrian Army--especially between the Slavonic and Germanic elements--is supported by strong evidence.
组成奥地利军队的众多种族之间——尤其是斯拉夫人和日耳曼人之间——爆发了嫉妒，这是有强有力的证据支持的。
The sentiments of the Slav subjects of Austria leaned more toward Russia than the empire of which they formed a considerable portion, while there was never any love lost between them and the Magyars.
奥地利斯拉夫臣民的感情更倾向于俄罗斯，而不是他们占很大一部分的帝国，但他们和马扎尔人之间从来没有失去任何爱意。
However that may be, the Slav regiments were reported to have refused obedience to the general's order for the last sortie, which was eventually undertaken by a force composed of the Twenty-third Hungarian Honved Division, a regiment of Hussars, and a Landwehr brigade, altogether about 30,000 men.
然而，据报道，斯拉夫军团拒绝服从将军的最后一次出击命令，最终由匈牙利第二十三荣誉师、一个骠骑兵团和一个兰德维尔旅组成的部队执行了最后一次出击，总共约有 30,000 人。
Everything depended upon the venture, for not only were all their food supplies used up, but they had already eaten most of their horses.
一切都取决于冒险，因为他们不仅所有的食物都用完了，而且他们已经吃掉了大部分马匹。
Instead, therefore, of making southward to where their comrades were fighting hard to tear themselves away from the Carpathian passes, the sortie turned toward the east, in the direction of Mosciska, twenty miles off, which was supposed to be the Russian supply base.
因此，他们没有向南前往他们的战友们奋力奋战、试图脱离喀尔巴阡山口的地方，而是转向东方，朝着二十英里外的莫西斯卡方向，那里应该是俄罗斯的补给基地。
This attempted foraging expedition--for it was nothing else--can only be defended on the broad general principle that it is better to do something than nothing as a last resort.
这次试图进行的觅食探险——因为它没有别的事——只能根据一个广泛的一般原则来辩护，即作为最后的手段，采取行动总比什么都不做要好。
Supplies were essential before any more could be undertaken to cut a passage through the strong double set of Russian lines that lay between the Carpathians and Przemysl; but that these supplies were stored at Mosciska was a pure speculation.
在通过喀尔巴阡山脉和普热梅希尔之间的俄罗斯双重防线开辟通道之前，补给是必不可少的；但这些物资储存在莫西斯卡纯粹是猜测。
Further, considering that the whole country was in their opponents' hands, a strength of 30,000 men was insufficient to attempt so hazardous an adventure.
而且，考虑到整个国家都掌握在对手手中，三万人的兵力不足以进行如此危险的冒险。
Even if they succeeded in breaking through, their return to the fortress was not assured.
就算突破成功，返回要塞也不一定。
In that case, if they could not get back, they would have to go forward: eastward lay Lemberg, held by the Russians; northward was the Russian frontier, and southward stood the Russian forces holding the passes.
那样的话，如果他们回不去，就只能前进：向东是俄国人控制的伦贝格；向东是俄罗斯人控制的伦贝格；北面是俄罗斯边境，南面是俄罗斯军队守卫的关口。
Thus, in any case, however successful the expedition might prove, it meant breaking at least twice through lines which the enemy had spent months in strengthening or fortifying.
因此，无论如何，无论这次远征多么成功，它都意味着至少两次突破敌人花费数月时间加固或加固的防线。
Undeterred by the almost certain possibility of failure, the expedition of the "forlorn hope" set out across the plain of the San--and speedily came to grief.
“绝望的希望”探险队并没有被几乎肯定会失败的可能性所吓倒，而是出发穿过桑河平原，但很快就遭遇了失败。
They had to pass by the strongest Russian artillery position, which was stationed in the low hollow through which the railway runs to Lemberg.
他们必须经过俄罗斯最强大的炮兵阵地，该阵地位于通向伦贝格的铁路穿过的低洼地。
Here a terrific hail of shells burst over their heads; rattle of machine guns and rifle fire tore great holes in their ranks; the stoutest courage and bravest hearts were unavailing against an enemy who could not be reached nor even seen.
一阵可怕的炮弹从他们的头顶上飞过。机关枪和步枪的轰鸣声在他们的队伍中造成了巨大的伤害。即使有最坚强的勇气和最勇敢的心，也无法对抗一个无法触及甚至看不见的敌人。
The number of killed and wounded in that fatal sortie has not been made public; that it was an enormous figure is certain.
这场致命的战斗中伤亡人数尚未公布；可以肯定的是，这是一个巨大的数字。
The Russians took 4,000 prisoners of those who survived the ordeal, and captured the forts on the western side directly after the struggling remnants had regained their starting place.
俄军俘虏了 4,000 名幸存者，并在残部重新回到出发地后立即占领了西侧的堡垒。
General von Kusmanek issued his manifesto in the morning, and by the same night the sortie ended in disaster.
冯·库斯马内克将军在早上发表了他的宣言，当天晚上，这次出击就以灾难告终。
Like the misdirected charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava in 1854, it was "brilliant, but it wasn't war."
就像 1854 年巴拉克拉瓦轻旅的误导性冲锋一样，这是“辉煌的，但这不是战争”。
One more attempt was made on Saturday, March 20, 1915, toward Oikovice, but it was easily frustrated by the vigilant Russians.
1915 年 3 月 20 日星期六，他们再次尝试前往奥科维采，但很容易就被警惕的俄罗斯人挫败。
On Sunday and Monday, the 21st and 22d of March, a number of explosions were heard in and around Przemysl.
3 月 21 日和 22 日周日和周一，普热梅希尔及其周边地区听到多起爆炸声。
The Austrians were destroying everything possible previous to surrendering.
奥地利人在投降之前正在摧毁一切可能的东西。
Large quantities of explosives were thrown in the river; all kinds of arms were destroyed or rendered useless; three bridges were crippled; the few remaining horses were shot, and a railway bridge over the Wiar, which possessed no strategic value, was also destroyed.
大量炸药被扔进河里；各种武器被摧毁或变得毫无用处；三座桥梁被毁；剩下的几匹马被射杀，维亚尔河上一座没有战略价值的铁路桥也被摧毁。
These tactics of destroying approaches naturally isolated the town more than ever, and made it exceedingly difficult afterward to convey food supplies to the starving population.
这些破坏道路的策略自然使该镇比以往任何时候都更加孤立，并使得随后向饥饿人口运送食物变得极其困难。
On Monday morning, March 22, 1915, the Austrian chief of staff appeared outside the lines of Przemysl under a flag of truce.
1915 年 3 月 22 日星期一早上，奥地利参谋长打着休战旗出现在普热梅希尔战线外。
He was blindfolded, driven by automobile to Russian headquarters, and ushered into the presence of General Selivanoff.
他被蒙上眼睛，乘汽车前往俄罗斯总部，并被带到塞利瓦诺夫将军面前。
When the bandage had been removed from his eyes, the Austrian officer handed over a letter of capitulation from General von Kusmanek, which ran as follows:
当他眼睛上的绷带被取下时，奥地利军官交给了冯·库斯马内克将军的一封投降书，内容如下：
"In consequence of the exhaustion of provisions and stores, and in compliance with instructions received from my supreme chief, I am compelled to surrender the Imperial and Royal Fortress of Przemysl to the Imperial Russian Army."
“由于给养和补给耗尽，根据我最高首领的指示，我被迫将普热梅希尔帝国皇家要塞交给俄罗斯帝国军队。”
The Russians took charge without any triumphal display.
俄罗斯人在没有表现出任何胜利的情况下就取得了胜利。
Some officers were sent to receive the surrender and take stock of the spoils.
一些军官被派去接收投降并盘点战利品。
General von Kusmanek himself supplied the inventory, in which were listed 9 generals, 93 superior officers, 2,500 "Offiziere und Beamten" (subalterns and officials), and 117,000 rank and file, besides 1,000 pieces of ordnance, mostly useless, and a large quantity of shells and rifle cartridges.
冯·库斯马内克将军本人提供了这份清单，其中列出了9名将军、93名高级军官、2,500名“Offiziere und Beamten”（下级和官员）和117,000名普通士兵，此外还有1,000件大多无用的军械以及大量炮弹和步枪弹药筒。
General Artamoff was appointed military governor and to superintend the process of dispatching the prisoners into Russian territory, which was carried out at the rate of 10,000 a day.
阿塔莫夫将军被任命为军事总督，并监督将囚犯派遣到俄罗斯领土的过程，运送速度为每天 10,000 人。
Extensive arrangements were set on foot to supply the inhabitants with food, drink, and other necessaries of life.
我们进行了广泛的步行安排，为居民提供食物、饮料和其他生活必需品。
As the Russians had not bombarded the town, its natural and artificial beauties had suffered no damage beyond that which the Austrians had themselves inflicted; only the outskirts and the fortifications had been injured by fire and explosion.
由于俄国人没有轰炸该城镇，因此它的自然美景和人造美景没有受到比奥地利人自己造成的损害更大的损害。只有郊区和防御工事因火灾和爆炸而受损。
Thus fell, on March 22, 1915, Przemysl, "by its own momentum like an overripe fruit," and with a garrison twice as large as would have been adequate to defend it.
1915 年 3 月 22 日，普热梅希尔“凭借自身的势头，像一颗熟透的水果”被攻陷，驻军数量是足以保卫它的两倍。
To Austria the blow was a severe one, for it cost her about four army corps; the immediate advantage it brought to the Russians was the release of Selivanoff's army of 100,000 men, who were urgently required elsewhere.
对于奥地利来说，这一打击是沉重的，因为它损失了大约四个军团。它给俄国人带来的直接好处是释放了塞利瓦诺夫的 10 万名士兵，而这些人是其他地方急需的。
It was only a week earlier that the commander in chief of all the Austro-Hungarian armies, the Archduke Frederick, had granted an interview to an American journalist (Dr. J.
就在一周前，奥匈帝国军队的总司令腓特烈大公接受了一位美国记者（J.
T.
T。
Roche), in the course of which he stated: "We have only recently reached the point where we are really prepared, to carry on a campaign as it should be carried under modern conditions of warfare.
罗氏），他在讲话中表示：“我们直到最近才真正做好准备，以在现代战争条件下进行一场应有的战役。
Now that our organization has been completed and all branches of the service are working harmoniously, we entertain no doubts as to our ability to hold the enemy at all points and to drive him back from that section of Galicia which is still in his possession."
现在我们的组织已经完成，各个军种都在和谐地工作，我们毫不怀疑我们有能力在所有地点控制住敌人，并将他们从仍然由他占领的加利西亚地区赶回来。”
CHAPTER XXXIX
第三十九章
NEW RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE--AUSTRO-GERMAN COUNTEROFFENSIVE
俄罗斯新攻势——奥德反攻
Three days before the fall of Przemysl the Russians abandoned the defensive and commenced a vigorous attack on the Carpathian front.
普热梅希尔陷落前三天，俄军放弃防御，开始对喀尔巴阡前线发起猛烈进攻。
Active preparations for the advance had been completed when the capitulation of the fortress was to be expected any hour.
当要塞随时都会投降时，进攻的积极准备工作已经完成。
Having so far held the Germanic armies in check, it was necessary for the Russians to regain complete control of the Carpathians and the passes before the snow should begin to melt, especially if they decided on an invasion of Hungary.
到目前为止，俄罗斯人已经控制住了日耳曼军队，因此有必要在积雪开始融化之前重新完全控制喀尔巴阡山脉和山口，特别是如果他们决定入侵匈牙利的话。
On the other hand, before any offensive could be undertaken against the Germans in Poland, or the Austrians at Cracow, it was imperative to secure the southern flank in Galicia.
另一方面，在对波兰的德国人或克拉科夫的奥地利人发动任何进攻之前，必须确保加利西亚的南翼安全。
They had by this time partially grasped one particular feature of German strategy, namely, to parry a blow from one direction by striking in another.
此时他们已经部分掌握了德国战略的一个特点，即通过从一个方向打击另一个方向来招架来自一个方向的打击。
A further consideration may have been the absolute certainty that Germany would dispatch more reenforcements to the aid of her ally.
进一步的考虑可能是德国绝对肯定会派遣更多增援部队来援助其盟友。
Selivanoff's siege army was distributed between Dmitrieff, Brussilov, and Ivanoff, but they could not be employed to full advantage owing to the restricted area presented by the Germanic front.
塞利万诺夫的攻城军分布在德米特里耶夫、布鲁西洛夫和伊万诺夫之间，但由于日耳曼战线的限制，他们无法充分发挥作用。
Being largely composed of siege artillery as well as cavalry, a considerable portion of Selivanoff's army was unsuited for mountain warfare.
塞利瓦诺夫的军队主要由攻城炮兵和骑兵组成，有相当一部分不适合山地作战。
Cavalry were converted into infantry, but could not be supplied with the necessary equipment; they had no bayonets, and most of the fighting was hand-to-hand.
骑兵改为步兵，但无法获得必要的装备；他们没有刺刀，大部分战斗都是肉搏战。
Great masses of Germanic reserves were concentrating in northern Hungary, into which the Russians had driven a thin wedge south of Dukla, where they held an isolated outpost near Bartfeld.
大量的日耳曼预备队集中在匈牙利北部，俄罗斯人在杜克拉以南的地方打入了一个薄弱的楔子，在那里他们在巴特菲尔德附近拥有一个孤立的前哨基地。
To leave this position undeveloped meant compulsory withdrawal or disaster.
如果这个位置不被开发，就意味着强制撤退或灾难。
With the continual influx of reenforcements on both sides, the struggle for the main passes gradually develops into an ever-expanding and unbroken battle front: all the gaps are being filled up.
随着双方援军的不断涌入，主关之争逐渐发展为不断扩大、不间断的战线，所有的缺口都在被填补。
From Dukla westward to the Dunajec-Biala line and the Carpathian foothills a new link is formed by the Fourth Austrian Army, commanded by the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, with two and a half army corps and one German division.
从杜克拉向西到杜纳耶茨-比亚拉线和喀尔巴阡山麓，由约瑟夫·斐迪南大公指挥的奥地利第四集团军形成了一条新的联系，该集团军有两个半军和一个德国师。
In the Central Carpathians a fifth army, under the command of the Austrian General von Bojna, appears between the forces of Boehm-Ermolli and those of Von Linsingen.
在中喀尔巴阡山脉，第五集团军由奥地利将军冯·博伊纳指挥，出现在伯姆-埃尔莫利和冯·林辛根的部队之间。
Right away eastward the purely Austrian army of Von Pflanzer-Baltin was holding the Pruth Valley.
就在东边，冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷的纯奥地利军队占领了普鲁斯山谷。
The Germanic chain was complete, with every link welded together.
日耳曼链条是完整的，每个环节都焊接在一起。
When the Russian offensive opened on March 19, 1915, the entire battle line still rested on the northern side of the Carpathians, and here the struggle was resumed.
1915年3月19日苏军发起攻势时，整个战线仍驻扎在喀尔巴阡山脉北侧，战斗又在这里重新开始。
The Russian grand attack was directed between the Lupkow and Uzsok passes, where great forces of the enemy, concentrated for the purpose of relieving Przemysl, were stationed.
俄军的大进攻是在卢普科夫山口和乌佐克山口之间进行的，那里驻扎着敌军的大量兵力，以解救普热梅希尔。
In the western sector, facing Dmitrieff, the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand held the roads leading from Novy-Sacz and Grybow to Tarnow, covering Cracow; and from south of the range the two roads diverging from Zboro to Gorlice and Jaslo were in Russian possession, though the Austrians held their junction at Zboro, eight miles north of Bartfeld.
在西线，面对德米特里耶夫，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公控制着从新萨茨和格里博到塔尔努夫的道路，覆盖了克拉科夫；从山脉以南，从兹博罗到戈尔利采和亚斯洛的两条道路都属于俄罗斯人的控制，尽管奥地利人在巴特费尔德以北八英里的兹博罗控制了他们的交汇处。
Of the actual fighting that took place in this region very few details were published by the Russian official communique.
关于该地区发生的实际战斗，俄罗斯官方公报几乎没有公布任何细节。
One of these documents, dated April 18, 1915, announced that on March 23, "our troops had already begun their principal attack in the direction of Baligrod, enveloping the enemy positions from the west of the Lupkow Pass and on the east near the sources of the San.
其中一份日期为 1915 年 4 月 18 日的文件宣布，3 月 23 日，“我们的部队已经开始向巴利格罗德方向发起主攻，从卢普科山口以西和桑河源头附近的东面包围敌军阵地。
The enemy opposed the most desperate resistance to the offensive of our troops.
敌人对我军的进攻进行了最拼命的抵抗。
They had brought up every available man on the front from the direction of Bartfeld as far as the Uzsok Pass, including even German troops and numerous cavalrymen fighting on foot.
他们调动了从巴特菲尔德方向一直到乌兹索克山口的前线所有可用人员，甚至包括德军和大量徒步作战的骑兵。
The effectives on this front exceeded 300 battalions.
此战线的有效兵力超过300个营。
Moreover, our troops had to overcome great natural difficulties at every step.
而且，我军每走一步都要克服巨大的自然困难。
In the course of the day, March 23, 1915, we captured more than 4,000 prisoners, a gun, and several dozen machine guns."
1915 年 3 月 23 日这一天，我们俘获了 4000 多名囚犯、一把枪和几十挺机枪。”
On March 24, 1915, the battle was in full progress: "Especially severe is the fighting for the crest of the mountain south of Jasliska and to the west of the Lupkow Pass.
1915 年 3 月 24 日，战斗全面展开：“贾斯利斯卡以南山顶和卢普科山口以西的山顶战斗尤其激烈。
The forests which cover these mountains offer special facilities for the construction of strong fortifications." March 25: "The woods in the Lupkow region are a perfect entanglement of barbed wire ...
覆盖这些山脉的森林为建造坚固的防御工事提供了特殊的设施。” 3 月 25 日：“卢普科地区的树林是铁丝网的完美缠绕......
surrounded by several layers of trenches, strengthened by deep ditches and palisades.
周围有数层战壕，并由深沟和栅栏加固。
On this day our troops carried by assault a very important Austrian position on the great crest of the Beskid Mountains." The Russian captures for the day amounted to 100 officers, 5,600 men, and a number of machine guns.
这一天，我们的部队进攻了贝斯基德山脉顶峰上一个非常重要的奥地利阵地。”当天，俄军俘获了 100 名军官、5,600 名士兵和多挺机枪。
Advancing from Jasliska the Russians seriously threatened the Austro-German position in the Laborcza Valley, to which strong reenforcements were sent on March 25.
俄军从贾斯利斯卡出发，严重威胁了奥德在拉博恰山谷的阵地，3 月 25 日向该山谷派遣了强大的增援部队。
With terrific violence the battle raged till far into the night of the 27th, the Russians forcing their way to within seven miles of the Hungarian frontier.
战斗异常激烈，一直持续到 27 日深夜，俄军逼近距离匈牙利边境不到 7 英里的地方。
In eight days they had taken nearly 10,000 prisoners.
八天之内，他们俘虏了近万名囚犯。
By the night of March 28, 1915, the entire line of sixty miles from Dukla to Uzsok was ablaze--the storm was spreading eastward.
到 1915 年 3 月 28 日夜间，从杜克拉到乌兹索克的整条 60 英里的路线都着火了——风暴正在向东蔓延。
Like huge ant hills the mountains swarmed with gray and bluish specks--each a human being--some to the waist in snow, stabbing and hacking at each other ferociously with bayonet, sword, or lance, others pouring deadly fire from rifle, revolver, machine gun, and heavy artillery.
就像巨大的蚂蚁山一样，山上布满了灰色和蓝色的斑点——每个斑点都是一个人——有的到了腰部，在雪中，用刺刀、剑或长矛凶猛地互相刺伤，还有的用步枪、左轮手枪、机关枪和重炮发射致命的火力。
Over rocks slippery with blood, through cruel barbed-wire entanglements and into crowded trenches the human masses dash and scramble.
人类群众冲过沾满鲜血的湿滑岩石，穿过残酷的铁丝网，进入拥挤的战壕。
Here, with heavy toll, they advanced; there, and with costlier sacrifice, they were driven back.
在这里，他们付出了沉重的代价，前进了；在那里，他们付出了更大的牺牲，被赶了回来。
Fiery Magyars, mechanical Teutons and stolid muzhiks mixed together in an indescribable hellbroth of combative fury and destructive passion.
火热的马扎尔人、机械的条顿人和冷漠的农夫混合在一起，形成一种难以形容的战斗狂怒和破坏性激情的地狱。
Screaming shells and spattered shrapnel rent the rocks and tore men in pieces by the thousand.
尖叫的炮弹和飞溅的弹片撕裂了岩石，将成千上万的人撕成碎片。
Round the Lupkow Pass the Russians steadily carved their way forward, and at the close of the day, March 29, 1915, they had taken 76 officers, 5,384 men, 1 trench mortar, and 21 machine guns.
绕过卢普科山口，俄军稳步前进，到 1915 年 3 月 29 日结束时，他们俘虏了 76 名军官、5,384 名士兵、1 门迫击炮和 21 挺机枪。
Along the Baligrod-Cisna road the fighting proceeded, up to March 30, by day and night.
沿着巴里格罗德-西斯纳公路，战斗不分昼夜地持续到 3 月 30 日。
Gradually the Russians pushed toward Dvernik and Ustrzyki south of Lutoviska, threatening the Austrian position in the Uzsok and lines of communications to the south.
俄军逐渐向卢托维斯卡以南的德韦尔尼克和乌斯奇基推进，威胁奥军在乌兹索克的阵地和南部的交通线。
German reserves were hurried up from the base at Ungvar, but could not prevent the capture of 80 Austrian officers, over 5,000 men, 14 machine guns, and 4 pieces of cannon.
德国预备队从翁格瓦尔基地匆忙赶来，但无法阻止俘获80名奥地利军官、5000多名士兵、14挺机枪和4门大炮。
Ivanoff had been careful to hold his portion of Selivanoff's army in reserve; their presence turned the scale.
伊万诺夫一直小心翼翼地保留了塞利万诺夫军队中他的部分作为后备部队。他们的出现改变了局面。
On the day and night of March 31, 1915, the Russians stormed and carried the Austrian positions 4,000 feet high up on the Poloniny range during a heavy snowstorm.
1915 年 3 月 31 日昼夜，俄军在一场暴风雪中猛攻，将波洛尼尼山脉上的奥地利阵地攻至 4,000 英尺高处。
So deep was the snow in places that movement was impossible; the trampling of the charging battalions rushing down over the slopes dislodged avalanches of snow, overwhelming both attackers and defenders.
有些地方的积雪很深，无法移动。冲锋部队冲过山坡，踩出雪崩，压倒了进攻方和防守方。
By April 1, 1915, the Russians approached Volosate, only twelve miles from the rear of the Uzsok Pass, from which they were now separated by a low ridge.
1915 年 4 月 1 日，俄军逼近沃洛萨特，距离乌兹索克山口后方仅 12 英里，现在他们与乌兹索克山口之间仅隔着一道低矮的山脊。
Holding full possession of the Poloniny range farther west, they commanded the road from Dvernik to Vetlina.
他们完全控制了更西边的波洛尼尼山脉，控制着从德韦尔尼克到韦特利纳的道路。
From the north other Russian columns captured Michova on the Smolnik-Cisna railroad, crossed the Carpathians, and penetrated into the Virava Valley.
其他俄罗斯纵队从北部占领了斯莫尔尼克-奇斯纳铁路上的米霍瓦，越过喀尔巴阡山脉，深入维拉瓦河谷。
Occupying the entire loop of the Sanok-Homona railway north and south of Lupkow, and Mezo-Laborcz toward Dukla, the Russians now threatened the Austrian mountain positions between Lupkow and the Vetlina-Zboj road from the western flank as well.
俄军占领了卢普科夫北部和南部的萨诺克-霍莫纳铁路的整个环路，以及通往杜克拉的梅佐-拉博茨，现在还从西翼威胁卢普科夫和维特利纳-兹博伊公路之间的奥地利山区阵地。
Violent winter storms raged across the Carpathians on April 2 and 3, 1915; nature spread a great white pall over the scenes of carnage.
1915 年 4 月 2 日至 3 日，猛烈的冬季风暴席卷喀尔巴阡山脉；大自然给大屠杀的场景蒙上一层巨大的白色阴影。
While the elements were battling, the weary human fighting machine rested and bound its wounds.
当元素战斗时，疲惫的人类战斗机器休息并包扎伤口。
But not for long.
但不会持续太久。
Scarcely had the last howls of the blizzard faded away when the machine was again set in motion.
暴风雪的最后一阵嚎叫刚刚消退，机器就再次启动了。
South of Dukla and Lupkow and north of Uzsok fighting was resumed with intense vigor.
杜克拉和卢普科以南以及乌兹索克以北的战斗又重新激烈起来。
Painfully digging through the snowdrifts the Austrians retired from the Smolnik-Kalnica line, now no longer tenable.
奥地利人痛苦地在雪堆中挖掘，从斯莫尔尼克-卡尔尼察防线撤退，该防线现在已不再可靠。
Storm hampered the pursuing enemy, who captured the Cisna railway station on April 4, 1915, with all its rolling stock and large stores of munitions.
暴风雨阻碍了追击的敌人，他们于 1915 年 4 月 4 日占领了西斯纳火车站及其所有机车车辆和大量弹药库。
On April 6, 1915, a Russian communique announced that "during the period from March 20 to April 3, 1915, we took prisoners in the Carpathians, on the front from Baligrod to Uzsok, 378 officers, 11 doctors, and 33,155 men.
1915年4月6日，俄罗斯公报宣布：“1915年3月20日至4月3日期间，我们在喀尔巴阡山脉，从巴里格罗德到乌兹索克的前线俘虏了378名军官、11名医生和33,155名士兵。
We captured 17 guns and 101 machine guns.
我们缴获枪支17支，机枪101挺。
Of these captives 117 officers, 16,928 men, 8 guns, and 59 machine guns were taken on a front of fifteen versts (10 miles)."
在这些俘虏中，有 117 名军官、16,928 名士兵、8 支枪和 59 挺机枪被俘虏在 15 俄里（10 英里）的战线上。”
The Russians again advanced along their whole front on April 4, 1915; forcing their way along the Rostoki stream, they carried the village of Rostoki Gorne with the bayonet and penetrated the snow-bound Rostoki Pass.
1915 年 4 月 4 日，俄国人再次全线推进。他们沿着罗斯托基溪流强行前进，用刺刀攻克了罗斯托基戈尔内村，并穿过了积雪覆盖的罗斯托基山口。
Their first line arrived at a Hungarian village called Orosz-Russka, five miles from Nagy Polena, at the foot of the pass.
他们的第一支队伍到达了一个名为奥罗斯-鲁斯卡（Orosz-Russka）的匈牙利村庄，距离纳吉波莱纳（Nagy Polena）五英里，位于山口脚下。
The Austrians attempted to drive them back, but they held their ground.
奥地利人试图将他们击退，但他们坚守阵地。
While fortune was steadily following the efforts of the czar's troops in the Lupkow-Uzsok sector, the German War Staff were preparing their plans for the great decisive blow that was soon to be struck.
当沙皇军队在卢普科-乌索克地区的努力稳步推进时，德国战争参谋部正在为即将到来的重大决定性打击制定计划。
South of the Carpathians, barely thirty miles away, formidable reenforcements were collecting; they arrived from the East Prussian front, from Poland, and even from the west, where they had faced the French and British.
在喀尔巴阡山脉以南，距此仅三十英里的地方，强大的援军正在集结。他们来自东普鲁士前线、波兰，甚至来自他们曾面对法国和英国的西部。
There were also new formations fresh from Germany.
还有来自德国的新阵型。
General von der Marwitz arrived in the Laborcza Valley with a whole German army corps.
冯德马维茨将军率领整个德国军团抵达拉博恰山谷。
These gigantic preparations were not unknown to the Russians; they, also, strained every nerve to throw all available reenforcements behind and into the battle line, strengthening every position _except one_.
这些巨大的准备工作对于俄罗斯人来说并不陌生。他们还竭尽全力将所有可用的增援部队投入到战线后方和战线中，加强每个阵地（除了一个阵地）。
South of the Lupkow the Germanic forces opened their counteroffensive on April 6, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 6 日，日耳曼军队在卢普科河以南发起反攻。
Official reports on the first day's fighting differ somewhat.
关于第一天战斗的官方报道有些不同。
The Russians admit a slight German advance, but assert that they were able to withstand all further attacks.
俄罗斯人承认德军取得了轻微的进展，但坚称他们能够抵御所有进一步的攻击。
The Germans, on the other hand, claim great successes and the capture of 6,000 Russian prisoners.
另一方面，德国人声称取得了巨大成功并俘获了 6,000 名俄罗斯战俘。
The Germanic armies in this case, however, certainly did advance, for the Russians withdrew from the Virava Valley, which they had entered four days earlier.
然而，在这种情况下，日耳曼军队确实取得了进展，因为俄罗斯人从四天前进入的维拉瓦山谷撤出了。
The first object of the counteroffensive was to save the Austrians who were holding the frontier south of Lupkow from being enveloped and cut off.
反攻的首要目标是拯救卢普科夫以南边境的奥军免遭包围和切断。
But on April 9, 1915, the Russians again moved forward, and recovered part of the Virava Valley.
但1915年4月9日，俄国人再次前进，收复了维拉瓦河谷的部分地区。
By this day the whole mountain crest from Dukla to Uzsok, a distance of over seventy miles, had been conquered by the Russians.
到这一天，从杜克拉到乌兹索克的整个山顶，七十多英里的距离，都被俄罗斯人征服了。
By the same night they had repulsed a counterattack near the Rostoki and captured a battalion of Austrian infantry.
当晚，他们击退了罗斯托基河附近的一次反攻，并俘获了一个营的奥地利步兵。
The Russian report sums up thus: "We seized Height 909 (909 meters=3,030 feet) with the result that the enemy was repulsed along the entire length of the principal chain of the Carpathians in the region of our offensive."
俄罗斯的报告这样总结：“我们夺取了909高地（909米=3,030英尺），结果敌人在我方进攻区域的喀尔巴阡山脉主链全长上被击退。”
For the next three days Brussilov attempted to work his way to the rear of the Uzsok position with his right wing from the Laborcz and Ung valleys, while simultaneously continuing his frontal attacks against Boehm-Ermolli and Von Bojna.
在接下来的三天里，布鲁西洛夫试图用他的右翼从Laborcz和Ung山谷向Uzsok阵地的后方推进，同时继续对Boehm-Ermolli和Von Bojna进行正面攻击。
Cutting through snow sometimes more than six feet deep, the Russians approached at several points within a distance of three miles from the Uzsok Valley.
俄罗斯人穿过有时超过六英尺深的积雪，在距乌兹索克山谷三英里范围内的几个地点逼近。
But the Austrians still held the Opolonek mountain group in force.
但奥地利人仍然坚守着奥波洛内克山群。
Severe fighting then developed northwest of the Uzsok on the slopes between Bukoviec and Beniova; the Russians captured the village of Wysocko Nizne to the northeast, which commands the only roads connecting the Munkacz-Stryj and the Uzsok-Turka lines.
随后，乌兹索克河西北部布科维茨和贝尼奥瓦之间的山坡上爆发了激烈的战斗。俄罗斯人占领了东北部的维索科尼兹涅村，该村控制着连接蒙卡奇-斯特里吉线和乌兹索克-图尔卡线的唯一道路。
Though both sides claimed local successes, they appear to have fought each other to a deadlock, for very little fighting occurred in this zone after April 14, 1915.
尽管双方都声称取得了局部胜利，但他们似乎已经陷入僵局，因为 1915 年 4 月 14 日之后，该地区几乎没有发生任何战斗。
Henceforth Brussilov directed his main efforts to the Virava and Cisna-Rostoki sector.
此后，布鲁西洛夫将主要精力集中在维拉瓦和奇斯纳-罗斯托基地区。
From here and Volosate, where there had been continuous fighting since the early days of April, the Russians strove desperately for possession of the Uzsok.
从这里和沃洛萨泰，自四月初以来，战斗一直持续不断，俄罗斯人拼命争夺乌兹索克。
They were ow only two or three days' march from the Hungarian plains.
他们距离匈牙利平原只有两三天的路程。
Between April 17 and 20, 1915, a vigorous Austrian counterattack failed to check the Russian advance.
1915 年 4 月 17 日至 20 日期间，奥地利发起猛烈反击，未能阻止俄军的进攻。
Between Telepovce and Zuella, two villages south of the Lupkow, the Russians noiselessly approached the Austrian barbed-wire entanglements, broke through, and after a brief bayonet encounter gained possession of two heights and captured the village of Nagy Polena, a little farther to the east.
在卢普科夫以南的两个村庄特莱波夫采和祖埃拉之间，俄军悄无声息地逼近了奥军的铁丝网纠缠，突破了，经过短暂的刺刀交锋，占领了两个高地，占领了稍东边的纳吉波莱纳村。
During the night of April 16-17, 1915, the Russians took prisoners 24 officers, 1,116 men, and 3 machine guns.
1915 年 4 月 16 日至 17 日夜间，俄国人俘虏了 24 名军官、1,116 名士兵和 3 挺机枪。
On April 18, 1915, the Austrians directed several fierce attacks against the heights south of Telepovce, but were compelled to evacuate the approaches to their positions.
1915 年 4 月 18 日，奥军对泰莱波夫采以南的高地发动了数次猛烈攻击，但被迫撤离通往阵地的道路。
Here, also, an Austrian battalion was cut off and forced to surrender.
在这里，一个奥地利营也被切断了联系并被迫投降。
Meanwhile the fighting was gradually decreasing in intensity; the great Carpathian campaign had reached the end of another chapter.
与此同时，战斗的强度逐渐减弱。伟大的喀尔巴阡战役又到了结束的阶段。
The Austro-German offensive had failed in its purpose.
奥德攻势未能达到目的。
From Uzsok eastward there had been but little fighting after the Russian recapture of Stanislawow.
俄罗斯夺回斯坦尼斯瓦沃后，从乌兹索克向东，几乎没有发生任何战斗。
CHAPTER XL
第二十章
CAMPAIGN IN GALICIA AND BUKOWINA--BATTLE OF THE DUNAJEC
加利西亚和布科维纳战役——杜纳耶克战役
While the struggle for the passes was raging in the central Carpathians an interesting campaign was being conducted in Eastern Galicia and the Bukowina between Von Pflanzer-Baltin and Lechitsky.
当喀尔巴阡山脉中部争夺通行证的斗争正在激烈进行时，冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷和莱希茨基之间在东加利西亚和布科维纳正在进行一场有趣的战役。
There we left the Russians in possession of Stanislawow, which they had reoccupied on March 4, 1915.
在那里，我们让俄罗斯人占领了斯坦尼斯拉沃，他们于 1915 年 3 月 4 日重新占领了该地。
Two days before, an Austrian detachment of infantry and two divisions of cavalry attempted a raid into Russian territory near the Bessarabian frontier.
两天前，一支奥地利步兵分队和两个骑兵师试图突袭比萨拉比亚边境附近的俄罗斯领土。
Within forty-eight hours they were hurled back.
四十八小时之内，他们就被赶了回来。
Beyond local skirmishes and maneuvering for positions, nothing of importance happened from March 4 till the 15th, when the Russians attacked the main Austrian forces southeast of Czernowitz.
从 3 月 4 日到 15 日，俄国人攻击切尔诺维茨东南部的奥地利主力，除了局部的小规模冲突和阵地机动之外，没有发生任何重要的事情。
Crossing the River Pruth opposite Ludihorecza, which lies about 600 feet high, and where the Czernowitz waterworks are situated, the Russians occupied the place and threatened the Austrian position in the town, around which pressed laborers were digging trenches night and day for the defenders.
穿过卢迪霍雷茨河（Ludihorecza）对面的普鲁特河（卢迪霍雷茨河高约 600 英尺，切尔诺维茨自来水厂所在地），俄军占领了该地并威胁到奥军在该镇的阵地，在该镇周围，受压迫的劳工日以继夜地为守军挖战壕。
Along the line between Sadagora and Old Zuczka the Russians had been settled for over six months.
沿着萨达戈拉和老祖茨卡之间的路线，俄罗斯人已经定居了六个多月。
The Austrians attacked this position on March 21, 1915, with the aid of reenforcements and compelled the Russians to evacuate Sadagora.
1915 年 3 月 21 日，奥地利人在增援部队的帮助下攻击了这个阵地，迫使俄国人撤离萨达戈拉。
While falling back in the south the Russians endeavored to advance in the north, from the direction of Czerniavka, and outflank the Austrians.
俄军在南部撤退的同时，努力从车尔尼亚夫卡方向向北推进，包抄奥军。
Violent fighting raged for several days, especially northeast from Czernowitz to beyond Rarancze, with the result that the Russians were compelled to withdraw toward Bojan, near their own frontier, on March 27.
暴力战斗持续了数天，特别是从切尔诺维茨东北部到拉兰切以外的地区，结果俄罗斯人被迫于 3 月 27 日向靠近自己边境的博扬撤退。
Three days later some Hungarian Honved battalions, who had penetrated into Russian territory near Szylowce, were surrounded by Cossacks and severely handled.
三天后，一些匈牙利洪韦德营渗透到斯齐洛采附近的俄罗斯领土，被哥萨克包围并遭到严厉处置。
Besides many killed and wounded the Austrians lost over 1,000 prisoners, and by April 2, 1915, the Russians had thrown the remainder back across their borders.
除了许多人伤亡之外，奥地利人还损失了 1,000 多名俘虏，到 1915 年 4 月 2 日，俄罗斯人已将剩余的人赶回了边境。
On April 10, 1915, the Russians withdrew from Bojan, but returned on the 14th.
1915年4月10日，俄军从博扬撤军，但于14日返回。
Here, at the close of April, they concentrated large reenforcements and recovered most of the ground they had lost since the middle of March.
4月底，他们在这里集中了大批援军，收复了自3月中旬以来失去的大部分土地。
Some twenty miles northwest of Czernowitz, sheltered in a loop of the Dniester, lies an important fortified town called Zaleszczyki.
切尔诺维茨西北约二十英里处，在德涅斯特河环流的庇护下，坐落着一座重要的防御城镇，名叫扎莱斯奇基（Zaleszczyki）。
It had a population of over 76,000, and is a station on the branch line connecting Czortkow junction with the Kolomca-Czernowitz railway.
它的人口超过 76,000 人，是连接乔特科枢纽站和科洛姆卡-切尔诺维茨铁路的支线车站。
From the dense forests east of the town an Austrian column commanded by Count von Bissingen had attempted during the night of March 22-23, 1915, to turn the adjacent Russian positions, held by Cossacks and Siberian fusiliers.
1915 年 3 月 22 日至 23 日夜间，一支由冯·比辛根伯爵指挥的奥地利纵队试图从该镇以东的茂密森林中转向由哥萨克和西伯利亚燧发枪手占据的邻近的俄罗斯阵地。
A furious fight developed, and the Austro-Hungarian column, which included some of the finest troops, was repulsed with heavy loss.
一场激烈的战斗爆发了，奥匈帝国的纵队，其中包括一些最精锐的部队，被击退，损失惨重。
Two other attempts were made here, on April 10 and 17, 1915.
1915 年 4 月 10 日和 17 日，这里还进行了另外两次尝试。
On the latter date a detachment of Tyrolese sharpshooters were trapped in the wire entanglements and annihilated.
在后一天，一支蒂罗尔神枪手小分队被困在铁丝网中并被歼灭。
One more battle on a big scale remains to be chronicled from the far eastern sector; it may also serve to illustrate the wide divergence that not infrequently exists between official communiques recording the same event.
远东地区的另一场大规模战斗仍有待记录。它还可以说明记录同一事件的官方公报之间经常存在的巨大分歧。
Early in April, 1915, a Russian force threw a bridge across the Dniester near the village of Filipkowu and moved along the road running from Uscie Biskupie via Okna and Kuczurmik on to Czernowitz, the intention being to turn the Austrian positions south of Zaleszczyki from the rear.
1915 年 4 月初，一支俄罗斯军队在 Filipkowu 村附近跨过德涅斯特河修建了一座桥梁，并沿着从乌希比斯库皮出发，经奥克纳和库丘尔米克到达切尔诺维茨的道路前进，目的是从后方扭转扎莱什奇基以南的奥军阵地。
We will let the rival communiques relate what happened:
我们将让竞争对手的公报讲述所发生的事情：
_Austrian Version_
_奥地利版_
Annihilated two battalions of Russian infantry belonging to the Alexander Regiment; took 1,400 prisoners, and drove Russians back beyond the Dniester.
歼灭属于亚历山大团的两个俄罗斯步兵营；俘虏了 1,400 名俘虏，并将俄国人赶回了德涅斯特河沿岸。
_Russian Version_
_俄语版_
Annihilated two battalions of the Honveds; captured 21 officers, over 1,000 rank and file, and 8 machine guns.
歼灭洪维德人的两个营；俘获21名军官、1000多名普通士兵和8挺机枪。
The curtain was about to rise for the next act, wherein will be played one of the most terrific reversals of fortune ever produced in military history.
下一幕即将拉开帷幕，其中将上演军事史上最可怕的命运逆转之一。
For quite a month it had been an open secret that considerable masses of German troops were being transported to the Carpathian front.
相当一个月以来，大批德国军队被运送到喀尔巴阡前线已经是一个公开的秘密。
What was not known, however, was the magnitude or the plan of these preparations.
然而，人们不知道这些准备工作的规模或计划。
Never was a greater concentration of men and machinery more silently and more speedily accomplished.
人员和机器的集中程度从未如此之低、如此之快。
All along the south of the range, on the great Hungarian plains, there assembled a gigantic host of numerous nationalities.
沿着山脉的南部，在匈牙利大平原上，聚集着众多民族的大军。
But it was away to the west, in that narrow bottle neck where the Dunajec flows from the Polish frontier down to the Tarnow Pass, that the mighty thunderbolt had been forged.
但正是在西边，杜纳耶茨河从波兰边境流向塔尔努夫山口的那条狭窄的瓶颈处，强大的雷电才得以铸造。
Thousands of heavy guns were here planted in position, and millions of shells conveyed thither under cover of night.
数以千计的重炮在这里就位，数以百万计的炮弹在夜色的掩护下运到那里。
Countless trains carried war materials, tents, pontoons, cattle, provisions, etc. Finally the troops arrived--from the different fronts where they could be spared, and new levies from Germany and Austria-Hungary.
无数的火车运载着战争物资、帐篷、浮桥、牲畜、给养等。最后，部队抵达了——来自可以幸免的不同前线，还有来自德国和奥匈帝国的新征兵。
Smoothly and silently men and machines dropped into their respective places: All was ready; not a detail had been overlooked; German organization had done its part.
人和机器平稳而安静地落入各自的位置：一切准备就绪；没有一个细节被忽视；德国组织已经尽了自己的一份力量。
The commander was Von Mackensen, nominally Commander of the Eleventh German Army, but in reality supreme director of the whole campaign.
指挥官是冯·马肯森，名义上是德国第十一集团军司令，但实际上是整个战役的最高指挥。
During April, 1915, a number of changes had taken place among the commanding officers of the Austro-German armies; the new dispositions of groups along the battle line differ considerably from those which obtained during the fighting for the passes.
1915 年 4 月，奥德军队的指挥官发生了一系列变动；战线沿线部队的新部署与争夺关口时的部署有很大不同。
The line was now enormously strengthened, and more compact.
这条线现在得到了极大的加强，也更加紧凑。
This applies only to the Germanic side; there is little change on the Russian.
这仅适用于日耳曼一方；俄语方面几乎没有变化。
At this stage the Russian front on the west of Galicia extended from Opatovie on the Polish frontier along the Dunajec, Biala, and Ropa Rivers by Tarnow, Ciezkovice, and Gorlice down to Zboro in Hungary; from here it runs eastward past Sztropko, Krasnilbrod, Virava, and Nagy Polena to the Uzsok Pass, a distance of about 120 miles.
此时，俄罗斯在加利西亚西部的战线从波兰边境的奥帕托维出发，沿着杜纳耶茨河、比亚拉河和罗帕河，经塔尔努夫河、切兹科维采河和戈尔利采河，一直延伸到匈牙利的兹博罗。从这里向东经过什特罗普科、克拉斯尼尔布罗德、维拉瓦和纳吉波莱纳到达乌兹索克山口，全长约120英里。
Ewarts commanded the army on the Nida; the Dunajec-Biala line was still held by Dmitrieff, Commander in Chief of the Eighth Russian Army; Brussilov still commanded the main army of the Carpathians, and Lechitsky in the Bukowina in the place of Alexeieff, who had succeeded General Russky in the northern group.
尤尔茨指挥奈达河上的军队。杜纳耶茨-比亚拉防线仍由俄罗斯第八集团军总司令德米特里耶夫控制；布鲁西洛夫仍然指挥着喀尔巴阡山脉的主力部队，而列奇茨基则在布科维纳接替阿列克谢耶夫指挥，阿列克谢耶夫接替了北方集团的罗斯基将军。
The whole southern group, from the Nida to the Sereth inclusive, was under the supreme command of General Ivanoff.
整个南方集团，从奈达到塞雷思，都处于伊万诺夫将军的最高指挥之下。
Facing Dmitrieff on the Dunajec front stood now the Fourth Austro-Hungarian Army under the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, about five army corps, including a German cavalry division under General von Besser; then the Ninth and Fourteenth Austrian Army Corps; to their right, several Tyrolese regiments; the Sixth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps of General Arz von Straussenburg, with the Prussian Guards on his left and Bavarian troops under Von Emmich on his right; the Eleventh German Army Corps under Von Mackensen; the Third Austro-Hungarian Army under General Boroyevitch von Bojna; the Tenth Army Corps under General Martiny.
在杜纳耶茨前线面对德米特里夫的是约瑟夫·斐迪南大公领导的奥匈帝国第四集团军，大约有五个军团，其中包括冯·贝塞尔将军领导的一个德国骑兵师；然后是奥地利第九军团和第十四军团；在他们的右边，有几个蒂罗尔军团；阿尔兹·冯·施特劳森堡将军领导的奥匈帝国第六军团，其左侧是普鲁士近卫军，右侧是冯·埃米希指挥的巴伐利亚军队；冯·马肯森领导下的德国第十一军团；博罗耶维奇·冯·博伊纳将军指挥的奥匈帝国第三集团军；马蒂尼将军领导的第十军团。
This formidable combination now confronted the Dunajec-Biala positions, which Dmitrieff had held without exertion for four months.
这个强大的联合体现在面临着杜纳耶茨-比亚拉阵地，德米特里耶夫已经在这个阵地上毫不费力地坚守了四个月。
Only a mile or two away he still inspected his trenches and conducted his minor operations, totally unconscious of the brewing storm specially directed against him.
距离他只有一两英里，他仍在检查战壕并进行小规模行动，完全没有意识到正在酝酿的风暴专门针对他。
The Laborza district was held by the Archduke Joseph with the Seventh Army Corps; on his left stood a German corps under Von Marwitz, and on his right the Tenth Army Corps, north of Bartfeld, with some additional forces in between.
拉博扎地区由约瑟夫大公率领第七军团占领。在他的左边是冯·马维茨领导的一个德国军团，在他的右边是巴特菲尔德以北的第十军团，中间还有一些额外的部队。
Around the Lupkow and Uzsok passes the Second Austro-Hungarian Army under Boehm-Ermolli was stationed where it had been since February, 1915.
在卢普科夫和乌兹索克山口附近，博姆-埃尔莫利领导的奥匈帝国第二集团军自 1915 年 2 月以来一直驻扎在那里。
Next, on the right, the Austro-Hungarian army corps under Von Goglia; in the Uzsok lay an army under Von Szurmay, nearly all Magyars, of whom the chief commander was Von Linsingen.
接下来，右边是冯·戈利亚领导的奥匈军团；在乌兹索克，有一支由冯·苏尔梅领导的军队，几乎都是马扎尔人，其中的总司令是冯·林辛根。
Farther eastward stood a Prussian corps, embodying a division of Prussian Guards and other regiments commanded by General Bothmer, a Bavarian, who had been reenforced with a Hungarian division under Bartheldy; then followed the corps of Generals Hofmann and Fleischman, composed of all Austrian nationalities, intrenched in the mountain valleys.
再往东，有一支普鲁士军团，包括一个由普鲁士近卫军师和巴伐利亚人博思默将军指挥的其他团，后者得到了巴塞尔迪率领的一个匈牙利师的增援。接下来是霍夫曼将军和弗莱施曼将军的军团，他们由所有奥地利民族组成，在山谷中盘踞。
More German troops held the next sector, and, finally, came Von Pflanzer-Baltin's army groups in the Bukowina and Eastern Galicia.
更多的德军占领了下一个防区，最后，冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷的集团军出现在布科维纳和东加利西亚。
Against this huge iron ring of at least twenty-four Germanic corps (about 2,000,000 men) and a great store of reserves, the Russians could not muster more than about fourteen of their own corps.
面对这个由至少二十四个日耳曼军团（约 2,000,000 人）和大量后备力量组成的庞大铁环，俄国人最多只能集结大约十四个军团。
As has already been pointed out, the greatest disparity of strength existed on the Dunajec line, where Dmitrieff stood opposed to about half of the enemy's entire force with only five corps of Russian troops.
正如已经指出的那样，最大的兵力差距存在于杜纳耶茨防线，德米特里耶夫仅用五个军与敌军约一半的兵力对峙。
The Austro-German forces, moreover, were infinitely better equipped with munitions and heavy artillery.
此外，奥德军队的弹药和重炮装备要好得多。
The lack of big guns was undoubtedly the reason why the Russians had not attempted an invasion of Hungary.
缺乏大炮无疑是俄罗斯人没有尝试入侵匈牙利的原因。
Hence they stuck to the mountain passes where their opponents were unable to carry their artillery, although they were amply supplied with the same.
因此，他们坚守在山口，尽管对手有充足的补给，但他们却无法携带他们的火炮。
It is true that the Russians could have produced an equal--or even greater--number of men, but they had not the arms and accouterments.
确实，俄罗斯人本可以生产同等数量甚至更多的人员，但他们没有武器和装备。
Speaking from safe knowledge after the event, it is possible to indicate with moderate accuracy at least one of the ingenious stratagems adopted by the Germans to disguise their tremendous preparations against the Dunajec line.
从事件发生后的安全知识来看，至少可以以中等准确度表明德国人为掩饰他们针对杜纳耶茨防线的巨大准备而采取的巧妙策略之一。
For months the fighting in this region had never been severe.
几个月来，该地区的战斗从未如此激烈。
When, therefore, local attacks and counterattacks on a small scale started on the Biala, as far back as April 4, 1915, Dmitrieff and his staff regarded this activity on the Austrians part as merely a continuation of the sporadic assaults they had grown accustomed to.
因此，早在 1915 年 4 月 4 日，当比亚拉开始局部攻击和小规模反击时，德米特里耶夫和他的幕僚就认为奥地利方面的这一活动仅仅是他们已经习惯的零星攻击的延续。
Besides holding his own, Dmitrieff had on several occasions been able to assist Brussilov on his left.
除了坚守自己的位置外，德米特里耶夫还多次协助布鲁西洛夫的左侧。
Until the big German drive commenced they had only been opposed to three Austro-German army corps and a Prussian division; now there were twelve corps on their front, supplied with enormous resources of artillery, shells, and cavalry.
在德军大规模进攻开始之前，他们只遭遇了三个奥德军团和一个普鲁士师；现在他们的前线有十二个军，拥有大量的火炮、炮弹和骑兵资源。
Most serious of all, Dmitrieff had neglected to construct second and third lines to which he could retire in an emergency.
最严重的是，德米特里耶夫忽视了修建第二条和第三条防线，以便他在紧急情况下可以退到那里。
Of the rivers that lay behind him--the Wisloka, the Wistok, and the San--the first would be useful to cover Brussilov's position at the western passes, but beyond that he could not retreat without imperiling the whole Carpathian right flank.
在他身后的几条河流中——维斯洛卡河、维斯托克河和桑河——第一条河流有助于掩护布鲁西洛夫在西边山口的阵地，但除此之外，他就无法在不危及整个喀尔巴阡右翼的情况下撤退。
It was on this very calculation that the German plan--simple but effective--was based.
德国的计划——简单但有效——正是基于这一计算。
The Russian grip on the Carpathians could only be released either by forcing a clear road through any pass into Galicia, or by turning one of the extreme flanks.
俄罗斯对喀尔巴阡山脉的控制只有通过强行开辟一条通向加利西亚的通道或转弯极端侧翼的方式才能解除。
Had the Austrians succeeded in breaking through as far as Jaslo, Dmitrieff would have been cut off and Brussilov forced to withdraw--followed by the whole line.
如果奥军成功突破至亚斯洛，德米特里耶夫就会被切断，布鲁西洛夫也将被迫撤退——随后是全线撤退。
The same result would follow if a thrust from the Bukowina succeeded in recapturing Lemberg.
如果布科维纳号成功夺回伦贝格，也会出现同样的结果。
Both methods had been attempted, and both had failed.
两种方法都尝试过，但都失败了。
Germany's overwhelming superiority in artillery could not be effectively displayed in mountain warfare, but Dmitrieff's position on the Dunajec offered an easy avenue of approach.
德国在炮兵方面的压倒性优势无法在山地战中有效地发挥出来，但德米特里耶夫在杜纳耶茨河上的位置提供了一条轻松的进攻途径。
At the eleventh hour Dmitrieff grasped the situation and applied to Ivanoff for reenforcements.
到了最后一刻，德米特里耶夫掌握了局势，并向伊万诺夫请求增援。
Owing to some blunder the appeal never reached the Russian chief, and Dmitrieff had to do the best he could.
由于一些失误，俄罗斯领导人从未收到过上诉，德米特里耶夫不得不尽力而为。
Nothing now could save his small force from those grim lines of gaping muzzles turned against his positions.
现在没有什么可以拯救他的小部队免受那些张开的枪口反对他的位置的可怕线条的影响。
The overture began on April 28, 1915, with an advance on the Upper Biala toward Gorlice, by Von Mackensen's right.
序曲于 1915 年 4 月 28 日开始，从冯·马肯森的右侧沿上比亚拉河向戈尔利采推进。
Here some minor attacks had been previously made, and the gradually increasing pressure did not at first reveal the intent or magnitude of the movement behind it.
这里之前曾发生过一些小规模的攻击，逐渐增大的压力一开始并没有透露出背后的动向和幅度。
Meanwhile the German troops about Ciezkovice and Senkova--respectively northwest and southeast of Gorlice--were moving by night nearer to the battle line.
与此同时，切兹科维采和森科瓦（分别位于戈尔利采西北和东南）周围的德军正在夜间向战线逼近。
The Russian front line extended from Ciezkovice in a southeasterly direction.
俄罗斯战线从切兹科维采向东南方向延伸。
Hence it soon became clear that Gorlice itself was to be the main objective of the attack.
因此，很快人们就清楚，戈尔利采本身就是这次袭击的主要目标。
A Russian official announcement of May 2, 1915, boldly states:
1915 年 5 月 2 日，俄罗斯官方公告大胆指出：
"During the nights of April 30 to May 1 strong Austrian forces opened an offensive in the region of Ciezkovice.
“4月30日至5月1日夜间，强大的奥地利军队在Ciezkovice地区发动攻势。
Our fire forced the enemy to intrench 600 paces in front of our trenches." Furthermore, the Germans at the same time had directed artillery fire and bayonet attacks against various points on the Rava, Pilica, Nida, and the Dunajec.
我们的火力迫使敌人在我们的战壕前筑起600步的壕沟。”此外，德军同时对拉瓦河、皮利卡河、奈达河和杜纳耶茨河的多个地点进行炮火和刺刀攻击。
These, however, were merely movements aiming at diversion, meant to mask the intentions of the main attack and to mislead the Russians.
然而，这些只是旨在转移注意力的行动，旨在掩盖主要攻击的意图并误导俄罗斯人。
On the evening of May 1, 1915, the German batteries began experimenting against the Russian positions.
1915 年 5 月 1 日晚，德国炮兵连开始对俄罗斯阵地进行试验。
This was kept up all night while the engineers attempted to destroy the first line of the Russian wire entanglements.
当工程师们试图摧毁俄罗斯电线纠缠的第一线时，这种情况持续了一整夜。
During the same night the Austrians dragged several heavy howitzers across the road from Gladyszow to Malastow, and got them into position without the knowledge of the Russians.
当晚，奥地利人拖着几门重型榴弹炮穿过从格拉迪佐夫到马拉斯托的道路，并在俄罗斯人不知情的情况下将它们安装到位。
In the morning of May 2, 1915, the great batteries began to roar against the Russian line--a fire such as had perhaps never been witnessed before.
1915 年 5 月 2 日早晨，巨大的炮台开始向俄军防线发起轰鸣——这场火灾可能是以前从未见过的。
A spectator thus describes the scene: "In one part the whole area was covered with shells till trenches and men were leveled out of existence." It was reported that 700,000 shells had been fired in the space of four hours, for which period this preliminary bombardment lasted.
一位旁观者这样描述这一场景：“整个地区都被炮弹覆盖，直到战壕和人员被夷为平地。”据报道，初步轰炸持续了四个小时，共发射了 70 万发炮弹。
The Russian line was turned into a spluttering chaos of earth, stones, trees, and human bodies.
俄国人的战线变成了一片混乱的土地、石头、树木和人体。
The German and Austrian batteries then proceeded to extend the range, and poured a hurricane of shells behind the enemy's front line.
随后，德国和奥地利的炮兵连继续扩大射程，向敌军前线后方倾泻出飓风般的炮弹。
This has the effect of doubly isolating that line, by which the survivors of the first bombardment cannot retreat, neither can reenforcements be sent to them, for no living being could pass through the fire curtain.
这具有双重隔离这条线的效果，第一次轰炸的幸存者无法通过这条线撤退，也无法向他们派遣增援部队，因为没有任何生物能够穿过火幕。
Now is the time for the attacker's infantry to charge.
现在是进攻方步兵冲锋的时候了。
Along the greater part of the Ciezkovice-Walastow line this stage was reached by ten o'clock in the morning of May 2, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 2 日上午 10 点，Ciezkovice-Walastow 线的大部分地区已到达这一阶段。
[Illustration: Grand Duke Nicholas.]
【插图：尼古拉斯大公。】
A German writer tells us that "in this part of the front infantry fighting has given place for the time being to the action of our heavy artillery, which is subjecting to a terrible fire the positions of the enemy.
一位德国作家告诉我们，“在前线的这一部分，步兵战斗暂时由我们的重型火炮的行动所取代，这些火炮正在对敌人的阵地进行可怕的火力攻击。
These positions had been carefully reconnoitered during the lull in the fighting which prevailed during the last few months.
在过去几个月的战斗平静期间，这些阵地都经过了仔细勘察。
Only after all cover is destroyed, the enemy's infantry killed or forced to retire, we take up the attack against the positions; the _elan_ of our first attack now usually leads to a favorable result."
只有当所有掩护被摧毁，敌方步兵被杀或被迫撤退后，我们才开始对阵地进行攻击；现在，我们第一次进攻的锐利通常会带来有利的结果。”
At Ciezkovice the Germans pushed bridges across the Biala under cover of a furious cannonade.
在切兹科维采，德军在猛烈炮火的掩护下将桥梁推过比亚拉河。
Troops were thrown over, and after a very short struggle the village was taken.
军队被扔了过去，经过短暂的战斗，村庄被占领。
The huge oil tanks soon were in flames and Ciezkovice a heap of smoldering ruins.
巨大的油罐很快就着火了，切兹科维采变成了一堆闷烧的废墟。
The Russian defense crumpled up like smoke; their position blown out of existence.
俄罗斯的防御像烟雾一样崩溃了；他们的地位不复存在。
Their guns were toys compared with those of the Germans and Austrians.
与德国人和奥地利人的枪相比，他们的枪只是玩具。
North of Ciezkovice the Prussian Guard and other German troops under General von Francois fell upon the Russians and forced them to retire toward the Olpiny-Biecz line.
在切兹科维采以北，普鲁士近卫军和冯·弗朗索瓦将军率领的其他德军向俄军发起进攻，迫使他们向奥尔皮尼-比茨防线撤退。
The ground of the Russian positions on Mount Viatrovka and Mount Pustki in front of Biecz had been "prepared" by 21-centimeter (7-inch) Krupp howitzers and the giant Austrian 30.5-centimeter (10-inch) howitzers from the Skoda-Werke at Pilsen.
比茨前面的维亚特罗夫卡山和普斯特基山上的俄军阵地已经由皮尔森斯柯达工厂的 21 厘米（7 英寸）克虏伯榴弹炮和奥地利巨型 30.5 厘米（10 英寸）榴弹炮“做好了准备”。
The shells of the latter weigh nearly half a ton, and their impact is so terrific that they throw the earth up 100 feet high.
后者的炮弹重达近半吨，其冲击力如此之大，以至于将地球抛至 100 英尺高。
Whatever had remained of the town of Gorlice in the shape of buildings or human beings was meanwhile being wiped out by a merciless spray of shells.
与此同时，戈尔利采镇上仅存的建筑物或人类都被无情的炮弹摧毁了。
Being the center of an important oil district, Gorlice possessed oil wells, great refineries, and a sulphuric-acid factory.
作为重要石油区的中心，戈尔利采拥有油井、大型炼油厂和硫酸工厂。
As the flames spread from building to building, streets pouring with burning oil, huge columns of fire stretching heavenward from the oil wells in full blaze, and, over all, the pitiless hail of iron and explosives pouring upon them, the horror of the situation in which the soldiers and civilians found themselves may be faintly imagined.
火势从一栋栋楼蔓延到另一栋楼，街道上泼满了燃烧的石油，巨大的火柱从油井中熊熊燃烧，直冲云天，铁块和炸药无情地倾泻而下，军民的惨状可想而知。
Gorlice was an inferno in a few hours.
戈尔利采在几个小时内就变成了地狱。
When the German infantry dashed into the town they found the Russians still in possession.
当德国步兵冲进该镇时，他们发现俄罗斯人仍然控制着该镇。
Fighting hand to hand, contesting every step, the Russians were slowly driven out.
短兵相接，步步较量，俄国人慢慢被赶了出去。
We have mentioned that German troops were moving on Senkova, southeast of Gorlice, by night.
我们已经提到，德军正在夜间向戈尔利采东南部的森科瓦进发。
During the last two days of April the Bavarians captured the Russian position in the Senkova valley.
四月的最后两天，巴伐利亚人夺取了俄罗斯在森科瓦山谷的阵地。
A further move was made here during the night of May 1-2, 1915, preparatory to dislodging the Russians from the ground they still held.
1915 年 5 月 1 日至 2 日夜间，这里进行了进一步的行动，准备将俄罗斯人赶出他们仍占据的阵地。
At seven o'clock in the morning the big howitzers started to "prepare" that ground.
早上七点钟，大型榴弹炮开始“准备”那片土地。
By ten o'clock it was deemed that every living thing had perished, when the "fire curtain" was drawn behind the Russian position.
到了十点钟，当“防火幕”在俄罗斯阵地后面拉开时，一切生物都被认为已经灭亡。
Infantry were then thrown forward--some Bavarian regiments.
随后，步兵被投入前线——一些巴伐利亚军团。
To their intense astonishment they were received with a most murderous fire from Russian rifles, and machine guns.
令他们极为惊讶的是，他们遭到了来自俄罗斯步枪和机枪的最致命的射击。
The first attack failed and many were killed, few getting beyond the wire entanglements.
第一次袭击失败了，许多人被杀，很少有人能逃脱铁丝网的束缚。
Cautiously other troops advanced to the battered Russian trenches cut off from the rear by the artillery screen behind.
其他部队小心翼翼地向被炮火掩护从后方切断的被摧毁的俄罗斯战壕前进。
Yet here again they met with strenuous resistance in the Zamczysko group of hills.
然而，他们在扎姆奇斯科山群中再次遇到了顽强的抵抗。
The Austrian artillery shelled the heights, and the Bavarians finally took possession.
奥地利炮兵炮轰高地，巴伐利亚人最终占领了高地。
The Tenth Austrian Army Corps had meanwhile conquered the Magora of Malastow and the majority of the heights in the Ostra Gora group.
与此同时，奥地利第十军团征服了马拉斯托的马戈拉和奥斯特拉戈拉群的大部分高地。
On Sunday, May 2, 1915, the Austro-German armies pierced the Dunajec-Biala line in several places, and by nightfall the Russians were retreating to their last hope--the line of the Wisloka.
1915 年 5 月 2 日星期日，奥德联军在多处突破了杜纳耶茨-比亚拉防线，到了夜幕降临时，俄军正在撤退到他们最后的希望——维斯洛卡防线。
The operations round Gorlice on that day resulted in breaking the Russian defenses to a depth of over two miles on a front of ten or eleven miles.
当天在戈尔利采周围的行动将俄罗斯的防御突破了十到十一英里，纵深超过两英里。
Mr. Stanley Washburn wrote from the battle field at the time: "The Germans had shot their last bolt, a bolt forged from every resource in men and munitions that they could muster after months of preparation." Of the Russian army he said, "it was outclassed in everything except bravery, and neither the German nor any other army can claim superiority in that respect."
斯坦利·沃什伯恩先生当时在战场上写道：“德国人已经射出了最后一颗螺栓，这颗螺栓是他们经过数月的准备而集结起来的人力和弹药的一切资源打造出来的。”在谈到俄罗斯军队时，他说：“除了勇敢之外，它在所有方面都被超越了，无论是德国军队还是任何其他军队都不能在这方面声称拥有优势。”
With the center literally cut away, the keystone of the Russian line had been pulled out, and nothing remained but to retire.
随着中心被彻底切断，俄罗斯战线的基石已经被拔出，除了撤退之外什么也没有剩下。
Ten miles north of Ciezkovice lies the triangle formed by the confluence of the Dunajec and Biala rivers and the Zakliczyn-Gromnik road.
切兹科维采以北 10 英里处，是杜纳耶茨河和比亚拉河与扎克利钦-格罗姆尼克公路交汇处形成的三角形。
Within this triangle, commanding the banks of both rivers up to the Cracow-Tarnow line, the Russians held the three hills marked 402, 419, and 269 which figures express their height in meters.
在这个三角形内，俄罗斯人控制着两岸直到克拉科夫-塔尔努夫线，控制着三座山丘，分别标记为 402、419 和 269，这些数字以米表示高度。
During February and March, 1915, the Austrians attempted to dislodge the enemy, but without success.
1915 年 2 月和 3 月期间，奥地利人试图驱逐敌人，但没有成功。
It was now necessary to take those positions before advance could be made against Tarnow, and the Fourth Austro-Hungarian Army, commanded by the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, undertook the task.
现在必须先占领这些阵地，然后才能向塔尔努夫进军，由约瑟夫·斐迪南大公指挥的奥匈帝国第四集团军承担了这项任务。
At six A.
六点A。
M.
M。
on May 2 the Austrian artillery opened fire against Hill 419 from Mount Val (also within the triangle), and the opposite bank of the Dunajec.
5月2日，奥地利炮兵从瓦尔山（也在三角区内）和杜纳耶茨河对岸向419高地开火。
After three hours' bombardment some regiments of Tyrolese fusiliers, who had crossed the valley between Mt. Val and 419 and had taken up positions at the foot of the latter, about 400 yards from the Russian trenches, were ordered to charge.
经过三个小时的轰炸，蒂罗尔燧发枪团的一些团已经越过瓦尔山和419山之间的山谷，并在419山脚下占据阵地，距俄罗斯战壕约400码，他们奉命发起冲锋。
Dashing up the open, steep slope the fusiliers were suddenly enfiladed from their right by a spray of machine gun and rifle fire, killing many and driving back the survivors.
燧发枪手冲上开阔的陡坡时，突然从右侧被机枪和步枪的扫射包围，杀死了许多人，并赶走了幸存者。
Next day Hill 419 was again fiercely shelled, this time with deadly effectiveness; but even then the Russians still clung to their battered ground.
第二天，419 号高地再次遭到猛烈炮击，这次的炮击具有致命性；但即便如此，俄罗斯人仍然坚守在他们饱受摧残的土地上。
The Austrians now charged the trenches on Hill 412, whence the fusiliers had been ambushed the previous day.
奥地利人现在向 412 号高地的战壕发起进攻，前一天燧发枪手就是在那里遭到伏击的。
A desperate hand-to-hand encounter, in which they had to force their way step by step, finally gave the position to the attackers.
一场殊死的肉搏战，步步强行，终于把阵地让给了进攻者。
The few Russians still left on 419 could not hold out after the loss of 412.
412 失利后，留在 419 上的少数俄罗斯人无法坚持下去。
They retired northward on to Height 269, but subsequently followed the general retreat of the line.
他们向北撤退到269高地，但随后跟随战线的总体撤退。
Still farther north, almost at the right flank of Dmitrieff's line, the Austrians effected a crossing of the Dunajec opposite Otfinow, thus breaking the connection between the West Galician Army of Dmitrieff, and the neighboring Russian Army on the Nida--the left wing of the northern groups commanded by Alexeieff.
再往北，几乎在德米特里耶夫战线的右翼，奥军渡过奥特菲诺对面的杜纳耶茨河，从而打破了德米特里耶夫的西加利西亚集团军与奈达河上邻近的俄罗斯集团军（阿列克谢耶夫指挥的北方集团军的左翼）之间的联系。
Just below Tarnow, however, the Russians still held out; losing the three hills had not quite broken their defense on the Biala.
然而，就在塔尔努夫下方，俄罗斯人仍然坚守着。失去三座山头并没有完全打破他们在比亚拉河上的防御。
The right wing of Von Mackensen's army, which had smashed the Russian front around Gorlice, rapidly moved east in an almost straight line to reach the Dukla Pass and cut off the retreat of the Russian troops stationed south of the range between Zboro and Nagy Polena, in northwest Hungary.
冯·马肯森军队的右翼摧毁了戈尔利采周围的俄军战线，随后以几乎直线的方式迅速向东移动，到达杜克拉山口，切断了驻扎在匈牙利西北部兹博罗和纳吉波莱纳之间山脉以南的俄军的退路。
The left wing, on the other hand, advanced in a northeasterly direction, ever widening the breach made in the enemy's domain.
另一方面，左翼则向东北方向推进，不断扩大敌军阵地的缺口。
This clever move brought the Germans to the rear of Tarnow and onto the lines of communications of the Russians holding it.
这一巧妙的举动将德军带到了塔尔努夫的后方，并进入了占领该塔尔努夫的俄罗斯人的交通线上。
It also prevented reenforcements from reaching the truncated end of Dmitrieff's right--or what had been his right--wing.
它还阻止增援部队到达德米特里耶夫的右翼（或者曾经是他的右翼）的截断端。
By pushing on to Dembica and Rzeszow, along which route assistance could otherwise have been sent to the Russians, Von Mackensen opened a wide triangle into Western Galicia, by drawing an almost horizontal line from Gorlice to Radymno, between Jaroslav and Przemysl, and from there perpendicular down to the Uzsok Pass.
冯·马肯森继续推进登比察和热舒夫（本来可以沿着这两个路线向俄罗斯人运送援助物资），他在戈尔利采和拉德姆诺之间、雅罗斯拉夫和普热梅希尔之间画了一条几乎水平的线，从那里垂直向下到达乌佐克山口，从而打开了一个进入西加利西亚的宽阔三角形。
From Uzsok to the Lupkow westward stood the Second Austro-Hungarian Army under Boehm-Ermolli on the north of the Carpathians.
从乌兹索克到卢普科夫向西，在喀尔巴阡山脉以北，贝姆-埃尔莫利率领的奥匈帝国第二集团军驻扎在那里。
To his left, southwest of the Magora of Malastow, and adjoining the formidable Germanic array facing the Dunajec-Biala line lay the Third Austro-Hungarian Army under General Boroyevitch von Bojna.
在他的左边，马拉斯托马戈拉西南，毗邻面向杜纳耶茨-比亚拉防线的日耳曼强大阵线，是博罗耶维奇·冯·博伊纳将军指挥的奥匈帝国第三集团军。
These two armies, it will be remembered, took part in the first offensive in January, and had been there ever since.
人们将记住，这两支军队参加了一月份的第一次进攻，并从那时起就一直在那里。
Both of these armies now began to advance into the triangle, and the brilliant simplicity of Von Mackensen's geometrical strategy becomes clear.
这两支军队现在都开始向三角形推进，冯·马肯森几何策略的出色简单性变得清晰起来。
Let one imagine Galicia as a big stone jar with a narrow neck lying on the table before him, neck pointing toward the left hand, and he will obtain an approximately accurate idea of the topographical conditions.
如果把加利西亚想象成一个颈细的大石罐，放在他面前的桌子上，颈指向左手，他就会对地形条件有一个大致准确的了解。
That side of the jar resting on the table represents the Carpathian range, solid indeed, but with numerous openings: these are the passes.
放在桌子上的罐子的那一面代表喀尔巴阡山脉，确实坚固，但有许多开口：这些是山口。
The upper side of the jar represents the Russian frontier, across which the invaders had swarmed in and taken possession of the whole inside, lining themselves right along the mouths of the passes at the bottom and across the neck upwards.
罐子的上侧代表俄罗斯边境，入侵者蜂拥而至并占领了整个罐子内部，沿着底部的通道口和向上的颈部排列。
For months the Austrians vainly endeavored to force an entrance through the thickest walls--from the lower edge, and from the base or bottom of the jar (the Bukowina), apparently overlooking the rather obvious proposition that the cork was the softest part and _that_ was Dmitrieff's Dunajec-Biala line.
几个月来，奥地利人徒劳地试图从最厚的墙壁上强行进入——从下边缘，从罐子的底部或底部（布科维纳），显然忽视了一个相当明显的命题，即软木塞是最柔软的部分，而那是德米特里耶夫的杜纳耶茨-比亚拉线。
Here at least no mountain range stood in the way.
这里至少没有山脉阻挡。
It may also be regarded as a mathematical axiom that, given sufficient artillery power, the strongest defense the wit of man could devise can be smashed.
这也可以被视为一条数学公理：只要有足够的火炮威力，人类的智慧所能设计出的最强大的防御就可以被摧毁。
What Mackensen did, therefore, was to blow a hole through the cork, push in a pair of scissors up to the rivet, meanwhile opening the blades to an angle of about forty-five degrees.
因此，马肯森所做的就是在软木塞上打一个洞，将一把剪刀推入铆钉处，同时将刀片打开到大约四十五度的角度。
From the lower or southern shoulder of the jar the Third Austro-Hungarian Army pushes forward inside, supported on its right by Boehm-Ermolli, who had been just inside a long time, but could get no farther.
奥匈帝国第三集团军从罐子的下部或南肩向内推进，其右侧得到博姆-埃尔莫利的支援，博姆-埃尔莫利已经进入罐子很长时间了，但无法再向前推进。
They began to shepherd the Russian troops around and in the western passes toward the lower double-edged blade of Von Mackensen's terrible scissors.
他们开始引导俄罗斯军队在周围和西部山口走向冯·马肯森可怕的剪刀的下部双刃刀片。
The Russian retreat to the Wisloka was a serious disaster for Dmitrieff; he had been caught napping, and had to pay dearly in men and guns for not having created a row of alternative positions.
俄国人撤退到维斯洛卡对德米特里耶夫来说是一场严重的灾难。他被发现在打瞌睡，由于没有建立一排替代阵地，他不得不在人员和枪支上付出高昂的代价。
His force had been a cover for Brussilov's operations on both sides of the western passes as well as for the whole Russian line in the Carpathians.
他的部队一直是布鲁西洛夫在西山口两侧以及喀尔巴阡山脉的整个俄罗斯防线的行动的掩护。
Now that Von Mackensen had pried the lid off, Brussilov's men in the south encountered enormous difficulties in extricating themselves from the Carpathian foothills, suddenly transformed from comparative strongholds into death-traps and no longer tenable.
现在，冯·马肯森撬开了盖子，布鲁西洛夫的南方部队在从喀尔巴阡山麓脱身时遇到了巨大的困难，突然从相对要塞变成了死亡陷阱，不再坚守。
They suffered severely, especially the Forty-eighth Division.
他们损失惨重，尤其是四十八师。
Besides the menace from the northwest of Von Mackensen's swiftly approaching right, a third blade was gradually growing on the deadly scissors, in the shape of Boehm-Ermolli's and Von Bojna's forces, threatening to grind them between two relentless jaws of steel.
除了来自冯·马肯森右翼西北方向的威胁外，第三把刀逐渐在致命的剪刀上生长，以博姆-埃尔莫利和冯·博伊纳的力量的形式出现，威胁着要把他们在两个无情的钢颚之间碾碎。
It is Sunday, the second day of May, 1915; to all intents and purposes the battle of the Dunajec, as such, was over, and the initial aim of the Germanic offensive has been attained.
这是 1915 年 5 月 2 日，星期日；杜纳耶茨战役实际上已经结束，日耳曼进攻的最初目标已经达到。
The Russian line was pierced and its defense shattered.
俄罗斯的防线被突破，防御被瓦解。
Von Mackensen's "Phalanx" was advancing two mighty tentacles guided by a master mind, remorselessly probing for the enemy's strongest points.
冯·马肯森的“方阵”在大师的指挥下，伸出两条强大的触手，无情地探寻敌人的最强点。
Its formation comprised, in the northeastern tentacle, the Sixth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps and the Prussian Guards; in the southern, the Bavarians under Von Emmich and the Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army corps under General Martiny.
它的编队包括东北部的奥匈帝国第六军团和普鲁士近卫军；在南部，冯·埃米希领导的巴伐利亚军和马蒂尼将军领导的奥匈帝国第十军团。
On May 3, 1915, Dmitrieff's troops were falling back farther every hour, continuously fighting rear-guard actions and compelling the pursuers to conquer every foot of ground.
1915 年 5 月 3 日，德米特里耶夫的部队每小时撤退得更远，不断与后卫部队作战，迫使追击者占领每一寸土地。
There was a powerful reason for this stubborn retirement: it was to gain time for Brussilov to get his men out of their perilous positions and to join the main line again with Dmitrieff's receding ranks.
这种顽固的退役有一个强有力的理由：这是为了给布鲁西洛夫争取时间，让他的部下摆脱危险的处境，并随着德米特里耶夫的队伍逐渐后退而再次加入主线。
If this could be effected, the fatal gap between them--made by Von Mackensen's battering-ram--would be repaired, and they could once more present a united front to the enemy.
如果这一点能够实现，他们之间由冯·马肯森的攻城槌造成的致命差距将得到修复，他们可以再次向敌人呈现统一战线。
It was mentioned a little farther back that the Austrians had pierced the Dunajec line at Otfinow, north of Tarnow, by which was cut in two the hitherto unbroken Russian battle front, from the Baltic to the Rumanian frontier (900 miles); the "scissors" at Gorlice had made it three; if Boehm-Ermolli's drive from the Uzsok upward along the "triangle line" to Jaroslav succeeds, there will be four separate pieces of Russian front.
前面提到，奥地利人在塔尔努夫以北的奥特菲诺突破了杜纳耶茨防线，这条防线将迄今为止未曾中断的俄罗斯战线从波罗的海到罗马尼亚边境（900英里）一分为二。戈尔利采的“剪刀”把它变成了三；如果伯姆-埃尔莫利从乌兹索克沿着“三角线”向上到达雅罗斯拉夫的进攻成功，那么俄罗斯战线将分为四个独立的部分。
But from Tarnow southward to Tuchow, a small twenty-mile salient on the Biala, the Russians are still in possession on May 4, 1915, defying the Fourth Austro-Hungarian Army.
但从塔尔努夫向南到图霍（比亚拉河上一个二十英里的小突出部），俄罗斯人在 1915 年 5 月 4 日仍然占据着控制权，无视奥匈帝国第四集团军。
CHAPTER XLI
第 XLI 章
RUSSIAN RETREAT
俄罗斯撤退
It is a matter for speculation whether the numerous successes achieved by the Russians against the Austrians and Germans in Galicia and the Carpathians during the first seven months of the war had begotten a spirit of overconfidence among the Russian commanders, or whether it was not in their power to have made more effective preparations than they had done.
战争头七个月里，俄罗斯人在加利西亚和喀尔巴阡山脉对抗奥地利人和德国人所取得的无数胜利是否导致了俄罗斯指挥官的过度自信，或者他们是否没有能力做出比他们所做的更有效的准备，这是一个值得猜测的问题。
We have seen that Dmitrieff had not provided himself with those necessary safety exits which were now so badly needed.
我们已经看到，德米特里耶夫没有为自己提供现在急需的必要安全出口。
As no artificially prepared defenses were at hand, natural ones had to be found.
由于手头没有人为的防御措施，所以必须寻找自然的防御措施。
The first defense was irretrievably lost; the second line was a vague, undefined terrain extending across the hills between Biala in the west and the River Wisloka in the east.
第一道防线已经无可挽回地丧失了；第二条线是一片模糊的、不确定的地形，横跨西边的比亚拉和东边的威斯洛卡河之间的山丘。
Between Tuchow and Olpiny, the Mountain Dobrotyn formed one of the chief defensive positions, being 1,800 feet high and thickly covered with woods.
在图霍和奥尔皮尼之间，多布罗廷山是主要的防御阵地之一，高 1,800 英尺，树木茂密。
Southward, the Lipie Mountain, about 1,400 feet, formed another strong point.
向南，海拔约1,400英尺的里皮山形成了另一个据点。
Just below Biecz, close to the road and railroad leading to Gorlice, a mountain of 1,225 feet, called Wilczak, is the strategical key to the valley of the lower Ropa.
就在比茨 (Biecz) 下方，靠近通往戈尔利采 (Gorlice) 的公路和铁路处，有一座 1,225 英尺高的山，名为 Wilczak，是通往下罗帕 (Ropa) 山谷的战略要地。
Between Biecz and Bednarka, the line of defense followed the heights of the Kobylanka, Tatarovka, Lysa Gora, and of the Rekaw; hence to the east, as the last defense of the Jaslo-Zmigrod road, lay the intrenched positions on the Ostra Gora, well within Brussilov's sector.
在比茨和贝德纳尔卡之间，防线沿着科比兰卡、塔塔罗夫卡、莱萨戈拉和雷考河的高地；因此，在东边，作为亚斯洛-兹米格罗德公路的最后一道防线，奥斯特拉戈拉上的工事阵地就位于布鲁西洛夫的防区之内。
Southward of the Gorlice-Zmigrod line lay the mountain group of the Valkova, nearly 2,800 feet high, the last defense of the line of retreat for the Russian forces from Zboro.
戈尔利采-兹米格罗德线以南是瓦尔科瓦山群，高近 2,800 英尺，是俄罗斯军队从兹博罗撤退的最后一道防线。
The Wisloka was the third line of defense, only a river, and without intrenchments.
维斯洛卡河是第三道防线，只有一条河，没有工事。
From Dembica to Zmigrod it runs roughly parallel with the Dunajec-Biala line; its winding course separates it in places from fifteen to thirty-five miles from the latter river.
从登比卡到兹米格罗德，它大致与杜纳耶茨-比亚拉线平行；它蜿蜒的河道将它与后一条河相隔十五至三十五英里。
Strong hopes were entertained that the Russians would be able to stem the Germanic torrent by a firm stand on the Wisloka.
人们强烈希望俄罗斯人能够通过在维斯洛卡河上的坚定立场来阻止日耳曼人的洪流。
A fierce battle raged on the third and fourth of May, 1915, for the possession of the wooded hills between the Biala and the Wisloka.
1915 年 5 月 3 日和 4 日，为了争夺比亚拉河和维斯洛卡河之间树木繁茂的山丘，一场激烈的战斗爆发了。
The Prussian Guard stormed Lipie Mountain and captured it on the third; on the fourth they took Olpiny, Szczerzyny and the neighboring hills at the point of the bayonet.
普鲁士卫队在第三天袭击了利皮山并占领了它。第四天，他们用刺刀占领了奥尔皮内、什切日内和邻近的山丘。
The Thirty-ninth Hungarian Division, now incorporated in the Eleventh German Army under the direct command of Von Mackensen himself, had advanced from Grybow via Gorlice on the Biecz railway line, and were making a strong attack on the Russian positions on Wilczak Mountain with a tremendous concentration of artillery.
匈牙利第39师，现已编入德国第11集团军，由冯·马肯森亲自指挥，从格里鲍经比茨铁路线的戈尔利采推进，并以大量集中的炮兵对威尔恰克山上的俄军阵地发起猛烈攻击。
It seems the Russians simply refused to be blown out of their trenches, for it required seven separate attacks to drive them out.
俄罗斯人似乎只是拒绝被炸出战壕，因为需要七次单独的攻击才能将他们赶出战壕。
That accomplished, the fate of Biecz was decided and the road to Jaslo--the "key" to the Wisloka line of defense--was practically open to General Arz von Straussenburg.
此事完成后，比茨的命运已经决定，通往雅斯洛（维斯洛卡防线的“钥匙”）的道路实际上已经向阿尔兹·冯·施特劳森堡将军敞开了。
Lying at the head of the main roads leading into Hungary through the Tilicz, Dukla, and Lupkow passes, Jaslo is the most important railway junction in the whole region between Tarnow and Przemysl.
亚斯洛位于通过提利奇、杜克拉和卢普库夫山口进入匈牙利的主要道路的起点，是塔尔努夫和普热梅希尔之间整个地区最重要的铁路枢纽。
It was at Jaslo that Dmitrieff had held his headquarters for four months.
德米特里耶夫在亚斯洛指挥了四个月的指挥部。
Just south of him, barely fifteen miles away, General von Emmich and General Martiny, with the "Bayonet Bavarians" and the Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps, went pounding and slashing a passage along the Bednarka-Zmigrod road and the auxiliary road from Malastow to Krempna.
就在他以南，仅十五英里外，冯·埃米希将军和马蒂尼将军率领“巴伐利亚刺刀”和奥匈帝国第十军团，沿着贝德纳尔卡-兹米格罗德公路和从马拉斯托到克伦普纳的辅助公路，猛击并砍断了一条通道。
They were striving hard to reach the western passes before Brussilov had time to withdraw.
他们正在努力争取在布鲁西洛夫有时间撤退之前到达西边的山口。
He began that operation on the fourth.
他从第四天开始进行手术。
On the same night Von Emmich and Martiny reached Krempna, and the last line of retreat for the Russians around Zboro was imperiled.
同一天晚上，冯·埃米奇和马蒂尼到达克伦普纳，兹博罗周围的俄罗斯人最后的撤退线受到了威胁。
They have yet to cross the range from Hungary back into Galicia.
他们尚未穿越匈牙利山脉回到加利西亚。
So subtly potent and effective was the pressure on a flank that the whole line--be it hundreds of miles long--is more or less influenced thereby, as witness:
对侧翼的压力是如此微妙和有效，以至于整条战线——无论是数百英里长——都或多或少地受到影响，正如证人所言：
On the same night, May 4, 1915, the retreat spread like a contagion to the entire west Galician front, compelling the Russians to evacuate northern Hungary up to the Lupkow Pass; in that pass itself preparations are afoot to abandon the hard-earned position.
1915 年 5 月 4 日的同一天晚上，撤退像传染病一样蔓延到整个加利西亚西线，迫使俄罗斯人从匈牙利北部撤离到卢普科山口。在此过程中，放弃来之不易的地位的准备工作正在进行中。
It is not fear, nor the precaution of cowardice that prompted this wholesale removal of fighting men: the inexorable laws of geometry demanded it.
促使大规模驱逐战斗人员的并不是恐惧，也不是怯懦的预防：这是不可阻挡的几何定律所要求的。
The enemy was at Krempna; as the crow flies the distance from Krempna to the northern debouchment of Lupkow is eighty miles; yet Lupkow was threatened, for the "line" or "front" is pierced--the vital artery of the defense is severed.
敌人在克雷姆纳；当乌鸦飞过时，从克雷姆纳到卢普科北部出口的距离是八十英里；然而，卢普科夫受到了威胁，因为“防线”或“前线”被刺穿——防御的重要动脉被切断。
The strength of a chain is precisely that of its weakest link.
链条的强度恰恰是其最薄弱的一环的强度。
[Illustration: Galician Campaign from Tarnow to Przemysl.]
[插图：从塔尔努夫到普热梅希尔的加利西亚战役]
The course of events become complex; fighting, advancing and retreating occurred over a widespread area.
事件的进程变得复杂；战斗、进退发生的范围很广。
Apparently disconnected movements by the Austro-Germans or the Russians fall into their proper places in accordance with the general scheme or objective either side may have in view.
显然，奥德或俄罗斯的互不相干的运动根据双方可能考虑的总体计划或目标各归其位。
It is necessary to follow the scattered operations separately.
需要对分散的操作分别进行跟踪。
We will therefore return now to the Tarnow-Tucho sector, where we left a small Russian force holding the last remnant of the Dunajec-Biala front.
因此，我们现在将返回塔尔努夫-图乔地区，在那里我们留下了一支俄罗斯小部队，守卫着杜纳耶茨-比亚拉前线的最后残余力量。
Tarnow had been the supply base for that front, and great stores of provisions and munitions still remained in the town.
塔尔努夫曾是该战线的补给基地，镇上仍保留着大量的给养和弹药。
These the Russians succeeded in removing entirely.
俄罗斯人成功地将它们完全清除。
The main forces had already withdrawn in perfect order and fallen back beyond the Wisloka.
主力部队已经有序撤退，退到维斯洛卡河外。
During the night of May 4-5, 1915, two regiments of the Ninth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps crossed the Biala near Tuchow and moved northward in the direction of the road leading from Tarnow to Pilzno, along which the remainder of the garrison would have to pass in order to retreat.
1915年5月4日至5日夜间，奥匈帝国第九军团的两个团在图豪附近渡过比亚拉河，向北沿从塔尔努夫到皮尔兹诺的道路方向前进，其余驻军必须经过这条道路才能撤退。
On the hills west of Pilzno the Russians still held a position to protect that road.
在皮尔兹诺以西的山上，俄罗斯人仍然占据着保护这条道路的阵地。
By the morning of the sixth everything had gone eastward, and the Austrians had surrounded the town.
到了六日早上，一切都向东转移，奥地利人已经包围了这座城镇。
The small cavalry detachment that had been left behind as rear guard cut through the Austrian lines and rejoined the main forces on the Wisloka.
留在后方充当后卫的小规模骑兵分队突破了奥军防线，在维斯洛卡河畔与主力汇合。
The Austrians had been bombarding Tarnow for months with their heaviest artillery, destroying parts of the cathedral and the famous old town hall in the process.
几个月来，奥地利人一直用最重型的火炮轰炸塔尔努夫，摧毁了部分大教堂和著名的旧市政厅。
On May 7 the Russians withdrew from the Pilzno district, and the Dunajec-Biala Russian front had ceased to exist.
5月7日，俄军从皮尔兹诺地区撤军，杜纳耶茨-比亚拉俄军战线不复存在。
From the hour that the Austro-Germans had broken through the line at Ciezkovice, on May 2, 1915, the Russian retreat on the Wisloka had begun.
1915 年 5 月 2 日，从奥德军队在切兹科维采突破防线的那一刻起，俄国人就开始在维斯洛卡河撤退。
Yielding to the terrible pressure the line had increasingly lost its shape as the various component parts fell back, though it gradually resumed the form of a front on the Wisloka banks, where most determined fighting continued for five days.
屈服于可怕的压力，随着各个组成部分的后退，防线逐渐失去形状，尽管它在维斯洛卡河岸逐渐恢复了前线的形式，在那里最激烈的战斗持续了五天。
The Russians lost much of their artillery; they had to reverse the customary military practice of an army in retreat.
俄国人损失了大部分火炮；他们不得不扭转军队撤退时的军事惯例。
If the retreating army is well equipped with artillery and munitions, its guns cover the retreat and are sacrificed to save the men.
如果撤退的军队火炮和弹药装备精良，它的火炮就会掩护撤退，并牺牲以救人。
During their retreat the Russians had often to sacrifice men in order to save their guns for a coming greater battle at some more important strategic point.
在撤退期间，俄罗斯人常常不得不牺牲人员，以保存他们的枪支，以备将来在某个更重要的战略地点进行的更大规模的战斗。
Many prisoners fell to the Germanic armies; according to their own official reports they took 30,000 in the fighting of May 2-4, 1915.
许多囚犯落入日耳曼军队之手。根据他们自己的官方报告，他们在 1915 年 5 月 2 日至 4 日的战斗中阵亡 30,000 人。
What the Austro-German side lost in that time was not made public.
奥德双方在那段时间的损失并没有被公开。
CHAPTER XLII
第四十二章
AUSTRO-GERMAN RECONQUEST OF WESTERN GALICIA
奥德重新征服西加利西亚
By the time the retreating Russians had reached the Wisloka they had to some extent recovered from the first shock of surprise, and were better able to attempt a determined stand against the overwhelming onrush of the Austro-Germanic troops.
当撤退的俄国人到达维斯洛卡时，他们已经在一定程度上从第一次意外的震惊中恢复过来，并且能够更好地尝试坚决抵抗奥日耳曼军队的压倒性进攻。
Ivanoff hurriedly sent reenforcements for Dmitrieff and Ewarts which included the Caucasian Corps of General Irmanoff from the Bzura front.
伊万诺夫急忙向德米特里耶夫和尤尔茨派遣增援部队，其中包括来自布祖拉前线的伊尔马诺夫将军的高加索军团。
The heavy German guns belched forth with terrible effect, and the Russians could not reply at the same weight or distance.
德国人的重型火炮射出的威力非常可怕，而俄罗斯人无法以同样的重量和距离进行反击。
Bayonets against artillery means giving odds away, but the attempt was made.
用刺刀对抗火炮就意味着放弃机会，但还是有人尝试过。
With a savage fury that seems to belong only to Slavs and Mohammedans--fatalists--the Russians hurled themselves against the powerful batteries and got to close quarters with the enemy.
俄罗斯人带着一种似乎只属于斯拉夫人和伊斯兰教徒（宿命论者）的野蛮愤怒，冲向强大的炮台，与敌人近距离接触。
For nearly twenty minutes a wild, surging sea of clashing steel--bayonets, swords, lances and Circassian daggers--wielded by fiery mountaineers and steady, cool, well-disciplined Teutons, roared and flowed around the big guns, which towered over the lashing waves like islands in a stormy ocean.
在近二十分钟的时间里，狂暴、波涛汹涌的钢铁海洋——刺刀、剑、长矛和切尔克斯匕首——由火热的登山者和沉稳、冷静、纪律严明的日耳曼人挥舞着，在大炮周围呼啸而过，大炮高耸在汹涌的波浪上，就像暴风雨海洋中的岛屿一样。
A railway collision would seem mild compared with the impact of 18,000 desperate armed men against a much greater number of equally desperate and equally brave, highly-trained fighters.
与 18,000 名绝望的武装人员对抗更多同样绝望、同样勇敢、训练有素的战士的冲击相比，铁路相撞似乎是轻微的。
But machinery, numbers and skillful tactics will overcome mere physical courage.
但机械、数量和熟练的战术将战胜单纯的体力勇气。
The Russian avalanche was thrown back with terrific slaughter; the Caucasian Corps alone lost over 10,000 men, for which, it is estimated, they killed and wounded quite as many.
俄国人的雪崩被惨烈的屠杀击退了。仅高加索军团就损失了一万多人，据估计，他们伤亡的人数也相当多。
More remarkable still was the fact that they captured a big battery and carried off 7,000 prisoners.
更引人注目的是，他们占领了一座大炮台并带走了 7,000 名囚犯。
For five days the storm raged backward and forward across the river; during the more violent bombardments the Russians left their trenches to be battered out of shape and withdrew into their shelter dugouts; when the enemy infantry advanced to take possession, the Russians had returned to face the charge.
暴风雨在河对岸来回肆虐了五天。在更猛烈的轰炸中，俄罗斯人让战壕被打得变形，并撤进了防空洞。当敌方步兵进攻占领地时，俄罗斯人已返回迎击。
Whereas cool, machinelike precision marks the German soldier in battle as on the parade ground, an imperturbable obstinacy and total disregard of mortal danger characterizes the Russian.
德国士兵在战场上就像在阅兵场上一样冷静、机器般的精确，而俄罗斯士兵则表现出镇静固执和完全无视致命危险的特征。
During the night of May 6-7, 1915, the Austrians sent two regiments across the Wisloka, north and south of Brzostek, about midway between Pilzno and Jaslo, under cover of artillery posted on a 400-foot hill near Przeczyca on the opposite bank, _i.e._, the left.
1915 年 5 月 6 日至 7 日夜间，奥地利人派遣两个团穿过维斯洛卡河，位于布佐斯特克的北部和南部，大约位于皮尔兹诺和亚斯洛之间的中间位置，在对岸（即左岸）普热奇察附近一座 400 英尺高的山丘上部署的炮兵掩护下。
Austrian engineers constructed a bridge across the river, and on the morning of May 7 the Austrian advance guard were in possession of the hills north of the town.
奥地利工程师在河上修建了一座桥梁，5 月 7 日早上，奥地利先头部队占领了该镇以北的山丘。
Infantry were then thrown across to storm Brzostek.
随后步兵被派往对岸攻击布佐斯特克。
Here, again, they met with resolute opposition from the Russian rear guards covering the retreat of the main armies, which had already fallen back from the Wisloka.
在这里，他们再次遭到了掩护主力部队撤退的俄罗斯后卫的坚决抵抗，而主力部队已经从维斯洛卡撤退。
Desperate bayonet fighting ensued in the streets, each of which had to be cleared separately to dislodge the Russians--the civilians meanwhile looking out of their windows watching the animated scenes below.
街道上发生了绝望的刺刀战，每条街道都必须单独清理，以驱逐俄罗斯人——与此同时，平民们向窗外望去，观看下面的动画场景。
Hungarian troops in overwhelming masses poured across the river and finally captured the town.
匈牙利军队以压倒性优势渡河，最终占领了该镇。
Once more on the backward move, the Russians established themselves along the western and southern fringe of the forests by Januszkovice, only eight miles away, and prepared to make another stand.
俄军再次向后撤退，在距亚努什科维采森林西部和南部边缘仅八英里的地方扎根，并准备再次抵抗。
More fighting occurred here, and during May 7 and 8, 1915, the Russians fell back farther toward Frysztak, on the river Wistok.
这里发生了更多战斗，1915 年 5 月 7 日至 8 日期间，俄军进一步撤退至维斯托克河畔的弗里什塔克。
We left Von Emmich and General Martiny with the Bavarians and the Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps on their arrival at Krempna on the night of the 4th, during which time the Russians were making desperate efforts to evacuate northern Hungary and the western passes.
我们把冯·埃米奇和马蒂尼将军留在了巴伐利亚人和奥匈帝国第十军团于4日晚上抵达克雷姆普纳的地方，在此期间，俄国人正在拼命撤离匈牙利北部和西部山口。
The main forces of Von Mackensen's "phalanx" were meanwhile pushing on toward Jaslo, still in Russian possession.
与此同时，冯·马肯森“方阵”的主力正在向仍被俄罗斯占领的亚斯洛推进。
On the hills west of the Wisloka the Russian rear guards had intrenched themselves and held their positions till nightfall on May 5, 1915, all with the object of delaying the Germanic advance sufficiently for their comrades to clear the passes.
1915 年 5 月 5 日，俄罗斯后卫部队在维斯洛卡河以西的山上构筑工事，坚守阵地直至夜幕降临，目的是充分拖延日耳曼人的进攻，以便他们的战友能够清理隘口。
Then they fell back again and made a stand near Tarnoviec, about six or seven miles east of Jaslo, where they dominated an important strategic position.
然后他们再次撤退，在亚斯洛以东约六七英里的塔尔诺维茨附近坚守，在那里他们占据了重要的战略地位。
Between them and Jaslo two railways ran along the valley of the River Jasliska, forming a serious obstacle to Von Mackensen's advance so long as the Russians could hold it.
在他们和亚斯洛之间有两条铁路沿着加斯利斯卡河谷延伸，只要俄军能够守住，就对冯·马肯森的前进构成严重障碍。
It was imperative that they should be cleared out, but the task of carrying it through was a difficult one.
清除他们势在必行，但执行起来却是一项艰巨的任务。
The undertaking fell to the Hungarian troops of the Thirty-ninth Honved Division, who advanced to the attack again and again only to be driven back each time by the Russian fire from the heights.
这项任务落在了匈牙利第39洪维德师的肩上，他们一次又一次地发起攻击，但每次都被来自高地的俄罗斯炮火击退。
Big howitzers were called into play and soon demolished the positions.
大型榴弹炮投入使用，很快就摧毁了阵地。
The Russians retired east of the Wistok, followed by Von Mackensen's Austro-Hungarian corps, while the Prussian Guards moved on toward Frysztak, where the Russian troops from the Tarnow sector had taken up positions after the retreat from Brzostek.
俄军撤退到维斯托克河以东，冯·马肯森的奥匈军团紧随其后，而普鲁士近卫军则向弗里什塔克进发，来自塔尔努夫地区的俄军从布佐斯特克撤退后已在那里占据阵地。
On May 7, 1915, the Prussian Guards had passed over the railway at Krosno, and at night fell upon the Russian lines east of the Wistok.
1915 年 5 月 7 日，普鲁士近卫军越过克罗斯诺的铁路，并在夜间袭击了维斯托克河以东的俄罗斯防线。
Particularly fierce encounters took place near Odrzykon and Korczina, ten to fourteen miles southeast of Frysztak.
特别激烈的交锋发生在奥德尔兹孔和科尔奇纳附近，位于弗里什塔克东南十到十四英里处。
A little farther westward Von Mackensen delivered his main attack against the railway crossing at Jaslo, which fell on the same day, May 7.
再向西一点，冯·马肯森对亚斯洛铁路道口发动了主攻，该道口于同一天，即 5 月 7 日陷落。
The Russians retreated in confusion with Von Mackensen close upon their heels.
俄国人混乱地撤退，冯·马肯森紧随其后。
The whole defense on the Wisloka collapsed, and nothing apparently could now save the Dukla and those troops struggling through to escape from the net that was gradually being tightened around them.
维斯洛卡河上的整个防御崩溃了，现在显然没有什么可以拯救杜克拉河和那些奋力逃脱的部队，他们周围的网逐渐收紧。
Meanwhile, General Ewarts's Army of the Nida, which formed the connecting link between the Russian northern and southern armies, had fallen back above Tarnow to the River Czarna in order to keep in touch and conformity with Dmitrieff's shrinking line, which was now actually broken by the Wisloka failure.
与此同时，尤尔茨将军的奈达集团军，作为俄罗斯北方和南方军队之间的连接纽带，已经从塔尔努夫以上撤退至查尔纳河，以便与德米特里耶夫不断缩小的战线保持联系并保持一致，而这条战线现在实际上已因维斯洛卡的失败而被打破。
The Russian position was extremely critical, for it seemed that the German general would roll up the two halves and thereby inflict a crushing and decisive defeat.
俄国人的处境极其关键，因为德国将军似乎会把两半卷起来，从而造成毁灭性的、决定性的失败。
General Ivanoff appears to have recognized Von Mackensen's intentions in time to devise measures to counteract the peril and save his left (Brussilov's army) from disaster.
伊万诺夫将军似乎及时认识到了冯·马肯森的意图，并制定了措施来应对危险并拯救他的左翼（布鲁西洛夫的军队）免遭灾难。
By pushing forward strong columns from Sanok on the Upper San to impose a temporary check upon the advancing tide, he gained a brief respite for the troops entangled in the passes.
他从萨诺克向上桑河推进了强大的纵队，暂时遏制了前进的潮流，为陷入山口的部队赢得了短暂的喘息机会。
To that sector we will now turn to review the course of events.
对于该领域，我们现在将回顾一下事件的进程。
On May 4, 1915, the Russians began to evacuate the positions they held south of the range when Von Mackensen's extreme right approached Krempna.
1915 年 5 月 4 日，当冯·马肯森的极右势力逼近克伦普纳时，俄军开始撤离他们在射程以南的阵地。
Forging along at high speed the Germans and Austrians occupied the towns of Dukla and Tylava, and arrived at Rymanow--still farther east--on the following day.
德国人和奥地利人高速前进，占领了杜克拉和蒂拉瓦镇，并于第二天到达更东边的雷马诺。
The town of Dukla lies some fifteen miles due north of the Galician debouchment of the pass of that name, and Rymanow is about another fifteen miles east of that.
杜克拉镇位于同名山口的加利西亚河口正北约十五英里处，雷马诺夫位于该山口以东约十五英里处。
Hence the German strategic plan was to draw a barrier line across the north of the Carpathians and hem the Russians in between that barrier and the Austro-Hungarian armies of Boehm-Ermolli and Von Bojna.
因此，德国的战略计划是在喀尔巴阡山脉以北划出一道屏障线，并将俄罗斯人包围在该屏障与奥匈帝国的博姆-埃尔莫利和冯·博伊纳军队之间。
It must distinctly be borne in mind that these two forces are also north of the passes: that of Von Bojna being stationed at the elbow where the Germanic line turned from the Carpathians almost due north along the Dunajec-Biala front, or across the neck of our hypothetical jar.
必须清楚地记住，这两支部队也在山口以北：冯·博伊纳的部队驻扎在日耳曼防线从喀尔巴阡山脉转向的肘部，几乎沿着杜纳耶茨-比亚拉前线的正北，或者穿过我们假设的罐子的颈部。
The Dukla and Lupkow passes were still in Russian hands; these were the only two that the Germanic offensives of January, February, and March, 1915, had failed to capture; all the others, from Rostoki eastward, were held by the Austrians and Germans.
杜克拉和卢普科山口仍然掌握在俄罗斯人手中；这是日耳曼人在 1915 年 1 月、2 月和 3 月的攻势中唯一未能占领的两座城市。从罗斯托基以东的所有其他地区都被奥地利人和德国人占领。
It was through the Dukla and Lupkow that the Russians obtained their foothold in northern Hungary, and it was the only way open to them now to get back again.
俄罗斯人正是通过杜克拉和卢普科河在匈牙利北部站稳了脚跟，这是他们现在再次返回的唯一途径。
Around the Laborcza district stood the Seventh Austro-Hungarian Army Corps under the command of the Archduke Joseph, who now began to harass them, aided by the German "Beskid Corps" under General von Marwitz.
拉博恰区周围驻扎着由约瑟夫大公指挥的奥匈帝国第七军团，约瑟夫大公现在在冯·马维茨将军率领的德国“贝斯基德军团”的协助下开始骚扰他们。
This was the only section in the range where the Russians held both sides.
这是该范围内唯一一个由俄罗斯人控制双方的区域。
Boehm-Ermolli had forced the Rostoki and Uzsok, but hitherto had been unable to get very far from their northern exits--not beyond Baligrod.
伯姆-埃尔莫利逼迫了罗斯托基和乌兹索克，但迄今为止还无法离开他们的北出口太远——不能超出巴利格罗德。
During the fighting on the Dunajec these three armies merely marked time; it was their object to keep the Russians in Hungary and in the two passes until Von Mackensen had thrown the right of his "phalanx" across their only avenue of escape.
在杜纳耶茨河的战斗中，这三支军队只是原地踏步。他们的目标是让俄罗斯人留在匈牙利和两个山口，直到冯·马肯森把他的“方阵”的右侧扔过他们唯一的逃生通道。
That time was now rapidly approaching, and Von Bojna was gradually squeezing Brussilov from the west, while Boehm-Ermolli was following from the east and south.
现在，这个时间正在迅速临近，冯·博伊纳从西边逐渐挤压布鲁西洛夫，而博姆-埃尔莫利则从东边和南边紧随其后。
It appears that the commanders of the Twelfth Russian Army Corps and the Third Russian Army, which stood on Hungarian soil from Zboro to Nagy Polena, did not grasp the full significance to them of the Dunajec catastrophe.
驻扎在从兹博罗到纳吉波莱纳的匈牙利土地上的俄罗斯第十二集团军和俄罗斯第三集团军的指挥官们似乎并没有充分理解杜纳耶茨灾难对他们的意义。
Germanic troops were building a wall against their exits before they had seriously thought of withdrawing.
日耳曼军队在认真考虑撤退之前就已经在他们的出口处修建了隔离墙。
Escape was impossible for many of them; some had managed to get across the Dukla in time, while those left behind would either have to surrender or fight their way through the lines across their path in the north.
对他们中的许多人来说，逃脱是不可能的。一些人成功地及时渡过了杜克拉河，而那些留下来的人要么不得不投降，要么杀出一条血路，穿过他们在北方道路上的防线。
At the same time they would have Von Bojna and Boehm-Ermolli on their tracks.
与此同时，冯·博伊纳（Von Bojna）和博姆-埃尔莫利（Boehm-Ermolli）也将加入他们的行列。
To make matters worse, they were also being pressed severely from the Hungarian plains by the troops which hitherto stood inactive.
更糟糕的是，他们还受到匈牙利平原上迄今为止不活跃的军队的猛烈压迫。
The Second Austro-Hungarian Army (Boehm-Ermolli) was fighting on both sides of the range.
奥匈帝国第二集团军（博姆-埃尔莫利）在射程两侧作战。
Through Rostoki they attempted to separate the Russians around Zboro from those situated farther east at Nagy Polena.
他们试图通过罗斯托基将兹博罗周围的俄罗斯人与位于更东的纳吉波莱纳的俄罗斯人分开。
We have stated elsewhere that the Forty-eighth Division was severely handled.
我们在其他地方已经说过，四十八师受到了严厉的处理。
They were surrounded in the Dukla by an overwhelming superior force, but General Korniloff, the commander, with a desperate effort and no little skill, succeeded in hacking his way through the enemy's lines and bringing a large portion of his force safely out of the trap.
他们在杜克拉被压倒性的优势兵力包围，但指挥官科尔尼洛夫将军凭借拼命的努力和不小的技巧，成功地突破了敌人的防线，将他的大部分部队安全地带出了陷阱。
Inch by inch the Russian rear guards retreated, fighting tooth and nail to hold the pass while their comrades escaped.
俄罗斯后卫部队一寸一寸地撤退，竭尽全力守住山口，而他们的战友则逃脱了。
No less brave were the repeated charges made by the Austrians--clambering over rocks, around narrow pathways hanging high in the air, dizzy precipices and mountain torrents underneath.
奥地利人不断发起的冲锋也同样勇敢——攀爬岩石、绕过高高悬在空中的狭窄通道、令人眼花缭乱的悬崖和下面的山洪。
On Varentyzow Mountain, especially, a fierce hand-to-hand battle was fought between Hungarians and Cossacks, the latter finally withdrawing in perfect order.
尤其是在瓦连季佐夫山上，匈牙利人和哥萨克人进行了一场激烈的肉搏战，后者最终有序撤退。
To conduct a successful retreat in the face of disaster is a no less difficult military achievement than the gaining of a decisive victory, and Brussilov's retreat from the passes deserves to rank as a masterly example of skillful tactics.
灾难面前成功撤退，其军事成就的难度不亚于取得决定性胜利，而布鲁西洛夫的关口撤退堪称巧妙战术的典范。
On May 8, 1915, the Third Russian Army and the Forty-eighth Division had reunited with Brussilov's main army in the neighborhood of Sanok, twenty miles north of the Lupkow.
1915 年 5 月 8 日，俄罗斯第 3 集团军和第 48 师在卢普科河以北 20 英里的萨诺克附近与布鲁西洛夫的主力部队会师。
When the commanders of a retreating army lose their heads the rank and file will inevitably become demoralized and panic-stricken.
当撤退的军队将领失去理智时，普通士兵必然会士气低落、惊慌失措。
The retreat became a rout, and the possibility of making a stand, and to some extent retrieving the lost fortune of war, was extremely remote.
退却变成了溃败，坚守阵地并在一定程度上挽回战争损失的可能性极其渺茫。
A deeper motive than the mere reconquering of Galicia lay behind Von Mackensen's plan--he aimed at nothing less than the complete overthrow and destruction of the Russian armies.
冯·马肯森的计划背后隐藏着比仅仅收复加利西亚更深层的动机——他的目标无非是彻底推翻和摧毁俄罗斯军队。
It was a gigantic effort of the Germanic powers to eliminate at least one of their most dangerous enemies.
这是日耳曼列强为消灭至少一个最危险的敌人而付出的巨大努力。
Once that was accomplished it would release some millions of troops whose services were needed in the western theatre of war.
一旦完成，它将释放西部战区需要的数百万军队。
The original plan had fallen through of crushing Russia quickly at the beginning of the war, before she would have had time to get ready, and then to turn against France in full force.
最初的计划已经落空，即在战争开始时迅速粉碎俄罗斯，然后在她有时间做好准备之前，然后全力反击法国。
The Austro-German Galician campaign was planned and undertaken with that specific object, and now, although defeated and in full retreat, the Russian troops still formed an army in being, and not a fugitive, defenseless rabble.
奥德加利西亚战役就是为了这个特定目标而计划和进行的，现在，尽管俄罗斯军队被击败并全面撤退，但它仍然组成了一支军队，而不是一群逃亡的、手无寸铁的乌合之众。
So long as an army is not captured or annihilated, it can be reorganized and again put in the field.
军队只要不被俘、不被歼，就可以重新整编，重新投入战场。
It is on this consideration that so much importance attaches to the handling of an army in retreat.
正是基于这一考虑，我们才如此重视军队撤退的处理。
The Russians did not, of course, run away; on the contrary, they fought desperately and stubbornly throughout the retreat, for their pursuers did not average more than six miles per day--a fact which testifies to the steady and orderly character of the Russian retirement.
当然，俄罗斯人并没有逃跑。相反，他们在整个撤退过程中拼命而顽强地战斗，因为追击者平均每天不超过六英里——这一事实证明了俄罗斯撤退的稳定和有序的特点。
They suffered from the consequences of inadequate preparation and lack of foresight on the part of their leaders.
他们遭受了准备不足和领导人缺乏远见的后果。
The Russian troops on the Lower Wisloka held their positions longest, but they also fell back about May 8, 1915, and for the next two days engaged the enemy near some villages southwest of Sanok.
下维斯洛卡河上的俄罗斯军队坚守阵地的时间最长，但也在 1915 年 5 月 8 日左右撤退，并在接下来的两天里与萨诺克西南一些村庄附近的敌人交战。
Here a strong force had collected, which not only offered a powerful resistance, but even attempted a counterattack against their pursuers.
这里聚集了一股强大的力量，不仅进行了强大的抵抗，甚至还试图对追击者进行反击。
Over a front of 145 miles, extending from Szczucin near the Vistula north of Tarnow, down almost to the Uzsok Pass, a fierce battle progressed between May 8 and 10, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 8 日至 10 日，一场激烈的战斗从塔尔努夫 (Tarnow) 北部维斯瓦河附近的什楚钦 (Szczucin) 一直延伸到乌兹索克山口 (Uzsok Pass)，战线长达 145 英里。
In the region of Frysztak, where the Russian line was weakest, the main German offensive was developing its strongest attack.
在俄罗斯防线最薄弱的弗里什塔克地区，德军的主力攻势正在展开最猛烈的攻击。
Reenforcements were on the way, but could not arrive in time.
增援部队正在路上，但未能及时抵达。
For the moment disaster was averted by an aggressive Russian counteroffensive halfway between Krosno and Sanok, from the Besko-Jacmierz front, by which move sufficient time was gained to enable the main forces to retreat.
目前，俄罗斯从贝斯科-雅克梅日前线在克罗斯诺和萨诺克之间发起的侵略性反攻避免了灾难，这一行动为主力部队撤退赢得了足够的时间。
The Russian defense in the Vistok Valley collapsed on May 10, 1915; the German center had almost arrived within striking distance of the important railway line from Tarnow via Dembica and Rzeszow to Jaroslav north of Przemysl.
1915 年 5 月 10 日，俄罗斯在维斯托克山谷的防御崩溃；德国中心几乎已经到达从塔尔努夫经登比察和热舒夫到普热梅希尔以北的雅罗斯拉夫的重要铁路线的惊人距离。
At Sanok the battered remnants of the Russian troops who had escaped from the passes maintained themselves with the greatest difficulty.
在萨诺克，从山口逃出的俄军残部，在艰难地维持着自己的阵地。
Heavy German artillery followed the Bavarians to Rymanow, five miles from the Russian line at Besko, and were now playing fiercely upon the positions west of Sanok.
德国重型火炮跟随巴伐利亚人到达雷马诺夫，距贝斯科的俄罗斯防线五英里，现在正在萨诺克以西的阵地上猛烈攻击。
The Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps as well as the Seventh were making their presence felt from the southwest against Odrzechova and from the south, whence Von Marwitz with the German Beskid Corps was rapidly advancing.
奥匈帝国第十军团和第七军团从西南方向对抗奥德尔热霍娃，并从南部进攻，冯·马维茨率领的德国贝斯基德军团正在迅速推进。
To the southeast, Boehm-Ermolli was battering the Baligrod-Lutoviska front, almost in the same position he occupied at the end of January in the first attempt to relieve Przemysl.
在东南方，伯姆-埃尔莫利正在攻击巴利格罗德-卢托维斯卡前线，几乎与他在一月底第一次尝试解救普热梅希尔时所占据的位置相同。
The battle was practically over by the night of May 10, 1915; the Russians could hold out no longer against the ever-increasing flood of Austrians and Germans pouring across every road and pathway against their doomed line.
到 1915 年 5 月 10 日晚上，战斗几乎结束了。俄罗斯人再也无法抵挡不断增加的奥地利人和德国人涌入每一条道路和小道，冲击他们注定失败的防线。
Blasted and scorched by artillery, machine-gun and rifle fire; standing against incessant bayonet and cavalry charges; harassed by the Austrians from the south, the Russians were indeed in sore straits.
被大炮、机枪和步枪的炮火炸焦；抵御不断的刺刀和骑兵冲锋；受到来自南方的奥地利人的骚扰，俄罗斯人确实陷入了困境。
Yet they had fought well; in the losing game they were playing they were exhausting their enemies as well as themselves in men and munitions--factors which are bound to tell in a long, drawn-out war.
然而他们打得很好。在这场失败的游戏中，他们在人力和弹药方面耗尽了敌人和自己的力量——这些因素在一场漫长的、旷日持久的战争中必然会显现出来。
Above all, they still remained an army: they had not yet found their Sedan.
最重要的是，他们仍然是一支军队：他们还没有找到他们的轿子。
No alternative lay before them--or rather behind them--other than retreat to the next possible line of defense--toward Przemysl.
在他们面前——或者更确切地说在他们身后——除了撤退到下一条可能的防线——朝向普热梅希尔之外，别无选择。
Between May 11-12, 1915, the Germanic troops occupied the districts of Sendziszow, Rzeszow, Dynow, Sanok, Lisko, Lancut, and Dubiecko.
1915 年 5 月 11 日至 12 日期间，日耳曼军队占领了森济舒夫、热舒夫、迪诺、萨诺克、利斯科、兰库特和杜别茨科地区。
Przevorsk was deserted by the Russians on the 13th.
13日，普热沃尔斯克被俄罗斯人抛弃。
The Seventh Russian Railway Battalion, under Captain Ratloff, brought up the rear of the retreat to the Dembica-Jaroslav line.
俄罗斯第七铁路营在拉特洛夫上尉的指挥下，负责登姆比察-雅罗斯拉夫防线撤退的后方。
From Rzeszow onward this battalion were employed in destroying stations, plants, tunnels, culverts, rolling stock, and railway bridges, to hamper as much as possible the German advance.
从热舒夫开始，该营被用来摧毁车站、工厂、隧道、涵洞、机车车辆和铁路桥梁，以尽可能地阻碍德军的前进。
It took the Austro-Hungarian engineers between two and three weeks to repair the road and put it into sufficient working order to transport their heavy siege artillery.
奥匈帝国工程师花了两到三周的时间修复了这条道路，并使其恢复正常状态以运输重型攻城火炮。
With uninterrupted labor and the most strenuous exertions they could only reconstruct about four miles per day.
在不间断的劳动和最艰苦的努力下，他们每天只能重建大约四英里。
Repairs and renovations other than those of the railway system were necessary.
除了铁路系统之外，还需要进行维修和翻新。
The wounded had to be sent back to hospital, and fresh troops had to be brought up to fill the gaps torn in the Austro-German ranks during all the severe fighting since May 2, 1915.
伤员必须被送回医院，并且必须调集新的部队来填补自 1915 年 5 月 2 日以来所有激烈战斗中奥德军队中所造成的缺口。
It is not known exactly what the series of victories cost the Germanic armies in casualties, but it is known that their successes were dearly bought.
目前尚不清楚这一系列的胜利给日耳曼军队带来了多少伤亡，但众所周知，他们的成功是付出了高昂的代价。
One fairly competent authority places the loss at between 120,000 to 130,000.
一位相当有能力的当局估计损失在120,000到130,000之间。
From May 2 to May 12, 1915, the forces of Von Mackensen, the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, and Boroyevitch von Boyna claim to have captured 103,500 men, 69 guns, and 255 machine guns.
1915 年 5 月 2 日至 12 日，冯·马肯森、约瑟夫·斐迪南大公和博罗耶维奇·冯·博伊纳的军队声称俘获了 103,500 名士兵、69 支枪和 255 挺机枪。
A retreating army must inevitably lose many of their number as prisoners, besides their wounded must also be abandoned.
撤退的军队必然会失去许多俘虏，而且伤员也必须被遗弃。
Furthermore, the Russian line of retreat led through rough and mountainous country, where large bodies of troops could not be kept in touch with each other.
此外，俄军的撤退路线穿过崎岖多山的地区，大部队无法在这些地区保持联系。
Thus it frequently happened that isolated detachments were captured _en bloc_ without being able to offer any resistance.
因此，经常会发生孤立的分队在无法进行任何抵抗的情况下被整体俘获的情况。
In the neighborhood of Sanok and the watering places of Rymanow and Ivonicz some of the biggest Russian base hospitals were situated.
萨诺克附近以及雷马诺夫和伊沃尼奇的饮水区设有一些俄罗斯最大的基地医院。
These, of course, could not have been evacuated in time, and the patients consequently swelled the number of prisoners.
当然，这些病人无法及时疏散，病人的数量因此增加了囚犯的数量。
Most of the guns captured by the Austro-Germans were those of the Russian troops whose retreat from northern Hungary and the passes had been intercepted.
奥德军缴获的大部分枪支是从匈牙利北部撤退且山口被拦截的俄罗斯军队的枪支。
They often sacrificed large bodies of troops to save their guns.
他们经常牺牲大量部队来保存枪支。
The lack of artillery was the main cause of their defeat; what little they could save from the wreck was therefore husbanded with jealous care.
缺乏火炮是他们失败的主要原因。因此，他们从沉船中所能挽救的一点点东西都被小心翼翼地珍惜着。
The German staff accurately calculated on the preponderance of heavy artillery, and that Russia would be compelled to bow low before the superior blast of cannon fire.
德国参谋部准确地计算出重型火炮的优势，俄罗斯将被迫在强大的炮火面前低头。
Though it involved the sacrifice of many miles of territory, it was now the Russian object to draw the enemy's line out to the fullest extent.
尽管这涉及牺牲数英里的领土，但俄罗斯现在的目标是最大限度地拉开敌人的防线。
After the retreat from the Wistok the Russian Generalissimo, Grand Duke Nicholas, was concerned only to save the most for his country at the greatest expense to her enemies.
从维斯托克撤退后，俄罗斯大元帅尼古拉斯大公只关心以牺牲敌人最大的代价为国家节省最多的资源。
It meant continual retreat on a gigantic scale.
这意味着持续大规模的撤退。
Przemysl, captured ten weeks ago, lay behind Ivanoff's line, and Lemberg was but sixty miles beyond.
十周前攻克的普热梅希尔位于伊万诺夫战线后方，伦贝格距此仅六十英里。
Two hundred miles northward the Germans were hammering at the gates of Warsaw.
向北 200 英里处，德国人正在猛击华沙的城门。
A retreat such as the grand duke contemplated might involve the loss of all three of these places, but it would stretch the Germanic lines enormously and enable the Allies in the west to strike with better effect.
像大公所设想的撤退可能会失去这三个地方，但这会极大地拉长日耳曼人的防线，使西线的盟军能够取得更好的打击效果。
No territorial considerations must stand in the way against the safety of the Russian armies.
任何领土考虑都不得妨碍俄罗斯军队的安全。
It was the same policy that had crippled Napoleon in 1812.
1812 年，正是同样的政策让拿破仑陷入瘫痪。
CHAPTER XLIII
第四十三章
CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN GALICIA AND THE BUKOWINA
东加利西亚和布科维纳的战役
In order to keep the narrative abreast of the steadily advancing Austro-German line, we must change occasionally from one sector to another to watch the progress of operations over the huge battle field.
为了使叙事与稳步推进的奥德战线保持同步，我们必须偶尔从一个战区切换到另一个战区，以观察广阔战场上的行动进展。
In accordance with the details laid down in the great strategic plan, each of the different Germanic forces had a distinct task to perform.
根据伟大战略计划中规定的细节，每一支日耳曼军队都有不同的任务要执行。
Turning then to eastern Galicia and the Bukowina, we find that on May 1, 1915, the Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies were facing each other along almost the same front where we left them in the middle of March.
然后转向加利西亚东部和布科维纳，我们发现1915年5月1日，奥匈帝国和俄罗斯军队几乎沿着我们3月中旬离开他们的同一战线对峙。
That front extended to the north of Nadvorna and Kolomea, by Ottynia across to Niczviska on the Dniester, and from there eastward along the river toward Chotin on the Russian frontier of Bessarabia.
该战线延伸至纳德沃尔纳和科洛梅亚以北，经奥蒂尼亚到达德涅斯特河上的尼奇维斯卡，然后从那里沿河向东延伸至俄罗斯比萨拉比亚边境的霍廷。
By the beginning of May, 1915, the spring floods had subsided, when operations became again possible.
1915 年 5 月初，春季洪水已经消退，作业再次得以进行。
General Lechitsky, on the Russian side, probably aimed at recovering the Pruth Valley, while the Austrian commander, General von Pflanzer-Baltin, directed his efforts to establishing himself on the northern bank of the Dniester.
俄罗斯方面的莱奇茨基将军可能旨在收复普鲁斯河谷，而奥地利指挥官冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷将军则致力于在德涅斯特河北岸建立自己的据点。
He would then be able to advance in line with the Germanic front that was pressing on from the west, and northward from the Carpathian range between Uzsok and the Jablonitza passes; otherwise his force would lag behind in the great drive, a mere stationary pivot.
然后，他将能够与从西面逼近的日耳曼战线前进，并从乌兹索克和雅布洛尼察山口之间的喀尔巴阡山脉向北推进；否则，他的力量就会在大推进中落后，只是一个静止的支点。
At that time he held about sixty miles of the Odessa-Stanislau railroad (which runs through the valley via Czernovice and Kolomea) with the Russians only twenty miles north of the line.
当时，他控制着敖德萨-斯坦尼斯劳铁路约六十英里（该铁路经切尔诺维采和科洛梅亚穿过山谷），而俄罗斯人距该线仅二十英里。
If that position could be taken the Austrians would have the South Russian line of communications in their hands, for it was along this line that supplies and reenforcements were being transported to Ivanoff's front on the Wisloka from the military centers at Kiev and Sebastopol.
如果能够采取这一立场，奥地利人将掌握南俄罗斯的交通线，因为正是沿着这条线，补给品和增援部队从基辅和塞瓦斯托波尔的军事中心运往维斯洛卡河上的伊万诺夫前线。
Thus the railway was of tremendous importance to both belligerents.
因此，这条铁路对交战双方都极其重要。
What it meant to the Austrians has been stated; to the Russians its possession offered the only opportunity for a counteroffensive in the east that could possibly affect the course of the main operations on the Wisloka, San, and later the Przemysl lines.
它对奥地利人意味着什么已经说过了；对于俄罗斯人来说，占领它是在东部发动反攻的唯一机会，这可能会影响维斯洛卡、桑以及后来的普热梅希尔防线的主要行动进程。
But however successful such a counteroffensive might prove, it could not have exerted any immediate influence on the western front.
但无论这种反攻多么成功，它都不可能对西线产生任何直接影响。
With the Transylvania Carpathians protecting the Austro-German eastern flank, there would still be little hope of checking the enemy's advance on Lemberg even if Lechitsky succeeded in reconquering the whole of the Bukowina and that part of eastern Galicia south of the Dniester.
由于特兰西瓦尼亚喀尔巴阡山脉保护奥德东翼，即使列奇茨基成功重新征服整个布科维纳河和德涅斯特河以南的加利西亚东部部分地区，阻止敌人向伦贝格推进的希望仍然很小。
Every strategic consideration, therefore, pointed to the Dniester line as the key to the situation for the Austrian side, and Von Pflanzer-Baltin decided to stake all on the attempt.
因此，每一项战略考虑都将德涅斯特防线视为奥方局势的关键，冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔坦决定赌上一切。
[Illustration: Galician Campaign from Przemysl to Bessarabia.]
[插图：从普热梅希尔到比萨拉比亚的加利西亚战役。]
On May, 6, 1915, the machine was set in motion by a violent bombardment.
1915 年 5 月 6 日，这台机器在猛烈的轰炸下启动了。
By the 8th the Austrians captured the bridgehead of Zaleszczyki; on the 9th the Russians drove them out again, capturing 500 men, 3 big guns, 1 field gun, and a number of machine guns.
8日，奥军占领了扎莱什奇基的桥头堡。 9日，俄军再次将他们击退，俘获500人、3门大炮、1门野战炮和多挺机枪。
On May 10 the Russians took the initiative and attacked a front of about forty miles, along the entire Dniester line from west of Niczviska to Uscie Biskupic, crossed into the Bukowina and advanced to within five miles of Czernowitz from the east.
5月10日，俄军占据主动，沿着从尼奇维斯卡以西到乌希比斯库皮克的整个德涅斯特线，进攻约40英里的战线，越过布科维纳河，并推进到距东边距离切尔诺维茨不到5英里的地方。
A little stream and a village both named Onut are situated southwest of Uscie Biskupic.
一条小溪和一个村庄都叫奥努特（Onut），位于乌西比斯库皮克（Uscie Biskupic）西南。
Here a detachment of Don Cossacks distinguished themselves on May 10, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 10 日，一支顿河哥萨克小队在这里表现出色。
Advancing toward the Austrian wire entanglements in face of a terrific fusillade, they cut a passage through in front of the Austrian's fortified positions.
面对可怕的齐射，他们向奥军的铁丝网推进，在奥军的防御阵地前开辟了一条通道。
Before the latter realized what was happening the Cossacks were on top of them, and in a few minutes a ferocious bayonet struggle had cleared out three lines of trenches.
在后者意识到发生了什么之前，哥萨克人已经在他们上面了，几分钟之内，一场激烈的刺刀搏斗就清理出了三排战壕。
Russian cavalry poured in after them, hacking the Austrian's rear, and compelling them to evacuate the entire district.
俄罗斯骑兵紧随其后涌入，袭击了奥地利人的后方，迫使他们撤离整个地区。
The Cossacks charged into the hurriedly retreating masses--on horse and on foot, with saber, lance, and bayonet, capturing 4,000 prisoners, a battery of machine guns, several caissons and searchlight apparati.
哥萨克人骑马和步行，手持马刀、长枪和刺刀，冲进匆忙撤退的群众中，俘获了 4000 名俘虏，并俘虏了一排机枪、几个沉箱和探照灯装置。
The entire northern bank of the Dniester was in Russian possession by the night of May 10, 1915; several desperate counterattacks attempted by the Austrians on the 11th completely failed to recover the lost ground.
到 1915 年 5 月 10 日晚上，整个德涅斯特河北岸都被俄罗斯占领；奥军11日的几次绝望反击完全未能收复失地。
Two days later a Russian official reported: "In this operation the Austrian units which led the offensive were repulsed near Chocimierz with heavy losses.
两天后，一名俄罗斯官员报告说：“在这次行动中，领导攻势的奥地利部队在乔西米日附近被击退，损失惨重。
Our artillery annihilated two entire battalions and a third surrendered.
我们的炮兵歼灭了整个营，第三个营投降了。
Near Horodenka the enemy gave way about seven o'clock in the evening of the same day and began a disorderly retreat.
当天晚上七点左右，敌人在霍罗登卡附近屈服，开始无序撤退。
We again captured several thousand prisoners, guns, and some fifty ammunition caissons." Being a junction of six roads and a railway station on the curved line from Kolomea to Zaleszczyki, Horodenka is considered to be the most important strategic point along the Dniester-Czernowitz front.
我们再次俘获了数千名囚犯、枪支和大约五十个弹药箱。”霍罗登卡是从科洛梅亚到扎莱什奇基的曲线上的六条道路和一个火车站的交汇处，被认为是德涅斯特-切尔诺维茨前线最重要的战略要点。
It was undoubtedly a severe blow to the Austrians.
这对奥地利人来说无疑是一次沉重的打击。
During the night of May 11, 1915, and the next day they evacuated a front of about eighty-eight miles, and retired south of the Pruth.
1915 年 5 月 11 日夜间和第二天，他们撤离了约 88 英里的战线，并撤退到普鲁斯河以南。
General Mishtchenko led his Cossacks on the Austrian trail, taking several towns on their way to Nadvorna, which they captured after a fierce fight.
米什琴科将军率领他的哥萨克沿着奥地利小道前进，在前往纳德沃纳的途中占领了几个城镇，并在一场激烈的战斗后占领了那里。
From here they took possession of part of the railway line from Delatyn to Kolomea, and completely severed the connection between Von Pflanzer-Baltin's forces and those of Von Linsingen lying along the north of the range.
从这里他们占领了从德拉廷到科洛梅亚的部分铁路线，并完全切断了冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷的部队与位于山脉北部的冯·林辛根的部队之间的联系。
Larger bodies of Russian troops were on the way to Kolomea; on May 13, 1915, they stormed and carried some strongly fortified Austrian positions eight miles north of the town, in front of which the Austrians had placed reenforcements and all their last reserves.
更大的俄罗斯军队正在前往科洛梅亚。 1915 年 5 月 13 日，他们猛攻并占领了该镇以北 8 英里处的一些坚固的奥地利阵地，奥地利人在阵地前部署了增援部队和所有最后的预备队。
By dint of great efforts they held their position here, but from May 9 to May 14, 1915, the Russians drove them back elsewhere on a front of over sixty miles for a distance of about twenty miles, also capturing some 20,000 prisoners with many guns and valuable stores of munitions.
经过艰苦卓绝的努力，他们守住了阵地，但从 1915 年 5 月 9 日到 5 月 14 日，俄国人在 60 多英里的战线上将他们赶回了其他地方，距离大约 20 英里，还俘获了大约 20,000 名囚犯，他们拥有许多枪支和宝贵的弹药。
About the middle of May matters quieted down in the eastern sector; the only fighting of importance consisted of severe artillery combats around Czernowitz and Kolomea.
大约五月中旬，东部地区的局势平静下来；唯一重要的战斗是切尔诺维茨和科洛梅亚周围的激烈炮战。
The issue of the conflict hung in the west with Von Mackensen's armies; fighting in the Bukowina at this stage became an unnecessary expenditure of strength and energy.
这场冲突的问题一直悬在西边，由冯·马肯森的军队负责。现阶段在布科维纳的战斗不必要地消耗了体力和精力。
The fate of eastern Galicia was being decided 140 miles away, on the banks of the River San, to which region we will now direct the reader's attention.
加利西亚东部的命运正在 140 英里外的桑河畔决定，我们现在将读者的注意力集中到该地区。
CHAPTER XLIV
第四十四章
RUSSIAN CHANGE OF FRONT--RETREAT TO THE SAN
俄罗斯战线的变化--撤退到圣彼得堡
After the Russian troops retreated from the Lower Wisloka northward toward the confluence of that river with the Vistula they held the two important bridgeheads of Sandomierz and Rozvadov.
俄罗斯军队从下维斯洛卡河向北撤退到该河与维斯瓦河的交汇处后，他们控制了桑多梅日和罗兹瓦多夫两个重要的桥头堡。
On May 14, 1915, Ivanoff's right was being forced toward the Vistula in the vicinity of Opatow.
1915 年 5 月 14 日，伊万诺夫的右翼被迫驶向奥帕托附近的维斯瓦河。
This right wing was the army under General Ewarts, which since December, 1914, had been stationed in strongly fortified positions on the Nida in Russian Poland.
这支右翼是尤尔茨将军领导的军队，自 1914 年 12 月以来，一直驻扎在俄属波兰奈达河上的坚固防御阵地上。
The front extended across the frontier into western Galicia and joined on to the right wing of Dmitrieff's Dunajec-Biala front, which was shattered between Otfinow and Gorlice.
战线越过边境进入加利西亚西部，并与德米特里耶夫的杜纳耶茨-比亚拉战线的右翼汇合，该战线在奥特菲诺和戈尔利采之间被粉碎。
The retreat of Dmitrieff's army was in an easterly direction along Tarnow, Pilzno, Dembica, Rzeszow, and Lancut to Przevorsk on the San; from the region of Gorlice and Ciezkovice along Biecz, Jaslo, Frysztak, Krosno to Dynow, Dubiecko, and Sanok, the latter also on the San.
德米特里耶夫的军队向东撤退，沿塔尔努夫、皮尔兹诺、登比卡、热舒夫和兰库特到达桑河上的普热沃尔斯克。从 Gorlice 和 Ciezkovice 地区出发，沿 Biecz、Jaslo、Frysztak、Krosno 到达 Dynow、Dubiecko 和 Sanok，后者也在 San 河上。
The troops that Brussilov extricated from the passes and those with which he held the northern part of the western Carpathians against Boehm-Ermolli were now likewise concentrated on the San.
布鲁西洛夫从山口撤出的部队以及他用来控制喀尔巴阡山脉西部北部地区对抗伯姆-埃尔莫利的部队现在同样集中在桑河上。
A glance at the map will show that the Russian front on the San from Przevorsk down to Sanok forms a shield between the Germanic advance and the two towns of Jaroslav and Przemysl.
看一眼地图就会发现，俄罗斯在桑河上从普热沃尔斯克一直到萨诺克的战线在日耳曼人的进攻与雅罗斯拉夫和普热梅希尔两个城镇之间形成了一道盾牌。
It will also be observed that General Ewarts's forces about Rozvadov are on the west side of the San, that is to say, nearer toward the advancing Austrians under the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand.
还可以观察到，尤尔茨将军在罗兹瓦多夫周围的部队位于桑河西侧，也就是说，更靠近约瑟夫·斐迪南大公率领的奥地利军队。
The retreat in Galicia necessitated modifications in the Russian front in Poland on the way to Warsaw.
加利西亚的撤退使得俄罗斯在前往华沙途中在波兰的战线必须进行调整。
The line south of the Pilica had to be withdrawn and positions on the Nida abandoned to conform with the retreating line in Galicia.
皮利卡河以南的防线必须撤回，奈达河上的阵地必须放弃，以与加利西亚的撤退防线保持一致。
New positions were taken up along Radom and across the Kamienna River.
拉多姆沿岸和卡缅纳河对岸占据了新的阵地。
The pivot or hinge from which the line was drawn back was the town of Ivanlodz, about fifty-five miles southwest of Warsaw.
战线撤回的枢纽或铰链是伊万洛兹镇，位于华沙西南约五十五英里处。
North of Ivanlodz the front remained unaltered.
伊万洛兹以北的战线保持不变。
While this line shifting was in progress (in Poland) the German troops hung closely to the heels of the retiring Russians, evidently mistaking the motive behind the change of position.
当这种路线转变正在进行时（在波兰），德国军队紧紧追随退役的俄罗斯人，显然误解了立场改变背后的动机。
Mr. Stanley Washburn thus summarizes the results of these retreating battles:
斯坦利·沃什伯恩先生总结了这些撤退战斗的结果：
"Regarding the movement as a whole, suffice it to say that in the two weeks following the change of line one (Russian) army inflicted upon the enemy a loss of nearly 30,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
“就整个运动而言，只要说在改变路线后的两周内，第一支（俄罗斯）军队就给敌人造成了近 30,000 人死亡、受伤和俘虏的损失。
The Russian losses were comparatively trifling." The Austro-German forces were following up leisurely the retreating Russian corps, not expecting any serious fighting to occur until the lines behind the Kamienna were reached.
俄军的损失相对来说是微不足道的。”奥德联军悠闲地追击着撤退的俄军，在到达卡缅纳河后方的防线之前，没有预料到会发生任何严重的战斗。
Instead of that, however, on May 15, 1915, the Russian commander suddenly halted the main body of his troops in front of his fortified positions on a line extending from Brody by Opatow toward Klimontow.
然而，1915 年 5 月 15 日，俄罗斯指挥官突然将其部队主力停在从布罗迪经奥帕托向克里蒙托延伸的防御阵地前。
Between May 15-17, 1915, a battle developed on this front, which is the more notable as it is one of the few in this war fought in the open without trenches.
1915 年 5 月 15 日至 17 日期间，这条战线爆发了一场战斗，这场战斗更为引人注目，因为它是这场战争中为数不多的在没有战壕的露天环境中进行的战斗之一。
To quote Mr. Washburn: "In any other war it would have been called a good-sized action, as from first to last more than 100,000 men and perhaps 350 to 400 guns were engaged."
引用沃什伯恩先生的话说：“在任何其他战争中，这都会被称为大规模行动，因为从始至终都有超过 100,000 名士兵和大约 350 到 400 门枪支参与其中。”
The Austro-Germans came on in four groups.
奥地利-德国队分四组参赛。
The Third German Landwehr was moving from the southwest by Wierzbnik against Ilza, slightly to the north of Lubienia.
德国第三兰德维尔部队正从西南方向经维尔兹布尼克向位于卢比尼亚偏北的伊尔扎进发。
Next to it, coming from the direction of Kielce, was the German Division of General Bredow, supported by the Eighty-fourth Austrian Regiment.
紧邻它的是从凯尔采方向过来的德国布雷多将军师，并得到了奥地利第八十四团的支援。
This body was advancing against Ostroviec, the terminus of a railway which runs from the district of Lodz to the southeast by Tomaszow and Opoczno, and crosses the Ivangorod-Olkusz line halfway between Kielce and Radom.
这支部队正在向奥斯特罗维茨前进，这是一条铁路的终点站，这条铁路从罗兹地区向东南延伸，经过托马佐夫和奥波奇诺，并在凯尔采和拉多姆之间穿过伊万哥罗德-奥尔库什线。
Farther to the south three Austro-Hungarian divisions were also advancing--namely, the Twenty-fifth Austrian Division against Lagow, and the Fourth Austrian Landwehr Division, supported by the Forty-first Honved Division, against Ivaniska; they moved along roads converging on Opatow.
再往南，奥匈帝国的三个师也在推进——即奥地利第25师对抗拉戈夫，以及奥地利第4兰德维尔师在第41洪韦德师的支援下对抗伊万尼斯卡。他们沿着与奥帕图交汇的道路行驶。
The Twenty-fifth Austrian Division, commanded by the Archduke Peter Ferdinand, was composed of crack regiments, the Fourth Hoch and Deutschmeisters of Vienna, and the Twenty-fifth, Seventeenth, and Tenth Jaeger battalions.
奥地利第25师由彼得·斐迪南大公指挥，由精锐团、维也纳第四高师营和德意志师团，以及第25营、第17营和第10猎兵营组成。
The Russians were outnumbered about 40 per cent.
俄罗斯人的人数比他们少了大约40%。
The supposedly demoralized Russians were not expected to give any battle short of their fortified line, to which they were thought to be retiring in hot haste.
据说士气低落的俄罗斯人不会在他们的防御线之外进行任何战斗，人们认为他们正匆忙撤退到防御线。
The Russian general selected the Austrians on whom to spring his first surprise, but commenced by making a feint against the German corps, driving in their advanced guards by vigorous attacks which caused the whole force to halt and begin deployment for an engagement.
俄罗斯将军选择了奥地利人作为他的第一个突然袭击目标，但首先对德国军团进行佯攻，通过猛烈的攻击驱赶他们的前卫，导致整个部队停下来并开始部署交战。
This occurred on May 15, 1915.
这发生在 1915 年 5 月 15 日。
On the same day, with all his available strength, he swung furiously with Opatow as an axis from both north and south, catching in bayonet charge the Twenty-fifth Division on the road between Lagow and Opatow.
当天，他全力以赴，以奥帕托为轴心，从南北两侧疯狂挥动，在拉戈和奥帕托之间的道路上用刺刀追击第二十五师。
Simultaneously another portion of his command swept up on the Fourth Division coming from Ivaniska to Opatow.
与此同时，他指挥的另一部分部队则扫荡了从伊万尼斯卡到奥帕托的第四师。
"In the meantime a strong force of Cossacks had ridden round the Austrians and actually hit their line of communications at the exact time that the infantry fell on the main column with a bayonet charge, delivered with an impetuosity and fury that simply crumpled up the entire Austrian formation.
“与此同时，一支强大的哥萨克部队绕过了奥地利人，实际上在步兵以刺刀冲锋攻击主力纵队的同时击中了他们的交通线，其冲动和愤怒简直摧毁了整个奥地利队形。
The Fourth Division was meeting a similar fate farther south, and the two were thrown together in a helpless mass, losing between 3,000 and 4,000 casualties and nearly 3,000 in prisoners, besides a large number of machine guns and the bulk of their baggage.
在更南边的第四师也遇到了类似的命运，两个师无助地拼凑在一起，除了大量机枪和大量辎重外，还损失了 3,000 至 4,000 名伤亡人员和近 3,000 名战俘。
The remainder, supported by the Forty-first Honved Division, which had been hurried up, managed to squeeze themselves out of their predicament by falling back on Uszachow, and the whole retired to Lagow, beyond which the Russians were not permitted to pursue them, lest they should break the symmetry of their own line." It is admitted by the Austrians themselves that their losses were very severe in this battle.
其余的部队在匆忙赶来的第四十洪韦德师的支援下，通过退回乌扎霍夫设法摆脱困境，整个部队撤退到拉戈夫，俄罗斯人不允许越过拉戈夫追击他们，以免他们打破自己战线的对称性。”奥地利人自己也承认，他们在这场战斗中损失非常惨重。
An Austrian source at the time stated that on May 16, 1915, not a single officer and only twenty-six men were left of the entire Fourth Company, First Battalion of the Tenth Austrian Infantry Regiment.
当时的奥地利消息人士称，1915年5月16日，奥地利第十步兵团第一营第四连已没有一个军官，只剩下二十六人。
By the 17th of May the Austrians had withdrawn more than twelve miles from the scene of the disaster.
到 5 月 17 日，奥地利人已从灾难现场撤退超过 12 英里。
During the following night, May 25, 1915, an Austrian division was moving from the line of advance of General Bredow's troops along the Lagow-Opatow road where it is separated by a spur of the Lysa Gora, the highest mountain group in Russian Poland.
1915 年 5 月 25 日的第二天晚上，一个奥地利师从布雷多将军部队的前进线出发，沿着拉戈夫-奥帕托公路前进，这条公路被俄罗斯波兰境内最高的山峰莱萨戈拉山的支脉隔开。
The Russians, elated over their recent victory, crossed the mountains by a forced march, and fell on the right flank of the German formation, while other troops opened a general frontal attack against it.
俄军因最近的胜利而欢欣鼓舞，强行越过山脉，落在德军阵型的右翼，而其他部队则向德军发起总正面进攻。
Bredow was compelled to fall back in haste in the direction of Bodzentyn and to call for assistance from the adjoining Fourth German Landwehr Division.
布雷多被迫仓促向博岑廷方向撤退，并向毗邻的德国第四兰德韦尔师请求援助。
The sudden withdrawal of that division had the effect of weakening the German line southwest of Radom near the Radom-Kielce and the Konsk-Ostroviec railway crossings.
该师的突然撤退削弱了德军在拉多姆西南靠近拉多姆-凯尔采和康斯克-奥斯特罗维茨铁路过境点的防线。
The opportunity of thinning the enemy's line in that sector was too good to be lost, for a Russian communique of May 17, 1915, states that "near Gielniow, Ruski-Brod, and Suchedniov our sudden counterattacks inflicted severe losses on the enemy's advance guards." Having thus checked the German advance for the time being, the Russians ceased from further troubling to await developments on the San.
1915 年 5 月 17 日的一份俄罗斯公报指出，“在吉尔尼奥夫、鲁斯基-布罗德和苏契德尼奥夫附近，我们的突然反击给敌人的先头部队造成了严重损失”，这是削弱该地区敌人战线的绝佳机会，不容错过。俄罗斯人暂时阻止了德军的进攻，不再继续制造麻烦，而是等待桑河的事态发展。
CHAPTER XLV
第四十五章
BATTLE OF THE SAN
桑之战
When the Austro-German armies reached the line of the San on May 14, 1915, the battle for mid-Galicia was over, and a fresh chapter of the campaign opened with the battle of the San, which might more fittingly be described as the battle for Przemysl.
当奥德军队于 1915 年 5 月 14 日到达桑河防线时，加利西亚中部的战斗就结束了，战役的新篇章以桑河战役拉开了序幕，这场战役也许更恰当地被描述为普热梅希尔战役。
The position of Ivanoff's right has been shown; his right center lay west of the Lower San; the center east of the river covered Przemysl; his left center extended along the Upper Dniester, while his left, under Lechitsky, was keeping Von Pflanzer-Baltin employed.
伊万诺夫右侧的位置已显示；他的右中心位于下桑河以西。河流中东部覆盖普热梅希尔；他的左翼中锋沿着上德涅斯特河延伸，而他的左翼则在莱奇茨基的指挥下，让冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷继续受用。
Von Mackensen's "phalanx" was slowly coming into action again, directing its course toward the Russian center.
冯·马肯森的“方阵”又慢慢开始行动，朝着俄罗斯中心的方向前进。
The "phalanx" was compelled to travel slowly, for it carried about 2,000 pieces of artillery with ample munitions, and the railroads had been wrecked by the retreating Russians.
“方阵”被迫缓慢行进，因为它携带了大约2000门火炮和充足的弹药，而且铁路已被撤退的俄罗斯人破坏。
What has been described by military writers as "Von Mackensen's phalanx" was a concentration of troops along the lines on which the strongest resistance was expected or where the quickest advance was intended.
军事作家将其描述为“冯·马肯森方阵”，指的是沿着预期抵抗力最强或前进最快的路线集中部队。
No special group of forces appear to have been set apart for that purpose; there was very little shifting about or regrouping necessary during the campaign, and so well was the plan arranged that the concentrations occurred almost automatically wherever and whenever they were most needed.
似乎没有为此目的专门设立专门的部队；战役期间几乎不需要进行任何转移或重新集结，而且计划安排得非常好，无论何时何地最需要的时候，集中几乎都是自动发生的。
The infantry marched in successive lines or echelons, about forty yards apart, while in the ranks the men were allowed about four feet elbow room apiece.
步兵以连续的线或梯队行进，相距约四十码，而在队列中，每个人都有大约四英尺的肘部空间。
For frontal attacks this might be considered fairly close formation, but Von Mackensen calculated more upon the disintegrating effect of his artillery to first demoralize the enemy and wreck his position, after which the infantry came into play to complete the destruction.
对于正面攻击来说，这可能被认为是相当接近的队形，但冯·马肯森更多地考虑了他的火炮的瓦解效果，首先挫伤敌人的士气并破坏他的阵地，然后步兵上场完成破坏。
Without an overwhelming supply of artillery the "phalanx" plan would have been unworkable--machine guns would exact too heavy a sacrifice of life.
如果没有压倒性的火炮供应，“方阵”计划就行不通——机枪会造成太大的生命牺牲。
Ivanoff's chief object for the moment was to hold the enemy in check long enough to allow Przemysl to be cleared of ammunitions and supplies, and to withdraw the troops in possession of the place.
伊万诺夫目前的主要目标是牵制敌人足够长的时间，以便清除普热梅希尔的弹药和补给，并撤回占领该地的部队。
Already, on May 14, 1915, the German troops of Von Mackensen's army had occupied Jaroslav, only twenty-two miles north of the fortress.
1915 年 5 月 14 日，冯·马肯森军队的德国军队已经占领了距要塞以北仅 22 英里的雅罗斯拉夫。
Ivanoff had concentrated his strongest forces on the line between Sieniava, north of Przevorsk, and Sambor, thirty miles southeast of Przemysl.
伊万诺夫把他最强大的兵力集中在普热沃尔斯克以北的西尼亚瓦和普热梅希尔东南三十英里的桑博尔之间的线上。
Here he had deployed the three armies which had held the entire front from the Biala to Uzsok in the beginning of May, 1915, nearly twice as long as the line they were now guarding.
他在这里部署了 1915 年 5 月初守卫从比亚拉河到乌兹索克整个前线的三支军队，其长度几乎是他们现在守卫的战线的两倍。
These were to fight a holding battle on the center while he adopted a series of vigorous counterthrusts on his right and left wings.
这些都是为了在中路进行一场持久战，而他则在左右翼上进行一系列有力的反推。
By the retirement of the center Ewarts had been compelled to fall back from the Nida to the Vistula with Woyrsch's Austrian army against him.
中锋撤退后，尤尔茨被迫从奈达河撤退到维斯瓦河，沃伊尔希的奥地利军队与他作对。
When Ewarts dropped behind Kielce in Russian Poland, Woyrsch seized the junction of the branch line to Ostroviecs in front of the Russian line.
当尤尔茨在俄属波兰的凯尔采后方撤退时，沃尔什在俄军战线前占领了通往奥斯特罗维茨的支线交汇处。
Ivanoff decided to venture a counterattack which would at the same time relieve the pressure on his center and also check the move on Josefov, dangerously near to the Warsaw-Ivangorod-Lublin line.
伊万诺夫决定冒险发起反击，同时减轻中锋的压力，并阻止约瑟夫的移动，约瑟夫在华沙-伊万哥罗德-卢布林线附近很危险。
The result of this plan was the brilliant surprise attack on the Austrians and Germans previously described.
这一计划的结果是对奥地利人和德国人进行了先前描述的出色的突然袭击。
Along the San the troops just south of Ewarts delivered a fierce attack and drove the Archduke Ferdinand back to Tarnobrzeg on the Vistula.
沿着桑河，尤瓦茨以南的部队发起猛烈进攻，将斐迪南大公赶回维斯瓦河沿岸的塔尔诺布热格。
Ivanoff next drew as many reenforcements from that flank to strengthen his center as was compatible with safety.
伊万诺夫接下来从侧翼抽调了尽可能多的增援来加强他的中路，同时保证安全。
What had happened meanwhile on Ivanoff's extreme left--in eastern Galicia and the Bukowina--has already been stated.
与此同时，伊万诺夫的极左翼——加利西亚东部和布科维纳——所发生的事情已经被叙述过。
These counterattacks may be regarded as merely efforts to gain time, but the hour of another great battle was at hand.
这些反击也许只是为了争取时间，但另一场大战的时刻已经到来。
The battle of the San, one of the greatest of the war, opened on May 15, 1915.
桑河战役于 1915 年 5 月 15 日打响，是这场战争中规模最大的战役之一。
Jaroslav was in German hands; the Fourth Austro-Hungarian Army (Archduke Joseph Ferdinand) reached the western side of the San on the 14th; by the 16th the Austro-German armies held almost the entire left bank of the river from Rudnik to Jaroslav, about forty miles.
雅罗斯拉夫落入德国人手中；奥匈帝国第四集团军（约瑟夫·斐迪南大公）于14日抵达桑河西岸；到16日，奥德联军几乎占领了从鲁德尼克到雅罗斯拉夫的整个河左岸，大约四十英里。
They crossed at several points on the same day and enlarged their hold on the right bank between Jaroslav and Lezachow near Sieniava, which they captured.
他们在同一天在几个地点渡河，扩大了对西尼亚瓦附近雅罗斯拉夫和莱扎霍夫之间右岸的控制，并占领了该地。
A German division arrived at Lubaczovka, due north of Jaroslav, and half of the Germanic circle around Przemysl was now drawn.
德国的一个师抵达雅罗斯拉夫正北的卢巴佐夫卡，普热梅希尔周围的日耳曼包围圈的一半现在已经画好了。
The German plan was an advance in force from the Sieniava-Jaroslav front against the Przemysl-Lemberg railway, the most vulnerable point of the Russian line of retreat from the fortress.
德国的计划是从锡尼亚瓦-雅罗斯拉夫前线向普热梅希尔-伦贝格铁路推进，这是俄罗斯从要塞撤退线上最脆弱的点。
Fifteen bridges were accordingly erected over the San in that sector between May 20-24, 1915, across which the German battering ram was to advance on Przemysl.
1915 年 5 月 20 日至 24 日期间，在桑河上相应地在该地区架起了 15 座桥梁，德国攻城槌将穿过这些桥梁向普热梅希尔推进。
South of the town mounted patrols came into touch with Russian cavalry; four Austro-Hungarian and one German army corps were standing prepared between Dobromil and Sambor; Sambor was occupied by them.
城镇南边的巡逻队与俄罗斯骑兵发生接触；四个奥匈军团和一个德国军团在多布罗米尔和桑博尔之间严阵以待。桑博尔被他们占领了。
The Russians held the left bank close to the river from Sieniava to Jaroslav, and northward of the former and to the west as far as Tarnobrzeg.
俄军占领了从西尼亚瓦到雅罗斯拉夫的靠近河流的左岸，以及西尼亚瓦以北和西至塔尔诺布热格的位置。
From Jaroslav their front ran in almost a straight line for thirty miles southeastward to the outer and northern forts around Przemysl, described nearly a complete circle around the western and southern forts to Mosciska on the east, thence south to Sambor, and from Sambor to Stryj.
他们的战线从雅罗斯拉夫出发，几乎是一条直线，向东南延伸三十英里，到达普热梅希尔周围的外部和北部堡垒，几乎绕着西部和南部堡垒绕了一整圈，一直到东部的莫西斯卡，从那里南到桑博尔，再从桑博尔到斯特赖伊。
From Stryj; eastward to the Bukowina the line remained unaltered.
来自Stryj；向东至布科维纳河的路线保持不变。
In that region Lechitsky and Von Pflanzer-Baltin had been conducting a campaign all by themselves; they were now resting, waiting, watching.
在那个地区，莱奇茨基和冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷一直在独自进行一场战役。他们现在正在休息、等待、观察。
While great Germanic preparations for the capture of Przemysl were proceeding north of the town, the battle opened on Saturday, May 15, 1915, in the south, against the Russian front between Novemiasto and Sambor.
当日耳曼人在该镇北部为攻占普热梅希尔而做的大规模准备工作正在进行时，1915 年 5 月 15 日星期六，战斗在南部诺维米亚斯托和桑博尔之间与俄罗斯前线打响。
Here the Austro-German troops were thrown against Hussakow and Krukenice to hack their way through trenches and barbed-wire entanglements in order to reach the Przemysl-Lemberg railway and thereby complete the circle.
在这里，奥德军队被派往胡萨科夫和克鲁肯尼采，穿过战壕和铁丝网，到达普热梅希尔-伦贝格铁路，从而完成循环。
"At the cost of enormous sacrifices the enemy succeeded in capturing the trenches of our two battalions."
“敌人付出巨大牺牲，成功占领了我两个营的战壕。”
But on May 17, 1915, these trenches near Hussakow were recaptured by the Russians.
但 1915 年 5 月 17 日，胡萨科夫附近的这些战壕被俄罗斯人重新夺回。
The Austrians returned to the charge, however, and by May 19 were within six miles of Mosciska.
然而，奥地利人重新发起冲锋，到 5 月 19 日，距离莫西斯卡已不到 6 英里。
By May 21 they had overcome the main Russian defenses to the east of Przemysl and were threatening the garrison's line--their only line--of retreat to Grodek, for other Germanic forces were advancing upon Mosciska from the north.
到5月21日，他们已经攻克了普热梅希尔以东的俄罗斯主力防御，并威胁着驻军撤退到格罗德克的唯一防线，因为其他日耳曼军队正在从北部向莫西斯卡挺进。
On May 21, 1915, the Russians opened a sudden counteroffensive along the whole line in a desperate effort to save, not the fortress, but the garrison.
1915年5月21日，俄军全线发起突然反攻，拼命拯救的不是要塞，而是驻军。
The Austrians had destroyed most of the forts before they surrendered the town on March 22; and forts cannot be built or reconstructed in a few weeks.
奥地利人在 3 月 22 日投降该镇之前已经摧毁了大部分堡垒；堡垒不可能在几周内建成或重建。
Besides, the Austrians knew the ground too well.
此外，奥地利人对当地情况太了解了。
Von Mackensen's "phalanx" was meanwhile advancing against the Jaroslav-Przemysl front with Von Bojna's corps on his right; Boehm-Ermolli deserted the passes which had so long occupied him and was now pressing against the south of the town while Von Marwitz on his right attempted to seize the railway between Sambor and Dobromil.
与此同时，冯·马肯森的“方阵”正在向雅罗斯拉夫-普热梅希尔前线推进，冯·博伊纳的军在他的右侧；伯姆-埃尔莫利放弃了长期占据他的山口，现在正向城镇南部施压，而他右侧的冯·马维茨则试图夺取桑博尔和多布罗米尔之间的铁路。
Von Linsingen was forging ahead toward Stryj and the Dniester; he had finally worked through the ill-fated Koziova positions, and was now able to rest his right upon Halicz.
冯·林辛根正在向斯特里耶和德涅斯特河进发。他终于克服了不幸的科齐奥瓦的立场，现在可以将自己的权利交给哈利奇了。
From there his connection with Von Pflanzer-Baltin had been broken by Lechitsky, and was not repaired till June 6, 1915.
从那时起，他与冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷的联系就被莱奇茨基切断了，直到 1915 年 6 月 6 日才修复。
The Russian counteroffensive was a homeopathic remedy, on the principle of "like curing like:" an enveloping movement against being enveloped themselves at Przemysl; but the case was hopeless.
俄军的反攻是一种顺势疗法，其原则是“以同类治疗同类”：一场包围运动，反对被包围在普热梅希尔；但案件毫无希望。
Yet they met with some successes of a temporary nature.
然而他们取得了一些暂时的成功。
Between the Vistula and the San they captured some towns and villages; they also got very close to Radava, north of Jaroslav, and forced the Austro-German troops to fall back on to the left bank of the river on a considerable line of front north of Sieniava, where they captured many prisoners and guns.
他们占领了维斯瓦河和桑河之间的一些城镇和村庄。他们还非常接近雅罗斯拉夫以北的拉达瓦，迫使奥德军队在锡尼亚瓦以北的一条相当长的战线上退回到河左岸，在那里他们俘获了许多囚犯和枪支。
The counteroffensive reached its zenith on May 27, 1915, when Irmanow's Caucasian Corps stormed Sieniava and captured something like 7,000 men, six big guns, and six pieces of field artillery.
1915 年 5 月 27 日，反攻达到顶峰，伊尔马诺的高加索军团猛攻锡尼亚瓦，俘虏了大约 7,000 名士兵、六门大炮和六门野战炮。
Von Mackensen resumed the offensive on May 24, by advancing due east of Jaroslav, capturing Drohojow, Ostrov, Vysocko, Makovisko and Vietlin all in one day.
5月24日，冯·马肯森恢复攻势，向雅罗斯拉夫正东推进，一天之内攻克了德罗霍茹夫、奥斯特罗夫、维索科、马科维斯科和维特林。
Radymno was occupied by the Austro-Hungarians under General Arz von Straussenburg, still further narrowing the circle and compelling the Russians to fall beyond the San.
拉迪姆诺被阿尔兹·冯·施特劳森堡将军领导的奥匈帝国占领，进一步缩小了包围圈，迫使俄国人陷入了桑河之外。
On the twenty-fifth the Austrians followed them over, captured the bridgehead of Zagrody, the village of Nienovice and the Heights of Horodysko, while Von Mackensen's troops farther north captured Height 241.
25日，奥军紧随其后，占领了扎格罗迪的桥头堡、涅诺维采村和霍罗迪斯科高地，而冯·马肯森的部队则在更北的地方占领了241号高地。
South of the village of Naklo, between Przemysl and Mosciska, a hill 650 feet high was violently attacked; it commanded the only line of retreat from the fortress still left open.
Naklo 村以南、Przemysl 和 Mosciska 之间的一座 650 英尺高的小山遭到猛烈袭击；它是从仍然开放的堡垒中唯一的撤退路线。
To the south of the town the Russian counteroffensive tried to outflank the Austrian troops which had approached close to the fortress and the railroad to Lemberg.
在该镇以南，俄军的反攻试图包抄已经逼近要塞和通往伦贝格的铁路的奥地利军队。
With the assistance of strong reenforcements the Russians were able to check the advance here and make 2,200 prisoners, besides capturing ammunitions and machine guns.
在强大援军的协助下，俄军能够阻止这里的前进，除了缴获弹药和机枪外，还俘虏了 2,200 名士兵。
CHAPTER XLVI
第四十六章
RECAPTURE OF PRZEMYSL
夺回普热梅希尔
The counteroffensive ended--of necessity--on May 24, 1915.
反攻势必于 1915 年 5 月 24 日结束。
The Russians could still offer an effective resistance between Krukienice and Mosciska, but the pressure of continuous attack against their positions around Hussakow grew fiercer every hour.
俄军仍然可以在克鲁基尼采和莫西斯卡之间提供有效的抵抗，但对他们胡萨科夫周围阵地的持续攻击的压力每小时都在加剧。
The enemy was knocking at the outer ring of the forts; from the west the heaviest cannons were pouring shot and shell with such violence that the fall of Przemysl could no longer be prevented.
敌人正在攻击堡垒的外圈；最重的大炮从西边倾泻而下，炮弹和炮弹如此猛烈，以至于普热梅希尔的陷落已经无法阻止。
Most of the troops had already been withdrawn, as well as the supplies and munitions; only a small garrison remained behind to man the guns of the forts to the last moment; the little avenue to safety on the east was still open.
大部分部队以及补给和弹药已经撤出；只剩下一小支驻军，坚守堡垒的炮火直到最后一刻。东边那条通往安全的小路仍然敞开着。
On May 30, 1915, the Austrian batteries began their deadly work on the Grodek line near Medyka.
1915 年 5 月 30 日，奥地利炮兵连在梅迪卡附近的格罗德克防线上开始了致命的攻击。
The exit was under fire; since May 17, Przemysl had been invested from three sides, and the fourth was all but closed.
出口遭到攻击；自5月17日以来，普热梅希尔已从三个方面受到围攻，第四个方面几乎已关闭。
From the northern side, guarded by the Bavarians under General Kneusel, twenty-one centimeter Krupp howitzers bombarded the Russian positions round Korienice and Mackovice, drawing ever nearer the forts commanding the road and railway to Radymno.
从北侧，在克努塞尔将军指挥下的巴伐利亚人的守卫下，二十一厘米的克虏伯榴弹炮轰炸了科里涅采和马科维采周围的俄罗斯阵地，越来越接近控制通往拉迪姆诺的公路和铁路的堡垒。
The Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps, approaching from Krasiczyn, endeavored to rush some of the outer works, but paid heavily for the venture.
从克拉西琴赶来的奥匈帝国第十军团试图抢占一些外部工程，但为此付出了高昂的代价。
They settled down before the forts of Pralkovice, Lipnik, Helicha and Grochovce, and those round Tatarovka mountain.
他们在普拉尔科维采、利普尼克、赫利查和格罗乔夫采堡垒以及塔塔罗夫卡山周围的堡垒前安顿下来。
General Artamoff, the Russian commander of Przemysl, had laboriously reconstructed some of the old Austrian forts and equipped them with Russian 12-centimeter howitzers.
普热梅希尔的俄罗斯指挥官阿尔塔莫夫将军费尽心思重建了一些古老的奥地利堡垒，并为其配备了俄罗斯12厘米榴弹炮。
As the Austrians had brought only their 15-centimeter howitzers, they were obliged to wait until their 30.5 batteries arrived before they could undertake any serious attack.
由于奥军只携带了15厘米榴弹炮，他们不得不等到30.5炮连抵达后才能发动猛烈攻击。
These batteries came on the scene about May 25, 1915, it took five days' preparation, and the final bombardment began on the 30th.
这些电池大约于1915年5月25日到达现场，经过五天的准备，最后的轰炸于30日开始。
It was an ironical circumstance that the Austrians and Germans were in numerous places sheltering themselves behind the very earthworks which the Russians had constructed when they were besieging the place two months earlier.
具有讽刺意味的是，奥地利人和德国人在许多地方都在俄罗斯人两个月前围困该地区时建造的土方工程后面躲避。
There had been no time to destroy them on the retreat.
撤退时没有时间消灭他们。
The northern sector of the outer ring of forts fell on May 30, 1915, when the Bavarians captured the Russian positions near Orzechovce.
1915 年 5 月 30 日，当巴伐利亚人占领奥尔热霍夫采附近的俄军阵地时，要塞外环的北段陷落。
A terrific bombardment was directed against the entire northern and northwestern front; great columns of infantry were pushed forward to finish the cannons' work--still the Russians hung on, ever bent on doing all possible damage to the enemy.
对整个北部和西北战线进行了猛烈的轰炸；大列步兵被推进去完成大炮的工作——但俄罗斯人仍然坚持不懈，一心要对敌人造成一切可能的伤害。
[Illustration: The triumphal entry of the Austrian uhlans and artillery into Przemysl.
[插图：奥地利军队和炮兵凯旋进入普热梅希尔。
Their horses are decorated with sprays of leaves]
他们的马装饰着树叶]
During the night of May 30-31, 1915, the enemy succeeded in approaching within 200 paces, and at some points even in gaining a footing in the precincts of Fort No. 7, around which raged an obstinate battle that lasted until two in the afternoon of the 31st, when he was repulsed after suffering enormous losses.
1915年5月30日至31日夜间，敌军成功逼近200步以内，有时甚至在七号炮台辖区内站稳脚跟，围绕七号炮台展开了一场顽强的战斗，一直持续到31日下午两点，敌军遭受巨大损失才被击退。
The remnants of the enemy who had entered Fort No. 7, numbering 23 officers and 600 men, were taken prisoners.
进入七号堡的残敌23名军官、600名士兵被俘。
Since the 20th of May, 1915, the clearing of the road had been going on; Von Mackensen battering the western forts and the river line as far as Jaroslav, and Boehm-Ermolli struggling to force the southern corner to get within range of the Lemberg railway.
自1915年5月20日起，道路清理工作就一直在进行；冯·马肯森猛攻西部堡垒和河线，远至雅罗斯拉夫，而伯姆-埃尔莫利则奋力迫使南角进入伦贝格铁路的射程内。
On his right, Von Marwitz had become stuck in the marshes of the Dniester between Droholycz and Komarno.
在他的右边，冯·马维茨被困在德罗霍利茨和科马尔诺之间的德涅斯特河沼泽中。
The Bavarians on the north again let fly their big guns against the forts round Dunkoviczki on May 31, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 31 日，北方的巴伐利亚人再次用大炮攻击敦科维奇基周围的堡垒。
At four in the afternoon they ceased fire; the forts and defenses were crumpled up into a shapeless mass of wreckage.
下午四点，他们停火了。堡垒和防御工事被夷为一团无形的残骸。
Now Prussian, Bavarian and Austrian regiments rushed forward to storm what was left.
现在，普鲁士、巴伐利亚和奥地利的军团冲上前去，对剩下的地方发起猛攻。
They still found some Russians there, severely mauled by the bombardment; but they could no longer present a front.
他们仍然在那里发现了一些受到轰炸严重伤害的俄罗斯人。但他们再也无法表现出自己的样子了。
They retreated behind the ring.
他们退到了擂台后面。
The Tenth Austro-Hungarian Army Corps now made another attempt on Pralkovice and Lipnik.
奥匈帝国第十军团现在再次尝试攻击普拉尔科维采和利普尼克。
Von Mackensen's men captured two trenches near Fort No. 11--"they had to pay a heavy price in blood for every yard of their advance." Heavy batteries are also spitting fire against Forts Nos.
冯·马肯森的部下占领了 11 号堡垒附近的两条战壕——“他们每前进一码，就必须付出惨重的鲜血代价。”重型炮台也在向第 1 号要塞发射火力。
10 and 12.
10和12。
When the curtain of night fell over the scene of carnage and destruction, two breaches had been made in the outer ring of the forts.
当夜幕降临在屠杀和破坏的现场时，要塞的外环出现了两个缺口。
June 2, 1915, dawned--a bright, warm summer's day; the sun rose and smiled as impassively over the Galician mountains, and valleys, and plains as it had smiled through countless ages before the genius of man had invented even the division of time.
1915年6月2日，黎明——一个明朗、温暖的夏日；太阳升起，面无表情地微笑着照耀着加利西亚的山脉、山谷和平原，就像在人类的天才甚至发明了时间划分之前的无数个世纪里，它一直在微笑一样。
From all sides of the doomed fortress eager, determined men were advancing; Fort No. 10 was captured at noon by the Twenty-second Bavarian Infantry Regiment; later in the day the Prussian Grenadier Guards took possession of Fort No. 12; during the night the besieger's troops marched into the village of Zuravica, within the outer ring.
从这座注定要失败的堡垒的四面八方，热切而坚定的人们正在前进。中午，第 10 号堡垒被巴伐利亚第二十二步兵团占领；当天晚些时候，普鲁士近卫掷弹兵占领了 12 号堡垒。夜间，围攻者的部队开进了外环内的祖拉维卡村。
Austrian troops had broken through from the southwest and also penetrated the inner circle.
奥军从西南方向突围，也深入到了内圈。
June 3, 1915, dawned and again the sun smiles over Galicia and sees the same iron belt of machinelike men still nearer the fortress; but the haggard defenders, where are they?
1915 年 6 月 3 日，黎明，太阳再次微笑着照耀加利西亚，看到同样的铁腰带，机器般的人仍然靠近堡垒；但那些憔悴的守军，他们在哪里？
Gone!
走了！
Flown!
飞了！
They have vanished during the night.
他们在夜间消失了。
Austrians and Bavarians march into the town early in the morning.
奥地利人和巴伐利亚人一大早就进城了。
The only enemies they meet are the dead.
他们遇到的唯一敌人就是死者。
Przemysl has fallen again--fallen before twenty times as powerful a blow as that which struck it down seventy-two days earlier.
普热梅希尔再次陷落——所遭受的打击力度是七十二天前的二十倍。
Before proceeding with the progress of Von Mackensen and his mighty "phalanx," let us briefly trace the progress of Von Linsingen, whom we left on the road to Stryj and the Dniester, or rather, attempting to force that road.
在继续讨论冯·马肯森和他强大的“方阵”的进展之前，让我们简要回顾一下冯·林辛根的进展，我们把他留在了通往斯特里耶和德涅斯特河的路上，或者更确切地说，试图强行走那条路。
While the forts of Przemysl were being smashed in the north, Von Linsingen was pounding and demolishing the Russian positions between Uliczna and Bolechov.
当北部的普热梅希尔要塞被摧毁时，冯·林辛根正在猛击并摧毁乌利奇纳和博莱霍夫之间的俄军阵地。
Heavy mortars and howitzers were at the same time being placed into position in front of the Russian trenches between Holobutow and Stryj.
重型迫击炮和榴弹炮同时部署在霍洛布托和斯特里耶之间的俄罗斯战壕前。
On May 31, 1915, they began to roar, and before long the trenches were completely pulverized--the very trenches that thousands of Germans and Austrians had died in in vain attempts to carry by assault.
1915 年 5 月 31 日，他们开始咆哮，不久战壕就被彻底夷为平地——正是在这些战壕中，成千上万的德国人和奥地利人在徒劳的进攻尝试中丧生。
The Thirty-eighth Hungarian Honved Division were sent to finish the work of clearance and take possession of Stryj.
匈牙利第 38 洪韦德师被派去完成清剿工作并占领斯特里耶。
The entire Russian line withdrew to the Dniester, step by step, ever fighting their favorite rear guard actions, killing and capturing thousands of their enemies.
俄军全线一步步撤至德涅斯特河，不断进行他们最喜欢的后卫行动，杀死并俘虏了数千名敌人。
They retired behind the Dniester, but maintained their hold on any useful strategical position south of the river, so far as was possible without imperiling the continuity of their line.
他们撤退到德涅斯特河后面，但在不危及战线连续性的情况下，尽可能地保持对河以南任何有用的战略位置的控制。
We must also consider two more Austro-German sectors in order to bring the combatants stationed there into line with the Germanic advance--the Uzsok Pass and the Bukowina-_cum_-Eastern Galicia sectors.
我们还必须考虑另外两个奥德防区，以便使驻扎在那里的战斗人员与日耳曼的前进保持一致——乌兹索克山口和布科维纳-兼东加利西亚防区。
In the former the army of Von Szurmay stood beside that of Von Linsingen opposite the Ninth Russian Army.
在前者中，冯·苏尔梅的军队站在冯·林辛根的军队旁边，与俄罗斯第九集团军相对。
Von Szurmay led his men out of the pass and advanced northward on May 12, after the fall of Sanok had forced the Russians away from their positions in the vicinity of it.
5月12日，萨诺克的陷落迫使俄军撤出山口附近的阵地，冯·苏梅率领他的部队走出山口并向北推进。
Their line of retreat was threatened by the Austrian approach to Sambor.
他们的撤退路线受到奥军逼近桑博尔的威胁。
On May 16, 1915, Von Szurmay moved across the upper Stryj near Turka and passed along secondary roads in the direction of the oil districts of Schodnica, Drohobycz and Boryslav, arriving on May 16-17, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 16 日，冯·苏尔梅 (Von Szurmay) 穿过图尔卡 (Turka) 附近的上斯特里耶 (Stryj) 河，并沿着二级公路前往 Schodnica、Drohobycz 和 Boryslav 石油区，于 1915 年 5 月 16 日至 17 日抵达。
Von Linsingen's troops had started their advance on the same day as those of Von Szurmay, when the Russians round Koziowa had to retire for the purpose of keeping in touch with their line: the same pressure that Sambor exerted on the Uzsok.
冯·林辛根的部队与冯·苏尔梅的部队在同一天开始进攻，当时科齐奥瓦周围的俄军必须撤退，以便与他们的战线保持联系：桑博尔对乌兹索克人施加了同样的压力。
Here again the Russians adopted rear-guard tactics and considerable fighting occurred during their retreat to Stryj and Bolechow, both of which were eventually captured by Von Linsingen.
在这里，俄军再次采取了后卫战术，并在撤退到斯特里耶和博莱乔期间发生了相当大的战斗，这两个地方最终都被冯·林辛根占领。
In Eastern Galicia and the Bukowina matters had come almost to a standstill between Lechitsky and Von Pflanzer-Baltin about the middle of May, 1915.
1915 年 5 月中旬，在东加利西亚和布科维纳，莱奇茨基和冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷之间的事务几乎陷入僵局。
When the former had cut the latter's connection with the main line, the brigade of General von Blum and other adjoining German troops on the extreme right of Von Linsingen tried hard to relieve the pressure of Lechitsky on the Austrian forces.
当前者切断了后者与主线的联系后，冯·布鲁姆将军的旅和冯·林辛根极右翼的其他毗邻德军竭力减轻莱希茨基对奥军的压力。
Not till after the fall of Przemysl was the connection restored, when the Russians had to fall back from Kalusz and Nadvorna; on June 9 they evacuated Obertzn, Horodenka, Kocman and Sniatyn.
直到普热梅希尔陷落后，俄军不得不从卡卢什和纳德沃纳撤退，联系才得以恢复。 6 月 9 日，他们撤离了 Obertzn、Horodenka、Kocman 和 Sniatyn。
Lechitsky was also compelled to withdraw from the Bukowina between Zaleszczyki, Onut, and Czernowitz, where the Austrians were moving along the Dniester in the north, the Pruth in the south, and over the hills in the center against the village of Szubraniec.
列奇茨基还被迫从扎列什奇基、奥努特和切尔诺维茨之间的布科维纳撤军，当时奥军正沿着北部的德涅斯特河、南部的普鲁特河以及中部的山丘向苏布拉涅茨村进攻。
Here the Russians once more inflicted severe losses on the Austrians, but being in danger from a flanking movement by the Forty-second Croatian Infantry through the Dniester forests, they retired from the Bukowina on to Russian territory on June 12, 1915.
在这里，俄罗斯人再次给奥地利人造成了严重损失，但由于克罗地亚第 42 步兵团穿过德涅斯特森林进行侧翼进攻，他们面临着危险，他们于 1915 年 6 月 12 日从布科维纳撤退到俄罗斯境内。
CHAPTER XLVII
第四十七章
CAPTURE OF LEMBERG
占领伦贝格
The capture of Przemysl and of Stryj terminates the second stage of the Austro-German offensive in Galicia.
占领普热梅希尔和斯特赖伊结束了奥德在加利西亚攻势的第二阶段。
The third stage may be described as the battle for Lemberg, or Lwow.
第三阶段可以描述为伦贝格（Lemberg）或利沃（Lwow）之战。
Lemberg is the ancient capital of Galicia, and formerly bore the name of Lwow.
伦贝格（Lemberg）是加利西亚的古都，原名利沃（Lwow）。
The Austrians many years ago had changed it to "Lemberg." When the Russians captured the town on September 3, 1914, they had given it back the old Slavonic name, which, however, was destined soon to be transformed back again into the more pronounceable appellation of "Lemberg."
奥地利人多年前已将其改为“Lemberg”。当俄罗斯人于 1914 年 9 月 3 日占领该镇时，他们恢复了它原来的斯拉夫语名称，然而，这个名称很快就会再次变成更清晰的名称“Lemberg”。
It is estimated that between April 28, 1915, and the recapture of Przemysl the Russian forces in Galicia had been diminished by at least a quarter of a million casualties.
据估计，从 1915 年 4 月 28 日到收复普热梅希尔期间，加利西亚的俄罗斯军队伤亡人数至少减少了 25 万。
The heaviest losses occurred among Dmitrieffs troops in the first days of May, 1915, but in the battles on the San, at the close of the month, the forces of Von Mackensen's "phalanx" were also greatly reduced.
1915年5月的第一天，德米特里耶夫的部队损失最惨重，但在月底的桑河战役中，冯·马肯森“方阵”的兵力也大幅减少。
Along the entire Galician front, it is computed that quite 600,000 Austro-German troops were put out of action.
据计算，在整个加利西亚前线，大约有 60 万奥德军队被投入战斗。
While the fight for Przemysl was in full swing an important event of the war occurred--Italy joined the enemies of Austria on May 3, 1915; the Dual Monarchy had now to defend her western frontier as well.
当普热梅希尔的战斗如火如荼地进行时，战争中的一个重要事件发生了——意大利于 1915 年 5 月 3 日加入奥地利的敌人；双君主国现在也必须保卫她的西部边境。
Dankl and Von Bojna were transferred to the Italian front with a considerable portion of their Galician troops.
丹克尔和冯·博伊纳带着相当一部分加利西亚军队被调往意大利前线。
A general redistribution of units was effected among the Austrian and German armies.
奥地利和德国军队之间进行了部队的全面重新分配。
The army of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand was held along the lower San as far as Sieniava.
约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队沿着桑河下游一直驻守到西尼亚瓦。
Von Mackensen was advancing east of Jaroslav along the railway toward Rawa-Ruska.
冯·马肯森正在雅罗斯拉夫以东沿着铁路向拉瓦鲁斯卡前进。
Boehm-Ermolli was fighting on the road to Lemberg from Mosciska.
伯姆-埃尔莫利在从莫西斯卡前往伦贝格的路上作战。
An army under Count Bothmer was operating near the Dniester marshes, beyond which, farther south, a group of armies under Von Linsingen (mainly German) had forced the passage of the Dniester at Zuravno, and was trying to advance on Lemberg and catch Ivanoff's main forces on the flank.
博思默伯爵率领的一支军队正在德涅斯特沼泽附近作战，在更远的南方，冯·林辛根（主要是德国人）率领的一支军队在祖拉夫诺强行渡过德涅斯特河，并试图向伦贝格推进，从侧翼追击伊万诺夫的主力。
This last movement, if successful, would be the most effective method of crushing the retreating Russian armies: being thus outflanked, some of their lines of retreat would be cut and a dissolution of a large portion of the retiring forces could hardly have been avoided.
这最后的行动如果成功，将是粉碎撤退的俄罗斯军队的最有效方法：如果被包抄，他们的一些撤退路线将被切断，大部分撤退部队的解散几乎是不可避免的。
However, all attempts in this direction failed.
然而，这个方向的所有尝试都失败了。
The Russians gradually rolled up their line on the Dniester from west to east, keeping step with the retreat of the armies which were facing west.
俄军在德涅斯特河上逐渐从西向东展开阵线，与西面军队的撤退保持同步。
With strong reenforcements from Kiev and Odessa Brussilov commanded the Dniester front under the direction of General Ivanoff.
在基辅和敖德萨的强大增援下，布鲁西洛夫在伊万诺夫将军的指挥下指挥了德涅斯特前线。
If only the ponderous advance of Von Mackensen could have been arrested, Brussilov would have had little difficulty in sweeping Von Linsingen back to the Carpathian barrier.
如果能够阻止冯·马肯森的沉重推进，布鲁西洛夫就能毫不费力地将冯·林辛根扫回喀尔巴阡屏障。
A somewhat similar condition existed in the north, where the Austrians were at the mercy of Ivanoff's strong right wing.
北部也存在类似的情况，奥地利人受到伊万诺夫强大右翼的摆布。
The archduke's front was smashed at Rudnik early in June, 1915; his forces were driven back a day's march and lost 4,000 men in prisoners, besides many guns.
1915 年 6 月早些时候，大公的前线在鲁德尼克被摧毁；他的部队在行军途中被击退了一天，除了许多枪支外，还有 4,000 名士兵被俘。
The Second, Third and Fourth Tyrolese regiments were almost annihilated.
第二、第三和第四蒂罗尔团几乎全军覆没。
German troops were hurried to the rescue.
德国军队紧急前去救援。
Boehm-Ermolli also got into serious difficulties at Mosciska, where the Russians held him up for a week with a furious battle.
博姆-埃尔莫利在莫西斯卡也遇到了严重的困难，俄罗斯人在那里与他进行了一场激烈的战斗，将他困住了一周。
Ivanoff was scoring points against all his individual opponents excepting only Von Mackensen.
伊万诺夫在对阵所有个人对手时都得分，只有冯·马肯森除外。
The "phalanx," always kept up to full strength by a continuous influx of reserves and provided with millions of high-explosive shells, not only pursued its irresistible course eastward, but had to turn now right, now left, to help Austrian and German commanders out of trouble.
“方阵”总是通过不断涌入的后备力量来保持全部兵力，并配备了数百万枚高爆炮弹，不仅继续其不可阻挡的向东前进，而且还必须时而右转，时而左转，以帮助奥地利和德国的指挥官摆脱困境。
Heavy howitzers lumbered along the way to Rawa-Ruska--not to Lemberg, but to the north of it, on the flank of the Russian army still holding the Lower San.
重型榴弹炮沿着通往拉瓦鲁斯卡的道路缓慢前进——不是去伦贝格，而是去伦贝格以北，在仍然控制着下桑河的俄罗斯军队的侧翼。
This army had therefore to retire northward to the river line of the Tanev stream, cautiously followed by the archduke's forces.
因此，这支军队不得不向北撤退到塔涅夫河沿岸，大公的军队小心翼翼地跟在后面。
The "phalanx" had again saved them from disaster.
“方阵”再次将他们从灾难中拯救出来。
Similarly, at Mosciska, when Boehm-Ermolli tried to storm the Russian position by mass attacks, his infantry was driven back with such terrible punishment that they could not be induced to make another advance.
同样，在莫西斯卡，当伯姆-埃尔莫利试图通过大规模攻击猛攻俄军阵地时，他的步兵受到如此可怕的惩罚而被击退，以至于无法诱导他们再次前进。
There was nothing to be done here, but wait till Von Mackensen turned the flank of the Russian position for them, which he did in one of the most stubborn conflicts of the war--the battle of the Lubaczovka, a tributary of the San between Rawa-Ruska and Lemberg.
这里没有什么可做的，只能等到冯·马肯森为他们扭转俄罗斯阵地的侧翼，他在这场战争中最顽固的冲突之一——卢巴佐夫卡河战役中做到了这一点，卢巴佐夫卡河是拉瓦-鲁斯卡和伦贝格之间桑河的一条支流。
Never were the fighting abilities of Slav and Teuton more severely tested.
斯拉夫人和条顿人的战斗能力从未受到如此严峻的考验。
For over a week the struggle raged; a half million men were brought up in groups and flung against the Russian front.
斗争持续了一个多星期。五十万人被分成小组，投入到俄罗斯前线。
Shell, shrapnel, bullets and asphyxiating bombs finally wore down the Russian resistance.
炮弹、弹片、子弹和窒息性炸弹最终削弱了俄罗斯的抵抗。
Incapacitated by physical exhaustion and outnumbered by three to one, the Russian infantry gave way on June 13, 1915.
俄罗斯步兵因体力耗尽而丧失行动能力，且数量上以三比一的劣势，于 1915 年 6 月 13 日屈服。
The "phalanx" drove into their ranks and advanced rapidly in a northerly direction on its great flanking movement.
“方阵”冲入他们的行列，并在巨大的侧翼运动中迅速向北推进。
But the Russian spirit was not broken, for at this critical moment General Polodchenko rode out with three regiments of cavalry--the Don Cossacks, the Chernigov Hussars, and the Kimburn Dragoons.
但俄罗斯人的精神并没有被击垮，因为在这个关键时刻，波洛琴科将军率领三个骑兵团——顿河哥萨克、切尔尼戈夫骠骑兵和金伯恩龙骑兵团出征。
They dashed into the unbroken lines of the triumphant German infantry like a living hurricane, sabered the enemy, and put thousands on the run.
他们像一场活生生的飓风一样冲进胜利的德国步兵的不间断防线，砍伤了敌人，并让数千人逃跑。
Swerving aside, they next charged deep into the German rear, mauled the reserves into confusion, hacked their way out again and captured several machine guns.
接下来，他们转向一边，深入德军后方，将预备队打得一片混乱，然后再次杀出一条路，缴获了几挺机枪。
The most remarkable feature about this extraordinary exploit was the fact that the losses sustained by the cavalry amounted only to 200 killed and wounded.
这次非凡战绩最显着的特点是，骑兵伤亡仅达200人。
The effect on the "phalanx," however, was such that no more attacks were made that day, and the Russians were able to retire to the hills near Rawa-Ruska.
然而，对“方阵”的影响是，当天没有再发动攻击，俄罗斯人得以撤退到拉瓦-鲁斯卡附近的山上。
Ivanoff was now compelled to draw reenforcements from other parts of the line to strengthen his front at Rawa-Ruska.
伊万诺夫现在被迫从战线其他地方调集援军，以加强他在拉瓦-鲁斯卡的战线。
This meant weakening Ewarts's against the archduke and Brussilov against Boehm-Ermolli.
这意味着削弱尤尔茨对抗大公的力量以及削弱布鲁西洛夫对抗伯姆-埃尔莫利的力量。
The downfall of the Dunajec-Biala front had been attributed by the Russian War Staff to overconfidence or neglect on the part of General Dmitrieff, who was subsequently relieved of his command and replaced by General Lesch.
杜纳耶茨-比亚拉前线的垮台被俄罗斯战争参谋部归咎于德米特里耶夫将军的过度自信或疏忽，德米特里耶夫将军随后被解除指挥权，并由莱什将军接替。
At an official inquiry Dmitrieff was exonerated and reinstated on the reasonable ground that, whatever precautions of defense he might have taken, they would have proved ineffective against the preponderance of the German artillery.
在一次官方调查中，德米特里耶夫被宣告无罪并恢复职务，理由是，无论他采取何种防御预防措施，对于德国炮兵的优势，这些预防措施都无效。
After the battle of Lubaczow the Russian line drew back about twenty miles.
卢巴丘夫战役后，俄军战线后撤约二十英里。
For the defense of Lemberg the front ran in a concave form from along the River Tanev, five miles from Rawa-Ruska, down to Grodek and Kolodruby; then eastward behind the Dniester to Zuravno and Halicz.
为了保卫伦贝格，前线从塔涅夫河沿岸呈凹形延伸，距拉瓦鲁斯卡五英里，一直延伸到格罗德克和科洛德鲁比；然后向东经过德涅斯特河到达祖拉夫诺和哈利奇。
The marshes of the Dniester, then swollen by heavy rains, formed a good natural defense; the intrenchments on the hills north of Grodek to Rawa-Ruska protected the approaches to Lemberg from that direction.
德涅斯特河的沼泽地因大雨而膨胀，形成了良好的天然防御。格罗德克以北山上至拉瓦鲁斯卡的壕沟保护了从该方向通往伦贝格的通道。
The weakest spot lay around Janov, fifteen miles north of Grodek, where the level ground would permit the easy transport of heavy artillery.
最薄弱的地方位于格罗德克以北十五英里的亚诺夫周围，那里的地面平坦，可以轻松运输重型火炮。
This position had been fortified with trenches and wire entanglements.
这个阵地已经用战壕和铁丝网加固。
Here also were concentrated the troops withdrawn from other parts of the line, and four armored trains with quick-firing guns from the depot at Rovno.
这里还集中了从防线其他地区撤出的部队，以及从罗夫诺仓库运来的四列装有速射炮的装甲列车。
General Ivanoff had no intention of making any decisive stand against the "phalanx"; neither did he think of risking his armies in a battle for Lemberg.
伊万诺夫将军无意对“方阵”采取任何决定性立场；他也没有想到要冒着军队的风险参加伦贝格之战。
That town was certainly of great military and political importance--worth a dozen Przemysls--and worth fighting for.
这座城镇无疑具有重大的军事和政治重要性——价值十几个普热梅希尔——并且值得为之而战。
But for that he would need artillery in enormous quantity.
但为此他需要大量的火炮。
Von Mackensen carried 2,500 guns with him, as well as siege trains of heavy howitzers.
冯·马肯森随身携带 2,500 门火炮，以及攻城重榴弹炮。
Ivanoff possessed none of these, and could therefore hope only to fight rear-guard actions while retiring before Von Mackensen.
伊万诺夫不具备这些，因此只能指望在冯·马肯森之前退役时与后卫作战。
In any other part of the Galician line except the center he had little to fear.
除了中线之外，在加利西亚战线的任何其他部分，他都没什么可担心的。
We left Von Linsingen forcing the Dniester at Zuravno.
我们离开冯·林辛根，在祖拉夫诺强渡德涅斯特河。
He got the bulk of his army across, the main advance commanded by Von Bothmer, who captured the northern heights and penetrated the forests near the Stryj-Tarnopol railway.
他率领大军渡河，这是冯·博思默指挥的主要进攻，冯·博思默占领了北部高地，并深入斯特里吉-塔尔诺波尔铁路附近的森林。
They were less than fifty miles from Lemberg.
他们距离伦贝格不到五十英里。
The "retreating" Brussilov suddenly turned round and fell on Von Bothmer's advance.
“撤退的”布鲁西洛夫突然转身，倒在了冯·博思默的前进路上。
The fight lasted three days, with the result that the Austro-Germans were obliged to fall back across the Dniester, leaving behind 2,000 killed and wounded, besides 17 guns, 78 machine guns, 348 officers and 15,430 men as prisoners, June 8-10, 1915.
1915 年 6 月 8 日至 10 日，战斗持续了三天，结果奥德军队被迫越过德涅斯特河撤退，除了 17 门大炮、78 挺机关枪、348 名军官和 15,430 名士兵外，还有 2,000 人死伤。
On June 11, 1915, however, the Germans renewed the attack on Zuravno, recaptured the town, and on June 12 were five miles north of it.
然而，1915 年 6 月 11 日，德军再次进攻祖拉夫诺，重新夺回该镇，并于 6 月 12 日到达该镇以北 5 英里。
By June 13 they had made ten miles, when Brussilov lashed out again.
6 月 13 日，他们已经行驶了 10 英里，布鲁西洛夫再次发起猛烈攻击。
Within two days the Germans were back on the Dniester.
两天之内，德军又回到了德涅斯特河。
Von Mackensen had meanwhile concentrated a new series of heavy batteries around Jaroslav and formed a new "phalanx" (with reenforcements) west of the San between Piskorovice and Radymno.
与此同时，冯·马肯森在雅罗斯拉夫周围集中了一系列新的重炮，并在皮斯科罗维采和拉迪姆诺之间的桑河以西组建了一个新的“方阵”（有增援部队）。
Another attempt was preparing to break through Ivanoff's right wing.
另一次尝试是准备突破伊万诺夫的右翼。
A violent bombardment began on June 12, 1915, and Austro-Hungarian troops crossed the river and occupied both Sieniava and Piskorovice.
1915 年 6 月 12 日，一场猛烈炮击开始，奥匈帝国军队渡河占领了谢尼亚瓦和皮斯科罗维采。
Next day the advance spread along the whole line, extending from Tarnoviec on the Zlota to the Radymno-Javorov road, pressing north and eastward against the Russian front.
第二天，部队沿着全线展开进攻，从兹洛塔河畔的塔尔诺维茨一直延伸到拉德姆诺-亚沃罗夫公路，向北和向东逼迫俄军前线。
Pivoting on Sieniava, Von Mackensen swung his right toward Mosciska, which Von Marwitz captured on June 14, 1915.
冯·马肯森以西尼亚瓦为中心，向右转向莫西斯卡，冯·马维茨于 1915 年 6 月 14 日占领了莫西斯卡。
The same night the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand's entire army was slowly wheeling from the San toward the Tanev, facing due north.
当天晚上，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的整个军队从桑河缓缓驶向塔内夫河，面朝正北。
On June 16, 1915, the left of this line was already inside the borders of Russian Poland, and its right wing along the entire Tanev front.
1915年6月16日，这条防线的左翼已进入俄属波兰境内，其右翼则沿着整个塔涅夫战线。
By June 16 numerous towns and villages were taken by the Germans.
到 6 月 16 日，许多城镇和村庄被德军占领。
The Wolff Telegraphic Bureau announced that Von Mackensen's army had captured 40,000 men and 69 machine guns, which undoubtedly referred to all the Galician groups, for on June 12, 1915, Von Mackensen had "replaced" the Archduke Frederick as generalissimo of the Austro-Hungarian armies.
沃尔夫电报局宣布，冯·马肯森的军队俘获了4万人和69挺机枪，这无疑是指所有加利西亚集团，因为1915年6月12日，冯·马肯森“取代”腓特烈大公成为奥匈帝国军队的大元帅。
The "phalanx" was pressing against Rawa-Ruska, Magierow, and Janov; Boehm-Ermolli against Grodek, part of which he captured by a midnight assault on June 16.
“方阵”正向拉瓦-鲁斯卡、马吉罗和亚诺夫施压；伯姆-埃尔莫利对抗格罗德克，他在 6 月 16 日的午夜袭击中夺取了格罗德克的部分地区。
In five weeks the Russian line or front in Galicia had shrunk from 300 miles to about 100.
五周内，俄罗斯在加利西亚的战线从 300 英里缩短至约 100 英里。
Before Dunajec, when it was united with the northern groups, it had represented the longest battle line in the history of the world.
在杜纳耶茨之前，当它与北方集团联合时，它代表了世界历史上最长的战线。
The Russians began to evacuate Lemberg about June 17, 1915, the day Von Mackensen's right entered Javorov.
1915 年 6 月 17 日左右，即冯·马肯森右翼进入亚沃罗夫的当天，俄罗斯人开始撤离伦贝格。
On the 19th his advance guard was approaching Rawa-Ruska.
19 日，他的先头部队正在接近拉瓦鲁斯卡。
Boehm-Ermolli was meanwhile undergoing severe punishment near Komarno, where an Austrian advance force endeavored to get through the Grodek Lakes.
与此同时，博姆-埃尔莫利在科马尔诺附近受到严厉的惩罚，一支奥地利先遣部队正试图穿过格罗德克湖。
The Russian artillery drove them back; for three days there were furious bayonet and cavalry charges and counter-charges; despite the most terrific bombardments the Austrian attacks were broken by the desperate Russians.
俄罗斯的炮兵将他们击退；三天来，双方的刺刀和骑兵猛烈地冲锋和反冲锋。尽管奥地利人进行了最可怕的轰炸，但绝望的俄罗斯人还是打破了奥地利人的进攻。
On this occasion, at least, the Russians were well supplied with shells hurriedly sent by rail from Kiev, which enabled them to repulse the Austrians on the lakes.
至少在这一次，俄罗斯人得到了从基辅通过铁路匆忙运送的炮弹的充足供应，这使他们能够击退湖上的奥地利人。
Boehm-Ermolli is said to have lost half of his effectives in his attempt to penetrate through Grodek and Dornfeld, fifteen miles south of Lemberg.
据说伯姆-埃尔莫利在试图突破伦贝格以南十五英里的格罗德克和多恩菲尔德时损失了一半的兵力。
Von Mackensen again came to the rescue by making a great turning movement in the district of Zolkiev, about sixteen miles north of Lemberg, and attacking the Russian positions about Janov, forcing the Russians over the hills and the Rawa-Ruska railway to Zolkiev.
冯·马肯森再次前来救援，他在伦贝格以北约十六英里的佐尔基耶夫地区发起了一场大转弯，攻击亚诺夫周围的俄军阵地，迫使俄军越过山丘和拉瓦-鲁斯卡铁路前往佐尔基耶夫。
His left wing, resting on Lubaczov, swung northward in a wheeling movement to envelop Rawa-Ruska.
他的左翼停在卢巴佐夫身上，向北转向包围拉瓦-鲁斯卡。
But the Russians intercepted the move; ferocious encounters and Cossack charges threw the Germans back to their pivot with heavy losses on both sides.
但俄罗斯人拦截了这一行动；激烈的交锋和哥萨克的冲锋让德军重新回到了自己的中心位置，双方都损失惨重。
Von Mackensen's center, however, was too strong, and Ivanoff desired no pitched battle--the only way to check its advance.
然而，冯·马肯森的中锋太强大了，伊万诺夫不希望发生激烈的战斗——这是阻止其前进的唯一方法。
He therefore fell back between Rawa-Ruska and Lemberg, yielding the former to Von Mackensen and the latter to Boehm-Ermolli, who was able to lead his battered troops into the town on June 22, 1915, without further resistance.
因此，他在拉瓦-鲁斯卡和伦贝格之间撤退，将前者让给了冯·马肯森，后者让给了伯姆-埃尔莫利，后者能够在 1915 年 6 月 22 日率领他的遭受重创的部队进入该镇，而没有进一步的抵抗。
Brussilov now had to withdraw from the Dniester.
布鲁西洛夫现在不得不从德涅斯特河撤军。
As at Przemysl, the Russian garrison departed with all stores and baggage before the victors arrived.
与普热梅希尔一样，在胜利者到达之前，俄罗斯驻军就带着所有物资和行李离开了。
Lemberg had been in Russian possession for 293 days.
伦贝格已被俄罗斯占领 293 天。
A German attack near Rawa-Ruska was repulsed by the Russians on June 25, 1915.
1915 年 6 月 25 日，德军在拉瓦鲁斯卡附近发起进攻，但被俄军击退。
For two days the "phalanx" rested to replenish its stock of shells; when these had arrived along the Przemysl line, Von Mackensen turned northward in the direction of Kholm on the Lublin-Brest-Litovsk railway.
“方阵”休息了两天以补充炮弹库存。当这些车辆沿着普热梅希尔线抵达后，冯·马肯森沿着卢布林-布列斯特-立托夫斯克铁路向北转向霍尔姆方向。
On his left marched the Austro-Hungarian army of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand.
在他的左边行进的是约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的奥匈帝国军队。
These two armies drop out of the Galician campaign at this stage and become part of the great German offensive against the Polish salient.
这两支军队现阶段退出加利西亚战役，成为德军对波兰突出部发起的大规模进攻的一部分。
The gigantic enveloping movement had failed in the south; it was now to be attempted against the Russian line in front of Warsaw, conducted by Von Hindenburg and Von Gallwitz in the northern sector, and by Von Mackensen, assisted by General Woyrsch and Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, in the southern.
大规模的包围运动在南方失败了；现在，它试图在华沙前线攻击俄军防线，由冯·兴登堡和冯·加维茨在北部地区指挥，由冯·马肯森在南部地区由沃尔什将军和约瑟夫·斐迪南大公协助。
These operations are described in the pages following.
这些操作将在以下几页中进行描述。
More than three-fourths of Galicia had now been reconquered, and it was left to the Austrians and the Germans to complete the conquest.
现在四分之三以上的加利西亚已经被重新征服，剩下的任务就交给了奥地利人和德国人来完成。
The campaign was one of the greatest operations of the war.
这次战役是战争中规模最大的行动之一。
An English military writer thus describes the achievement: "Only a most magnificent army organization and a most careful preparation, extending to infinite detail, could execute a plan of such magnitude at the speed at which it was done by the Austrian and German armies in May, 1915."
一位英国军事作家这样描述这一成就：“只有最宏伟的军队组织和最周密的准备，延伸到无限的细节，才能以奥地利和德国军队在 1915 年 5 月完成的速度执行如此规模的计划。”
Not yet, however, were the Russian armies destroyed; to the German War Staff it was not now a question of taking or retaking territory, but of striking a final and decisive blow at the vitals of Russia.
然而，俄罗斯军队还没有被摧毁。对德国战争参谋部来说，现在的问题不是夺取或夺回领土，而是对俄罗斯要害进行最后的决定性打击。
The continuous series of reverses suffered by Boehm-Ermolli and Von Linsingen exerted an important effect on the end of the Galician campaign: it frustrated the plan of eliminating the Russian forces.
伯姆-埃尔莫利和冯·林辛根连续遭遇的挫败，对加利西亚战役的结局产生了重要影响：消灭俄军的计划受挫。
The battle lines in France and Flanders could wait a while till the Russian power was annihilated.
法国和佛兰德斯的战线可以等待一段时间，直到俄罗斯势力被歼灭。
After the fall of Lemberg, Ivanoff withdrew the main body of his troops toward the river line of the Bug, Boehm-Ermolli following up behind.
伦贝格陷落后，伊万诺夫将主力部队撤向布格河沿岸，博姆-埃尔莫利紧随其后。
Again that unfortunate general was roughly handled--another of his divisions was annihilated southeast of Lemberg in a rear-guard action.
这位不幸的将军再次遭到粗暴对待——他的另一个师在伦贝格东南部的一次后卫行动中被歼灭。
Von Linsingen directed his efforts against the Gnila Lipa and Halicz, while Von Pflanzer-Baltin still operated on the Dniester.
冯·林辛根的攻击方向是格尼拉·利帕河和哈利奇河，而冯·普弗兰泽-巴尔廷则仍在德涅斯特河上行动。
For many months the Russians and Austrians faced each other in eastern Galicia; they were still skirmishing at the end of the year.
俄罗斯人和奥地利人在加利西亚东部对峙了好几个月。到了年底，他们仍在发生小规模冲突。
Both Russia and Austria had more important matters on hand elsewhere: the former against Germany in the north, and the latter with her new enemy--Italy.
俄罗斯和奥地利在其他地方都有更重要的事情要做：前者在北方对抗德国，后者则在对抗她的新敌人意大利。
Galicia became a side issue.
加利西亚成为一个次要问题。
The Galician campaign will rank as one of the most instructive episodes in military history, an example of unparalleled calculation, scientific strategy, and admirable heroism, involving, it is computed, the terrible sacrifice of at least a million human lives.
加利西亚战役将成为军事史上最具启发性的事件之一，是无与伦比的计算、科学战略和令人钦佩的英雄主义的典范，据计算，涉及至少一百万人的可怕牺牲。
PART VII--RUSSO-GERMAN CAMPAIGN
第七部分——俄德战役
CHAPTER XLVIII
第四十八章
WINTER BATTLES OF THE MAZURIAN LAKES
马祖里湖冬季之战
The battle known in the German official accounts as the "Winter Battle in Mazurian Land" is sometimes described as the "Nine Days' Battle." In this sense it is to be considered as beginning on the 7th of February, 1915, and ending on the 16th, when the German Great Headquarters reported that the Tenth Russian Army, consisting of at least eleven infantry and several cavalry divisions, had been driven out of its strongly fortified positions to the east of the Mazurian Lake district, forced across the border, and, having been almost completely surrounded, had been crushingly defeated.
这场在德国官方报道中被称为“马祖里地区冬季战役”的战斗有时被描述为“九日之战”。从这个意义上说，它可以被认为是从 1915 年 2 月 7 日开始，到 16 日结束，当时德国大司令部报告说，由至少 11 个步兵师和几个骑兵师组成的俄罗斯第十集团军已被赶出马祖里湖区以东的坚固防御阵地，被迫越过边界，几乎被完全包围，惨败。
In fact, however, fighting continued as part of the same action until the 21st of February, 1915, when the pursuit of the defeated army ended.
然而事实上，作为同一行动的一部分，战斗一直持续到 1915 年 2 月 21 日，当时对战败军队的追击结束。
The forces engaged in this titanic conflict were the Russian Tenth Army, consisting, according to the Russian version, of four corps, under General Baron Sievers, and the German East Prussian armies, under General von Eichhorn, operating on the north on the line Insterburg-Loetzen, and General von Buelow on the line Loetzen-Johannisburg to the south of Von Eichhorn.
参与这场巨大冲突的部队是俄罗斯第十集团军，根据俄罗斯版本，由四个军组成，由西弗斯男爵将军领导，德国东普鲁士集团军由冯·艾希霍恩将军领导，在因斯特堡-勒岑线以北作战，冯·布洛将军在冯·艾希霍恩以南的勒岑-约翰尼斯堡一线作战。
Sources favorable to the Allies represent the strength of General Sievers's army as 120,000 men.
对盟军有利的消息来源表明，西弗斯将军的军队有 120,000 人。
They assert that the total German force consisted of nine corps, over 300,000 men.
他们断言，德军总兵力由 9 个军组成，超过 30 万人。
These are said to have included the Twenty-first Corps, which had been with the Crown Prince of Bavaria in the west; three reserve corps, also from the west; the Thirty-eighth and Fortieth Corps, new formations, from the interior of Germany; the equivalent of three corps from other sections of the eastern front; and a reserve corps of the Guard.
据说其中包括曾与巴伐利亚王储一起驻扎在西部的第二十一军；三个预备队，也来自西部；第三十八军和第四十军是来自德国内地的新部队；相当于东线其他战区的三个军团；以及警卫队预备役部队。
The German official description of the battle credits the Russians with having had in this sector of the battle front in East Prussia at the beginning of February six to eight army corps, or about 200,000 men.
德国官方对这场战斗的描述认为，2月初，俄罗斯人在东普鲁士前线的这一地区部署了六到八个军，即大约20万人。
For months the heavy fighting in the east had centered on other sections of the immense battle line, running from the Baltic to the Carpathians.
几个月来，东部的激烈战斗集中在从波罗的海到喀尔巴阡山脉的广阔战线的其他部分。
The second general Russian offensive, the great forward thrust of the Grand Duke Nicholas toward Cracow in the direction of Berlin, aimed through the center of the German defense, had been met, and the German counterthrust toward Warsaw had come to a standstill in the mud of Poland and before the stone-wall defensive of the Russians on the Bsura and the Rawka.
俄国人的第二次总攻势，即尼古拉大公向柏林方向向克拉科夫发起的猛烈推进，其目标是穿过德军防御的中心，德军向华沙的反攻已经在波兰的泥泞中、在布苏拉河和拉卡河上的俄国人的石墙防御之前陷入停滞。
Attacks launched by the Russians against the East Prussian frontier, centering at Lyck, in January, 1915, seemed to forebode a fresh Russian offensive intended to sweep back the German armies in this section whose position on the Russian right wing was a continual threat to the communications of the Russian commander in chief.
1915 年 1 月，俄国人对以莱克为中心的东普鲁士边境发起进攻，似乎预示着俄国将发起新的攻势，旨在扫除该地区的德军，而德军在俄国右翼的阵地对俄国总司令的通讯构成持续威胁。
The Germans, disposing of comparatively weak forces, estimated at three army corps, were compelled to yield a strip of East Prussian territory, and had fallen back to positions of considerable natural strength formed by the chain of Mazurian Lakes and the line of the Angerapp River.
德国人在处置相对较弱的兵力（估计有三个军团）的情况下，被迫放弃东普鲁士的一小片领土，并退回到由马祖里湖链和安格拉普河沿岸形成的具有相当天然实力的阵地。
They reported their forces standing on the defensive here as 50 per cent Landwehr, 25 per cent Landsturm, and only 25 per cent other troops not of the reserve.
他们报告说，他们的部队在这里处于防御状态，其中 50% 是兰德韦尔部队，25% 是兰德突击部队，只有 25% 的其他部队不是预备役部队。
Repeated attempts of the Russians to gain possession of these fortified positions had, however, broken down.
然而，俄罗斯人多次试图占领这些防御工事，但都失败了。
They had been directed especially against the bridgehead of Darkehmen and the right wing of the German forces in the Paprodtk Hills.
他们的目标是达克曼的桥头堡和帕普罗特克山上的德军右翼。
Wading up to their shoulders in icy water, the hardy troops of the Third Siberian Corps had attempted in vain to cross the Nietlitz Swamp, between the lakes to the east of Lyck.
西伯利亚第三军团的顽强部队在齐肩的冰水中涉水，试图穿越莱克以东湖泊之间的尼特利茨沼泽，但徒劳无功。
At the beginning of February, 1915, finally Von Hindenburg had been able to obtain fresh German forces and to put them in position for an encircling movement against the Russians lying just to the east of the lakes, from near Tilsit to Johannisburg.
1915 年 2 月初，冯·兴登堡终于获得了新的德军部队，并将其部署在对位于湖东（从蒂尔西特附近到约翰尼斯堡）的俄国人的包围行动中。
With the greatest secrecy the reenforcements, hidden from observation by their fortified positions, and the border forces maintaining the defense, were gathered behind the two German wings.
在高度保密的情况下，增援部队和维持防御的边防部队都聚集在德军两翼的后面，这些增援部队被其坚固的阵地隐藏起来，无法被观察到。
The Russians apparently gained an inkling of the big move that was impending about the time the advance against their wings was under way.
俄国人显然在向他们的两翼进攻的时候就已经预感到了即将发生的大行动。
The first news of the opening of the battle came to the public in a Russian official announcement of the 9th of February, 1915, to the effect that on the 7th the Germans had undertaken the offensive with considerable force in the Goldap-Johannisburg sector.
1915 年 2 月 9 日，俄罗斯正式宣布了战斗开始的第一个消息，大意是德国人于 7 日在戈尔达普-约翰尼斯堡地区发起了相当大的进攻。
The northern group of Germans began its movement somewhat later from the direction of Tilsit.
北方的德军部队稍后从蒂尔西特方向开始行动。
Extensive preparations had been made by the German leaders to meet the difficulties of a winter campaign under unfavorable weather conditions.
德国领导人已经做好了广泛的准备，以应对不利天气条件下冬季战役的困难。
Thousands of sleighs and hundreds of thousands of sleigh runners (on which to drag cannon and wagons), held in readiness, were a part of these preparations for a rapid advance.
数千辆雪橇和数十万辆雪橇车（用来拖拉大炮和马车）已做好准备，是快速推进准备工作的一部分。
Deep snow covered the plain, and the lakes were thickly covered with ice.
平原上覆盖着厚厚的积雪，湖泊也结了厚厚的冰。
On the 5th of February, 1915, a fresh snowstorm set in, accompanied by an icy wind, which heaped the snow in deep drifts and made tremendously difficult travel on the roads and railways, completely shutting off motor traffic.
1915 年 2 月 5 日，一场新的暴风雪袭来，伴随着凛冽的寒风，积雪堆积成厚厚的雪堆，给公路和铁路出行带来极大困难，汽车交通完全瘫痪。
The Germans on the south, in order to come into contact with the main Russian forces, had to cross the Johannisburg Forest and the Pisseck River, which flows out of the southernmost of the chain of lakes.
南方的德军为了与俄军主力接触，必须穿越约翰尼斯堡森林和从湖链最南端流出的皮塞克河。
The attacking columns made their way through the snow-clad forests with all possible speed, forcing their way through barriers of felled trees and driving the Russians from the river crossings.
进攻纵队以最快的速度穿过冰雪覆盖的森林，强行冲破砍伐树木的屏障，将俄罗斯人赶出渡口。
Throughout the 8th of February, 1915, the marching columns moved through whirling snow clouds, the Germans driving their men forward relentlessly, so that, in spite of the drifted snow which filled the roads, certain troops covered on this day a distance of forty kilometers.
1915 年 2 月 8 日，行军纵队在旋转的雪云中行进，德国人无情地驱赶着他们的士兵前进，因此，尽管道路上飘满了积雪，某些部队在这一天仍走了四十公里的距离。
The Germans under General von Falck took Snopken by storm; those under General von Litzmann crossed the Pisseck near Wrobeln.
冯·法尔克将军领导下的德军猛攻斯诺普肯。冯·利兹曼将军率领的部队在乌罗本附近渡过皮塞克河。
The immediate objectives of these columns were Johannisburg and Biala, where strong Russian forces were posted.
这些纵队的直接目标是约翰尼斯堡和比亚拉，那里驻扎着强大的俄罗斯军队。
On the 9th the southern column, under Von Litzmann, was attacked on its right flank by Russians coming from Kolna, to the south of them.
9日，冯·利兹曼领导的南纵队的右翼遭到来自南边科尔纳的俄军的攻击。
The German troops repelled the attack, taking 2,500 prisoners, eight cannon, and twelve machine guns.
德军击退了进攻，俘虏了 2,500 名俘虏、8 门大炮和 12 挺机枪。
General Saleck took Johannisburg, and Biala was cleared of the Russians.
萨勒克将军占领了约翰尼斯堡，比亚拉也摆脱了俄罗斯人的控制。
The advance of these southern columns continued rapidly toward Lyck.
这些南方纵队继续向莱克快速推进。
The German left wing at the same time fell overwhelmingly on the northern end of the Russian line.
德国左翼同时以压倒性优势落在俄罗斯防线的北端。
On the 9th they took the fortified Russian positions stretching from Spullen to the Schorell Forest and nearly to the Russian border.
9日，他们占领了从斯普伦到肖雷尔森林并几乎到达俄罗斯边境的俄罗斯防御阵地。
They had here hard work to force their way through wire entanglements of great strength.
他们在这里经历了艰苦的工作，才从强力的铁丝网中强行闯出一条路。
Having noticed signs of a retreat on the part of their opponents, these German forces had on the preceding day begun the attack without waiting for the whole of their artillery to come up.
这些德军注意到了对手撤退的迹象，未等全部炮兵出动，就在前一天开始了进攻。
The Russians retreated toward the southeast.
俄军向东南方向撤退。
Swinging forward toward the Russian border, the German left wing now exerted itself to the utmost to execute the sweeping encircling movement for which the strategy of Von Hindenburg had become famous.
德国左翼向俄罗斯边境挺进，现在竭尽全力实施全面包围行动，冯·兴登堡的战略因此而闻名。
The Russian right wing had been turned and was being pressed continually toward the southeast.
俄军右翼已转向并不断被压向东南方。
The German troops rushed forward in forced marches, ignoring the difficulties which nature put in their way.
德国军队不顾大自然给他们带来的困难，强行行军。
By the 10th of February these columns reached the Pillkallen-Wladislawow line, and by the 11th the main highway from Gumbinnen to Wilkowyszki.
2 月 10 日，这些纵队到达皮尔卡伦-弗拉迪斯拉沃线，11 日到达从贡宾嫩到威尔科维斯基的主要高速公路。
The right wing, up to the capture of Stallupoehnen, had taken some 4,000 prisoners, four machine guns, and eleven ammunition wagons.
右翼在占领 Stallupoehnen 之前已俘获约 4,000 名俘虏、四挺机枪和 11 辆弹药车。
The center of this army, at the capture of Eydtkuhnen, Wirballen, and Kibarty, took 10,000 prisoners, six cannon, eight machine guns, numerous baggage wagons, including eighty field kitchens, three military trains and other rolling stock, a large number of gift packages intended for the Russian troops, and, of chief interest to the fighting men, a whole day's provisions.
这支军队的中心在攻占埃特库宁、维尔巴伦和基巴蒂时俘获了 10,000 名俘虏、六门大炮、八挺机枪、大量辎重车（包括八十个野战厨房）、三列军用列车和其他机车车辆、大量为俄罗斯军队准备的礼品包，以及对战斗人员来说最重要的一整天的粮食。
On the afternoon of February 10 some one and a half Russian divisions had come to a halt in these three neighboring villages: Eydtkuhnen, Kibarty, and Wirballen.
2 月 10 日下午，大约一个半的俄军师在这三个邻近的村庄停下来：艾特库宁、基巴蒂和维尔巴伦。
Although it was known that the Germans were approaching, it was apparently regarded by the Russians as impossible that pursuers would be able to come up with them in the raging snowstorm.
尽管知道德国人正在逼近，但俄罗斯人显然认为追击者不可能在肆虐的暴风雪中追上他们。
So certain were they of their security that no outposts were put on guard.
他们对自己的安全如此确信，以至于没有任何前哨站站岗。
Only thus could it happen that the Germans, who had not allowed the forces of nature to stop their advance, arrived right at the Russian position on the same day, though with infantry alone and merely a few guns, everything else having been left behind, stuck in the snowdrifts.
只有这样，德国人才不会让自然力量阻止他们的前进，在同一天就到达了俄罗斯阵地，尽管只有步兵和几门枪，其他一切都被抛在了后面，陷在雪堆里。
CHAPTER XLIX
第二十九章
THE RUSSIANS OUT OF GERMANY
俄罗斯人离开德国
It was evening when the Germans made their surprise attack on Eydtkuhnen and midnight when they fell upon Wirballen.
德军在晚上对艾特库南发动突然袭击，并在午夜袭击了维尔巴伦。
On the roadway stood two Russian batteries with twelve guns and a considerable number of ammunition wagons.
道路上矗立着两座俄罗斯炮台，配有十二门火炮和相当数量的弹药车。
The German infantry approached without firing a shot until they were within fifty yards.
德国步兵一枪不发地逼近，直到距离不到五十码。
Then all the horses were shot down and the guns and ammunition seized.
然后所有的马匹都被击落，枪支弹药被缴获。
The men of the battery fled.
电池组的人逃跑了。
In both these towns there was street fighting in the night, lit up by burning houses which had been fired by the Russians in their retreat.
这两个城镇都在夜间发生巷战，被俄国人在撤退时开火的房屋所照亮。
One of the captured trains was the hospital train of the czar.
其中一辆被俘获的火车是沙皇的医院列车。
This was utilized as headquarters for the night by the staff of General von Lauenstein.
冯·劳恩斯坦将军的参谋部将这里用作当晚的指挥部。
By the 12th of February, 1915, the German troops of the left wing, sweeping down from the north and pressing the Russians back from village to village, were entirely on Russian soil.
到 1915 年 2 月 12 日，德国左翼军队从北方横扫而下，将俄国人从一个村庄逼到另一个村庄，完全占领了俄罗斯领土。
Wizwiny, Kalwarja, and Mariampol were occupied on this day.
维兹维尼、卡尔瓦贾和马里安波尔在这一天被占领。
The number of guns taken by these troops had been increased by seventeen, according to German reports.
据德国报道，这些部队缴获的枪支数量增加了十七支。
The German Headquarters Staff declared that by this time the Russian Seventy-third and Fifty-sixth Divisions had been as good as annihilated, and the Twenty-seventh division nearly destroyed.
德军司令部参谋部宣称，此时俄军第73师和第56师已几乎全军覆没，第27师也几乎全军覆没。
The Russians lying before the Angerapp line and the defenses of Loetzen had in the meantime also begun to retreat toward the east.
与此同时，安格拉普防线和勒岑防御阵线前的俄军也开始向东撤退。
German troops, consisting chiefly of reserves of the Landwehr and Landsturm which up to this time had been held back within the German fortified line, now advanced to attack the yielding army, whose long marching column could be observed by the German flyers.
德军主要由兰德维尔和兰德突击队的预备队组成，此前一直被困在德军的防御线内，现在他们进攻屈服的军队，德军飞行员可以观察到其长长的行军纵队。
While General von Eichhorn's troops, coming from the neighborhood of Tilsit and making their way through snow and ice, were advancing upon Suwalki and Sejny, and the German right wing was fighting its way through Grajewo, toward Augustowo, the center of the troops of General von Buelow for several days fought the Russians in furious battle in the vicinity of Lyck.
当冯·艾希霍恩将军的部队从蒂尔西特附近冒着冰雪向苏瓦乌基和塞伊内推进时，德军右翼则穿过格拉耶沃向奥古斯托沃奋进，而冯·布洛将军的部队中心在莱克附近与俄国人进行了数天的激烈战斗。
From all sides the Germans were closing in.
德国人从四面八方逼近。
To protect the withdrawal of this main army to Suwalki and Augustowo, the Russians endeavored by all means to hold the narrows of the lakes before Lyck, where they were favored by the nature of the ground and aided by strong defensive works, for the most part well provided with wire entanglements.
为了保护这支主力部队撤退到苏瓦乌基和奥古斯托沃，俄罗斯人竭尽全力守住莱克之前的湖泊狭窄地带，他们在那里利用了地形的优势，并得到了坚固的防御工事的帮助，其中大部分都设有铁丝网。
The best of the Russian troops, Siberian regiments, here fought with great energy under a determined leadership, and the Russians, in fact, at some places took the offensive.
俄罗斯最优秀的军队，西伯利亚军团，在这里在坚定的领导下进行了顽强的战斗，事实上，俄罗斯人在某些地方发起了进攻。
By the 12th of February, 1915, however, the Germans had taken these positions and the Russians had withdrawn to the narrow passages among the lakes before Lyck.
然而，到 1915 年 2 月 12 日，德国人已经占据了这些阵地，而俄罗斯人则撤退到了莱克之前湖泊之间的狭窄通道。
The battles around this town were carried on under the eye of the German Emperor.
这座城镇周围的战斗是在德国皇帝的注视下进行的。
The German soldiers were still occupied in hunting through the houses for scattered Russians as the emperor stepped from his motor car.
当皇帝走下汽车时，德国士兵仍在房屋中搜寻分散的俄罗斯人。
He was received with hurrahs, and the soldiers surrounded him, singing "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber Alles." The emperor, standing amid the blackened ruins of burned homes, delivered a short address to the soldiers gathered about him, giving special recognition to Infantry Regiment No. 33, an East Prussian unit which had especially distinguished itself and suffered great losses.
他受到热烈欢迎，士兵们围着他，唱着“德国，德国，万岁”。皇帝站在被烧毁的房屋的黑色废墟中，向聚集在他周围的士兵发表了简短的讲话，特别表彰了东普鲁士第33步兵团，这是一支表现尤为突出但损失惨重的东普鲁士部队。
On the same day the Germans advanced beyond Lyck, and by the 15th of February no Russian remained on German soil.
同一天，德军越过了莱克，到 2 月 15 日，德国领土上已经没有任何俄罗斯人了。
CHAPTER L
第L章
TIGHTENING OF THE NET--REPORT OF THE BOOTY
收紧网络——战利品报告
The Russian right, retiring to avoid envelopment, sought the natural line of retreat along the railway to Kovno.
俄罗斯右翼为避免被包围而撤退，沿着铁路寻找通往科夫诺的自然撤退路线。
In executing this movement it turned toward the northeast, and exceeding in speed of movement the corps to the south of it, the Twentieth, under the command of General Bulgakov, the latter was left out of the line.
在执行这次运动时，它转向东北，运动速度超过了它以南的第20军，由布尔加科夫将军指挥，后者被排除在战线之外。
In consequence its right wing was turned and it was pressed down toward the south with the enemy on three sides of it.
结果它的右翼被调转，被敌人压向南方，三面夹击。
It speedily became a broken force in the forest north of Suwalki.
它很快就在苏瓦乌基北部的森林中变成了一支破碎的部队。
The Russians endeavored to reach the protection of their great fortress of Grodno.
俄罗斯人努力保护他们的格罗德诺要塞。
It was the task of the German division coming down from the north in forced marches to cut off this way of escape and prevent the Russians coming out of the forest toward the southeast.
德军师的任务是从北方强行军来，切断这条逃路，阻止俄军从森林中向东南方向走去。
The march of these German troops carried them through great woodlands, amid frozen lakes, when suddenly a thaw set in.
这些德国军队行进时穿过大片林地和结冰的湖泊，突然解冻。
The sleighs which had been used had to be abandoned and wagons requisitioned on the spot wherever possible.
已经使用过的雪橇必须被丢弃，并尽可能就地征用马车。
An officer with these troops relates that infantrymen were sent forward on wagons, and on the night following the 15th of February took Sopozkin, to the east of Augustowo, on the line of the Russian retreat, capturing the baggage of an entire Russian army corps.
这些部队的一名军官称，步兵被乘着马车向前推进，并于 2 月 15 日晚上占领了奥古斯托沃以东的索波兹金，位于俄罗斯撤退线上，俘获了整个俄罗斯军团的辎重。
"The morning," he writes, "presented to us a unique picture.
“这个早晨，”他写道，“向我们呈现了一幅独特的画面。
Hundreds of vehicles, baggage carts, machine guns, ammunition, provision and ambulance wagons stood in a vast disorder in the market place of the town and in the street.
数百辆汽车、行李车、机枪、弹药、补给车和救护车杂乱地停在镇上的市场和街道上。
In between were hundreds of horses, some harnessed, some loose, dead Russians, dead horses, bellowing cattle, and sounding over it all the words of command of our troops endeavoring to create order in this mad mix-up, and to take care of the rich booty.
中间有数百匹马，有些是套着挽具的，有些是松散的、死去的俄罗斯人、死马、咆哮的牛，上面回响着我们部队的所有命令，努力在这疯狂的混乱中创造秩序，并照顾丰富的战利品。
Many an interesting find did we make--'mementos' which the Russians had taken with them from Prussia and which now were to find their way back."
我们发现了许多有趣的发现——俄罗斯人从普鲁士带走的‘纪念品’，现在它们又要找到回来的路了。”
A German commander tells how, in their efforts to cut off the Russian retreat, the artillery were compelled to cross many brooks running through deep gullies, so that it was necessary frequently to lower guns and wagons by means of ropes on one side and pull them up on the other.
一位德军指挥官讲述了，为了切断俄军的退路，炮兵们被迫越过许多沟壑纵横的小溪，因此需要经常用绳索将火炮和马车从一侧放下，从另一侧拉上来。
One of the German leaders, describing this encircling movement to the southeast from the north in which he played a part, says: "The roads and the weather were beyond all description--twelve to fifteen degrees Reaumur, with a cutting wind and driving snow, with nothing to eat, as the field kitchens on these roads could not follow.
一位德国领导人在描述他所参与的这场从北方向东南的包围行动时说：“道路和天气无法用任何描述——罗米尔气温为十二到十五度，刮风刮雪，没有东西吃，因为这些道路上的野战厨房无法跟上。
During pauses in the march one could but lean against the wall of a miserable house or lie down in the burned-out ruins, without straw to lie on and no covering.
行军途中停顿时，人们只能靠在破旧房屋的墙上，或者躺在烧毁的废墟上，没有稻草可躺，也没有被子。
Men and horses sank to their hips in the snow, and so we worked our way forward, usually only about two kilometers an hour.
人和马都被雪淹没了，所以我们只能以每小时两公里左右的速度前进。
Wagons and horses that upset had to be shoveled out of the drifts.
翻倒的马车和马匹必须被铲出雪堆。
It was a terrible sight, but we got through.
这是一个可怕的景象，但我们还是挺过来了。
We had to go on without regard for anything, and the example of the higher officers did much."
我们必须不顾一切地继续前进，上级军官的榜样起了很大作用。”
Two Russian corps from the southern wing of the army retreating by the Suwalki-Sejny causeway and by the Ossowetz Railway, according to accounts from Russian sources, made their way out of the trap under heavy rear-guard fighting.
据俄罗斯消息人士称，从苏瓦乌基-塞伊内堤道和奥索韦茨铁路撤退的俄罗斯军队南翼的两个军在激烈的后卫战斗中摆脱了困境。
The escaped portions of the Russian army crossed the Bobr toward Grodno.
逃亡的俄军部分越过博布尔河向格罗德诺进发。
From the direction of this Russian stronghold a desperate effort was made to relieve the four corps which were endeavoring to escape toward the fortress from the forest southeast of Augustowo into which they had been pressed by the Germans from the west and north.
从这个俄罗斯据点的方向，我们拼命救援四个军团，他们正试图从奥古斯托沃东南部的森林逃往要塞，他们被德军从西部和北部逼入了那里。
On the 21st of February came the final act in the great drama.
2 月 21 日，这部伟大的戏剧迎来了最后一幕。
The German troops pushed forward at their best speed from all directions toward the forest.
德军以最快的速度从四面八方向森林推进。
The help that had been intended for them came too late.
原本为他们提供的帮助来得太晚了。
Concerning the captures of this day, the German Great Headquarters reported: "On the 21st of February the remnants of the Tenth Army laid down their arms in the forest of Augustowo after all attempts of the Russian commander of this army, General Sievers, to cut a way out for the encircled four divisions by means of those parts of his army which remained to him after escaping over the Bobr to Grodno failed with extremely heavy losses."
关于这一天的俘获，德国大司令部报告说：“2月21日，第十集团军的残部在奥古斯托沃森林放下武器，此前该集团军的俄罗斯指挥官西弗斯将军曾多次试图利用他在越过博布尔河逃往格罗德诺后剩下的部队为被包围的四个师开辟一条出路，但以失败告终，损失惨重。”
Summarizing the results of the entire battle in an announcement of the 22d of February, the German Great Headquarters said: "The pursuit after the winter battle in Mazurian Land is ended.
德国大司令部在2月22日的一份公告中总结了整个战役的结果，称：“马祖里地区冬季战役后的追击已经结束。
In cleaning up the forests to the northwest of Grodno, and in the battles reported during the last few days in the region of the Bobr and the Narew, there have been captured to date one commanding general, two division commanders, four other generals, and in the neighborhood of 40,000 men, seventy-five cannon, a quantity of machine guns, whose number is not yet determined, and much other war material.
在清理格罗德诺西北部森林的过程中，以及最近几天报道的博布尔河和纳雷夫河地区的战斗中，迄今已俘获一名指挥官、两名师长、四名将军，以及附近的四万名士兵、七十五门大炮、数量尚未确定的机枪以及许多其他战争物资。
"The total booty of the winter battle in Mazurian Land, therefore, up to to-day rises to seven generals, more than 100,000 men, more than 150 cannon, and material of all sorts, inclusive of machine guns, which cannot yet be approximately estimated.
“因此，截至目前，马祖里地区冬季战役的战利品总数已增至七名将军、十万多人、一百五十多门大炮以及包括机枪在内的各种物资，目前还无法大致估计。
Heavy guns and ammunition were in many cases buried by the enemy or sunk in the lakes; thus eight heavy guns were yesterday dug out or hauled out of the water near Loetzen and Lake Widmin.
许多重炮和弹药被敌人掩埋或沉入湖中；因此，昨天在勒岑和威德明湖附近的水中挖出或拖出了八门重炮。
"The Tenth Russian Army of General Baron Sievers may, therefore, now be considered as completely annihilated."
“因此，西弗斯男爵将军领导的俄罗斯第十集团军现在可以被视为完全歼灭。”
This summary was corrected in a later announcement, which stated that the number of guns taken as booty in the pursuit after the winter battle in Mazurian Land had risen to 300, including eighteen heavy guns.
这一总结在后来的公告中得到了更正，称马祖里地区冬季战役后追击战利品的火炮数量已增至300门，其中重炮18门。
This was published on the 23d of February.
该消息于 2 月 23 日发布。
In an announcement of the 26th of February the Great Headquarters amplified its account of the victory with this statement:
在 2 月 26 日的一份声明中，大司令部放大了对这场胜利的描述，并发表了这样的声明：
"In the Russian official report the extent of the disaster in the winter battle of Mazurian Land is either concealed or an attempt is made to obscure it.
“俄罗斯官方报告要么隐瞒了马祖里地区冬季战役的灾难程度，要么试图掩盖这一事实。
It is unnecessary to go further into these denials.
没有必要进一步探讨这些否认。
As evidence of the extent of the defeat, the following list of the positions held by the captured generals, however, may serve:
然而，作为失败程度的证据，以下被俘将领所担任的职位列表可以作为：
"Of the Twentieth Army Corps: the commanding general, the commander of the artillery, the commander of the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Infantry Divisions, and of the First Brigade of Infantry of the Twenty-ninth Infantry Division.
第二十军：军长、炮兵司令员，步兵第二十八师、第二十九师师长，步兵第二十九师步兵第一旅师长。
The commander of this latter division succumbed to his wounds soon after being made prisoner.
后一个师的指挥官在被俘后不久就因伤去世。
"Of the Third Army Corps: the commander of the Twenty-seventh Infantry Division and the commander of the artillery and of the Second Infantry Brigade of this division.
“第三军团：步兵第二十七师师长兼该师炮兵旅长、步兵第二旅旅长。
"Of the Fifty-third Reserve Division: the division commander and the commander of the First Infantry Brigade.
“第五十三预备师：师长、步兵第一旅旅长。
"Of the First Siberian Cossack Division: a brigade commander."
“西伯利亚哥萨克第一师：旅长。”
This brought the total of Russian generals captured up to eleven.
这使得被俘的俄罗斯将军总数达到十一人。
This account of one of the greatest battles of the European War is necessarily based to a large extent on reports of the Germans, owing to the fact that material from this source is virtually the only official account available of the operation as a whole.
对欧洲战争最伟大战役之一的描述在很大程度上必然基于德国人的报告，因为来自该来源的材料实际上是整个行动的唯一可用官方描述。
The Russian General Staff has contented itself with the following announcement, made public on February 21, 1915:
俄罗斯总参谋部对 1915 年 2 月 21 日公布的以下公告感到满意：
"When the Germans, after a series of extraordinary obstinate and persistent attacks which caused them heavy losses, had recognized the impossibility of pressing in our front on the left bank of the Vistula, they turned at the end of January to the execution of a new plan.
“德国人在经历了一系列非同寻常的顽固和持续的攻击并给他们造成重大损失之后，认识到不可能在维斯瓦河左岸向我们的战线施压，他们在一月底开始执行一项新计划。
After the creation of several new corps in the interior of the country, and the bringing up of troops from their west front, the Germans threw important forces into East Prussia.
在该国内地建立了几个新军团并从西线调集部队后，德国人将重要部队投入东普鲁士。
The transportation of troops was made easier by the extraordinarily developed net of railways which Germany has at its disposal.
德国拥有极其发达的铁路网，使部队的运输变得更加容易。
"The task of the new troops sent to East Prussia was to defeat our Tenth Army, which held strongly constructed positions along the Angerapp.
“派往东普鲁士的新部队的任务是击败我们的第十集团军，该集团军沿安格拉普河占据了坚固的阵地。
To assure the success of the undertaking the Germans brought a portion of their forces from the Bzura and Rawka fronts to the right bank of the Vistula.
为了确保任务取得成功，德军将部分兵力从布祖拉和拉卡前线调往维斯瓦河右岸。
A movement of the Germans in East Prussia already became noticeable on the 4th of February, 1915.
德国人在东普鲁士的行动早在 1915 年 2 月 4 日就已经引人注目。
But the extent of this movement could only be recognized a few days later.
但这场运动的规模直到几天后才能被认识到。
As our leaders, because of the lack of railroad lines, could not collect the necessary forces on the East Prussian front with the necessary speed to meet the hostile attack adequately, they decided to take back the above-mentioned army of East Prussia to the border.
由于我们的领导人由于缺乏铁路线，无法以必要的速度在东普鲁士前线集结必要的部队来充分应对敌方的进攻，因此他们决定将上述东普鲁士军队收回边境。
In this movement of the right wing the Tenth Army, which was pressed by heavy hostile forces and threatened with being surrounded from the right, was forced to make a rapid change of alignment in the direction of Kovno.
在右翼的这次运动中，第十集团军受到敌军重兵的压制，并受到右翼包围的威胁，被迫迅速向科夫诺方向改变阵形。
In this rapid movement a corps was separated from the rest of the army.
在这种快速的运动中，一个军与其他军队分开了。
The other corps which continued the battle obstinately without interruption, slowly drew back in the prescribed direction, bravely repelling the enemy and inflicting upon him heavy losses.
其余军团顽强地继续战斗，没有间断，慢慢地按规定方向撤退，英勇击退敌人，给敌人造成重大损失。
Our troops overcame unbelievable difficulties, which were caused by the snow which filled all roads.
我们的部队克服了道路被积雪所造成的难以想象的困难。
As the streets were impassable, automobiles could not run.
由于街道无法通行，汽车无法行驶。
Trains were delayed and frequently failed to arrive at their destination.
火车延误，经常无法到达目的地。
Our corps which formed the left wing of the Tenth Army held the enemy, while drawing back step for step for nine days on a stretch of territory which ordinarily is covered in four days.
我军作为第十集团军的左翼，在通常需要四天时间才能走完的土地上，连续九天步步退缩，抵住了敌人。
On the 19th of February these corps withdrawing by way of Augustowo left the battle field and took the position assigned to them.
2月19日，这些通过奥古斯托沃撤退的军团离开战场，占领了分配给他们的阵地。
Further battles developed in the region before Ossowetz, on the roads from Lomza to Jedwabno and to the north of Radislow, also halfway between Plozk and Plonsk.
在奥索韦茨之前的地区，从洛姆扎到耶德瓦布诺的道路上以及拉迪斯洛北部（也在普洛兹克和普隆斯克之间的中间），进一步的战斗爆发了。
These battles were in places very intense."
这些战斗在一些地方非常激烈。”
An English authority says: "The chief Russian loss was in General Bulgakov's Twentieth Corps, which the German staff asserted they had completely destroyed.
一位英国权威人士表示：“俄罗斯的主要损失是布尔加科夫将军的第二十军，德国参谋部声称他们已经完全摧毁了该军。
But during the fortnight which ended on Saturday the 20th, at least half of that corps and more than two-thirds of its guns safely made their way through the Augustowo and Suwalki woods to the position which had been prepared for the Russian defense.
但在20日星期六结束的两周内，该军的至少一半和三分之二以上的火炮安全地穿过奥古斯托沃和苏瓦乌基森林，到达了为俄罗斯防御准备的阵地。
The total Russian losses may have been 80 guns and 30,000 men; they were no more.
俄罗斯总共损失了 80 门火炮和 30,000 名士兵；他们已经不复存在了。
The two southern corps, in spite of their stubborn action at Lyck, crossed the woods between Augustowo and Ossowetz without serious disaster."
尽管南方的两个军团在莱克采取了顽强的行动，但他们还是穿过了奥古斯托沃和奥索韦茨之间的树林，没有遭受严重的灾难。”
CHAPTER LI
第 6 章
BATTLES OF PRZASNYSZ--BEFORE MLAWA
普扎斯尼斯之战——姆拉瓦之前
The shattering of the Tenth Russian Army in the "winter battle" of the Mazurian Lakes was part of a greater conflict which in February, 1915, extended far down the armies on the right flank of the great Russian battle line which ran from the Baltic to the Dniester.
俄罗斯第十集团军在马祖里湖“冬季战役”中的溃败是 1915 年 2 月一场更大冲突的一部分，这场冲突延伸到从波罗的海到德涅斯特河的俄罗斯伟大战线的右翼。
A "new gigantic plan" of the Slavs was involved.
斯拉夫人的一个“新的巨大计划”涉及其中。
As interpreted by the German General Staff it meant that while the extreme northern wing of the Russian armies was to sweep westward through the projecting section of Germany, East Prussia, along the Baltic another Russian army was to advance in force from the south against the corner formed by West Prussia and the Vistula.
根据德国总参谋部的解释，这意味着俄罗斯军队的最北翼将沿着波罗的海向西横扫德国东普鲁士的突出部分，而另一支俄罗斯军队将从南部向西普鲁士和维斯瓦河形成的角落进军。
With vast masses of cavalry in the van, it was to break through the boundary between Mlawa and Thorn, and pushing northward, come into the rear of those German forces which were facing eastward against the attack aimed at East Prussia from the northeast.
以大量骑兵为先头部队，突破姆拉瓦和托恩之间的边界，向北推进，进入面向东的德军后方，抵御从东北方向对东普鲁士的进攻。
For operations in this section the Russians had favorable railway connections.
对于该地区的行动，俄罗斯人拥有有利的铁路连接。
Two railways terminating at Ostrolenka permitted the rapid unloading of large masses of troops at this point, and the line Warsaw-Mlawa-Soldau led straight into the territory aimed at by such an invasion.
两条以奥斯特罗连卡为终点的铁路可以让大批部队在此时迅速卸载，华沙-姆拉瓦-索尔道线直接进入这次入侵的目标领土。
It seemed easily credible that the Russian commander in chief did, as reported, give orders that Mlawa should be taken be the cost what it might.
据报道，俄罗斯总司令确实下令不惜一切代价拿走姆拉瓦，这似乎很容易让人相信。
The northern Russian armies based upon the fortresses of Kovno and Grodno on the Niemen had not fully started on their part of this great, well-planned undertaking when the German counteroffensive was suddenly launched with tremendous strength from the Tilsit-Insterburg-Mazurian Lakes line.
当德军突然从蒂尔西特-因斯特堡-马祖里湖防线发起巨大反攻时，以涅门河畔科夫诺和格罗德诺要塞为基地的俄罗斯北方军队还没有完全开始执行这一精心策划的伟大事业。
The disaster which followed, and which banished all hope of an advance of the Russians on this wing, has been described on a preceding page.
随后发生的灾难使俄国人在该翼推进的所有希望都破灭了，这一点已在前一页描述过。
While the Germans, using to the best advantage their net of railroads for the swift accumulation of troops, had gathered large forces on the Mazurian Lakes line, they had at the same time strengthened the troops standing on the southern boundary of West and East Prussia.
德国人充分利用铁路网迅速集结兵力，在马祖里湖地区集结了大军，同时又加强了东西普鲁士南部边界的兵力。
An artillery officer, General von Gallwitz, was placed in command of this army with orders to protect the right flank of the German armies attacking in Mazurian Land, and to prevent the expected Russian attempt at invasion in his own sector of the front.
炮兵军官冯·加维茨将军被任命为这支军队的指挥官，他的命令是保护在马祖里地区进攻的德国军队的右翼，并阻止预期的俄罗斯人入侵他自己的战线。
While the "winter battle" was raging to the east of him, Von Gallwitz in the characteristic German fashion of defense by a strong offensive moved forward up the right bank of the Vistula to Plozk.
当“冬季战役”在他的东部进行时，冯·加维茨以德国特有的防御方式，通过猛烈的进攻，沿着维斯瓦河右岸向普洛兹克前进。
A cavalry division and regiments of the Guard at Sierpe and Racionz, February 12-18, 1915, won well-earned laurels for themselves by driving an enemy of superior strength before them.
1915 年 2 月 12 日至 18 日，一个骑兵师和近卫军团在谢尔佩和拉西翁兹击败了实力占优的敌人，为自己赢得了当之无愧的桂冠。
At Dobrin, according to German report, they took 2,500 prisoners.
据德国报道，他们在多布林俘虏了 2,500 名囚犯。
General von Gallwitz's plan, however, was of more ambitious scope.
然而，冯·加维茨将军的计划具有更为雄心勃勃的范围。
It was his intention, by encircling the Russians in the territory before him from both wings, to sweep clear of enemies the entire stretch of country in the Polish triangle between the Vistula and the Orczy rivers.
他的意图是，从两翼包围俄罗斯人，扫除维斯瓦河和奥尔奇河之间波兰三角地区的整个地区的敌人。
The right wing of his troops that had come down the bank of the Vistula was to swing to the eastward in behind the Russians.
他的右翼部队从维斯瓦河沿岸下来，将向东转向俄国人的后面。
German troops which had arrived at Willenberg inside of the East Prussian boundary, one of the German concentration points on the line of railroad lying behind their front, on the other hand, received orders to descend the valley of the Orczy and to come in behind the Russian right flank from the east.
另一方面，到达东普鲁士边界内的维伦贝格的德军——德军在其战线后方的铁路线上的集中点之一——则接到命令，从奥奇河谷而下，从东面进入俄军右翼后方。
These troops, making a wide detour, swept past Przasnysz on the east, and swinging round to the south of the city attacked the Russians holding the place from this direction.
这些部队绕道远行，从东面掠过普扎斯尼什，然后转向城南，从这个方向攻击守住该地的俄军。
The Germans had understood that only small Russian forces were in the city.
德国人知道这座城市里只有少量的俄罗斯军队。
Anticipating the German movement, however, a Russian division, as the Germans learned later, had hastened to Przasnysz.
然而，正如德国人后来了解到的那样，由于预见到了德国的行动，一支俄罗斯师已经赶往普尔扎斯尼什。
The Russians also had collected large forces on the Narew, and were hurrying them toward Przasnysz on roads covering a wide front.
俄国人还在纳雷夫河上集结了大军，并在广阔的战线上将他们赶往普尔扎斯尼什。
Two full Russian corps from this line were flung upon the German left wing.
这条战线的两个完整的俄罗斯军被投入到德国左翼。
The forces of Von Gallwitz which had carried out the encircling movement from the east and south of Przasnysz now found themselves caught between two Russian armies.
冯·加勒维茨的军队从普扎斯尼什东部和南部发起了包围行动，现在发现自己被夹在两支俄罗斯军队之间。
However, they were unwilling to relinquish the booty which they had planned to seize.
然而，他们并不愿意放弃他们计划夺取的战利品。
A part of the German forces was disposed in a half circle as a defense against the Russians coming up from the south, and a division of reserves, February 24, stormed Przasnysz.
德国军队的一部分部署在半圈内，以防御来自南方的俄罗斯军队，2月24日，一个师的预备队袭击了普尔扎斯尼什。
The German Great Headquarters announced that the Germans captured 10,000 prisoners, including 57 officers, and took 36 cannon, 14 machine guns, and much war material of various sorts.
德国大司令部宣布，德军俘虏了1万名战俘，其中包括57名军官，并缴获了36门大炮、14挺机枪和大量各种战争物资。
However, the Russian troops were now pressing forward from the south with irresistible force.
然而，俄军此时正以势如破竹的势头从南面逼近。
The Germans, in consequence, slowly fell back, fighting under great difficulties, and moving northward toward their defensive lines, carrying with them their prisoners and booty.
结果，德军在巨大的困难下慢慢撤退，并带着俘虏和战利品向北向他们的防线移动。
The Russian General Staff on the first of March, 1915, devoted an explicit account to the fighting about Przasnysz which differs but slightly from the narrative by the German Great Headquarters which has in general been followed in the preceding description.
1915 年 3 月 1 日，俄罗斯总参谋部对普扎斯尼什的战斗进行了明确的描述，该描述与前面描述中大体遵循的德国大司令部的叙述略有不同。
Both sides apparently considered the operation of special importance, and as reflecting credit upon their respective troops.
双方显然都认为这次行动特别重要，并体现了对各自部队的信任。
The Russian story emphasizes the attacks made by their force on the line Lyssakowo-Chainovo simultaneously from north and south, that is, both in the flank and in the rear of the Germans to the west of Przasnysz.
俄罗斯的故事强调了他们的部队同时从南北向Lyssakowo-Chainovo线上发起的进攻，即在普扎斯内什以西的德军侧翼和后方发起的进攻。
They represent their troops in the city as having consisted of only a brigade of infantry and some insignificant cavalry units.
他们表示，他们在城里的军队只由一个步兵旅和一些微不足道的骑兵部队组成。
On the 25th of February, when the Germans had established themselves in the town, the Russians, according to their account, were pressing their enemies hard upon a long front from Krasnoseltz through Vengerzinovo, Kolatschkowo to Voliaverlowska.
2 月 25 日，当德军在该镇站稳脚跟时，据俄罗斯人称，他们正在从克拉斯诺塞尔茨经文格尔齐诺沃、科拉奇科沃到沃利亚弗洛斯卡的长条战线上向敌人猛烈逼近。
On the evening of this day they drove the Germans into positions close to the city.
这天晚上，他们把德军赶到了靠近城市的阵地上。
The Thirty-sixth German Reserve Division on the same evening is said to have met serious disaster after a determined resistance at the crossings of the Anetz.
据说，当晚，德军第三十六预备役师在阿涅茨河渡口进行顽强抵抗后，遭遇了严重灾难。
On the evening of the next day the Russians began to reenter Przasnysz, but did not completely occupy the town until the night after the 27th.
第二天晚上，俄军开始重新进入普扎斯尼什，但直到27日晚上才完全占领该镇。
"The Germans," the Russian account continues, "hereupon began a disorderly retreat, endeavoring to withdraw in the direction of Mlawa-Chorgele.
俄罗斯人继续说道，“德国人随即开始无序撤退，试图向姆拉瓦-乔尔盖莱方向撤退。
Regardless of the exhaustion consequent upon the marching they had undergone and four days of battle, our troops energetically took up the pursuit of the enemy.
尽管经过四天的行军和战斗，我军已经疲惫不堪，但我军仍奋力追击敌人。
On the 28th of February they inflicted serious losses upon his rear guard.
2月28日，他们对他的后卫造成了严重损失。
In these battles we seized a large amount of booty.
在这些战斗中，我们缴获了大量战利品。
The total number of prisoners amounts to at least 10,000." The Russians maintain that they had defeated no less than two German army corps and thrown them back to the border.
俘虏总数至少达到一万人。”俄罗斯人坚称，他们已经击败了至少两个德国军团，并将他们赶回边境。
On the 12th of March, 1915, the German Great Headquarters protested against this version of the affair, and pointed to the fact that within a few days their troops were again threatening Przasnysz, and that since giving up the city they had captured on the battle fields between the Vistula and the Orczy no less than 11,460 Russians.
1915 年 3 月 12 日，德国大司令部对这一版本的事件提出抗议，并指出，几天之内，他们的军队再次威胁普尔扎斯尼什，并且自从放弃这座城市以来，他们在维斯瓦河和奥尔奇河之间的战场上俘获了至少 11,460 名俄罗斯人。
The city of Przasnysz itself suffered heavily in these attacks and counterattacks.
普扎斯尼什市本身在这些袭击和反击中遭受了重创。
For days and nights it had lain under bombardment and repeatedly fierce, hand-to-hand combats had been fought in its streets.
几天几夜，它一直遭受轰炸，街道上不断发生激烈的肉搏战。
Most of the houses of the place were left mere heaps of smoking ruins.
这个地方的大部分房屋都只剩下一堆冒着烟的废墟。
From the German point of view this offensive just north of the Vistula which included the temporary capture of Przasnysz was a success, especially in this, that it had prevented the big Russian forward movement against the West Prussian boundary which the impending great Russian offensive had foreboded.
从德军的角度来看，这次维斯瓦河以北的攻势（包括暂时夺取普尔扎斯尼什）是一次成功，特别是它阻止了俄军向西普鲁士边界的大规模进攻，而俄军即将发起的大规模进攻正是预兆的。
It had been impossible for the Russians seriously to endanger the German flank in this section, while the Germans had struck to the east in the "winter battle," and had definitely spoiled the Russian appetite for invasion from the Kovno-Grodno line.
俄国人不可能在这一地区严重威胁德军的侧翼，而德军在“冬季战役”中向东发起进攻，肯定破坏了俄国人从科夫诺-格罗德诺线入侵的胃口。
As though determined to avenge their defeat to the east of the lakes, the Russians now continued to direct a series of fierce attacks in the direction of Mlawa, intending apparently to break through the German line of defense between Soldau and Neidenburg.
似乎决心要为湖东的失败报仇，俄罗斯人现在继续向姆拉瓦方向发起一系列猛烈进攻，显然是想突破索尔道和内登堡之间的德军防线。
It was said that the Russians believed General von Hindenburg in person to be in charge of the German forces in this sector.
据说，俄罗斯人相信冯·兴登堡将军亲自负责该地区的德国军队。
In consequence the German troops for the most part were forced to stand upon the defensive.
结果，德军大部分被迫采取守势。
In the beginning of March the Russian attacks increased steadily in violence.
3月初，俄罗斯袭击事件的暴力程度稳步上升。
They broke against the German positions to the east and south of Mlawa, according to German reports, with enormous losses.
据德国报道，他们突破了姆拉瓦东部和南部的德军阵地，损失惨重。
At Demsk, to the east of Mlawa, long rows of white stones mark common graves of masses of Russians who perished before the German barbed-wire entanglements.
在姆拉瓦以东的德姆斯克，长排的白色石头标志着在德国铁丝网纠缠中丧生的大批俄罗斯人的共同坟墓。
The Germans point to these as dumb witnesses of the disaster that overtook forty-eight Russian companies that assaulted ten German ones.
德国人指出，这些人是这场灾难的愚蠢目击者，这场灾难导致四十八家俄罗斯公司袭击了十家德国公司。
The cold weather at this time had made possible the swampy regions in which the Orczy rises, and had enabled the Russians to approach close to the German line of defense.
此时的寒冷天气使得奥奇河崛起的沼泽地区成为可能，并使俄罗斯人能够接近德国的防线。
The Russian attack at this point in the night of the 7th of March, 1915, was typical of the fighting on this line in these weeks.
1915 年 3 月 7 日夜间，俄国人发起的进攻是这几周以来该战线上战斗的典型例子。
After a thousand shells from the Russian heavy guns had descended upon and behind Demsk, a seemingly ceaseless series of infantry attacks set in.
在俄罗斯重炮发射的一千发炮弹落在德姆斯克及其后方后，一系列看似不间断的步兵攻击开始了。
They were carried close up to the lines of wire of the German defense.
他们被运送到靠近德国防御线的地方。
Enough light, however, was shed by the searchlights and light balls shot from pistols to enable the Germans to direct a destructive infantry and machine-gun fire on the approaching lines.
然而，探照灯和手枪射出的光球发出了足够的光线，使德军能够用步兵和机枪向逼近的战线发起毁灭性的射击。
Those of the Russians who did not fall, fled to the next depression in the ground.
那些没有倒下的俄罗斯人逃到了下一个洼地。
There they were held by the beams of the searchlights until daybreak.
他们被探照灯的光束困住，直到天亮。
Then they surrendered to the German patrols.
然后他们向德国巡逻队投降。
Of another attack a few kilometers farther to the north, at Kapusnik, the Germans reported that after the enemy had penetrated into their trenches and had been driven out in a desperate bayonet fight, they buried 906 Russians and 164 Germans.
在向北几公里的卡普斯尼克发动的另一次袭击中，德国人报告说，敌人深入战壕并在一场绝望的刺刀战斗中被赶走后，他们埋葬了 906 名俄罗斯人和 164 名德国人。
On the 8th of March, 1915, General von Gallwitz again tried an offensive with fresh forces which he had gathered.
1915 年 3 月 8 日，冯·加尔维茨将军再次尝试集结生力军发起进攻。
It was thwarted, however, on the 12th, to the north of Przasnysz.
然而，12 日，该行动在普扎斯尼什以北遭到挫败。
The Germans estimated the Russian forces which here were brought, up for the counterattack at some ten army corps and seven cavalry divisions.
德国人估计，前来此处进行反击的俄军约有十个军和七个骑兵师。
The Russians in advancing this time, instead of directing their thrust at Mlawa, pushed northeastward of Przasnysz along the rivers Orczy and Omulew.
这一次，俄军没有直接进攻姆拉瓦，而是沿着奥尔奇河和奥穆卢夫河向普扎斯尼什东北推进。
In this sector the Germans counted from the 13th to the 23d of March forty-six serious assaults, twenty-five in the daytime and twenty-one at night.
德军统计，从 3 月 13 日到 23 日，该地区发生了 46 次严重袭击，其中 25 次发生在白天，21 次发生在夜间。
With special fury the battles raged in the neighborhood of Jednorozez.
耶德诺罗泽兹附近的战斗异常激烈。
This attempt to break into Prussia was also unsuccessful, and in the last week of March the Russian attacks slackened, quiet ensuing for the weeks following Easter.
这次闯入普鲁士的尝试也没有成功，三月的最后一周，俄罗斯的进攻有所减弱，复活节后的几周内陷入了平静。
For six weeks the armies had struggled back and forth in this bloody angle, fighting in cold and wet, amid snow and icy rains.
六个星期以来，军队在这个血腥的角落里来回挣扎，在寒冷、潮湿、冰雪和冰雨中作战。
The Germans asserted that in these six weeks the troops of General von Gallwitz had captured 43,000 Russians and slain some 25,000.
德国人声称，在这六周内，冯·加维茨将军的军队俘虏了 43,000 名俄罗斯人，并杀死了大约 25,000 人。
They estimated the total losses of the enemy in this sector during the period at 100,000.
他们估计这一时期敌人在该地区的总损失为10万人。
Countless graves scattered about the land, and the ruins of cities and villages were left to keep awake the memory of some of the fiercest fighting of the war in the east.
无数的坟墓散布在这片土地上，城市和村庄的废墟依然唤醒着人们对东部战争中一些最激烈战斗的记忆。
CHAPTER LII
第十三章
FIGHTING BEFORE THE NIEMEN AND BOBR--BOMBARDMENT OF OSSOWETZ
尼门和博布尔之前的战斗——轰炸奥索韦茨
The winter battles of the Mazurian Lakes had forced the armies at the northern end of the Russian right flank back into their great fortresses Kovno and Grodno, and behind the line of the Niemen and the Bobr.
马祖里湖的冬季战斗迫使俄罗斯右翼北端的军队退回到他们的大要塞科夫诺和格罗德诺，以及涅门河和博布尔河的后方。
A great forest region lies to the east and north of Grodno, and between the Niemen and the cities of Augustowo and Suwalki which the Germans, after their successful offensive, used as bases for their operations.
格罗德诺以东和以北有一片大森林区，位于涅门和奥古斯托沃市和苏瓦乌基市之间，德军在进攻成功后将其用作行动基地。
A strip of country including these forests, and running parallel to the Niemen was a sort of no-man's land in the spring of 1915.
1915 年春天，一片包括这些森林、与涅门河平行的乡村地带是一片无人区。
Movements of troops in the heavily wooded country were difficult to observe, and the conditions lent themselves to surprise attacks.
在这个森林茂密的地区，军队的行动很难观察，而且这种情况很容易遭到突然袭击。
This resulted in a warfare of alternate thrusts by Russians and Germans aimed now at this point, now at that, in the disputed territory.
这导致了俄罗斯人和德国人在有争议的领土上时而针对这一点，时而针对那一点的交替进攻。
Several actions during the spring stand out beyond the rest in importance, both because of the numbers engaged and their effects.
春季期间的几项行动因其参与人数及其影响而显得格外重要。
In what follows will be described a typical offensive movement in this district undertaken by the Russians, and the way it was met by the Germans.
下面将描述俄罗斯人在该地区发起的典型进攻行动以及德国人的反击方式。
A new Russian Tenth Army had been organized by the end of February, 1915, with Grodno for its base.
1915 年 2 月底，一支新的俄罗斯第十集团军组建完毕，以格罗德诺为基地。
General Sievers, his chief of staff, and the general in command of the Third Russian Army Corps had been demoted from their commands, and three new army corps (Two, Three, and Fifteen) had been brought to Grodno.
西弗斯将军、他的参谋长和俄罗斯第三军团的指挥官被降职，三个新的军团（第二军团、第三军团和第十五军团）被调往格罗德诺。
The ranks of the remaining corps that had suffered in the "winter battle" had been filled up with fresh recruits.
那些在“冬季战斗”中遭受损失的剩余军团的队伍中已经补充了新兵。
Hardly had the German pursuit in the forest of Augustowo come to an end when the freshly strengthened Russians moved forward from their defensive lines in a counterattack.
德军在奥古斯托沃森林中的追击刚结束，刚刚增援的俄军就从他们的防线发起反击。
The Germans had been engaged in the task of gathering and carting away their enormous booty which lay scattered about the forest.
德国人一直致力于收集和运走散落在森林各处的大量战利品。
They now drew back from in front of the Russian fortified lines to prepare positions close to Augustowo, and on a line running roughly north and south from this place, with the forest in front of them.
他们现在从俄罗斯的防御线前面撤退，准备靠近奥古斯托沃的阵地，并沿着从这个地方大致向北和向南延伸的防线，前面是森林。
The Third Russian Army Corps advanced from Simno toward Lozdsisjo, their Second Army Corps from Grodno by way of Kopiewo and Sejny toward Krasnopol and other Russian corps advanced through the forest of Augustowo.
俄罗斯第三集团军从西姆诺向洛兹德西舍前进，第二集团军从格罗德诺经科皮耶沃和塞伊内向克拉斯诺波尔前进，其他俄罗斯军则穿过奥古斯都沃森林。
Here they soon struck strong German resistance, and for several days vainly attacked German fortified positions.
在这里，他们很快就遭遇了德军的顽强抵抗，并连续几天徒劳地攻击德军的防御工事。
On the 9th of March, 1915, a German offensive began against the Russian Third Corps which held the right wing of the advancing army.
1915 年 3 月 9 日，德军开始对俄罗斯第三军发起进攻，该军占据了前进军队的右翼。
When this corps suddenly found itself threatened in the flank from the north and in danger of being surrounded it hastily began to retreat toward the east and southeast, leaving several hundred prisoners and several machine guns in the hands of the Germans.
当这支军团突然发现自己的侧翼受到来自北方的威胁并面临被包围的危险时，他们急忙开始向东部和东南部撤退，留下了德军手中的数百名俘虏和几挺机枪。
This withdrawal exposed the right flank of the adjoining Second Army Corps, which by this time, March 9, 1915, had reached Berzniki and Giby.
这次撤退暴露了毗邻的第二军团的右翼，此时，1915 年 3 月 9 日，该军团已到达别尔兹尼基和吉比。
The German attack was now continued against this corps.
德军现在继续对这个军团发起进攻。
It was cold weather, the thermometer was considerably below the freezing point, and the roads were slippery with ice, so that dozens of horses fell, completely exhausted, and the infantry could march only two or three kilometers an hour.
天气寒冷，气温远低于冰点，路面结冰湿滑，几十匹马倒下，筋疲力尽，步兵每小时只能行进两三公里。
On March 9 and 10, 1915, the battle flamed up at Sejny and Berzniki, the Russian corps, which had developed its front toward the west, being forced to swing about and face the north, whence the Germans were driving down upon it.
1915 年 3 月 9 日至 10 日，战斗在塞伊内和别尔兹尼基爆发，原本向西展开战线的俄罗斯军被迫转向北面，而德军则从那里向北进攻。
At Berzniki two Russian regiments made up entirely of young troops were, according to the German account, completely annihilated, and the commanders of the regiments captured.
根据德国的说法，在别尔兹尼基，两个完全由年轻士兵组成的俄罗斯团被彻底歼灭，团长被俘。
It seemed as though the leader of the Russian armies saw approaching a repetition of the encircling movements that had proved fatal to the Russians in the Mazurian "winter battle," for on the 10th of March he gave orders for the withdrawal of his entire army.
俄罗斯军队的领导人似乎看到了在马祖里“冬季战役”中对俄罗斯人致命的包围行动即将重演，因为他在3月10日下令全军撤出。
The German airmen on this day reported the Russian columns on the march through the forest in full retreat toward Grodno all along the line from Giby to Sztabiz, far to the south.
德国飞行员当天报告说，俄罗斯纵队正在穿过森林，沿着从吉比到遥远南方的什塔比兹的路线，向格罗德诺全面撤退。
On the 11th of March, 1915, the German troops vigorously pushed the pursuit.
1915年3月11日，德军猛烈追击。
They occupied Makarze, Froncki, and Giby.
他们占领了马卡泽、弗龙茨基和吉比。
On the same night a German cavalry division took Kopciovo by assault.
同一天晚上，一个德国骑兵师突击占领了科普乔沃。
At this place alone they counted 300 dead Russians, and more than 5,000 prisoners, 12 machine guns, and 3 cannon, fell into the hands of the Germans.
仅在这个地方，他们就有300名俄罗斯人死亡，超过5000名囚犯、12挺机枪和3门大炮落入德国人手中。
The threatened envelopment of this Russian army was typical of the method employed by the leaders under Von Hindenburg in local operations, as it was of German method in general when applied to operations extending over the entire field of action.
对这支俄罗斯军队的威胁包围是冯·兴登堡领导下的领导人在局部行动中所采用的典型方法，因为当应用于扩展到整个行动领域的行动时，它通常是德国的方法。
It could be applied with special success where the German information service was superior to that of the Russians, as it usually was, and the movements of German troops were facilitated by good railway connections.
在德国信息服务优于俄罗斯的情况下（通常如此），并且良好的铁路连接促进了德国军队的行动，它可以取得特别成功。
In the Augustowo forests, however, rapidity of movement had to be achieved by the legs of the German soldiers to a large extent, and on this they prided themselves not a little.
然而，在奥古斯托沃森林中，德国士兵的行动速度在很大程度上必须依靠双腿来实现，他们对此感到非常自豪。
The operation just described was regarded by the German Great Headquarters as being of great significance, valuable for its moral effect in establishing in the German troops a sense of superiority, and confidence in their leadership, and for its infliction of material losses of considerable moment on the Russians.
德国大司令部认为刚才描述的行动具有重大意义，因为它在德军中建立了优越感和领导信心方面产生了道德影响，并且给俄国人造成了相当大的物质损失。
The Russians likewise claimed advantages from their forward thrust from Grodno.
俄罗斯人同样声称从格罗德诺的向前推进中获得了优势。
As represented by the Russian General Staff the withdrawal of the Germans from a front close to the line of the fortress in the first place was not a voluntary one, as it is pictured in the German account, but was forced by the strong pressure exerted by the Russian attacks following upon their retreat after the "winter battle." Thus they report the complete defeat of two German army corps, resulting in the seizure by the Russians of Height 100.3, which they described as dominating the entire region of the operations before Grodno.
俄罗斯总参谋部表示，德军从靠近要塞线的前线撤退，一开始并不是德军的自愿撤退，而是在“冬季战役”后撤退后，迫于俄军进攻所施加的强大压力而被迫的。因此，他们报告说，德国的两个军团被彻底击败，导致俄罗斯占领了100.3高地，他们称该高地控制了格罗德诺之前的整个行动地区。
"In this battle," says the Russian report of March 5, 1915, "we took 1,000 prisoners and six cannon and a machine gun.
1915 年 3 月 5 日的俄罗斯报告称：“在这场战斗中，我们俘获了 1000 名俘虏、六门大炮和一挺机枪。
Height 100.3 was defended by the Twenty-first Corps, the best of them all which lost during the battle 12,000 to 15,000 soldiers, as can be estimated from the dead left behind.
100.3高地由第21军保卫，这是他们中最优秀的部队，在战斗中损失了12,000至15,000名士兵，这一点可以从留下的阵亡者中估计出来。
After the shattering of the German counterattack at Height 100.3 the operations of the enemy became entirely passive.
德军在100.3高地的反击被粉碎后，敌军的行动完全陷入被动。
We, on the other hand, took village after village, and everywhere made prisoners."
另一方面，我们占领了一个又一个村庄，到处都关押囚犯。”
The fortress of Ossowetz on the Bobr River proved inconquerable by the 42-centimeter mortars which had worked such terrific effects on the forts of Belgium and France.
事实证明，博布尔河上的奥索韦茨要塞是无法被 42 厘米迫击炮攻克的，这种迫击炮曾对比利时和法国的要塞产生过巨大的影响。
It was continually under German artillery fire through the months of February and March, 1915, without suffering appreciable damage.
1915 年 2 月和 3 月期间，它一直受到德国炮火的攻击，但没有受到明显损坏。
The great mortars were brought up within range of the fortress with much difficulty, owing to the fact that the place is almost completely surrounded by swamps.
由于这个地方几乎完全被沼泽包围，大型迫击炮很难进入要塞的射程。
The Germans apparently had counted seriously at first on making a breach in the Russian defensive lines at this place.
德国人显然一开始就认真考虑要突破俄罗斯在这个地方的防线。
After persistent attempts to make an impression on the fortress with their heaviest guns they were obliged, however, to content themselves with keeping the garrison in check so as to forestall offensive moves.
然而，在不断尝试用最重的火炮给要塞留下印象之后，他们不得不满足于控制驻军，以阻止进攻行动。
A German artillery officer who took part in the bombardment relates that the chief obstacle to the pressing home of an attack were several heavily armored batteries which lay concealed outside the visible works of the fortress itself in the broad strip of swampland surrounding it.
一名参与轰炸的德国炮兵军官表示，进攻的主要障碍是几个重装甲炮台，这些炮台隐藏在要塞周围宽阔的沼泽地中，隐藏在要塞本身可见的建筑之外。
These were built deep into the ground, protected by thick earthworks, and very effectively screened from observation.
它们建在地下深处，由厚厚的土方工程保护，并且非常有效地屏蔽观察。
They were a constant menace and apparently could not be destroyed by the German fire.
它们是一种持续的威胁，显然无法被德国的炮火摧毁。
Even though the main fort itself had been destroyed they would have prevented the approach of the enemy's troops, for they commanded the only causeway leading through the swamps to the fortress and would have blown to pieces any infantry that ventured to push along this road.
即使主要堡垒本身已被摧毁，他们也能阻止敌军的接近，因为他们控制着穿过沼泽到达堡垒的唯一堤道，任何敢于沿着这条路推进的步兵都会被炸成碎片。
Furthermore, even the intense cold did not make the swamp passable except by the roadway because warm springs here and there prevented the ice from freezing sufficiently strong to bear the troops.
此外，即使是严寒，沼泽地也无法通行，只能通过道路，因为各处温暖的泉水阻止了冰冻得足以承载部队。
The German gunners noted too that their shots fell practically without effect, plunging quietly into the mud to a great depth so that they did not even throw up earth or mud.
德国炮手还指出，他们的炮弹几乎没有任何效果，静静地扎入泥土很深，以至于他们甚至没有吐出泥土或泥土。
The result was that the 42-centimeter monsters were hastily withdrawn after a few trial shots and the bombardment was continued with a battery of 28-centimeter coast defense guns, an Austrian motor battery, a 30.5-centimeter mortar and some other heavy batteries.
结果，42厘米怪物在试射了几次后就匆匆撤走了，并用一个28厘米海防炮连、一个奥地利机动炮连、一门30.5厘米迫击炮和其他一些重炮继续轰炸。
The fire rose to considerable intensity in the last days of February and the first days of March.
火灾在二月最后几天和三月第一天变得相当严重。
On the 3d of March the Russians in their official report dwelt on the fierceness of the bombardment and its ineffectiveness.
3 月 3 日，俄罗斯人在其官方报告中详细阐述了轰炸的猛烈性和无效性。
On the 16th they reported that the Germans were pushing several of their batteries up into closer range, as they had recognized the uselessness of shooting from a greater distance and on the 18th they stated that the fire was falling off.
16日，他们报告说，德国人正在将他们的几个炮台推近，因为他们已经认识到从更远的距离射击是没有用的，18日，他们表示火势正在减弱。
On the 22d, finally, they reported that beginning with the 21st the Germans had been withdrawing their heavy batteries.
最后，22 日，他们报告称，从 21 日开始，德军已开始撤回重炮。
They added that a 42-centimeter mortar had been damaged by the Russian fire, and that "not a single shot of these mortars has reached the fortress, not a redoubt has been penetrated.
他们补充说，一门 42 厘米迫击炮已被俄罗斯炮火损坏，“这些迫击炮中没有一发炮弹击中要塞，也没有击穿任何堡垒。
The superiority of the artillery fire evidently rests with us.
炮火的优势显然在于我们。
The German attack was not only far removed from placing the fortifications of Ossowetz in a critical position, it did not even succeed in driving our infantry out of the field works."
德军的进攻不仅远没有将奥索韦茨的防御工事置于关键位置，甚至没有成功地将我们的步兵赶出野战工事。”
On the 27th of March there was a resumption of the bombardment on a small scale and another effort began on April 11 with some heavy guns, ending in an attempted advance which was repulsed without difficulty by the Russians.
3 月 27 日，恢复了小规模的轰炸，4 月 11 日，又开始了另一次攻击，使用了一些重炮，最终以一次试图推进的行动告终，但被俄罗斯人毫不费力地击退。
CHAPTER LIII
第十三章
RUSSIAN RAID ON MEMEL
俄罗斯袭击梅梅尔
An event in which no great number of troops were concerned, but which is of importance, because of the feeling which it aroused in Germany and because it was the first of a series of operations in what was practically a new theatre of the war was the Russian invasion of the very northernmost tip of East Prussia.
俄罗斯入侵东普鲁士最北端，虽然没有涉及大量军队，但却很重要，因为它在德国引起了轰动，也因为这是在实际上是新战区的一系列行动中的第一步。
On Thursday, the 18th of March, 1915, the Russians coming simultaneously from the north and the east across the border of Courland, moved on the Prussian city of Memel in several columns.
1915 年 3 月 18 日星期四，俄军同时从北部和东部越过库尔兰边境，分几路纵队向普鲁士城市梅梅尔进发。
Their troops included seven battalions of militia with six or eight guns of an old model, several squadrons of mounted men, two companies of marines, a battalion of a reserve regiment, and border defense troops from Riga and Libau, a total of some 6,000 to 10,000 men.
他们的部队包括七个营的民兵，六八门老式枪支，几个骑兵中队，两个海军陆战队连，一个预备团营，以及来自里加和利鲍的边防部队，总共约六千到一万人。
The German Landsturm troops at the Prussian boundary fell back on Memel, not being in sufficient force to resist the advance.
普鲁士边境的德国陆地突击部队撤退到梅梅尔，因为没有足够的兵力来抵抗进攻。
They were finally driven through the city and across the narrow strip of water known as the Kurische Haff to the dunes along the shore of the Baltic.
最后，他们被驱车穿过城市，穿过被称为库里什哈夫的狭窄水域，到达波罗的海沿岸的沙丘。
The Russians burned down numerous buildings along the roads on which they approached, according to the German report, inflicting heavy damage on fifteen villages.
据德国报告称，俄罗斯人烧毁了他们逼近的道路沿线的许多建筑物，对 15 个村庄造成了严重破坏。
A considerable number of the inhabitants, including women and children, were removed to Russia, and a number of civilians were killed.
包括妇女和儿童在内的相当多的居民被转移到俄罗斯，一些平民被杀害。
The troops entered the city on the evening of March 18 and took the mayor and three other men of the town as hostages.
3月18日晚，部队进入该市，并劫持了该镇市长和另外三名男子作为人质。
Apparently the Russian commander made some efforts to restrain his men, but plundering of stores and dwellings nevertheless occurred.
显然，俄罗斯指挥官做出了一些努力来限制他的士兵，但对商店和住宅的掠夺仍然发生了。
On the 20th of March, 1915, the city was for a time cleared of Russian troops, but on Sunday, the 21st, other soldiers entered the town from the north.
1915 年 3 月 20 日，该城一度清除了俄罗斯军队，但在 21 日星期日，其他士兵从北部进入该镇。
These were met by German patrols, which were followed by stronger German forces that had come up from the south to drive back the invaders.
德国巡逻队遇到了这些人，随后是从南方赶来的更强大的德国军队，击退了入侵者。
Street fighting followed, and the Russians were finally thrown out, losing about 150 dead.
随后发生巷战，俄军最终被赶出，并造成约 150 人死亡。
The Russians were pursued on March 22 and 23, 1915, and in passing through Polangen, close to the shore of the Baltic, came under the fire of German cruisers.
1915 年 3 月 22 日至 23 日，俄罗斯人遭到追击，在经过波罗的海沿岸附近的波兰根时，遭到德国巡洋舰的攻击。
They lost some 500 prisoners, 3 guns, 3 machine guns, and ammunition wagons.
他们损失了大约 500 名囚犯、3 支枪、3 挺机枪和弹药车。
With the German troops which cleared the Russians out of Memel was the son of the emperor, Prince Joachim of Prussia.
随德国军队将俄国人赶出梅梅尔的是皇帝的儿子普鲁士约阿希姆亲王。
Concerning this raid the following official announcement was made by the Germans on March 18, 1915: "Russian militia troops have gained a cheap success in the northernmost corner of East Prussia in the direction of Memel.
关于这次袭击，德国人于 1915 年 3 月 18 日发布了以下官方声明：“俄罗斯民兵在东普鲁士最北角梅梅尔方向取得了廉价胜利。
They have plundered and burned villages and farms.
他们掠夺并烧毁了村庄和农场。
As a penalty, we have ordered the cities occupied by us in Russian territory to pay considerable sums in damages.
作为惩罚，我们已命令我们在俄罗斯领土上占领的城市支付巨额赔偿金。
For every village or farm burned down by these hordes on German soil three villages or farms of the territory occupied by us in Russia will be given over to the flames.
在德国土地上，每被这些游牧民族烧毁一个村庄或农场，我们在俄罗斯占领的领土上就有三个村庄或农场将被付诸大火。
Each act of damage in Memel will be answered by the burning of Russian Government buildings in Suwalki and other capitals of governments."
梅梅尔的每一次破坏行为都将通过焚烧位于苏瓦乌基和其他政府首都的俄罗斯政府大楼来回应。”
To this the following Russian official reply was made on March 21, 1915: "The official communique of the German Great Headquarters of the 18th of March concerning the movement of Russian troops against Memel contains a threat of reprisals to be exacted on Russian villages and cities held by the enemy on account of the losses which might be suffered by the population in the neighborhood of Memel.
1915 年 3 月 21 日，俄罗斯官方对此做出了如下答复：“德国总司令部 3 月 18 日关于俄罗斯军队向梅梅尔进军的官方公报中威胁要对敌人占领的俄罗斯村庄和城市进行报复，因为梅梅尔附近的居民可能遭受损失。
The Russian General Staff gives public notice that Memel was openly defended by hostile troops, and that battle was offered in the streets.
俄罗斯总参谋部向公众发出通知，称梅梅尔受到敌对军队的公开保卫，并且这场战斗是在街头进行的。
Since the civil population took part in this fight our troops were compelled to reply with corresponding measures.
由于平民参与了这场战斗，我们的军队被迫采取相应措施进行反击。
If, therefore, the German troops should carry out their threat against the peaceful inhabitants of the Russian territory which they hold, such acts should be considered not as reprisals but as independent acts.
因此，如果德国军队对他们所控制的俄罗斯领土上的和平居民实施威胁，这种行为不应被视为报复，而应被视为独立行为。
Responsibility for this, as well as for the consequences, would rest upon the Germans."
对此及其后果的责任将由德国人承担。”
The move against Memel was apparently part of a Russian operation which was intended also to strike at the city of Tilsit.
针对梅梅尔的行动显然是俄罗斯行动的一部分，该行动也旨在袭击蒂尔西特市。
The German Great Headquarters reported that for operations intended to seize the northern regions of East Prussia a so-called Riga-Shavli army group had been formed under the command of General Apuchtin.
德国大司令部报告说，为了实施夺取东普鲁士北部地区的行动，在阿普钦将军的指挥下，已经组建了一个所谓的里加-沙夫利集团军群。
While portions of these troops were active in Memel on March 18, 1915, the fourteen German Landsturm companies holding Tauroggen, just to the north of the East Prussian boundary, were attacked by superior forces and practically surrounded.
1915 年 3 月 18 日，当这些部队的部分部队在梅梅尔活跃时，占据东普鲁士边界以北陶罗根的 14 个德国陆地突击连遭到优势部队的攻击，几乎被包围。
They fought their way through to Langszargen with some difficulty, and were being pressed back on the road to Tilsit when on March 23 German reenforcements came up and General von Pappritz, leading the Germans, went over to the offensive.
他们艰难地杀到朗斯扎尔根，并在前往蒂尔西特的路上被逼退，这时德军增援部队于 3 月 23 日赶到，冯·帕普里茨将军率领德军转入进攻。
A heavy thaw made movement of troops anywhere except on the main roads extremely difficult.
严重的解冻使得部队在除主要道路之外的任何地方的行动都变得极其困难。
Guns were left stuck in the mud, and the infantry waded to the knee in water, and sometimes to the waist.
枪被困在泥里，步兵涉水齐膝，有时甚至齐腰。
It is reported that one of the horses of the artillery literally was drowned on the road.
据报道，炮兵的一匹马确实在路上被淹死了。
Germans attacked Tauroggen, where the enemy had intrenched himself, under an artillery fire directed from the church tower of the place.
德国人在教堂塔楼的炮火下攻击了敌军据守的陶罗根。
On the 28th the town was taken, after a difficult crossing of the Jura River in front of it, on the ice.
28日，在艰难地渡过前面的汝拉河后，该镇在冰面上被占领。
The Germans then exulted in the fact that not a Russian was left on German soil.
德国人欣喜若狂，因为德国土地上没有留下一个俄罗斯人。
CHAPTER LIV
第四章
GERMAN INVASION OF COURLAND--CAPTURE OF LIBAU
德国入侵库尔兰--占领利包
On the 20th of April, 1915, an announcement was made by the German Great Headquarters which took the Russians and the world in general more or less by surprise.
1915 年 4 月 20 日，德国大司令部发布的一项公告或多或少让俄罗斯人和全世界感到惊讶。
It gave the first glimpse to the public of a group of operations which caused no little speculation in the minds of strategists.
它让公众第一次看到了一系列行动，这些行动在战略家们的心中引起了不小的猜测。
It read:
上面写着：
"The advance troops of our forces operating in northwestern Russia yesterday reached on a broad front the railway running from Dunaburg (Dvinsk) to Libau.
“我们在俄罗斯西北部作战的先头部队昨天到达了从杜纳堡（德文斯克）到利鲍的铁路的广阔战线上。
Thus far the Russian troops present in that region, including also the remnants of those which took part in the raid against Memel, have attempted no serious resistance anywhere.
迄今为止，驻扎在该地区的俄罗斯军队，包括参加袭击梅梅尔的部队的残余人员，在任何地方都没有试图进行认真的抵抗。
Fighting is now in progress near Shavli."
目前，沙夫利附近的战斗正在进行。”
The advance into Courland here announced had been made by the German troops at high speed.
这里宣布的向库尔兰的进军是德军高速推进的。
The forces were under the command of General von Lauenstein.
这支部队由冯·劳恩斯坦将军指挥。
They had begun to move early on the 27th of April, in three columns.
他们于 4 月 27 日一早开始行动，分三路纵队。
One of these crossed the Niemen at Schmalleningken, forming the right wing of the troops engaged in the movement.
其中一支在施马莱宁根越过涅门河，组成了参与运动的部队的右翼。
The columns of the left wing broke out of East Prussia at its northernmost point, and moved along the dunes of the Baltic.
左翼的纵队从东普鲁士最北端突破，沿着波罗的海的沙丘前进。
On the second day of the forward march it was learned by the leaders of the advancing troops that the Russians had hastily left their position at Skawdwile, on the main road from Tilsit to Mitau, to escape being surrounded on their left flank, and had withdrawn to Shavli by way of Heilmy.
在前进的第二天，先头部队的领导人获悉，俄军为了躲避左翼的包围，已匆忙离开位于从蒂尔西特到米陶的主要道路上的斯考德威勒阵地，并经海尔米撤至沙夫利。
On the third day the German right column crossed the Windawski Canal under the enemy's fire, and on the afternoon of the 30th of April this column entered Shavli, which had been set on fire by the Russians.
第三天，德军右翼纵队在敌军火力下越过温达夫斯基运河，4月30日下午，该纵队进入被俄军纵火焚烧的沙夫利。
[Illustration: German Advance on Riga.]
[插图：德军向里加推进。]
The Germans had now crossed at several points the Libau-Dunaburg railway.
德国人现在已经在几个地点穿越了利鲍-杜纳堡铁路。
They were in Telsche and Trischki.
他们在特尔舍和特里什基。
Their cavalry pushed ahead at full speed with orders to destroy the railways wherever it found them.
他们的骑兵全速前进，奉命摧毁任何发现铁路的地方。
On the road to Mitau they captured Russian machine guns, ammunition wagons, and baggage, and broke up the railway tracks to the southwest and northwest of Shavli.
在前往米陶的路上，他们缴获了俄罗斯机枪、弹药车和辎重，并破坏了沙夫利西南和西北的铁轨。
The Russians who had been taken by surprise by this movement had apparently only weak forces in Courland, and these had retired while reenforcements were being rushed up by railway.
被这次行动打得措手不及的俄国人显然在库尔兰只有微弱的兵力，这些兵力已经撤退，而增援部队正在通过铁路赶来。
The German infantry, upon the receipt of reports that the Russians were moving up by rail from Kovno on their right flank, was ordered to stop its advance and prepare to hold the Dubissa line, taking up a front running a little east of south.
德国步兵接到报告称，俄军正从其右翼的科夫诺乘铁路向上推进，德国步兵奉命停止前进，准备守住杜比萨防线，在南边稍东一点的地方建立一条战线。
Cavalry moving forward in the center of the German advance on the 3d of May, 1915, got within two kilometers of Mitau, going beyond Gruenhof and capturing 2,000 Russians.
1915 年 5 月 3 日，骑兵在德军进攻中心前进，进入距米托两公里以内的地方，越过格伦霍夫并俘虏了 2,000 名俄军。
At Skaisgiry on the day before 1,000 prisoners had been taken, and Janischki and Shagory had been occupied far beyond the Libau-Dunaburg railway.
前一天，斯凯斯吉里有 1,000 名囚犯被俘虏，贾尼施基和沙戈里也被占领，距离利包-杜纳堡铁路很远。
By this time Russian reenforcements were arriving at Mitau in huge numbers.
此时，大批俄罗斯增援部队已抵达米陶。
The German cavalry ultimately fell back after indicting all possible damage to the communications in their reach.
德国骑兵在发现其范围内所有可能的通讯损坏后最终撤退。
The Germans prided themselves a good deal on the marching of their troops in this swift advance.
德国人对他们的部队在这次快速推进中的表现感到非常自豪。
They pointed out that the roads were in extremely bad condition, the bridges for the most destroyed, and the population to a large extent hostile.
他们指出，道路状况极其恶劣，桥梁被毁坏最严重，而且人们在很大程度上怀有敌意。
A military correspondent figured that for a daily march of fifty kilometers, such as was frequently made in Courland, 62,000 steps of an average of eighty centimeters were required.
一位军事记者计算出，每天行军 50 公里（就像在库尔兰经常进行的那样）需要 62,000 步，平均 80 厘米。
This for a day's march of from nine to ten hours gives an average of five to six kilometers per hour, some 6,000 to 7,000 steps.
一天的行军时间为 9 到 10 小时，平均每小时 5 到 6 公里，大约 6,000 到 7,000 步。
That makes in the neighborhood of 100 steps per minute, which the correspondent regarded as a considerable accomplishment when allowance is made for the fact that this was kept up hour after hour in full marching equipment.
这使得每分钟大约 100 步，考虑到在全套行军装备下一小时又一小时地保持这一事实，记者认为这是一项相当大的成就。
The column coming from Memel, directed along the Baltic shores, had been steadily moving on Libau.
从梅梅尔出发，沿着波罗的海沿岸指挥的纵队一直在利鲍稳步前进。
In preparation for the land attack German naval vessels on the 29th of April had bombarded the forts defending the town.
为了准备对陆攻击，德国海军舰艇于 4 月 29 日轰炸了保卫该镇的堡垒。
On the 6th of May the Russians themselves blew up one of the forts on the eastern front.
5 月 6 日，俄罗斯人自己炸毁了东线的一座堡垒。
The shore batteries were soon after silenced by German fire.
岸上炮台很快就被德国炮火压制住了。
The German troops advancing from the land side took the forts on the south almost without opposition.
从陆地进攻的德军几乎没有遇到抵抗就占领了南部的堡垒。
Russian troops which had been unloaded at Mitau and sent forward toward the southwest were unable to come up in time to offer any obstacles to the German advance, and on the 8th of May, at six o'clock in the morning, the German soldiers marched into Libau, where they took about 1,500 prisoners, twelve guns, and a number of machine guns.
在米托卸货并向西南方向前进的俄军无法及时赶上来对德军的前进构成任何障碍，5月8日早上6点，德军士兵开进利鲍，在那里俘虏了大约1500名俘虏，并配备了12门枪和多挺机枪。
The Germans immediately turned the metal-working plants of the city to their uses in the manufacture of chains, barbed wire, etc. They also found here a large supply of tools for intrenching work.
德国人立即将这座城市的金属加工厂用于制造链条、铁丝网等。他们还在这里发现了大量用于构筑工事的工具。
Most of the Russians of the city had fled.
该市的大多数俄罗斯人都已逃离。
One motive for the German advance into Courland advanced by their enemies was that it was an attempt to include a rich section of country in foraging operations, and it is a fact that the German authorities gave expression to their satisfaction at seizing a region that was of considerable economic value.
德国人向库尔兰进军的敌人提出的一个动机是，试图将该国的富裕地区纳入掠夺行动，事实上，德国当局对夺取这一具有相当经济价值的地区表示满意。
It is apparent, however, in regarding these operations in the retrospect that they had no small bearing on the German plan of campaign as a whole.
然而，显然，回顾这些行动，它们对德国整个战役计划的影响不小。
It was at the time that the inroad into Courland was started that the signal was about to be given for the great onslaught far to the south on the Dunajec, as described in the account of the Austro-Russian campaign.
正如奥俄战役的描述中所描述的那样，正是在开始入侵库尔兰的时候，即将发出向南远方对杜纳耶茨发起猛攻的信号。
As the vast campaign along the whole eastern front developed, it became more and more apparent that the position of the German troops in Courland placed them advantageously for taking the Russian line of defenses, of which the fortress of Kovno represented the northern end in the flank in this carrying out of an important part of the vast encircling movement which took all Poland in its grasp.
随着整个东部战线的大规模战役的展开，德军在库尔兰的位置越来越明显，这使他们有利于占领俄罗斯的防线，而科夫诺要塞代表了俄罗斯防线侧翼的北端，这是这场将整个波兰纳入其手中的大规模包围行动的重要组成部分。
They were a constant threat to the all-important Vilna-Petrograd Railway.
他们对至关重要的维尔纳-彼得格勒铁路构成持续威胁。
In hostile and neutral countries the Courland invasion provoked comment indicating astonishment at the resources of the Teutonic powers in being able to extend their lines while already fully engaged on an enormous front.
在敌对国家和中立国家中，库尔兰入侵引起了评论，表明人们对条顿强国的资源感到惊讶，因为条顿强国在已经全面参与了巨大战线的情况下能够延伸他们的战线。
The Russians, awakening from their first astonishment, made vigorous attempts to obtain permanent possession of the Dubissa line.
俄罗斯人从最初的惊讶中醒悟过来，积极尝试永久占领杜比萨防线。
Along this line the German troops were for a time forced to yield ground and to go into the defensive and to resist heavy Russian attacks.
沿着这条线，德国军队一度被迫屈服并进入防御状态，抵御俄罗斯的猛烈进攻。
Shavli was given up under Russian pressure.
沙夫利在俄罗斯的压力下被放弃。
By May 14, all the territory east of the Dubissa and Windau (Vindowa) was reported free of Germans.
到 5 月 14 日，据报道杜比萨河和温道瓦 (Vindowa) 以东的所有领土上都没有德国人了。
Especially noteworthy among the struggles for the Dubissa was the fight at Rossiennie, a town which was of special importance because of its command of the roads centering in it.
在争夺杜比萨的斗争中，特别值得注意的是罗西尼的战斗，该镇因其控制以该镇为中心的道路而显得尤为重要。
On the 22d of May, 1915, an attack was delivered against this place by the First Caucasian Rifle Brigade with artillery and assisted by the Fifteenth Cavalry Division.
1915年5月22日，高加索第一步枪旅在骑兵第十五师的协助下，用炮兵向此地发起进攻。
On the 23d the German cavalry which had resisted their crossing the river drew back, and the Russians here crossed the Dubissa, approaching Rossiennie from the north.
23日，抵抗渡河的德军骑兵撤退，俄军则在此渡过杜比萨河，从北面逼近罗西尼。
The Germans during the night moved the greater part of their troops around the western wing of their opponents and placed them in position for attack.
夜间，德军将大部分部队调到对手西翼周围，并将其部署在进攻位置。
At daybreak heavy artillery fire was poured upon the Russians from the German position to the north of Rossiennie, while at the same time the German infantry fell upon the Russian flank and rolled it up, with the result that the Russians were compelled to recross the Dubissa.
黎明时分，猛烈的炮火从罗西尼以北的德军阵地向俄军猛烈射击，同时德军步兵攻击俄军侧翼并将其卷起，结果俄军被迫重新渡过杜比萨河。
In the crossing numerous wounded were drowned in the river.
在渡河过程中，许多伤员被淹死在河里。
The Germans took 2,500 prisoners and fifteen machine guns.
德国人俘虏了 2,500 名俘虏和 15 挺机枪。
Similar counterattacks were delivered by the Germans on the River Wenta.
德国人在文塔河上也进行了类似的反击。
Then, on the 5th of June, 1915, a general offensive was entered upon by the whole German line on orders from the General Staff, which carried it beyond the Dubissa, and after heavy fighting finally secured for the Germans the Windawski Canal, which they had had to relinquish before.
然后，1915 年 6 月 5 日，德军全线按照总参谋部的命令发起总攻，越过了杜比萨河，经过激烈的战斗，德军终于夺取了之前不得不放弃的温达夫斯基运河。
Their troops now slowly pushed their way back toward Shavli until the city came within reach of their heavy guns, and took Kuze, twelve kilometers to the northwest of Shavli on the railway.
他们的部队现在慢慢地向沙夫里推进，直到这座城市进入他们的重炮射程范围内，并占领了库泽，库泽位于铁路上沙夫里西北十二公里处。
On the 14th of June, 1915, this series of operations came to a temporary halt.
1915年6月14日，这一系列行动暂时停止。
German official reports pointed to the fact that among 14,000 prisoners which they had taken there were only a few officers, and that with these not a single cannon was captured.
德国官方报告指出，在他们俘虏的14,000名囚犯中，只有少数军官，而且没有缴获一门大炮。
They regarded it as showing that the Russians were getting very cautious in the use of their artillery and were short of officers.
他们认为这表明俄罗斯人在使用火炮方面变得非常谨慎，并且缺乏军官。
CHAPTER LV
第五章
RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE FROM KOVNO--FOREST BATTLES IN MAY AND JUNE
俄罗斯从科夫诺发起的攻势——五月和六月的森林战斗
Offensives on a large scale such as that which had been prevented by the "Winter Battle of the Mazurian Lakes" were not attempted by the Russians on their northern wing after the short counterattack that had pushed their lines into the Mlawa angle in the corner of the Vistula and the Prussian boundary beyond Przasnysz, to the east of Thorn.
俄罗斯人在北翼并没有尝试像“冬季马祖里湖战役”那样的大规模进攻，因为短暂的反击将他们的防线推入了维斯瓦河拐角处的姆拉瓦角，以及普扎斯尼什以外、托恩以东的普鲁士边界。
They virtually remained in their strongly fortified positions along the Narew, the Bobr, and the Niemen, except for the sending out of occasional attacking columns against the German lines lying opposite to them.
他们实际上仍然坚守在纳雷夫河、博布尔河和涅门河沿岸的坚固防御阵地上，只是偶尔派出攻击纵队攻击对面的德军防线。
These forward thrusts were made especially from the fortresses Grodno and Kovno, and the fortified place Olita.
这些向前推进主要是从格罗德诺和科夫诺要塞以及奥利塔要塞发起的。
We have already dealt with one such operation which came to grief in the forest of Augustowo in March.
我们已经处理过一次这样的行动，该行动于三月份在奥古斯托沃森林中惨遭失败。
The German invasion of Courland had taken place, and the extension of the German lines to the north invited a thrust at their communications when, in the middle of May, the Russians attempted to break through the German lines with columns starting from the great forest to the west of Kovno.
德国入侵库尔兰，德军防线向北延伸，五月中旬，俄军试图用从科夫诺以西的大森林出发的纵队突破德军防线，这对他们的交通造成了冲击。
Here German troops under General Litzmann, acting under the command of General von Eichhorn, stood on guard.
利兹曼将军率领的德国军队在冯·艾希霍恩将军的指挥下在此站岗。
When Litzmann received information that the Russians were advancing in force he was obliged hastily to gather such troops as he could find to stem the Russian attack.
当利兹曼收到俄国人正在大举进攻的消息时，他不得不匆忙集结他能找到的部队来阻止俄国人的进攻。
Troop units from a large variety of different organizations were freshly grouped practically on the battle field.
来自各种不同组织的部队在战场上几乎是新鲜编组的。
At Szaki and Gryszkabuda, on May 17-20, they struck the Russians with such force that the Slavs were driven back into the forests.
5 月 17 日至 20 日，他们在萨基和格里什卡布达猛烈袭击了俄罗斯人，斯拉夫人被赶回了森林。
The German general now decided to clear this territory of his enemies, as it had given them a constant opportunity for the preparation of moves which could not be readily observed, because of the protection of the thick woods.
德国将军现在决定清除这片领土上的敌人，因为这给了他们不断的机会来准备行动，而这些行动由于茂密树林的保护而不易被观察到。
Again he executed the favorite maneuver of Von Hindenburg's armies.
他再次执行了冯·兴登堡军队最喜欢的行动。
He gathered as heavy a weight of troops as possible on his left wing and pushed them forward in an extended encircling movement.
他在左翼集结了尽可能多的兵力，并推动他们向前推进，进行一次大规模的包围行动。
From the south a strong column from Mariampol and the line of the Szsczupa moved upon the fortified position of the Russians and the southern corner of the great forest, meeting with strong resistance at Dumbowa Ruda.
从南面，一支来自马里安波尔的强大纵队和斯祖帕防线向俄军的防御工事和大森林的南角进发，在敦博瓦鲁达遭遇了强大的抵抗。
The troops moving down from the northern part of the woods swung to their right to cut off the Russians from their retreat toward Kovno.
从树林北部下来的部队向右转，切断了俄军向科夫诺撤退的通道。
By the time the operations had reached this stage it was the second week in June, 1915, and in the great pine forests extending for miles there was an oppressive heat with perfect absence of breeze.
当行动进行到这个阶段时，已是 1915 年 6 月的第二周，绵延数英里的大松树林里酷热难当，完全没有微风。
Three Russian positions lying in the river valleys in the forest were encircled one after another from the north and had to be given up.
位于森林河谷中的三个俄军阵地被北面相继包围，不得不放弃。
The Russians recognized the danger of the concentric attack directed at them and fought with great bravery.
俄罗斯人认识到针对他们的同心攻击的危险，并进行了英勇的战斗。
They strove to keep open the road of their retreat toward Kovno as long as possible.
他们努力尽可能长时间地保持向科夫诺撤退的道路畅通。
However, the ring of the German troops closed swiftly.
然而，德军的包围圈很快就闭合了。
At Koslowa Ruda, in the southern part of the forest, they found at night a sleeping army; something like 3,000 Russians had lain down exhausted in order on the next day to find the last opening through which to make their escape.
在森林南部的科斯洛瓦鲁达，他们在夜间发现了一支沉睡的军队；大约有 3,000 名俄罗斯人精疲力竭地躺下，准备在第二天找到最后的出口逃跑。
They were now saved the trouble and were led away prisoners.
现在他们就省了麻烦，被俘虏带走了。
The great forest was cleared of Russians.
大森林里的俄罗斯人都被清除了。
The German move had served to insure the safety of the lines connecting the troops in Courland with their bases to the south of the Niemen.
德国此举是为了确保连接库尔兰部队和涅门河南部基地的线路的安全。
In an official announcement of the 18th of March, 1915, the German Government sketched the line held in the east by the German troops northward of the front covered by joint German and Austrian forces.
在 1915 年 3 月 18 日的一份正式公告中，德国政府勾勒出德奥联军覆盖的前线以北的德军在东部的控制线。
It read: "The line occupied by us in the east runs from the Pilica, along the Rawka and Bzura to the Vistula.
上面写着：“我们在东部占领的防线从皮利察河开始，沿着拉卡河和布祖拉河一直延伸到维斯瓦河。
North of the Vistula the line of our troops is continued from the region to the east of Plozkz by way of Zurominek-Stupsk (both south of Mlawa).
在维斯瓦河以北，我军的防线从该地区继续延伸至普洛兹克兹以东，途经祖罗米内克-斯图普斯克（均在姆拉瓦以南）。
From there it runs in an easterly direction through the region to the north of Przasnysz--south of Mystinez, south of Kolno--to the north of Lomza, and strikes the Bobr at Mocarce.
从那里开始，它向东流经该地区，到达普扎斯尼什以北、米斯蒂内斯以南、科尔诺以南、洛姆扎以北，并在莫卡尔塞袭击博布尔河。
From here it follows the line of the Bobr to northwest of Ossowetz, which is under our fire, and runs by way of the region to east of Augustowo, by Krasnopol, Mariempol, Pilwiszki, Szaki, along the border through Tauroggen to the northwest.
从这里开始，它沿着博布尔河的路线到奥索韦茨的西北方向，奥索韦茨在我们的火力之下，并穿过奥古斯托沃以东的地区，经过克拉斯诺波尔、马里姆波尔、皮尔维斯基、萨基，沿着边界穿过陶罗根向西北延伸。
This is from beginning to end entirely on hostile soil." This long line, it appears, was under the supreme command of Von Hindenburg, while Von Mackensen had charge of the great drive to the south.
这自始至终都完全在敌对的土地上进行。”这条长线似乎是在冯·兴登堡的最高指挥下，而冯·马肯森则负责向南大举进军。
The statement here quoted was issued as reassurance to Germans who had been made nervous by reports of a Russian invasion of East Prussia, and was connected with the Russian raid on Memel.
这里引用的声明是为了让德国人放心，他们因俄罗斯入侵东普鲁士的报道而感到紧张，并且与俄罗斯对梅梅尔的袭击有关。
Until June there was practically no change in this great line, except that on its northern end it was swung outward into Russian territory to include a large part of Courland, the River Dubissa roughly forming the dividing line until the front swung eastward toward Libau, in the line of the Libau-Dunaburg Railway.
直到六月，这条伟大的防线实际上没有任何变化，只是它的北端向外转向俄罗斯领土，包括库尔兰的大部分地区，杜比萨河大致形成分界线，直到前线向东转向利鲍，在利鲍-杜纳堡铁路线上。
The tasks of both German and Russian troops were similar.
德国和俄罗斯军队的任务相似。
Comparatively weak German forces held the front in the region of the Niemen, the Bobr, and the Narew, safeguarding such Russian territory as had been seized by the Germans, and protecting East Prussia against invasion.
相对较弱的德国军队控制着涅门河、博布尔河和纳雷夫河地区的前线，保卫着被德国人占领的俄罗斯领土，并保护东普鲁士免受入侵。
Opposed to them lay considerable Russian forces whose task it was, supported by the fortresses of the Narew and the Niemen, especially Grodno, to protect the flank and rear of the Russians standing in Warsaw and southward in the bend of the Vistula, with the Warsaw-Vilna Railway behind them, while great decisions were fought for in the Carpathians and Galicia.
与他们对峙的是相当多的俄罗斯军队，他们的任务是在纳雷夫河和涅门河要塞，特别是格罗德诺的支持下，保护站在华沙和维斯瓦河河湾以南的俄罗斯人的侧翼和后方，背后是华沙-维尔纳铁路，同时在喀尔巴阡山脉和加利西亚进行重大决策。
In Poland, between the lower and the upper courses of the Vistula, the Germans about the middle of February, 1915, having occupied the Rawka-Sucha ridge of upland, had developed fortified positions along the rivers Bzura, Rawka, Pilica, and Nida.
在波兰，维斯瓦河下游和上游之间，德军于 1915 年 2 月中旬左右占领了拉乌卡-苏恰山脊，并沿布祖拉河、拉乌卡河、皮利卡河和奈达河建立了防御工事。
The bad weather of the winter and early spring, which had turned the roads of Poland into pathless morasses, made against extensive operations, and the momentous undertakings carried out on the wings of the eastern front led the German General Staff to refrain from important movements in this section, where the Russians had strongly fortified themselves for the protection of Warsaw.
冬季和早春的恶劣天气使波兰的道路变成了无路可走的沼泽地，不利于大规模行动，而在东线两翼进行的重大任务导致德国总参谋部没有在这一地区进行重要行动，而俄罗斯人已经在该地区加强了防御工事以保护华沙。
It was not until the Teutonic allies had gone over to the offensive in the Carpathians and in western Galicia, and the Russians had withdrawn to the Polish hills of Lysa-Gora early in May, that, favored by improved weather conditions, operations in this part of Poland again took on larger scope.
直到条顿盟军在喀尔巴阡山脉和加利西亚西部转入攻势，而俄国人于五月初撤退到波兰的莱萨戈拉山地时，由于天气条件好转，波兰这一地区的行动才再次扩大了范围。
Especially along the Bzura the German attacks again became violent in an effort to hold the Russian forces in the district to the west of Warsaw while thrusting at their wings from the south and north.
特别是沿着布楚拉，德军的进攻再次变得猛烈，试图将俄军困在华沙以西的地区，同时从南面和北面向他们的两翼发起进攻。
However, fighting was not of great consequence in this middle sector until the middle of June, 1915.
然而，直到 1915 年 6 月中旬，战斗才在这个中部地区产生重大影响。
CHAPTER LVI
第六章
CAMPAIGN IN SOUTHERN POLAND--MOVEMENT UPON WARSAW
波兰南部的战役——向华沙进军
By the 1st of July, 1915, the stupendous enveloping campaign of the Teuton armies on the eastern front had advanced to a point where the Allies were forced to recognize the imminence of a catastrophe, which could be averted only by the most decisive action of the Russian armies.
到 1915 年 7 月 1 日，条顿军队在东线的惊人包围战已经发展到了盟军被迫认识到灾难迫在眉睫的地步，只有俄罗斯军队采取最果断的行动才能避免这场灾难。
Far in the north, on the extreme right wing of the Russians, the army of General von Buelow was hammering at the defenses of the Dubissa line.
在遥远的北方，在俄罗斯人的极右翼，冯·布洛将军的军队正在猛烈攻击杜比萨防线的防御。
Off and on fighting was taking place in the neighborhood of Shavli.
沙夫利附近时断时续地发生战斗。
Russian counterattacks, reported from day to day through June, with difficulty had held in check this army, which evidently was aiming at the Warsaw-Petrograd Railway on the sector between Vilna and Dvinsk.
整个六月，俄军的反击日复一日地被报道，这支军队很难遏制住，他们的目标显然是维尔纳和德文斯克之间的华沙-彼得格勒铁路。
On the right flank of these forces operated the troops of General von Eichhorn, with the line of the Niemen for their objective.
冯·艾希霍恩将军的部队在这些部队的右翼作战，他们的目标是涅门线。
Next to these on the south, aiming at the Bobr River and the Upper Narew, were the forces of General von Scholtz, and on their right the army of Von Gallwitz, based on Mlawa with Przasnysz in front of it.
紧邻这些部队的南面，瞄准博布尔河和上纳雷夫，是冯·肖尔茨将军的部队，右侧是冯·加勒维茨的军队，以姆拉瓦为基地，普扎斯尼什在其前面。
Below the line of the Vistula, before the Bzura and down to the middle course of the Pilica, operated the Ninth German Army, commanded, at least in the later stages of the Warsaw campaign, by Prince Leopold of Bavaria.
德国第九集团军在维斯瓦河线以下、布楚拉河之前、皮利卡河中游地区作战，至少在华沙战役的后期，由巴伐利亚的利奥波德亲王指挥。
The whole group of northern and central armies was acting under the general direction of Field Marshal von Hindenburg.
整个北部和中部集团军都在冯·兴登堡元帅的总体指挥下行动。
The armies to the south of this group, cooperating in the drive under Field Marshal von Mackensen which had gained the Teutons Przemysl and Lemberg, had as their left flank the forces of Generals von Woyrsch and Koevess between the Pilica and the Vistula mouth of the San.
该集团以南的军队在冯·马肯森元帅的指挥下协同攻势，夺取了条顿人普热梅希尔和伦贝格，左翼则由冯·沃尔希和科维斯将军的部队在皮利卡河和桑河维斯瓦河口之间部署。
The troops of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand were pushing forward on the right of these, and the army directly under Mackensen himself came next in line to the eastward, joining up with the armies still operating in Galicia at the extreme right of the great German battle line.
约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队在这些部队的右侧推进，马肯森本人直属的军队紧随其后，向东排成一列，与仍在德国战线最右端的加利西亚作战的军队会合。
The chief danger to the Russians at this stage still threatened from the south, where the archduke and Mackensen had pushed forward irresistibly in their advance to the east of the Vistula toward the railway running from Warsaw through Ivangorod, Lublin, Cholm, and Kovell to Kiev and Moscow.
现阶段俄国人面临的主要危险仍然来自南方，大公和马肯森已经不可阻挡地向维斯瓦河以东的铁路推进，从华沙经伊万哥罗德、卢布林、乔姆和科维尔到达基辅和莫斯科。
The advance of these Austro-German armies, which had operated in the neighborhood of Lemberg, was extremely rapid in the last days of June, 1915.
1915 年 6 月最后几天，在伦贝格附近作战的奥德联军的推进速度极其迅速。
In four days they covered from thirty to forty miles in pursuit of the Russians.
四天之内，他们追击了俄国人，行进了三十到四十英里。
By the 1st of July, having swept out of Galicia, their right, under Mackensen, entered the upper valley of the Wieprz, a marshy country which presented considerable difficulty to the advance of troops where a tributary of the Wieprz, the Por, afforded the Russians a natural line of defense.
7月1日，他们的右翼在马肯森的指挥下扫出了加利西亚，进入维普日河上游山谷，这是一个沼泽地，给部队的前进带来了相当大的困难，维普日河的一条支流波尔河为俄军提供了天然的防线。
Drasnik, on the Wyznica, which here extended the Russian defensive line westward, was occupied by the archduke's forces on Mackensen's left on the 1st of July, 1915.
1915 年 7 月 1 日，维兹尼察河上的德拉斯尼克将俄罗斯防线向西延伸，被马肯森左侧的大公军队占领。
The drive of the Austro-German armies through Galicia has been dealt with in the account of the Austro-Russian campaign.
奥德军队通过加利西亚的进攻已在奥俄战役的叙述中讨论过。
As we carry forward the account of the activities of the greatest part of the forces concerned in that series of operations from the point where they crossed over the boundary between Galicia and Poland out of Austrian territory, it will be well to glance backward a moment to enumerate here briefly the gains of these armies on Polish soil up to the 1st of July.
当我们从奥地利领土越过加利西亚和波兰之间的边界开始对这一系列行动中的大部分部队的活动进行叙述时，最好回顾一下，在此简要列举这些军队截至 7 月 1 日在波兰领土上的战果。
On June 16, 1915, the Teutonic allies forced the Russians to fall back upon Tarnograd from north of Siemandria, thus pushing this section of the front across the boundary into Poland about to the line of the Tanev.
1915 年 6 月 16 日，条顿盟军迫使俄国人从西曼德里亚以北撤回塔尔诺格勒，从而将这部分前线越过边界进入波兰，大约到达塔涅夫河一线。
Tarnograd itself was occupied by the Teutons on the 17th, and on the 18th the Russians retreated behind the Tanev.
塔尔诺格勒本身于 17 日被条顿人占领，18 日俄军撤退到塔涅夫后方。
There was little change in this particular sector during the fighting which was crowned for the Austro-Germans by the capture of Lemberg on June 22, 1915.
1915 年 6 月 22 日奥德占领伦贝格后，这一特定区域几乎没有发生任何变化。
Further to the east, however, to the south of the Pilica and west of the Vistula, Von Woyrsch was exerting pressure, and on the 20th of June Berlin announced the capture of several Russian advance posts by these troops.
然而，在更东边的皮利察河以南和维斯瓦河以西，冯·沃尔什正在施加压力，柏林于 6 月 20 日宣布这些部队占领了几个俄罗斯先遣哨所。
By the 24th the Slavs had begun to retreat before Von Woyrsch in the forest region south of the Ilza on the left bank of the Vistula; thus rear guards had been thrown across the Kamienna, and Sandomir was occupied by the Austro-Hungarians.
24日，斯拉夫人开始在维斯瓦河左岸伊尔扎河以南的森林地区冯·沃尔什面前撤退。这样，后卫部队就被派往卡缅纳河对岸，桑多米尔则被奥匈帝国占领。
On the 25th the fighting developed on the line Zarvichost-Sienno-Ilza, to which the Russians had fallen back.
25日，战斗在扎尔维霍斯特-西恩诺-伊尔扎一线展开，俄军已撤退到该线上。
Defeats of the Russian rear guards on June 29, 1915, to the northeast and west of Tomaszow, where Teutonic forces had now also crossed into Poland, caused the Slavs to begin the relinquishment of the Tanev forest district and the lower San.
1915 年 6 月 29 日，俄罗斯后卫部队在托马佐夫东北部和西部地区的失败（条顿军队现在也已越境进入波兰），导致斯拉夫人开始放弃塔内夫森林区和桑河下游地区。
Tomaszow itself was occupied by the pursuing troops.
托马佐夫本身已被追击部队占领。
By the 30th the Teutonic allies had swept forward beyond the Tanev region to Franpol, Zamoez, and Komarovo, and on the same evening they threw the Russians out of their strong defenses on the Zavichost-Ozarow-Sienno line, west of the Vistula.
到了30日，条顿盟军已经横扫塔涅夫地区，到达弗兰波尔、萨莫埃兹和科马罗沃，并在同一天晚上将俄罗斯人从维斯瓦河以西的扎维霍斯特-奥扎罗夫-西耶诺防线的坚固防御中赶了出来。
The pursuit was pushed energetically on both sides of the Kamienna.
卡缅纳河两岸都在大力追击。
The important bridgehead on the Vistula, Josefovo, was taken on the 1st of July.
7 月 1 日，维斯瓦河上的重要桥头堡何塞福沃被占领。
The Russians between the Bug and the Vistula were now offering strong resistance with large forces on the line Turobin-Krasnik-Josefovo, the rivers Por and Wyznica forming roughly their defensive front, as previously pointed out.
布格河和维斯瓦河之间的俄罗斯人现在正在图鲁宾-克拉斯尼克-约瑟夫福沃线上以大部队进行顽强抵抗，波尔河和维兹尼察河大致形成了他们的防御阵线，正如之前所指出的。
In its daily bulletins of July 1, 1915, the German Great Headquarters made this announcement for the eastern theatre of war (from the Baltic to the Pilica): "The booty for June is: Two colors, 25,595 prisoners, including 121 officers, seven cannon, six mine throwers, fifty-two machine guns, one aeroplane, also a large amount of war material." For the southeastern theatre of war (from the Pilica to Bukowina) the headquarters announced: "The total booty for June of the allied troops fighting under the command of General von Linsingen, Field Marshal von Mackensen, and General von Worysch is 409 officers, 140,650 men, 80 cannon, 268 machine guns." The Austro-Hungarian General Staff on the same day reported: "The total booty for June of the troops fighting under Austro-Hungarian command in the northeast is 521 officers, 194,000 men, 93 cannon, 364 machine guns, 78 ammunition wagons, 100 field railway carriages, etc."
德国大司令部在1915年7月1日的每日公报中对东部战区（从波罗的海到皮利卡）做出了这样的公告：“6月的战利品是：两种颜色，25,595名囚犯，其中包括121名军官，7门大炮，6架扫雷器，52挺机枪，一架飞机，还有大量战争物资。”对于东南战区（从皮利卡到布科维纳），司令部宣布：“在冯·林辛根将军、冯·马肯森元帅和冯·沃里什将军指挥下作战的盟军6月战利品总数为409名军官、140,650名士兵、80门大炮、268挺机枪。”奥匈总参谋部当天报告称：“奥匈指挥下在东北作战的部队6月份的战利品总数为521名军官、19.4万人、93门大炮、364挺机枪、78辆弹药车、100节野战车厢等。”
CHAPTER LVII
第四十七章
BATTLE OF KRASNIK--CAPTURE OF PRZASNYSZ
克拉斯尼克之战——夺取普扎斯尼什
On July 2, 1915, the forces of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand which had passed through Krasnik, on the Lublin road, struck serious resistance from the Russian army of General Loesche which held strong positions across the highway, just to the north of the town, and was now evidently determined to stop once for all the Teuton advance toward the railway at its back, connecting Warsaw with Kiev, through Lublin and Cholm.
1915 年 7 月 2 日，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队在卢布林公路上穿过克拉斯尼克，遭到了勒舍将军领导的俄罗斯军队的严重抵抗，后者在该镇以北的公路对面占据了坚固的阵地，现在显然决心彻底阻止条顿人向其后方的铁路前进，这条铁路通过卢布林和霍尔姆连接华沙和基辅。
On July 3, 1915, the Austrian report, however, announced that 4,800 prisoners and three machine guns had been taken in the neighborhood of Krasnik and along the Por stream, and the next day they reported that they had occupied the heights which run along to the north of the city, having pierced the enemy's main position on both sides of Studzianki, and taken more than 1,000 prisoners, three machine guns and three cannon.
然而，1915年7月3日，奥地利报告称，在克拉斯尼克附近和波尔河沿岸俘获了4800名囚犯和三挺机枪，第二天他们又报告称，他们已经占领了城市北部的高地，突破了斯图吉安基两侧敌军的主阵地，俘获了1000多名囚犯、三挺机枪和三门大炮。
The Russian front was turned to such an extent that they had to fall back some three miles on the Lublin road.
俄军战线已转向如此程度，他们不得不在卢布林公路上后退约三英里。
The Austrians on the 5th of July summed up their enemy's losses as twenty-nine officers, 8,000 men, six cannon, five ammunition wagons, and six machine guns.
7 月 5 日，奥地利人将敌人的损失总结为：29 名军官、8,000 名士兵、6 门大炮、5 辆弹药车和 6 挺机枪。
As the result of this Austrian advance the adjoining enemy forces to the eastward along the Wieprz River had been obliged to fall back beyond Tarnograd, and by the 6th of July Vienna summarized the Austrian captures in these battles as having grown to forty-one officers, 11,500 men.
由于奥军的这次进攻，沿维普日河向东邻接的敌军被迫撤退至塔尔诺格勒以外，到 7 月 6 日，维也纳总结称，奥军在这些战役中的俘获人数已增至 41 名军官、11,500 人。
The Austrians, however, could make no further headway.
然而奥地利人却无法取得进一步的进展。
On July 5, 1915, they were heavily attacked, being forced back to their intrenched lines on a ridge of hills to the north of Krasnik.
1915 年 7 月 5 日，他们遭到猛烈攻击，被迫退回克拉斯尼克以北山脊上的阵地。
The Russians now reported that they had taken 15,000 prisoners and a large number of machine guns.
俄罗斯人现在报告说他们已经俘虏了15,000名囚犯和大量机枪。
Two thousand bodies were reported by the Russians to have been found before their front.
据俄罗斯人报告，在他们的前线发现了两千具尸体。
More prisoners were taken by the Russians on the 7th and it was only on the afternoon of July 9 that the Austrians were able to stem the tide.
7 日，俄军俘获了更多俘虏，直到 7 月 9 日下午，奥军才得以遏制住浪潮。
The total loss of the Austrians in this action was given by their opponents as 15,000 men.
对手给出的奥地利人在这次行动中的总损失为15,000人。
The Austrian explanation of their retirement in front of Krasnik issued on July 11, 1915, pointed out that the relative subsidence of activity of the Teutonic allies was due to the fact that the goal set for the Lemberg campaign had now been attained.
1915 年 7 月 11 日，奥地利人对他们在克拉斯尼克面前退役的解释指出，条顿同盟的活动相对减弱是因为伦贝格战役设定的目标现已实现。
This, they explained, was the taking of the city and the securing of strong defensive positions to the east and north.
他们解释说，这是占领这座城市并确保东部和北部的坚固防御阵地。
The ridge to the northward of Krasnik was a natural choice for this purpose on the north, while the line of the Zlota Lipa and Bug rivers served the purpose toward the east (see Austro-Russian campaign).
克拉斯尼克以北的山脊是北方的这一目的的自然选择，而兹洛塔利帕河和布格河的线则服务于向东的目的（参见奥俄战役）。
The Austrian explanation pointed out further that some of their troops had rushed beyond the positions originally selected to meet heavy reenforcements brought up by the Russians from Lublin, and that these had to withdraw to the ridge, where they were successfully resisting all attacks.
奥地利方面的解释进一步指出，他们的一些部队已经冲出了最初选择的阵地，以应对俄罗斯人从卢布林带来的大量增援部队，这些部队不得不撤回山脊，在那里他们成功地抵抗了所有攻击。
The battle of Krasnik was regarded by the Russians as an effective victory, for it seemed to have halted the advance on Lublin.
克拉斯尼克战役被俄罗斯人视为一场有效的胜利，因为它似乎阻止了向卢布林的前进。
The army of Von Mackensen had now also come to a stop about halfway between Zamosc and Krasnostav, an artillery duel on July 7, 1915, being the last activity noted on the front of this army for some time.
冯·马肯森的军队现在也停在了扎莫希奇和克拉斯诺斯塔夫之间的中途，这是 1915 年 7 月 7 日的一场炮兵决斗，这是一段时间以来这支军队前线的最后一次活动。
Their comparative quiet in the region between the Vistula and the Bug where the main advance of the Teutonic forces on the south had been under way with great vigor for several weeks until the check at Krasnik was not interrupted until July 16, 1915.
维斯瓦河和布格河之间的地区相对安静，条顿军队在南部的主攻已经进行了几周，直到 1915 年 7 月 16 日才中断对克拉斯尼克的阻击。
Day after day the Teutonic headquarters reported "nothing of importance" in this quarter.
条顿总部日复一日地报告本季度“没有什么重要的事情”。
When the quiet was finally broken it appeared that it had been the lull before the storm.
当宁静最终被打破时，似乎这是暴风雨前的平静。
Before taking up again the activities on this section of the front, it will be necessary to take a glance toward the northern half of the great arc that enveloped the Warsaw salient on two sides.
在再次开始这部分前线的活动之前，有必要看一下包围华沙突出部两侧的大弧线的北半部。
In these early days of July, 1915, considerable uncertainty prevailed among those who were watching the progress of the campaign in Poland as to where the heaviest blow of the Teutons would fall, whether from the south or the north.
1915 年 7 月初期，那些关注波兰战役进展的人们普遍不确定条顿人最猛烈的打击会落在哪里，是来自南方还是北方。
The decisive stroke came with lightning suddenness.
决定性的一击来得突然如闪电。
A tremendous attack was launched in the direction of the Narew by the army of General von Gallwitz.
冯·加维茨将军的军队向纳雷夫河方向发动了大规模进攻。
A laconic announcement of the German General Staff on July 14, 1915, bore momentous news, although its modest wording scarcely betrayed the facts.
1915 年 7 月 14 日，德国总参谋部发布了一份简洁的公告，传达了重大消息，尽管其措辞谦虚，几乎没有泄露事实。
It read: "Between the Niemen and the Vistula, in the region of Walwarga, southwest of Kolno, near Przasnysz and south of Mlawa, our troops have achieved some local successes." The Russian report referring to the beginning of the same action was equally noncommittal, though possibly more misleading.
上面写着：“在涅门河和维斯瓦河之间、瓦尔瓦加地区、科尔诺西南、普尔扎斯尼什附近和姆拉瓦以南，我们的部队取得了一些局部胜利。”俄罗斯的报告提到了同样行动的开始，同样不置可否，尽管可能更具误导性。
This states: "Considerable enemy forces between the Orczy and the Lidynja adopted the offensive and the Russians declining a decisive engagement retreated during the night of the 13th to the second line of their positions."
其中写道：“奥尔奇河和利丁加河之间的敌军相当大，他们发起了攻势，俄罗斯人拒绝进行决定性的交战，并于 13 日夜间撤退至阵地的第二线。”
On July 15, 1915, the Germans announced that the city of Przasnysz, for which such hot battles had been fought in February, and which had since been strongly fortified by the Russians, had been occupied by them.
1915 年 7 月 15 日，德国人宣布占领普扎斯尼什市，该市已于 2 月份进行了如此激烈的战斗，此后俄罗斯人在该市加强了防御工事。
The German summary of this action given out a few days later stated that three Russian defensive lines lying one behind the other northwest and northeast of Przasnysz had been pierced and taken, the troops at once rushing forward to Dzielin and Lipa, respectively west and east of the town.
几天后，德军对这一行动的总结称，位于普扎斯内什西北和东北部的三道俄军防线已被突破和占领，部队立即向杰林和利帕分别冲进该镇的西部和东部。
Under attack from these two points the Russians after yielding Przasnysz, on the 14th, retired to their defensive line Ciechanow-Krasnosielc which had been prepared long beforehand.
在这两个地点的攻击下，俄罗斯人在14日屈服于普尔扎斯内什后，退回到他们早已准备好的切哈诺夫-克拉斯诺谢尔茨防线。
On the 15th the German troops pressing closer upon the retiring Slavs stormed this line and broke through it to the south of Zielona on a breadth of seven kilometers, forcing the Russians again to retire.
15日，德军向撤退的斯拉夫部队逼近，猛攻这条防线，并在锡洛纳以南突破了七公里，迫使俄军再次撤退。
General von Gallwitz's troops in this assault were supported by the forces of General von Scholtz, on their left, who were pressing the Russians from the direction of Kolno.
冯·加尔维茨将军的部队在这次进攻中得到了冯·肖尔茨将军的部队的支援，在他们的左边，他们从科尔诺方向向俄罗斯人施压。
On July 16, 1915, the Russians were retreating on the whole front between the Pissa and the Vistula, toward the Narew.
1915 年 7 月 16 日，俄军在比萨河和维斯瓦河之间的整个战线上向纳雷夫撤退。
The German summary of the fighting during these days reported the capture by the army of General von Gallwitz of eighty-eight officers, 17,500 men, thirteen cannon (including one heavy gun), forty machine guns, and seven mine throwers; and by the army of General von Scholtz of 2,500 prisoners and eight machine guns.
德国对这几天战斗的总结报告称，冯·加维茨将军的军队俘获了 88 名军官、17,500 名士兵、13 门大炮（包括一门重炮）、40 挺机枪和 7 架地雷投掷器；冯·肖尔茨将军的军队有 2,500 名囚犯和八挺机枪。
This great attack in the north, to which may be ascribed the final breaking of the lines that had so long protected Warsaw, had been carefully planned and undoubtedly was timed in coordination with the movements of Mackensen's armies on the south, striking the Russians just when Mackensen and the Archduke Josef, having had time for recuperation and preparation for another push forward after the check administered at Krasnik, were in readiness to inflict a heavy blow on their side of the Warsaw salient.
这次北方的大规模进攻，可能被认为是对华沙长期保护的防线的最终突破，是经过精心策划的，毫无疑问是与马肯森军队在南方的行动相协调的，在马肯森和约瑟夫大公在克拉斯尼克的检查后有时间休养生息并准备再次推进时，袭击了俄罗斯人，准备对他们的华沙突出部一侧造成沉重打击。
When it began the German lines all along the front burst into fresh activity.
当它开始时，德军沿前线的防线爆发了新的活动。
It was the signal for a simultaneous assault along nearly a thousand miles of battle front.
这是沿着近千英里的战线同时发起进攻的信号。
In the Mlawa sector to the north of Przasnysz the Russians had developed an exceedingly strong system of fortified positions between their advance lines and the Narew fortresses.
在普扎斯尼什以北的姆拉瓦地区，俄军在其前进线和纳雷夫要塞之间建立了极其坚固的防御工事系统。
For miles, to a depth of from fifteen to twenty kilometers, there ran some three or four and at certain points even five systems of trenches, one behind the other.
绵延数英里，深度从十五到二十公里不等，有三到四个，在某些地方甚至有五个系统的战壕，一个接一个。
Hundreds of thousands of thick tree trunks had been worked into these defensive works and millions of sand bags piled up as breastwork.
数十万根粗大的树干被建造成这些防御工事，数以百万计的沙袋被堆砌成胸墙。
Bombproof dugouts had been constructed deep in the ground.
防空洞已建在地下深处。
Everywhere there were strong wire entanglements before the front, sometimes sunk below the level of the earth, arranged in from two to three rows.
前面到处都是坚固的铁丝网，有时沉入地平面以下，排列成两到三排。
Projecting bastions and thoroughly protected observation posts gave these systems of trenches the character of permanent fortifications.
突出的堡垒和受到彻底保护的观察哨使这些战壕系统具有永久性防御工事的特征。
The country in this region is hilly, with here and there steep declivities and peaks of considerable elevation.
该地区的国家多山，到处都是陡峭的斜坡和相当高的山峰。
The Russians had cut down whole stretches of forest in order to afford them a free field for their fire and an opportunity to observe the advance of their opponents.
俄罗斯人砍伐了整片森林，以便为他们提供一个自由的射击场地和观察对手前进的机会。
Enveloping tactics on the part of the Germans were here quite excluded as the two lines ran uninterruptedly close to one another.
在这里，德国人的包围战术被完全排除在外，因为两条防线不间断地相互靠近。
Przasnysz which had become a heap of ruins had been converted virtually into a fortress by strong defensive works built while the Germans and Russians lay opposite each other in front of it throughout the spring.
普扎斯尼什已经变成了一堆废墟，但由于修建了坚固的防御工事，实际上已经变成了一座堡垒，整个春天，德国人和俄罗斯人都在它前面对峙。
The country round about had been drenched with much German and Russian blood.
周围的国家都沾满了德国人和俄罗斯人的鲜血。
General von Gallwitz, to capture a place with the least possible loss, decided to break through the Russian defenses at two points at both sides of the town sufficiently close to each other so that the intervening lines would be immediately affected.
冯·加尔维茨将军为了夺取一个损失最小的地方，决定在城镇两侧距离足够近的两个点突破俄军的防御，这样中间的防线就会立即受到影响。
His attacks were therefore directed at the first line Russian positions, which formed projecting angles to the northwest and northeast of Przasnysz so that instead of taking the city directly from the front he would seize it as with a gigantic pair of pincers from both sides and behind.
因此，他的攻击针对的是俄军第一线阵地，这些阵地向普扎斯尼什的西北和东北部形成了突出的角度，这样他就不会直接从正面夺取这座城市，而是像用一把巨大的钳子从两侧和后面夺取它一样。
The plan succeeded to the full.
计划完全成功。
The Russian lines were broken on both sides of the city and the German troops, rushing through, met behind it, forcing the Russian defenders hastily to evacuate the place to avoid being caught within the circle.
俄军防线在城市两侧被打破，德军冲过，在城后相遇，迫使俄军守军匆忙撤离，以免被困在包围圈内。
Strong infantry forces were collected opposite the points of attack, and enormous masses of artillery were placed in position with abundance of ammunition in readiness.
强大的步兵部队在攻击点对面集结，大量火炮已就位，弹药充足。
The preparations had been made with all possible secrecy and even when the German batteries had begun gradually to get their range by testing shots no serious assault seems to have been expected by the Russians.
准备工作是在尽可能保密的情况下进行的，即使当德国炮兵已经开始通过测试射击逐渐达到射程时，俄罗斯人似乎也没有预料到会发生严重的攻击。
On the morning of the attack they were just to inaugurate service on a small passenger railway line they had constructed behind their front.
袭击发生的那天早上，他们刚刚为他们在战线后方建造的一条小型客运铁路线开通服务。
On the morning of July 13, 1915, soon after sunrise, a tremendous cannonade was let loose from guns of all calibers.
1915 年 7 月 13 日早晨，日出后不久，各种口径的火炮发射了巨大的炮弹。
Although the weather was rainy and not well fitted for observation the German guns seem to have found their marks with great accuracy.
尽管天气多雨且不适合观察，但德国火炮似乎非常准确地找到了目标。
When the German infantry stormed the first line of works which had been shattered by the artillery fire they met with comparatively little resistance and their losses were small.
当德军步兵冲进被炮火摧毁的第一道工事时，他们遇到的抵抗相对较小，损失也很小。
The bombardment apparently had done its work thoroughly.
轰炸显然已经彻底完成了任务。
The German infantry rushes were started in successive intervals of a quarter of an hour, line following line.
德军步兵以一刻钟为间隔，逐队发起冲锋。
Swarms of unarmed Russians could be seen coming out of the trenches seeking to save themselves from the terrible effect of the shell fire by surrendering.
可以看到成群结队的手无寸铁的俄罗斯人从战壕中走出来，试图通过投降来避免炮火的可怕影响。
During the course of the forenoon the sun came out and illuminated a scene of terrific destruction.
上午，太阳出来了，照亮了一片可怕的破坏景象。
The Russian positions on the heights northwest of Przasnysz had been completely leveled.
普扎斯尼什西北高地的俄军阵地已被完全夷为平地。
In their impetuous forward rush the German troops did not give the enemy time to make a stand in his second line of trenches and overrunning this, by night began to enter the third Russian defensive line.
在急躁的向前冲锋中，德军没有给敌人在第二道战壕中站稳脚跟的时间，并在夜间突破了第二道战壕，开始进入俄罗斯的第三道防线。
Przasnysz was flanked in the course of twenty-four hours and could no longer be held.
普扎斯尼兹在二十四小时内遭到侧翼包围，无法再被守住。
A fine rain was falling as the German columns marched through the deserted, smoke-blackened city, a melancholy setting for a victory.
当德军纵队行军穿过这座荒芜、烟雾缭绕的城市时，天空下着细雨，这是一场胜利的忧郁氛围。
On July 14, 1915, the German troops had broken through on both sides of the city, met to the south of it and forming a mighty battering ram, on the next day, forced the next Russian line, the last, to the north of the Narew.
1915年7月14日，德军从城市两侧突破，在城南会合，形成强大的攻城槌，第二天，将俄军的下一条防线，即最后一条防线，逼到纳雷夫河以北。
This ran through Wysogrod-Ciechanow-Zielona to Kranosiele.
这条路线穿过维索格罗德-切哈诺夫-齐洛纳到达克拉诺西莱。
The Russians here made a desperate defense and the German advance pushed forward but slowly.
俄军在这里进行了绝望的防御，而德军则缓慢推进。
The effect of the German artillery fire seems not to have been as striking as on the first day of battle.
德国炮火的效果似乎并不像战斗第一天那样引人注目。
The German report of the attack on this line points out that the regiment of the Guard holding the right wing of a division which was to attack the heights to the south and southeast of Zielona was impatient to go forward, and was allowed to advance before the reserves which were to be held in readiness to support the move had come up.
德国关于这条防线进攻的报告指出，负责攻击锡洛纳南部和东南部高地的一个师的右翼的近卫军迫不及待地向前推进，因此在准备支援行动的预备队到达之前就被允许前进。
However, confident of the accuracy with which the "black brothers" (shells from the big guns) struck the enemy's trenches, the riflemen leapt forward through fields of grain as soon as they saw that a gust of their shells had struck in front of them.
然而，由于对“黑兄弟”（大炮的炮弹）击中敌人战壕的准确性充满信心，步枪手们一看到前方的炮弹袭来，就在麦田中纵身跃进。
By means of signs which been agreed upon they then signaled their new positions and the guns laid their fire another hundred meters farther forward.
然后，他们通过商定的标志表明了他们的新位置，炮火又向前推进了一百米。
The infantrymen then stormed ahead into the newly made shell craters.
然后步兵冲进新形成的弹坑。
Thus they went forward again and again.
就这样，他们一次又一次地往前走。
Neither Russian fire nor the double barbed wire entanglements were able to check their assaults.
俄罗斯的火力和双铁丝网都无法阻止他们的攻击。
As the German shouts rolled forth the Russians ran.
随着德国人的喊叫声响起，俄罗斯人开始逃跑。
A neighboring division consisting of young men who had enlisted in the course of the war, in a brilliant charge took a bastion at Klosnowo.
邻近的一个由战争期间应征入伍的年轻人组成的师，以出色的冲锋占领了克洛斯诺沃的堡垒。
The effect of this first penetration of the Russian main position made itself felt in the course of the afternoon and night along the whole front.
整个战线在整个下午和夜间都感受到了对俄军主力阵地的首次突破的影响。
Further German forces were thrown into the breach and strove to widen it.
更多的德军部队被投入缺口并努力扩大缺口。
The Russians at many points resisted obstinately, but under the pressure from the front and in the flank they were finally unable to hold their ground.
俄军多次顽强抵抗，但在正面和侧翼的压力下，最终无法守住阵地。
The German account speaks with admiration of the ride to death of a Russian cavalry brigade which attacked the German infantry southeast of Opinozura without achieving any results.
德国的报道充满钦佩地讲述了俄罗斯骑兵旅在奥皮诺祖拉东南部袭击德国步兵但没有取得任何成果的情况。
Cossacks and Hussars were mowed down in an instant.
哥萨克和骠骑兵瞬间被消灭。
The German advance taking several intermediate places did not halt until it stood before the fortification of the Narew line itself.
德军攻占了几个中间地带，直到到达纳雷夫防线本身的防御工事之前才停止。
As a result of this stroke the German troops had advanced some forty to fifty kilometers into hostile territory on a breadth of a hundred and twenty kilometers and had captured some 10,000 prisoners and much war material.
这次袭击的结果是，德军已深入敌方一百二十公里的领土约四十至五十公里，并俘获约一万名俘虏和大量战争物资。
By the 18th of July, 1915, German trains were running as far as Ciechanow.
到 1915 年 7 月 18 日，德国火车已开往切哈诺 (Ciechanow)。
Advances were likewise made by the Germans to the right of the attack on the Przasnysz positions on both sides of the Mlawa-Ciechanow Railway, rolling up the Russian positions as far as Plonsk.
德军同样向姆拉瓦-切哈诺夫铁路两侧的普扎斯内什阵地进攻右侧推进，将俄军阵地卷至普隆斯克。
On the left progress had also been made and heavy fighting done, but the German great headquarters pointed out that in times to come history will assign the important place to the central feature of this great offensive by General von Gallwitz, that is the enveloping attack at Przasnysz and the ramming thrust at Zielona.
左翼也取得了进展，并进行了激烈的战斗，但德国大司令部指出，在未来的时间里，历史将把重要的位置放在冯·加维茨将军这次伟大攻势的中心特征上，即对普扎斯尼什的包围攻击和对锡洛纳的猛烈冲击。
The report issued by the Russian General Staff on July 19, 1915, admitted that to the west of Omulev their troops had withdrawn to the Narew bridgeheads on the 17th.
俄罗斯总参谋部1915年7月19日发布的报告承认，他们的部队已于17日从奥穆廖夫以西撤至纳雷夫桥头堡。
The points of some of the German columns on this day, in fact, came within the range of the artillery of the fortress of Novo-Georgievsk and the army of General von Scholtz reached the line of the Bobr and the Narew between Osowice and Ostrolenka.
事实上，这一天，一些德军纵队的阵地已经进入了新乔治耶夫斯克要塞炮兵的射程之内，冯·肖尔茨将军的军队到达了奥索维采和奥斯特罗连卡之间的博布尔河和纳雷夫河一线。
The action at Przasnysz had been decisive.
普扎斯尼兹的行动是决定性的。
It resulted ultimately in the relinquishing by the Russians of the lines of the Rawka and Bzura which had been so stubbornly held against the Germans in the long defense of Warsaw.
最终，俄国人放弃了拉卡河和布祖拉河防线，这些防线在华沙的长期防御中一直顽强地抵抗着德国人。
The troops directly charged here with defending the capital fell back to the Blonie lines about fifteen miles from the city.
直接冲锋于此保卫首都的部队撤回距城市约十五英里的布洛尼防线。
CHAPTER LVIII
第四十八章
GRAND OFFENSIVE ON THE WARSAW SALIENT
华沙突出部的大攻势
The great stroke at Przasnysz was the most dramatic feature of a grand offensive all around the German lines that were endeavoring to close in upon the Russian armies.
普扎斯尼什的伟大打击是德军围绕德军防线发起的大规模进攻中最引人注目的特征，德军试图逼近俄军。
On July 16, 1915, the Archduke Joseph struck hard at the Russians on the Krasnik-Lublin road in an endeavor to carry the fortified positions at Wilkolaz.
1915 年 7 月 16 日，约瑟夫大公在克拉斯尼克-卢布林公路上向俄国人发起猛烈进攻，试图攻占威尔科拉兹的防御工事。
His men, however, were thrown back after ten furious assaults.
然而，他的部下在十次猛烈攻击后被击退。
Krasnostav, on the road to Cholm, was attacked on the same day by the army of General von Mackensen, and after a series of desperate rear-guard actions had been fought by the Russians was swept over by the German Allies.
克拉斯诺斯塔夫在前往霍尔姆的路上，于同一天遭到冯·马肯森将军军队的袭击，在与俄罗斯人进行了一系列绝望的后卫行动后，被德国盟军横扫。
By the close of the day the Germans had taken twenty-eight officers, 6,380 men, and nine machine guns.
到当天结束时，德军已俘获 28 名军官、6,380 名士兵和 9 挺机枪。
The Germans, prepared in the recent pause in the fighting, by the bringing up of their artillery on the long lines of communication which now stretched behind them, with troops reenforced by such fresh forces as they could muster, were hurling themselves upon the Russian defensive positions everywhere along the line.
德国人在最近的战斗暂停中做好了准备，他们在现在延伸到他们身后的长长的交通线上部署了他们的炮兵，并用他们可以召集的新鲜力量增援了部队，正在向沿线各处的俄罗斯防御阵地猛烈进攻。
Thus, on the forenoon of July 17, 1915, the army of General von Woyrsch, whose objective was the mighty fortress Ivangorod, operating just to the west of the upper Vistula, broke through the Russian wire entanglements and stormed the enemy's trenches on a stretch of 2,000 meters.
因此，1915 年 7 月 17 日上午，冯·沃尔什将军的军队突破了俄罗斯的铁丝网，猛攻了敌人长达 2000 米的战壕，其目标是位于维斯瓦河上游以西的强大要塞伊万哥罗德。
The breach was widened in desperate hand-to-hand combat.
在绝望的肉搏战中，缺口被扩大。
The Teutons by evening inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow Grenadier Corps at this point and the Russians were forced to retreat behind the Ilzanka to the south of Swolen.
到了晚上，条顿人对莫斯科掷弹兵军造成了惨败，俄军被迫撤退到斯沃伦以南的伊尔赞卡河后面。
Some 2,000 men were taken prisoners by the Germans in this battle and five machine guns were captured.
这场战斗中，德军俘虏了约2000人，并缴获了5挺机枪。
Far in the northeast in Courland the army of General von Buelow, on July 17, 1915, defeated Russian forces that had been rushed up at Alt-Auz, taking 3,620 prisoners, six cannon and three machine guns, and pursuing the Slavs in an easterly direction.
1915 年 7 月 17 日，在远在库尔兰东北部的地方，冯·布洛将军的军队击败了冲向阿尔特奥兹的俄罗斯军队，俘获了 3,620 名俘虏、六门大炮和三挺机关枪，并向东方向追击斯拉夫人。
Desperate fighting was also taking place to the northeast of Kurschany.
库尔夏尼东北部也正在发生殊死的战斗。
Notes of anxiety mixed with consoling speculations had begun to appear in the press of the allied countries when the vast German offensive had thus become plainly revealed and had demonstrated its driving force.
当德国大规模的攻势被清楚地暴露出来并显示出其推动力时，盟国的新闻界开始出现焦虑与安慰性的猜测。
A Petrograd dispatch to the London "Morning Post" on the 15th of July, 1915, said of the German plan that it was to catch the Russian armies like a nut between nut crackers, that the two fronts moving up from north and south were intended to meet on another and grind everything between them to powder.
1915 年 7 月 15 日，彼得格勒发给伦敦《早报》的一份快报在谈到德国的计划时说，德国的计划是像夹在胡桃夹子里的坚果一样抓住俄罗斯军队，从北向南推进的两条战线的目的是在另一条战线上相遇，将它们之间的一切碾成粉末。
The area between the attacking forces was some eighty miles in extent, north to south, by 120 miles west to east.
攻击部队之间的区域从北到南大约有八十英里，东西到一百二十英里。
The writer offered the consolation that this space was well fortified, the kernel of the nut "sound and healthy, being formed of the Russian armies, inspired not merely with the righteousness of their cause, but the fullest confidence in themselves and absolute devotion to the proved genius of their commander in chief."
作者提供了安慰，因为这个空间坚固耐用，坚果的核心“健全而健康，由俄罗斯军队组成，不仅受到他们事业正义的鼓舞，而且对自己充满信心，并对他们的总司令的被证明的天才绝对忠诚。”
The dispatch pointed out that it was all sheer frontal fighting, that the Germans had been twelve months trying frontal attacks against Warsaw on a comparatively narrow front and in vain.
电报指出，这一切都是纯粹的正面战斗，德国人十二个月以来一直试图在相对狭窄的战线上对华沙进行正面攻击，但徒劳无功。
What chance had they, he added, "of success by dividing their forces against the united strength of Russia." This sort of argument is typical of the endeavor to sustain the hopes of Russia's friends during these days.
他补充道，他们“通过分兵对抗俄罗斯的联合力量，有什么机会取得成功呢？”这种论点是这些天来维持俄罗斯朋友希望的典型做法。
Doubts, however, began to creep in more strongly as to the possibility of holding Warsaw.
然而，人们对占领华沙的可能性开始产生更强烈的怀疑。
In Berlin the announcement of the Teutonic victories that began with the successful assault at Przasnysz was received with general rejoicing, and the appearance of flags all over the city.
在柏林，从普扎斯尼什的成功进攻开始，条顿人的胜利宣告得到了普遍的欢呼，整个城市都出现了旗帜。
The Russian retreat toward the Narew River in particular was regarded by the military critics as threatening momentarily to crumble up the right flank of the positions of the Russians before the capital of Poland.
军事评论家认为，俄罗斯向纳雷夫河的撤退尤其有可能暂时瓦解波兰首都前俄罗斯阵地的右翼。
[Illustration: German Attempts to reach Warsaw in 1914.]
[插图：1914 年德国试图到达华沙。]
Cholm and Lublin on the southern line of communication of the Russian armies were now in imminent danger.
俄罗斯军队南部交通线上的乔姆和卢布林现在处于迫在眉睫的危险之中。
On July 19, 1915, came the announcement that the troops under Field Marshal von Mackensen, which had pierced the Russian line in the region of Pilaskowice and Krasnostav, had increased their successes, and that the Russians were making the most desperate effort to prevent complete defeat.
1915 年 7 月 19 日，有消息称，冯·马肯森元帅领导的部队在皮拉斯科维采和克拉斯诺斯塔夫地区突破了俄军防线，取得了更大的胜利，俄军正在尽最大努力避免彻底失败。
All day the battle had swayed in a fierce struggle for mastery.
一整天，战斗都在激烈的争夺中摇摆不定。
The Russians threw a fresh division of the Guards into the fight, but this too had to yield to the overwhelming force of the Teuton onslaught.
俄国人派遣了一个新的近卫军师投入战斗，但这也不得不屈服于条顿人的压倒性猛攻。
Farther to the east as far as the neighborhood of Grabowiec, Austro-Hungarian and German troops forced the crossing of the Wolica, and near Sokal in Galicia Austro-Hungarian troops crossed the Bug.
再往东，直到格拉博维茨附近，奥匈帝国和德国军队强行渡过沃利察河，而在加利西亚的索卡尔附近，奥匈帝国军队也渡过了布格河。
(See Austro-Russian Campaign.) In consequence of these Teuton successes the Russians on the night of the 18th to the 19th of July retreated along the whole front between the Vistula and the Bug--practically the last line of defense, for the Warsaw-Kiev railway had been broken down.
（见奥俄战役。）由于条顿人的胜利，俄国人于 7 月 18 日至 19 日夜间沿着维斯瓦河和布格河之间的整个战线撤退——这实际上是最后一道防线，因为华沙-基辅铁路已被破坏。
The German troops and the corps under the command of Field Marshal von Arz alone from the 15th to the 18th of July, 1915, took 16,250 prisoners and 23 machine guns.
1915 年 7 月 15 日至 18 日期间，仅冯·阿尔兹元帅指挥下的德国军队和军团就俘获了 16,250 名俘虏和 23 挺机枪。
It was announced by the Germans that according to written orders captured during this action the Russian leaders had resolved to hold the positions here conquered by the Germans to the utmost, regardless of losses.
德国人宣布，根据这次行动中缴获的书面命令，俄罗斯领导人决心最大限度地守住被德国人占领的阵地，无论损失如何。
The same day that brought the report of this Russian retreat on the south brought the news that in the adjoining sector to the west of the Upper Vistula the army of General von Woyrsch had met resistance from the Russians behind the Ilzanka after the Russian defeat on July 13, 1915, that, however, Silesian Landwehr on the 18th had captured the Russian defenses at Ciepilovo by storm, and that the Russian line at Kasonow and Barenow was beginning to yield.
在报道俄军向南撤退的同一天，传来这样的消息：1915 年 7 月 13 日俄军战败后，在上维斯瓦河以西的邻近地区，冯·沃尔什将军的军队遭遇了伊尔赞卡河后方俄军的抵抗，然而，西里西亚兰德维尔于 18 日以猛攻攻克了俄军在切皮洛沃的防御工事，卡索诺和巴列诺的俄军防线也开始被包围。产量。
The army of General von Gallwitz had now taken up positions along the whole Narew line from southwest of Ostrolenka to Novo Georgievsk.
冯·加勒维茨将军的军队现在已经沿着从奥斯特罗连卡西南到新乔治耶夫斯克的整个纳雷夫防线占据了阵地。
The Russians, however, as already indicated, were still holding fortified places and bridgeheads on the right bank of the river.
然而，正如已经表明的那样，俄罗斯人仍然占据着河右岸的防御工事和桥头堡。
In this sector the number of prisoners taken by the Germans had risen to 101 officers and 28,760 men.
在这一地区，德军俘虏的囚犯人数已增至 101 名军官和 28,760 名士兵。
In the sector next adjoining, passing onward around the enveloping lines, that lying between the Pissa and the Szkwa, the Russians likewise had retreated until they stood directly on the Narew.
在接下来的地区，俄军也同样撤退，绕过比萨河和什夸河之间的包围线，直到直接站在纳雷夫河上。
Here the Slavs had been favored by forests and swampy land which made pursuit difficult.
斯拉夫人在这里受到森林和沼泽地的青睐，这使得追击变得困难。
At the extreme left end of the German line a magnificent success had been achieved in the occupation of Tukkum and Windau.
在德军战线的最左端，占领图库姆和温道取得了巨大的成功。
This capture brought the Germans to within fifty miles of Riga, seat of the governor general of the Baltic provinces.
这次占领使德军到达距波罗的海各省总督所在地里加不到五十英里的地方。
They were, however, destined not to make any substantial progress in the direction of that city for many months to come.
然而，他们注定在未来几个月内不会在该城市的方向上取得任何实质性进展。
Blow fell upon blow.
一击接着一击。
The question "Can Warsaw be held?" began to receive doubtful answers in the allied capitals.
问题“华沙能否举行？”同盟国首都开始收到令人怀疑的答案。
The colossal coordinate movement of the Teutonic forces in these July days had received so little check from the Russian resistance that the British press had begun to discount the fall of the Polish capital.
条顿军队在七月里的大规模协调行动几乎没有受到俄罗斯抵抗力量的制止，以至于英国媒体开始对波兰首都的陷落不予重视。
Shortness of ammunition and artillery was ascribed as the cause of Russia's failure to make a successful stand against the onrushing Teutons.
弹药和火炮的短缺被认为是俄罗斯未能成功抵御猛攻的条顿人的原因。
On July 20, 1915, Berlin announced the capture of those fortifications of Ostrolenka lying on the northwest bank of the Narew River.
1915年7月20日，柏林宣布夺取位于纳雷夫河西北岸的奥斯特罗连卡防御工事。
This was one of the strong places designed to protect the Warsaw-Grodno-Petrograd railway.
这是为保护华沙-格罗德诺-彼得格勒铁路而设计的坚固地点之一。
The threatened fall was highly significant.
坠落的威胁非常严重。
To the south of the Vistula the Teuton troops had advanced to the Blonie-Grojec lines.
在维斯瓦河以南，条顿军队已经推进到布洛涅-格罗耶茨防线。
Blonie is some seventeen miles west of Warsaw and Grojec twenty-six miles south of the city.
布洛尼 (Blonie) 位于华沙以西约 17 英里，格罗耶茨 (Grojec) 位于该市以南 26 英里处。
Farther eastward and to the south troops of the army of General von Woyrsch had completely turned the enemy out of the Ilzanka positions, having repulsed the counterattacks of the Russian reserves which had been quickly brought up, and captured more than 5,000 prisoners.
在更远的东方和南方，冯·沃尔施将军的军队已经将敌人完全赶出伊尔赞卡阵地，击退了迅速发起的俄军预备队的反攻，并俘虏了5000多名俘虏。
Von Woyrsch's cavalry had now reached the railway line from Radom to the great fortress of Ivangorod, the objective point of this army, and Radom itself had been seized.
冯·沃尔施的骑兵现在已经到达了从拉多姆到伊万哥罗德大要塞的铁路线，这是这支军队的目标点，而拉多姆本身已经被占领了。
CHAPTER LIX
第十九章
BEGINNING OF THE END
结束的开始
So uncertain had grown the positions of Lublin on the southern railway line leading to Warsaw that the Russian commander in chief had issued an order that in case of a retreat the male population of the town was to attach itself to the retiring troops.
卢布林在通往华沙的南部铁路线上的地位变得如此不确定，以至于俄罗斯总司令发布了一项命令，如果撤退，该镇的男性居民必须加入撤退的部队。
On July 21, 1915, the Russians throughout the empire were reported to be joining in prayer.
1915 年 7 月 21 日，据报道整个帝国的俄罗斯人都参加了祈祷。
"Yesterday evening," telegraphed the London "Daily Mail's" Petrograd correspondent on the 21st, "the bells in all the churches throughout Russia clanged a call to prayer for a twenty-four hours' continual service of intercession for victory.
“昨天晚上，”伦敦《每日邮报》驻彼得格勒记者21日电报说，“全俄罗斯所有教堂的钟声敲响，号召人们进行二十四小时不间断的胜利代祷仪式。
"To-day, in spite of the heat, the churches were packed.
“今天，尽管天气炎热，教堂里还是挤满了人。
Hour after hour the people stand wedged together while the priests and choirs chant interminable litanies.
一个小时又一个小时，人们挤在一起站着，而牧师和唱诗班则无休无止地吟诵着祷文。
Outside the Kamian Cathedral here an open-air Mass is being celebrated in the presence of an enormous crowd."
在卡米安大教堂外，正在举行一场露天弥撒，人群众多。”
The chronicle of the closing days of July, 1915, is an unbroken narrative of forward movements of German armies on all parts of the great semicircle.
1915 年 7 月最后几天的编年史是对德国军队在大半圆各个部分的前进运动的完整叙述。
The movement now, however, was slow.
然而，现在的动作却很缓慢。
The Russians were fighting desperately, and the Germans had to win their way inch by inch.
俄国人拼命战斗，德国人则只能寸步难行。
By the 21st the Russians were withdrawing in Courland to the east of the line Popeljany-Kurtschany, and the last Russian trenches westward of Shavly had been taken by assault.
到21日，俄军已从波佩尔贾尼-库尔茨查尼线以东的库尔兰撤退，沙夫利以西的最后俄军战壕也已被攻占。
To the north of Novgorod the capture of Russian positions had yielded 2,000 prisoners and two machine guns to the Germans on the 20th.
20 日，在诺夫哥罗德以北，德军攻占了俄军阵地，并俘获了 2000 名俘虏和两挺机枪。
Farther south on the Narew a strong work of the fortress Rozan defending an important crossing was stormed by the Germans, and desperate fighting was going on at Pultusk and near Georgievsk.
再往南，在纳雷夫河上，保卫重要渡口的罗赞要塞的坚固工事遭到德军的猛攻，普乌图斯克和格奥尔基耶夫斯克附近的殊死战斗正在进行。
Already the Russians were beginning to yield their positions to the west of Grojec, which meant that the Teuton armies were about to push into the opening between Warsaw and Ivangorod and divide the Russian forces.
俄军已经开始放弃格罗耶茨以西的阵地，这意味着条顿军队即将挺进华沙和伊万哥罗德之间的缺口，分割俄军。
The armies of Von Woyrsch on July 20, 1915, seized a projecting bridgehead to the south of Ivangorod, and captured the lines that had been held by the Russians near Wladislavow.
1915 年 7 月 20 日，冯·沃尔希的军队夺取了伊万哥罗德以南突出的桥头堡，并占领了弗拉季斯拉夫附近俄罗斯人占据的防线。
In the positions defending the railway between Cholm and Lublin, Russian resistance was once more marked, and was checking the progress of the armies of Von Mackensen and Archduke Joseph Ferdinand.
在保卫乔姆和卢布林之间的铁路的阵地上，俄罗斯的抵抗再次明显，并正在阻止冯·马肯森和约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队的前进。
By noon of July 21, 1915, the Silesian troops of Von Woyrsch had stormed the bridgehead on the Vistula between Lagow and Lugawa-Wola, with the result that Ivangorod was now inclosed from the south, while to northwest of the fortress Austro-Hungarian troops were fighting on the west bank of the Vistula.
1915年7月21日中午，冯·沃尔希的西里西亚军队袭击了拉戈夫和卢加瓦沃拉之间的维斯瓦河桥头堡，结果伊万哥罗德现在被从南部包围，而在要塞西北面，奥匈帝国军队正在维斯瓦河西岸作战。
Austro-Hungarian troops too were battling their way close up to the fortress directly from the west.
奥匈帝国军队也从西边奋力逼近要塞。
Line after line was giving way before the Teutons.
一排又一排的队伍在条顿人面前让路。
The Russian retreat over the bridge at Novo Alexandria to the south of Ivangorod was carried on under the fire of German artillery.
俄军在德军炮火下从伊万哥罗德以南的新亚历山大大桥撤退。
Numerous villages set afire by the Russians were now sending great clouds of smoke into the sky over all this region.
俄罗斯人纵火焚烧的许多村庄现在正在向整个地区的天空喷出巨大的烟雾。
The troops of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, after a stubborn resistance on the part of the Russians, seized enemy positions on July 21, 1915, near Chodel and Borzechow, advancing another step toward Lublin.
1915 年 7 月 21 日，约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队在俄罗斯人的顽强抵抗后，占领了乔德尔和博尔热肖附近的敌人阵地，向卢布林又迈进了一步。
Eight thousand Russian prisoners, 15 machine guns, and 4 ammunition wagons were taken.
8000名俄罗斯战俘、15挺机枪和4辆弹药车被俘。
By the 23d of July, 1915, the Teutonic troops were close up to the encircling forts of Ivangorod and stood on the Vistula all the way between the fortress and the mouth of the Pilica.
到1915年7月23日，条顿军队已逼近包围圈的伊万哥罗德要塞，并一直坚守在要塞与皮利察河口之间的维斯瓦河上。
On the 24th the Teutons announced a victory over the Fifth Russian Army by General von Buelow at Shavli.
24日，条顿人宣布在沙夫利击败了冯·布洛将军指挥的俄罗斯第五集团军。
The report read: "After ten days of continuous fighting, marching, and pursuit, the German troops yesterday succeeded in bringing the Russians to a stand in the regions of Rozalin and Szadow and in defeating them and scattering their forces.
报告中写道：“经过十天的连续战斗、行军和追击，德军昨天成功地在罗扎林和沙多夫地区将俄国人逼到了阵地，并击败了他们并分散了他们的兵力。
The booty since the beginning of this operation on the 14th of July consists of 27,000 prisoners, 25 cannon, 40 machine guns, more than 100 loaded ammunition wagons with their draft animals, numerous baggage wagons and other material."
自 7 月 14 日行动开始以来，战利品包括 27,000 名囚犯、25 门大炮、40 挺机枪、100 多辆载有役畜的弹药车、大量行李车和其他物资。”
This day brought the announcement also of the capture of the fortresses of Rozan and Pultusk on the Narew, after violent charges by troops of General von Gallwitz.
这一天还宣布，在冯·加维茨将军的部队猛烈进攻后，纳雷夫河上的罗赞和普图斯克要塞被占领。
The crossing of the Narew between these places was now in German hands, and strong forces were advancing on the southern shore.
穿过这些地方的纳雷夫河现已落入德军手中，强大的部队正在向南岸推进。
The Russians had been resisting obstinately in this quarter, and the Germans had made their way only by the most heroic efforts.
俄国人在这一地区进行了顽强的抵抗，而德国人则通过最英勇的努力才取得了进展。
German headquarters announced at this time that in the battles between the Niemen and the Vistula covering the ten days since July 14, 1915, more than 41,000 prisoners, 14 cannon, and 19 machine guns had been captured.
德军司令部此时宣布，自1915年7月14日以来，在涅门河和维斯瓦河的战斗中，历时十天，共缴获了41000多名战俘、14门大炮和19挺机枪。
The German troops now also attained the Vistula to the north of the Pilica.
德军现在也到达了皮利卡河以北的维斯瓦河。
In their summing up of results since the 14th of July the Teutons recounted further on this day, the 24th, that some 50,000 prisoners had been taken by the armies of General von Woyrsch and Field Marshal von Mackensen during the period.
条顿人在总结 7 月 14 日以来的战果时，在 24 日这一天进一步叙述，冯·沃尔施将军和冯·马肯森元帅的军队在此期间俘虏了大约 50,000 名俘虏。
The army of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand had been making rapid progress.
约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队一直在快速前进。
On July 24, 1915, under the attacks of these troops the Russians retreated on a front of forty kilometers, between the Vistula and the Bistritza, from eight to ten kilometers northward to prepared lines, their attempts to halt in intermediate positions being frustrated by the onrush of the victorious Teutonic forces in pursuit.
1915 年 7 月 24 日，在这些部队的攻击下，俄军在维斯瓦河和比斯特里察河之间的一条前线上撤退了 40 公里，向北撤退了 8 至 10 公里，到达了准备好的防线，他们试图在中间阵地停下来，但因追击的条顿军队的猛攻而受挫。
By July 25, 1915, the Narew had been crossed by the Germans along its whole front, southward from Ostrolenka to Pultusk, and by the 26th they had gained the farther side of the Narew above Ostrolenka likewise.
到 1915 年 7 月 25 日，德军已沿整个战线从奥斯特罗连卡向南到普乌图斯克越过纳雷夫河，到 26 日，他们同样占领了奥斯特罗连卡上方的纳雷夫河另一侧。
The troops moving southeast from Pultusk now approached the Bug, getting toward the rear of Novo Georgievsk and Warsaw, and threatening to close the Russians' line of escape, the Warsaw-Bielostok railway.
从普乌图斯克向东南方向移动的部队现在已接近布格河，向新乔治耶夫斯克和华沙的后方移动，并威胁要关闭俄军的逃生线——华沙-别洛斯托克铁路。
On July 26, 1915, the Russians made a determined counteroffensive from the line of Goworowo-Wyszkow-Serock in an effort to remove the threat to the rear of Warsaw.
1915年7月26日，俄军从戈沃罗沃-维什科夫-塞罗克一线发动坚决反攻，试图消除华沙后方的威胁。
This, however, had little success, the Russians losing 3,319 men to the Germans in prisoners.
然而，此举收效甚微，俄国人被德国人俘虏了 3,319 名士兵。
To the south of Warsaw the Germans had seized the villages of Ustanov, Lbiska, and Jazarzew, which brought them nearly to the Vistula, just below the capital.
在华沙以南，德军占领了乌斯塔诺夫、利比斯卡和贾扎热夫等村庄，这使得他们几乎到达首都下方的维斯瓦河。
The great attacks of the Germans on the troops defending Warsaw were being hampered to some extent by the laying waste of the country by the retiring Russians.
德国人对保卫华沙的军队的大规模进攻，在一定程度上因退役的俄罗斯人对这个国家的蹂躏而受到阻碍。
Difficulty in moving heavy artillery on roads had also interfered with their progress, but on the morning of July 28, 1915, Von Woyrsch crossed to the eastern shore of the Vistula between the mouth of the Pilica and Kozienice at several places, and was threatening the Warsaw-Ivangorod railway.
重型火炮在道路上移动的困难也阻碍了他们的前进，但在1915年7月28日早上，冯·沃尔希在皮利察河口和科济尼采河口之间的几个地方越过维斯瓦河东岸，并威胁到华沙-伊万哥罗德铁路。
Novo Georgievsk was steadily being inclosed.
新格奥尔基耶夫斯克逐渐被封闭。
The Russian counterthrusts in the neighborhood of Warsaw both on the north and the south of the city were repelled by night and day.
俄军在华沙城北和城南附近的反攻均被日夜击退。
To the south near Gora-Kalvaria a desperate attempt of the Russians to push forward toward the west on the night from July 27th to the 28th, 1915, was shattered.
1915 年 7 月 27 日至 28 日夜间，在戈拉-卡尔瓦里亚附近的南部，俄罗斯人孤注一掷地向西推进的企图被粉碎了。
The armies of Field Marshal von Mackensen, breaking through Russian positions to the west of the Wieprz, captured thousands of prisoners and many guns, and once more thrust back the Russian front between the Vistula and the Bug.
冯·马肯森元帅的军队突破了维普日河以西的俄军阵地，俘获了数千名俘虏和许多枪支，并再次将俄军前线从维斯瓦河和布格河之间推进。
On the evening of the 29th they attained the Warsaw-Kiev railway at Biskupice, about halfway between Lublin and Cholm, thus crowning their efforts to get astride their important line of communications.
29 日晚上，他们到达了位于卢布林和乔姆之间大约中间位置的比斯库皮斯 (Biskupice) 的华沙-基辅铁路，从而完成了跨越重要交通线的努力。
The Russians were destroying everything of value in the country as they retired, even burning grain in the fields.
俄罗斯人在退休时摧毁了该国的一切有价值的东西，甚至在田里焚烧谷物。
On the afternoon of July 30, 1915, Lublin at last was occupied by the army of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, and on the 31st the Germans of Von Mackensen passed through Cholm.
1915 年 7 月 30 日下午，卢布林终于被约瑟夫·斐迪南大公的军队占领，31 日，冯·马肯森的德军穿过乔姆。
Thus the Teutonic armies were now across the important railway from Warsaw and Ivangorod to Kiev, on a broad front, running all the way down to the Vistula at Novo Alexandria.
因此，条顿军队现在已经穿过从华沙和伊万哥罗德到基辅的重要铁路，在一条宽阔的战线上，一直延伸到新亚历山大的维斯瓦河。
In Courland the Germans continued to push forward, so that on the 12th of August they were enabled to seize the important railway center Mistan.
在库尔兰，德军继续推进，并于8月12日占领了重要的铁路中心米斯坦。
Hope in Russia died hard.
俄罗斯的希望破灭了。
Press correspondents up to July 29, 1915, still spoke of the possibility of the Russians standing a siege in their principal fortress on the Warsaw salient.
截至 1915 年 7 月 29 日，新闻记者仍在谈论俄罗斯人围困华沙突出部的主要堡垒的可能性。
On the 29th, however, reports came from Petrograd that the fortresses of the Warsaw defense were to be abandoned and the capital of Poland given up to the army.
然而，29日，彼得格勒传来消息称，华沙防御要塞将被放弃，波兰首都将被军队拱手相让。
The correspondent of the New York "Times" on July 29, 1915, in a special cable summed up the situation in an announcement that the fate of Europe hung on the decision that Russia might make on the question: "Shall Russia settle down to a war of position in her vast fortifications around Warsaw, or shall she continue to barter space against time, withdrawing from the line of the Vistula and points on it of both strategic and political importance, in order to gain the time which Germany has already stored in the form of inexhaustible gun munitions?" The reply was the evacuation of Warsaw.
1915年7月29日，纽约《泰晤士报》记者在一份特别电报中总结了当时的情况，欧洲的命运取决于俄罗斯在这个问题上可能做出的决定：“俄罗斯是应该在华沙周围的巨大防御工事中进行一场阵地战，还是应该继续以空间与时间交换，从维斯瓦河防线和具有战略和政治重要性的地点撤军，以赢得德国已经赢得的时间。”以取之不尽用之不竭的枪支弹药的形式储存？”答复是撤离华沙。
The decisive blow to Russia's hopes came with the crossing of the Vistula about twenty miles north of Ivangorod on July 28, 1915, already noted.
1915 年 7 月 28 日，俄罗斯希望在伊万哥罗德以北约 20 英里处渡过维斯瓦河，这对俄罗斯的希望造成了决定性的打击。
It showed that Warsaw was being rapidly surrounded.
这表明华沙正在被迅速包围。
The Russian communique of the 30th of July told of the crossing over of the Teutons on both sides of the Radomka, a tributary of the Vistula, to the right bank of the Vistula on pontoons, and of attempts to throw bridges across the great rivers.
7 月 30 日的俄罗斯公报讲述了条顿人在维斯瓦河支流拉多姆卡河两岸乘浮桥渡河到维斯瓦河右岸，并试图在大河上架起桥梁。
Von Woyrsch's troops that had crossed over were irresistibly pursuing still farther east on the 30th, defeating troops hastily brought up to stop their advance.
冯·沃尔希的渡河部队于30日不可抗拒地继续向东追击，击败了匆忙赶来阻止他们前进的部队。
By August 1 two entire German army corps reached the right bank of the Vistula.
8 月 1 日，整个德军的两个军团到达维斯瓦河右岸。
Ivangorod, now threatened from all directions, could evidently not be held much longer.
伊万哥罗德现在受到四面八方的威胁，显然不能再坚持太久了。
The fortress surrendered on August 4, 1915, after a violent bombardment of the outer forts had taken place, beginning on the first of the month.
1915 年 8 月 4 日，在从 1915 年 8 月 1 日开始对外围堡垒进行猛烈轰炸后，要塞投降。
Austro-Hungarian troops under General von Koevess especially distinguished themselves in the attack on the west front.
冯·科弗斯将军指挥的奥匈帝国军队在西线进攻中表现尤为突出。
CHAPTER LX
第六章
WARSAW FALLS
华沙瀑布
The retreat from Warsaw began during the night of August 3 and 4, 1915.
1915 年 8 月 3 日至 4 日夜间，华沙撤退开始。
Already the city had been stripped as far as possible, to judge by reports from Petrograd, of metals, such as church bells and machinery that might possibly be of use to the Germans.
根据彼得格勒的报告判断，这座城市已经被尽可能地剥夺了金属，例如可能对德国人有用的教堂钟声和机械。
A portion of the civilian population left the city.
一部分平民离开了这座城市。
The Blonie line just to the west of the capital was given up under pressure from the Teutons on the 3d.
3日，在条顿人的压力下，位于首都以西的布洛尼防线被放弃。
While the retreat was taking place the Russians gave all possible support to their forces defending the Narew lines, so far as they still were maintained.
在撤退期间，俄罗斯人向保卫纳雷夫防线的部队提供了一切可能的支持，只要这些防线仍然存在。
Desperate charges were hurled by the Russians against the Germans moving forward all along the front Lowza-Ostrow-Wyszkow.
俄国人对沿着洛扎-奥斯特罗-维什科夫前线前进的德国人发起了绝望的冲锋。
The bravery of the Russians, especially in their counterattacks on both sides of the road from Rozan to Ostrow on the 4th of August, won the admiration of the Germans.
俄军的勇敢，特别是8月4日从罗赞到奥斯特罗的公路两侧的反击，赢得了德国人的钦佩。
The correspondent of the London "Times" reports that on August 4, 1915, there was probably not over one Russian corps on the west side of the Vistula.
伦敦《泰晤士报》记者报道称，1915年8月4日，维斯瓦河西岸可能只有一个俄罗斯军团。
"Half of that crossed south of Warsaw before 6 p.
“其中一半在下午 6 点之前穿过华沙以南。
m.," he writes, "and probably the last division left about midnight, and at 3 a.
米，”他写道，“最后一个师可能在午夜左右、凌晨 3 点离开。
m.
米。
on August 5 the bridges were blown up.
8月5日，桥梁被炸毁。
The Germans arrived at 6 a.
德国人早上 6 点抵达。
m." The formal entry of the Polish capital was made by Prince Leopold of Bavaria as Commander in Chief of the army which took the city.
米。”巴伐利亚亲王利奥波德作为攻占这座城市的军队总司令正式进入波兰首都。
[Illustration: The central figure is Prince Leopold of Bavaria, who led the victorious Teutons into Warsaw, August 6, 1915.
[插图：中心人物是巴伐利亚的利奥波德亲王，他于 1915 年 8 月 6 日率领胜利的条顿人进入华沙。
The Prince with his staff are posed before Warsaw's magnificent cathedral.]
王子和他的手杖在华沙宏伟的大教堂前合影。]
The formal announcement issued by the German Great Headquarters on the 5th of August read: "The army of Prince Leopold of Bavaria pierced and took yesterday and last night the outer and inner lines of forts of Warsaw in which Russian rear guards still offered stubborn resistance.
德国大司令部8月5日发布的正式公告称：“巴伐利亚利奥波德亲王的军队昨天和昨晚突破并占领了华沙要塞的外线和内线，而俄罗斯后卫仍在顽强抵抗。
The city was occupied to-day by our troops."
今天这座城市被我们的军队占领了。”
[Illustration: Advance and Capture of Warsaw.]
[插图：进攻并占领华沙。]
In the capture of Warsaw seven huge armies had been employed.
为了攻占华沙，动用了七支庞大的军队。
The German northern army, operating against the double-track line which runs from Warsaw to Petrograd, 1,000 miles in the northeast, via Bielostok and Grodno; the army operating in the Suwalki district, threatening the same line farther west; the army aimed at the Narew based on Mearva; the army directly aimed at Warsaw, north of the Vistula; the (Ninth) army directly aimed at Warsaw, south of the Vistula; ten or twelve Austrian army corps attempting to reach the single-and double-track railway from Ivangorod to Brest-Litovsk and Moscow, and the line from Warsaw to Kiev via Lublin and Cholm, which is for the most part a single track, and, finally, the army of Von Linsingen, operating on the Lipa east of Lemberg.
德国北方军队，针对从华沙经比耶洛斯托克和格罗德诺到东北 1,000 英里处的彼得格勒的双轨线作战；在苏瓦乌基地区活动的军队，威胁着更西边的同一战线；军队瞄准了以米尔瓦为基地的纳雷夫人；军队直接瞄准维斯瓦河以北的华沙； （第九）集团军直接瞄准维斯瓦河以南的华沙；十个或十二个奥地利军团试图到达从伊万哥罗德到布列斯特-立托夫斯克和莫斯科的单轨和双轨铁路，以及从华沙经卢布林和乔姆到基辅的线路，该线路大部分是单轨，最后是冯·林辛根的军队，在伦贝格以东的利帕河上作战。
The campaign for Warsaw had been fought along a front of 1,000 miles, extending from the Baltic to the frontier of Rumania.
华沙战役的战线长达 1,000 英里，从波罗的海一直延伸到罗马尼亚边境。
An estimate which lays claim to being based upon authoritative figures placed the number of men engaged in almost daily conflict on this long line at between 6,000,000 and 7,000,000.
据权威人士估计，几乎每天都在这条长线上参与冲突的人数在 6,000,000 至 7,000,000 人之间。
The attacks upon the sides of the lines on which the defense of Warsaw depended had been the most furious in the course of the war on the eastern front.
对华沙防御线两侧的攻击是东线战争中最猛烈的一次。
The losses on both sides undoubtedly were enormous, though they can be ascertained only with difficulty, if at all.
双方的损失无疑都是巨大的，尽管要确定这些损失（如果有的话）也很困难。
The following summary of captures was issued by the German Great Headquarters on August 1, 1915: "Captured in July between the Baltic and the Pilica, 95,023 Russians; 41 guns, including two heavy ones; 4 mine throwers; 230 machine guns.
德国大司令部于 1915 年 8 月 1 日发布了以下俘获情况摘要：“7 月在波罗的海和皮利卡之间俘获了 95,023 名俄罗斯人；41 门火炮，其中包括两门重型火炮；4 架地雷投掷器；230 挺机枪。
Taken in July in the southeastern theatre of war (apparently between Pilica and the Rumanian frontier): 323 officers; 75,719 men; 10 guns; 126 machine guns."
7 月拍摄于东南战区（显然位于皮利察和罗马尼亚边境之间）：323 名军官； 75,719 人； 10支枪； 126挺机枪。”
PART VIII--THE BALKANS
第八部分--巴尔干半岛
CHAPTER LXI
第十六章
DIPLOMACY IN THE BALKANS
巴尔干地区的外交
In discussing the causes of the Great War in Vol. I we have already shown how important a part the little Balkan States played in the long chain of events leading up to the final catastrophe.
在讨论卷中第一次世界大战的原因时。我们已经表明，巴尔干小国在导致最终灾难的一连串事件中发挥了多么重要的作用。
When two mighty lords come to blows over the right of way through the fields of their peasant neighbors, it is only natural that the peasants themselves should be deeply concerned.
当两个强大的领主为了穿过他们农民邻居的田地的通行权而发生冲突时，农民本身应该深切关注是很自然的。
While it is not likely that any of them would feel especially friendly toward either of the belligerents, it might, however, be to their advantage to take a hand in the struggle on the side of the victor.
虽然他们中的任何一个人都不太可能对任何一个交战方感到特别友好，但是，在胜利者一边的斗争中伸出援手可能对他们有利。
But until each thought he had picked the winner he would hold aloof.
但在每个人都认为自己选出了胜利者之前，他都会保持冷漠。
This was, in fact, the situation of all the Balkan States when the Great War began, with the exception, of course, of Serbia, which had been directly attacked.
事实上，这就是第一次世界大战开始时所有巴尔干国家的情况，当然，受到直接攻击的塞尔维亚除外。
Rumania, Bulgaria, and Greece very hastily announced their complete neutrality to each other as well as to the world at large, though Greece was in the very awkward position of having signed a defensive treaty with Serbia.
罗马尼亚、保加利亚和希腊非常仓促地宣布对彼此以及对整个世界完全中立，尽管希腊因与塞尔维亚签署了防御条约而处于非常尴尬的境地。
Though the Balkan situation has always been considered very complicated, certain broad facts may be laid down which will serve as a key to a fair understanding of the motives behind each of the various moves being made on the Balkan chess board.
尽管巴尔干局势一直被认为非常复杂，但某些广泛的事实可能会被列出，这将成为公平理解巴尔干棋盘上每一步棋背后的动机的关键。
First of all, it must be realized that popular sentiment plays a much smaller part in Balkan politics than it does in such countries as England, France and our own country.
首先，必须认识到，民众情绪在巴尔干政治中所起的作用比在英国、法国和我国等国家中所起的作用要小得多。
Though each is more or less democratic in form, none of these governments is really controlled by its people in matters requiring such quick decisions as war.
尽管每个政府在形式上或多或少都是民主的，但在战争等需要迅速做出决定的事务上，这些政府都没有真正受到其人民的控制。
At the head of each of the Balkan States is a monarch surrounded by a governing clique who have full authority in military matters.
每个巴尔干国家的首脑都是一位君主，周围有一个统治集团，他们在军事事务上拥有完全的权力。
Each of these cliques has only one aim in mind: How shall it increase the area of its territory, or at least save itself from losing any of what it already controls?
这些派系中的每一个都只有一个目标：如何扩大其领土面积，或者至少避免失去任何已控制的领土？
Rumania, being of Latin blood, has no natural affinity with either of the big fighting powers that concern her: Austria or Russia.
罗马尼亚有着拉丁血统，与奥地利和俄罗斯这两个与之相关的强国没有天然的亲和力。
In her case, therefore, sympathy may be entirely eliminated.
因此，就她而言，同情心可能会被完全消除。
She does, however, covet a piece of Austrian territory, Transylvania, in which there is a substantial Rumanian population which has always been rather badly treated by Austria.
然而，她确实觊觎奥地利的一块领土——特兰西瓦尼亚，那里有大量罗马尼亚人口，而他们一直受到奥地利的虐待。
Bulgaria, like Russia, is Slavic.
保加利亚和俄罗斯一样，都是斯拉夫人。
Added to that, Bulgaria owes her freedom to Russian arms.
除此之外，保加利亚的自由归功于俄罗斯的武器。
Because of these two reasons there is a very strong sentiment among the people in favor of Russia.
由于这两个原因，人们对俄罗斯的支持情绪非常强烈。
Russian political intrigues during the past thirty years have done a great deal, however, in undermining this kindly feeling among the more intelligent Bulgarians.
然而，过去三十年来俄罗斯的政治阴谋极大地破坏了更聪明的保加利亚人的这种善意感情。
And then Russia's ambition to possess herself of the Bosphorus as an outlet into the Mediterranean is directly contrary to the ambitions of the governing clique of Bulgaria, which also has its eyes on Constantinople.
而俄罗斯想要拥有博斯普鲁斯海峡作为进入地中海的出口的野心，与保加利亚统治集团的野心直接相反，保加利亚统治集团也把目光投向了君士坦丁堡。
Toward the Austrians the Bulgarians feel nothing but dislike: "Schwabs," they call them contemptuously.
保加利亚人对奥地利人只有厌恶：他们轻蔑地称他们为“施瓦布”。
Moreover, Austria's contemplated pathway to Saloniki would cut down through Macedonia, another territory coveted by Bulgaria.
此外，奥地利计划通往萨洛尼基的道路将绕过马其顿，这是保加利亚觊觎的另一块领土。
Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, however, is a German by birth and training.
然而，保加利亚国王费迪南德在出生和训练上都是德国人。
Greece, like Rumania, is also racially isolated.
与罗马尼亚一样，希腊也存在种族隔离。
She fears Russia for the same reason that Bulgaria does; Greece is determined that Constantinople shall one day be hers.
她害怕俄罗斯的原因和保加利亚一样。希腊决心有一天君士坦丁堡将属于她。
And she fears Austria because Austria's pathway would even take Saloniki from her.
她害怕奥地利，因为奥地利的道路甚至会从她手中夺走萨洛尼基。
And finally she fears Italy because Italy has ambitions in Asia Minor and Albania.
最后，她害怕意大利，因为意大利对小亚细亚和阿尔巴尼亚有野心。
All the belligerents seem to be treading on the toes of Greece.
所有交战方似乎都在踩希腊的脚趾。
It will be seen, therefore, that the diplomatic game was an especially delicate one in the Balkans.
因此，可以看出，巴尔干地区的外交游戏尤其微妙。
Being comparatively weak, these small states cannot fight alone for themselves.
这些小国实力比较弱，无法单独作战。
Their selfish ambitions, or of their governing cliques rather, make a combination impossible.
他们的自私野心，或者更确切地说是他们的统治集团的野心，使得结合变得不可能。
Their only chance is to bargain with the winner at the right moment.
他们唯一的机会就是在适当的时候与获胜者讨价还价。
During the first half year of the war there was very little for the Balkan diplomats to do but lie low and watch; watch for the first signs of weakening of either the Allies or the Teutons.
战争的前半年，巴尔干外交官除了低调观望外，几乎没有什么可做的。留意盟军或条顿人衰弱的最初迹象。
To be sure, Turkey threw in her lot with the Teutons during this period, but German control of the Turkish machinery of government and the army appears to have been so strong that it seems doubtful whether Turkish initiative was much of a factor in the move.
可以肯定的是，土耳其在此期间与条顿人结下了不解之缘，但德国对土耳其政府机构和军队的控制似乎如此强大，以至于人们怀疑土耳其的主动性是否是这一举动的重要因素。
One of the first moves by the Teutonic Powers through Austria-Hungary was the attempted invasion of Serbia, by which they hoped to eliminate her from the field and also to swing the other Balkan States, especially Bulgaria, over to their side.
条顿强国通过奥匈帝国的第一个行动就是企图入侵塞尔维亚，他们希望通过这次入侵将她从战场上消灭，同时也将其他巴尔干国家，特别是保加利亚，转向他们一边。
And had Austria succeeded in penetrating the peninsula through Serbia, there can hardly be any doubt that the effect would have been immediate.
如果奥地利成功地穿过塞尔维亚渗透到半岛，毫无疑问，效果将是立竿见影的。
But the invasion by Austria, attempted three times, was an abject failure.
但奥地利三度入侵，均惨遭失败。
At the end of five months a whole Austrian army corps had been annihilated by the Serbians and the rest of the huge invading armies had been driven back across the Danube and Save.
五个月后，整个奥地利军团被塞尔维亚人歼灭，其余的庞大入侵军队被赶回多瑙河和萨维。
Following close upon this came the extraordinary success of the Russians in Bukowina and in the Carpathians, which placed Hungary in immediate danger of being invaded.
紧随其后的是俄罗斯人在布科维纳和喀尔巴阡山脉取得的非凡胜利，这使匈牙利立即面临被入侵的危险。
The cause of the Allies began to look promising and the machinery of Balkan diplomacy began slowly to revolve.
同盟国的事业开始看起来充满希望，巴尔干外交机制开始缓慢运转。
Meanwhile the principal efforts of the Entente statesmen had been directed toward effecting a reconciliation between Bulgaria and the other Balkan States which, she maintained, had robbed her of Macedonia.
与此同时，协约国政治家的主要努力是实现保加利亚与其他巴尔干国家之间的和解，她坚称这些国家夺走了她的马其顿。
Indeed, it may well be said that the Treaty of Bucharest, whereby the Macedonian Bulgars were largely handed over to Serbia, and Greece was, and continued to be, the main stumblingblock in the path of the Allies to bring Bulgaria around to a union with Serbia and Greece and Rumania, for Rumania had also picked Bulgaria's pockets while she was down, by taking a strip of territory at the mouth of the Danube.
事实上，可以说，《布加勒斯特条约》将马其顿保加利亚人的大部分移交给了塞尔维亚和希腊，它过去是、现在仍然是协约国促使保加利亚与塞尔维亚、希腊和罗马尼亚结成联盟的主要绊脚石，因为罗马尼亚在保加利亚落魄时也从中掏腰包，夺取了多瑙河口的一小片领土。
In this she had not even had the excuse of reclaiming her own people, for here were none but pure Bulgarians.
在这方面，她甚至没有借口收回自己的人民，因为这里只有纯粹的保加利亚人。
In January, 1915, Rumania began to show signs of shaping a definite policy that might later lead her to taking sides.
1915 年 1 月，罗马尼亚开始显示出制定明确政策的迹象，这可能导致她后来选边站队。
Her King, Carol, a Hohenzollern by blood, had died shortly after the war and his nephew, Ferdinand, ascended the throne on October 11, 1914.
她的国王卡罗尔是霍亨索伦家族的血统，在战后不久去世，他的侄子费迪南德于 1914 年 10 月 11 日登上王位。
Possibly he may have had something to do with the change.
也许他与这种变化有关。
At any rate, though Rumania had previously accepted financial assistance from Austria, in January she received a loan of several millions from Great Britain, most of which was spent on the army, then partly mobilized.
无论如何，尽管罗马尼亚此前曾接受过奥地利的财政援助，但今年一月份，她又从英国获得了数百万美元的贷款，其中大部分用于军队，然后部分动员起来。
At the same time negotiations of a tentative nature were opened by the Foreign Office with Russia offering to throw the Rumanian troops into the conflict on the side of the Allies for a certain consideration.
与此同时，外交部开始了与俄罗斯的试探性谈判，出于某种考虑，俄罗斯提出将罗马尼亚军队投入到盟军一边的冲突中。
This consideration was that she receive Bukowina, part of the province of Banat, and certain sections of Bessarabia populated by Rumanians.
这一考虑是她接收了巴纳特省的一部分布科维纳以及罗马尼亚人居住的比萨拉比亚的某些地区。
The Allies considered these demands extortionate, and the negotiations were protracted.
同盟国认为这些要求是敲诈性的，因此谈判旷日持久。
When the Austrians and Germans, later in the spring, succeeded in driving the Russians out of the Carpathians, Rumania hastily dropped these negotiations and seated herself more firmly on top of the fence.
当奥地利人和德国人在春天晚些时候成功地将俄罗斯人赶出喀尔巴阡山脉时，罗马尼亚匆忙放弃了这些谈判，并更加坚定地坐在栅栏上。
And so, under the guidance of Bratiano, her prime minister, she has continued throughout the whole year, listening to proposals, first from one side, then from the other, but always carefully maintaining her neutral position.
因此，在总理布拉蒂亚诺的指导下，她全年不断地听取建议，先听取一方的建议，然后听取另一方的建议，但始终小心翼翼地保持中立立场。
Bulgaria had, at about the same time, accepted a loan from Germany.
大约在同一时间，保加利亚接受了德国的贷款。
Attempts were made at the time to explain away the political significance of the transaction by representing the advance as an installment of a loan the terms of which had been arranged before the beginning of the war, but the essential fact was that the cash came from Germany at a time when she was herself calling in all the gold of her people into the Imperial treasury.
当时有人试图通过将预付款描述为一笔贷款的分期付款来解释这笔交易的政治意义，而贷款的条款是在战争开始前安排好的，但重要的事实是，这笔现金来自德国，当时德国正将其人民的所有黄金都调入帝国国库。
Bulgaria now plainly let it be understood under what conditions she would join a union of the Balkan neutrals against the Teutonic Powers.
保加利亚现在明确表示，在什么条件下她将加入巴尔干中立国联盟来对抗条顿国家。
Her premier, Radoslavov, head of the Bulgarian Liberal Party, whose policy has always been anti-Russian, is one of the most astute politicians in the Balkans, and this description is equally true of King Ferdinand as a monarch.
她的总理、保加利亚自由党党魁拉多斯拉沃夫一直采取反俄政策，是巴尔干地区最精明的政治家之一，这一描述同样适用于作为君主的斐迪南国王。
These two stated definitely Bulgaria's price; that part of Macedonia which was to have been allowed to her by the agreement which bound her to Serbia and Greece during the first Balkan War; the Valley of the Struma, including the port of Kavalla, that part of Thrace which she herself had taken from Turkey, and the southern Dobruja, the whole of the territory Rumania had filched from her while her back was turned during the two Balkan wars.
这两个明确说明了保加利亚的价格；第一次巴尔干战争期间将其与塞尔维亚和希腊结合在一起的协议允许其拥有马其顿的部分；斯特鲁马河谷，包括卡瓦拉港（她自己从土耳其手中夺取的色雷斯部分地区）和南部多布罗贾（罗马尼亚在两次巴尔干战争期间背弃了她而从她手中掠夺的整个领土）。
The Entente Powers held council with the other Balkan States, each of which had taken its share of booty from Bulgaria.
协约国与其他巴尔干国家举行了会议，每个国家都从保加利亚夺取了自己的战利品。
In order to persuade them to consent to Bulgaria's terms, they suggested certain compensations for the concessions they were asked to make.
为了说服他们同意保加利亚的条件，他们建议对他们被要求做出的让步给予一定的补偿。
To Serbia, which, in spite of her very precarious situation at the time, was very averse to returning any part of her Macedonian territory, they pointed out that she could find compensation in adding to her territory Bosnia, Herzegovina and the other Slav provinces of Austria, where the population was truly Serb.
对于塞尔维亚，尽管当时的处境非常不稳定，但非常不愿意归还其马其顿领土的任何部分，他们指出，塞尔维亚可以通过增加其领土波斯尼亚、黑塞哥维那和奥地利其他斯拉夫省份来获得补偿，这些省份的人口是真正的塞尔维亚人。
To Rumania, which was already willing to meet Bulgaria half way, they promised Transylvania and Bukowina.
对于已经愿意与保加利亚相向而行的罗马尼亚，他们承诺了特兰西瓦尼亚和布科维纳。
To Greece, which had done less and gained more than any of the other states during the two Balkan Wars and so could afford to be generous, they held out the prospect of gaining a considerable area in Asia Minor, thickly populated by Greeks.
对于希腊来说，在两次巴尔干战争中，希腊做得比其他国家少，获得的却多，因此有能力慷慨解囊，他们提出了获得希腊人口稠密的小亚细亚相当大地区的前景。
These changes naturally all depended on the complete defeat of the Teutonic Powers, but Bulgaria demanded that at least some, and especially Serbian Macedonia, should be handed over to her at once.
这些变化自然都取决于条顿国家的彻底失败，但保加利亚要求至少立即将一些领土，特别是塞尔维亚的马其顿交给她。
This latter demand brought about strong opposition.
后者的要求遭到了强烈反对。
The other Balkan States considered that, granting even that all these concessions were to be promised to Bulgaria, she should not expect their fulfillment until she had earned them by helping to defeat the Teutonic Powers.
其他巴尔干国家认为，即使所有这些让步都向保加利亚做出了承诺，但在她通过帮助击败条顿强国赢得这些让步之前，她不应该指望这些让步得以实现。
Venizelos, the premier of Greece, and probably the most broad-minded statesman in the Balkans, stated that, on the part of Greece, concessions to Bulgaria were possible, though, as developed later, in this he did not have the backing of the King and the rest of the governing clique.
希腊总理韦尼泽洛斯可能是巴尔干地区最开明的政治家，他表示，就希腊而言，向保加利亚让步是可能的，不过，正如后来发展的那样，他没有得到国王和其他统治集团的支持。
In February no progress in the negotiations had been made, though a special French Commission, headed by General Pau, visited all the Balkan capitals and tried to bring about a mutual agreement.
2月份，尽管由波将军领导的法国特别委员会访问了所有巴尔干首都并试图达成一项共同协议，但谈判并未取得任何进展。
At about that time another important military event occurred, especially affecting the Balkans; the warships of the Entente began bombarding the forts in the Dardanelles and it seemed that Constantinople was presently to fall into their hands.
大约在那时，发生了另一件重要的军事事件，特别影响了巴尔干地区。协约国的军舰开始轰炸达达尼尔海峡的堡垒，看来君士坦丁堡很快就会落入他们的手中。
Not long after Venizelos stated, in an interview, that he was privy to this action and proposed to send 50,000 Greek soldiers to assist the Allies by a land attack on the Turks.
不久之后，韦尼泽洛斯在接受采访时表示，他对这一行动知情，并提议派遣5万名希腊士兵协助盟军对土耳其人进行陆地攻击。
The Greek General Staff, however, immediately declined to support Venizelos.
然而，希腊总参谋部立即拒绝支持韦尼泽洛斯。
Such a campaign, it declared, was impossible unless Greece first had strong guarantees that Bulgaria would not take the opportunity to invade Greek Macedonia and fall on the flank of the Greek army operating against the Turks.
它宣称，除非希腊首先得到强有力的保证，保证保加利亚不会趁机入侵希腊的马其顿，并落在对抗土耳其人的希腊军队的侧翼，否则这样的战役是不可能的。
Venizelos thereupon approached Bulgaria and was told that Bulgaria would remain neutral if Greece would cede most of her Macedonian conquests, which would include Kavalla, Drama, and Serres, which stretch so provokingly eastward along the coast and hold Bulgaria back from the sea.
韦尼泽洛斯随即接近保加利亚，并被告知，如果希腊放弃大部分马其顿征服地，保加利亚将保持中立，其中包括卡瓦拉、德拉马和塞雷斯，这些地区沿着海岸向东延伸，使保加利亚远离海洋。
Venizelos attempted to compromise, and here he was caught between two obstacles.
韦尼泽洛斯试图妥协，但他却陷入了两个障碍。
Bulgaria absolutely refused to recede one inch from her demand; and, on the other hand, the Greek governing clique suddenly refused to consider any proposal that would mean the cession of any territory at all to the hated Bulgars.
保加利亚绝对拒绝在她的要求上退让一寸。另一方面，希腊统治集团突然拒绝考虑任何意味着将任何领土割让给可恶的保加利亚人的提议。
What probably stiffened the opposition of the other members of the Greek Government to the Turkish campaign was the growing suspicion on their part that the Allies were also negotiating with Italy for her support.
希腊政府其他成员对土耳其行动的反对可能更加强烈，因为他们越来越怀疑协约国也在与意大利谈判以获得她的支持。
Now it was obvious that if Italy was to fight in the Near East, she meant to demand a good price.
现在很明显，如果意大利要在近东作战，她的意思是要一个好价格。
And this looked bad for Greece.
这对希腊来说看起来很糟糕。
Greece and Italy had already nearly come to blows over their clashing interests in southern Albania, yet even this was a small matter compared to rivalry in the AEgean and Asia Minor.
希腊和意大利在阿尔巴尼亚南部的利益冲突几乎已经发生冲突，但与爱琴海和小亚细亚的竞争相比，这也是小事一桩。
What deepened these suspicions was the fact that the Allies refused to indicate definitely just what territory Greece was to have in return for her support against the Turks.
加深这些怀疑的事实是，盟军拒绝明确表明希腊将拥有哪些领土来换取她对土耳其人的支持。
Their promise of "liberal compensation" was not at all definite enough.
他们的“慷慨补偿”承诺根本不够明确。
Only Venizelos was satisfied with this promise; he was in favor of trusting implicitly to Anglo-French gratitude.
只有韦尼泽洛斯对这个承诺感到满意。他赞成暗中相信英法人的感激之情。
To bring this deadlock to a conclusion King Constantine called a Royal Council, and by this body the matter was thoroughly discussed during the first few days of March.
为了结束这一僵局，君士坦丁国王召开了皇家委员会，该机构在三月初对此事进行了彻底的讨论。
The Council, together with the king, decided against supporting the Allies actively on such terms.
议会与国王一起决定不以这种方式积极支持同盟国。
On the morning of March 6 Venizelos called at the British legation in Athens to say that the opposition of the king made it impossible to fulfill his promise.
3月6日上午，韦尼泽洛斯致电英国驻雅典公使馆，称由于国王的反对，他的诺言无法兑现。
That night he resigned.
当晚他就辞职了。
The fall of Venizelos was, naturally, a heavy blow to the Allies.
韦尼泽洛斯的陷落对盟军来说自然是沉重的打击。
He was succeeded by Gounaris, an ex-Minister of Finance, who announced his policy as one of strict neutrality.
他的继任者是前财政部长古纳里斯，他宣布自己的政策是严格中立的。
Venizelos was so deeply mortified that he declared that he would withdraw permanently from public life, and then left Greece.
韦尼泽洛斯深感羞愧，宣布将永久退出公共生活，然后离开希腊。
April, 1915, opened with an occurrence that seemed to throw a strong light on the attitude of Bulgaria.
1915 年 4 月发生的一件事似乎强烈地表明了保加利亚的态度。
On the night of the second day of the month a large force of Bulgar Comitajis made a raid over the southeastern frontier of Serbia, and, after attacking successfully the Serbian outposts and blockhouses, in an attempt to cut the railroad, by which Serbia was getting war supplies from the Allies, they were repelled by the Serbians, though only after severe fighting.
本月第二天晚上，保加利亚科米塔吉斯的一支大部队袭击了塞尔维亚东南部边境，在成功攻击塞尔维亚前哨和碉堡后，试图切断塞尔维亚从盟军那里获得战争物资的铁路，但他们被塞尔维亚人击退，尽管只是在激烈的战斗之后。
Serbia and Greece both protested loudly, but Bulgaria affirmed that she had had nothing to do with the matter.
塞尔维亚和希腊都大声抗议，但保加利亚坚称自己与此事无关。
As has developed since, Bulgaria had by this time definitely decided to strike for the Teutonic allies when the right moment should come.
正如此后的发展，保加利亚此时已明确决定在适当的时机到来时为条顿盟友发动攻击。
Already back in January, 1912, a secret treaty had been negotiated between Bulgaria and Germany.
早在 1912 年 1 月，保加利亚和德国就已谈判达成一项秘密条约。
This was signed a little later by Prince Buelow and M.
稍后，布洛王子和 M. 签署了该协议。
Rizoff at Rome.
里佐夫在罗马。
There were more reasons than one for keeping this secret.
保守这个秘密的理由不止一个。
For within the Bulgarian Parliament there was a strong opposition to the German policy of Ferdinand and Radoslavov, led by Malinoff, chief of the Democratic party, and Stambulovski, chief of the Agrarian party, an opposition so bitter and determined that the king had good reason to fear an open revolution should he openly declare himself for the Germans.
因为在保加利亚议会内部，民主党主席马利诺夫和土地党主席斯坦布洛夫斯基领导的费迪南德和拉多斯拉沃夫的德国政策遭到强烈反对，这种反对如此激烈和坚定，以至于国王有充分的理由担心，如果他公开宣布自己支持德国人，就会爆发公开革命。
On May 29, 1915, the Allies again sent a note to Bulgaria, making proposals which comprised the results of their efforts to obtain concessions from the other Balkan States.
1915年5月29日，同盟国再次照会保加利亚，提出了争取巴尔干其他国家让步的成果的建议。
On June 15 Radoslavov sent a reply, asking for further information, obviously drawn up in order to gain time.
6月15日，拉多斯拉沃夫回复，要求提供更多信息，显然是为了争取时间。
Meanwhile, on June 11, Venizelos had again appeared in Athens, where he received a warm welcome from the populace, with whom he was the prime favorite.
与此同时，6月11日，韦尼泽洛斯再次出现在雅典，受到民众的热烈欢迎，他是最受欢迎的人。
Within a few days he resumed the leadership of the Greek Liberal party and, at a general election, which was held shortly after, he showed a popular majority support of 120 seats in the Popular Assembly, notwithstanding a determined opposition made by his opponents.
几天之内，他恢复了希腊自由党的领导地位，并在不久后举行的大选中，尽管遭到对手的坚决反对，但他在人民议会中获得了 120 个席位的多数民众支持。
Before the Balkan wars the Greek Parliament had consisted of 180 members, but by according representation to the districts in Macedonia annexed after the wars the number was brought up to 316.
巴尔干战争之前，希腊议会由 180 名议员组成，但根据战后吞并的马其顿地区的代表情况，这一数字增至 316 名。
Venizelos and his policy in favor of the Allies were emphatically indorsed by the Greek suffrage.
韦尼泽洛斯和他有利于同盟国的政策得到了希腊选举权的大力支持。
Naturally this expression of the people's voice was a smart blow at the king and his councillors.
自然，人民的这种表达方式对国王和他的大臣们来说是一个明智的打击。
On the other hand, they were encouraged by an unfavorable turn that was now taking place in the military operations of the Allies.
另一方面，盟军军事行动中出现的不利转变也让他们感到鼓舞。
The attack on the Dardanelles by the warships had been a decided failure.
军舰对达达尼尔海峡的攻击彻底失败了。
Nor were the operations of the British troops on the peninsula of Gallipoli meeting with any real success.
英国军队在加里波利半岛的行动也没有取得任何真正的成功。
The Austrians and the Germans had driven the Russians back from the Carpathians and had retaken Przemysl and Lemberg.
奥地利人和德国人将俄罗斯人从喀尔巴阡山脉击退，并重新夺回了普热梅希尔和伦贝格。
In fact, the situation of the Austro-German armies had now become so favorable that it was possible for the Teutonic allies to make proposals to the Balkan States with a fair chance of being listened to.
事实上，奥德军队的形势现在已经变得如此有利，以至于条顿盟国有可能向巴尔干国家提出建议，并且有很好的机会被听取。
During July, 1915, Serbia was approached by Germany with an offer of a separate peace, but Serbia would not even consider the terms.
1915 年 7 月，德国向塞尔维亚提出单独和约，但塞尔维亚甚至没有考虑这些条款。
On July 8 Austria delivered a note to Rumania, through the Austrian Minister in Bucharest, Count Czernin, which contained two sets of proposals.
7月8日，奥地利通过奥地利驻布加勒斯特部长切尔宁伯爵向罗马尼亚递交照会，其中包含两套提案。
One was contingent upon the continued but "friendly" neutrality of Rumania, the other on her active participation in the war on the side of Austria-Hungary.
一是取决于罗马尼亚持续但“友好”的中立，二是取决于她在奥匈帝国一边积极参与战争。
In the first proposal Rumania was promised all of Bukowina south of the Seret River, better treatment of the Rumanian population of Austrian territory, the establishment of a Rumanian university in Brasso, large admissions of Rumanians into the public service of Hungary, and greater liberty of administration to the Rumanian churches in Austria.
第一项提案向罗马尼亚承诺塞雷特河以南的布科维纳全境，更好地对待奥地利领土上的罗马尼亚人口，在布拉索建立一所罗马尼亚大学，大量接纳罗马尼亚人进入匈牙利公共服务部门，并给予奥地利罗马尼亚教会更大的管理自由。
The second proposal specified that Rumania should put five army corps and two cavalry divisions at the disposal of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff to operate against the Russians.
第二项提案明确规定，罗马尼亚应将五个军团和两个骑兵师交由奥匈总参谋部调遣，以对抗俄罗斯人。
In return Rumania should receive all of Bukowina up to the Pruth River, territory along the north bank of the Danube up to the Iron Gate, complete autonomy for the Rumanians in Transylvania and all of Bessarabia that the Rumanian troops should assist in conquering from the Russians.
作为回报，罗马尼亚应获得布科维纳至普鲁特河的全部地区、多瑙河北岸至铁门的领土、罗马尼亚人在特兰西瓦尼亚的完全自治权以及罗马尼亚军队应协助从俄罗斯人手中征服的整个比萨拉比亚。
Just a week after this note was received in the Rumanian capital, Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg, whose wife was a sister of the Queen of Rumania, arrived in Bucharest and tried to induce King Ferdinand to come to terms with Austria, or at least to allow the transportation of war munitions through the country to the Turks, who were then running short of ammunition.
就在罗马尼亚首都收到这张照会一周后，霍恩洛赫-兰根堡亲王（他的妻子是罗马尼亚女王的妹妹）抵达布加勒斯特，试图说服斐迪南国王与奥地利达成协议，或者至少允许通过该国向当时弹药短缺的土耳其人运输战争弹药。
The king refused this concession.
国王拒绝了这一让步。
How important it would have been, had it been granted, may be judged from the many efforts the Germans had made to smuggle material down to Turkey.
如果获得批准，它的重要性可以从德国人为将材料走私到土耳其所做的许多努力来判断。
In one case the baggage of a German courier traveling to Constantinople had been X-rayed and rifle ammunition had been found.
在一个案例中，一名前往君士坦丁堡的德国信使的行李经过 X 光检查，并发现了步枪弹药。
Again, cases of beer had been opened and found to contain artillery shells.
再次打开啤酒箱，发现里面装有炮弹。
Rumania, however, could not yet make up her mind which was going to be the winner.
然而，罗马尼亚尚未决定谁将成为获胜者。
She accepted neither of the Austrian proposals, and protracted making any definite answer as long as possible.
她没有接受奥地利人的建议，并尽可能长时间地拖延做出明确答复。
There was another reason why Rumania wished to continue her neutrality until the following winter, at least.
罗马尼亚希望至少在明年冬天之前保持中立还有另一个原因。
The harvesting of her great wheat crops would begin soon, and this wheat could, as had been done the previous year, be sold to the Germans and Austrians at big prices, the blockade of the British fleet having already produced a pressing shortage in foodstuffs.
她的大麦作物即将开始收获，这些小麦可以像前一年一样，以高价卖给德国人和奥地利人，英国舰队的封锁已经造成了粮食的严重短缺。
And then, her conscience being uneasy regarding her robbery of territory from Bulgaria, she must also be quite certain how Bulgaria was going to turn.
然后，她的良心不安，因为她从保加利亚抢走了领土，她也一定很确定保加利亚将如何转变。
Having failed at Bucharest, the German agent, Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg, moved on to Sofia.
在布加勒斯特失败后，德国特工霍恩洛厄-兰根堡王子前往索非亚。
At that moment King Ferdinand of Bulgaria was endeavoring to get Turkey to sign a treaty, for which negotiations had been going on secretly for some months, by which Bulgaria was to obtain all the Turkish land on the west side of the Maritza River, and so free the Bulgarian railroad to Dedeagatch from Turkish interference.
当时，保加利亚国王费迪南德正在努力说服土耳其签署一项已经秘密进行了数月的条约，保加利亚将获得马里查河西岸的土耳其全部土地，从而使保加利亚通往德德亚加奇的铁路免受土耳其的干涉。
On July 23 this treaty was finally signed, and Bulgaria acquired a full right of way along the line.
7月23日，该条约最终签署，保加利亚获得了沿线的全部通行权。
Bulgaria was now frankly asking bids for her support from both sides.
保加利亚现在坦率地向双方寻求支持。
In an interview which the Premier, Radoslavov, granted to the correspondent of a Budapest newspaper on August 3, 1915, and who remarked to the premier that it was at least strange for a nation to carry on such negotiations simultaneously with two groups of powers, he replied:
1915 年 8 月 3 日，拉多斯拉沃夫总理接受布达佩斯一家报纸记者的采访，这位记者向总理表示，一个国家同时与两个大国进行这样的谈判至少很奇怪，他回答道：
"It is these negotiations which give us the chance to make a decision.
“正是这些谈判让我们有机会做出决定。
Our country seeks only her own advantages and wishes to realize her rights.
我们国家只谋求自己的利益，希望实现自己的权利。
We have decided to gain these in any case.
我们决定无论如何都要获得这些。
The only question is: How can we achieve this with the least sacrifices?
唯一的问题是：我们怎样才能以最少的牺牲实现这一目标？
As regards the internal situation of Bulgaria, I may proudly say that our conditions have improved, and that everybody in the country looks forward to the great national undertaking we are about to embark on with immense joy and enthusiasm."
至于保加利亚的国内局势，我可以自豪地说，我们的条件已经改善，全国人民都怀着巨大的喜悦和热情期待着我们即将开展的伟大的民族事业。”
PART IX--ITALY ENTERS THE WAR
第九部分——意大利参战
CHAPTER LXII
第六十二章
SPIRIT OF THE ITALIAN PEOPLE--CRISIS OF THE GOVERNMENT
意大利人民的精神——政府的危机
The crystallization of popular opinion in favor of intervention kept pace with the trend of diplomatic negotiations.
支持干预的民意的结晶与外交谈判的趋势保持同步。
Italy, especially the northern provinces, was a great beehive, humming with patriotic fervor.
意大利，尤其是北部省份，是一个巨大的蜂巢，充满了爱国热情。
Evenings in almost any northern town might be seen companies of young men in civilian dress marching in companies and maneuvering with military precision.
几乎所有北方城镇的夜晚都可以看到穿着便服的年轻人成群结队地行进，并以军事般的精确度进行机动。
At first the organizers of these "training walks," as they were called, maintained reticence regarding their purpose.
起初，这些被称为“步行训练”的组织者对他们的目的保持沉默。
The youths, they said, were merely undergoing voluntary training to be ready "in case they should be needed." But the purpose of these volunteer drills was unmistakable.
他们说，这些年轻人只是在接受自愿培训，以做好“以防万一”的准备。但这些志愿者演习的目的是明确无误的。
At times, when the drill grounds were rather isolated, the marchers would burst into patriotic songs--the hymn of the Garibaldians, or, perhaps "Trieste of My Heart." Soon the neutralists began to organize counterpreparations.
有时，当操场相当孤立时，游行者会突然唱起爱国歌曲——加里波第人的赞美诗，或者也许是《我心中的里雅斯特》。很快，中立派开始组织反准备工作。
Encounters between bands of the rival factions became increasingly frequent, in fact daily occurrences.
敌对派系之间的遭遇变得越来越频繁，事实上每天都会发生。
From jeers they passed to scuffles, in which missiles and clubs were the weapons.
他们从嘲笑变成了混战，武器是导弹和棍棒。
As a rule these encounters took place far enough from the city limits to avoid interference by the police, and only vague reports of them reached the main body of home-loving citizens.
通常，这些遭遇都发生在距离市区足够远的地方，以避免受到警察的干扰，而只有关于这些事件的模糊报道到达了热爱家园的公民的主体。
Milan was the center of these demonstrations.
米兰是这些示威活动的中心。
During April, 1915, the Socialists proclaimed a "general strike," which left a large part of the working population idle to attend gatherings addressed by the neutralist orator.
1915 年 4 月，社会党宣布举行“总罢工”，导致大部分劳动人口无暇参加由中立主义演说家发表演讲的集会。
These meetings generally wound up with a parade, and perhaps a hostile demonstration in front of the office of some interventionist newspaper, or cheers outside the German Consulate.
这些会议通常以游行结束，也许还会在一些干预主义报纸的办公室前进行敌对示威，或者在德国领事馆外欢呼。
The next day the Piazza would be thronged with a gathering of interventionists wearing the national colors entwined with the flag of Trieste, and, perhaps, with the "honorable red shirt" of the Garibaldians.
第二天，广场上将挤满了一群干涉主义者，他们穿着与的里雅斯特国旗交织在一起的民族颜色，也许还穿着加里波多人的“光荣的红衬衫”。
During the period just before the entrance of Italy into the war these rival processions were held on different days by order of the police, who ruthlessly broke up any attempt to interfere with assemblies entitled to the right of way.
在意大利加入战争之前的一段时间里，这些相互竞争的游行按照警察的命令在不同的日子举行，警察无情地阻止了任何干扰有权通行权的集会的企图。
As the war party began to gain, their opponents adopted the custom of attacking the demonstrants after they had disbanded.
随着战争一方开始取得胜利，他们的对手采取了在示威者解散后攻击他们的习惯。
As it was, a mob attacked the Milan branch of the Siemens-Schuckert works, the great Berlin electrical machinery factory, battered in the main entrance, and exchanged shots with some young German employees left in charge.
事实上，一群暴徒袭击了西门子-舒克特工厂（柏林大型电机工厂）的米兰分公司，其正门遭到殴打，并与一些留下负责的年轻德国员工开枪。
The timely arrival of the armed police stopped this riot, and removed the Germans to safe quarters.
武警的及时赶到制止了这场骚乱，并将德国人转移到安全的住所。
At this juncture, or before, the influence of the "Garibaldi" movement became widely apparent.
就在这个时候，或者之前，“加里波第”运动的影响变得广泛明显。
Early in the war the Garibaldians had launched a movement to recognize the aid received from France by Italy during her War of Independence.
战争初期，加里波第人发起了一场运动，承认意大利在独立战争期间从法国获得的援助。
A special corps of Garibaldi volunteers was enrolled in France, and its valiant service in the Alsace campaign, where one of the members of the Garibaldi family fell, had a telling effect in Italy.
法国招募了一支由加里波第志愿军组成的特种部队，他们在阿尔萨斯战役中英勇服役，加里波第家族的一名成员在这场战役中阵亡，这在意大利产生了显着的影响。
Volunteers for this corps at once sprang up from all parts of the country.
全国各地立刻涌现出加入这支队伍的志愿者。
On May 10, 1915, Germans and Austrians throughout Italy were advised by their consulates to leave the country.
1915 年 5 月 10 日，意大利各地的德国人和奥地利人的领事馆建议他们离开该国。
The exodus proceeded rapidly, and during the next ten days nearly all the citizens of the two Central Powers who were able to leave had taken refuge in Switzerland.
逃亡行动进展迅速，在接下来的十天内，几乎所有能够离开的两个同盟国的公民都逃到了瑞士。
Italy seemed ripe for war; but still the Government delayed.
意大利似乎已经准备好发动战争了。但政府仍然拖延。
There was now no doubt of the popular mind; but events outside the country were not encouraging.
现在，大众的想法已经毋庸置疑了。但国外的情况并不令人鼓舞。
Perhaps the weightiest of these deterring factors was news of the Russian retirement in the north and information reaching the Italian Minister of War that the Entente Allies were short of ammunition.
也许这些威慑因素中最重要的是俄罗斯在北方撤军的消息以及意大利战争部长收到的协约国弹药短缺的消息。
Then came the crisis in the Government.
随后出现了政府危机。
Baron Sonnino's denunciation of the Alliance caused a change in the attitude of the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office.
桑尼诺男爵对联盟的谴责引起了奥匈外交部态度的转变。
Prince von Buelow and the Austrian Ambassador, Baron von Macchio, were authorized to conclude a new agreement on the basis of further Austrian concessions.
冯·布洛亲王和奥地利大使冯·马基奥男爵被授权在奥地利进一步让步的基础上缔结一项新协议。
Sonnino refused to accept the new terms and the German and Austrian representatives played their last trump.
桑尼诺拒绝接受新条款，德国和奥地利代表打出了最后一张王牌。
Baron von Macchio telegraphed to Vienna accusing the Italian Foreign Minister of concealing information of the Austrian concessions both from the king and the majority of the cabinet.
冯·马基奥男爵致电维也纳，指责意大利外交部长向国王和内阁大多数成员隐瞒奥地利租界的信息。
The concessions were printed and circulated widely among the people.
这些让步被印刷出来并在人民中广泛散发。
Signor Giolitti, Salandra's predecessor, and at one time all but dictator of Italy, hurried to Rome and rallied his followers.
萨兰德拉的前任、一度几乎是意大利独裁者的乔利蒂先生匆忙前往罗马并召集他的追随者。
The neutralists hailed him as the man to save Italy from a ruinous war.
中立主义者称赞他是将意大利从毁灭性战争中拯救出来的人。
Parliament was to meet on May 20, 1915.
议会定于 1915 年 5 月 20 日召开会议。
It was clear that the supporters of Giolitti, in majority both in the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, could, if they chose, overthrow the Government.
显然，乔利蒂的支持者在参议院和众议院均占多数，如果他们愿意的话，可以推翻政府。
Popular anxiety was intense.
民众的焦虑非常强烈。
On the evening of May 13, 1915, came the announcement that the Salandra ministry had resigned.
1915 年 5 月 13 日晚，萨兰德拉内阁宣布辞职。
If there had been any doubt of the state of things throughout Italy up to that point, this news cleared the situation.
如果说此前对整个意大利的事态还有任何疑问，那么这个消息就澄清了情况。
The whole country burst into a flame of indignation.
整个国家都沸腾了。
The next day Italy learned for the first time that the Triple Alliance had been denounced early in the month.
第二天，意大利首次获悉三国同盟已于本月初遭到谴责。
It became clear that whatever the fate of Salandra and his cabinet, his foreign policy was bound to be continued.
很明显，无论萨兰德拉和他的内阁的命运如何，他的外交政策都必然会继续下去。
On May 15, 1915, announcement that the king had declined to accept Salandra's resignation caused a great popular outburst of joy.
1915 年 5 月 15 日，国王拒绝接受萨兰德拉辞职的消息引起了民众的欢呼。
In Rome an immense gathering called to protest against the Giolittians and German influence was transformed into a demonstration of triumph; more than 150,000 persons took part in a procession a mile long that moved from the Piazza del Popolo to the Quirinal.
在罗马，一场抗议乔利特派和德国影响的大型集会变成了一场胜利的示威。超过 150,000 人参加了从人民广场 (Piazza del Popolo) 到奎里纳尔 (Quirinal) 长达一英里的游行。
The next morning, May 16, 1915, there was nobody in Rome who doubted what Italy would do.
第二天早上，也就是 1915 年 5 月 16 日，罗马没有人怀疑意大利会做什么。
That day Giolitti left Rome, and his departure marked the end of his active influence during the opening months of the war.
那天乔利蒂离开了罗马，他的离开标志着他在战争最初几个月的积极影响的结束。
His party crumpled.
他的政党崩溃了。
When Parliament met on May 20, 1915, Salandra received an overwhelming vote of confidence in the passage of a bill conferring extraordinary powers upon the Government in the event of war.
1915 年 5 月 20 日议会召开时，萨兰德拉获得了压倒性的信任票，通过了一项赋予政府在战争情况下拥有非凡权力的法案。
Miles north of Rome, word came to the Austrian commanders, working feverishly to strengthen their forts in the fastnesses of the Alps, to brace themselves for the assault.
在罗马以北数英里处，消息传到了奥地利指挥官那里，他们正在疯狂地加固阿尔卑斯山要塞中的堡垒，为进攻做好准备。
CHAPTER LXIII
第六十章
THE DECISION MADE--ITALIAN STRATEGIC PLAN
做出的决定——意大利战略计划
On the night of May 24, 1915, little groups of the Alpini, Italy's famous mountain troops, moved silently.
1915 年 5 月 24 日晚上，意大利著名的山地部队阿尔皮尼小队悄然行动。
They passed from San Giorgio, Cividale and Palmanova on the eastern frontier, from Paluzza and San Stefano and Pieve on the north, from Agordo, Feltre and Asiago, from Brentino and Malcesine toward Lake Garda, from Garganano the western shore of the lake and from other positions all along the mountain frontier up to the Stelvio Pass.
他们从东部边境的圣乔治、奇维达莱和帕尔马诺瓦出发，从北部边境的帕卢扎、圣斯特凡诺和皮耶韦出发，从阿戈尔多、费尔特雷和阿夏戈出发，从布伦蒂诺和马尔切西内前往加尔达湖，从加尔加纳诺西岸出发，以及沿山区边境的其他阵地直到斯泰尔维奥山口。
Marching silently and in single file, by three o'clock in the morning of May 25, 1915, one detachment reached a deep trench.
1915 年 5 月 25 日凌晨三点，一支分队排成一列默默行进，到达了一条深壕。
"Our frontiers," said their officers.
“我们的边界，”他们的军官说。
"We advance to make new ones." Then began a long, steep climb up narrow mountain paths, through snow lying in patches knee-deep, and through a storm of sleet and rain that broke along the Trentino boundary before dawn.
“我们前进是为了制造新的。”然后开始沿着狭窄的山路进行漫长而陡峭的攀登，穿过齐膝深的积雪，并穿过黎明前沿着特伦蒂诺边界爆发的雨夹雪风暴。
As dawn broke they hurled themselves upon an Austrian shelter trench excavated the autumn before on the plateau.
黎明时分，他们扑向奥地利去年秋天在高原上挖掘的避难壕。
It was empty.
里面是空的。
The enemy had retired only a few hours before.
敌人几个小时前才撤退。
The camp-fire ashes were still warm.
篝火的灰烬还温热。
As the sun began to throw the long shadows of the Alpine peaks to the west Austrian guns crashed out their first salute from the rocky fortresses beyond.
当太阳开始将阿尔卑斯山峰的长长阴影投向西方时，奥地利的炮火从远处的岩石堡垒中鸣响了第一声礼炮。
Italy and Austria-Hungary were at war.
意大利和奥匈帝国正处于战争状态。
To comprehend the task before the Italian army it is necessary to examine the Italian-Austrian frontier.
为了理解意大利军队面临的任务，有必要考察意大利-奥地利边境。
Austria's problem was one only of defense.
奥地利的问题只是防御问题。
Her warning had been ample and when war was declared she was prepared to the last detail.
她的警告很充分，宣战时她已经做好了最后细节的准备。
Being the challenged party hers was the choice of weapons, and she had equipped herself with an almost impregnable line of fortifications.
作为被挑战的一方，她的武器选择是她自己的，她为自己配备了几乎坚不可摧的防御工事。
The grievance was Italy's, and hers the duty of assault.
不满是意大利的，她有攻击的责任。
Every advantage of position lay with Austria.
奥地利拥有一切优势。
The strategic plan of the Italian generals was determined by hard geographical facts.
意大利将军的战略计划是由确凿的地理事实决定的。
The Italo-Austrian frontier is about 480 miles long, divided naturally into three sections.
意大利-奥地利边境长约480英里，自然分为三段。
On the west the Austrian province of Trentino indents Italian territory like a wedge; next comes the great wall of the Dolomites and the Carnic and Julian Alps; then, on the east, a boundary line running north and south between the main Alpine chain and the Adriatic Sea.
在西部，奥地利的特伦蒂诺省像楔子一样将意大利领土锯齿状；接下来是多洛米蒂山脉、卡尔尼克阿尔卑斯山和朱利安阿尔卑斯山的长城。然后，在东部，一条在主要阿尔卑斯山脉和亚得里亚海之间南北延伸的边界线。
Steep mountain heights dominated by Austrian troops guarded the first two parts of this frontier.
由奥地利军队控制的陡峭山地守卫着这条边境的前两部分。
Only on the eastern border, from Pontebba to the Adriatic was Italian offensive on a large scale at all feasible; but before offensive operations could be started here it was necessary for the Italians to close the open gates to the north.
只有在东部边境，从庞特巴到亚得里亚海，意大利才有可能进行大规模进攻。但在此处开始进攻之前，意大利人必须关闭北方敞开的大门。
Here in the north lay Italy's problem at the opening of the war; and here her armies confronted an almost impossible task.
战争开始时意大利的问题就在北方。她的军队在这里面临着一项几乎不可能完成的任务。
In a word, they had to fight uphill.
总而言之，他们必须打上坡路。
A salient, such as that formed by the Trentino, may offer dangers for the side that holds it--an example of which is the Russian position in Poland at the opening of the war; but the Trentino situation was quite unlike that in Poland.
一个突出部，例如特伦蒂诺形成的突出部，可能会给占领它的一方带来危险——一个例子就是战争开始时俄罗斯在波兰的阵地；但特伦蒂诺的情况与波兰完全不同。
The sides of the Trentino were buttressed with mountains.
特伦蒂诺河两岸有群山支撑。
The most tempting avenue of invasion was the valley of the Adige River.
最诱人的入侵途径是阿迪杰河谷。
An enemy advancing by this route would find himself confronted with the strongly fortified town of Trent, which long resisted attacks from Venice in the Middle Ages.
沿着这条路线前进的敌人会发现自己面临着防御森严的特伦特镇，该镇在中世纪长期抵御来自威尼斯的进攻。
Having forced his way past Trent the enemy would be in a wilderness of lateral valleys with the main ridge of the Alpine chain, at the Brenner, still before him.
强行越过特伦特后，敌人将陷入侧向山谷的荒野中，阿尔卑斯山链的主脊，布伦纳河，仍在他面前。
On the western side of the Trentino is the lofty Stelvio Pass, leading from the Upper Adige to the valley of Adda.
特伦蒂诺河西侧是高耸的斯泰尔维奥山口，从上阿迪杰河通往阿达山谷。
This pass is 9,000 feet high and its narrow defiles were easily defended.
该山口高 9,000 英尺，狭窄的隘口很容易防守。
To the south lies the pass of Tonale over which runs the road from Noce to the Oglio, but this offers similar difficulties.
南部是托纳莱山口，从诺斯到奥廖的道路都在该山口上，但这也带来了类似的困难。
The road pass of Cornelle, close to Lake Garda, is too narrow for any considerable force.
靠近加尔达湖的科尔内尔的道路过于狭窄，无法容纳任何相当大的部队。
On the eastern side of the salient conditions for invasion are still worse.
东部地区的入侵条件更加恶劣。
The railway from Venice to Innsbruck crosses the Valsugana at Tezze, but the Brenta valley through which it runs is a difficult road to Trent.
从威尼斯到因斯布鲁克的铁路在特泽穿过瓦尔苏加纳河，但它所经过的布伦塔山谷是通往特伦特的一条艰难的道路。
Summed up, the salient of the Trentino was an ideal position for those who held it, both offensive and defensive.
总而言之，特伦蒂诺突出部对于占领它的人来说是一个理想的位置，无论是进攻还是防守。
The few breaches by which invasion could come were a source of strength rather than weakness, because they compelled attack from the Italian plain to be made on divergent lines from different bases.
入侵可能发生的少数突破口是力量的源泉，而不是弱点，因为它们迫使来自意大利平原的进攻从不同的基地沿着不同的路线进行。
The second part of the frontier is the ramparts of the Dolomite and Carnic ranges through which an important offensive was possible for neither belligerent.
边境的第二部分是白云石山脉和卡尼克山脉的城墙，交战双方都无法通过这里发动重要进攻。
The main pass, at Ampezzo, 5,000 feet high, makes a sharp detour toward the west to circumvent the mass of Cristallo, and here the road is a narrow defile commanded by a hundred points of danger.
主要山口位于安佩佐，高 5,000 英尺，急速绕道向西，以绕过克里斯塔洛的大片区域，这里的道路是一条狭窄的隘口，有一百个危险点。
The adjacent passes of Misurina and the Monte Croce are no better, and the defiles to the east contain little more than bridle paths.
邻近的米苏里纳山口和克罗切山山口也好不到哪里去，东面的峡谷也不过是马道。
The lowest pass, which leads from the valley of the Fella by Pontebba to the upper streams of the Drave and carries the railway from Venice to Vienna is only 2,615 feet high at its greatest elevation.
最低的山口从庞特巴 (Pontebba) 旁的费拉 (Fella) 山谷通向德拉夫 (Drave) 上游，并承载着从威尼斯到维也纳的铁路，最高海拔仅 2,615 英尺。
Although this is the easiest of the great routes through the mountain barrier, it is still narrow and difficult.
尽管这是穿过山壁的伟大路线中最容易的，但它仍然狭窄且困难。
A modern army given the advantages of time and preparation should be able to close and hold it with ease.
一支现代军队，凭借时间和准备的优势，应该能够轻松地接近并守住它。
Although the maps show few natural difficulties on the third section of the frontier to compare with those farther west, it is not the obvious avenue of attack a hasty survey would seem to suggest.
尽管地图显示，与更西边的地区相比，边境第三部分几乎没有什么自然困难，但仓促的调查似乎表明，这并不是明显的攻击途径。
It is only twenty miles wide and behind it is the line of the River Isonzo with hills along its eastern bank.
它只有二十英里宽，后面是伊松佐河沿岸，东岸有山丘。
The upper part of this stream, above Salcana, is a ravine; then comes six miles of comparatively level ground in front of Gorizia; then the hills begin again and sweep round to the seacoast by Monfalcone.
这条溪流的上游，萨尔卡纳上方，是一个峡谷。然后是戈里齐亚前面六英里的相对平坦的地面；然后山丘又开始延伸，一直延伸到蒙法尔科内的海岸。
What this front lacks in natural defenses had been amply supplied before the war opened by Austria with artillery and men.
这条战线缺乏自然防御，但在战争爆发之前，奥地利已经用大炮和人力提供了充足的补给。
Toward this narrow twenty-mile stretch, and especially toward the plain before Gorizia, tended, in a sense, however, all the operations of the Italian strategists.
然而，从某种意义上说，意大利战略家的所有行动都集中在这片狭窄的二十英里范围内，特别是戈里齐亚之前的平原上。
The engagements fought during the first of the Italo-Austrian struggle all had their bearing upon the great offensive launched later against Gorizia.
意大利与奥地利第一次斗争期间的交战都与后来对戈里齐亚发起的大规模进攻产生了影响。
But the natural lay of the land was by no means the only consideration with which the rival generals had to deal.
但自然地形绝不是敌对将军必须考虑的唯一因素。
In respect to lateral communications Italy had the advantage.
在横向通讯方面，意大利具有优势。
Behind her invading armies stretched an elaborate system of railways through her northern provinces.
在她的入侵军队后面，有一个复杂的铁路系统穿过她的北部省份。
Austria had a railway running through the whole curve of the frontier, but owing to the difficulty of breaking through from the hill valleys this system had few feeders.
奥地利有一条贯穿整个边境的铁路，但由于从山谷突破的困难，该系统的支线很少。
This lack of branch lines meant that Austria had to concentrate any offensive at certain definite places--Trent, Tarvis, and Gorizia.
支线的缺乏意味着奥地利必须将进攻集中在某些特定的地方——特伦特、塔维斯和戈里齐亚。
Italy aimed at these points and one more, Franzensfeste, the junction of the Pusterthal line with the railway from Innsbruck to Trent.
意大利瞄准了这些地点，以及另一个地点，即弗兰岑节（Franzensfeste），即普斯特塔尔线与从因斯布鲁克到特伦特的铁路的交汇处。
If she could take this point she could cut Austria's communications in the whole Trentino salient.
如果她能占领这一点，她就可以切断奥地利在整个特伦蒂诺突出部的通讯。
But Franzensfeste was the most difficult of any of these local points for Italy to reach, for south and east of it lay the bristling system of the Dolomites.
但法兰森节是意大利最难到达的地方，因为它的南部和东部是多洛米蒂山脉的林立。
The successive revelations of Italian strategy during the first months of the war brought few surprises.
战争头几个月里意大利战略的连续披露并没有带来什么意外。
Austria had her hands full in the Carpathians just then and was unable to take advantage of the opportunities for swift offensive which her frontier positions offered.
当时奥地利在喀尔巴阡山脉正忙得不可开交，无法利用其边境阵地提供的快速进攻机会。
It was a foregone conclusion that the first advance would come from the Italian side and the direction of that movement was not long in doubt.
首当其冲的将是意大利方面，这一点已成定局，而且这一运动的方向也没有多久就受到怀疑。
Its objective was Trieste, the Austrian peninsula, and the hills of Styria which sweep to Vienna.
它的目标是的里雅斯特、奥地利半岛以及一直延伸到维也纳的施蒂利亚山脉。
There lay the country where modern armies could maneuver.
那里是现代军队可以机动的国家。
At the same time the whole northern boundary must be watched to prevent Austrian forces from the Trentino cutting the communications of the invader and attacking him in the rear.
与此同时，必须监视整个北部边界，以防止来自特伦蒂诺的奥地利军队切断入侵者的交通并从后方攻击他。
Therefore General Cadorna, the Italian commander in chief, resolved to attack at all the salient points.
因此，意大利总司令卡多纳将军决定向所有突出点进攻。
Such a plan led to a series of movements--toward Trent, across the Dolomite passes against the Pusterthal railway, at the Pontebba Pass, and across the Julian Alps to threaten the line between Tarvis and Gorizia.
这样的计划导致了一系列的行动——向特伦特进军，越过多洛米蒂山口对抗普斯特塔尔铁路，在庞特巴山口，以及越过朱利安阿尔卑斯山威胁塔维斯和戈里齐亚之间的防线。
Meanwhile the main Italian army was to strike at the Isonzo and the road to Trieste.
与此同时，意大利主力部队将攻击伊松佐河和通往的里雅斯特的道路。
The same conditions which made the Austrian frontier lines easy to defend also would have given the Central Power a big advantage in offensive operations, but for excellent reasons the Austrian staff did not attack.
同样的条件使奥地利边境线易于防守，也使中央政权在进攻行动中具有巨大优势，但出于充分的理由，奥地利参谋部没有进攻。
In the first place, Austria lacked men.
首先，奥地利缺乏人才。
The Teutonic war councils concluded that Austro-Hungarian troops were of more value in the great drive then in progress against the Russians than they would have been in offensive operations against the cities of the northern Italian plains.
条顿战争委员会得出的结论是，奥匈帝国军队在当时针对俄国人的大规模进攻中比在针对意大利北部平原城市的进攻行动中更有价值。
Had the Austrians debouched from their mountain strongholds and forced the Italians to concentrate against them in Italian territory, as they undoubtedly could have done, the benefits of such an enterprise from the standpoint of the alliance powers would have been small in proportion to the risks.
如果奥地利人从他们的山区据点出发，迫使意大利人在意大利领土上集中力量对付他们（他们毫无疑问可以做到），那么从联盟国家的角度来看，这样一项事业的好处与风险相比会很小。
Only a combined drive by both Austria and Germany, it is believed, could have gained any telling advantage in northern Italy; and Italy, it must be remembered, had not declared war on Germany.
人们相信，只有奥地利和德国联合起来才能在意大利北部获得明显的优势。必须记住，意大利并没有对德国宣战。
Ensconced in their mountain fastnesses, the Austrians believed they could maintain a successful defensive indefinitely.
奥地利人躲藏在山寨中，相信他们可以无限期地保持成功的防御。
Then, after the Italian armies had exhausted themselves beating against the mountain barrier, an opportunity might arise for Austrian reprisals.
然后，当意大利军队在山壁上精疲力尽后，奥地利可能会出现报复的机会。
At the time few believed that Italy would long be able to maintain her attitude of neutrality regarding Germany--an opinion, by the way, which was not supported by the developments of the first year of the war.
当时很少有人相信意大利能够长期保持对德国的中立态度——顺便说一句，这种观点并没有得到战争第一年事态发展的支持。
The Austrians had months in which to prepare, and they had made good use of their time.
奥地利人有几个月的时间进行准备，他们充分利用了时间。
The natural difficulties confronting an Italian assault had been enormously increased by trenches of steel and concrete.
钢铁和混凝土战壕大大增加了意大利进攻所面临的自然困难。
The Austrian engineers had connected their elaborate systems of wire entanglements with high-power electric stations, and dug mines at all vulnerable points.
奥地利工程师将他们精心设计的电线缠绕系统与大功率发电站连接起来，并在所有脆弱点挖掘了地雷。
Heavy guns had been moved, at great expenditure of labor, to the frontier forts and rails laid on which to move them from place to place.
重炮被转移到了边境堡垒，并铺设了铁轨，需要花费大量的人力才能将它们从一个地方转移到另一个地方。
The broken nature of the ground afforded ideal opportunities for the concealment of artillery positions.
地面的破碎性质为隐蔽炮兵阵地提供了理想的机会。
It is safe to say that nowhere in the whole theatre of the Great War was there a line better adapted by nature and equipped by man for purposes of defensive warfare.
可以肯定地说，在整个第一次世界大战的战区中，没有哪条防线更适合自然条件和人类装备用于防御战。
The Austrian Archduke Eugene, who was in charge of the Italian operations, revealed his plan of campaign during the first few days after the beginning of hostilities.
负责意大利行动的奥地利大公尤金在敌对行动开始后的头几天透露了他的作战计划。
His aim was to risk nothing until Field Marshal von Mackensen had finished his operations in Galicia, where Austria's best troops were fighting with their German allies.
他的目标是不冒任何风险，直到冯·马肯森元帅完成在加利西亚的行动，奥地利最精锐的部队正在那里与德国盟友作战。
To meet the Italians he had only the Landsturm and a few reserve divisions, but these were considered enough.
为了迎战意大利人，他只有陆地突击队和几个预备队，但这些已经足够了。
The archduke resolved to hold the crests of the passes along the Trentino frontier and the line of the Carnic Alps, withdrawing his outposts before the enemy's advance.
大公决心守住特伦蒂诺边境和卡尔尼克阿尔卑斯山一线的山口顶峰，并在敌人进攻之前撤出前哨基地。
On the Isonzo he would abandon the country west of the river line and make his stand on a fortified line to the east which touched the Isonzo only at Gorizia, where the Austrians held the bridgehead on the western bank.
在伊松佐河上，他将放弃河线以西的国家，并在东边的防御线上坚守，该防御线仅在戈里齐亚接触伊松佐河，奥地利人在那里占据了西岸的桥头堡。
It has been pointed out in preceding pages that not a little of Italy's delay in entering the war, and of the tortuous diplomatic negotiations which for several months kept the outside in doubt as to her ultimate intentions, was due to the state of military unpreparedness confronting the country in the summer of 1914.
前几页已经指出，意大利迟迟未参战，以及长达数月的曲折外交谈判使外界对她的最终意图产生怀疑，很大程度上是由于该国在 1914 年夏天所面临的军事准备不足的状态。
But by May, 1915, the country had had nine months in which to get ready.
但到 1915 年 5 月，该国已有九个月的时间进行准备。
Moreover, she had been able to profit by the lessons of the war.
而且，她还能够从战争的教训中获益。
When Italy started to get ready there was no waste motion, although the task to be accomplished entailed enormous labor and expense.
当意大利开始准备时，尽管要完成的任务需要大量的劳动力和费用，但并没有浪费行动。
CHAPTER LXIV
第十四章
STRENGTH OF ITALIAN ARMY AND NAVY
意大利陆军和海军的实力
At the head of the Italian army and navy was the king, Victor Emmanuel, a monarch whose gallantry and simplicity had made him a popular idol.
意大利陆军和海军的统帅是国王维克托·伊曼纽尔，这位君主的英勇和朴素使他成为受欢迎的偶像。
Popularity with the people meant also popularity with the army.
受人民欢迎也意味着受军队欢迎。
The chief of the General Staff was General Count Luigi Cadorna.
总参谋长是路易吉·卡多纳伯爵将军。
At the outbreak of the war General Cadorna was sixty-five years old.
战争爆发时，卡多纳将军六十五岁。
As a young man he had seen service under his father, Rafaele Cadorna, who, in September 1870, led an army into papal territory and blew in the Porta Pia.
年轻时，他曾在父亲拉斐尔·卡多纳 (Rafaele Cadorna) 手下服役，1870 年 9 月，父亲拉斐尔·卡多纳 (Rafaele Cadorna) 率领一支军队进入教皇领地，炸毁了庇亚门 (Porta Pia)。
He had been a corps commander at Genoa.
他曾担任热那亚的军团指挥官。
In 1914 he had succeeded General Pollio as chief of the General Staff.
1914年，他接替波利奥将军担任总参谋长。
Cadorna was the Von Hindenburg of Italy.
卡多纳是意大利的冯·兴登堡。
As the German commander had studied the bogs of East Prussia, so he had devoted a large part of his life to becoming familiar with the broken line of Italy's northern frontier.
由于这位德国指挥官研究过东普鲁士的沼泽，所以他花了一生的大部分时间来熟悉意大利北部边境的折线。
He was known throughout Europe for his writings on military science.
他因其军事科学著作而闻名整个欧洲。
The beginning of the war found the Italian navy far better equipped than the army.
战争开始时，意大利海军的装备比陆军好得多。
For the task of holding Austria in the Adriatic, which Italy now took over from France, she possessed four dreadnoughts and two more almost ready.
为了将奥地利控制在亚得里亚海（意大利现在从法国手中接管），她拥有四艘无畏舰和另外两艘几乎准备就绪的战舰。
She possessed also ten battleships of the predreadnought class and a number of older vessels.
她还拥有十艘无畏舰级战列舰和一些旧舰。
Compared with those of Great Britain and Germany, her armored cruisers were slow, none of them being capable of a speed exceeding twenty-two knots; but she had twenty submarines, forty destroyers and a large number of torpedo boats.
与英国和德国的装甲巡洋舰相比，她的装甲巡洋舰速度较慢，没有一艘的航速能够超过二十二节；但她有二十艘潜艇、四十艘驱逐舰和大量鱼雷艇。
Compared with the Austro-Hungarian fleet, the Italian navy showed on paper a distinct superiority.
与奥匈帝国舰队相比，意大利海军在纸面上表现出了明显的优势。
Its admiral in chief, the Duke of the Abruzzi, ranked among the most brilliant men of his time, not only as a naval man, but as a scientist, explorer, and man of affairs.
它的海军上将阿布鲁齐公爵被列为他那个时代最杰出的人物之一，不仅作为一名海军，而且作为一名科学家、探险家和实业家。
He was first cousin of the king.
他是国王的堂兄。
By May, 1915, General Cadorna virtually had remade the Italian army.
到 1915 年 5 月，卡多纳将军实际上已经重组了意大利军队。
Nine months earlier Italy's military forces were anything but prepared.
九个月前，意大利军队完全没有做好准备。
There was a shortage in every kind of munitions, stores, and equipment.
各种弹药、物资和设备都出现短缺。
This was plainly evidenced when General Porro had refused an offer of the portfolio of Minister of War in the spring of 1914 because he was unable to obtain a pledge for the adoption of a program of re-equipment that demanded a great expenditure of money.
1914 年春，波罗将军拒绝担任陆军部长，因为他无法获得通过一项需要大量资金的重新装备计划的承诺，这清楚地证明了这一点。
The late Government had not made good the expenditure of material caused by the Lybian War, and great quantities of stores had been allowed to deteriorate until they were almost valueless.
已故政府没有弥补利比亚战争造成的物资支出，大量物资任由其老化直至几乎毫无价值。
There was a certain number of guns of medium caliber, but no heavy artillery of the modern type which the Teutonic allies soon showed they possessed in abundance.
有一定数量的中口径火炮，但条顿盟军很快就表明他们拥有大量的现代重型火炮。
Of machine guns Italy had a lower proportion than any other of the great powers.
意大利机枪的比例比任何其他强国都要低。
All this had been realized, but the money to repair these deficiencies was not forthcoming until the Italian statesmen knew that they were on the brink of war.
所有这一切都已实现，但直到意大利政治家知道他们正处于战争边缘时，修复这些缺陷的资金才到位。
Filling the gaps in the army, raising it from a peace to a war footing, was an easier matter.
填补军队的空缺，将其从和平状态提升到战争状态，是一件容易的事。
The Italian military law provided automatically for this increase.
意大利军事法自动规定了这种增加。
Every Italian citizen able to bear arms is liable to military service.
每个能够携带武器的意大利公民都必须服兵役。
Recruits are called in the year during which they become twenty years old, although volunteers are accepted as young as eighteen.
新兵在年满二十岁的那一年被征召，尽管志愿者的年龄只有十八岁。
The last Italian census, in 1911, gave Italy a population of 34,686,683 and the levy lists of that year totaled 487,570.
1911 年意大利上次人口普查显示，意大利人口为 34,686,683 人，当年的征兵名单总数为 487,570 人。
By the close of the year 1914, when the mobilization began, it is reasonable to suppose that the population had grown to something like thirty-six or thirty-seven million, with a corresponding increase in the number available for military service.
到 1914 年底，动员开始时，可以合理地假设，人口已增长到大约三十六或三千七百万，可服兵役的人数也相应增加。
The peace strength of the army was 14,000 officers and 271,000 men.
军队的和平兵力为14,000名军官和271,000名士兵。
Mobilization added to each of the twelve corps a division of Mobile Militia bringing its strength up to 37,000 men and 134 guns.
动员行动为 12 个军各增加了一个机动民兵师，使其兵力达到 37,000 人，拥有 134 门火炮。
The army's war strength was about 700,000 in the first line--from the two classes of the regular army--and 320,000 in the Mobile Militia with a reserve of more than 2,000,000 in the Territorial Militia.
军队的第一线作战兵力约为70万（正规军的两个班），流动民兵有32万，预备役的地方民兵超过200万。
The force of trained men that Italy put into the field at the beginning of hostilities, therefore, numbered something over 1,000,000 men.
因此，意大利在敌对行动开始时投入战场的训练有素的军队人数大约超过 1,000,000 人。
The reservoir of the Territorial Militia contained twice as many more untrained men who for some reason or other were exempt from military service in times of peace, although physically fit to be soldiers.
领土民兵的储备库中未经训练的人员数量是其两倍，这些人由于某种原因在和平时期免于服兵役，尽管身体状况适合当兵。
This class was designed primarily for garrison duty, guarding railways and bridges, but in war time was liable to any service.
该级舰主要用于驻防、守卫铁路和桥梁，但在战时可以执行任何任务。
When the mobilization began the men of this class immediately went into training.
动员开始后，这个班的战士们立即投入训练。
Each of the twelve army corps consisted of two divisions of line infantry, a regiment of Bersaglieri (light infantry corresponding to the French Chasseurs and the German Jaegers), a regiment of cavalry, a section of Carabinieri (military police), thirty-six field guns and from two to three heavy howitzer batteries.
十二个军团中的每一个都由两个线列步兵师、一个Bersaglieri团（相当于法国猎兵和德国Jaegers的轻步兵）、一个骑兵团、一个宪兵队（宪兵）、三十六门野战炮和两到三个重型榴弹炮连组成。
In addition there was the ammunition column, telegraph and engineer parks, ambulance and supply sections, reserve store and supply sections, and a section of field bakery.
此外，还有弹药纵队、电报站和工兵站、救护车和补给区、储备库和补给区以及野战面包房区。
The famous Alpine troops ("Alpini") and the mountain artillery were not within the organization of the twelve permanent army corps.
著名的阿尔卑斯部队（“Alpini”）和山地炮兵并不在十二个常备军团的编制之内。
These numbered seventy-eight companies, each of 256 officers and men on a war footing.
这些连有 78 个连，每个连有 256 名官兵。
The rest of the Italian infantry units at normal war strength were as follows: Company, 255 officers and men; Battalion, 1,043 officers and men; Regiment, 3,194 officers and men.
其余意大利步兵部队正常战力如下：连，255名官兵；营官兵1043人；全团官兵3194人。
Five of the cavalry regiments contained six squadrons, the rest five.
其中五个骑兵团下辖六个中队，其余五个。
The war strength of a squadron was 142 officers and men.
一个中队作战兵力为142名官兵。
The infantry were armed with a magazine rifle of very small caliber, .256-inch.
步兵装备有非常小口径的弹匣步枪，0.256 英寸。
The magazine held six rounds and was loaded with a clip.
该弹匣可容纳六发子弹，并装有弹夹。
The length of this piece was 4 feet 2-3/4 inches, with bayonet 5 feet 2-1/2 inches.
这件作品的长度为 4 英尺 2-3/4 英寸，带刺刀的长度为 5 英尺 2-1/2 英寸。
It weighed without bayonet 8 pounds 6 ounces, and was sighted up to 2,200 yards.
不带刺刀时，它的重量为 8 磅 6 盎司，瞄准距离为 2,200 码。
The outbreak of the war found a process of rearmament going on in the artillery.
战争的爆发导致炮兵重新武装起来。
Italy at that time had no adequate siege train and her heaviest mobile weapons were 210-millimeter howitzers and 149-millimeter guns.
当时的意大利没有足够的攻城列车，最重的机动武器是210毫米榴弹炮和149毫米火炮。
While the details of the final artillery equipment were not made public by the War Department, events showed that the Italians were well supplied with modern guns of both medium and heavy caliber.
虽然陆军部没有公开最终火炮装备的细节，但事件表明意大利人拥有充足的中型和重型现代火炮供应。
The mountain artillery, of which there were thirty-nine batteries, was especially efficient, not only in guns, but in men and transport animals.
山地火炮有三十九个炮台，不仅在火炮方面，而且在人员和运输动物方面都特别有效。
It was said that the Italian artillery mules could drag a gun wherever there was room for its emplacement.
据说，意大利炮骡可以将火炮拖到任何有位置的地方。
Italy was one of the first countries to use aeroplanes in war, and her aviation corps had had experience in Tripoli.
意大利是最早在战争中使用飞机的国家之一，其航空兵在的黎波里也有过经验。
Although handicapped by lack of money, the Italian military aviators were well abreast of their opponents, at least in the theoretical and mechanical development of the science.
尽管由于缺乏资金而受到阻碍，意大利军事飞行员至少在科学的理论和机械发展方面与他们的对手并驾齐驱。
During the winter of 1914 a considerable increase was made in the personnel of the corps and in the number of machines.
1914年冬季，军团的人员和机器数量大幅增加。
There is reason to believe that at the beginning of the war the Italian soldier was not highly regarded by Austrian and German military authorities.
有理由相信，在战争开始时，意大利士兵并没有受到奥地利和德国军事当局的高度重视。
As a whole the army's reputation had been injured by the Adowa disaster and by the slowness of the campaign in Tripoli.
总的来说，军队的声誉因阿多瓦灾难和的黎波里战役的缓慢而受到损害。
But the developments of actual warfare in the spring and summer of 1915 proved that Italian apologists were correct in their claim that in the former war the army was handicapped by political causes.
但1915年春夏实际战争的发展证明，意大利辩护者关于在前一场战争中军队因政治原因而受到阻碍的说法是正确的。
Physically the Italian troops were equal to any in Europe.
意大利军队的身体素质与欧洲任何一支军队相当。
The Alpini were perhaps the best mountain soldiers in the world.
阿尔皮尼人也许是世界上最好的山地士兵。
The Italian soldier is not impressive as to stature, but he is tough and enduring.
这位意大利士兵的身材并不令人印象深刻，但他坚韧而坚韧。
He is cheerful and obedient under discipline and hardship, and the relations between officers and men were such as to produce the best results in a hard campaign.
他在纪律和艰苦条件下都表现得开朗、服从，官兵关系在艰苦的战役中取得了最好的成果。
All these qualities were requisite for the difficult task to which General Cadorna now turned his first line troops, numbering about 700,000 men.
所有这些品质对于卡多纳将军现在调动他的约 70 万人的第一线部队执行这项艰巨的任务来说都是必要的。
To oppose this advance the Austrians mustered on the frontier about half that number.
为了阻止这次进攻，奥地利人在边境集结了大约一半的人数。
General von Hofer was chief of staff under Archduke Eugene and General Dankl was in command in the Tyrol.
冯·霍费尔将军是尤金大公手下的参谋长，丹克尔将军是蒂罗尔地区的司令。
Two reasons have been advanced to explain the succession of small victories with which the Italians opened their campaign.
人们提出了两个理由来解释意大利人在战役一开始就取得的一系列小胜利。
The first, already mentioned, is that it was part of the Austrian plan to yield their outpost positions with slight resistance and protect their numerically inferior forces in the main strongholds of the mountains.
第一个，已经提到过，这是奥地利计划的一部分，旨在通过轻微的抵抗放弃他们的前哨阵地，并保护他们在山区主要据点中数量上处于劣势的部队。
The other is that the archduke and his generals made the mistake of underestimating the enemy.
二是大公及其将领犯了轻敌的错误。
For centuries Italy had supplied the Austrian Court with its poets and musicians, until in the Dual Monarchy the Italians were regarded as an effete race, fit only for the politer pursuits of art, literature and song.
几个世纪以来，意大利一直为奥地利宫廷提供诗人和音乐家，直到在双重君主制时期，意大利人被视为衰弱的种族，只适合对艺术、文学和歌曲进行礼貌的追求。
Italy's successful War of Independence in the latter half of the nineteenth century had not altogether destroyed this impression.
十九世纪下半叶意大利成功的独立战争并没有完全摧毁这种印象。
This idea, it may be said, was not shared by the Germans, whose military men had made a closer study of world conditions and had learned to respect the virility of the men of modern Italy.
可以说，德国人并不认同这种想法，他们的军人对世界状况进行了更仔细的研究，并学会了尊重现代意大利男人的男子气概。
CHAPTER LXV
第六十五章
FIRST ENGAGEMENTS
第一次订婚
Owing to the nature of the scene of hostilities the first days of the Austro-Italian campaign brought a series of engagements between small groups of combatants.
由于敌对行动现场的性质，奥意战役的头几天发生了小股战斗人员之间的一系列交战。
Artillery played a large part, and here the Austrians, with their big guns already in carefully studied positions, had a decided advantage.
火炮发挥了重要作用，而奥地利人的大炮已经在经过仔细研究的位置上，在这里占据了决定性的优势。
Viewed as a whole only does the campaign at this stage take on an importance and dignity that ranks with the great battles on other fronts of the Great War.
只有从整体上看，现阶段的战役才具有与第一次世界大战其他战线上的伟大战役同等的重要性和尊严。
Never before had two great powers fought in territory so absolutely ill adapted to the movement of large bodies of troops.
从来没有两个大国在如此不适应大规模部队调动的领土上交战过。
For the same reason the story attains a picturesqueness absent from the dreary plains of Galicia and Poland and Flanders.
出于同样的原因，这个故事获得了加利西亚、波兰和佛兰德斯沉闷平原所没有的风景如画的感觉。
Austrians, Hungarians and Italians fought in a land known throughout the world to tourists for its grandeur of scenery, its towering, snow-clad peaks, and idyllic lakes and valleys.
奥地利人、匈牙利人和意大利人在这片土地上作战，这片土地因其壮丽的风景、高耸的白雪覆盖的山峰以及田园诗般的湖泊和山谷而闻名于世。
It was warfare where the best soldier was the man most able to surmount the natural difficulties and take advantage of the natural protection of the ground.
在战争中，最好的士兵是最有能力克服自然困难并利用地面自然保护的人。
The official statements of the Italian and Austrian war offices told of feats of mountaineering, and of hand-to-hand struggles, of dripping bayonets and of combatants locked in last embrace with hands clutching each other's throats.
意大利和奥地利战争办公室的官方声明讲述了登山的壮举、肉搏战、滴水的刺刀以及双手掐着对方喉咙最后拥抱的战斗人员。
On both sides of the boundary were thousands of men who had spent their lives exploring the trackless mountainsides, climbing with ropes and ice axes and staves.
边界两侧有成千上万的人，他们一生都在探索无路可走的山坡，用绳索、冰斧和棍棒攀爬。
Both nations had encouraged the formation of Alpine clubs.
两国都鼓励阿尔卑斯山俱乐部的成立。
Soon after midnight on May 23, 1915, the Alpini and Bersaglieri of the Italian army, supported by a few battalions of first line troops and gendarmes, crossed the mountain frontier.
1915年5月23日午夜过后不久，意大利军队的阿尔皮尼和贝尔萨列里在几个营的一线部队和宪兵的支援下，越过了山区边境。
Soon the peaks resounded with the popping of rifle fire and the louder detonations of the Austrian mountain guns.
很快，山峰上就响起了步枪的射击声和奥地利山炮的更响亮的爆炸声。
Along the whole Trentino front that night a hundred skirmishes drove back the Austrian outpost.
那天晚上，沿着整个特伦蒂诺前线，发生了一百场小冲突，迫使奥地利前哨阵地退却。
Only a few thousand men in all were engaged.
总共只有几千人参与战斗。
The Italian cyclist sharpshooters advanced swiftly up the steep mountain roads until greeted by musketry fire.
意大利自行车神枪手在陡峭的山路上迅速前进，直到遭到步枪射击。
Then they sought shelter, pushing forward from rock to rock and from tree to tree.
然后他们寻找庇护所，从一块岩石推到另一块岩石，从一棵树推到另一棵树。
Often the light infantry and Alpini foot soldiers were able to skirt the enemy's posts and catch them in the rear.
轻步兵和阿尔皮尼步兵常常能够绕过敌人的哨所并从后方抓住他们。
By May 26, 1915, all Italy was thrilled by the news that all the lower passes of the Dolomites were won and breaches made at Tonale Pass along the northwest and in the Carnic and Julian Alps along the northeast front.
到了 1915 年 5 月 26 日，整个意大利都为这个消息而激动不已：多洛米蒂山脉的所有低山口都被攻克，西北部的托纳莱山口以及东北线的卡尔尼克和朱利安阿尔卑斯山也被攻破。
Among the points occupied were the Montozzo Pass, 9,585 feet high, Ponte Caffaro, running into southwestern Trentino, the ridge of Monte Baldo, extending northward fifteen miles toward Arco and Roverto in southern Trentino, some of the heights looking westward toward Trento, all the valleys in the labyrinth of the Dolomites, and several footholds in the Alps of Carinthia.
占领的地点包括高 9,585 英尺的蒙托佐山口、伸入特伦蒂诺西南部的卡法罗桥、巴尔多山的山脊、向北延伸十五英里、通向特伦蒂诺南部的阿科和罗维托的山脊、一些向西望向特伦托的高地、多洛米蒂山脉迷宫中的所有山谷，以及克恩顿州阿尔卑斯山的几个据点。
The eastern army was well inside Austrian territory, its left at Caporetto on the Isonzo just under Monte Nero, its center looking down on Gorizia from the heights between Indria and the Isonzo, and its right between Cormons and Terzo.
东部军队深入奥地利领土，其左侧位于伊松佐河上的卡波雷托，就在尼禄山下方，其中心在因德里亚和伊松佐河之间的高地俯瞰戈里齐亚，右侧位于科尔蒙斯和泰尔佐之间。
Losses on both sides were surprisingly small considering the extent of territory covered by the fighting.
考虑到战斗所覆盖的领土范围，双方的损失都小得惊人。
The Austrians, after slight resistance, withdrew into their fortresses and waited behind their guns, grimly conscious that the real struggle was still before them.
奥地利人在稍作抵抗后撤退到堡垒中，在枪后等待，残酷地意识到真正的斗争仍在他们面前。
Then, through the holes pierced by the mountain troops, the Italian engineers began to move forward their artillery and building emplacements and constructing trenches.
然后，穿过山地部队打出的洞，意大利工兵开始推进炮兵、构筑炮台、构筑战壕。
Skirmishing on the mountain frontier continued until the end of May, 1915.
山区边境的小冲突一直持续到 1915 年 5 月底。
By that time Italian forces attacking Trentino had crossed the Lessini Mountains north of Verona, captured the Austrian town of Ala on the Adige, and penetrated nearly ten miles into Austrian territory.
此时，进攻特伦蒂诺的意大利军队已越过维罗纳以北的莱西尼山脉，占领了阿迪杰河上的奥地利城镇阿拉，并向奥地利领土渗透了近十英里。
They held high ground on the south commanding the forts of Roverto, and had begun to bring up their heavy guns against this important stronghold.
他们占据了南部的高地，指挥着罗维托的堡垒，并开始举起重炮攻击这个重要的据点。
Roverto is one of a number of strongly fortified places girdling Trent and commanding the converging routes to this center of the Austrian defensive.
罗弗托是环绕特伦特的众多戒备森严的地方之一，它指挥着通往奥地利防御中心的汇聚路线。
Other lesser fortresses in this girdle are Laredo on the Chiese, Levico on the Brenta, and Riva at the head of Lake Garda.
该地带的其他较小堡垒包括基耶塞河上的拉雷多、布伦塔河上的莱维科和加尔达湖源头的里瓦。
Upon these the Italians closed in, and there they consolidated their positions awaiting the support of the first-line troops advancing in heavy detachments, and of their artillery.
意大利人逼近这些地方，并在那里巩固阵地，等待大队前进的一线部队及其炮兵的支援。
While Italy struck the first blow on land, the first offensive operation of the Italo-Austrian conflict by sea came from Austria.
意大利在陆地上率先发起进攻，而意奥冲突的第一个海上进攻行动则来自奥地利。
This was an extensive raid on Italy's Adriatic coast.
这是对意大利亚得里亚海海岸的一次大规模袭击。
Its object was to delay the Italian concentration by attacking vital points on the littoral railway from Brindisi to the north.
其目的是通过攻击从布林迪西到北部的沿海铁路上的重要地点来延迟意大利的集中。
[Illustration: The Coasts of Italy and Austria, Showing the Naval Raid May, 1915.]
[插图：意大利和奥地利海岸，展示 1915 年 5 月的海军袭击。]
The Austrian fleet began its attack early on the morning of Monday, May 24, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 24 日星期一清晨，奥地利舰队开始进攻。
The ships engaged were a squadron from Pola, consisting of two battleships, four cruisers, and eighteen destroyers, strongly supported by aircraft.
参战的舰艇是来自波拉的一个中队，由两艘战列舰、四艘巡洋舰和十八艘驱逐舰组成，并得到飞机的大力支援。
The assault extended from Brindisi to Venice, and covered a large extent of coast territory hard to defend.
进攻范围从布林迪西一直延伸到威尼斯，覆盖了大片难以防守的沿海地区。
At Venice the Austrian air raiders dropped bombs into the arsenal and the oil tanks and balloon sheds on the Lido.
在威尼斯，奥地利空袭者向利多岛的军火库、油罐和气球棚投掷了炸弹。
The priceless relics of art and architecture, all that remained to recall the city's proud position as ruler of the Adriatic, were uninjured, but the attack from the air caused an outcry from the nations of the Entente almost equal to that which rang through the world when the Germans shelled the cathedral at Rheims and destroyed Louvain.
无价的艺术和建筑文物，以及所有留下来纪念这座城市作为亚得里亚海统治者的骄傲地位的遗迹，都没有受到伤害，但来自空中的袭击引起了协约国的强烈抗议，几乎与德国人炮击兰斯大教堂并摧毁鲁汶时所引起的强烈抗议一样。
The Austrians replied that the attack was a serious military operation, and by no means the wanton outrage their enemies had tried to make it appear.
奥地利人回答说，这次袭击是一次严重的军事行动，绝不是他们的敌人试图表现出来的肆意愤怒。
The Austrian naval raid lasted barely two hours, but in that time the cruiser _Novara_ and several destroyers attacked Porto Corsini, north of Ravenna, in a vain effort to destroy the Italian torpedo base; the cruiser _St.
奥地利海军的袭击只持续了不到两个小时，但在此期间，巡洋舰诺瓦拉号和几艘驱逐舰袭击了拉文纳以北的科西尼港，徒劳地摧毁了意大利的鱼雷基地；巡洋舰_St。
Georg_ shelled the railway station and bridges at Rimini; the battleship _Zrinyi_ attacked Sinigaglia, and wrecked the railway station and bridge; south of Ancona the battleship _Radetzky_ destroyed a bridge over the River Potenza.
格奥尔格炮击了里米尼的火车站和桥梁；兹林尼号战列舰袭击了西尼加利亚，摧毁了火车站和桥梁；在安科纳以南，战列舰拉德茨基摧毁了波坦察河上的一座桥梁。
In the south the cruisers _Helgoland_ and _Admiral Spaun_ with destroyers shelled a railway bridge and station and several signal stations in the neighborhood of Manfredonia and Viesti, and caused some damage in small coast towns.
在南部，巡洋舰赫尔戈兰号和斯潘海军上将号与驱逐舰炮击了曼弗雷多尼亚和维耶什蒂附近的一座铁路桥和车站以及几个信号站，并对沿海小镇造成了一些破坏。
The raid was well planned and swiftly executed, and it accomplished much of its purpose.
这次袭击计划周密，执行迅速，达到了大部分目的。
The Italian fleet was taken by surprise, and the marauders were back in safety at Pola by six o'clock in the morning, unharmed.
意大利舰队措手不及，劫掠者于早上六点安全返回波拉，毫发无伤。
While Italian Alpine troops were driving in the Austrian outposts on the frontiers of Trentino and the Tyrol, General Cadorna advanced his main infantry force, the Third Army, across the Friuli Plain through Udine, Palmanova, and St. Georgio toward the Isonzo.
当意大利阿尔卑斯山部队在特伦蒂诺和蒂罗尔边境的奥地利前哨阵地推进时，卡多纳将军率领他的主力步兵部队第三集团军穿过弗留利平原，穿过乌迪内、帕尔马诺瓦和圣乔治奥，向伊松佐进军。
Here the covering troops on May 24 and 25 had captured nearly all the small towns and villages between the frontier and the river from Caporetto in the north just below Monte Nero to Belvedere in the south on the Gulf of Trieste.
5月24日至25日，掩护部队几乎占领了边境和河流之间的所有小镇和村庄，从北部尼禄山下方的卡波雷托到南部的里雅斯特湾的丽城。
Cadorna feared lest his opponent, General von Hofer, would launch his main attack from Gorizia against the Italian city of Palmanova, fourteen miles to the west.
卡多纳担心他的对手冯·霍费尔将军会从戈里齐亚向西边十四英里的意大利城市帕尔马诺瓦发动主攻。
But Von Hofer, so it developed, had a subtler plan of campaign than a direct attack through Gorizia.
但据报道，冯·霍费尔有一个比直接穿越戈里齐亚发动进攻更微妙的作战计划。
What he did was to place a strong force on the mountain of Korada between the Isonzo and the Judrio.
他所做的就是在伊松佐河和朱德里奥河之间的科拉达山上部署一支强大的军队。
This height commanded the middle course of the Isonzo, and it had been transformed into a network of permanent trenches, protected by strong wire entanglements.
这个高度控制着伊松佐河的中游，它已经变成了一个永久性的战壕网络，并受到坚固的铁丝网的保护。
The Austrian general believed that by the time the Italians could bring up their heavy artillery and begin to smash the entanglements with their field guns, supports could be pushed across the river.
这位奥地利将军相信，当意大利人能够举起重型火炮并开始用野战炮粉碎纠缠时，支援就可以被推过河了。
Realizing that Korada must be captured, if at all, by dash and surprise, the Italian brigadier in charge of the attack gathered a herd of fierce bulls, which are numerous in that part of Venetia, and penned them in a hollow out of sight of the enemy, while his artillery began to bombard the hostile trenches.
负责进攻的意大利准将意识到，即使有可能的话，也必须以猛冲和出其不意的方式俘获科拉达，于是他聚集了一群凶猛的公牛，这些公牛在威尼斯地区数量众多，把它们关在敌人看不到的凹地里，同时他的炮兵开始轰击敌方战壕。
When the animals were wrought to a frenzy of rage and fear by the noise of the guns, they were let loose and driven up the mountain against the Austrian positions.
当这些动物被枪声激怒和恐惧时，它们被释放并赶上山对抗奥军阵地。
Their charge broke through many strands of the wire entanglements, and before the last of them fell dead under the Austrian rifle fire, Italian troops with fixed bayonets had crowded through the gaps in the wires and captured the position.
他们的冲锋冲破了许多股铁丝网，在最后一个人倒在奥地利步枪的火力下之前，手持刺刀的意大利军队已经挤过铁丝网的缝隙，占领了阵地。
By the end of May, 1915, the Third Army had reached the Isonzo River, but had not crossed.
1915年5月底，第三集团军已到达伊松佐河，但尚未渡河。
Its advance was slow and cautious.
它的前进缓慢而谨慎。
Operations were hampered by the heavy rains, which caused the river to overflow its banks and added greatly to the difficulties put in the path of the advancing army by the Austrians, who, as they withdrew, left not a bridge behind them.
大雨阻碍了行动，导致河水漫过堤岸，给奥军前进的道路增添了极大的困难，奥军在撤退时没有留下任何一座桥梁。
Grado, a fishing town of about 5,000 inhabitants, but important on account of its strategic situation, was occupied by the Italians with no great difficulty.
格拉多是一个约有 5,000 名居民的渔镇，但由于其战略地位而很重要，意大利人毫不费力地占领了它。
Grado lies at the head of the Adriatic, and is twelve miles from Trieste and sixty from Pola.
格拉多位于亚得里亚海的源头，距离的里雅斯特十二英里，距离波拉六十英里。
The waters of the lagoons in this neighborhood were valuable to the Italians as a safe shelter for submarines and other small war-craft, and as a base for a prospective attack later upon Pola itself.
该地区的泻湖水域对于意大利人来说非常有价值，可以作为潜艇和其他小型战舰的安全庇护所，也可以作为后来对波拉本身进行攻击的基地。
The inhabitants, most of whom preserved their Italian traits and sympathies, although the town had been under Austrian rule since 1809, hailed the conquerors enthusiastically.
尽管该镇自 1809 年以来一直处于奥地利统治之下，但大多数居民仍保留着意大利特色和同情心，他们热情地欢呼征服者。
Cannon and military carriages were decorated with flowers.
大炮和军车都装饰着鲜花。
Thousands of Italian flags appeared as if by magic.
数以千计的意大利国旗就像变魔术一样出现了。
The entering troops were greeted with shouts of "All our lives we have been waiting for this moment when we can cry 'Viva Italia!'" The possession of Grado gave the Third Army virtual control of the mouth of the Isonzo, but the main Austrian position of defense at Gorizia remained apparently unweakened.
迎接进入的部队的是“我们一生都在等待这一刻，我们可以喊出‘意大利万岁’的时刻。”占领格拉多使第三集团军实际上控制了伊松佐河口，但奥军在戈里齐亚的主要防御阵地显然没有被削弱。
Scenes like those at Grado were witnessed at Ala, the first Austrian town of any size and the first railroad center captured by the Italians in the Trentino.
阿拉也见证了类似格拉多的场景，阿拉是奥地利第一个大小城镇，也是意大利人在特伦蒂诺占领的第一个铁路中心。
Ala was occupied May 27, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 27 日阿拉被占领。
Three days before this the Italian light infantry had massed behind the boundary line, and when they began their advance along the main highway their first act was to pull down the yellow and black pole that marked the frontier.
三天前，意大利轻步兵已经集结在边界线后面，当他们开始沿着主要公路前进时，他们的第一个行动就是推倒标志着边界的黄黑柱子。
The next day, May 28, 1915, the commanding general with his chief of staff and two guards motored to the spot, cut a passage-way through the barricade, and, encountering no opposition, kept on until they reached Ala, seven miles beyond.
第二天，即 1915 年 5 月 28 日，总司令带着他的参谋长和两名警卫驾车前往现场，在路障中开辟了一条通道，没有遇到任何抵抗，继续前进，直到到达七英里外的阿拉。
The Italian troops were ordered to advance next day, May 29, 1915, and as they marched into the town, officers shouted: "Open your windows.
第二天，也就是 1915 年 5 月 29 日，意大利军队奉命前进，当他们进入城镇时，军官们喊道：“打开窗户。
Long live Italy!" The Mayor of Ala called out his townsmen and set them at work removing the barricades on the main road.
意大利万岁！”阿拉市长召集镇民，让他们开始拆除主干道上的路障。
In the midst of these rejoicings the sharp rattle of musketry was heard, and the Italians rushed to cover.
在一片欢呼声中，传来了步枪尖锐的嘎嘎声，意大利人赶紧前去掩护。
A reconnoitering party reported that the Austrians were intrenched in a large villa beyond a stream outside the town.
侦察队报告说，奥地利人在城外一条小溪旁的一栋大别墅里盘踞了阵地。
The Italian troops began an attack upon this position, and a skirmish party sought to take a position in a house on a near-by hill commanding the villa held by the enemy.
意大利军队开始攻击这个阵地，一个小冲突小组试图在附近山上的一座房子里占据阵地，指挥着敌人控制的别墅。
Although the way to this house was exposed to the Austrian fire, the Italian officer decided to risk an attempt to reach it.
尽管通往这座房子的道路暴露在奥地利的火力之下，意大利军官还是决定冒险尝试到达那里。
But as he raised his sword to signal an advance, a young girl ran to his side and told him of a path sheltered from the Austrian fire.
但当他举起剑示意前进时，一个年轻的女孩跑到他身边，告诉他一条可以避开奥地利火力的道路。
This girl, Signorina Abriani, whose name will go down in Italian history as one of the first heroines of the war, guided the detachment safely.
这位名叫 Signorina Abriani 的女孩安全地引导了这支部队，她的名字将作为第一批战争女英雄之一载入意大利历史。
The Austrians holding the villa were strongly intrenched, and they held out against superior forces until late in the afternoon, when four shells crashed into the building, bringing it down about their ears.
占领别墅的奥地利人构筑了坚固的工事，他们与优势部队顽强抵抗，直到下午晚些时候，四枚炮弹击中了建筑物，将其从耳边击落。
The Italians had brought up a battery on the opposite side of the Adige River and opened fire at long range.
意大利人在阿迪杰河对岸设置了炮台并进行远距离开火。
The Austrians made good their retreat, leaving all their ammunition and three dead.
奥地利人成功撤退，留下了所有弹药，并造成三人死亡。
Later fifty-seven Austrians were taken prisoners.
后来有五十七名奥地利人被俘。
That night the Italian general took the precautions, usual on entering a newly occupied town, of ordering that all the windows in town be kept open and illuminated, and kept patrols about the town.
那天晚上，意大利将军采取了进入新占领城镇时通常采取的预防措施，命令城镇内所有窗户保持打开和照明，并在城镇周围进行巡逻。
The mayor was reconfirmed, and his first act was to announce to the citizens that "the royal military authorities, knowing the needs of the inhabitants, have with affectionate solicitude and great generosity placed 5,000 rations of bread and 2,000 of rice at the disposal of the poor." Thus Ala became Italian.
市长被重新任命，他的第一个行动就是向公民宣布，“皇家军事当局了解居民的需要，深情关怀和慷慨解囊，为穷人提供了 5,000 份面包和 2,000 份大米。”因此阿拉变成了意大利人。
The incidents of these first advances into Austrian territory were reported in detail in Italy, and are set down here as typical of events that accompanied the irruption of Italian troops over the border into the country which once had been Italian and where, despite more than a century of Austrian occupation, a large proportion of the inhabitants in spirit was Italian still.
这些首次进入奥地利领土的事件在意大利得到了详细报道，并在此记录为伴随意大利军队越过边境侵入这个曾经属于意大利的国家的典型事件，尽管奥地利占领了这个国家一个多世纪，但很大一部分居民在精神上仍然是意大利人。
Such reports spread through Italy naturally increased enthusiasm for the restoration of the "unredeemed" provinces.
这样的报道在意大利传开，自然增加了恢复“未赎回”省份的热情。
Although, as a rule, the Austrians retired before the first Italian advance into Trentino, they did not depart until they had left every possible obstacle.
虽然按照惯例，奥地利人会在意大利第一次进攻特伦蒂诺之前就撤退，但他们直到离开所有可能的障碍后才离开。
Roads were barricaded, bridges destroyed, and mines were laid, cleverly concealed on hillsides where it was intended their explosion would overwhelm the Italians under masses of rock and earth.
道路被封锁，桥梁被摧毁，地雷被巧妙地隐藏在山坡上，目的是让它们的爆炸淹没在岩石和泥土下的意大利人。
But this was just what the Alpini and Bersaglieri had been trained to anticipate.
但这正是阿尔皮尼和贝尔萨列里经过训练所预料到的。
According to the official Italian accounts, their scouting was so excellent that the wires connecting these mines with Austrian hiding places were discovered and cut, and hardly a mine was exploded.
根据意大利官方的说法，他们的侦察非常出色，以至于连接这些地雷和奥地利藏身之处的电线被发现并被切断，几乎没有一颗地雷被引爆。
All this took place while the Austrians were drawing in their outposts and consolidating their forces in the great strongholds where later they held the Italians in absolute check.
所有这一切都发生在奥地利人正在撤退他们的前哨并在大要塞中巩固他们的军队的时候，后来他们在那里对意大利人进行了绝对的遏制。
The Italians advanced cautiously in small groups, and the Austrians abandoned the frontier villages soon enough to avoid serious encounters, but not a minute sooner.
意大利人以小股谨慎前进，奥地利人很快就放弃了边境村庄以避免严重遭遇，但一分钟也不早。
In the Alps in these days of May, 1915, the Great War was fought much as wars have been fought in times we are accustomed to regard as the age of true romance.
1915 年 5 月的这些日子里，在阿尔卑斯山，第一次世界大战的进行与我们通常认为的真正浪漫时代的战争非常相似。
The Italian King visited the Alpine troops and surprised his men and redoubled their devotion by showing his skill as a mountain climber.
意大利国王视察了阿尔卑斯山部队，让他的部下大吃一惊，并通过展示他的登山技巧来加倍他们的忠诚。
"You forget," he told an officer who remonstrated with him as he was about to scale a particularly difficult position to examine a gun "chamois hunting is my favorite sport."
“你忘了，”当他正要爬上一个特别困难的位置检查枪支时，他对一名向他抗议的警官说，“狩猎羚羊是我最喜欢的运动。”
If certain portions of the Italian population seemed lukewarm toward the war during the period of diplomatic negotiations, there was no doubt of the temper of the nation after hostilities actually began.
如果说在外交谈判期间，部分意大利民众对战争表现出冷淡态度，那么毫无疑问，在敌对行动真正开始后，意大利民众的情绪也变得冷淡起来。
The chord of national feeling was struck by King Victor Emmanuel in an order issued upon taking supreme command of the army and navy.
维克托·伊曼纽尔国王在接任陆军和海军最高指挥权后发布的一项命令，引起了民族感情的共鸣。
"Soldiers on land and sea," said the order, "the solemn hour of the nation's claims has struck.
命令中写道：“陆地和海上的士兵们，国家主权主张的庄严时刻已经到来。
Following the example of my grandfather, I take to-day supreme command of Italy's forces on land and sea, with the assurance of victory which your bravery, self-abnegation, and discipline will obtain.
今天，我以我祖父为榜样，担任意大利陆地和海上军队的最高指挥权，并保证你们的勇敢、自我克制和纪律将获得胜利。
"The enemy you are preparing to fight is hardened to war and worthy of you.
“你准备对抗的敌人是经过战争考验的，值得你。
Favored by the nature of the ground and skillful works, he will resist tenaciously, but your unsubdued ardor will surely vanquish him.
凭借地利和巧工，他会顽强抵抗，但你不屈不挠的热情一定会打败他。
"Soldiers, to you has come the glory of unfurling Italy's colors on the sacred lands which nature has given as the frontiers of our country.
“士兵们，你们已经获得了在大自然赐予我们国家边境的神圣土地上展现意大利色彩的荣耀。
To you has come the glory of finally accomplishing the work undertaken with so much heroism by our fathers."
你们最终完成了我们的父辈以如此英雄主义精神所承担的工作，获得了荣耀。”
The stormy scenes which followed the resignation of the Salandra cabinet gave way to a confident calm.
萨兰德拉内阁辞职后的暴风雨场面逐渐被自信的平静所取代。
From his seclusion in the Vatican the pope addressed a letter to Cardinal Vannutelli, breathing a spirit of resignation and faith, but carefully refraining from any expression of partisanship in the great struggle.
教皇在梵蒂冈隐居期间，给红衣主教万努泰利写了一封信，信中充满了辞职和信仰的精神，但在伟大斗争中小心翼翼地避免表达任何党派偏见。
"The hour which we are traversing is painful," he said, "but our prayers will go out more frequently and more fervently than ever to those who have in their hands the fate of nations." The pope recalled that in his first Encyclical issued at the beginning of the war he exhorted the belligerent nations to make peace, but his voice was unheeded and the war continued "until the terrible conflagration has extended to our beloved Italy.
他说：“我们正在经历的时刻是痛苦的，但我们将比以往任何时候都更频繁、更热切地向那些掌握国家命运的人祈祷。”教宗回忆说，在战争开始时发布的第一份通谕中，他劝告交战国家实现和平，但他的声音无人理睬，战争仍在继续，“直到可怕的大火蔓延到我们深爱的意大利”。
While our hearts bleed at the sight of so much misery," he wrote, "we have not neglected to continue our work for relief and the diminution of the deplorable consequences of war.
虽然看到如此多的苦难，我们的心在流血，”他写道，“但我们并没有忽视继续开展救济工作和减少战争的悲惨后果。
I wish that the echo of our voice might reach to all our children affected by the great scourge of war, and persuade all of them of our participation in their troubles and sorrows.
我希望我们的声音能够传遍我们所有遭受战祸的孩子们，并说服他们所有人我们参与他们的烦恼和悲伤。
There is little of the grief of the child that is not reflected in the soul of the father."
孩子的所有悲伤都反映在父亲的灵魂中。”
The greatest enthusiasm, naturally, was manifested in the cities of the north nearest the scene of war.
最大的热情自然表现在最接近战争现场的北方城市。
The Master Workers' Guild of Milan voted unanimously to give up one day's pay each month to be devoted to the relief of the families of men at the front.
米兰工人工会一致投票决定放弃每月一天的工资，专门用于救济前线士兵的家属。
Many business houses carried soldiers' names on their payrolls and remitted their wages to their families.
许多企业将士兵的名字印在他们的工资单上，并将他们的工资汇给他们的家人。
In all cities within range of the enemy's aircraft precautions were taken to guard public buildings, and especially the famous objects which for centuries had made Italy the Mecca of lovers of art.
在敌人飞机射程内的所有城市，都采取了预防措施来保护公共建筑，尤其是几个世纪以来使意大利成为艺术爱好者麦加的著名文物。
In Venice the bronze horses of St. Mark's were taken down from their pedestals and hidden in the subterranean caverns of the cathedral.
在威尼斯，圣马可大教堂的青铜马被从基座上取下来，藏在大教堂的地下洞穴中。
The gilded statue of the Virgin surmounting the celebrated white marble cathedral at Milan was covered with cloth, so that it might not serve as a guide to Austrian raiders.
米兰著名的白色大理石大教堂上的圣母镀金雕像被布料覆盖，这样它就不会成为奥地利袭击者的指南。
The stained glass windows of the edifice were removed as a precaution against possible bombardment.
为了防止可能的轰炸，建筑物的彩色玻璃窗被拆除。
After the first Austrian sea and air raid along the Adriatic coast orders were issued that lights should be darkened in all Adriatic ports.
在奥地利对亚得里亚海沿岸进行第一次海上和空袭后，下令所有亚得里亚海港口的灯光应变暗。
This order was extended also to certain inland cities, such as Milan, Bologna, Verona, Brescia, and Udine.
该命令还扩展到某些内陆城市，例如米兰、博洛尼亚、维罗纳、布雷西亚和乌迪内。
A special watch for aeroplanes was kept at Bologna on account of the location there of an important factory for the manufacture of explosives.
由于博洛尼亚有一家重要的炸药制造工厂，因此对飞机进行了特别监视。
Watches were set on the crests of the Appenines ready to notify Rome of approaching danger from the air.
亚平宁山脉的山峰上设置了手表，准备从空中通知罗马危险正在逼近。
The attitude of Germany toward Italy at this period of the war is best indicated by the speech delivered at the session of the Reichstag by Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg, the Imperial Chancellor.
帝国总理冯·贝特曼-霍尔韦格博士在国会会议上的讲话最能说明德国在战争时期对意大利的态度。
He imputed the Italian declaration of war to a combination of mob dictation, bad faith on the part of the cabinet of Premier Salandra, and, to a certain degree, to the money of the powers of the Entente.
他将意大利的宣战归咎于暴民的独裁、萨兰德拉总理内阁的不诚实以及在某种程度上协约国权力的金钱的结合。
The greater part of the Italian people, the chancellor asserted, and a majority in the Italian Parliament had not wanted war, and were even kept in ignorance of the extent of the concessions which Austria-Hungary was willing to make for the sake of peace.
总理断言，大部分意大利人民以及意大利议会中的大多数人并不想要战争，甚至不知道奥匈帝国为了和平愿意做出多大程度的让步。
The Salandra cabinet, he declared, long before the Triple Alliance had ceased to exist, aligned itself with the Triple Entente and "unchained the mob spirit and intimidated the advocates of peace."
他宣称，早在三国联盟不复存在之前，萨兰德拉内阁就与三国协约国结盟，并“释放了暴民精神并恐吓和平倡导者”。
On the eve of leaving Rome, Prince von Buelow gave out a statement in which he declared that Italy was led into the war by a "noisy minority," and that even if in the end she obtained what she asked she would not get much more than what Austria already had offered.
在离开罗马前夕，冯·布洛亲王发表了一份声明，宣称意大利是由“吵闹的少数派”带入战争的，即使最终她得到了她所要求的，她得到的也不会比奥地利已经提供的多多少。
"It should be understood," he explained, "that it was impossible to deprive the central empires of Trieste, their only outlet to the Adriatic in the Mediterranean."
“应该明白，”他解释说，“不可能剥夺中央帝国的里雅斯特，这是他们通往地中海亚得里亚海的唯一出口。”
Turkey regarded the entrance of Italy into the war on the side of the Entente with apparent equanimity.
土耳其显然对意大利加入协约国一边参战持镇定态度。
"We will not declare war on Italy," announced Talaat Bey, the Turkish Minister of the Interior.
“我们不会向意大利宣战，”土耳其内政部长塔拉特·贝宣布。
"We can wait.
“我们可以等待。
What can Italy do to us?"
意大利能对我们做什么？”
CHAPTER LXVI
第六十六章
FIGHTING IN THE MOUNTAINS
山里的战斗
While the world hears little about strategic plans that fail to work out, it is believed that the Austrians in May, 1915, had in mind to let the enemy obtain a good start in his advance against Trieste.
虽然世界上很少听到失败的战略计划，但人们相信，1915 年 5 月，奥地利人打算让敌人在向的里雅斯特进军时取得一个良好的开端。
Then, when the Italian operations were well under way, and the two railroads from Venice were choked with their supplies, the Austrians probably intended to launch a swift attack upon Verona and the rich cities of Lombardy, thus cutting off the chief centers of Italian industry.
然后，当意大利的行动顺利进行时，来自威尼斯的两条铁路被供给堵塞，奥地利人可能打算对维罗纳和伦巴第富裕的城市发动迅速进攻，从而切断意大利工业的主要中心。
At the same time, they undoubtedly meant to send an invading army through the passes of the Carnic and Julian Alps from their base at Tarvis, and by a sudden swoop southward take the Italian forces on the Isonzo in the flank.
与此同时，他们毫无疑问地打算从塔维斯的基地派出一支入侵军队穿过卡尼克山和朱利安阿尔卑斯山的山口，突然向南猛扑，从侧翼攻击伊松佐河上的意大利军队。
At least this is what the Italian staff believed was their plan, and they arranged their own forces accordingly.
至少意大利参谋部认为这是他们的计划，并据此安排了自己的兵力。
This was the reason for the extensive Italian drive during the third week of May, 1915, at all the mountain passes of the long frontier.
这就是 1915 年 5 月第三周意大利人在漫长边境的所有山口进行大范围驱赶的原因。
For almost any of these passes might prove to be the gateway of invasion, whereas, once captured, they could be held by a few battalions.
因为几乎所有这些关口都可能被证明是入侵的门户，而一旦被占领，它们就可以由几个营守住。
But behind each force that occupied the passes won in the first Italian dash was a large reserve ready to lend support wherever the enemy tried to break through.
但在意大利第一次突袭中占领的每支通行证背后都有一支庞大的预备队，随时准备在敌人试图突破的任何地方提供支持。
The Italians were not kept long in suspense as to where this thrust from the north first would come.
意大利人并没有对这股来自北方的进攻首先来自何处抱有长期的悬念。
On May 29, 1915, under cover of a heavy fog, the Austrians concentrated a strong force from Villach, brought them to Mauthen, and from that point launched five successive attacks in an effort to win back the pass of Monte Croce in the Carnic Alps.
1915年5月29日，奥军在大雾掩护下，从菲拉赫集中主力，直逼毛滕，从此连续发动五次进攻，力图夺回卡尔尼克阿尔卑斯山的克罗切山口。
The Alpini met the attacks with musketry and machine-gun fire, then, after the last attempt had failed, leaped from their trenches and drove the Austrians down the valley.
阿尔皮尼人用步枪和机枪火力反击，最后一次尝试失败后，他们从战壕中跳出来，把奥地利人赶下了山谷。
Thus began the battle of Monte Croce, an engagement described in the official bulletins of both countries in a way that gave the world its first intimation of the peculiar features of this mountain warfare.
克罗齐山战役就这样开始了，两国官方公报都对这场交战进行了描述，让世界第一次了解到这场山地战争的独特特征。
Each side had large reserves, and the struggle for the pass continued day and night, the Italians pushing over the neighboring passes and gathering their strength for a counterattack when the Austrians were exhausted.
双方都有大量后备力量，争夺山口的斗争日夜持续，意大利人推过邻近的山口，并在奥军精疲力竭时聚集力量进行反击。
On June 8, 1915, the Italians stormed Freikofel, a height commanding the Plocken Plateau, and took the Pass of Valentina and the Pass of Oregione, 7,500 feet high, and overlooking the wooded valley of Gail.
1915 年 6 月 8 日，意大利人攻占了俯瞰普洛肯高原的弗赖科费尔山口，占领了海拔 7,500 英尺的瓦伦蒂娜山口和奥瑞吉山山口，俯瞰着树木繁茂的盖尔山谷。
The Alpini won Oregione by climbing through ice and snow over Paralba Mountain and fighting their way downward.
Alpini 队通过攀登帕拉尔巴山的冰雪并一路奋战下来，赢得了 Oregione。
Undaunted, General Dankl called up a fresh corps.
丹克尔将军毫不畏惧，召集了一支新军。
On the night of June 14, 1915, the Austrians made a supreme effort to break through the Italian line and put into effect his plan of pouring an army through the Carnic Alps to attack the flank of the main Italian army.
1915年6月14日夜，奥地利人竭尽全力突破意大利防线，并实施了他的计划，即派出一支军队穿过卡尔尼克阿尔卑斯山，攻击意大利主力部队的侧翼。
Although 100,000 men were engaged in this battle, the ground permitted no massed movements.
虽然这场战斗有十万人参与，但地面不允许大规模行动。
For miles the saddle of Oregione, the snow-clad sides of Paralba, and every smaller peak and ravine extending to Monte Croce and Freikofel were speckled with fighting men.
奥瑞吉安山脊绵延数英里、帕拉尔巴白雪覆盖的山坡，以及延伸至克罗齐山和弗雷科费尔的每一个较小的山峰和峡谷，都布满了战斗人员。
After the two sides came to grips, the big guns held their fire, and it was man to man and bayonet against bayonet.
双方交锋后，大枪持枪射击，是人对人、刺刀对刺刀。
At one point only did the Austrian thrust reach Italian soil.
奥地利军队的进攻只在某一时刻到达了意大利领土。
For a short time the Austrians were on Paralba at an elevation of 8,840 feet, but threatened both in the flank and in the rear they were forced to retreat and take refuge in their prepared positions on Steinwand, a huge limestone mountain overlooking the Gail Valley.
奥军在海拔 8,840 英尺的帕拉尔巴停留了很短一段时间，但在侧翼和后方都受到威胁，他们被迫撤退并在斯坦万德（一座俯瞰盖尔山谷的巨大石灰岩山）上准备好的阵地避难。
The strategic idea of General Cadorna is more easily understood when one studies the railway map of the Austrian territory north of the Carnic border.
当人们研究卡尼克边境以北的奥地利领土的铁路图时，卡多纳将军的战略思想就更容易理解。
Here their railway line through the Drave Valley passed closer to the boundary line than did the Italian system on the south, and they could bring up fresh troops with more speed.
在这里，他们穿过德拉夫谷的铁路线比南部的意大利铁路线更接近边界线，他们可以更快地调动新的部队。
In the Gail Valley they had a wide region in which they could mass hidden from the enemy, and they had a good road up the mountains from Mauthen, while the Italians had to depend upon rough tracks through the valley.
在盖尔河谷，他们拥有广阔的区域，可以在其中集结以躲避敌人，而且他们有一条从毛森上山的良好道路，而意大利人则必须依靠崎岖的小路穿过山谷。
Although Cadorna had the hard task of keeping the doorway to Venice closed while he attacked the enemy on both flanks, he accomplished his purpose.
尽管卡多纳在从两翼攻击敌人的同时，要保持威尼斯大门关闭的艰巨任务，但他还是达到了目的。
The Italian army operating in the province of Cadore won its next success in an attack upon the village of Cortina, situated in a salient of the frontier, 4,000 feet high, amid some of the most beautiful scenery in the world.
在卡多雷省作战的意大利军队在对科尔蒂纳村的攻击中赢得了下一次胜利，该村位于边境突出部，海拔 4,000 英尺，周围有世界上最美丽的风景。
Cortina was taken on May 30.
Cortina 于 5 月 30 日被带走。
The Austrians had barricaded the famous road winding up through the Dolomites, and dug elaborate trenches; but the Italians, by superhuman efforts, moved up their mountain guns, while the Alpini scrambled over the mountains by the glaciers of Serapis and the tarns of Croda da Lago, and descended into Cortina on either side.
奥地利人封锁了这条蜿蜒穿过多洛米蒂山脉的著名道路，并挖了精心设计的战壕。但意大利人以超人的努力，把他们的山炮移上了山，而阿尔皮尼人则翻过塞拉皮斯冰川和克罗达达拉戈湖的山峦，从两侧下降到科尔蒂纳。
Then, holding the enemy on the east, they advanced into the Tyrol westward to Falzarego.
然后，他们在东面阻击敌人，向西进入蒂罗尔河，到达法尔扎雷戈。
In this region they had an experience which illustrated the foresight of the Austrians in preparing for the attack they believed would come.
在这个地区，他们的经历说明了奥地利人在准备他们认为即将到来的进攻时的远见。
Some years before an Austrian had built a hotel in a deep ravine shut in by walls of limestone and very difficult of approach.
几年前，一位奥地利人在一条被石灰石墙围住的深谷中建造了一家旅馆，非常难以接近。
Tourists had commented upon the lack of practicability of the man who placed a hostelry in so inaccessible a spot.
游客们评论说，在如此难以到达的地方开设旅馆的人缺乏实用性。
But when the war came it developed that the hotel builder probably had a subsidy from the Government.
但战争爆发后，人们发现酒店建造者可能得到了政府的补贴。
For sandbags, machine guns, and quick-firers quickly converted the hotel into an excellent fort, which dominated the famous ravine.
由于沙袋、机枪和速射器，酒店很快就变成了一座出色的堡垒，俯瞰着著名的峡谷。
Thanks to the hardiness and ingenuity of their picked Alpine troops, the Italians, after a week of hard fighting, cleared the mountains above the ravine and dropped upon the hotel fort.
多亏了他们精挑细选的阿尔卑斯山部队的顽强和聪明才智，意大利人经过一周的艰苦战斗，清理了峡谷上方的山脉，并降落在酒店堡垒上。
By June 9, 1915, the Italians had won the Falzarego Pass.
1915 年 6 月 9 日，意大利人赢得了法尔扎雷戈山口。
At times the fighting raged on summits 10,000 feet high, where the thin air exhausted the combatants far quicker than their physical exertions.
有时，战斗会在一万英尺高的山峰上激烈进行，那里稀薄的空气使战斗人员疲惫不堪的速度远远快于他们的体力消耗。
In the last battle of this engagement the Italians obtained a footing upon a point of great strategical importance three miles beyond the pass on the Sasso d'Istria, close to where the Dolomite road bends southward through the ravine and penetrated the mountains in two tunnels.
在这次交战的最后一场战斗中，意大利人在伊斯特拉萨索山口三英里外的一个具有重要战略意义的地点站稳了脚跟，靠近多洛米蒂公路向南弯曲穿过峡谷并通过两条隧道穿透山脉的地方。
This victory gave the Austrians cause for anxiety regarding the western defenses of Tyrol, for by a double flanking movement along the Cordevole River and the Dolomite road the Italians in Cadore had extended like two arms around one of the principal systems of defense.
这次胜利使奥地利人对蒂罗尔西部的防御感到担忧，因为通过沿着科尔代沃河和多洛米蒂公路的双侧翼进攻，卡多雷的意大利人像两只手臂一样围绕着一个主要防御系统。
General Dankl hurried reenforcements to the Cadore front to check the thrust up the Cordevole Valley.
丹克尔将军紧急向卡多雷前线派遣增援部队，以阻止科德沃山谷的进攻。
At the end of this valley was the focal point of the system of railways that carried food and munitions to both the Trentino forces and those in southern Tyrol.
山谷的尽头是铁路系统的中心，为特伦蒂诺军队和蒂罗尔南部的军队运送食物和弹药。
If the Italians had succeeded in cutting the railway at this point the enemy would have had great difficulty in maintaining his armies on the Trentino and Tyrol fronts.
如果意大利人此时成功切断铁路，敌人将很难在特伦蒂诺和蒂罗尔前线维持其军队。
The Italian effort was not pushed to success; but it at least had the effect of discouraging any plans General Dankl might have formed of invading the plains of northern Italy at the foot of the frontier mountains.
意大利的努力并没有取得成功；但它至少起到了阻止丹克尔将军入侵意大利北部边境山脉脚下平原的任何计划的作用。
Only twenty miles south of the Austrian outposts was the important city of Verona, famed for its memories of Romeo and Juliet.
奥地利前哨以南仅二十英里处是重要的城市维罗纳，因其对罗密欧与朱丽叶的记忆而闻名。
Nearer still was Brescia with the fertile lands of Lombardy surrounding it.
更近的是布雷西亚，周围是伦巴第的肥沃土地。
But by his maneuvers at the opening of the war, General Cadorna effectively protected Italian territory and forced the enemy to devote all his attention to resisting the attacks of active light infantry and mountain artillery.
但卡多纳将军通过战争一开始的演习，有效地保护了意大利领土，迫使敌人集中全部精力来抵御现役轻步兵和山地炮兵的进攻。
The great 12-inch Skoda howitzers, upon which Austria depended to batter down the defenses of these Italian cities, were needed elsewhere, behind the Julian and Carnic Alps, and especially in the corner of the frontier near Predil Pass, by which Napoleon invaded Italy, and on the Isonzo front between Tolmino and the Adriatic.
奥地利依靠巨大的 12 英寸斯柯达榴弹炮来摧毁这些意大利城市的防御，但其他地方也需要这些火炮，例如朱利安阿尔卑斯山和卡尼克阿尔卑斯山后面，特别是在拿破仑入侵意大利的普雷迪尔山口附近的边境一角，以及托尔米诺和亚得里亚海之间的伊松佐前线。
Thus with his infantry, Cadorna overcame the artillery handicap under which Italy labored during all the first months of the war.
因此，卡多纳凭借他的步兵克服了意大利在战争头几个月所面临的炮兵缺陷。
The Skoda gun was reputed to be the best in the world.
斯柯达枪被誉为世界上最好的。
It had proved its worth in Belgium and Russia, and the fact that the Austrians were able to lend guns to their ally proved their wealth of big-gun power.
它在比利时和俄罗斯证明了它的价值，而奥地利人能够向他们的盟友借枪的事实证明了他们拥有丰富的大枪力量。
Now, even after ten months of war, when thousands of the great howitzers were busy in Galicia and along the Danube, the Skoda works could still produce an armament superior to that of Italy.
现在，即使经过十个月的战争，当数以千计的大型榴弹炮在加利西亚和多瑙河沿岸忙碌时，斯柯达工厂仍然可以生产出比意大利更好的武器。
Much of the effectiveness of the Skoda gun lay in the fact that it could be separated into two parts for easier transportation.
斯柯达枪的大部分功效在于它可以分成两部分，以便于运输。
In addition to these 12-inch mortars, Austria had a 6-inch steel Skoda, designed in the summer of 1914, for use in the Carpathians and well adapted to fighting in the Alps.
除了这些 12 英寸迫击炮之外，奥地利还有 6 英寸钢制斯柯达，于 1914 年夏天设计，用于喀尔巴阡山脉，非常适合在阿尔卑斯山作战。
Due in part to their realization of this superiority of Austria in big guns, the Italians remained neutral for ten months, but meanwhile they had created a new armament for their own armies at full speed.
意大利人在十个月内保持中立，部分原因是他们认识到奥地利在大枪方面的优势，但与此同时，他们全速为自己的军队制造了新的武器装备。
For the attack on the Austrian infantry in the field they adapted the French 75-millimeter quick-firer, and for siege work they manufactured 6-and 12-inch howitzers.
为了在战场上攻击奥地利步兵，他们改装了法国 75 毫米速射炮，为了围攻，他们制造了 6 英寸和 12 英寸榴弹炮。
But it takes time to build heavy artillery, and at this time every armament firm in the world was pushed to its full capacity, while the Italians, being without coal fields, were handicapped in the development of armament resources at home.
但建造重型火炮需要时间，此时世界上每家军火公司都已开足马力，而意大利则由于没有煤田，在国内军备资源的发展方面受到了阻碍。
For political reasons also General Cadorna would not risk sacrificing his men to overcome this artillery handicap.
出于政治原因，卡多纳将军也不会冒险牺牲他的士兵来克服这一炮兵障碍。
His problem was to conserve his forces as much as possible in readiness for a defensive campaign against combined Teutonic armies, winning what small victories he could, and meanwhile keeping down his casualty lists, while fighting heavy howitzers with light mountain guns and 3-inch quick-firers.
他的问题是尽可能保存兵力，为对抗条顿联军的防御战役做好准备，赢得尽可能小的胜利，同时减少伤亡，同时用轻型山炮和3英寸速射炮对抗重型榴弹炮。
After the Italians had established their hold upon the frontier points there was an apparent relaxation of effort while the infantry of the line waited for the heavy siege artillery to issue from the armament factories and come into action.
在意大利人占领了边境点后，他们的努力明显放松了，而前线步兵等待着重型攻城火炮从军火工厂发出并开始行动。
This movement of artillery was slow, especially on the Isonzo front where engineering operations were delayed by the summer floods caused by the melting snows from the mountain tops.
火炮的移动速度很慢，特别是在伊松佐前线，由于山顶积雪融化造成夏季洪水，工程作业被推迟。
To transport heavy pieces of ordnance across the floods the Italian engineers had to build strong bridges, often under heavy fire from the enemy, who, even after their retirement from the east bank of the river, continually harassed the Italian advance guard holding the bridgeheads.
为了在洪水中运输重型军火，意大利工程师必须建造坚固的桥梁，常常要承受敌人的猛烈炮火，敌人甚至在从河东岸撤退后，仍不断骚扰守卫桥头堡的意大利先头部队。
The Austrians aided the work of the mountain floods by breaking down the high embankment used to carry off the snow water, and thereby inundated the plain.
奥地利人通过破坏用于带走雪水的高堤来帮助山洪的工作，从而淹没了平原。
Working under a plunging fire from the enemy's batteries on the foothills, the Italian sappers built light pontoon bridges over the floods upon which the first Italian contingent crossed at night and occupied the first line of Austrian trenches near the river.
意大利工兵在山麓上敌军炮台的猛烈火力下工作，在洪水上搭建了轻型浮桥，第一支意大利特遣队在夜间渡河，占领了靠近河流的奥地利战壕的第一道防线。
This much the Italians accomplished by the first week in June, 1915; but there they were forced to pause for the reasons already described.
意大利人在 1915 年 6 月的第一周就完成了这么多；但由于已经描述的原因，他们被迫暂停。
Active hostilities during the first part of June on the Isonzo front centered around Monfalcone, a seaport just below the dominating Carso headlands.
六月上旬，伊松佐前线的敌对行动以蒙法尔科内为中心，蒙法尔科内是一个海港，位于主要的卡索岬角下方。
Taken from Venice by the Austrians during the Napoleonic era, Monfalcone had become the third most important port in the empire.
拿破仑时代，蒙法尔科内被奥地利人从威尼斯夺走，成为帝国第三重要的港口。
In its yards warships were being constructed.
在它的院子里正在建造军舰。
On June 9, 1915, the Italians made their swift stroke in a southwesterly direction from their Isonzo line.
1915 年 6 月 9 日，意大利人从伊松佐防线向西南方向快速进攻。
The port was bombarded on June 7, 1915, by a light Italian cruiser squadron, and the Castle of Duino, standing at the sea edge near Trieste and defended by three artillery batteries, was shattered and set afire apparently to prepare for the operations against Monfalcone from the southwestern side of the Gulf of Panzano.
1915 年 6 月 7 日，该港口遭到一支意大利轻型巡洋舰中队的轰炸，位于的里雅斯特附近海边、由三个炮台保卫的杜伊诺城堡被击碎并着火，显然是为从潘扎诺湾西南侧对蒙法尔科内发动的行动做准备。
Archduke Eugene hastily collected a strong force above Duino ready to resist an attempt by the Italians to land, but the attempt never was made.
尤金大公匆忙在杜伊诺上空集结了一支强大的部队，准备抵抗意大利人的登陆企图，但这一尝试从未成功。
It developed that the bombardment of Duino was a feint.
事实证明，对杜伊诺的轰炸是佯攻。
The real movement against Monfalcone was launched from another quarter straight across the Isonzo.
真正反对蒙法尔科内的运动是从另一个街区直接穿过伊松佐河发起的。
The Bersaglieri cyclist corps and grenadiers broke through the Austrian line at the river, and since the Austrians had neglected to prepare a reserve line, the Italians advanced by a swift, running fight through the villages around the Isonzo delta.
贝尔萨列里自行车军和掷弹兵在河边突破了奥地利人的防线，由于奥地利人忽视了预备队的准备，意大利人通过快速、奔跑的战斗穿过伊松佐三角洲周围的村庄。
Near the historic town of Aquileia, now a mere hamlet, the Italians forced a passage of the river at the point of the bayonet and flowed in two streams around the enemy's positions, depending for their rapid movements upon their cyclists with machine guns and their fast-marching light infantry.
在历史悠久的阿奎莱亚镇附近，现在只是一个小村庄，意大利人在刺刀的尖端强行渡过河流，并以两股水流绕过敌人的阵地，依靠他们的快速行动来对付骑着机枪的自行车手和快速行进的轻步兵。
The Austrians set fire to the pine-clad mountain slopes, but were unable to stem the rush of the Italians who, under the flare of the forest fires, broke into the open town of Monfalcone after storming the promontory of Rocca.
奥地利人放火焚烧了松树覆盖的山坡，但无法阻止意大利人的冲锋，意大利人在森林大火的耀眼下，在袭击罗卡海角后闯入了空旷的蒙法尔科内小镇。
Here, however, the Italian advance guard was in a dangerous position, for the Austrian batteries posted on the limestone bluffs rising 1,000 feet on the northern side of the town still dominated the streets occupied by the Italians near the water's edge.
然而，在这里，意大利先头部队处于危险的境地，因为部署在城镇北侧海拔 1,000 英尺的石灰岩悬崖上的奥地利炮兵仍然控制着意大利人占领的靠近水边的街道。
The situation was critical, not only because the troops in the lower town were in danger of annihilation if they held their ground, but because the Italians were anxious to save the town from bombardment, and preserve the warships under construction in the shipyards.
形势十分危急，不仅因为下城的部队如果坚守阵地就会有被歼灭的危险，而且因为意大利人急于拯救该城免遭轰炸，并保护造船厂正在建造的战舰。
So a brigade of light troops scaled the limestone cliffs dragging their mobile 3-inch guns, and forced the Austrians to retire, taking their heavy howitzers with them.
于是，一旅的轻装部队拖着移动式3英寸火炮爬上石灰岩悬崖，迫使奥地利人带着重型榴弹炮撤退。
Monfalcone now rested securely in Italian possession.
蒙法尔科内现在牢牢地掌握在意大利手中。
The Italians in all this engagement lost only about 100 killed and wounded, while the enemy's casualties were estimated at 2,000.
在所有这些交战中，意军仅伤亡约 100 人，而敌军伤亡人数估计为 2,000 人。
The loss stung the Austro-Hungarian Government deeply.
这一损失深深刺痛了奥匈帝国政府。
CHAPTER LXVII
第十六章
ATTACKS IN GORIZIA
戈里齐亚的袭击事件
After the Italian success in June, 1915, certain readjustments were manifest in the Austrian forces in the Italian theatre.
1915 年 6 月意大利取得胜利后，意大利战区的奥地利军队明显进行了某些调整。
Although there was no declaration of war between Italy and Germany, it was reported that German officers were sent to aid the Austrians, and that the forces of Archduke Eugene were progressively strengthened from this time on.
尽管意大利和德国之间没有宣战，但据报道，德国军官被派去援助奥地利，而尤金大公的势力也从此时开始逐渐增强。
German soldiers who joined the Austrian detachments were supposed to have volunteered in an irregular individual manner.
加入奥地利分遣队的德国士兵本应以不规则的个人方式志愿参军。
In this manner Germany preserved the appearance of neutrality.
德国就这样保持了中立的表象。
The latter part of June, 1915, found Austria occupied with the siege of Lemberg, and the archduke, apparently, was content to hold his own on the Italian front until a decision had been obtained in the more important operations against the Russians.
1915 年 6 月下旬，奥地利忙于对伦贝格的围攻，大公显然满足于坚守在意大利前线，直到针对俄国人的更重要行动做出决定。
Satisfied with their initial successes, General Cadorna on land and the Duke of Abruzzi at sea settled down to a slow, patient chess play, not unlike that worked out by General Joffre in France.
陆地上的卡多纳将军和海上的阿布鲁齐公爵对最初的成功感到满意，他们开始缓慢而耐心地下棋，这与法国霞飞将军所下的棋没有什么不同。
Cadorna issued a statement to the Italian people in which he warned them that the preliminary successes which, he said, had made good the strategical defects of their frontier, would be followed by a long stage of gradual approaches against the enemy's second line.
卡多纳向意大利人民发表了一份声明，警告他们，初步的胜利弥补了他们边境的战略缺陷，接下来将是一个漫长的阶段，逐步逼近敌人的第二道防线。
The attrition of the Austro-Hungarian forces would be carried on by long-range artillery and sappers and local trench warfare with hand grenades.
奥匈帝国军队的消耗将通过远程火炮和工兵以及使用手榴弹的局部堑壕战来进行。
The Italian commander in chief resolutely refused to divert any part of his forces to the Dardanelles.
意大利总司令坚决拒绝将其任何部队转移到达达尼尔海峡。
Possible danger to Italian dominion in Tripoli, pointed out by the leaders of the Entente Powers, did not change his purpose to maintain a single concentrated front and not diffuse his efforts.
协约国领导人指出，意大利在的黎波里的统治可能面临危险，但这并没有改变他维持统一战线、不分散努力的目的。
The war with Austria, he believed, would be won or lost on the Italian frontier.
他相信，与奥地利的战争的胜负将取决于意大利边境。
His theory as to the best way to meet advances by the Teutonic allies in new fields was to increase pressure on their home frontiers where their interests were most vital.
他的理论是，应对条顿盟友在新领域取得进展的最佳方式是增加对他们利益最重要的本土边境的压力。
The Italian army in the field was increased to a million men, and, after the fall of Lemberg, Austria gradually moved more and more troops to the Alpine passes and the Isonzo, until by August she had 600,000 men facing the Italians, double the number arrayed on this front when Italy declared war.
意大利在战场上的军队增加到了100万人，伦贝格陷落后，奥地利逐渐将越来越多的军队调往阿尔卑斯山口和伊松佐，直到8月，她已经有60万人面对意大利人，是意大利宣战时在这条战线上排列的人数的两倍。
Had the Russians been able to hold out longer in Galicia, there is little doubt that Cadorna would have had something to show for the month of July besides a few local victories which did not vitally affect the main campaign.
如果俄罗斯人能够在加利西亚坚持更长时间，毫无疑问，除了一些对主要战役没有产生重大影响的局部胜利外，卡多纳在七月份还会有一些表现。
[Illustration: Italian Attack on Austria.]
[插图：意大利进攻奥地利。]
On June 9, 1915, the capture of Gradisca completed the Italian control of the lower Isonzo, and Cadorna prepared for a general attack on all the strongholds guarding Trieste.
1915年6月9日，攻占格拉迪斯卡完成了意大利对伊松佐下游的控制，卡多纳准备对守卫的里雅斯特的所有据点进行总进攻。
Of these the most important were the Carso tableland on the south, Gorizia barring the river-valley of the Vipacco between the Carso and the foothills of the Julian Alps, the fortified system of heights north of Gorizia surrounding the town of Tolmino, and the great intrenched camp of Tarvis above Tolmino extending to Malborghetto and the other Alps of Carinthia.
其中最重要的是南部的卡尔索高原、戈里齐亚（阻止卡尔索和朱利安阿尔卑斯山山麓之间的维帕科河谷）、戈里齐亚北部围绕托尔米诺镇的防御高地系统，以及托尔米诺上方的塔维斯大堑壕营地，一直延伸到马尔博尔盖托和克恩顿州的其他阿尔卑斯山。
These fortified points had to be attacked generally or not at all.
这些要塞必须受到普遍攻击，或者根本不攻击。
Any attempt to mass an army against any one of them would have spelled disaster, for the Italians would have been flanked by Austrian forces from the north or south.
任何集结军队对抗他们中任何一个人的企图都将带来灾难，因为意大利人将受到来自北方或南方的奥地利军队的侧翼。
A properly defined advance against Trieste called for a simultaneous thrust at Tolmino and the Tarvis fortress commanding the road to Vienna.
向的里雅斯特进行适当的进攻需要同时向托尔米诺和控制通往维也纳道路的塔尔维斯要塞发起进攻。
The Austrians had been strengthening Tarvis ever since 1859, after Napoleon III overthrew the Austrians in the battles that freed Lombardy.
自 1859 年拿破仑三世在解放伦巴第的战役中推翻奥地利人之后，奥地利人就一直在加强塔维斯。
The Austrian fortresses were again strengthened after the siege of Port Arthur had demonstrated the power of high-explosive shells, and again in 1910 when the Teutonic allies made their great discovery that their new giant howitzers laughed at modern defense works of steel and concrete.
在旅顺港围攻战中展示了高爆炮弹的威力之后，奥地利的堡垒再次得到了加固，而在 1910 年，条顿盟军再次发现了他们的新巨型榴弹炮嘲笑了现代钢铁和混凝土防御工事。
In remodeling her Alpine strongholds Austria selected positions on the plateau for systems of earthworks containing mobile siege guns.
在重建其阿尔卑斯山要塞时，奥地利在高原上选择了位置，用于安装包含移动攻城炮的土方工程系统。
The key to this immensely strong Austrian line of defense was the railway town of Plava on the eastern bank of the Isonzo under the wooded heights of the Ternovane Forest.
奥地利这条极其坚固的防线的关键是位于泰尔诺瓦尼森林茂密高地下的伊松佐河东岸的铁路城镇普拉瓦。
Plava was in a salient occupying about the middle of the Austrian line.
普拉瓦占据了奥军战线中部的一个突出位置。
Here, on the night of June 17, 1915, the Italians began their general offensive by an attack from Mount Korada on the opposite side of the river.
1915 年 6 月 17 日晚上，意大利人从河对岸的科拉达山发起总攻。
Under cover of darkness the Italian sappers built a pontoon bridge, and the Bersaglieri crossed and carried the town and the surrounding heights at the point of the bayonet.
在夜幕的掩护下，意大利工兵建造了一座浮桥，而贝尔萨列里则在刺刀尖上越过并占领了城镇和周围的高地。
The Austrians realized the importance of the position and quickly returned to a violent counterattack.
奥军意识到了这个阵地的重要性，很快恢复了猛烈反击。
The Italians threw all their available men into the gap, and a great battle raged on the edge of the highlands east of the river.
意大利人将所有可用人员投入缺口，一场大战在河东高地边缘爆发。
The Austrians had the advantage of position, for their forces could be massed in the woodland out of sight of the Italian aviators.
奥地利人拥有位置优势，因为他们的部队可以集结在意大利飞行员看不见的林地中。
But, on the other hand, the Italian batteries on Mount Korada were able to pour a plunging fire into the lower tableland; and due mainly to the aid of their artillery the Italian troops drove back the enemy and maintained the ground won by the first dash.
但另一方面，科拉达山上的意大利炮台却能够将猛烈的火势倾泻到较低的高原上。主要由于炮兵的帮助，意大利军队击退了敌人，并保住了第一次突袭所赢得的阵地。
General Cadorna was now in a position to begin a direct attack upon Gorizia.
卡多纳将军现在可以开始对戈里齐亚进行直接攻击。
He assailed the Hill of Podgora, forming the barbican of the city's system of defenses and advanced a reconnoitering force toward Mount Fortin.
他袭击了波德戈拉山，形成了城市防御系统的堡垒，并向福廷山推进了一支侦察部队。
Meanwhile he massed 500 pieces of artillery on the heights commanding the city.
与此同时，他在控制城市的高地上集结了500门火炮。
But the defenses of Gorizia had been well planned, and they proved their completeness by a long resistance covering a period that brought successive reports that the fortress had fallen.
但戈里齐亚的防御计划是周密的，他们通过长期抵抗证明了其完整性，这段时期内连续不断有报道称要塞已陷落。
All these reports proved false.
所有这些报道都被证明是错误的。
South of the city the Austrian intrenchments covered a front of more than ten miles, from the Mount of San Gabriele below Plava to Mount San Michele on the Carso tableland.
在城市以南，奥地利的战壕覆盖了从普拉瓦下方的圣加布里埃莱山到卡尔索高原上的圣米歇尔山的前线十多英里。
The trenches were built in the most modern style, of concrete more than a yard thick covered with steel armor, against which ordinary shrapnel had no more effect than so much hail, and even high-explosive shells of medium power did little damage.
战壕是用最现代的风格建造的，由一码多厚的混凝土建造，上面覆盖着钢甲，普通的弹片对它们的作用并不比冰雹大，即使是中等威力的高爆炮弹也几乎没有造成什么伤害。
The Italian weapons of attack were hand grenades and short knives, in the use of which the infantry were expert.
意大利的进攻武器是手榴弹和短刀，步兵擅长使用这些武器。
Four army corps operating under the Duke of Aosta between Gorizia and the sea were beaten back by the Austrians with heavy losses.
奥斯塔公爵率领的四个军团在戈里齐亚和大海之间作战，被奥军击退，损失惨重。
This victory so encouraged the archduke and chief lieutenant, General Boroevics, that they decided upon a counteroffensive in force.
这次胜利极大地鼓舞了大公和中尉博罗维奇将军，他们决定发起猛烈反攻。
Therefore, as soon as the Italian attack slackened, the main Austrian army advanced across the Carso Plateau.
因此，意大利进攻一减弱，奥军主力就跨过卡索高原挺进。
The series of battles that now followed were the first engagements of any size between the Italians and the Austro-Hungarians in the open field.
接下来的一系列战斗是意大利人和奥匈帝国人在露天战场上的首次交战。
They began June 22, 1915, and lasted until the close of July, with a short let-up at the end of the first week in July.
它们从 1915 年 6 月 22 日开始，一直持续到 7 月底，并在 7 月第一周结束时短暂放缓。
The theatre included the whole Carso front, the Vipacco Valley, and the southern part of the Ternovane Forest.
战区包括整个卡索前线、维帕科山谷和泰尔诺瓦尼森林的南部。
After his first repulse General Boroevics brought up fresh corps and renewed the attack, but in the end he was driven back to his main line with shattered forces.
在第一次击退之后，博罗维奇将军调集了新的部队并重新发动攻击，但最终他被击退到了主线。
In the Carso tableland the Austrians had as nearly perfect a position of natural defense as a general could choose.
在卡尔索高原，奥地利人拥有将军所能选择的近乎完美的天然防御阵地。
On the east of the Isonzo plain the broken, rocky wall rises in places to 1,000 feet, seamed with gullies and ravines, and bristling with forest growth which afforded ideal cover.
在伊松佐平原的东部，破碎的石墙高耸至 1,000 英尺，其间布满沟壑和峡谷，森林茂密，提供了理想的掩护。
The action of the rain has pitted the limestone with funnel-shaped holes which form natural redoubts for machine guns; and there are larger depressions and caves where heavier pieces of artillery may be placed in excellent shelter.
雨水的作用使石灰岩上出现了漏斗状的洞，这些洞形成了机枪的天然堡垒；还有较大的洼地和洞穴，可以将较重的火炮放置在良好的掩体中。
But while the Italians were unable to capture this position, when General Boroevics took his troops out of their defenses and sent them charging across the open ground, he found that the enemy had made good use of his precarious hold on the edges of the tableland.
然而，虽然意大利人无法占领这个阵地，但当博罗维奇将军将他的部队带出防御并让他们冲过空地时，他发现敌人很好地利用了他对高原边缘的不稳定控制。
Although they occupied barely more than the rim of the plateau, with the flooded Isonzo a third of a mile broad beneath them, the Italians had strengthened their positions with sandbag intrenchments and hauled up a few pieces of light artillery.
尽管他们只占据了高原边缘，而被淹没的伊松佐河在他们下方有三分之一英里宽，但意大利人还是用沙袋堑壕加固了阵地，并运来了几门轻型火炮。
The chief support of the infantry holding these sandbag defenses was the heavy guns across the river, which searched out the Austrian columns whenever they left cover.
守住这些沙袋防御工事的步兵的主要支援是河对岸的重炮，每当奥军纵队离开掩护时，重炮都会对其进行搜索。
In weight of artillery the Italians had the advantage, for most of the Austrian 12-inch howitzers were busy in the Alps, and they had to depend mainly upon 6-inch pieces.
在火炮重量上，意大利人占有优势，因为奥地利的12英寸榴弹炮大部分都在阿尔卑斯山忙碌，他们不得不主要依靠6英寸榴弹炮。
By the second week in July, 1915, the Austrians relaxed their efforts, and the Italians began a slow advance, working up the hills overlooking Gorizia by a variety of methods.
到 1915 年 7 月的第二周，奥地利人放松了努力，意大利人开始缓慢推进，通过各种方法爬上俯瞰戈里齐亚的山丘。
In the places, comparatively few, where there was cultivated ground, they practiced the siege method of sapping forward, but generally their advance was over bare rock, where trenches could be excavated only by the use of dynamite, and when a charge was made the troops had to carry sandbags to build temporary cover from machine-gun fire.
在耕地较少的地方，他们实行向前掘进的攻城方法，但一般都是在光秃秃的岩石上前进，只能用炸药才能挖战壕，冲锋时，部队还得背着沙袋，搭建临时掩护，躲避机枪扫射。
This method of warfare, in fact, was general throughout the whole mountain front, where the hard rock carried a mere veneer of earth, and sandbags had to serve for defense until the engineers could blast trenches and galleries in the flintlike face of the slopes.
事实上，这种作战方法在整个山前都很普遍，坚硬的岩石上只覆盖着一层泥土，沙袋必须用于防御，直到工兵们能够在燧石般的斜坡上炸开战壕和坑道。
The repulse of the Austrian counterattack in the middle of July, 1915, ended the first phase of the battle of Gorizia.
1915年7月中旬，奥军反攻被击退，戈里齐亚战役第一阶段结束。
On July 18th, 19th and 20th, General Cadorna delivered a fierce assault aided by knowledge gained in the first stage of the battle, which, for the Italians, was little more than a reconnaissance in force.
7月18日、19日和20日，卡多纳将军在第一阶段战斗中获得的知识的帮助下发动了猛烈的进攻，这对意大利人来说只不过是一次武力侦察。
For three days and nights he drove the troops of his combined Second and Third Armies against the enemy's lines all along the Isonzo.
在三天三夜的时间里，他驱使他的第二集团军和第三集团军的部队沿着伊松佐河对抗敌人的战线。
His system was to attack by day and then at night resist the enemy's counterassaults on his newly won positions.
他的系统是白天进攻，然后晚上抵抗敌人对他新占领的阵地的反攻。
The Italians retained all the ground they won during these days of terrific fighting, and captured 3,500 prisoners.
意大利人保住了他们在这些天的激战中赢得的所有阵地，并俘虏了 3,500 名俘虏。
By the 20th of July their confidence had increased to such an extent that they determined upon a night assault.
到了 7 月 20 日，他们的信心已经增强到了决定夜间袭击的程度。
But next morning Cadorna received word from his aeroplane scouts and his spies that the enemy was massing for a supreme effort.
但第二天早上，卡多纳从他的飞机侦察兵和间谍那里收到消息称，敌人正在集结，准备进行一场殊死一战。
The Italian advance was stayed and every man was set at work helping the engineers strengthen the trenches.
意大利的进攻被阻止了，每个人都开始工作，帮助工程师加固战壕。
On July 21, 1915, there came a complete lull.
1915 年 7 月 21 日，一切完全平静。
The next day the Austrians opened their attack with a concentrated bombardment.
第二天，奥地利人以集中炮击开始进攻。
During the period of Italian advance the railways had been piling up the Austrian shells and German gunners had been sent by the Crown Prince of Bavaria to help serve the heavy howitzers rushed to the Carso from the Julian Alps and the Tyrol and Trentino salients.
在意大利进攻期间，铁路上堆积着奥地利的炮弹，巴伐利亚王储派出德国炮手帮助从朱利安阿尔卑斯山、蒂罗尔和特伦蒂诺突出部赶往卡尔索的重型榴弹炮。
With the design to cut the Italian line of communication, the main Austrian infantry attack was delivered toward Gradisca where the Italians had constructed their principal bridges across the Isonzo.
为了切断意大利的交通线，奥地利步兵的主要进攻目标是格拉迪斯卡，意大利人在那里修建了横跨伊松佐河的主要桥梁。
The infantry massed behind the neighboring hills and under cover of a tremendous artillery bombardment advanced in close formation.
步兵集结在邻近的山丘后面，在猛烈炮火的掩护下，以密集队形前进。
The first line of Italian troops seemed about to be swept away when the gunners on the heights across the river got the range and poured into the advancing Austrians a massed fire from all their 500 pieces.
当河对岸高地的炮手瞄准了射程，并用全部 500 门炮兵向前进的奥地利军队猛烈射击时，意大利军队的第一线似乎即将被扫荡。
General Boroevics's advance was pounded to pieces; the Italians brought up reenforcements and charged and captured the lines from which the Austrians had delivered their assault, taking 2,000 prisoners.
博罗维奇将军的进攻被打得粉碎。意大利人派出增援部队，冲锋并占领了奥地利人发起进攻的防线，俘虏了 2000 名俘虏。
[Illustration: A cloud of poisonous gas released by Italian troops from tanks concealed in the thicket.]
[插图：意大利军队从隐藏在灌木丛中的坦克中释放出一团毒气。]
On July 23, 1915, the archduke ordered another attack upon the Italian positions near the sea on the edge of the Carso tableland.
1915 年 7 月 23 日，大公下令再次攻击卡尔索高原边缘临海的意大利阵地。
This was really an effort to recapture Monfalcone; but it failed, although the Italians did not dare risk pursuit over the rough ground.
这实际上是为了夺回蒙法尔科内。但它失败了，尽管意大利人不敢在崎岖不平的地面上冒险追击。
Later two Austrian divisions, advancing from San Michele and San Martino against Sagrado were repulsed with heavy losses.
后来，奥地利的两个师从圣米歇尔和圣马蒂诺向萨格拉多推进，但被击退，损失惨重。
By July 25, 1915, the Italians were able to attack and capture some of the intrenchments on the slopes of San Martino and to storm Sei Busi.
到 1915 年 7 月 25 日，意大利人成功进攻并占领了圣马蒂诺山坡上的一些工事，并对西布西发起了猛攻。
This hill of Sei Busi witnessed some of the most sanguinary fighting of the whole series of engagements.
西布西的这座山见证了整个系列交战中最血腥的战斗。
On a single day it was won, lost and won again by the Italians, both sides bringing up strong reenforcements and concentrating against the summit all the artillery within range.
一天之内，意大利人就赢了，输了，又赢了，双方都派出了强大的增援部队，集中射程内的所有火炮攻击山顶。
Over the crest of San Michele which dominated a large part of the tableland the battle surged for many days.
圣米歇尔山的山顶占据了大部分高原，战斗持续了很多天。
On July 27, 1915, the Italians, attacking with bombs and bayonets were able to occupy the summit, but could not establish themselves there in the face of the enemy's bombardment.
1915年7月27日，意大利人用炸弹和刺刀进攻，占领了山顶，但面对敌人的炮击却无法站稳脚跟。
The lower slopes they were able to hold behind their sandbag intrenchments, but the crest, swept by the enemy's heavy artillery and offering no shelter, was absolutely untenable.
他们能够在沙袋堑壕后面守住较低的斜坡，但山顶被敌人的重炮扫过，没有任何庇护所，是绝对站不住脚的。
In all this fighting artillery played the major role.
在所有这些战斗中，火炮发挥了主要作用。
The Italians charged that Archduke Eugene, realizing that any infantry advance against this terrific gunfire was a certain sacrifice of men, placed in his van regiments of men from the Italian-speaking provinces and from Old Serbia and Croatia.
意大利人指责尤金大公认识到任何步兵在这种可怕的炮火中前进都会造成一定的人员牺牲，因此将来自意大利语省份以及旧塞尔维亚和克罗地亚的人员安置在他的先锋团中。
In this position these troops were exposed to fire from their own batteries with the knowledge that any attempt at treachery meant annihilation by their own guns in the rear.
在这个位置上，这些部队暴露在自己炮台的火力之下，因为他们知道，任何背叛的企图都意味着自己后方的火炮会被歼灭。
No figures as to the number of men from the "unredeemed" provinces forced to fight against their kinsmen on the frontier are obtainable.
没有关于来自“未救赎”省份被迫在边境与同胞作战的人数的数据。
Italian writers, however, maintain that during the first months of the war Austrian infantrymen of Latin and Slav origin were sacrificed by the hundred thousand around Gorizia and Trento.
然而，意大利作家坚持认为，在战争的头几个月里，戈里齐亚和特伦托周围有数十万拉丁裔和斯拉夫裔奥地利步兵牺牲。
Like other great drives of the Allies on the French front, the Italian offensive on the chain of forts guarding Gorizia failed to break the enemy's resistance.
与盟军在法国前线的其他伟大进攻一样，意大利对守卫戈里齐亚的一系列堡垒的进攻未能打破敌人的抵抗。
The fighting, however, seasoned the untried troops of General Cadorna and won them praise even from the veterans of General Boroevics and from Boroevics himself.
然而，这场战斗让卡多纳将军的未经考验的部队变得经验丰富，甚至赢得了博罗维奇将军的老兵和博罗维奇本人的赞扬。
"I cannot refrain from saying," declared the Austrian General in an interview published in a Hungarian newspaper, "that the bravery of the Italian regiments was almost incredible, for even if certain regiments lost all their officers, this did not deter them from advancing with the greatest contempt for death."
这位奥地利将军在匈牙利报纸上发表的采访中宣称：“我不能不说，意大利军团的勇敢几乎令人难以置信，因为即使某些军团失去了所有军官，但这并没有阻止他们带着对死亡的最大蔑视前进。”
CHAPTER LXVIII
第六十八章
FIGHTING IN THE ALPS--ITALIAN SUCCESSES
征战阿尔卑斯山——意大利的成功
Leaving the situation on the Isonzo where it rested at the close of July, 1915, in a condition virtually of stalemate, we return to the still more picturesque struggle in the Alps.
抛开 1915 年 7 月结束时伊松佐河上的局势几乎陷入僵局，我们回到阿尔卑斯山上更加风景如画的斗争。
While the Italian Third Army in massed assault was making its unsuccessful fight for possession of Gorizia with Trieste as its ultimate objective, warfare was in progress in a hundred places in the Julian, Carnic, Dolomite, Trentino and Tyrolean mountains.
当意大利第三集团军以大规模进攻的方式争夺戈里齐亚（以的里雅斯特为最终目标）但未获成功时，朱利安山、卡尔尼克山、多洛米蒂山、特伦蒂诺山和蒂罗尔山的一百个地方的战争仍在进行。
Although along this part of the frontier the Italians inflicted no vital harm upon the enemy during the first two months of the war, they were successful in a multitude of minor enterprises, each of which furnishes its stirring tale of hand-to-hand fighting, individual heroism and novel expedients in a country singularly adapted to some of the methods of primeval warfare.
尽管在战争的头两个月里，意大利人在边境的这一部分没有对敌人造成重大伤害，但他们在许多小型企业中取得了成功，每一项都在这个特别适应某些原始战争方法的国家中讲述了肉搏战、个人英雄主义和新颖权宜之计的激动人心的故事。
Being on the defensive, the Austrians frequently made use of the primitive ambush of mountain tribes.
处于防御状态时，奥地利人经常利用山地部落的原始伏击手段。
Loose, heavy bowlders were lashed to the edge of a precipice and masked with pine branches.
松散而沉重的保龄球被绑在悬崖边缘，并用松枝遮盖。
Then when the enemy passed along the mountain path beneath, the wires holding the rocks in place were cut, releasing a deadly avalanche upon the advancing foe.
然后，当敌人沿着下面的山路经过时，固定岩石的电线被切断，向前进的敌人释放致命的雪崩。
Any description of the fighting on this Alpine front becomes by necessity a catalogue of apparently isolated operations, for the nature of the ground negatived any great battle in force such as that along the Isonzo River.
对阿尔卑斯山前线战斗的任何描述都必然成为一系列明显孤立的行动，因为地形的性质否定了任何大规模的战斗，例如伊松佐河沿岸的战斗。
In the Julian Alps the Italian mountaineers gained a lucky success early in June.
六月初，意大利登山者在朱利安阿尔卑斯山获得了幸运的成功。
General Rohr, the Austrian commander, had set two companies to guard a rampart of rock between Tolmino and Monte Nero.
奥地利指挥官罗尔将军派了两个连守卫托尔米诺和蒙特尼罗之间的岩石壁垒。
The position was so strong that a few hundred men with Maxims and quick-firers could have held it against an army corps.
这个阵地是如此坚固，以至于几百名手持马克西姆步枪和速射器的人就可以抵挡一个军团。
Its strength, in fact, was so apparent that the Austrians took their duties too lightly.
事实上，它的力量是如此明显，以至于奥地利人对自己的职责太轻视了。
Leaving only a few sentries on watch, both companies enjoyed plenty of sleep at night.
只留下几个哨兵值班，两个连晚上都睡得很香。
But one night the Italian Alpinists climbed silently over the mountain, killed the enemy's sentries with knives before they could make an outcry and coming upon the two companies from the rear captured them with scarcely a struggle.
但一天晚上，意大利登山队员悄无声息地爬过山，在敌军哨兵大声喊叫之前就用刀杀死了他们，并从后方袭击了两个连，几乎不费吹灰之力就把他们俘虏了。
The peak of Monte Nero, a stump-shaped mountain 7,370 feet high at the headwaters of the Isonzo, proved important to the Italians, for it gave them a fire-control station from which 12-inch shells were dropped into the forts of Tolmino and the southern forts of Tarvis.
尼罗山是一座树桩状的山峰，位于伊松佐河源头，高 7,370 英尺，对意大利人来说非常重要，因为它为意大利人提供了一个火控站，从这里可以向托尔米诺要塞和塔维斯南部要塞投掷 12 英寸炮弹。
North of Monte Nero, where the boundary turns to the west, is the important pass of Predil, the gateway to Tarvis, guarded on the southeast by the fortress of Flitsch and on the west by Malborghetto.
尼禄山以北，边界转向西边，是重要的普雷迪尔山口，是通往塔维斯的门户，东南部由弗利奇要塞守卫，西边由马尔博尔盖托守卫。
These two positions were the strongest points in a great ring of fortified heights protecting the pass and the highway and railroad running through an angle of the Julian Alps into the heart of Austria.
这两个阵地是防御高地的大环中最坚固的点，保护着山口以及穿过朱利安阿尔卑斯山的一个角度进入奥地利心脏的高速公路和铁路。
The forts of Malborghetto projected into Italian territory and its chief works, Fort Hensel, a great white oblong of armored concrete, was visible miles away in the Italian mountains.
马尔博尔盖托的堡垒伸入意大利领土，其主要建筑亨塞尔堡是一座巨大的白色长方形装甲混凝土建筑，在数英里外的意大利山脉中清晰可见。
Against this system of fortifications the Italians brought their heaviest howitzers and demonstrated, as satisfactorily as the Germans had shown months earlier at Liege, that the strongest forts were no match for modern artillery.
针对这一防御工事系统，意大利人使用了最重型的榴弹炮，并像德国人几个月前在列日所展示的那样令人满意地证明，最坚固的堡垒也无法与现代火炮相抗衡。
Fort Hensel and the other permanent forts were shattered and the ground around them was pitted with great craters from explosions of the 12-inch shells.
亨塞尔堡和其他永久性堡垒被摧毁，周围的地面因 12 英寸炮弹的爆炸而坑坑洼洼。
The final ruin of Fort Hensel was accomplished by a shell which penetrated through the thickest of its steel and concrete layers and exploded in its ammunition magazine.
亨塞尔堡的最终废墟是由一枚炮弹击穿最厚的钢铁和混凝土层并在弹药库中爆炸造成的。
This bombardment of Malborghetto necessitated firing mortar shells at a high angle completely over mountains which hid the target from the Italian gunners.
这次对马尔博盖托的轰炸需要以高角度发射迫击炮弹，完全越过山脉，意大利炮手无法看到目标。
The work of destruction was slow owing to the fact that mists often curtained the mountain tops and forced the gunners to cease operations, because to fire while the observers were unable to watch every shot and telephone the results would have been only a waste of ammunition.
由于雾气经常笼罩山顶，破坏工作进展缓慢，迫使炮手停止行动，因为在观察员无法观看每一次射击和打电话的情况下开火，结果只会浪费弹药。
But the Austrians already knew that their forts were no match for 12-inch howitzers, once these great guns could get into position, and they had prepared another method of defense which they put into use as soon as the forts were destroyed.
但奥地利人已经知道，一旦这些大炮就位，他们的堡垒就不是12英寸榴弹炮的对手，他们准备了另一种防御方法，一旦堡垒被摧毁，他们就会立即使用。
Batteries of Skodas, hidden in a stretch of pasture land below the summit of the mountain, were brought up and placed in pits concealed by tufts of grass and brush from reconnoitering airmen, while at a safe distance dummy guns were displayed to draw the Italians' fire.
隐藏在山顶下方一片牧场中的斯柯达电池被运上来，放置在被侦察飞行员发现的草丛和灌木丛隐藏的坑中，同时在安全距离处展示了假炮以吸引意大利人的火力。
Thus one of the greatest artillery duels of the whole front continued day after day, neither side being able to see the enemy and relying for information upon observers posted on mountain tops and in aeroplanes.
因此，整个前线最大的炮兵对决之一日复一日地持续着，双方都无法看到敌人，只能依靠山顶和飞机上的观察员来获取信息。
These 12-inch guns were not intended for such work.
这些 12 英寸火炮不适用于此类工作。
They had been laboriously hauled to their lofty emplacements five and six thousand feet above sea level to destroy 6-inch batteries, as these 6-inch guns had been brought up to overpower the lighter 3-inch mountain guns, some of which the Italians worked from peaks as high as 10,000 feet.
它们被费力地拖到海拔五六千英尺的高处，以摧毁 6 英寸炮台，因为这些 6 英寸火炮被提升到足以压倒较轻的 3 英寸山炮，其中一些意大利人在高达 10,000 英尺的山峰上工作。
When both sides got these monster howitzers into position the natural sequence was a deadlock.
当双方将这些怪物榴弹炮就位后，自然就陷入了僵局。
The most the infantry could do was to drive the enemy's troops from summits valuable as observation points in the service of the heavy artillery.
步兵所能做的最多就是将敌军部队赶出山顶，这些山峰是重炮部队观察点的宝贵地方。
Thus the official reports issued by the Austrian and Italian staff headquarters reiterated the names of peaks hitherto unknown to the traveler and tourist mountaineer, peaks which became of immense importance now, not so much on account of their height as because they commanded the best views of the surrounding territory.
因此，奥地利和意大利总部发布的官方报告重申了迄今为止对旅行者和旅游登山者来说未知的山峰的名称，这些山峰现在变得非常重要，与其说是因为它们的高度，不如说是因为它们可以俯瞰周围地区的最佳景观。
One of these was Freikofel.
弗雷科费尔就是其中之一。
The Alpini captured it early in the war with scarcely a struggle and then for weeks the Austrians sacrificed regiments and even brigades in vain attempts to recover it.
阿尔皮尼人在战争初期几乎不费吹灰之力就占领了它，然后奥地利人在数周内牺牲了多个团甚至旅，但徒劳地试图收复它。
The loss of Freikofel by the Austrians was followed, on June 24, 1915, by the loss of Cresta Verde, and then in the first week of July the Italians captured the important observation peak of Zellenkofel.
奥地利人在失去 Freikofel 后，于 1915 年 6 月 24 日又失去了 Cresta Verde，然后在 7 月的第一周，意大利人占领了重要的观测峰 Zellenkofel。
This mountain was held by the Austrians with a force of only forty men, but in view of its extraordinary position this squad was considered sufficient.
这座山由奥地利人仅用四十人的部队占领，但鉴于其非凡的位置，这支小队被认为是足够的。
The slopes below them were swept by a battery of their mountain guns, in telephonic communication with the more distant howitzer battery upon which it could call for assistance if necessity arose, and a large infantry reserve was stationed in the wooded valley below.
他们下面的山坡被他们的山炮连扫过，并与更远的榴弹炮连进行电话通信，必要时可以向榴弹炮连寻求援助，而下面树木繁茂的山谷中驻扎着一支大型步兵预备队。
But one night twenty-nine Alpini crept up the almost sheer precipice a thousand feet high that separated them from the Austrian defenders.
但一天晚上，二十九名阿尔皮尼人爬上一千英尺高的几乎陡峭的悬崖，将他们与奥地利守军分开。
They carried ropes and a machine gun and just as the moon rose they attained the summit, set up their Maxim and opened fire.
他们携带绳索和机关枪，当月亮升起时，他们到达山顶，架起马克沁并开火。
Every man in the observation station was shot down.
观察站里的每个人都被击落了。
Then followed a desperate fight with the Austrian mountain battery on the reverse slope.
随后，在反坡上与奥地利山地炮台进行了一场殊死搏斗。
But thanks to their machine gun the Italians were able to break up the enemy's charge and as day broke they captured the Austrians' guns and drove the men who served them down the mountain.
但多亏了他们的机枪，意大利人能够瓦解敌人的冲锋，黎明时分，他们缴获了奥地利人的枪支，并将为他们服务的人赶下了山。
When the Austrian reserves arrived the Italians had intrenched themselves on the southern slope and were able to make use of the captured guns.
当奥地利预备队到达时，意大利人已经在南坡上构筑了工事，并能够使用缴获的枪支。
The attacks of the reserves were repulsed and the Italians held the mountain.
预备队的进攻被击退，意大利人守住了这座山。
CHAPTER LXIX
第 69 章
MORE MOUNTAIN FIGHTING--RESULTS OF FIRST CAMPAIGN
更多山地战斗——第一次战役的结果
At the western end of the rugged battle front, the Italian mountain troops, after the first advance, were less successful than the troops of Cadorna in the Carnic and Julian Alps.
在崎岖战线的西端，意大利山地部队在第一次进攻后，并没有卡尔尼克和朱利安阿尔卑斯山的卡多纳部队那么成功。
Here the fighting mountaineers of Tyrol redeemed their reputation by a daring stroke.
在这里，蒂罗尔的战斗登山者以大胆的行动挽回了他们的声誉。
The scene of this brilliant operation was close above the Tonale Pass, the site of one of the greatest glaciers in Europe.
这次辉煌行动的地点就在托纳莱山口上方，那里是欧洲最大的冰川之一。
From Presanella to Care the ice extends in a gleaming crescent for more than twenty miles.
从普雷萨内拉到卡雷，冰层呈闪闪发光的新月形延伸二十多英里。
Its broadest part stretches for six miles to Monte Adamello, 11,640 feet high.
它最宽的部分绵延六英里，一直延伸到高 11,640 英尺的阿达梅洛山。
The paths over or by these glaciers had been seized and fortified by the Italians and their line along this front lay mostly within Italian territory.
意大利人占领并加固了这些冰川上方或旁边的道路，沿着这条前线的路线大部分位于意大利境内。
In mid-July a force of Tyroleans found a new track through the ice and before the Italians, engrossed with operations elsewhere, knew what they were doing they had penetrated several miles into Italian lands.
七月中旬，蒂罗尔人的一支部队在冰层中发现了一条新的道路，在意大利人忙于其他地方的行动之前，他们已经深入了意大利土地几英里。
The Italians met the invaders at the famous Garibaldi Hut owned by the Italian Alpine Club just beneath Mount Adamello and checked the advance, although the Austrians retained some of the peaks commanding the Hut.
意大利人在阿达梅洛山下意大利阿尔卑斯山俱乐部拥有的著名的加里波第小屋与入侵者会面，并阻止了入侵者的前进，尽管奥地利人保留了指挥小屋的一些山峰。
Just north of the Adamello group of peaks in the upper part of the Giudicari Valley extending to Lake Garda the Italians took one of the northern passes by surprise and advanced toward the forts defending Riva and Arco.
就在朱迪卡山谷上部的阿达梅洛山峰群的北部，一直延伸到加尔达湖，意大利人出人意料地占领了北部的一个山口，并向保卫里瓦和阿科的堡垒推进。
Eventually they won all the country south of the Ledro Valley with a series of fierce artillery duels.
最终，他们通过一系列激烈的炮火对决，赢得了莱德罗山谷以南的整个国家。
A similar advance was made east of Lake Garda and down the Lagarina Valley.
加尔达湖以东和拉加里纳山谷下游也进行了类似的推进。
The forward movement was signalized by engineering feats comparable, in their mastery of the human hand over the forces of nature, only to the building of the Pyramids.
人类战胜自然力量的工程壮举标志着这一前进运动的标志，这些壮举仅与金字塔的建造相媲美。
The great siege guns weighing many tons were hoisted to the top of cloud-piercing summits solely by man power.
重达数吨的大攻城炮，仅靠人力就被吊到了穿云山顶。
Every bit of ammunition and supplies had to be brought up by the same laborious method.
每一点弹药和物资都必须通过同样费力的方法来运送。
At Col di Lana the Austrians had an intricate series of works excavated deep in the solid rock.
在拉纳山口，奥地利人在坚固的岩石深处挖掘了一系列复杂的作品。
High explosive shells and hand bombs were useless against this defense, but Colonel Garibaldi, a grandson of the great Italian Liberator, found a way to drive the Austrians out of their position.
高爆炮弹和手榴弹对这种防御毫无用处，但伟大的意大利解放者的孙子加里波第上校找到了一种方法将奥地利人赶出阵地。
He mustered a corps of engineers who had helped drill the great railway tunnels on the Swiss frontier and under his direction they tunneled right through the mountain into the Austrian galleries on the reverse slope.
他召集了一支工程师队伍，他们曾帮助在瑞士边境钻探大型铁路隧道，在他的指导下，他们直接穿过山脉，进入反坡上的奥地利画廊。
When the fumes of the last charge of blasting dynamite cleared away a detachment of bomb carriers leaped through the jagged hole, drove the enemy from their galleries, and, constantly fed by supporting troops, cleared their way up and down the mountain.
当最后一次炸药爆炸的烟雾被清除后，一队炸弹携带者从锯齿状的洞里跳了出来，把敌人赶出了画廊，并在支援部队的不断补给下，在山上和山下清理了道路。
The first of August, 1915, found the Italians holding the Austrian outpost positions they had taken during June and July; but the Austrian main defenses from one end of the frontier to the other, a distance of more than 300 miles, were virtually intact.
1915 年 8 月 1 日，意大利人占领了他们在 6 月和 7 月占领的奥地利前哨阵地。但奥地利从边境一端到另一端长达300多英里的主要防御工事实际上完好无损。
It must be borne in mind, however, that the Italian General Staff at this period of the war never contemplated any general offensive except on the Isonzo River.
然而，必须记住，在战争的这个时期，意大利总参谋部从未考虑过除伊松佐河以外的任何总攻势。
Although their attack along the Isonzo did not attain its object of reducing the main defenses of Trieste and Gorizia, proved too hard a nut to crack, the Italians here won a series of minor victories against great odds and, to the Italian mind at least, demonstrated the valor of the army and the effectiveness of the new artillery which boded well for the future.
尽管他们沿着伊松佐河的进攻并没有达到削弱的里雅斯特和戈里齐亚主要防御的目标，事实证明这是一个难以破解的难题，但意大利人在这里赢得了一系列小胜，至少在意大利人看来，这证明了军队的英勇和新型火炮的有效性，这对未来来说是一个好兆头。
It has been pointed out that in these operations General Cadorna had to consider other things besides the immediate problems facing his troops.
有人指出，在这些行动中，卡多纳将军除了考虑部队面临的眼前问题外，还必须考虑其他事情。
The Italo-Austrian warfare was but a small factor in the great plan of the Entente allies, who as the war progressed, realized more and more the importance of cooperative action.
意奥战争只是协约国伟大计划中的一个小因素，随着战争的进展，协约国越来越认识到合作行动的重要性。
All that happened in Galicia, Poland, Lithuania and Courland had a direct influence upon Cadorna's plans.
加利西亚、波兰、立陶宛和库尔兰发生的一切都对卡多纳的计划产生了直接影响。
Russian reverses and the failure of all attempts by the French and British to break the German line in France and Belgium made the Italian commander cautious.
俄罗斯的逆转以及法国和英国试图突破德国在法国和比利时的防线的所有尝试都失败了，这使得意大利指挥官变得谨慎起来。
The series of Teutonic victories made it possible that at any time he might have to face an overwhelming host of Austrians and Germans equipped with artillery which he could not hope to equal and backed by an apparently limitless supply of ammunition.
条顿人的一系列胜利使他有可能随时面临奥地利和德国压倒性的大军，他们配备了火炮，而他无法指望与这些火炮相抗衡，并且有明显无限的弹药供应。
For political reasons, also, he could not risk, even in the hope of reaching Trieste, sacrificing his men in an offensive costing anything like the quantities of human material being used up each day in other theatres.
出于政治原因，他也不能冒险，即使是希望到达的里雅斯特，也不能冒在进攻中牺牲自己的人员的风险，其代价相当于其他战区每天消耗的人力物力。
His preponderance of troops at the opening of operations in May was gradually reduced.
5月开始行动时，他的兵力优势逐渐减弱。
But the enemy's positions and his superior artillery offset the Italian's greater numbers.
但敌人的阵地和优势炮兵抵消了意大利人的数量优势。
On the whole it may be said that the Italians accomplished quite as much as any of their allies.
总的来说，可以说意大利人所取得的成就与他们的任何盟友一样多。
They penetrated farther into the Alps and the rugged tableland west of Trieste than the British and French with their colonials did into the hills of Gallipoli or into the ridge of the Lille region, and the length of their thrusts was greater than the French advances in Artois and Champagne.
他们深入阿尔卑斯山和的里雅斯特以西崎岖的高地，比英国和法国及其殖民者深入加里波利山区或里尔地区山脊的距离还要远，而且他们的冲锋距离也比法国在阿图瓦和香槟地区的进攻还要长。
The Italians were more successful in concealing the extent of their losses than most of the other belligerents.
意大利人比大多数其他交战方更成功地掩盖了自己的损失程度。
A conservative estimate places their total casualty list between the last week in May and the first of August, 1915, at 25,000.
据保守估计，从 1915 年 5 月最后一周到 8 月 1 日期间，他们的总伤亡人数为 25,000 人。
The Austrians in the same period on the same front lost about 15,000 dead, 50,000 wounded and 15,000 prisoners.
同一时期，奥地利人在同一战线上损失了约15,000人死亡、50,000人受伤和15,000名俘虏。
The slight Italian losses compared with their enemy's is remarkable in view of the fact that they were almost constantly on the offensive.
考虑到意大利几乎一直处于进攻状态，与他们的敌人相比，意大利的损失是轻微的，这是值得注意的。
By far the greater portion of the casualties were suffered in the east, during the two assaults on the defenses of Gorizia.
到目前为止，在对戈里齐亚防御工事的两次袭击中，东部地区遭受了大部分伤亡。
Measuring the territory gained during these two months and comparing it with the concessions offered by Austria as the price of Italy's neutrality--on this basis the Italians had no cause to regret their decision.
衡量这两个月获得的领土，并将其与奥地利作为意大利中立的代价而做出的让步进行比较——在此基础上，意大利人没有理由后悔自己的决定。
On the Venetian Plain by the lower Isonzo a few thousand men in two days with comparatively small loss conquered all the territory which the Italian nation had been offered for keeping out of war.
在伊松佐下游的威尼斯平原上，几千人在两天内以相对较小的损失征服了意大利民族被提议避免战争的所有领土。
This conquered territory, however, was far less than the prize the Italian King and his Cabinet set before the eyes of the people when they declared war.
然而，这片被征服的领土远不及意大利国王及其内阁在宣战时摆在人民眼前的战利品。
PART X--THE DARDANELLES AND TURKEY
第十部分——达达尼尔海峡和土耳其
CHAPTER LXX
第二十章
BEGINNING OF OPERATIONS
开始运营
During the month of January, 1915, the British and French naval authorities came to a decision to attempt a naval attack upon the Dardanelles.
1915 年 1 月，英国和法国海军当局决定尝试对达达尼尔海峡发动海上攻击。
It was decided, too, to lose no time in the matter, but to push the campaign with all speed.
会议还决定抓紧时间，全力推进这项活动。
Undoubtedly, behind this decision there were many political factors of a grave kind because, on the face of it, there were many reasons why the attack should have been delayed until fine weather.
毫无疑问，这个决定的背后有很多严重的政治因素，因为从表面上看，有很多原因可以推迟攻击直到天气晴朗。
Once having come to a decision, no time was lost.
一旦做出决定，就不能浪费时间。
The Island of Tenedos was seized, and under an agreement with Venizelos, the Greek Premier, the island of Lemnos was occupied.
特尼多斯岛被占领，根据与希腊总理韦尼泽洛斯的协议，利姆诺斯岛被占领。
In the latter the large harbor of Mudros offered an ideal naval and military base for operations against the Dardanelles, overcoming one of the chief original handicaps of the allied command, distance of base from scene of operations.
在后者中，穆德罗斯的大型港口为针对达达尼尔海峡的行动提供了理想的海军和军事基地，克服了盟军指挥部最初的主要障碍之一，即基地与作战现场的距离。
Lemnos was less than fifty miles from the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula, while Tenedos was but twenty-two miles away, lying close to the Turkish coast.
利姆诺斯岛距离加里波利半岛的尖端不到五十英里，而特尼多斯岛距离加里波利半岛的尖端只有二十二英里，靠近土耳其海岸。
At these two depots a considerable Anglo-French naval squadron was rapidly collected.
在这两个基地，一支相当大的英法海军中队迅速集结起来。
They came from all parts of the world.
他们来自世界各地。
The elimination of the German commerce raiders from the high seas, and the obvious intentions of the main German and Austrian fleets to avoid a general action against overwhelming odds, freed a large number of allied, and especially British, warships of secondary fighting value.
从公海消灭德国商业袭击者，以及德国和奥地利主力舰队避免在压倒性优势下采取全面行动的明显意图，释放了大量盟军，尤其是英国的具有次要战斗价值的战舰。
By the middle of February, 1915, the rendezvous was complete.
1915 年 2 月中旬，会合完成。
Besides the ships belonging to the British and French Mediterranean fleets, there had arrived, fresh from the battle of the Falkland Islands, the _Inflexible_, a dreadnought battle cruiser.
除了属于英国和法国地中海舰队的舰艇外，还有刚从福克兰群岛海战中归来的无畏舰“不屈”号战列巡洋舰。
The _Queen Elizabeth_, too, arrived, the newest and strongest of the ships of the whole British navy.
伊丽莎白女王号也抵达了，这是整个英国海军最新、最强大的舰艇。
It is evident that great reliance had been placed on the enormous gun power of this vessel, it being hoped that her great 15-inch pieces would blow the Dardanelles defenses to pieces, somewhat in the way the gigantic German land guns had blown the Belgian forts into fragments.
显然，人们非常依赖这艘船的巨大火力，希望她巨大的 15 英寸炮弹能够将达达尼尔海峡的防御炸成碎片，就像德国巨大的陆炮将比利时堡垒炸成碎片一样。
In no other way is it possible to explain the risking of this capital ship in the highly dangerous operations in the AEgean sea.
没有其他方式可以解释这艘主力舰在爱琴海的高度危险行动中所面临的风险。
In addition to the _Queen Elizabeth_ and the _Inflexible_, the British force included the _Agamemnon_, the _Irresistible_, the _Vengeance_, the _Triumph_, the _Albion_, the _Lord Nelson_, the _Ocean_ and the _Majestic_.
除了“伊丽莎白女王”号和“顽固”号之外，英国舰队还包括“阿伽门农”号、“不可抗拒”号、“复仇”号、“凯旋”号、“阿尔比恩”号、“纳尔逊勋爵”号、“海洋”号和“雄伟”号。
The French ships numbered the _Charlemagne_, the _Gaulois_, the _Suffern_, and the _Bouvet_.
法国战舰编号为“查理曼”号、“高卢”号、“萨芬”号和“布韦”号。
Early in the morning of February 19, 1915, these vessels, under the supreme command of Vice Admiral Sackville Carden, and with Rear Admiral Guepratte in command of the French division, arrived off the Gallipoli Peninsula.
1915 年 2 月 19 日清晨，这些舰艇在萨克维尔·卡登中将的最高指挥下，在格普拉特少将指挥的法国师的指挥下，抵达加里波利半岛附近。
At 8 a.
上午 8 点。
m.
米。
they opened an intense bombardment of the several forts.
他们对几个要塞展开了猛烈的轰炸。
At first they battered away at the Turks at long range but finally, about the middle of the afternoon, the _Vengeance_, _Cornwallis_ and _Triumph_ of the British forces, and the _Suffern_, _Gaulois_ and _Bouvet_ of the French fleet, closed in upon the Turkish forts which were still replying.
起初，他们对土耳其人进行远距离猛烈攻击，但最后，大约在下午三点左右，英国军队的“复仇”号、“康沃利斯”号和“凯旋”号，以及法国舰队的“萨芬”号、“高卢”号和“布维”号，逼近了仍在反击的土耳其堡垒。
It was not until darkness that all the land batteries had been apparently silenced.
直到天黑时，所有的陆地炮台才明显安静下来。
At this time, and throughout the various attempts to reduce the Dardanelles forts by naval bombardment, there was considerable difficulty in making the demolition permanent.
此时，在通过海军轰炸削弱达达尼尔海峡堡垒的各种尝试中，要永久拆除要塞存在相当大的困难。
On the following morning a detachment of the Naval Flying Corps made a reconnaissance and discovered that the damage was not as great as had been hoped.
第二天早上，海军飞行队的一个分队进行了侦察，发现损失并不像预期的那么严重。
Accordingly, preparations were made to give the Turks another dose of the 12-inch guns.
因此，准备向土耳其人提供另一剂12英寸火炮。
Before this could be done bad weather intervened.
在此之前，恶劣的天气介入了。
On February 25, 1915, there was a further bombardment and by five o'clock in the evening all the forts again had been silenced.
1915 年 2 月 25 日，又进行了一次轰炸，到晚上 5 点，所有堡垒再次陷入寂静。
Mine sweeping operations were then begun.
随后开始了扫雷行动。
For this work English-Scotch trawlers from the North Sea had been brought down and the crews of these little unprotected boats added many pages of heroism to the book of great deeds of the Dardanelles operations.
为了这项工作，来自北海的英国-苏格兰拖网渔船被击落，这些没有保护的小船的船员们为达达尼尔海峡行动的伟大事迹增添了许多页的英雄主义。
The following day a division of the battleship fleet entered the straits for a distance of four miles, the mine sweepers having cleared the channel for that distance.
第二天，战列舰舰队的一个师进入海峡四英里的距离，扫雷舰已经清理了这段距离的航道。
The _Albion_, _Vengeance_ and _Majestic_ opened fire with their 12-inch guns on Fort Dardanos, a battery mounting nothing but 5.9-inch guns, situated on the Asiatic shore some distance below the Narrows.
阿尔比恩号、复仇号和雄伟号用它们的 12 英寸火炮向达达诺斯堡开火，达达诺斯堡是一座只安装 5.9 英寸火炮的炮台，位于亚洲海岸，距离海峡下方有一段距离。
Fort Dardanos bravely replied, however, until put out of action, as did several concealed batteries, the presence of which the British and French had not suspected.
然而，达达诺斯堡勇敢地还击，直到失去战斗力，还有几个隐蔽的炮台，英国和法国没有怀疑它们的存在。
With the completion of this operation the allied command believed they had not only permanently silenced the forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles but had, as well, made both sides of the straits then too warm for the Turkish troops.
随着这次行动的完成，盟军指挥部相信他们不仅永久地压制了守卫达达尼尔海峡入口的堡垒，而且还使海峡两岸对土耳其军队来说过于温暖。
Accordingly forces of marines were landed to complete the work of demolition.
因此，海军陆战队部队登陆以完成拆除工作。
They were successful except at Kum Kale where the Turks proved to have maintained a large force.
他们取得了成功，但在库姆卡莱除外，土耳其人在那里保持着庞大的兵力。
The British landing party was driven back to its boats in a hurry after suffering a score of casualties.
英国登陆部队在遭受数十人伤亡后被匆忙赶回船上。
The apparent success of these naval operations raised high hopes in Great Britain and in the other allied countries.
这些海军行动的明显成功给英国和其他盟国带来了厚望。
The British Government, which had established a censorship for all news that might tend to depress the British public, saw no reason for interfering to prevent the publication of news that might tend unduly in the other direction.
英国政府对所有可能使英国公众感到沮丧的新闻建立了审查制度，因此认为没有理由进行干预以阻止可能过度走向相反方向的新闻的发布。
The newspapers and the so-called military experts gave the public what they evidently wanted.
报纸和所谓的军事专家给了公众他们显然想要的东西。
The attack upon the Dardanelles, according to the majority of these, was practically over.
其中大多数人认为，对达达尼尔海峡的攻击实际上已经结束。
A few voices of warning were raised, but they were immediately silenced as "croakers" and "pessimists" and even "pro-Germans." Absurd reports of consternation and panic in Constantinople were sent broadcast throughout Great Britain, and thence to the whole world.
一些警告的声音被提出，但他们立即被封为“骗子”和“悲观主义者”，甚至“亲德派”。关于君士坦丁堡的惊愕和恐慌的荒谬报道传遍了整个英国，进而传遍了全世界。
Thousands of Turks, in abject fear, were pictured as spending most of their days and nights on the housetops of the sacred city, anxiously awaiting the first glimpse of the victorious allied fleet sailing up the Golden Horn.
成千上万的土耳其人在极度恐惧中度过了大部分的日日夜夜，在圣城的屋顶上焦急地等待着胜利的盟军舰队沿着金角湾航行的第一眼。
Hundreds of thousands were said to be fleeing into Asia Minor and preparations were being made by the sultan and his government to follow suit.
据说有数十万人逃往小亚细亚，苏丹和他的政府正在准备跟进。
Meanwhile, nothing of the kind was happening, either in Gallipoli or in Constantinople.
与此同时，无论是在加里波利还是在君士坦丁堡，类似的事情都没有发生。
The German and Turkish authorities, confident in their ability to hold the straits against all the forces that could be brought against it, were quietly perfecting their plans.
德国和土耳其当局相信自己有能力守住海峡，抵御所有可能反对的力量，因此正在悄悄完善他们的计划。
Bad weather again interrupted the Allies' operations, and it was not until March 1, 1915, that the _Triumph_, _Ocean_ and _Albion_ again entered the straits, and bombarded Fort Dardanos (once more active), and the concealed shore batteries.
恶劣的天气再次打断了盟军的行动，直到 1915 年 3 月 1 日，凯旋号、海洋号和阿尔比恩号才再次进入海峡，轰炸了达达诺斯堡（再次活跃）和隐蔽的海岸炮台。
The same night the mine sweepers, under the protection of destroyers, cleared an additional five miles of the channel, and the waters were safe up to within a mile and a half of the entrance to the Narrows.
当天晚上，扫雷舰在驱逐舰的保护下，又清理了五英里的航道，距离海峡入口一英里半的水域都是安全的。
About the same time the two French squadrons bombarded the Bulair lines, where the Gallipoli Peninsula connects with the mainland, in an attempt to interrupt the Turks' supply of troops and ammunition.
大约在同一时间，两个法国中队轰炸了加里波利半岛与大陆连接处的布莱尔防线，试图中断土耳其人的部队和弹药供应。
On the following day, March 2, 1915, the _Canopus_, _Swiftsure_ and _Cornwallis_ drew close into Fort Dardanos and opened fire.
第二天，1915 年 3 月 2 日，_Canopus_、_Swiftsure_ 和_Cornwallis_ 接近达达诺斯堡并开火。
By so doing they got within range of the Turkish batteries in the pine woods just below the Kilid Bahr plateau and all three boats were hit.
这样，他们就进入了位于基利德巴尔高原下方松树林中的土耳其炮台的射程之内，三艘船全部被击中。
For the next few days the bombardment of various Turkish positions and batteries was continued.
接下来的几天里，对土耳其各个阵地和炮台的轰炸仍在继续。
On the afternoon of March 4, 1915, a large landing party was put ashore at Kum Kale and Sedd-el-Bahr to complete the demolition of the works.
1915 年 3 月 4 日下午，一支大型登陆部队在库姆卡莱 (Kum Kale) 和塞德巴赫尔 (Sedd-el-Bahr) 登陆，完成了工程的拆除工作。
That on the Asiatic shore again had a hard time and was driven off by a Turkish force after doing only small damage.
在亚洲海岸，它再次遇到了困难，在只造成了很小的损害后就被土耳其军队赶走了。
The force on the European side also found that the Turks had quickly returned to the tip of the peninsula as soon as the fire of the warships had ceased.
欧洲这边的势力也发现，战舰的火力一停，土耳其人就迅速返回了半岛尖端。
On the following day there occurred at Smyrna an incident that is hard to explain.
第二天，士麦那发生了一件难以解释的事件。
Even British experts have not made any attempt to solve the puzzle.
就连英国专家也没有尝试解决这个难题。
Vice Admiral Peirse with a British and French fleet, appeared off the city and opened a bombardment.
皮尔斯中将率领英国和法国舰队出现在城市附近并开始轰炸。
The Turkish command did not reply and, after doing considerable damage, Peirse and his ships sailed away.
土耳其指挥部没有做出答复，在造成相当大的损失后，皮尔斯和他的船只扬帆离去。
He made no attempt to land, indeed he is not believed to have had a force for that purpose with him.
他没有尝试着陆，事实上，据信他身边并没有为此目的派出部队。
The only reasonable explanation of the bombardment is that it was in the nature of a diversion intended to keep as many troops as possible from Gallipoli.
对这次轰炸的唯一合理解释是，它的本质是转移注意力，目的是让尽可能多的军队远离加里波利。
In the Dardanelles the operations were rapidly coming to a head.
在达达尼尔海峡，行动迅速进入紧要关头。
The Anglo-French command believed the time had now arrived for an attack in force upon the forts at the Narrows, the real defenses of the straits.
英法联军司令部认为，现在是对海峡要塞进行强力攻击的时候了，这些堡垒是海峡的真正防御工事。
Accordingly, on March 6, 1915, the _Albion_, _Prince George_, the _Vengeance_, the _Majestic_ and the _Suffern_ steamed well up the straits and opened a direct fire on the big forts.
因此，1915 年 3 月 6 日，“阿尔比恩”号、“乔治王子”号、“复仇”号、“雄伟”号和“萨芬”号顺利驶上海峡，向大型堡垒开火。
It was not upon the work of these ships, however, that great hopes rested.
然而，人们对这些船只的工作并没有抱有很大的希望。
A new experiment was being tried from the Gulf of Saros on the other side of the Peninsula of Gallipoli, at the same time.
与此同时，加利波利半岛另一侧的沙罗斯湾正在尝试一项新的实验。
With their long range guns the _Queen Elizabeth_, the _Agamemnon_, and the _Ocean_ stood well out and, by indirect fire, threw shell after shell over the heights of the peninsula into the land works.
伊丽莎白女王号、阿伽门农号和海洋号凭借其远程火炮脱颖而出，通过间接火力，将一发又一发的炮弹投掷到半岛高地的地面上。
All the while circling aeroplanes, under the constant fire of the Turkish antiaircraft guns, watched and corrected the firing, while a captive balloon, sent up from the _Agamemnon_, did additional and valuable service in this respect.
一直以来，盘旋的飞机在土耳其高射炮的持续射击下观察并纠正射击，而从阿伽门农号升空的俘虏气球在这方面提供了额外的和有价值的服务。
It was found that, because of the angle of fire of the big naval guns, it was not possible to score any hits from the Gulf of Saros on the Turkish forts on the European side of the straits and the attempt was soon abandoned.
结果发现，由于大型舰炮的射角问题，无法从沙罗斯湾对海峡欧洲一侧的土耳其堡垒进行打击，这一尝试很快就被放弃了。
Modern big gun ammunition was too expensive to be lightly thrown away.
现代大枪弹药太贵了，不能轻易扔掉。
Furthermore, the life of one of the big guns of these battleships is strictly limited, especially if full charges are being used.
此外，这些战列舰的其中一门大炮的寿命是受到严格限制的，特别是在充满电的情况下。
Ultimately, the three battleships in the Gulf shifted their fire to the forts near Chanak, on the Asiatic side, where the works were on low ground, almost at sea level.
最终，海湾的三艘战列舰将火力转移到亚洲一侧查纳克附近的堡垒，那里的工事地势较低，几乎与海平面齐平。
It was confidently hoped that, by means of this indirect fire, it would be possible to put the 14-inch guns of these forts out of action, without giving them a chance to reply.
他们满怀信心地希望，通过这种间接火力，可以让这些堡垒的14英寸火炮失去作用，而不给他们还击的机会。
The idea of trying to force a way past these great guns, exposing the relatively frail sides of precious battleships to their direct fire, was not relished by the allied command.
试图强行突破这些大炮，将珍贵战舰相对脆弱的侧面暴露在它们的直接火力之下的想法并没有得到盟军指挥部的欢迎。
But if the Turks could not reply to the fire of the three battleships in the Gulf of Saros with their 14-inch guns, they could and did do effective work with smaller guns concealed on the heights of the peninsula overlooking the gulf, and the _Queen Elizabeth_ was hit three times.
但是，如果土耳其人无法用 14 英寸火炮应对沙罗斯湾三艘战列舰的火力，他们可以而且确实用隐藏在俯瞰海湾的半岛高处的小型火炮进行了有效的攻击，伊丽莎白女王号被击中了三次。
On the following day, March 7, the attack was renewed.
第二天，即 3 月 7 日，袭击再次发生。
The four French battleships, the _Charlemagne_, _Gaulois_, the _Bouvet_ and the _Suffern_ took the post of greatest danger inside the straits and finally again silenced the Dardanos fort.
法国四艘战列舰“查理曼”号、“高卢”号、“布韦”号和“萨芬”号在海峡内占据了最危险的位置，最终再次压制了达尔达诺斯要塞。
The _Agamemnon_ and the _Lord Nelson_, behind them, made a long range attack upon the forts fringing the Narrows.
阿伽门农号和纳尔逊勋爵号在其后方对海峡沿岸的堡垒进行远程攻击。
Three of the allied battleships, the _Gaulois_, the _Agamemnon_ and the _Lord Nelson_ were hit by Turkish shells but, as an offset, it was believed that the great forts at Chanak, as well as the works at Dardanos, had been permanently silenced.
盟军的三艘战列舰，高卢号、阿伽门农号和纳尔逊勋爵号被土耳其炮弹击中，但作为补偿，查纳克的大堡垒以及达尔达诺斯的工事据信已永久沉寂。
This confidence, as we shall see later on, was not justified.
正如我们稍后将看到的，这种信心是没有道理的。
Inside the great forts, it is true, the Turks and their German officers were suffering terribly from the bombardment.
确实，在这些伟大的堡垒内，土耳其人和他们的德国军官在轰炸中遭受了极大的痛苦。
That they stood it in some cases for periods of seven hours at a stretch, and continued firing effectively for the whole of that time, is testimony to their courage and devotion to duty.
在某些情况下，他们连续坚持了七个小时，并在整个时间里持续有效地射击，这证明了他们的勇气和忠于职守。
As the great shells of the _Queen Elizabeth_ landed in the forts they did frightful havoc.
当伊丽莎白女王号的巨大炮弹落在堡垒中时，它们造成了可怕的破坏。
The shrapnel shells contained something like 12,000 separate bullets and it is on record that one of these shells wounded or killed no less than 250 Turkish soldiers.
弹片中包含大约 12,000 颗子弹，据记录，其中一颗炮弹造成至少 250 名土耳其士兵受伤或死亡。
As the high explosive shells struck the works and exploded they threw up tons of earth and cement a hundred feet in the air, plainly visible to the allied observers on the warships in the straits.
当高爆炮弹击中工程并爆炸时，成吨的泥土和水泥被抛到一百英尺高的空中，海峡战舰上的盟军观察员可以清楚地看到。
But this was not the worst that the defenders had to endure.
但这还不是防守者必须忍受的最糟糕的情况。
The exploding shells gave off poisonous gases that filled the underground passages of the redoubts.
爆炸的炮弹释放出有毒气体，充满了堡垒的地下通道。
The heroic Turks worked under such conditions as long as it was humanly possible, but eventually their German officers were compelled to withdraw their men from each fort in turn to allow the gases to clear away.
英勇的土耳其人在这种条件下工作了尽可能长的时间，但最终他们的德国军官被迫依次从每个堡垒中撤出人员，以便清除毒气。
These circumstances undoubtedly account for the fact that almost every one of the forts was reported permanently silenced, only to resume action a few days later, much to the surprise and consternation of the allied command.
这些情况毫无疑问地解释了这样一个事实：据报道，几乎所有堡垒都永久沉默，几天后才恢复行动，这让盟军指挥部大为惊讶和惊愕。
Furthermore, there is abundant evidence that the Turks were economizing ammunition, especially big gun shells.
此外，有大量证据表明土耳其人正在节省弹药，尤其是大枪炮弹。
They had made up their minds that there would be a direct naval attack upon the forts sooner or later, and their instructions were to reserve their fire "until they saw the whites of the enemy's eyes," so to speak.
他们已经下定决心，迟早会对要塞进行直接的海军攻击，他们的指示是保留火力，“直到他们看到敌人的眼白”，可以这么说。
From March 6 to March 18, 1915, there was a lull in activity at the straits.
1915年3月6日至3月18日，海峡上的活动暂停。
Momentous events were transpiring in London and at the island of Lemnos, and upon the outcome of these events depended the future course of the operations at the Dardanelles.
伦敦和利姆诺斯岛正在发生重大事件，这些事件的结果取决于达达尼尔海峡未来的行动方向。
While the individual ships of his fleet conducted minor bombardments intended to harass the Turks, Vice Admiral Carden, pleading ill health, had been allowed to relinquish the command of the allied fleet, and Vice Admiral John de Robeck, newly promoted to his rank, succeeded him.
虽然他的舰队中的个别船只进行了旨在骚扰土耳其人的小规模轰炸，但卡登中将以健康为由，被允许放弃对盟军舰队的指挥权，新晋军衔的约翰·德·罗贝克中将接替了他。
Almost immediately the latter steamed away to Mudros to engage in a fateful conference.
后者几乎立刻就前往穆德罗斯参加一场至关重要的会议。
CHAPTER LXXI
第二十一章
PREPARATIONS FOR LANDING--COMPOSITION OF FORCES
登陆准备——兵力组成
It had evidently been the intention of the Allies to force the Narrows by naval power, and then follow up the success by an occupation of Gallipoli by a land force.
显然，盟军的意图是先用海军力量逼迫海峡，然后在成功后用陆军占领加里波利。
For this purpose the troops solicited of Venizelos, the Greek Premier, were undoubtedly to be used, but sole reliance was not to be placed upon them.
为此，毫无疑问要使用希腊总理韦尼泽洛斯征集的军队，但不能完全依赖他们。
For one thing, the Allies had no intention of allowing Greece to assume too great an importance in the campaign against Constantinople, well knowing that the Greek people had large ambitions in that part of the world--ambitions that clashed with those of more important powers.
一方面，协约国无意让希腊在攻打君士坦丁堡的战役中扮演过大的角色，他们深知希腊人民在世界的这一地区有着巨大的野心——这些野心与更重要的国家的野心相冲突。
In early March, 1915, the French were busy concentrating an expeditionary force in North Africa, under the command of General d'Amade.
1915年3月上旬，法国人正忙着在达马德将军的指挥下在北非集结一支远征军。
By March 15 the French force had been gathered together at Bizerta, in the AEgean Sea.
3月15日，法军已在爱琴海的比塞塔集结。
At the same time the British Government had been undertaking a similar concentration, and by the third week in March a force estimated at about 120,000 men had arrived in transports at Mudros in the island of Lemnos.
与此同时，英国政府也进行了类似的集中行动，到三月第三周，估计有约 12 万人的部队已乘船抵达利姆诺斯岛的穆德罗斯。
This English force consisted of the Twenty-ninth Division, the Royal Naval Division, a special force formed by Winston Churchill, British Secretary to the Admiralty, and used in the attempt to relieve Antwerp, the Australian and New Zealand divisions originally brought to Egypt, a Territorial division, and some Indian forces.
这支英国部队包括第二十九师、皇家海军师、英国海军大臣温斯顿·丘吉尔组建的一支特种部队，曾试图救援安特卫普，澳大利亚和新西兰师最初被带到埃及，领土师和一些印度部队。
These troops, with the comparatively small French force under General d'Amade, were placed under the command of one of the most popular of British officers--General Sir Ian Hamilton.
这些部队，以及由达马德将军领导的相对较小的法国军队，由最受欢迎的英国军官之一——伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士将军指挥。
Sir Ian Hamilton and his staff were hurried from London by special trains and a fast cruiser steaming upward of 30 knots an hour.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士和他的工作人员乘坐专列和每小时 30 节的快速巡洋舰从伦敦赶来。
By the time he reached Mudros the French troops had also arrived from Bizerta.
当他到达穆德罗斯时，法国军队也从比塞塔抵达。
The island of Lemnos presented a strange and picturesque spectacle when all these troops, drawn from so many distant parts of the world, were gathered in the sheltering bay.
当所有这些来自世界各地的军队聚集在避难湾时，利姆诺斯岛呈现出一幅奇异而风景如画的景象。
The blue and red of the Frenchmen's uniforms, the khaki of the British, the native costumes of the Indian and North African troops contrasted strangely.
法国人制服的蓝色和红色、英国人的卡其色、印度和北非军队的本土服装形成了奇怪的对比。
Mixing freely with them and driving hard bargains, were the native Greek tradesmen.
希腊本土商人与他们自由地混在一起并进行艰苦的讨价还价。
All over the little town thousands of temporary huts and shops and tents sprang up for the supply of the needs of the troops.
整个小镇上出现了数以千计的临时小屋、商店和帐篷，以满足部队的需要。
Out in the harbor hundreds of ships of every description were moored.
港口里停泊着数百艘各种类型的船只。
There were battleships, cruisers, torpedo boats, submarines, transports, supply boats, barges, picket boats, and dozens of Greek trading vessels.
其中有战列舰、巡洋舰、鱼雷艇、潜艇、运输船、补给船、驳船、纠察艇和数十艘希腊商船。
Into all this mess and chaos came the British commander.
英国指挥官陷入了这一切混乱之中。
Then followed a long conference with General d'Amade, Admiral de Robeck, and Admiral Guepratte.
随后与达马德将军、德罗贝克海军上将和格普拉特海军上将举行了一次长时间的会议。
There does not seem to be any reason for doubting that the plan was to launch a land attack upon the Gallipoli defenses immediately.
似乎没有任何理由怀疑该计划是立即对加里波利防御工事发动陆地攻击。
But General Hamilton demurred.
但汉密尔顿将军表示反对。
He inspected the loading of the transports, and refused to give the order for an attack until grave defects had been remedied.
他检查了运输工具的装载情况，并拒绝下达攻击命令，直到严重缺陷得到纠正。
Of this period he wrote subsequently:
关于这一时期，他随后写道：
"I knew that nothing but a thorough and systematic scheme for flinging the whole of the troops under my command very rapidly ashore could be expected to meet with success."
“我知道，只有制定一个彻底而系统的计划，将我指挥下的全部部队迅速上岸，才能取得成功。”
The slightest delay in landing, Sir Ian Hamilton realized, would prove terribly costly, if not absolutely fatal.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士意识到，着陆哪怕最轻微的延误，即使不是绝对致命，也会造成极其高昂的代价。
He and his troops were embarking on a campaign opening with a feat of arms for which there was no precedent in history.
他和他的部队正在以历史上没有先例的战绩开始一场战役。
He did not intend that there should be the slightest chance of failure if forethought and intelligent preparation could prevent it.
如果深思熟虑和明智的准备能够防止失败，他并不希望有丝毫失败的可能性。
The prime obstacle to an immediate descent of the allied land forces upon Gallipoli Sir Ian Hamilton found to be the manner in which the British transports had been loaded.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士发现，盟军陆军立即降落在加里波利的主要障碍是英国运输船的装载方式。
The only consideration that seems to have been present in the minds of the military authorities who superintended the work was the question of getting the material and men aboard the ships.
监督这项工作的军事当局脑子里唯一考虑的似乎是如何将物资和人员运送到船上的问题。
The supplies, artillery, and ammunitions had all been loaded without any consideration as to which was to come off the boats first.
补给品、火炮和弹药都已经装好了，没有考虑哪一个先从船上下来。
Material absolutely necessary for the protection of the troops once they had landed on hostile shores, and vital in any attempt to press home the advantage thus gained, was buried under tents, hut parts, cooking material, etc.
一旦部队登陆敌对海岸，保护部队绝对必要的物资，对于任何试图巩固由此获得的优势的努力都至关重要，这些物资被埋在帐篷、小屋部件、烹饪材料等下面。
"I cannot go ahead with a transport fleet in this condition," said General Hamilton in substance to his French and English colleagues.
“在这种情况下，我不能继续派遣运输舰队，”汉密尔顿将军对他的法国和英国同事说。
"The whole fleet must return to Egypt and be reloaded."
“整个舰队必须返回埃及并重新装载。”
"But time," urged Admiral de Robeck.
“但是时间，”德罗贝克海军上将敦促道。
"It will take weeks of valuable time."
“这需要几周的宝贵时间。”
"Better lose time than run straight to certain disaster," declared General Hamilton.
汉密尔顿将军宣称：“与其直接奔向某种灾难，不如浪费时间。”
And back to Alexandria went the whole fleet of transports, with the exception of a few vessels carrying the Australian Infantry Brigade, which, by some miracle, had been properly loaded.
整个运输船队返回亚历山大港，除了几艘运载澳大利亚步兵旅的船只外，这些船只奇迹般地被正确装载。
When General Hamilton and his soldiers sailed out of Mudros Harbor, bound for Alexandria, Admiral de Robeck came to a momentous and historic decision.
当汉密尔顿将军和他的士兵们从穆德罗斯港驶向亚历山大时，德罗贝克海军上将做出了一个重大的历史性决定。
Acting either on his own responsibility or under orders or advice of some superior authority, he decided not to wait for the troops, but to make a determined attack upon the Narrows with his whole fleet.
无论是出于自己的责任，还是根据上级的命令或建议，他决定不等待部队，而是率领整个舰队向海峡发起坚决的攻击。
By sheer weight of guns he would try to run past the great forts that lined the 1,500-yard channel, pounding his way through on the theory that "what will not bend must break."
他会凭借大炮的重量，试图跑过 1,500 码长的海峡两旁的巨大堡垒，并凭借“不弯曲就一定会破裂”的理论，一路猛冲过去。
March 18, 1915, was an ideal day for such an heroic attempt.
1915 年 3 月 18 日是进行这一英勇尝试的理想日子。
The sailors of the allied fleet were called to quarters as the morning sun, in a perfect sky, arose over the towering hills that lined the straits.
当早晨的太阳在完美的天空中升起在海峡两旁高耸的山丘上时，盟军舰队的水手们被召集到了宿舍。
Briefly the officers addressed the men, told them of the work ahead, spoke of the glory that awaited them if successful, and ordered each man to his post.
军官们简短地向士兵们讲话，告诉他们未来的工作，谈到如果成功的话等待着他们的荣耀，并命令每个人坚守岗位。
The reader, in order to gain some definite idea of the defenses that were to be attacked, should take up a map showing the Dardanelles.
为了对要攻击的防御工事有一些明确的了解，读者应该拿起一张显示达达尼尔海峡的地图。
He will find, about ten miles from the entrance, a narrow channel where the shores of Asia and Europe almost touch.
他会在距入口约十英里的地方发现一条狭窄的海峡，亚洲和欧洲的海岸几乎相连。
There, at the narrowest point of the channel, the Turks had built their chief defenses.
在那里，土耳其人在海峡最狭窄的地方建立了他们的主要防御工事。
On the south slope of the Kalid Bahr were three powerful works.
卡利德河的南坡上有三座雄伟的建筑。
The Rumeli Medjidieh Battery mounted two 11-inch, four 9.4-inch, and five 3.4-inch guns.
鲁梅利·梅德吉迪炮台安装有两门 11 英寸、四门 9.4 英寸和五门 3.4 英寸火炮。
The Hamidieh II Battery had two 14-inch, while the Namazieh Battery had one 11-inch, one 10.2-inch, eleven 9.4-inch, three 8.2-inch, and three 5.9-inch guns.
哈米迪二号炮台有两门 14 英寸炮，而纳马齐耶炮台则有一门 11 英寸、一门 10.2 英寸、十一门 9.4 英寸、三门 8.2 英寸和三门 5.9 英寸火炮。
On the Asiatic side of the Narrows, near Chanak, was a system of redoubts of equal strength.
在海峡的亚洲一侧，靠近查纳克，有一个同等强度的堡垒系统。
The Hamidieh I Battery, south of Chanak, consisted of two 14-inch and seven 9.4-inch guns, while the Hamidieh III Battery possessed two 14-inch, one 9.4-inch, one 8.2-inch, and four 5.9-inch guns.
查纳克以南的哈米迪一号炮台由两门14英寸和七门9.4英寸火炮组成，而哈米迪三号炮台则拥有两门14英寸、一门9.4英寸、一门8.2英寸和四门5.9英寸火炮。
Besides all these formidable defenses there were many minor positions on the very edge of the Narrows.
除了这些强大的防御工事之外，海峡边缘还有许多次要阵地。
In fact the whole channel, and the way of the allied fleet to the Sea of Marmora, lay through rows upon rows of high-power guns.
事实上，整个航道，以及盟军舰队通往马尔马拉海的道路，都经过一排又一排的大威力火炮。
The disastrous naval attack upon the big forts at the Narrows, resulting, as it did, in the loss of three battleships and the disabling of others, convinced the British and French naval authorities that it was hopeless to expect success along that line, except at a price that they could ill afford to pay, and that would have a terribly depressing effect upon public opinion at home.
对海峡两岸大型堡垒的灾难性海军攻击导致了三艘战列舰的损失和其他战列舰的瘫痪，这让英国和法国海军当局相信，除非付出他们无力支付的代价，否则不可能指望在这条线上取得成功，而这将对国内公众舆论产生非常令人沮丧的影响。
Admiral de Robeck and his British "bulldogs" were called off to await the coming of Sir Ian Hamilton and his mixed expeditionary force.
德罗贝克海军上将和他的英国“斗牛犬”被叫去等待伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士和他的混合远征军的到来。
This force, while the 12-and 15-inch guns of the Anglo-French fleet had been vainly battering the Dardanelles forts, had returned to Alexandria, and, under the careful supervision of Sir Ian Hamilton and General d'Amade, had been reshipped aboard the great transport fleet.
这支部队在英法舰队的12英寸和15英寸火炮徒劳地攻击达达尼尔海峡堡垒的同时，已经返回亚历山大，并在伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士和达马德将军的精心监督下，重新登上了伟大的运输舰队。
At this point there appears to have arisen a serious misunderstanding between Great Britain and France as to the exact number of troops to be supplied by each.
此时，英国和法国之间对于各自提供的确切部队数量似乎出现了严重的误解。
Although the true facts have not yet come to light, it is believed that General Joffre emphatically refused to detach any of the French troops from the western front.
尽管真相尚未大白，但据信霞飞将军坚决拒绝从西线撤出任何法国军队。
The force that France eventually contributed to the allied army at the Dardanelles consisted of units not at that time in view for service in northern France.
法国最终向达达尼尔海峡盟军派遣的部队由当时不打算在法国北部服役的部队组成。
These numbered a small detachment of Fusiliers Marines, a section of the Armee Coloniale, and the Foreign Legion, a force made up of volunteers from all over the world, enlisted for service anywhere, and generally assigned to a post of unusual danger.
其中包括一小支海军陆战队燧发枪队、殖民地陆军的一部分和外籍军团，这是一支由来自世界各地的志愿者组成的部队，应征入伍在任何地方服役，通常被分配到异常危险的岗位。
Great Britain was, therefore, under the necessity of providing the bulk of the troops.
因此，英国有必要提供大部分军队。
The British authorities did not make the mistake of throwing raw troops into the initial struggle at the Dardanelles.
英国当局没有犯下将原始部队投入达达尼尔海峡最初斗争的错误。
The backbone of the force supplied to General Sir Ian Hamilton was the Twenty-ninth Division of Regulars, made up largely of the hardiest of England's youth--the north countrymen.
为伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士提供的主力部队是第二十九师正规军，主要由英格兰最坚强的青年——北方同胞组成。
It comprised the Eighty-sixth Brigade of Infantry--Second Royal Fusiliers, First Lancashire Fusiliers, First Royal Munster Fusiliers, and the First Royal Dublin Fusiliers; the Eighty-seventh Brigade--Second South Wales Borderers, First King's Own Scottish Borderers, First Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, and First Border Regiment; the Eighty-eighth Brigade--Second Hampshires, Fourth Worcesters, First Essex, and the Fifth Royal Scots, the latter a Territorial battalion.
它由步兵第八十六旅组成——第二皇家燧发枪团、第一兰开夏燧发枪团、第一皇家明斯特燧发枪团和第一皇家都柏林燧发枪团；第八十七旅——第二南威尔士边境兵团、第一国王自己的苏格兰边境兵团、第一皇家因尼斯基林燧发枪团和第一边境团；第八十八旅——第二汉普郡旅、第四伍斯特旅、第一埃塞克斯旅和第五皇家苏格兰旅，后者是一个领土营。
Attached to this force of infantry was a squadron of the Surrey Yeomanry and two batteries of the Fourth Mountain Brigade, a Highland artillery unit.
隶属于这支步兵部队的是萨里自卫队的一个中队和第四山地旅（高地炮兵部队）的两个连。
To the command of these regular troops, Major General Hunter-Weston was appointed.
亨特-韦斯顿少将被任命指挥这些正规部队。
This officer had been through much of the early fighting in the western theatre, originally commanding the Eleventh Brigade of the Third Corps of General French's army.
这位军官经历了西部战区的大部分早期战斗，最初指挥法国将军军队第三军第十一旅。
His appointment to the Dardanelles was in the nature of a promotion, it being recognized that his dash and energy would be useful in the style of warfare that would govern the battle for the straits.
他被任命到达达尼尔海峡具有晋升的性质，人们认识到他的冲刺和精力将有助于控制海峡之战的战争风格。
In addition to the regular troops brought out from England, there was the Naval Division.
除了从英国调出的正规部队外，还有海军师。
This force had seen a bit of action in the attempt to save Antwerp.
这支部队在拯救安特卫普的过程中采取了一些行动。
It consisted of two Naval Brigades and a Royal Marine Brigade.
它由两个海军旅和一个皇家海军陆战队组成。
Also there was a Territorial Division, known as the East Lancashires, under the command of Major General Douglas.
此外还有一个领土师，称为东兰开夏郡，由道格拉斯少将指挥。
Immediately upon the outbreak of war this division had volunteered for foreign service and had been shipped to Egypt, where it had had six months' training.
战争一爆发，该师立即自愿参加外交服役，并被派往埃及，在那里接受了六个月的训练。
It comprised the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Lancashire Fusiliers, the Fourth and Fifth East Lancashires, the Ninth and Tenth Manchesters, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Manchesters.
它包括第五、第六、第七和第八兰开夏燧发枪团，第四和第五东兰开夏燧发枪团，第九和第十曼彻斯特团，第五、第六、第七和第八曼彻斯特团。
These troops, with the inclusion of the Australian and New Zealand forces brought to Egypt at the beginning of the war, under the command of Lieutenant General Birdwood, and a considerable number of Indian troops, made up the force at the disposal of Sir Ian Hamilton.
这些部队，包括战争开始时运往埃及、由伯德伍德中将指挥的澳大利亚和新西兰军队，以及相当数量的印度军队，组成了伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士可以调遣的部队。
They numbered in all, with the French troops, about 120,000 men.
连同法国军队在内，他们的总人数约为 120,000 人。
What had the Turkish authorities to set against this army, supported by the great fleet of battleships and unlimited number of transports and subsidiary vessels?
土耳其当局有什么办法来对付这支拥有庞大战列舰舰队和无数运输船和附属船只支持的军队呢？
Estimates of the potential strength of the Turkish army available for service in and about the Gallipoli Peninsula at this time vary widely.
目前对加里波利半岛及其周边地区可服役的土耳其军队的潜在兵力的估计差异很大。
There were those, for instance, who claimed that, if necessary, the Turks could command at least 600,000 troops for the defense of the straits, and that any attempt to capture the positions with the force supplied to Sir Ian Hamilton was doomed to failure.
例如，有人声称，如果有必要，土耳其人可以指挥至少60万军队保卫海峡，任何利用伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士提供的部队夺取阵地的企图都注定会失败。
On the other hand were those who claimed that the Turks were short of equipment and ammunition, and had no means of replenishment; that they had no heart in the fight; that they were already in revolt against their German taskmasters; that the Suez and Caucasus defeats had undermined their morale and depleted their numbers, and that the Turkish high command had decided that it was useless to attempt to defend the position.
另一方面，有人声称土耳其人装备和弹药短缺，没有补充手段；他们没有心去战斗；他们已经开始反抗德国监工了；苏伊士运河和高加索地区的失败削弱了他们的士气并耗尽了他们的兵力，土耳其最高统帅部认为试图保卫这一阵地是没有用的。
Fortunately, between these two extremists there was a happy mean, and the best evidence points to the conclusion that, for the defense of the Dardanelles, from first to last, the Turks depended upon about 200,000 men with reenforcements brought up from time to time to refill the ranks.
幸运的是，这两个极端分子之间有一个愉快的妥协，最好的证据表明，为了保卫达达尼尔海峡，土耳其人自始至终都依赖于大约20万名士兵，并且时不时地增援来补充队伍。
Probably when the great landing took place only a small proportion of the Turkish troops were in Gallipoli.
可能在大登陆发生时，只有一小部分土耳其军队在加里波利。
These troops were under the command of the German General Liman von Sanders, although, from time to time in the operations, the picturesque figure of Enver Pasha appeared.
这些部队由德国将军利曼·冯·桑德斯指挥，尽管在行动中不时出现恩维尔帕夏如画的身影。
Admiral Usedom, a high German naval expert, was placed in command of the purely naval defenses of the straits.
德国高级海军专家乌泽多姆海军上将被任命负责该海峡的纯粹海军防御。
Unfortunately for the allied force the attack upon the Dardanelles lacked the important--and perhaps indispensable--element of surprise.
不幸的是，对于盟军来说，对达达尼尔海峡的攻击缺乏重要的——也许是不可或缺的——出其不意的因素。
By their early naval attack upon the outer fort, by the gathering of the army at Mudros and its subsequent return to Alexandria, and, finally, by the ill-fated naval attack upon the Narrows' defenses, the Allies had given the Turks ample warning of their intentions.
通过早期对外堡的海上攻击，通过在穆德罗斯集结军队并随后返回亚历山大，以及最后通过对海峡防御工事的不幸的海上攻击，盟军已经向土耳其人发出了充分的警告，表明他们的意图。
During the many weeks that intervened between the first naval attack upon the outer forts and the approach of Sir Ian Hamilton's army, the Turks, under the supervision of their German mentors, and borrowing largely of the lessons of the trench campaign in Flanders and France, made of the Peninsula of Gallipoli a network of positions which it proved possible, to borrow an expression used of the German concrete trenches in France, "for a caretaker and his wife to hold." This elaborate system of trenches and redoubts was dominated by the three great heights.
在第一次海军攻击外围堡垒和伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士的军队逼近之间的数周时间里，土耳其人在德国导师的监督下，并主要借鉴了佛兰德斯和法国战壕战役的经验教训，将加里波利半岛变成了一个被证明是可能的阵地网络，借用德国在法国的混凝土战壕的说法，“供看守者和他的妻子守卫”。这个复杂的战壕和堡垒系统以三个高地为主。
Every foot of the sides of these major positions had been prepared with barbed wire, monster pits, mines, concealed machine-gun batteries, and the almost endless variety of traps evolved out of six months' experience with the new style of warfare.
这些主要阵地的每一英尺两侧都布满了铁丝网、怪物坑、地雷、隐蔽的机枪连，以及近乎无穷无尽的各种陷阱，这些陷阱是在六个月的新战争方式的经验中演变而来的。
Along the many miles of coast of the Peninsula of Gallipoli there were but few places where, even under the most advantageous of conditions, it was possible to effect a landing in the face of a strongly intrenched enemy.
在加里波利半岛绵延数英里的海岸线上，即使在最有利的条件下，也很少有地方能够在面对顽固的敌人时登陆。
The steep slopes of the hills rose from the very water's edge.
陡峭的山坡从水边升起。
Even in cases where there was a low, sandy beach, the nature of the country in the immediate vicinity made it impossible to deploy and maneuver any considerable number of troops.
即使在有低洼沙滩的情况下，附近国家的性质也使其不可能部署和调动大量部队。
Furthermore the Turks, well aware of the limited possibilities at the disposal of the allied force, had made terrifically strong defensive positions of the few beaches where successful landings were at all possible.
此外，土耳其人深知盟军的可能性有限，因此在少数几个有可能成功登陆的海滩上建立了极其坚固的防御阵地。
Row upon row of barbed wire had been run along the shores and even out into the sea.
一排排的铁丝网沿着海岸延伸，甚至延伸到海里。
Mines had been constructed that could be depended upon to blow the intrepid first landing parties to pieces.
地雷已经建成，可以用来将勇敢的第一批登陆部队炸成碎片。
The ground had been thoroughly studied and machine-gun batteries placed so that every inch of the beaches could be raked with a devastating fire.
地面已经被彻底研究过，机枪连也已安置好，以便毁灭性的大火可以扫过海滩的每一寸。
And finally the ranges for all the great guns in the hills beyond had been accurately measured so that the ships and the troops would be literally buried under an avalanche of shells.
最后，远处山上所有大炮的射程都被精确测量，这样船只和部队就会被真正的埋在雪崩的炮弹之下。
CHAPTER LXXII
第六十二章
PLANS OF SIR IAN HAMILTON--FIRST LANDING MADE
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士的计划——首次登陆
The broad outlines of the problem that faced Sir Ian Hamilton and his force were comparatively simple.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士和他的部队所面临的问题的总体轮廓相对简单。
The assault upon the Gallipoli Peninsula resolved itself into rush attacks upon two major heights, leading up to a grand assault upon the key position to the Narrows.
对加里波利半岛的进攻最终演变为对两个主要高地的突袭，最终导致对海峡关键位置的大规模进攻。
These three positions formed an irregular triangle.
这三个位置形成了一个不规则的三角形。
The first was Achi Baba, situated within three and a half miles of the tip of the peninsula.
第一个是阿奇巴巴（Achi Baba），位于距半岛顶端三英里半的地方。
The second was Sari Bair, about eight miles due north of the Narrows.
第二个是萨里拜尔（Sari Bair），位于海峡正北约八英里处。
By either taking or isolating these two positions the Allies would be in a position for a grand attack upon the third and most important height, the plateau of Kilid Bahr, or Pasha Dagh.
通过占领或孤立这两个阵地，盟军将能够对第三个也是最重要的高地——基利德巴尔高原或帕夏达格高原发动大规模攻击。
This position not only commanded the Narrows and the adjacent channel but it contained two of the great forts that successfully withstood the grand fleet attack.
这个阵地不仅控制着海峡和邻近的海峡，而且还拥有两座成功抵御大舰队进攻的巨大堡垒。
It was, in the minds of the allied command, the key to the whole situation.
在盟军指挥部看来，这是整个局势的关键。
With Kilid Bahr in their hands, they believed the way to Constantinople would be open and the elimination of the Turk as a factor in the war and the settlement of the Balkan question or questions in a manner favorable to the allied powers would necessarily follow.
有了基利德·巴尔，他们相信通往君士坦丁堡的道路将会畅通，土耳其人作为战争因素的消除和巴尔干问题的解决必然会以有利于盟国的方式实现。
The operations as planned by Sir Ian Hamilton, then, consisted of a number of landings--as many as possible so as to conceal the real objectives of the allied troops and to disperse the Turkish force--and an attempt to rush the position of Achi Baba, and to isolate the position of Sari Bair by advancing through the low country that lay between that position and Kilid Bahr.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士计划的行动包括多次登陆——尽可能多的登陆，以掩盖盟军的真正目标并驱散土耳其军队——以及试图冲进阿奇巴巴的阵地，并通过穿过该阵地和基利德巴尔之间的低地来孤立萨里拜尔的阵地。
On April 7, 1915, Sir Ian Hamilton, with his staff, returned to Mudros and held a conference with the naval commands.
1915 年 4 月 7 日，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士及其幕僚返回穆德罗斯，与海军司令部举行会议。
By the 20th his plans had been perfected and the great landing was fixed to take place on Sunday, April 25, 1915.
到 20 日，他的计划已经完善，伟大的登陆定于 1915 年 4 月 25 日星期日进行。
During the previous week the Allies had been making feints along the shore of the Gulf of Saros in an attempt to give an element of surprise to the real attack.
上周，盟军一直在沙罗斯湾沿岸佯攻，试图给真正的进攻带来突然性。
As Sir Ian Hamilton subsequently wrote, the question of weather was one of vital importance to the success of the landing.
正如伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士随后所写，天气问题对于着陆成功至关重要。
If, after a number of the troops had been thrown upon the beaches, bad weather had intervened, prevented further landings and perhaps driven the fleet and auxiliary vessels to Mudros Harbor, the unfortunate troops ashore would have been wiped out.
如果在一些部队被扔到海滩上之后，恶劣的天气介入，阻止进一步的登陆，并可能将舰队和辅助船只驱赶到穆德罗斯港，那么不幸的上岸部队就会被消灭。
Sunday, April 25, 1915, however, was a perfect day.
然而，1915 年 4 月 25 日星期日是完美的一天。
The low mist of the early morning hid the great fleet until it was close to the shore of the peninsula.
清晨的薄雾遮住了大舰队，直到接近半岛海岸。
As the day progressed the mist disappeared, the blue sky presented an unbroken expanse, while no wind disturbed the placid sea.
随着时间一天天过去，雾气渐渐散去，蔚蓝的天空一望无际，平静的海面也没有一丝风的扰动。
In a setting such as this was enacted one of the greatest battles of all history.
在这样的背景下，历史上最伟大的战役之一上演了。
At the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula were five small beaches.
加里波利半岛的顶端有五个小海滩。
They were subsequently named by the Allies, for identification purposes, Beaches S, V, W, X, and Y.
出于识别目的，盟军随后将它们命名为 S、V、W、X 和 Y 海滩。
Against these points was to be flung the Twenty-ninth Division, supported by some of the naval division.
为了对付这些点，第二十九师在一些海军师的支持下被投入。
These troops, once having gained the shore and held it against the enemy counterattacks, were to push on in all haste by the road that led to the village of Krithia, northwest of Achi Baba, turn east before reaching that place, and carry Achi Baba with a rush.
这些部队一旦登岸，抵御敌人的反攻，便要从通往阿奇巴巴西北的克里西亚村的道路上火速推进，在到达那里之前转向东面，猛冲携带阿奇巴巴。
At the same time the Australian and New Zealand troops were to effect a landing at Gaba Tepe, about twelve miles up the AEgean coast of the peninsula and about three and a half miles south of Sari Bair.
与此同时，澳大利亚和新西兰军队将在加巴特佩（Gaba Tepe）登陆，该地距离半岛爱琴海海岸约十二英里，萨里拜尔以南约三英里半。
Running southeast from near Gaba Tepe was a good road connecting with the town of Maidos, on the Dardanelles, above the Narrows.
从加巴泰佩附近向东南延伸，有一条良好的道路连接着位于达达尼尔海峡、海峡上方的迈多斯镇。
The whole way lay through low country and, once in command of this road, the allied troops would not only sever direct communications between Sari Bair and Kilid Bahr but would be in a position to attack the defenses of the latter on the flank.
整个道路都经过低地，一旦控制了这条道路，盟军不仅会切断萨里拜尔和基利德巴尔之间的直接交通，而且能够攻击后者侧翼的防御。
[Illustration: Pictorial Map of the Dardanelles, Showing Where the Allies Landed.]
[插图：达达尼尔海峡的图画地图，显示盟军登陆的地方。]
Meantime the French were to make a landing at Kum Kale on the Asiatic side of the straits.
与此同时，法国人将在海峡亚洲一侧的库姆卡莱登陆。
There is some doubt as to the real purpose of this landing.
对于这次登陆的真正目的存在一些疑问。
After the French had reembarked--"driven off with terrible losses," according to the Turkish official account--it was claimed that the landing was merely a diversion.
法国人重新登船后——根据土耳其官方的说法，“他们损失惨重”——据称这次登陆只是为了转移注意力。
Certainly nothing more than that could be claimed for a feint made by a portion of the Naval Division farther up the Gulf of Saros.
当然，对于海军师的一部分在沙罗斯湾更远的地方所做的佯攻来说，没有什么比这更好的了。
These, then, were the plans of Sir Ian Hamilton: four landing operations in widely separated points, two of serious importance and the other two, probably, intended only to draw the troops and energy of the defenders.
那么，这就是伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士的计划：在相距甚远的地点进行四次登陆行动，其中两次非常重要，另外两次可能只是为了吸引防守者的部队和精力。
How they prospered, what measure of success they obtained, how the Turks, fighting with the valor which has made them famous through ages, how the British Colonial and French troops accomplished almost unbelievable deeds of heroism and skill, make one of the most fascinating stories in the annals of warfare.
他们如何繁荣，取得了多大的成功，土耳其人如何凭借使他们久负盛名的英勇战斗，英国殖民者和法国军队如何完成几乎令人难以置信的英雄主义和技能事迹，成为战争史上最引人入胜的故事之一。
While these operations were timed to occur simultaneously, they will appear more clear to the reader if they are taken separately and each followed to its conclusion from the opening day.
虽然这些操作是同时发生的，但如果将它们分开进行，并且每项操作从开幕当天就得出结论，那么它们对读者来说会显得更清楚。
In this way we will tell the story, first, of the Australian-New Zealand landing northeast of Gaba Tepe; then of the landings on the five beaches at the tip of the peninsula; and, finally, of the French landing on the Asiatic shore and the naval brigade demonstration at Bulair.
这样我们就讲故事，首先是澳大利亚和新西兰在加巴石阵东北登陆的故事；然后是在半岛顶端的五个海滩上登陆；最后是法国在亚洲海岸登陆和海军旅在布莱尔的示威。
By one o'clock on the morning of Sunday, April 25, 1915, the allied expeditionary force had arrived within five miles of the Gallipoli shore.
1915 年 4 月 25 日（星期日）凌晨一点，盟军远征军已抵达距离加里波利海岸不到 5 英里的地方。
Under cover of darkness the final dispositions were made and the ships maneuvered so that the timing of the several landings would be accurately synchronized.
在夜幕的掩护下，最后的部署已经完成，舰艇也进行了机动，以便几次登陆的时间能够准确同步。
Shortly after one o'clock the landing boats were lowered from the transports.
一点后不久，登陆艇就从运输船上降了下来。
Strung in lines of four and five the boats were slowly towed toward shore by steam pinnaces.
这些船排成四五艘，由蒸汽船艇缓慢地拖向岸边。
Not a sound was heard but the panting of the engines of the little boats.
除了小船引擎的喘息声之外，什么声音也没有听到。
The speed was accurately calculated to bring the parties close in shore with the first break of the dawn.
精确计算出的速度使双方在黎明时分就靠近岸边。
Accompanying the Australian and New Zealand troops, were a number of destroyers.
伴随澳大利亚和新西兰军队的还有多艘驱逐舰。
Just as they reached the shallow water in front of the cliffs of Gaba Tepe, a Turkish lookout spied them in the hazy light of the morning.
当他们到达加巴特佩悬崖前的浅水区时，一名土耳其瞭望员在晨光朦胧中发现了他们。
Instantly he gave the alarm and a flaring searchlight flashed its rays on the little flotilla.
他立即发出警报，一盏探照灯将光芒照射在这支小舰队上。
The need for silence had disappeared.
沉默的需要已经消失了。
With a cheer the British troops leaped from their boats into the shoal water and splashed their way ashore.
英军欢呼雀跃，从船上跳入浅滩，溅上岸。
While many of them were still in their boats, however, the Turks opened fired.
然而，当他们中的许多人仍在船上时，土耳其人就开枪了。
The whole ground had been carefully prepared and from every cover on the shore and the cliffs beyond a deadly fire was poured upon the Colonial troops.
整个地面都经过精心准备，从海岸和悬崖上的每一个掩护处，致命的大火都向殖民军队倾泻而下。
Without faltering, however, the Australian and New Zealand troops, supported by a squadron of battleships and destroyers, came on straight at the strongly intrenched Turks.
然而，澳大利亚和新西兰军队毫不犹豫地在一个战列舰和驱逐舰中队的支援下，径直向根深蒂固的土耳其人进攻。
The first of the Australians to reach the shore were the Third Brigade under Colonel Sinclair Maglagan.
第一个到达海岸的澳大利亚人是辛克莱·马格拉根上校领导的第三旅。
With a rush they charged the first Turkish lines, bayoneted the defenders, and scrambled up the steep cliffs that rise a hundred feet in the air.
他们冲向土耳其的第一道防线，用刺刀刺死守军，然后爬上一百英尺高的陡峭悬崖。
Fortunately for the British troops, as these and subsequent events proved, there had been a slight miscalculation in the landing, and the men had actually gone ashore a mile and a half northeast of Gaba Tepe, instead of at that point.
对于英国军队来说幸运的是，正如这些和随后的事件所证明的那样，登陆时出现了轻微的误判，他们实际上是在加巴泰佩东北一英里半处登陆，而不是在那个地点。
Gaba Tepe is so rugged and uninviting that it was believed that the Turks would not trouble to intrench it.
加巴泰佩地势崎岖不平，人们相信土耳其人不会费心去构筑它。
Actually the Turks appeared to have intrenched and prepared every inch of the coast.
事实上，土耳其人似乎已经在海岸的每一寸土地上构筑了壕沟并做好了准备。
But at Sari Bair, where the Australian and New Zealand troops actually landed, the character of the ground, although not so advantageous at first, afforded much more protection once the men were ashore.
但在澳大利亚和新西兰军队实际登陆的萨里拜尔，地形的特点虽然一开始并不那么有利，但一旦士兵们上岸，就会提供更多的保护。
Sir Ian Hamilton, in his graphic account of the operations, subsequently said:
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士在他对这次行动的生动描述中随后说道：
"Owing to the tows having failed to maintain their exact direction, the actual point of disembarkation was rather more than a mile north of that which I had selected, and was more closely overhung by steeper cliffs.
“由于拖船未能保持准确的方向，实际的下船地点比我选择的地点以北一英里多，而且更靠近陡峭的悬崖。
Although this accident increased the initial difficulty of driving the enemy off the heights inland, it has since proved itself to have been a blessing in disguise, inasmuch as the actual base of the force of occupation had been much better defiladed from shell fire.
尽管这次事故增加了最初将敌人赶出内陆高地的难度，但后来事实证明，它是因祸得福，因为占领军的实际基地更好地免受炮火的影响。
"The beach on which the landing was actually effected is a very narrow strip of sand about 1,000 yards in length, bounded on the north and the south by two small promontories.
“实际着陆的海滩是一条非常狭窄的沙带，长约 1,000 码，南北以两个小海角为界。
At its southern extremity, a deep ravine with exceedingly deep, scrub-clad sides, runs inland in a northeasterly direction.
在它的南端，有一条深谷，谷底极深，两侧长满灌木丛，向东北方向延伸至内陆。
Near the northern end of the beach a small but steep gully runs up into the hills at right angles to the shore.
靠近海滩的北端，有一条小而陡的沟壑，与海岸成直角延伸到山上。
Between the ravine and the gully the whole of the beach is baked by the seaward face of the spur which forms the northwestern side of the ravine.
在峡谷和沟壑之间，整个海滩都被形成峡谷西北侧的山坡的临海面所烘烤。
From the top of the spur the ground falls almost sheer, except near the southern limit of the beach where gentler slopes give access to the mouth of the ravine behind.
从山刺顶部开始，地面几乎是陡峭的，除了靠近海滩南端的地方，那里有较缓的斜坡可以通往后面的峡谷口。
Farther inland lie in a tangled knot the under-features of Sari Bair separated by deep ravines which take a most confusing diversity of direction.
更远的内陆地区，萨里拜尔 (Sari Bair) 的地势错综复杂，被深深的峡谷隔开，这些峡谷的方向多种多样，令人困惑。
Sharp spurs, covered with dense scrub and falling away in many places in precipitous sandy cliffs, radiate from the principal mass of the mountain, from which they run northwest, west, southwest and south to the coast."
尖锐的山刺覆盖着茂密的灌木丛，在陡峭的沙质悬崖上的许多地方都脱落了，它们从山脉的主体辐射出来，从这里向西北、西部、西南和南部延伸到海岸。”
As fresh British troops came ashore they cast aside their heavy packs and followed their comrades across the forty feet of open beach and into the scrub that covered the side of the cliffs.
当新的英国军队登陆时，他们扔掉沉重的背包，跟随战友穿过四十英尺的开阔海滩，进入覆盖悬崖一侧的灌木丛。
Halfway up the Turks had prepared a second position.
半路上，土耳其人已经准备好了第二个阵地。
Attacking it in open formation the Third Brigade succeeded in clearing it within fifteen minutes of the time they came ashore, despite the desperate and brave defense of the Turks.
尽管土耳其人拼命而勇敢的防守，第三旅在上岸后十五分钟内就以开放队形攻击了它，成功地清除了它。
Meanwhile some of the landing boats, subjected to the terrible fire of the Turkish guns, were having a bad time.
与此同时，一些登陆艇在土耳其炮火的猛烈攻击下，日子不好过。
The towing ropes of three of them were cut by the fire and the boats drifted helplessly about under the withering rain of bullets that rapidly wiped out their cargoes of men.
其中三艘船的拖绳被大火烧断，小艇在枪林弹雨中无助地漂流，船上的人员迅速被消灭。
But despite these mishaps the First and Second Brigades were hurried ashore to support the Third.
尽管发生了这些不幸，第一旅和第二旅还是匆忙上岸支援第三旅。
Soon, in the face of terrible difficulties including the narrowness of the beach, there were between 3,000 and 4,000 allied troops ashore.
很快，面对海滩狭窄等可怕的困难，有3000至4000名盟军上岸。
By this time the Turks, by means of the mobile carriages prepared for them by the Germans, had maneuvered some heavy artillery into position on the heights inland.
这时，土耳其人已经利用德国人为他们准备的移动马车，将一些重型火炮调到了内陆高地的位置。
Also some of their warships, moored in the Narrows, began throwing heavy shells across the peninsula into the allied fleet standing close inshore.
他们的一些停泊在海峡的军舰也开始向半岛上靠近近岸的盟军舰队投掷重型炮弹。
So dangerous and accurate became this fire that the transports had to be ordered out to sea and this delayed the operations seriously.
这场火灾如此危险和精确，以至于运输船不得不下令出海，这严重延误了行动。
At Gaba Tepe and on the heights to the north of the beach the Turks posted guns and enfiladed the Narrows beach.
在加巴特佩和海滩以北的高地上，土耳其人布下了大炮，包围了纳罗斯海滩。
Thus the troops, as they landed, had to make their way through a rain of shrapnel, machine gun and rifle fire that wiped out hundreds.
因此，部队在登陆时必须穿过弹片、机枪和步枪的射击，造成数百人死亡。
Despite the success of the Australian Brigades in clearing the beach and the face of the cliff, the Turkish fire never seemed to slacken.
尽管澳大利亚旅成功清理了海滩和悬崖表面，但土耳其的火力似乎从未减弱。
Because of the nature of the country there could be no central control over the advance fighting and no continued communications between the several forces making their way to the top of the cliffs.
由于该国的性质，不可能对前进的战斗进行集中控制，并且在向悬崖顶部前进的几支部队之间也无法进行持续的通信。
The battle resolved itself into a series of fights between small parties, or even individual soldiers, whose one object was to kill as many of the enemy as possible and make their way as far inland as possible in the first rush.
战斗最终演变成小队甚至单个士兵之间的一系列战斗，他们的目标是在第一次冲锋中杀死尽可能多的敌人，并尽可能深入内陆。
By two o'clock about twelve British regiments had been landed and the ground gained consolidated and prepared against counterattack.
到两点钟时，大约有十二个英军团已经登陆，阵地已经巩固并做好了反击的准备。
Thousands of Turkish troops were by this time pouring along the road from Maidos and by the middle of the afternoon it was calculated that there were fully 20,000 of them before the Australian and New Zealand troops.
此时，数千名土耳其军队已从迈多斯沿路涌入，据计算，在澳大利亚和新西兰军队面前，土耳其军队已达两万人。
The latter, in the meantime, had been further reenforced by two batteries of Indian Mountain Artillery.
与此同时，后者得到了两个印度山地炮兵连的进一步增援。
The pressure of the constantly increasing Turkish force compelled General Birdwood, who came ashore about this time, to contract his lines and to reach a decision that, at that time at least and until the arrival of more troops, no further advance could be made.
土耳其军队不断增加的压力迫使大约在这个时候上岸的伯德伍德将军收缩防线，并做出决定，至少在当时，直到更多部队到来之前，不能进一步推进。
The Gaba Tepe landing had not been the surprise that was expected and the Turks had proved to be in unexpected strength.
加巴泰佩登陆并没有带来预期的惊喜，事实证明土耳其人拥有意想不到的实力。
About three o'clock the Turkish counterattacks began.
大约三点钟，土耳其的反攻开始了。
Absolutely regardless of human life, they threw themselves in dense masses against the Second and Third Brigades.
他们完全不顾人命，密密麻麻地向第二、第三旅发起进攻。
The British battleships, the _Queen_, the _London_, the _Prince of Wales_, the _Triumph_ and the _Majestic_, posted close inshore, poured a devastating fire on the advancing Turkish troops as they came into the open.
英国战列舰“女王号”、“伦敦号”、“威尔士亲王号”、“凯旋号”和“雄伟号”紧邻近海，在土耳其军队进入开阔地时向他们倾泻毁灭性的火力。
About five o'clock the Turks, after repeated assaults upon the British lines, massed for a final attempt to drive the invaders into the sea.
大约五点钟，土耳其人在对英军防线进行多次攻击后，集结起来，试图将入侵者赶入大海。
On and on they came, concentrating on the hard-pressed Third Brigade as the weak spot in the British defense.
他们源源不断地进攻，重点攻击处于困境的第三旅，这是英军防守的薄弱环节。
Fighting gamely against heavy odds, this Australian Brigade which had borne the brunt of the landing attack and which had been almost continually counterattacked all afternoon, gave way slowly, selling every inch of ground dearly.
这支在登陆攻击中首当其冲、几乎整个下午都在不断遭到反击的澳大利亚旅，在艰难的战斗中，慢慢地屈服了，卖掉了每一寸土地。
Hundreds of the brave Turkish troops were mown down by the machine guns which the Australians had by this time brought ashore.
数百名勇敢的土耳其军队被澳大利亚人此时运上岸的机关枪射杀。
At nightfall, however, General Birdwood, as a consequence of the persistence of the enemy, had to contract his lines further.
然而，夜幕降临时，由于敌人的坚持，伯德伍德将军不得不进一步收缩他的战线。
As night settled on the battle field on the ridge above Gaba Tepe and Sari Bair, and the two forces rested from sheer exhaustion, the British troops, who once were well inland toward Maidos, their objective, were barely hanging onto the ridge overlooking the shore of the Gulf of Saros.
当夜幕降临在加巴泰佩和萨里拜尔上方的山脊上的战场上，两支部队因精疲力尽而休息时，曾经深入内陆前往目标迈多斯的英军勉强挂在俯瞰萨罗斯湾海岸的山脊上。
All their water and food and munitions and reenforcements had to be brought ashore across the exposed beach, while the landing of the necessary artillery in the face of the Turkish fire was a feat to appal the bravest.
他们所有的水、食物、弹药和增援部队都必须穿过裸露的海滩上岸，而在土耳其的火力面前，必要的火炮登陆是一项让最勇敢的人都感到震惊的壮举。
But though their hold on their position was precarious it was tenacious and, in the end, effective.
尽管他们的地位岌岌可危，但却很顽强，而且最终是有效的。
If they had not won all they expected to win they had at least won a foothold in the face of terrific difficulties.
即使他们没有赢得他们所期望的一切，但至少在巨大的困难面前赢得了立足点。
While the Australians and New Zealanders were fighting desperately beyond Gaba Tepe, the other forces of the allied army were accomplishing similar deeds of heroism at the tip of the peninsula.
当澳大利亚人和新西兰人在加巴泰佩之外拼命战斗时，盟军的其他部队也在半岛的尖端完成了类似的英雄事迹。
Coming down the coast of the peninsula from Gaba Tepe, about three miles from the extreme southwestern tip, was what was known as Beach Y.
从距最西南端约三英里的加巴泰佩 (Gaba Tepe) 沿着半岛海岸向下，就是所谓的 Y 海滩。
It was almost due west of the important town of Krithia, and the landing was intended primarily to protect the left flank of the British landing forces from attack by the considerable forces believed to be concentrated there.
它几乎位于重要城镇克里西亚的正西，这次登陆的主要目的是保护英国登陆部队的左翼免受据信集中在那里的大量部队的攻击。
The actual landing seems to have been somewhat of a surprise to the Turks.
实际的登陆似乎让土耳其人有些意外。
Indeed, subsequent events showed that they were correct in their estimate that a landing at the so-called Beach Y would be a mistake.
事实上，随后的事件表明他们的估计是正确的，即在所谓的 Y 海滩登陆将是一个错误。
A narrow strip of sandy beach led to the cliffs, two hundred feet high, that were believed to be almost unscalable.
一条狭窄的沙滩通向两百英尺高的悬崖，据信悬崖几乎无法攀爬。
It is easy to be wise after the event, but military writers subsequently declared that if the Turks had been prepared to defend the position, the force that landed at Beach Y would have been wiped out in the preliminary attempt to establish a footing.
事后明智是很容易的，但军事作家随后宣称，如果土耳其人准备好保卫该阵地，那么在Y海滩登陆的部队就会在初步建立据点的尝试中被消灭。
The force assigned to this point of attack consisted of the First King's Own Scottish Borderers, and the Plymouth Battalion of the Royal Naval Division, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Koe.
分配到这一点的部队包括第一国王自己的苏格兰边防部队和皇家海军师的普利茅斯营，由科中校指挥。
The latter was under orders, if the landing proved successful, to work his way south to effect a junction with the force landing at Beach X, some two miles away.
后者接到命令，如果登陆成功，则向南行进，与在大约两英里外的 X 海滩登陆的部队会合。
About five o'clock, Koe's force appeared off Beach Y, on the transports _Braemar Castle_ and _Southland_, and escorted by the battleship _Goliath_, and the cruisers _Amethyst_ and _Sapphire_.
大约五点钟，科伊的部队乘坐运输船_布雷马城堡_和_南国_出现在Y海滩附近，并由战列舰_歌利亚_、巡洋舰_紫水晶_和_蓝宝石_护航。
The Turks had posted a large force at Beach Y 2, between Beach Y and Beach X, but half of the Scottish Borderers were ashore before the Turkish command had realized what was happening.
土耳其人在 Y 海滩和 X 海滩之间的 Y 2 海滩部署了一支大部队，但在土耳其指挥部意识到发生了什么之前，一半的苏格兰边境人已经上岸。
As a result Colonel Koe's force was partly established on the cliffs before the Turks had begun to arrive.
结果，在土耳其人开始抵达之前，科上校的部队已部分建立在悬崖上。
But if the initial stages were unexpectedly easy for this force, difficulties soon developed.
但如果这支部队的初始阶段出乎意料地容易，那么困难很快就会出现。
Once on the heights, Colonel Koe ordered an advance to link up with the force at Beach X.
到达高地后，科上校下令向前推进，与 X 海滩的部队会合。
The British troops had not gone far when they ran into the Turkish troops from Beach Y.
英军没走多远，就在Y海滩与土耳其军队相遇了。
So large was this force and so determined an opposition did it offer to the British troops that Colonel Koe soon decided it would be impossible, with the two battalions at his disposal, to accomplish the task assigned him.
这支部队规模如此之大，对英军的抵抗力如此坚决，以至于科上校很快就认为，仅凭他所掌握的两个营，不可能完成指派给他的任务。
Early in the afternoon the little British force was dismayed by the approach on its left flank of a large force of Turks from Krithia, which threatened to cut it off from the landing beach.
下午早些时候，这支小规模的英国军队对一支来自克里西亚的土耳其大军逼近其左翼感到沮丧，这支部队威胁要切断英国与登陆海滩的联系。
Reluctantly Colonel Koe, just before he received a fatal wound, gave the order to intrench.
科上校在受致命伤之前，不情愿地下达了构筑战壕的命令。
CHAPTER LXXIII
第LXXIII章
THE BRITISH IN DANGER--BITTER FIGHTING
英国处于危险之中——激烈的战斗
The British troops were now in a critical position.
英国军队现在处于危急境地。
There was a peculiar spoonlike formation of the ground at the end of the Gallipoli Peninsula.
加里波利半岛的尽头有一个奇特的勺子状地面。
From the high cliffs along the shore the ground fell away.
从沿岸高高的悬崖上，地面逐渐塌陷。
Thus it was impossible for the supporting warships lying offshore to give any effective aid to the little British force once it had left the shore and the edge of the heights.
因此，一旦英军离开海岸和高地边缘，驻扎在近海的支援军舰就不可能对这支小规模的英军提供任何有效的援助。
The Turks realized to the full their advantage and attacked the Borderers and the marines with fury.
土耳其人充分认识到了自己的优势，并愤怒地攻击边境人和海军陆战队。
Frequent attacks were launched against the dwindling line of the British force.
对日益减少的英军防线发起了频繁的攻击。
Guns of large caliber were rapidly brought up from Krithia, while the Turks showed extraordinary daring and cleverness in bomb attacks upon the hastily dug trenches of the enemy.
大口径火炮迅速从克里西亚运来，土耳其人则在对敌人仓促挖的战壕进行炸弹袭击时表现出了非凡的胆识和聪明。
All night long the Turks attacked.
土耳其人整夜进攻。
By morning the remnants of the British force were in desperate straits.
到了早上，英军残部已陷入绝境。
Sir Ian Hamilton subsequently declared that the losses at this time had been "deplorable." Many of the officers, in addition to Lieutenant Colonel Koe, had been killed or wounded, while 50 per cent of the Borderers had been put out of action.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士随后宣称，此时的损失“令人遗憾”。除科中校外，许多军官被杀或受伤，而 50% 的边民则失去了行动能力。
They were no longer able to defend properly their trenches.
他们不再能够妥善保卫自己的战壕。
Food, water, and ammunition were running short.
食物、水和弹药都短缺。
A consultation of the remaining officers was held.
与其余官员进行了协商。
The question of trying to hold out until reenforcements arrived was considered, but ultimately it was decided to retreat to the shore and to reembark.
考虑过要坚持到增援部队到来的问题，但最终决定撤退到岸边重新上船。
At seven o'clock on Monday morning the order was given.
周一早上七点，命令下达了。
The attending fleet had been strengthened by the arrival of the cruisers _Talbot_ and _Dublin_, and, supported by the _Goliath_, the _Amethyst_, and the _Sapphire_, they began a terrific bombardment of the tops of the cliffs.
出席的舰队因巡洋舰塔尔博特号和都柏林号的到来而得到加强，并且在歌利亚号、紫水晶号和蓝宝石号的支援下，他们开始对悬崖顶部进行可怕的轰炸。
Protected by this screen of fire, the few remaining British troops were able to get away in their boats without molestation save for a long distance bombardment by the Turkish artillery.
在这道火墙的保护下，仅存的少数英军得以乘船逃脱，除了遭到土耳其炮兵的长距离轰击外，没有受到任何骚扰。
The landing at Beach X was more successful.
X海滩的登陆更加成功。
The Eighty-seventh Brigade, under the command of Brigadier General Marshall, was assigned to this part of the field.
马歇尔准将指挥的第八十七旅被派往这片战场。
It was to work its way as far as possible inland and link up with the troops coming ashore at Beach W.
它的任务是尽可能向内陆推进，并与在西海滩上岸的部队会合。
At Beach X the Turks were well prepared.
在X海滩，土耳其人做好了充分准备。
They had constructed bomb-proof shelters and trenches on the heights and were well led by German officers.
他们在高地建造了防弹掩体和战壕，并由德国军官精心领导。
Before the actual landing the supporting battleships, led by the _Swiftsure_ and the _Implacable_, bombarded the Turkish positions for almost an hour with their heaviest guns.
在实际登陆之前，由“斯威夫特”号和“无情”号率领的支援战列舰用最重的火炮对土耳其阵地进行了近一个小时的轰炸。
The ground was thoroughly swept by the great 12-inch and smaller guns of the warships.
地面被战舰的12英寸或更小火炮彻底扫荡。
Finally, just before the actual landing, the _Implacable_ steamed within 500 yards of the shore, dropped her anchor and smothered the near cliffs and the foreshore with her fire.
最后，就在真正着陆之前，无情号在距离海岸 500 码的地方航行，抛锚并用火覆盖了附近的悬崖和前滩。
Subsequent investigation proved that in this affair of Gallipoli, as in Flanders and elsewhere, the British suffered from their lack of foresight in the provision of proper shells.
随后的调查证明，在加里波利事件中，就像在佛兰德斯和其他地方一样，英国人在提供适当炮弹方面缺乏远见。
The battleships used shrapnel, which, it was afterward discovered, did little damage to the deep, protected trenches prepared by the Turks under the supervision of the German officers.
战列舰使用的是弹片，后来发现，这些弹片对土耳其人在德国军官监督下准备的深而受保护的战壕几乎没有造成任何损害。
If the British had had instead the high-explosive shells that were necessary for the work, the story of the Gallipoli landings under the wing of the great fleet of battleships might have made different reading.
如果英国人拥有这项工作所需的高爆炮弹，那么在伟大的战列舰舰队的机翼下加里波利登陆的故事可能会有不同的解读。
After about a quarter of an hour's final bombardment by the _Implacable_, two companies and a machine-gun section of the First Royal Fusiliers were thrown ashore at Beach X.
在_无情号_进行了大约一刻钟的最后轰炸后，第一皇家燧发枪团的两个连和一个机枪小队被扔到了X海滩的岸上。
Under cover of the battleships, the landing was safely accomplished and the Fusiliers advanced almost 1,000 yards without much opposition.
在战列舰的掩护下，登陆得以安全完成，燧发枪团在没有太多抵抗的情况下前进了近 1,000 码。
Hill 114 on their right, where the Turks proved to be firmly intrenched, then proved a serious obstacle to the advance.
他们右侧的 114 号高地，土耳其人在那里构筑了坚固的工事，后来又成为了前进的严重障碍。
While the Royal Fusiliers were considering the best method of attacking this position, a Turkish battery, in position near the town of Krithia, opened fire and tore holes in the left wing of the British force.
当皇家燧发枪团正在考虑攻击该阵地的最佳方法时，位于克里西亚镇附近的土耳其炮台向英军左翼开火并撕开多个洞。
At the same time they were heavily counterattacked by a Turkish force coming from the east.
与此同时，他们遭到了来自东方的土耳其军队的猛烈反击。
Gradually the Royal Fusiliers were compelled to give ground.
皇家燧发枪团逐渐被迫屈服。
Two battalions of the Eighty-seventh Division were sent ashore and with these reenforcements the British again advanced, this time clearing Hill 114 of the enemy.
第 87 师的两个营被派上岸，在这些增援部队的帮助下，英军再次推进，这次清除了 114 号高地的敌人。
There they joined hands with the First Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers, and although all day long the Turks tried to break the union of the two forces, they did not succeed in doing so.
在那里，他们与兰开夏燧发枪团第一营联手，尽管土耳其人整天试图破坏两支部队的联合，但他们没有成功。
However, General Marshall's force was hard pressed.
然而，马歇尔将军的部队受到了沉重的压力。
Once more the unceasing Turkish counterattacks drove them back to the very edge of the heights overlooking Beach X, where only the intense bombardment of the protecting warships saved them.
土耳其不断的反击再次将他们逼回到了俯瞰X海滩的高地边缘，只有保护军舰的猛烈轰炸才拯救了他们。
General Marshall was wounded, but refused to relinquish his command, and a very large proportion of the total force was either killed or wounded in the day's fighting.
马歇尔将军受伤，但拒绝放弃指挥权，总兵力中有很大一部分在当天的战斗中阵亡或受伤。
When night fell the British troops held only half a mile of territory around their original landing place, with their right wing resting on Hill 114, linked up with the force from Beach W.
夜幕降临时，英军只守住了最初登陆地点周围半英里的领土，右翼驻扎在 114 号高地，与西海滩的部队会合。
Here at Beach W, a mile and a half down the coast, midway between Tekke Burna and Hellas Burna, was being enacted a feat of arms which, in the opinion of competent military men, is fit to rank with the great military accomplishments of all time.
在西海滩，沿着海岸一英里半，在特克伯纳和海拉斯伯纳之间，正在上演一项军事壮举，在有能力的军人看来，这项壮举足以与有史以来伟大的军事成就相媲美。
In speaking of it subsequently Sir Ian Hamilton made use of the following terms:
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士随后在谈到这一点时使用了以下术语：
"So strong, in fact, were the defenses of Beach W that the Turks may well have considered them impregnable, and it is my firm conviction that no finer feat of arms has ever been achieved by the British soldier--or any other soldier--than the storming of these trenches from open boats on the morning of April 25."
“事实上，西海滩的防御是如此坚固，以至于土耳其人很可能认为它们是坚不可摧的，我坚信，英国士兵——或任何其他士兵——所取得的军事壮举，没有比 4 月 25 日早上从敞篷船上猛攻这些战壕更出色的了。”
At Beach W the Turks, fully foreseeing a landing, had prepared as at no other point.
在西海滩，土耳其人完全预见到了登陆，他们做好了前所未有的准备。
The beach is in a wide bay and leads into a gully flanked on one side by the hills extending to Cape Tekke and, on the other side by the steep cliffs extending to Cape Hellas.
海滩位于一个宽阔的海湾中，通向一条沟壑，一侧是延伸至特克角的山丘，另一侧是延伸至海拉斯角的陡峭悬崖。
Every inch of the ground had been prepared against attack.
每一寸土地都做好了抵御攻击的准备。
Sea and land mines had been profusely laid, wire entanglements had been placed along the shore and stretching out into the water.
海雷和地雷被大量布设，铁丝网沿着海岸布下，一直延伸到水中。
Deep trenches had been dug on the heights and on the sides of the slopes while strong redoubts had been built at two dominating positions.
在高地和斜坡两侧挖了深壕，同时在两个主要位置建造了坚固的堡垒。
Every bush and cover contained a sniper while larger covers concealed machine guns trained to sweep the beach and the slopes leading to the Turkish trenches.
每个灌木丛和掩体都藏有一名狙击手，而较大的掩体则隐藏着机枪，用于扫荡海滩和通往土耳其战壕的斜坡。
As a defensive position Beach W was almost ideal.
作为防守位置，W Beach 几乎是理想的。
It had two weak points, however, which in the end turned the scales and made success possible for the attacking force.
然而，它有两个弱点，最终扭转了局面，使进攻部队取得了成功。
At either end of the bay were small rock positions from which it was possible to enfilade the elaborate system of defenses.
海湾的两端都有一些小岩石阵地，从这些阵地可以包围复杂的防御系统。
The landing party at Beach W consisted of the First Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers, under command of Major Bishop.
西海滩的登陆部队由兰开夏燧发枪团第一营组成，由毕夏普少校指挥。
"It was," wrote Sir Ian Hamilton, "to the complete lack of the sense of danger or of fear of this daring battalion that we owed our astonishing success." After a preliminary bombardment by the supporting warships the men of the First Battalion, in thirty-two cutters drawn by eight picket boats, approached the shore.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士写道：“正是由于我们对这支勇敢的部队完全没有危险感或恐惧感，我们才取得了惊人的成功。”经过支援战舰的初步炮击后，第一营的官兵乘坐由八艘纠察船牵引的三十二艘快艇接近海岸。
The Turks made no move until the men were in shallow water and were leaping out of the boats.
土耳其人没有采取任何行动，直到这些人进入浅水区并跳出船上。
Then they opened fire with a murderous torrent from artillery, machine guns, and rifles.
然后他们用大炮、机枪和步枪开火，杀气腾腾。
The first line of the First Battalion went down to a man.
第一营的第一线只剩下了一个人。
The second never faltered, but came on bravely into the fire, striving desperately to cut the wire entanglements.
第二个毫不犹豫，勇敢地冲进火里，拼命努力剪断缠结的铁丝。
So quickly did they fall that observers on the warships wondered why they were "resting" on the bullet swept shore instead of running to cover.
他们坠落的速度如此之快，以至于军舰上的观察者想知道为什么他们在子弹扫过的海岸上“休息”，而不是跑去掩护。
Rapidly the men from Lancashire worked.
来自兰开夏郡的人们很快就开始工作了。
Finally a remnant of the battalion forced its way through the last line of wire and ran for shelter on the bush covered slopes.
最后，该营的残部强行冲过最后一道铁丝网，跑到灌木丛生的山坡上避难。
Almost at the same moment, detachments that had landed on the rocks at Cape Tekke and under Cape Hellas began to have an important effect upon the struggle.
几乎在同一时刻，在特克角和希腊角下方登陆的分遣队开始对战斗产生重要影响。
At the latter point, the Eighty-eighth Brigade, under Brigadier General Hare, clambered up the steep side of the cliffs, searched out the machine gun positions of the enemy and swept the ground clear with the bayonet.
到了最后，第八十八旅在黑尔准将的指挥下，爬上陡峭的悬崖，寻找敌人的机枪阵地，用刺刀扫清地面。
This and the work of the force at Cape Tekke eased the Turkish fire on the beach and, on the slopes of the Cape Tekke side of the ravine, the few remaining officers of the First Battalion were able to re-form the remnants of their force and advance upon Hill 114.
这一行动以及特克角部队的工作缓解了土耳其在海滩上的火力，并且在峡谷特克角一侧的斜坡上，第一营仅存的少数军官能够重新集结其残部并向 114 号高地挺进。
About nine o'clock reenforcements were landed, this time not on the exposed beach but under Cape Tekke, the heights of which were by now largely in the hands of the British troops.
大约九点钟，增援部队登陆，这次不是在裸露的海滩上，而是在特克海角下方，此时该海角的高度大部分已掌握在英军手中。
With the help of these fresh troops, three lines of Turkish trenches were carried.
在这些生力军的帮助下，土耳其人占领了三道战壕。
Brigadier General Hare was seriously wounded and his place was filled by Colonel Wolley-Dod, who was sent ashore with orders to organize a further advance at all speed.
黑尔准将受了重伤，沃利-多德上校接替了他的位置，沃利-多德上校被派上岸，奉命组织进一步全速推进。
At this point the attacking force ran up against the Turkish redoubt at Hill 138.
此时，攻击部队已逼近位于 138 号高地的土耳其堡垒。
The afternoon opened with an intense naval bombardment of the ground around Hill 138 and of that redoubt itself.
下午，海军对 138 号高地周围的地面以及堡垒本身进行了猛烈的轰炸。
At two o'clock the Fourth Battalion of the Worcesters was ordered to take the position by assault.
两点钟，伍斯特第四营奉命突击占领阵地。
Under Lieutenant Colonel D.
D.中校手下
E.
E.
Cayley, they advanced a considerable distance under rifle fire and charged up the heights with a cheer.
凯利，他们在步枪的火力下前进了相当长的距离，并在欢呼声中向高处冲锋。
The Turks fought bravely against a stronger force, but by four o'clock Hill 138 was in the hands of the Worcesters.
土耳其人与强大的军队进行了勇敢的战斗，但到了四点钟，138 号高地就落入了伍斯特人的手中。
Less than a mile down the coast, almost to the old fort and village of Sedd-el-Bahr, was what was known as V Beach.
沿着海岸线向下不到一英里，几乎就到了古老的堡垒和 Sedd-el-Bahr 村庄，就是所谓的 V 海滩。
There a landing in great force was attempted.
试图进行大规模登陆。
Largely because of the scale of the operations, but also because of the difficulties and the accidents of warfare, this landing was made with great losses.
这次登陆不仅因为行动规模大，而且由于战争的困难和意外，造成了巨大的损失。
The beach and the shore in the immediate vicinity form a most regular amphitheatre of a radius of about 400 feet.
海滩和附近的海岸形成了一个半径约 400 英尺的最规则的圆形剧场。
The beach is about 10 yards wide and 350 to 400 feet long and it runs into a slightly concaved, grassy slope that rises gently to a height of a hundred feet.
海滩约 10 码宽，350 至 400 英尺长，延伸至一个略凹的草坡，坡度平缓地上升至 100 英尺高。
Little or no real cover was to be found on this slope and the defenders were able to sweep it from all angles with a devastating rain of all kinds of shells.
在这个斜坡上几乎没有或根本没有真正的掩护，防御者能够用各种炮弹从各个角度扫射它。
Just at the edge of the strip of sand, however, was a continuous escarpment about four feet high, which afforded a cover in which troops once ashore might be re-formed.
然而，就在这片沙滩的边缘，有一个大约四英尺高的连续悬崖，为上岸的部队提供了掩护。
As a result of the early naval bombardment of the tip of the peninsula, much of the village of Sedd-el-Bahr and the fort and the barracks had been reduced to ruins.
由于海军对半岛尖端的早期轰炸，塞德巴赫尔村的大部分地区以及堡垒和军营已成为废墟。
The ruins afforded, however, excellent cover for the Turkish troops and proved a serious obstacle to the advance of the British when they reached the shore.
然而，这些废墟为土耳其军队提供了极好的掩护，并在英国人到达海岸时成为了前进的严重障碍。
In addition to the natural disadvantages under which the attacking party had to work, the Turks had constructed two lines of barbed wire obstacles--one at the edge of the beach and the second two-thirds of the way up to the top of the ridge.
除了攻击方必须在自然劣势下工作之外，土耳其人还建造了两排铁丝网障碍物——一排位于海滩边缘，另一排位于山脊顶部的三分之二处。
These two lines of barbed wire were more stoutly constructed than were any others with which the British had to contend.
这两道铁丝网比英国人必须对抗的任何其他铁丝网都更坚固。
Just beyond the second obstacle the Turks had built their first line of trenches and beyond the ground was scored with innumerable covers for the defenders.
就在第二个障碍之外，土耳其人已经筑起了他们的第一道战壕，在地面之外为防守者提供了无数的掩护。
The force assigned to the attack upon V Beach was composed of the Dublin Fusiliers, the Munster Fusiliers, half a battalion of the Hampshire Regiment, the West Riding Field Company and a few minor units.
负责攻击 V 海滩的部队由都柏林燧发枪团、明斯特燧发枪团、汉普郡团的半个营、西骑野战连和一些小部队组成。
The action opened with a short range bombardment of the enemy's trenches and such parts of the fort, the village and the barracks as were still standing and believed to be affording cover for riflemen and machine-gun batteries.
行动以对敌军战壕和堡垒、村庄和军营的短程轰炸开始，这些部分仍然矗立着，据信可以为步枪手和机枪连提供掩护。
Then three companies of the Dublin Fusiliers were towed ashore.
随后，都柏林燧发枪团的三个连被拖上岸。
At this point one of the great experiments of the Gallipoli landings was put to the test, and, despite the cleverness of its conception, it did not meet with great success.
此时，加里波利登陆的一项伟大实验受到了考验，尽管其构思巧妙，但并没有取得巨大成功。
A large transport vessel, the _River Clyde_, had been loaded with about 2,000 troops.
一艘名为克莱德河号的大型运输船载有大约 2,000 名士兵。
She had been reconstructed inside and great doors had been cut in one of her sides.
她的内部已被重建，一侧的大门被切开。
The troops were ready on long platforms for instant disembarkation.
部队在长平台上做好了立即登陆的准备。
The ships were to be run ashore, as close as possible to the beach, lighters were to be floated in between her and the shore, the side doors were to be flung open, and the troops were to rush ashore and carry the slopes by sheer momentum.
船只要靠岸，尽可能靠近海滩，驳船要漂浮在她和海岸之间，侧门要打开，部队要冲上岸，靠纯粹的冲力冲上斜坡。
In the front of the vessel, protected by sandbags, was a battery of machine guns which, it was hoped, would be especially effective in protecting the landing force from counterattacks.
在船的前面，有一个由沙袋保护的机枪连，人们希望它能特别有效地保护登陆部队免受反击。
As at the other landings, the Turks gave no sign of life until the collier had been beached and the other landing force had almost reached the shore in its tows.
与其他登陆一样，直到煤船搁浅并且另一支登陆部队几乎被拖到岸边之前，土耳其人没有出现任何生命迹象。
Indeed, so long did they hesitate in opening fire that at one time the watchers on the warships thought the landing was going to be unopposed.
事实上，他们在开火方面犹豫了太久，以至于军舰上的观察者一度认为登陆不会受到阻碍。
They were soon disabused of such an idea, however, as the first of the towboats grounded on the sandy beach, the Turks opened fire from a dozen different positions.
然而，当第一艘拖船搁浅在沙滩上时，土耳其人从十几个不同的位置开火。
Many of the Dublin Fusiliers were killed before they were able to get out of their boats.
许多都柏林燧发枪手还没能下船就被杀了。
A few scrambled ashore and reached the shelter of the escarpment that rimmed the beach.
一些人爬上岸，到达海滩边缘的悬崖避难所。
The Turks concentrated their fire on the boats and their crews.
土耳其人将火力集中在船只及其船员身上。
None of them were able to get away, and almost instantly their crews were killed and the boats wrecked.
他们没有人能够逃脱，几乎立刻他们的船员就被杀了，船只也被毁坏了。
Meantime the _River Clyde_, had been run ashore.
与此同时，克莱德河已被冲上岸。
Unfortunately, the operation was not carried out as expeditiously as it was hoped it would be, and the Turks soon became aware of the intentions of the British.
不幸的是，行动并没有像希望的那样迅速进行，土耳其人很快就意识到了英国人的意图。
They poured a punishing fire on the naval party attempting to get the lighters into position between the ship and the shore.
他们向试图将打火机放到船和岸边之间的海军队伍猛烈射击。
The heavy tide that at this point sweeps around the point of land also seriously interfered with the work.
此时席卷陆地的大潮也严重干扰了工作。
Finally however, by deeds of heroism that received subsequent official acknowledgment, the lighters were got into position and the doors of the _River Clyde_ flung open.
然而，最终，通过随后得到官方承认的英雄主义行为，打火机就位，克莱德河号的大门猛地打开。
At a trot a company of the Munster Fusiliers led the way.
明斯特燧发枪团的一个连在小跑中走在前面。
It was almost impossible to live for even a short time in the fire that the Turks concentrated upon the lighters, and hardly a man reached the shore.
在土耳其人集中火力打火机的大火中，几乎无法生存，即使是很短的时间，几乎没有人到达岸边。
Nothing daunted, a second company of the same battalion followed.
没有什么可畏惧的，同营的第二个连紧随其后。
As they dropped in scores the lighters began to drift and dozens of the men, in attempting to swim ashore in their heavy kits, were drowned.
当他们成群结队地落下时，打火机开始漂流，数十名男子在试图带着沉重的装备游上岸时被淹死。
Despite the storm of fire, volunteers once more swung the lighters into position.
尽管火势猛烈，志愿者们还是再次将打火机旋转到位。
The third company of the Munsters were ordered to attempt to reach the beach.
蒙斯特第三连奉命尝试到达海滩。
By this time the Turks had been able to concentrate shrapnel fire on the _River Clyde_ and her human freight, and the third company suffered even more casualties than had the first two.
此时，土耳其人已经能够将弹片集中攻击克莱德河号及其载人的货物，而第三连的伤亡比前两个连还要多。
There is a limit to human sacrifice, and Brigadier General Napier, in command of the troops, called a halt in the attempt to land.
活人牺牲是有限度的，指挥部队的纳皮尔准将下令停止登陆尝试。
A little later, it was resumed, with General Napier and Captain Costeker and a detachment of the Hampshire Regiment heroically leading the way.
不久之后，比赛又恢复了，纳皮尔将军、科斯特克上尉以及汉普郡军团的一支分遣队英勇地带路。
When they had reached the lighters the moorings again gave way and they drifted into deep water.
当他们到达驳船时，系泊装置再次松动，他们漂入深水中。
In the torrent of bullets that was being poured down upon them by the Turks it was impossible to do anything but lie flat on the exposed decks and wait for the lighters to be swung into position again.
在土耳其人向他们倾泻的子弹洪流中，他们无能为力，只能平躺在裸露的甲板上，等待打火机再次摆到位。
Scores of them were killed, including both Brigadier General Napier and Captain Costeker.
其中数十人阵亡，其中包括纳皮尔准将和科斯特克上尉。
With this major disaster, all attempts to make further landings were abandoned for the day.
由于这场重大灾难，当天所有进一步登陆的尝试都被放弃了。
A few hundred British troops had succeeded in reaching the escarpment on the shore and there they huddled, not daring to lift their heads above the four-foot natural cover.
几百名英国士兵成功到达了海岸上的悬崖，他们挤在一起，不敢将头抬出四英尺高的天然掩护。
Fortunately for them, the machine-gun battery on the _River Clyde_ raked the slope, kept the fire of the Turkish defenders down and prevented any counterattacks, which might have ended disastrously for the British troops.
对他们来说幸运的是，克莱德河上的机枪连扫过斜坡，压制了土耳其守军的火力，阻止了任何反击，而这对英国军队来说可能是灾难性的结局。
The troops still on board the _River Clyde_, numbering about 1,000 were effectively protected from the fire of the Turks, suffering few casualties, although shrapnel tore four great holes in the side of the collier.
仍在克莱德河号上的部队约有 1,000 人，得到了有效保护，免受土耳其人的炮火袭击，伤亡很少，尽管弹片在煤船侧面撕开了四个大洞。
Matters had not gone any better at other sections of the beach.
海滩其他区域的情况也没有好转。
Half a company of the Dublins landed east of Sedd-el-Bahr for the purpose of flanking the Turkish defenses, failed to accomplish its purpose and lost all except twenty-five of its men.
都柏林人的半个连在塞德巴赫尔以东登陆，目的是从侧翼包抄土耳其的防御工事，但未能实现其目的，除了二十五人外，全部阵亡。
In the afternoon the landing at V Beach was definitely accepted as a failure and plans made for the diversion of the troops not yet landed to one of the other beaches.
下午，V海滩的登陆被肯定地视为失败，并制定了将尚未登陆的部队转移到其他海滩之一的计划。
It was first thought that Y Beach would be the best point, but it was decided that it would be too late to effect the issue there and the troops were finally diverted to W Beach, where, despite the heavy cost, the Lancashire landing had led to some real results.
最初认为Y海滩是最佳地点，但后来认为在那里解决问题为时已晚，部队最终被转移到W海滩，尽管付出了惨重的代价，兰开夏郡的登陆还是取得了一些实际成果。
As nightfall approached there was a momentary thrill of hopefulness among those who remained on V Beach because of the fact that some of the Worcestershire and Lancashire Fusiliers succeeded in working their way across country from W Beach and threatened to make untenable the Turkish positions.
夜幕降临时，留在 V 海滩的人们心中瞬间充满了希望，因为一些伍斯特郡和兰开夏燧发枪团成功地从 W 海滩穿越整个国家，并威胁到土耳其的阵地。
The few hundred men on V Beach and the thousand or more cooped up in the _River Clyde_ could hear the fight coming closer and closer and, cheered by their officers, their spirits rose.
V海滩上的几百人和被关在克莱德河里的几千人可以听到战斗越来越近，在军官们的欢呼下，他们的士气大振起来。
But the men from W Beach were stopped finally by the frequent lines of barbed-wire obstructions that had been stretched by the Turk at right angles to the shore, between the two beaches, in preparation for just such an eventuality as this.
但来自 W 海滩的人们最终被土耳其人在两个海滩之间与海岸成直角延伸的频繁的带刺铁丝网障碍物拦住了，这是为应对这种不测事件做准备的。
Night came, but with it not much relief from the constant vigilance of the Turks.
夜幕降临了，但土耳其人的警惕并没有因此减轻多少。
There was in the perfect sky not a cloud to screen the moon's rays.
完美的天空没有一丝云彩遮挡月亮的光芒。
A successful attempt was made, however, to land the infantry from the _River Clyde_, and subsequently the force then ashore, numbering close upon 1,500 men, tried to clear the ruins of the fort and the outskirts of the village.
然而，步兵成功地从克莱德河登陆，随后登陆的部队（人数接近 1,500 人）试图清理堡垒废墟和村庄的郊区。
All these efforts were in vain, however, and finally the troops returned to the protection of the escarpment along the shore.
然而，所有这些努力都是徒劳的，最终部队返回保护沿岸的悬崖。
From there the task of removing the wounded to the protection of the _River Clyde_ was proceeded with under a heavy fire.
从那里，转移伤员到保护克莱德河的任务是在猛烈的火力下进行的。
In comparison with the sanguinary affairs at the four other beaches, the landing at S Beach was a minor affair, costing only about fifty casualties.
与其他四个海滩的血腥事件相比，S海滩的登陆是一件小事，仅造成五十人左右的伤亡。
This beach was located at the extreme eastern end of Morto Bay, close by Eski Hissarlik Point, and the work was delegated to the Second South Wales Borderers under Lieutenant Colonel Casson.
该海滩位于莫尔托湾的最东端，靠近埃斯基希沙里克角，这项工作被委托给卡森中校领导的第二南威尔士边防部队。
The chief difficulty of this landing was found in the powerful current which delayed it for several hours beyond the appointed time.
这次登陆的主要困难是强大的洋流使登陆比预定时间推迟了几个小时。
However, the men were finally got ashore and easily drove out the small Turkish force that had been posted in the neighborhood.
然而，这些人最终还是上岸了，轻松地赶走了驻扎在附近的小股土耳其军队。
CHAPTER LXXIV
第六十四章
FURTHER EFFORTS AT LANDING--FAILURE TO TAKE KRITHIA
进一步努力着陆——未能占领克利西亚
Meanwhile the French were carrying on a disastrous operation at Kum Kale, on the Asiatic shore, directly south of S Beach.
与此同时，法国人在亚洲海岸、南海滩正南的库姆卡莱（Kum Kale）进行了一场灾难性的行动。
About 2,800 men had been landed after a preliminary bombardment by the French fleet.
法国舰队初步轰炸后，约有 2,800 人登陆。
Before they reembarked next morning they had lost more than a quarter of their effectives.
在第二天早上他们重新登船之前，他们已经损失了超过四分之一的有效兵力。
After landing they stormed the ruined castle of Kum Kale and then drove inland with the object of clearing the village of Yeni Shehr.
着陆后，他们袭击了库姆卡莱（Kum Kale）的废墟城堡，然后向内陆行驶，目的是清理耶尼谢尔（Yeni Shehr）村。
The Turks were in force, however, at that point and held the French midway between Kum Kale and Yeni Shehr.
然而，土耳其人当时已经出动了力量，将法国人控制在库姆卡莱和耶尼谢尔之间。
Finally it became apparent that further advance was impossible without reenforcements and the French intrenched for the night.
最后，情况变得很明显，如果没有增援，进一步的推进是不可能的，法军在夜间筑垒。
All through the darkness the Turks launched a counterattack upon the landing force and morning found the French preparing to reembark.
整个黑暗中，土耳其人对登陆部队发动了反击，早上发现法军正准备重新登船。
Under the guns of the French warships this was accomplished without any great further loss.
在法国军舰的炮火下，这一任务得以完成，没有造成任何进一步的重大损失。
Thus of the seven landings that had been attempted by the allied forces two, that at Kum Kale and that at Y Beach, had been definitely abandoned.
因此，在盟军尝试的七次登陆中，有两次（库姆卡莱登陆和 Y 海滩登陆）肯定被放弃了。
Of the remaining five only two had been successful in linking up--that at Beach X and that at Beach W.
剩下的五个中，只有两个成功连接起来——X海滩的一个和W海滩的一个。
Farther up the Gulf of Saros, near the lines known by the name of Bulair, a force of the Royal Naval Reserve made a demonstration but did not effect a landing.
在沙罗斯湾更远的地方，靠近名为布莱尔的线，皇家海军预备队的一支部队进行了示威，但没有实施登陆。
The Australians and the New Zealanders on the cliffs above Gaba Tepe were fighting desperately against the constant Turkish counterattacks, but, assisted by the fleet under Admiral Thursby, successfully resisted all attempts to drive them into the sea.
加巴泰佩上方悬崖上的澳大利亚人和新西兰人正在与土耳其人的不断反击进行殊死搏斗，但在瑟斯比海军上将率领的舰队的协助下，成功地抵抗了所有将他们赶入大海的企图。
Already the little cove in which the landing had been made had been christened "Anzac Cove," "Anzac," of course, was formed by taking the first letters of the official designation of the colonial forces--Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
登陆的那个小海湾已经被命名为“安扎克湾”，当然，“安扎克”是由殖民军队——澳大利亚和新西兰军团——的官方名称的第一个字母组成的。
The spirits of the men were high, despite the awful experience they had gone through, and they frequently exchanged cheery messages with the gunners of the warships who were pounding away at the Turkish positions, although not accomplishing any great damage in their blind firing.
尽管经历了可怕的经历，士兵们的精神依然高昂，他们经常与正在猛烈攻击土耳其阵地的军舰炮手交换愉快的信息，尽管他们的盲目射击并没有造成任何重大损失。
It had been intended to organize an immediate resumption of the advance from Anzac Cove with daybreak of April 26.
它的目的是在 4 月 26 日黎明时立即恢复从安扎克湾的推进。
But the Turks were constantly bringing up reenforcements.
但土耳其人不断增援。
Watchers on the warships could see them creeping over the crest of Sari Bair and although the naval guns were turned on them, their loss was comparatively small because of their open formation and their cleverness in making use of every bit of cover.
战舰上的观察者可以看到他们爬过萨里拜尔的山顶，虽然舰炮开到了他们身上，但由于他们的阵型开放，并且巧妙地利用了每一点掩护，他们的损失相对较小。
During the early morning the Anzacs had hauled heavy field guns up the face of the steep cliffs and had, in many other ways, strengthened their positions.
清晨，澳新军团把重型野战炮拖上陡峭的悬崖，并通过许多其他方式加固了他们的阵地。
This was all the more necessary as it became apparent that the Turks were massing for a great attack shortly after nine o'clock.
当九点过后不久，土耳其人显然正在集结准备发动大规模进攻时，这一点就显得更加必要了。
About noon the battle reached its height.
中午时分，战斗进入白热化阶段。
The Turks attacked bravely and although they suffered great losses, never wavered.
土耳其人进攻勇敢，虽然损失惨重，但从未动摇。
Despite their efforts, however, the Anzacs held fast.
然而，尽管他们付出了努力，澳新军团还是坚持了下来。
By this time reenforcements were beginning to arrive and a more permanent character was given to the trenches.
此时，增援部队开始抵达，战壕也变得更加永久。
An attempt was made to organize for an advance as headquarters were constantly impressing upon the individual commands the necessity of making good as much ground as possible before the Turks were able to bring into action their undoubted superiority in forces.
由于总部不断地向各个司令部强调，必须在土耳其人能够将其毫无疑问的兵力优势付诸行动之前，尽可能多地取得进展，因此试图组织进攻。
The constant attacks of the Turks, however, made any real attempt at advance impossible, although a little ground was gained on the 26th by counterattacks.
然而，土耳其人的持续进攻使得任何真正的进攻尝试都变得不可能，尽管26日的反击取得了一点进展。
It soon became apparent, too, that, although the operation at Anzac Cove was part and parcel of the general attack, it had, through its inability to make progress, become a separate affair and had been so conducted for the rest of the campaign--or at least until a much greater advance had been made in all quarters.
人们很快也发现，虽然安扎克湾的行动是总攻的重要组成部分，但由于无法取得进展，它已成为一个单独的事件，并且在整个战役的剩余时间里一直如此进行——或者至少直到所有方面都取得了更大的进展为止。
At the tip of the peninsula the chief events of the second day of the landing, April 26, 1915, occurred at V Beach, where the _River Clyde_ had been run ashore.
在半岛的顶端，1915 年 4 月 26 日登陆第二天的主要事件发生在 V 海滩，克莱德河就是在那里被冲上岸的。
About 1,500 men were left, composed of the survivors of the Dublins and the Munsters and two companies of the Hampshires, under cover of the escarpment on the beach.
大约 1,500 人被留在海滩悬崖的掩护下，其中包括都柏林和明斯特的幸存者以及汉普郡的两个连。
There Colonel Doughty-Wylie and Captain Walford rallied them on the morning of the 26th and covered by a heavy bombardment by the warships set out to clear the village.
26 日早上，道蒂·威利上校和沃尔福德上尉在那里集结了他们，并受到前往清理村庄的军舰的猛烈轰炸。
Desperate hand-to-hand fighting followed and the casualties were appalling.
随后发生了惨烈的肉搏战，伤亡惨重。
Most of the houses contained squads of riflemen and the more important machine guns.
大多数房屋里都有步枪兵小队和更重要的机枪。
Each had to be carried separately.
每个都必须单独携带。
By noon, however, the town had been cleared.
然而，到了中午，小镇已经被清理干净。
Captain Walford had fallen, bravely leading his troops in a way that earned him the Victoria Cross.
沃尔福德上尉英勇地带领他的部队阵亡，为他赢得了维多利亚十字勋章。
Colonel Doughty-Wylie called a halt and collected the survivors of the attack.
道蒂-怀利上校叫停并收集了袭击的幸存者。
Under cover of some empty houses he rallied them, re-formed them as best he could, called upon them for one last effort and walked out into the open at the head of his troops for the assault upon the old Castle, and Hill 141.
在一些空房子的掩护下，他集结了他们，尽其所能地重组了他们，号召他们做出最后的努力，然后率领部队走到空旷的地方，进攻旧城堡和 141 号高地。
Carrying a light cane, the figure of Colonel Doughty-Wylie was a conspicuous one.
道蒂·威利上校拄着一根轻便的手杖，他的身影十分显眼。
Yet he survived almost to the end and to victory.
然而他几乎活到了最后并取得了胜利。
He reached the slope leading up to Hill 141, urging his men forward.
他到达了通往 141 号山的斜坡，催促他的人前进。
He was in the lead when a bullet killed him instantly.
当他处于领先位置时，一颗子弹立即杀死了他。
Fired by his splendid example which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross, the Dublins, Munsters, and Hampshires swept on and carried the summit.
都柏林家族、明斯特家族和汉普郡家族在他的光辉榜样的激励下，赢得了维多利亚十字勋章，一路高歌猛进，登上了顶峰。
By two o'clock the commanding position was in the hands of the British.
到两点时，指挥位置已落入英国人手中。
At the same time the Lancashire Landing force had linked up with the landing at V Beach.
与此同时，兰开夏郡登陆部队已与 V 海滩登陆会合。
Also, the French Expeditionary force, after its hard experience at Kum Kale, was successfully landed at V Beach.
此外，法国远征军在经历了库姆卡莱的艰辛之后，成功登陆了V海滩。
Additional troops were landed at S Beach to prevent the South Wales Borderers being wiped out in their isolation.
额外的部队在南海滩登陆，以防止南威尔士边境人在孤立的情况下被消灭。
On the morning of April 27, 1915, Sir Ian Hamilton looked over the positions.
1915 年 4 月 27 日上午，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士视察了阵地。
He found that, although he had several beaches securely in his grasp, he lacked room in which to maneuver.
他发现，尽管他牢牢掌握了几个海滩，但他缺乏回旋余地。
Also his force was beginning to suffer from lack of water.
他的部队也开始遭受缺水之苦。
Accordingly he decided that an immediate advance was necessary.
因此，他决定有必要立即提前付款。
Sir Ian Hamilton set his men the task of clearing the comparatively low ground at the tip of the peninsula--a distance of about two miles from the extreme southwestern point of the land.
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士给他的部下布置了一项任务，清理半岛顶端相对较低的地面——距离陆地最西南端约两英里。
He drew a straight line from the position held by the South Wales Borderers near the ruined De Tott's Battery to Y Beach.
他从德托特炮台废墟附近南威尔士边防军的阵地到 Y 海滩画了一条直线。
After some hard fighting this was accomplished with the exception of the extreme left wing, which got only as far as Y 2 Beach, where the Turks were in force.
经过一番艰苦的战斗后，除了极左翼之外，这一切都完成了，他们只到达了土耳其人驻扎的 Y 2 海滩。
On the following day, April 27th, despite the fact that his forces were almost exhausted, Sir Ian Hamilton called upon them for a supreme effort.
第二天，即 4 月 27 日，尽管伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士的部队已几乎耗尽，但他仍呼吁他们尽最大努力。
He intended, he said, to capture the Village of Krithia and, from that point, carry Achi Baba, the first main objective in the campaign to open the Narrows.
他说，他打算占领克里西亚村，并从那时起占领阿奇巴巴，这是打开海峡战役的第一个主要目标。
The advance was ordered for eight o'clock in the morning.
提前预定的时间是早上八点。
The Twenty-ninth Division, under Major General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston, was to move on Krithia, the French force was to move along the right flank of the Twenty-ninth to the Kereves Dere, which ran from the base of Achi Baba, and there await the capture of Krithia and the assault upon the main height.
艾尔默·亨特-韦斯顿少将率领的第二十九师将向克里西亚进军，法军则沿着第二十九师的右翼向从阿奇巴巴基地延伸的凯雷维斯德雷进发，在那里等待攻克克里西亚并攻击主要高地。
The leading units of the Twenty-ninth Division advanced almost without opposition for a couple of miles, but was then heavily attacked by the enemy.
第二十九师的先头部队几乎毫无抵抗地前进了几英里，但随后遭到敌人的猛烈攻击。
Despite all further attempts the British troops were able to make no further advance at this point and intrenched for the night.
尽管进行了所有进一步的尝试，英军仍无法进一步推进，并在夜间筑垒。
A little to the right, other units eventually got within three-quarters of a mile of Krithia, but finally were compelled to fall back in line with the force on its left.
稍微靠右一点的地方，其他部队最终进入了克里西亚四分之三英里以内，但最终被迫与左侧部队保持一致。
Still farther to the right the Eighty-eighth Brigade had been brought to a halt and found itself running short of ammunition.
更靠右的地方，第八十八旅已经停了下来，发现自己的弹药不足了。
The Eighty-sixth Brigade, which had been held in reserve, came into action shortly after one o'clock in the afternoon.
原本处于预备队的第八十六旅，下午一点后不久就投入了行动。
It was ordered to move through the Eighty-eighth Brigade and carry Krithia.
它被命令穿过第八十八旅并运载克里西亚。
A few units got within sight of Krithia, but the main body of the Eighty-sixth Brigade was unable to force a way beyond the line reached by the Eighty-eighth.
一些部队进入了克里西亚的视线范围，但第八十六旅的主力无法突破第八十八旅的防线。
The French, meanwhile, were having an equally hard time.
与此同时，法国人也面临同样的困难。
At one time they were within a mile of Krithia, but ultimately they, in company with the whole allied line, had to give way before strong Turkish counterattacks.
他们一度距克里西亚不到一英里，但最终他们与整个盟军防线一起，在土耳其的猛烈反击面前不得不屈服。
Masses of Turkish troops advanced against the British center and right and against the whole line of the French and drove them back with the bayonet.
大批土耳其军队向英军中路、右翼以及法军全线进攻，并用刺刀将他们击退。
An almost successful attempt was made to pierce the allied line at the point where the French linked up with the British.
在法军与英军交汇处突破盟军防线的尝试几乎成功。
The French gave way and uncovered the right flank of the Eighty-eighth Brigade.
法军屈服并暴露了第八十八旅的右翼。
The Fourth Worcesters suffered cruelly and had it not been for the reenforcements of the Eighty-sixth Brigade a serious situation might have ensued.
伍斯特第四师遭受了残酷的打击，如果没有第八十六旅的增援，情况可能会很严重。
In speaking of this critical moment Sir Ian Hamilton subsequently wrote:
伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士在谈到这一关键时刻时写道：
"The men were exhausted and the few guns landed at the time were unable to afford them adequate artillery support.
“士兵们已经筋疲力尽，当时登陆的几门炮无法为他们提供足够的炮火支援。
The small amount of transports available did not suffice to maintain the supply of munitions, and cartridges were running short despite all efforts to push them up from the landing places."
可用的运输量很少，不足以维持弹药的供应，尽管尽一切努力将弹药从着陆点推上来，但弹药仍然短缺。”
The situation was now becoming serious and it became apparent that Krithia could not be carried.
现在情况变得越来越严重，显然无法携带克利西亚。
Accordingly, the allied forces were ordered to dig in as rapidly as possible and hold their ground at all costs.
因此，盟军被命令尽快深入阵地，不惜一切代价坚守阵地。
Thus ended the Battle of the Landings, extending over three days.
持续三天的登陆战役就此结束。
The results obtained fell far short of expectations.
得到的结果与预期相差甚远。
Krithia and Achi Baba had not been carried, the Australians and New Zealanders had been unable to advance along the road to Maidos and, indeed, were hanging on to a thin strip of shore by their very teeth.
克里西亚和阿奇·巴巴没有被运走，澳大利亚人和新西兰人也无法沿着通往迈多斯的道路前进，事实上，他们只能咬紧牙关，紧紧抓住一条细长的海岸。
It became more apparent with each new attempt that the difficulties before the attackers in the Gallipoli Peninsula were far beyond anything that had been conceived.
随着每一次新的尝试，加里波利半岛袭击者所面临的困难远远超出了他们的想象。
In speaking of his failure to reach Krithia, Sir Ian Hamilton said:
在谈到未能到达克里西亚时，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士说道：
"Had it been possible to push in reenforcements in men, artillery and munitions during the day, April 27, Krithia should have fallen, and much subsequent fighting for its capture would have been avoided.
“如果能够在 4 月 27 日白天派遣增援部队、火炮和弹药，克里西亚就应该陷落，并且可以避免随后的许多夺取它的战斗。
"Two days later this would have been feasible, but I had to reckon with the certainty that the enemy would, in that same time, have received proportionately greater support.
“两天后，这本来是可行的，但我必须考虑到敌人将在同一时间内获得相应更大的支持。
I was faced by the usual choice of evils, and although the result was not what I had hoped, I have no reason to believe that hesitation and delay would better have answered my purpose."
我面临着通常的邪恶选择，虽然结果不是我所希望的，但我没有理由相信犹豫和拖延会更好地实现我的目的。”
CHAPTER LXXV
第七十五章
KRITHIA AGAIN ATTACKED--HEROIC WORK OF "ANZACS"
克瑞西亚再次受袭——“澳新军团”的英雄事迹
On April 28, 1915, Sir Ian Hamilton decided to send reenforcements in force to Anzac Cove.
1915 年 4 月 28 日，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士决定向安扎克湾派遣增援部队。
Despite the constant landing of fresh troops there the Australians and New Zealanders, because of their heavy losses and the increasing pressure of the Turkish attacks, had been almost continually in the firing line.
尽管不断有新的部队在那里登陆，但澳大利亚人和新西兰人由于损失惨重，而且土耳其进攻的压力越来越大，几乎一直处于前线。
They had been able to enjoy little or no rest or sleep, and things began to look serious.
他们几乎无法享受休息或睡眠，事情开始变得严重起来。
Accordingly four battalions of the Royal Naval Division were sent to General Birdwood.
因此，皇家海军师的四个营被派往伯德伍德将军那里。
On the following day two more naval battalions were landed and as well a company of the Motor Maxim Section.
第二天，又有两个海军营以及摩托马克西姆分队的一个连登陆。
These fresh units moved into the Anzac trenches and held them against renewed Turkish attacks.
这些新部队进入安扎克战壕，抵御土耳其的新一轮进攻。
Meanwhile the Australian and New Zealand battalions were being reorganized behind the line and after three and a half days' rest took their places again in the front-line trenches.
与此同时，澳大利亚和新西兰营正在后方进行重组，经过三天半的休息后，再次在前线战壕中就位。
From the evening of the 27th of April until May 1 there was comparative quiet on what might be called the Krithia front, at the tip of the peninsula.
从 4 月 27 日晚到 5 月 1 日，位于半岛顶端的克里西亚锋面相对安静。
Fresh forces were landed by the French and the English, the latter bringing into line the Twenty-ninth Indian Infantry Brigade.
法国人和英国人登陆了新的部队，后者调动了印度第二十九步兵旅。
Heavy artillery was brought ashore and moved up to positions inland, and the whole organization of the allied force was re-formed and strengthened.
重炮被运上岸并转移到内陆阵地，联军的整个组织得到了重组和加强。
At 10 p.
晚上 10 点。
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米。
on the evening of May 1 opened what is known as the first battle of Krithia.
5月1日晚，所谓的第一次克里西亚战役拉开了帷幕。
It was elaborately organized by the German staff of the Turkish forces and took the allied troops by surprise.
这是土耳其军队的德国参谋人员精心组织的，令盟军措手不及。
Indeed, the first line of the attacking force, creeping up on its hands and knees, got into the trenches of the Eighty-sixth Brigade and bayoneting most of the defenders opened up what Sir Ian Hamilton subsequently described as "an ugly gap." Thanks to the fine conduct of some territorial units, however, the Turks were not able to press home this temporary advantage and the hole was soon closed.
事实上，进攻部队的第一线，手脚并用地爬进了第八十六旅的战壕，用刺刀刺杀了大多数防守者，打开了伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士后来所说的“一个丑陋的缺口”。然而，由于一些领土单位的出色表现，土耳其人未能巩固这一暂时的优势，漏洞很快就被堵住了。
Along the rest of the British front the attack of the Turks was not serious.
在英国前线的其他地区，土耳其人的攻击并不严重。
Instead they concentrated on the left of the French line, held by a Senegalese brigade.
相反，他们集中在法军战线的左侧，由塞内加尔的一个旅控制。
After several attacks the African troops began to give way.
经过几次袭击后，非洲军队开始屈服。
Realizing the seriousness of the situation, the two companies of the Worcesters moved across from the British right and saved the day.
意识到事态的严重性后，伍斯特的两个连从英军右翼穿过，挽救了局面。
Some hours later, the extreme French right was hard pressed, and it was necessary to bring up a battalion of the Royal Naval Division from the reserves to strengthen it.
几个小时后，法国极右翼势力陷入困境，需要从预备役中抽调皇家海军师的一个营来加强。
The following morning, the allied troops moved out of their trenches in a counterattack.
第二天早上，盟军从战壕中发起反击。
It at first met with great success.
起初它取得了巨大的成功。
As Sir Ian Hamilton wrote in his dispatch to London: "Had it not been for those inventions of the devil--machine guns and barbed wire--which suit the Turkish character and tactics to perfection, we should not have stopped short of the crest of Achi Baba."
正如伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士在发往伦敦的电报中写道：“如果不是魔鬼的发明——机枪和铁丝网——完美地适应了土耳其的性格和战术，我们就不应该在阿奇巴巴的顶峰前停下来。”
By 7.30 in the morning the British left had advanced more than 500 yards, while the center and the right and the French left had also registered promising advances.
到早上 7.30 时，英国左翼已经前进了 500 多码，而中右翼以及法国左翼也取得了有希望的进展。
The rest of the French line, however, was held up by strong Turkish forces posted along the Kereves Dere and the more advanced sections of the British left came under heavy cross-fire.
然而，法军防线的其余部分被驻扎在凯里维斯河沿岸的强大土耳其军队所阻挡，而英军左翼更先进的部分则遭到了猛烈的交火。
In the end it was necessary to relinquish all the ground gained and to retire to the original trenches.
最后，必须放弃所有取得的阵地，退回原来的战壕。
Although the Turks made night attacks against the French line on May 2 and 3, 1915, and in the end inflicted such heavy losses that it was necessary to shorten the line held by General d'Amade's troops, it was not until May 6, 1915, that heavy fighting occurred again along the whole line.
尽管土耳其人于1915年5月2日至3日对法军防线进行了夜袭，并最终造成重大损失，以至于不得不缩短达马德将军部队的防线，但直到1915年5月6日，全线再次发生激烈战斗。
On May 5 the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade of the East Lancashire Territorial Division, which had been training in Egypt, arrived and was placed in reserve, behind the British left.
5月5日，一直在埃及训练的东兰开夏郡本土师的兰开夏燧发枪旅抵达并在英军左翼后方作为预备队。
At this time it was calculated that the British total losses, killed, wounded and missing since the initial operations of the landing, had been just short of 14,000 men.
据计算，自登陆初期以来，英军总损失、伤亡和失踪人数已接近 14,000 人。
This of course did not include the sick who must have numbered 10,000 or the French losses, which were not revealed.
这当然不包括人数一定有10,000人的病人，也不包括法国人的损失，这些都没有透露。
These were heavy and serious and more than counterbalanced the reenforcements that had arrived.
这些都是沉重而严重的，远远抵消了已经到来的增援部队。
Sir Ian Hamilton decided to make a fresh attempt against Krithia and Achi Baba on May 6, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 6 日，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士决定再次尝试对抗克里西亚和阿奇·巴巴。
This battle was important because it marked the turning point in the character of the campaign carried on by the allied troops in Gallipoli.
这场战斗很重要，因为它标志着盟军在加里波利战役性质的转折点。
Although an advance was registered none of the main positions of the Ottoman troops were carried or even reached, and it became apparent that the task of reducing the Dardanelles was not one likely to be solved by rush frontal attacks.
尽管取得了进展，但奥斯曼军队的主要阵地都没有被占领，甚至没有到达，而且很明显，缩小达达尼尔海峡的任务不可能通过正面进攻来解决。
Rather, as in other fields of the world war, the problem became one of siege tactics, and from the date of the end of this second battle of Krithia the operations in Gallipoli resolved themselves into variations of the methods that were being forced upon the troops of all the belligerent countries in Europe.
相反，与世界大战的其他领域一样，问题变成了攻城战术问题，从第二次克里西亚战役结束之日起，加里波利的行动就变成了欧洲所有交战国军队所采用的不同方法。
For his grand attack upon Krithia and Achi Baba, Sir Ian Hamilton brought down from Anzac Cove the Second Australian Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Brigade.
为了对克里西亚和阿奇巴巴发动大规模进攻，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士从安扎克湾击落了澳大利亚第二步兵旅和新西兰旅。
With two brigades of the Royal Naval Reserve he formed them into a reserve division.
他将皇家海军预备役的两个旅组建为预备役师。
The Twenty-ninth Division held the British line, and was ordered forward about 11 a.
第二十九师坚守英军战线，上午 11 点左右接到命令向前推进。
m.
米。
of May 6, 1915, with orders to go as far as Krithia if possible, but at all events to seize as much of the ground around that point as possible.
1915 年 5 月 6 日，命令尽可能远前往克里西亚，但无论如何要夺取该点周围尽可能多的土地。
At the same time the French corps were to attempt to wrest from the Turks the crest above the Kereves Dere.
与此同时，法国军团试图从土耳其人手中夺取凯里维斯河上方的山峰。
The advance was extremely slow.
进展极其缓慢。
At the end of two hours the Twenty-ninth Division had progressed less than three hundred yards and had not yet come into touch with any of the main Turkish positions.
两个小时后，第二十九师已经前进了不到三百码，还没有接触到土耳其的任何主要阵地。
Three hours more of desperate fighting showed many fluctuations but no more progress.
又三个多小时的拼命战斗，虽然波动很大，却没有任何进展。
Finally they were ordered to intrench where they were for the night.
最后，他们被命令在原地挖壕沟过夜。
The French had succeeded in reaching the crest aimed at, but found it by no means a comfortable position.
法国人成功地到达了目标山顶，但发现这绝不是一个舒服的位置。
They could not go forward and they dared not go back.
他们不敢前行，也不敢后退。
Yet they were subject to a raking fire that cost them hundreds of casualties.
然而，他们遭到了猛烈的大火，造成数百人伤亡。
Time and time again the Senegalese troops were sent against the Turkish trenches and machine gun positions, but each time they were beaten back with cruel losses.
塞内加尔军队一次又一次地被派去攻击土耳其的战壕和机枪阵地，但每次都被击退，损失惨重。
To make matters even worse, the French could not, in the heavy fire maintained by the Turks, intrench until after nightfall, and they had to spend hours in the exposed position.
更糟糕的是，在土耳其人的猛烈火力下，法军直到夜幕降临后才能够攻下壕沟，他们不得不在暴露的阵地上待上几个小时。
[Illustration: Embarking the stores at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli, two days before the British and French forces evacuated their positions at this part of the peninsula and removed the troops to Salonica.]
[插图：英法军队从加里波利苏夫拉湾的商店出发，两天前，英法军队撤离了半岛这一地区的阵地，并将部队撤往萨洛尼卡。]
The following morning May 7, 1915, the allied warships opened a furious bombardment of the ground around Krithia.
1915 年 5 月 7 日第二天早上，盟军战舰对克里西亚周围的地面发动了猛烈的轰炸。
Every few feet of the difficult country was searched out by the destroying lyddite of the Allies' shells, until it seemed that not a living creature could have survived.
这个困难国家的每一英尺都被盟军炮弹的毁灭性利德铁矿搜查过，直到似乎没有一个生物能够幸存。
But when the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade moved out to the attack a few minutes later it soon became apparent that the naval bombardment had by no means exterminated or demoralized the Turks.
但几分钟后，当兰开夏燧发枪旅出动进攻时，人们很快就发现，海军的轰炸并未消灭土耳其人，也没有让土耳其人士气低落。
The British troops were greeted by a perfect hurricane of fire from rifles and machine guns.
迎接英军的是步枪和机枪的完美飓风般的火力。
Hundreds of the men went down and, brave as the remainder were, they were compelled to abandon the attempt to cross the open ground that lay between the British front and Krithia.
数百人倒下，尽管其余人很勇敢，但他们被迫放弃穿越英军前线和克里西亚之间空地的尝试。
Some progress was made on the right, however, where a clump of fir trees which had been holding up the advance for some time was finally carried by the Fifth Royal Scots.
然而，右翼取得了一些进展，一丛阻碍了前进一段时间的冷杉树终于被第五皇家苏格兰人带走了。
Early in the afternoon the Turks recaptured the firs and such of the ground they had lost and shortly after four o'clock when Sir Ian Hamilton relieved the situation, the British were in the position of being absolutely "stuck." The British commander decided to make another desperate attempt, however, and called upon the French for cooperation.
下午早些时候，土耳其人重新夺回了他们失去的土地，四点过后不久，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士解除了局势，英国人处于绝对“陷入困境”的境地。然而，英国指挥官决定再次进行绝望的尝试，并呼吁法国人合作。
The whole allied line advanced to the attack just as evening was closing in but the Turks by this time had brought up some additional batteries and poured in on the French and the British a smothering fire of deadly shrapnel.
傍晚时分，整个盟军战线都发起进攻，但土耳其人此时已经调出了一些额外的炮兵部队，并向法国人和英国人倾泻了致命弹片的令人窒息的火力。
So heavy was the punishment of the French that the line literally melted away and General d'Amade was compelled to throw his last reserve into the front line.
法军受到的惩罚如此之重，以至于防线几乎被融化了，达马德将军被迫将他最后的预备队投入前线。
At nightfall the allied attack subsided.
夜幕降临时，联军的进攻平息了。
During the night, word came to Sir Ian Hamilton that heavy Turkish reenforcements were on their way and he decided to make one last attempt to carry Krithia and Achi Baba before they arrived in the morning.
夜间，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士接到消息称，土耳其的重磅增援部队即将赶来，他决定在克里西亚和阿奇·巴巴早上抵达之前进行最后一次尝试。
Accordingly, the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade which had been particularly roughly handled was withdrawn from the line, and their places taken by the New Zealand Brigade.
因此，受到特别粗暴对待的兰开夏燧发枪旅被撤出战线，由新西兰旅取代。
After another naval bombardment the New Zealanders were ordered forward shortly after 10 a.
在另一次海军轰炸之后，新西兰人于上午 10 点后不久接到命令前进。
m.
米。
of May 8, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 8 日。
By 1.30 they were two hundred yards closer to Krithia than any allied troops had been up to that time.
到 1.30 时，他们距离克里西亚的距离比当时任何盟军部队都近了 200 码。
There, however, they were heavily checked.
然而，他们在那里受到严格检查。
Other units were unable to advance, and the French sent word that they were unable to go any farther unless the British line could move.
其他部队无法前进，而法国人则发出消息称，除非英国战线能够移动，否则他们无法前进。
There was a long pause.
一阵长长的停顿。
Finally word was passed along the line that the final desperate effort was to be made--namely to carry Krithia and Achi Baba by a combined bayonet attack.
最后，消息传来，要做出最后的绝望努力——即用刺刀联合刺杀克利西亚和阿奇巴巴。
Every man in the line was ordered to fix bayonets and not to stop short of the objectives.
队伍中的每个人都被命令固定刺刀，并且在接近目标之前不得停下来。
At 5.30 in the afternoon came the order to advance, after a bombardment by the fleet.
下午 5 点 30 分，在舰队的轰炸之后，下达了前进的命令。
Almost immediately all central control was lost, and each unit was fighting desperately for itself in the hills and gullies of that difficult, almost uncharted, country.
几乎立刻所有的中央控制权都丧失了，每个部队都在这个困难的、几乎未知的国家的丘陵和沟壑中为自己拼命地战斗。
Not for many hours afterward, indeed, in some cases not for days, was it possible to piece the story together.
过了好几个小时，实际上，有时甚至好几天，我们才能够将故事拼凑起来。
The New Zealand troops got well past the Turkish machine guns without discovering them, with the consequence that their supports were mown down by a hail of fire from unexpected quarters.
新西兰军队在没有发现土耳其机枪的情况下远远超过了它们，结果他们的支援被来自意想不到的地方的冰雹般的火力摧毁。
Nevertheless, they got within a few yards of the Turkish trenches and proceeded to dig themselves in.
尽管如此，他们还是到达了距离土耳其战壕几码远的地方，并开始挖掘自己的战壕。
The Second Australian Infantry Brigade actually won about 400 yards of ground and stuck to it with a tenacity warmly praised by Sir Ian Hamilton.
澳大利亚第二步兵旅实际上赢得了约 400 码的阵地，并以被伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士热烈赞扬的坚韧坚守。
To the left the Eighty-seventh Brigade had suffered terribly from machine-gun fire while the French had been severely handled.
在左边，第八十七旅遭受了机关枪的猛烈射击，而法军则遭到了严厉的打击。
The French troops were steady enough, but the Senegalese broke in.
法国军队足够稳定，但塞内加尔人闯了进来。
At one point General d'Amade rallied the troops in person.
达马德将军一度亲自集结部队。
Nightfall came and still Krithia and Achi Baba were far away.
夜幕降临，克利西亚和阿奇巴巴仍然远在天边。
Thus ended the second battle of Krithia, the supreme attempt of the allied troops to carry the Turkish positions by a maneuver battle.
第二次克里西亚战役就此结束，这是盟军通过机动战夺取土耳其阵地的最高尝试。
Some little ground had been gained, but the losses had been all out of proportion to the advantage wrested from the brave and tenacious Ottoman troops.
虽然取得了一些进展，但损失与勇敢顽强的奥斯曼军队所夺取的优势完全不成比例。
The only consolation found in the situation by the higher commands was in the assurance that the enemy had suffered equally heavy losses, but as they were largely on the defensive this statement is open to a very large measure of doubt.
上级指挥部在这种情况下找到的唯一安慰是保证敌人遭受了同样严重的损失，但由于他们主要处于守势，这一说法存在很大的疑问。
While all this fighting was going on at the tip of the peninsula, the Anzacs, or that part of them left on the cliffs overlooking the cove, were having a hard time to maintain their positions.
当所有这些战斗都在半岛顶端进行时，安扎克人，或者说留在俯瞰海湾的悬崖上的那部分人，很难维持自己的阵地。
The Turks were aware of the withdrawal of the two brigades to assist in the second battle of Krithia, and they made a heavy demonstration to prevent the departure of any further troops.
土耳其人知道两个旅撤出以协助第二次克里西亚战役，他们进行了大规模示威，以阻止任何进一步的部队离开。
To understand how vital a matter this was one has only to read the dispatches of the period.
要了解这是一件多么重要的事情，只需阅读该时期的电报即可。
Indeed, it has often since been pointed out by military writers that, had the troops landed from first to last at Anzac Cove been available at the tip of the peninsula, Krithia and Achi Baba would undoubtedly have been carried in the early days of the fighting, thus altering the whole course of the campaign.
事实上，军事作家们经常指出，如果从头到尾在安扎克湾登陆的部队都可以在半岛的顶端，那么克里西亚和阿奇巴巴无疑会在战斗初期被携带，从而改变整个战役的进程。
This dispersal of forces would appear to have been one of the major blunders of the Dardanelles campaign.
这种兵力分散似乎是达达尼尔海峡战役的主要错误之一。
For five days, beginning May 6, 1915, the Anzacs were in almost constant action.
从 1915 年 5 月 6 日开始的五天内，澳新军团几乎一直在进行行动。
The fortunes fluctuated, gains were made by both forces, but in the end, aside from heavy losses by both, there was practically no change in the relative positions.
时运起伏，双方都有所收获，但最终除了双方都损失惨重外，相对位置几乎没有变化。
The allied troops still held a strip of land on the top of the cliffs, of a radius of about 1,100 yards.
联军仍占据悬崖顶上的一小片土地，半径约1100码。
As illustrating the intense character of the combat at this period, it was calculated that during one bombardment no less than 1,400 Turkish shells fell on this small strip of land in one hour.
据计算，在一次轰炸中，一小时内就有不少于 1,400 枚土耳其炮弹落在这一小片土地上，足以说明这一时期战斗的激烈程度。
It has been said that the task of the Anzacs at this period was to keep open this door to the vitals of the Turkish army and to hold as many of the Turks as possible, and thus relieve the pressure on the Krithia front.
据说，这个时期澳新军团的任务就是保持这扇通向土耳其军队要害的大门，并尽可能多地牵制土耳其人，从而缓解克里西亚前线的压力。
It can be said with equal force that the task of the Turks arrayed against them was to hold as many of the Anzacs on this front as possible.
可以说，土耳其人的任务是在这条战线上尽可能多地牵制澳新军团。
Judged from these angles, both Turks and Britons were successful.
从这些角度来看，土耳其人和英国人都是成功的。
In the following week both the British and the French received substantial reenforcements.
接下来的一周，英国和法国都获得了大量增援。
On May 14 General d'Amade, in command of the French forces at the Dardanelles, was relieved by General Gouraud, who, at the age of 47, was the youngest officer of his rank in the French army.
5 月 14 日，达达尼尔海峡法军司令达阿马德将军被古罗将军接替，古罗将军当时 47 岁，是法军同级别中最年轻的军官。
He had enjoyed conspicuous success in northern France, and had been nicknamed by his soldiers, the "Lion of the Argonne." It was believed that his experience in the country of the Argonne and the style of fighting that had developed there would make him especially valuable to Sir Ian Hamilton, who, of course, had had no previous experience with the new style of warfare.
他在法国北部取得了巨大的成功，并被他的士兵们戏称为“阿贡之狮”。人们相信，他在阿贡国家的经验以及在那里发展起来的战斗风格将使他对伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士特别有价值，当然，他以前没有新的战争风格的经验。
On May 18, 1915, began the second battle of Anzac.
1915年5月18日，第二次安扎克战役开始。
Elaborate preparations were made by General Liman von Sanders, the German commander in chief of the Ottoman forces.
德国奥斯曼军队总司令利曼·冯·桑德斯将军做了精心准备。
Fully 30,000 troops are said to have been gathered for the attack upon the Colonial troops.
据说已经集结了整整三万名士兵来攻击殖民军队。
The latter were fully prepared, warned of the concentration by the observers on the warships and the aerial scouts.
后者做好了充分准备，警告军舰上的观察员和空中侦察兵要集中。
About midnight of that day the attack began.
当天午夜左右，袭击开始了。
After a preliminary bombardment of the British positions, successive infantry attacks in massed formation were launched against the trenches.
对英军阵地进行初步轰炸后，步兵以集结队形连续向战壕发动攻击。
For six hours the battle waged, but the Anzacs' positions were not shaken.
战斗持续了六个小时，但澳新军团的阵地并未动摇。
In the end the ground in front of the trenches was literally covered with the dead and wounded.
最后，战壕前的地面上布满了死伤者。
An actual observer wrote of the scene:
一位真实的观察者这样描述这个场景：
"The ground presents an extraordinary sight when viewed through the trench periscopes.
“通过战壕潜望镜观察，地面呈现出非凡的景象。
Two hundred yards away, and even closer in some places, are the Turkish trenches, and between them and our lines the dead lie in hundreds.
两百码之外，有些地方甚至更近，是土耳其战壕，在战壕和我们的战线之间，躺着数百具尸体。
There are groups of twenty or thirty massed together, as if for mutual protection, some lying on their faces, some killed in the act of firing; others hung up in the barbed wire.
有二十或三十个人聚集在一起，好像是为了互相保护，有些人脸朝下躺着，有些人在射击中丧生；其他人则挂在铁丝网上。
In one place a small group actually reached our parapet, and now lie dead on it, shot at point-blank range or bayoneted.
在一个地方，一小群人实际上已经到达了我们的护栏，现在他们死在了护栏上，要么被近距离射击，要么被刺刀刺死。
Hundreds of others lie just outside their own trenches, where they were caught by rifle or shrapnel when trying to regain them.
还有数百人躺在自己的战壕外，他们在试图夺回战壕时被步枪或弹片击中。
Hundreds of wounded must have perished between the lines."
肯定有数百名伤员在前线之间丧生。”
There was a lull after this terrible slaughter, during which the Turks made unsuccessful overtures to obtain an armistice to bury their dead.
这场可怕的屠杀之后有一段平静，在此期间，土耳其人提出了停战协议来埋葬死者，但没有成功。
On May 20, 1915, toward evening, the Turks again attacked, concentrating on Quinn's Point, a strong Anzac redoubt at the outer edge of the Australian trenches.
1915 年 5 月 20 日傍晚时分，土耳其人再次发起进攻，重点攻击位于澳大利亚战壕外缘的安扎克坚固堡垒奎因角。
No results were obtained and finally, out of sheer necessity for reasons of health, an opportunity was given the Turks to bury their slain.
没有取得任何结果，最后，出于健康原因的绝对需要，土耳其人有机会埋葬他们的阵亡者。
There was some additional fighting on this line during the remaining days of May, but nothing of real importance occurred.
五月余下的日子里，这条防线上又发生了一些战斗，但没有发生真正重要的事情。
It was calculated, at the end of the month, that the total British losses, killed, wounded and missing and not including sick, was just short of 40,000 men.
据统计，截至月底，英军阵亡、受伤、失踪（不包括患病）的总人数不到 4 万人。
The figures for the sick were not given out, but reports made later make it tolerably certain that they must have numbered between 30,000 and 35,000 additional.
患者人数并未公布，但后来的报告可以肯定，新增人数肯定在 30,000 至 35,000 人之间。
The intensity of the struggle at the Dardanelles will be realized when it is pointed out that the total British casualties in the three years of the South African War were only 38,156.
当指出南非战争三年中英国的总伤亡人数仅为 38,156 人时，达达尼尔海峡斗争的激烈程度就可见一斑了。
During the last two weeks of May the British and French troops on the Krithia fronts made elaborate preparations for an attack upon the Turkish lines.
五月的最后两周，克里西亚前线的英法军队为进攻土耳其防线做了精心准备。
Miners had been brought out from England and France, and mining and sapping had been conducted on a large scale.
英国和法国都调出了矿工，进行了大规模的采矿和采掘活动。
On June 4, 1915, Sir Ian Hamilton ordered the attack.
1915 年 6 月 4 日，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士下令发动进攻。
It was preceded by the usual heavy naval and artillery bombardment.
在此之前，通常会进行猛烈的海军和炮击。
Finally, at noon, the mines were exploded, and the troops advanced along the whole line with fixed bayonets.
终于，到了中午，地雷被引爆了，部队带着固定的刺刀，全线前进。
It is calculated that the British had no less than 24,000 men on a front of less than 4,000 yards.
据计算，英军在不到4000码的战线上至少有24000人。
Their attack was delivered with tremendous power and was brilliantly successful.
他们的攻击威力巨大，并且取得了巨大的成功。
At one point, however, where the French line linked up with the British, the Turks discovered a weak spot.
然而，在法国防线与英国防线交汇的某一时刻，土耳其人发现了一个弱点。
By noon about a third of a mile had been gained over a front of four miles, but soon afterward the French began to weaken and subsequently were compelled to retreat.
到中午时，四英里的战线已前进了约三分之一英里，但不久之后法军开始衰弱，随后被迫撤退。
This exposed the right wing of the British, which was enfiladed by the Turkish riflemen and machine gun batteries and suffered terrible losses.
这暴露了英国人的右翼，该翼被土耳其步枪手和机枪连包围，损失惨重。
The Collingwood battalion of the Royal Naval Reserve, according to Sir Ian Hamilton, having gone forward in support when the right wing was hard pressed, was practically wiped out.
据伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士称，皇家海军预备队的科林伍德营在右翼受到重压时挺身而出，几乎被全军覆没。
The attack slackened in the afternoon and nightfall found almost all the gains of the morning lost to the heavy Turkish counterattacks.
下午进攻有所减弱，夜幕降临时，上午的成果几乎全部被土耳其的猛烈反击所毁。
So exhausted were the British and French troops that it was impossible to renew the battle on the following day.
英法军队已经疲惫不堪，不可能在第二天再战。
On June 21, 1915, the French force fought probably its most successful action since the landing.
1915 年 6 月 21 日，法军进行了可能是自登陆以来最成功的一次行动。
About noon of that day, the Second Division stormed two lines of Turkish trenches and captured what had been called the "Haricot" redoubt, a strong Turkish position which had twice changed hands.
当天中午左右，第二师猛攻了土耳其的两道战壕，占领了所谓的“Haricot”堡垒，这是土耳其的一个坚固阵地，曾两次易手。
On the right, the First Division was unable to make corresponding progress until General Gouraud made a last inspiring appeal.
在右翼，第一师未能取得相应的进展，直到古罗将军发出最后一次鼓舞人心的呼吁。
Before night the whole of the Turkish first line trenches above Kereves Dere were in the hands of the French troops.
入夜前，土耳其在凯里韦斯代尔上方的整个第一线战壕都落入了法军手中。
The cost had been terrible, no less than 2,500 soldiers of the Republic falling in the assault.
损失惨重，至少有 2,500 名共和国士兵在袭击中阵亡。
More important still, General Gouraud was so seriously injured that he had to return to France.
更重要的是，古罗将军受重伤，不得不返回法国。
On the way his right arm was amputated.
途中，他的右臂被截肢。
He was succeeded in command of the French Expeditionary force by General Bailloud.
他的法国远征军指挥权由贝尤将军接替。
A week of comparative inaction was followed by an action on the British right, which became known as the battle of the Gully Ravine.
在相对无所作为的一周之后，英国右翼采取了行动，这就是众所周知的沟壑之战。
This was a successful attempt to capture the ground originally included in Sir Ian Hamilton's instructions for the second day of the Battle of the Landings, near Beach Y, where the Turks had maintained themselves in force, on June 28, by a strong British force, including the overworked Twenty-ninth Division, which at this time had but few of the officers who commanded at the landing on April 25, 1915, the 156th Brigade of the Lowland Division, and the Indian Brigade.
这是伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士在登陆战役第二天的指令中的一次成功尝试，该地位于 Y 海滩附近，土耳其人于 6 月 28 日在 Y 滩附近维持兵力，而英军的强大部队包括劳累过度的第二十九师（此时该师只有少数在 1915 年 4 月 25 日登陆时指挥的军官）、低地师第 156 旅和印度陆军。旅。
Several of the Turkish trenches could be easily enfiladed from the sea and H.M.S.
土耳其的几条战壕可以很容易地从海上和英国皇家海军舰艇上包围起来。
_Talbot_, guarded by a ring of destroyers against the German submarines which had given effective evidence of their presence in the Gulf of Saros, did terrible execution and played a large part in the success of the British attack.
塔尔博特号由一圈驱逐舰守卫，抵御德国潜艇，这些潜艇有效地证明了它们在沙罗斯湾的存在，塔尔博特号的执行力很糟糕，在英国进攻的成功中发挥了重要作用。
By nightfall, five lines of Turkish trenches along the coast had been captured, 200 prisoners had been taken and several guns and much ammunition had fallen to the British troops.
到夜幕降临时，土耳其沿海的五道战壕已被占领，200名俘虏被俘，数支枪和大量弹药落入英军手中。
The Turks made counterattacks on the two succeeding nights but never regained the ground they had lost.
土耳其人在接下来的两个晚上进行了反击，但从未收复失地。
While this was going on, Enver Pasha directed in person a determined attack upon the troops at Anzac Cove.
在此期间，恩维尔帕夏亲自指挥对安扎克湾的部队进行坚决的攻击。
On the night of June 29, 1915, after artillery preparation, two unsuccessful attempts were made by the Ottoman troops to carry the British lines.
1915 年 6 月 29 日晚，经过炮火准备，奥斯曼军队两次尝试突破英军防线，但均未成功。
On July 4, 1915, the Turks launched another attack, starting from the neighborhood of Achi Baba, against the whole allied front, concentrating on the point where the French and British lines joined up.
1915年7月4日，土耳其人从阿奇巴巴附近开始，对整个盟军战线发动了另一次进攻，重点是法英战线的交汇处。
They had a momentary success when they penetrated into one of the British trenches, but in the end they were driven out.
当他们突入英军战壕时，他们取得了短暂的成功，但最终还是被赶了出去。
On July 12, 1915, Sir Ian Hamilton ordered an attack which won about 400 yards in the direction of Achi Baba, but at heavy loss to one of the Territorial Brigades, which broke through a couple of the Turkish trench lines, but was unable to establish a connection with the French on their right.
1915 年 7 月 12 日，伊恩·汉密尔顿爵士下令发动进攻，向阿奇·巴巴方向推进约 400 码，但其中一支领土旅损失惨重，该旅突破了几条土耳其战壕线，但无法与右侧的法军建立联系。
Finally some local points and a few trenches were carried, but as the Turks had something like fifty miles of trenches in Gallipoli, it became apparent that at this rate the allied troops would be wiped out long before they came within sight of the Narrows.
最后，一些地方据点和几条战壕被占领，但由于土耳其人在加里波利拥有大约五十英里的战壕，很明显，按照这个速度，联军部队在进入海峡之前就会被消灭。
CHAPTER LXXVI
第六章
RUSSO-TURKISH OPERATIONS
俄罗斯-土耳其行动
The Russo-Turkish campaign which had developed in Transcaucasia, the Caucasus and Persia at the beginning of 1915, proved to be little more than a futile dissipation of energy for the best part of a year.
1915 年初在外高加索、高加索和波斯展开的俄土战役，一年中的大部分时间都被证明只不过是一场徒劳的能量消耗。
To Russia it was more of an inconvenience than otherwise, while for the Turks it was the only point besides Egypt where their geographical position permitted them to strike a blow against the enemies of Germany.
对于俄罗斯来说，这比其他地方更不方便，而对于土耳其人来说，这是除了埃及之外，地理位置允许他们对德国的敌人进行打击的唯一地点。
Her two nearest neighbors--Greece and Bulgaria--were both neutral at the time.
她的两个最近的邻国——希腊和保加利亚——当时都保持中立。
The most interesting feature of this campaign is the fact that it largely influenced the allied operations at the Dardanelles.
这次战役最有趣的特点是它很大程度上影响了盟军在达达尼尔海峡的行动。
On August, 1915, Sir George Buchanan, the British Ambassador in Petrograd, published the following statement in an interview which appeared in the Russian press: "When Turkey declared war Russia turned to Great Britain with a request that she would divert a portion of the Turkish troops from the Caucasus by means of a counterdemonstration at some other point.
1915 年 8 月，英国驻彼得格勒大使乔治·布坎南爵士在接受俄罗斯媒体采访时发表了以下声明：“当土耳其宣战时，俄罗斯向英国求助，要求英国通过在其他时间进行反示威，将部分土耳其军队从高加索地区撤出。
The operations at the Dardanelles were undertaken with a double object--on the one hand, of reducing the pressure of the Turks in the Caucasus, and, on the other, of opening the straits and so making it possible for Russia to export her grain and receive foreign products of which she stands in need."
达达尼尔海峡的行动有双重目的——一方面是减轻土耳其人在高加索地区的压力，另一方面是开放海峡，使俄罗斯能够出口其粮食并接收其需要的外国产品。”
The Turkish offensive in the Caucasus, as we found in Volume II, began in the middle of December, 1914, and reached its farthest point toward the end of the year.
正如我们在第二卷中看到的，土耳其在高加索的攻势始于 1914 年 12 月中旬，并在年底达到最远点。
Although it was subsequently broken by Russia, its renewal was expected when the weather became more favorable.
尽管随后被俄罗斯打破，但当天气变得有利时，它的更新有望实现。
That it was not renewed during the summer of 1915, and that Tiflis was in consequence relieved from further menace, was due entirely to the British attack on the Dardanelles, to which all available Turkish troops were immediately dispatched.
1915 年夏天，这一协议没有得到延续，第比利斯因此不再受到进一步的威胁，这完全是由于英国袭击了达达尼尔海峡，所有可用的土耳其军队都立即被派往达达尼尔海峡。
Russia had her hands full enough at the time to maintain her long front of 900 miles--from the Baltic through the Polish salient and through the Carpathian line of Galicia.
俄罗斯当时忙得不可开交，足以维持900英里的长战线——从波罗的海到波兰突出部，再到加利西亚的喀尔巴阡山脉。
She could therefore ill afford to spare any considerable part of her forces for an extended Transcaucasian campaign.
因此，她无法腾出大部分兵力来进行长期的外高加索战役。
Turkey's first plan of action in the Great War appears to have been an attempt to recover Ardahan and Kars, both of which places, as well as Batum, had been taken from Turkey and handed over to Russia by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878.
土耳其在第一次世界大战中的第一个行动计划似乎是试图收复阿尔达汉和卡尔斯，这两个地方以及巴统都是根据 1878 年柏林条约从土耳其手中夺取并移交给俄罗斯的。
To forestall any such aspirations Russian troops had entered Asia Minor on November 4, 1914, and advanced for seventeen miles along the road to Erzerum in Armenia, and on November 8 they successfully resisted an attack by the Turks, armed with heavy German artillery, at Kuprikeui, from which place several mountain paths lead to Erzerum.
为了阻止这种野心，俄罗斯军队于 1914 年 11 月 4 日进入小亚细亚，并沿着通往亚美尼亚埃尔泽鲁姆的道路前进了 17 英里，并于 11 月 8 日在库普里凯伊成功抵御了土耳其人的进攻，该土耳其人装备有德国重型火炮，从那里有几条山路通向埃尔泽鲁姆。
Further attacks had also been made by the Turks during the rest of the month and in December likewise in the Euphrates Valley without any notable result, until they had reached Ardahan and Sarikamish in an attempt to regain Kars.
土耳其人在本月剩余时间和12月还在幼发拉底河谷发动了进一步的攻击，但没有取得任何显着成果，直到他们到达阿尔达汉和萨里卡米什，试图夺回卡尔斯。
In a three days' battle with the Russians, January 1-4, 1915, they were driven back with enormous losses, the whole of one Turkish army corps (the Ninth) surrendering.
1915 年 1 月 1 日至 4 日，在与俄国人的三天战斗中，他们被击退，损失惨重，整个土耳其军团（第九军团）投降。
(See Volume II, Turkey in the War.) The Turks did not get within thirty miles of Kars.
（见第二卷，战争中的土耳其。）土耳其人没有进入卡尔斯三十英里以内。
In numerical strength the Turks were estimated at three to one against the Russians.
从人数上看，土耳其人与俄罗斯人的兵力估计是三比一。
Fighting in the deep snow at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,000 feet in a severe winter is an enormously difficult undertaking for the attacking side, and it is evident that the Turkish forces suffered terrible hardships in their attempt to retain a footing on Russian territory.
在严冬、海拔8000至10000英尺的深雪中作战对于进攻方来说是一项极其艰巨的任务，显然土耳其军队在试图在俄罗斯领土上站稳脚跟的过程中也经历了巨大的困难。
At the end of January and the beginning of February furious fighting raged in the neighborhood of Sarikamish, when the Russians inflicted another defeat on the Turks.
一月底和二月初，萨里卡米什附近爆发了激烈的战斗，俄罗斯人再次击败了土耳其人。
During a blinding snowstorm the former had crossed a mountain and, after heavy fighting, captured the commanding general and the staff of the Thirtieth Turkish Division and a large quantity of war material.
在一场令人眼花缭乱的暴风雪中，前者翻越一座山，经过激战，俘获了土耳其第30师的指挥官和参谋人员以及大量战争物资。
The roaring of the wind was so great that the Russian approach could not be heard, while the thickly blowing snow rendered the troops invisible.
狂风呼啸，俄罗斯人的逼近听不见，而厚厚的积雪则让部队看不见。
At the same time the Russian squadron bombarded the Turkish barracks at Trebizond and Rizah from the Black Sea, also sinking some Turkish sailing vessels used as transports.
与此同时，俄罗斯中队从黑海轰炸了土耳其特拉比松和里扎的军营，还击沉了一些用作运输的土耳其帆船。
Under the superintendence of German engineers the Turks hurriedly set about constructing a branch railroad from Angora to Sivas, Asia Minor, intended to replace the Trebizond water route as a line of communication for the Turkish troops on the Caucasus front.
在德国工程师的监督下，土耳其人匆忙着手修建一条从安哥拉到小亚细亚锡瓦斯的铁路支线，意在取代特拉比松水路，成为土耳其军队在高加索前线的交通线。
Meanwhile another Russian column pushed out from Julfa along the Tabriz road to force battle upon the Turkish army invading the Persian province of Azerbaijan.
与此同时，另一支俄罗斯纵队从朱尔法沿大不里士公路出发，与入侵波斯阿塞拜疆省的土耳其军队发生强行交战。
The Turks advanced northward from Tabriz to Marand, where a stubborn battle was fought.
土耳其人从大不里士向北推进到马兰德，在那里进行了一场顽强的战斗。
They were commanded by Djevet Pasha, who was considered one of their best tacticians and most aggressive fighters, but after a series of unsuccessful frontal onslaughts his army broke in disorder, abandoning cannon, colors (standards), and all their dead and wounded.
他们由杰维特·帕夏指挥，他被认为是他们最好的战术家和最具侵略性的战士之一，但在一系列不成功的正面攻击之后，他的军队陷入混乱，放弃了大炮、旗帜和所有死伤员。
To the Russians the victory was more of political than military value, for it dealt a severe blow at Turkish and German influence in Persia.
对于俄罗斯人来说，这场胜利的政治价值大于军事价值，因为它严重打击了土耳其和德国在波斯的影响力。
On February 8, 1915, the Turkish cruiser _Midirli_ (formerly the German warship _Breslau_) fired upon the Russian port of Jalta on the Crimean Peninsula, opposite Balaklava.
1915 年 2 月 8 日，土耳其巡洋舰米迪尔利号（前德国布雷斯劳号战舰）向位于克里米亚半岛巴拉克拉瓦对面的俄罗斯港口雅尔塔开火。
The Russian fleet retaliated by again bombarding Trebizond on the other side of the Black Sea.
俄罗斯舰队再次轰炸黑海对岸的特拉比松进行报复。
About February 20-21, 1915, several small engagements were fought in the vicinity of Chorokh, as a result of which the Turks were driven beyond the river.
1915 年 2 月 20 日至 21 日左右，乔罗赫附近发生了几场小规模交战，土耳其人被赶到了河对岸。
On February 22, 1915, news came from Petrograd to the effect that the Turks had indulged in cruel atrocities during their occupation of Ardanuten in Transcaucasia, near the Armenian frontier.
1915年2月22日，彼得格勒传来消息称，土耳其人在占领外高加索靠近亚美尼亚边境的阿尔达努滕期间犯下了残酷的暴行。
The Tiflis correspondent of the "Russkoye Slovo" (the "Russian Word") stated that at first the Turks confined themselves to pillage and killed only fifteen civilians, but that after December 30, 1914, when news of the Russian occupation of Ardaham was received, the local Mussulmans had organized a systematic massacre.
《Russkoye Slovo》（《俄文》）驻第比利斯记者称，起初土耳其人仅限于掠夺，只杀害了15名平民，但1914年12月30日收到俄罗斯占领阿达哈姆的消息后，当地穆斯林组织了一场有系统的屠杀。
A hundred and fifty Armenians were led out into the streets and killed.
一百五十名亚美尼亚人被带到街上并被杀害。
Fifty Armenians were removed from prisons, stripped naked, and compelled to leap into the abyss of Jenemdere, the "Devil's Gap," until one victim carried a Turk with him, when the remainder were shot.
五十名亚美尼亚人被从监狱中带走，被剥光衣服，被迫跳进杰内姆代雷（Jenemdere）的深渊，即“魔鬼的缝隙”，直到一名受害者带着一名土耳其人，其余人被枪杀。
At Tamvot 250 Armenians were massacred and the women carried into captivity.
在塔姆沃特，250 名亚美尼亚人被屠杀，妇女被囚禁。
The Turks did not permit the burial of the corpses, which were left to be devoured by dogs till the arrival of the Russians.
土耳其人不允许埋葬尸体，直到俄罗斯人到来之前，尸体都被狗吃掉。
Again, it was reported from Urumiah, northwestern Persia, that prior to the evacuation of towns between Julfa and Tabriz the Turks and Kurds, who were retiring before the Russian advance, plundered and burned the villages and put to death some of the inhabitants.
波斯西北部乌鲁米亚再次传来消息，在朱尔法和大不里士之间的城镇撤离之前，土耳其人和库尔德人在俄罗斯进攻之前就退休了，他们掠夺和烧毁了村庄，并杀害了一些居民。
At Salnac, Pagaduk, and Sarna orders were said to have been given by the Turkish commissioner for the destruction of the towns.
在萨尔纳克、帕加杜克和萨尔纳，据说土耳其专员下令摧毁这些城镇。
All the Armenian inhabitants of Antvat were collected and, according to this message, 600 males were put to death, and the women, after being compelled to embrace the Islamic faith, were divided into parties and sent to various interior towns.
安特瓦特的所有亚美尼亚居民都被聚集起来，根据这一消息，600 名男性被处死，而妇女在被迫接受伊斯兰信仰后，被分成几派并被送往各个内陆城镇。
On March 19, 1915, the Armenian Red Cross fund in London issued some details supplied by an Armenian doctor named Derderian, who testified that the whole plain of Alashgerd was virtually covered with the bodies of men, women, and children.
1915 年 3 月 19 日，伦敦的亚美尼亚红十字基金会公布了一位名叫德德里安 (Derderian) 的亚美尼亚医生提供的一些细节，他证实整个阿拉什格德平原实际上布满了男人、女人和儿童的尸体。
When the Russian forces had retreated from this district the Kurds fell upon the helpless people and shut them up in mosques.
当俄罗斯军队从这个地区撤退时，库尔德人袭击了无助的人民，并将他们关在清真寺里。
The men were killed and the women were carried away to the mountains.
男人被杀，女人被抬到山里。
The Armenian Red Cross fund stated that there were 120,000 destitute Armenians in the Caucasus at that time.
亚美尼亚红十字基金会表示，当时高加索地区有12万贫困的亚美尼亚人。
As war in itself is not far removed from being a wholesale, organized atrocity on a large scale, it is always advisable to accept such accusations with extreme reserve and to consider the probability of their having been perpetrated.
由于战争本身与大规模、有组织的暴行相差不远，因此始终建议以极端保留的态度接受此类指控，并考虑其发生的可能性。
In the case of Turk and Kurd _versus_ Armenian, however--and unfortunately--there is little reason to doubt even the most gruesome stories that could possibly be written.
然而，不幸的是，就土耳其人和库尔德人与亚美尼亚人的情况而言，即使是最可怕的故事也没有理由怀疑。
It is a feud as old as the hills, and no historic battle field of the world was ever so liberally drenched with human blood as the soil of Armenia.
这是一场与山丘一样古老的世仇，世界上没有哪一个历史战场像亚美尼亚的土地一样如此大量地沾满了人类的鲜血。
Having expelled the Turks from the Transcaucasian region toward the end of February, 1915, the Russians again moved forward on the Asiatic front, sweeping aside, destroying and capturing detachments of Turks that opposed their advance.
1915 年 2 月底，俄罗斯人将土耳其人驱逐出外高加索地区，之后再次向亚洲前线挺进，横扫、摧毁并俘虏了反对他们前进的土耳其人分遣队。
By March 1, 1915, the Russians were approaching Oltichai along one of the main highroads toward Erzerum from the west.
1915 年 3 月 1 日，俄罗斯人沿着一条从西边通往埃尔泽鲁姆的主要公路逼近奥尔蒂柴伊。
Another column advancing from the east encountered some Turks in the mountain passes south of Alashkort.
另一支纵队从东部推进，在阿拉什科特以南的山口遭遇了一些土耳其人。
These they defeated, capturing two guns.
他们击败了这些人，缴获了两支枪。
On February 28, 1915, the Russian troops operating in the coast region occupied the port of Khopa on the Black Sea, eighteen miles southwest of Batum.
1915年2月28日，在沿海地区活动的俄罗斯军队占领了巴统西南十八英里的黑海霍帕港。
This port was of great military value to the Turks.
这个港口对土耳其人来说具有巨大的军事价值。
On March 3, 1915, the Russian Army of the Caucasus, driving the Turkish forces before it, had reached the River Khopachas, the estuary of the Chorokh in Armenia.
1915年3月3日，俄罗斯高加索军队赶走了土耳其军队，到达了亚美尼亚乔罗赫河的河口霍帕查斯河。
This move severed the route of Turkish reenforcements and supplies from Constantinople to the Caucasian frontier through Khlopa, Turkish Armenia, thereby isolating a big portion of Turkish territory.
此举切断了土耳其增援部队和补给从君士坦丁堡经土耳其亚美尼亚赫洛帕到达高加索边境的路线，从而孤立了土耳其的很大一部分领土。
From Batum Russian troops advanced near the Turkish border, the Turks opposing them step by step.
俄罗斯军队从巴统向土耳其边境挺进，土耳其人一步步反对他们。
Russian warships from the Black Sea sprayed their shells over the shore and cleared a fifteen-mile strip of coast of Turkish barracks and troops, successively cutting off several lines of their communications by sea until, after a three days' battle, the last route was effectively closed.
来自黑海的俄罗斯军舰向海岸喷射炮弹，清除了土耳其兵营和部队长达15英里的海岸线，相继切断了他们的几条海上交通线，直到经过三天的战斗，最后一条路线被有效关闭。
A number of Turkish coasting vessels, laden with ammunition and supplies, were also sunk.
一些满载弹药和补给的土耳其沿海船只也被击沉。
According to an official Russian report issued on March 3, 1915, the number of Turkish prisoners who had passed through Pyatigorsk on their way to the interior of Russia (since Turkey entered the war) up to February 13, 1915, amounted to 527 officers and 49,000 men.
根据俄罗斯 1915 年 3 月 3 日发布的官方报告，截至 1915 年 2 月 13 日，经过皮亚季戈尔斯克前往俄罗斯内地（自土耳其参战以来）的土耳其战俘人数达到 527 名军官和 49,000 名士兵。
During February, 1915, the Turks had been nibbling at Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula.
1915 年 2 月，土耳其人通过西奈半岛蚕食埃及。
On the 25th of that month the allied squadrons had begun heavy firing on the Dardanelles.
当月 25 日，盟军中队开始向达达尼尔海峡猛烈射击。
This decided the supreme Turkish war council early in March to recall most of the troops from Egypt and the Caucasus to defend the straits.
土耳其最高军事委员会于三月初决定从埃及和高加索召回大部分军队以保卫海峡。
By March 16, 1915, the Turks had lost so many important points in the Chorokh region that they completely abandoned to the Russians what positions they still held on the river.
到 1915 年 3 月 16 日，土耳其人已经失去了乔罗赫地区的许多重要据点，以至于他们完全放弃了他们在河上仍然占据的阵地。
On March 20, 1915, Petrograd announced that the Russian advance to the sea had deprived the enemy of all means of operating in the Transchorokh region or of transporting troops and munitions to Erzerum, and that the Turks had been put to flight near Olti.
1915 年 3 月 20 日，彼得格勒宣布，俄国人向海上挺进，使敌人失去了在特兰乔罗赫地区作战的一切手段，也无法向埃尔泽鲁姆运送部队和弹药，土耳其人已在奥尔蒂附近被赶走。
The road between Archava and Khopa, to the eastward, was strongly defended by the Turks in a series of stubbornly contested battles.
阿尔卡瓦和科帕之间的道路向东，在一系列顽强的战斗中受到土耳其人的顽强防守。
The Russian advance created a panic throughout the Chorokh Valley; the inhabitants fled to the mountains, abandoning farms and villages.
俄军的进攻在整个乔罗克山谷引起了恐慌。居民们放弃了农场和村庄，逃往山区。
The mountain heights in the district of Ardanuch, however, were strongly fortified and still in Turkish possession.
然而，阿尔达努克地区的高山防御工事森严，仍然由土耳其人占领。
These fortifications had been built under German supervision, and the defense thereof was conducted by a German officer.
这些防御工事是在德国监督下建造的，其防御工作由一名德国军官负责。
Hostilities were resumed in Persia during the last week in March, 1915, and on the 25th the Russians defeated the Turks in a violent, sanguinary battle at Atkutur, north of Bilman in northwestern Persia.
1915 年 3 月的最后一周，波斯的敌对行动再次爆发，25 日，俄罗斯人在波斯西北部比尔曼以北的阿特库图尔 (Atkutur) 进行了一场血腥的暴力战斗，击败了土耳其人。
The Turks were stated to have lost 12,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, as well as many guns.
据称，土耳其人已造成 12,000 人阵亡、受伤和俘虏，以及大量枪支。
Preceding the Russian occupation of Salmac Plains in Azerbaijan province, northwest of Urumiah, hundreds of native Christians were rounded up by the Turks in the village of Haftdewan and massacred.
在俄罗斯占领乌鲁米亚西北部阿塞拜疆省萨尔马克平原之前，数百名当地基督徒在哈夫德万村被土耳其人围捕并屠杀。
Many of them were dragged out from the homes of friendly Mohammedans, who tried to hide them.
他们中的许多人是从友好的穆斯林家中被拖出来的，他们试图藏匿他们。
The Russians on entering the village found 720 bodies, mostly naked and mutilated.
俄罗斯人进入村庄后发现了 720 具尸体，其中大部分是赤身裸体且残缺不全。
The recovery of bodies from wells, pools, and ditches, and their interment kept 300 men busy for three days.
从水井、水池和沟渠中打捞尸体并安葬尸体，让 300 名男子忙碌了三天。
The wailing of women intensified the horror of the scene.
妇女们的哭声更加剧了现场的恐怖。
Surviving widows who were able to identify the bodies of their husbands insisted upon digging graves and burying the bodies.
能够辨认出丈夫尸体的幸存寡妇坚持挖坟埋葬尸体。
"Some of the victims had been shot.
“一些受害者被枪杀。
In other cases they were bound to ladders, and their heads, protruding through, were hacked off.
在其他情况下，他们被绑在梯子上，伸出的头被砍掉。
Eyes were gouged out and limbs chopped off."
眼睛被挖掉，四肢被砍掉。”
Messages from Urumiah confirmed earlier reports that more than 800 persons had already been killed in the neighborhood, and that more than 2,000 had died of disease.
来自乌鲁米亚的消息证实了早些时候的报道，即该地区已经有 800 多人被杀，其中 2,000 多人死于疾病。
A dispatch from Tiflis, Transcaucasia, dated April 24, 1915, stated that refugees who had reached the Russian line reported that the massacre of Armenians was being continued on an even greater scale.
1915 年 4 月 24 日从外高加索第比利斯发出的一份电报称，到达俄罗斯防线的难民报告说，对亚美尼亚人的屠杀仍在继续，规模甚至更大。
All the inhabitants of ten villages near Van were stated to have been killed.
据说凡城附近十个村庄的居民全部被杀。
On being advised of massacres at Erzerum, Berjan, and Zeitun, and of the conditions at Van, the Katolikos, head of the Armenian Church at Etchmiadzin, near Erivan, cabled to President Wilson an appeal to the people of the United States to act on behalf of the Armenians.
埃里温附近埃奇米阿津的亚美尼亚教会领袖卡托里科斯得知埃尔泽鲁姆、贝尔扬和泽通的大屠杀以及凡城的情况后，向威尔逊总统发电报，呼吁美国人民代表亚美尼亚人采取行动。
The village governments or relief committees had managed to issue eight pounds of flour to each refugee in six weeks.
村政府或救济委员会在六周内设法向每位难民发放了八磅面粉。
A journey through Salmac three weeks after the outrages revealed unmistakable signs of the slaughter.
暴行发生三周后，在萨尔马克的一次旅行中，我们发现了明显的屠杀迹象。
Pools of blood still marked the "execution" places in Haftdewan.
哈夫德万的“行刑”地点仍布满血迹。
The caps of thirty-six victims lay where a mud wall had been toppled over them.
三十六名遇难者的帽子躺在被推倒的泥墙覆盖的地方。
A young Armenian named Hackatur related the story of his escape from a well in which the bodies of the dead had been crammed.
一位名叫哈克图尔的年轻亚美尼亚人讲述了他从一口塞满死者尸体的井里逃出来的故事。
He had fallen with the others and was flung into the well, but he managed to wriggle through the bodies lying on top of him, and escaped at nightfall.
他和其他人一起摔倒并被扔进井里，但他设法从压在他身上的尸体中蠕动，并在夜幕降临时逃脱了。
At the end of April, 1915, after a slight lull, fresh activity broke out again in various regions of the Caucasian front.
1915 年 4 月底，在短暂的平静之后，高加索前线的各个地区再次爆发了新的活动。
The campaign had almost come to a standstill owing to typhus.
由于斑疹伤寒，该活动几乎陷入停滞。
On the average, 150 men succumbed daily.
平均每天有 150 名男子死亡。
The epidemic raged for a while under indescribably awful conditions.
疫情在难以形容的恶劣条件下肆虐了一段时间。
Every available doctor was hurried out, and several of them died of the disease.
所有可用的医生都被匆匆赶出去，其中有几个人死于这种疾病。
The Russians had cleared the Kurds out of the Alashkart valley and were now pushing forward in the direction of Olti.
俄罗斯人已经将库尔德人清除出阿拉什卡特山谷，现在正在向奥尔蒂方向推进。
The fight for the valley centered on the possession of Klichgjaduk Pass, which would have been extremely useful to the Turks, could they have held it securely for a few days to enable them to complete a junction with their separated forces.
争夺山谷的战斗集中在克利希贾杜克山口的占有上，这对土耳其人来说非常有用，如果他们能够安全地守住它几天，以便他们能够与分散的部队完成会师的话。
The Russians "lay low" in strongly protected positions.
俄罗斯人在严密保护的阵地上“低调”。
The Turks came on, first obviously for reconnaissance, and were easily repulsed without the Russians making much display of force.
土耳其人前来，首先显然是为了侦察，但在俄罗斯人没有展示太多武力的情况下，土耳其人很容易被击退。
Whatever may be said of the Turkish soldier, he is at all times a brave and self-reliant fighter.
无论如何评价这位土耳其士兵，他始终是一名勇敢且自力更生的战士。
They advanced to make the real attack, supported by some mountain guns.
他们在一些山炮的支援下向前发起真正的进攻。
But the Russian artillery continued to lie silent, and the Turkish attack developed with misplaced confidence and swept boldly up to the line of the Russian wire entanglements.
但俄罗斯炮兵继续保持沉默，土耳其的进攻充满了错误的信心，大胆地扫向了俄罗斯铁丝网的线。
Only sixty yards separated the combatants when, suddenly, a perfect tornado of fire rattled out from the Russian intrenchments.
战斗人员之间的距离只有六十码，突然，一场完美的龙卷风从俄罗斯的战壕中呼啸而出。
Maxims, mountain guns and rifles poured a deadly shower of shells and bullets into the closely packed thousands of Turks.
马克西姆枪、山炮和步枪向密密麻麻的数千名土耳其人倾泻出致命的炮弹和子弹。
With extraordinary courage the Osmanli still rushed into the trap, uttering fierce shouts of "Allahoo Akbar!" The Russians then broke from cover and some terrible bayonet work completed the task of securing the pass for the Russians.
奥斯曼人仍然以非凡的勇气冲进了陷阱，大声喊着“真主至大！”随后，俄罗斯人从掩体中突破出来，通过一些可怕的刺刀工作，完成了为俄罗斯人确保通行证的任务。
By May 10, 1915, the Turks had been driven back to the southwest, leaving a large quantity of tents and munitions behind them.
到1915年5月10日，土耳其人已被赶回西南方向，留下大量帐篷和弹药。
Farther south, from Sarikamish, a number of insignificant conflicts were kept up.
再往南，从萨勒卡米什开始，一些无关紧要的冲突仍在继续。
Turkish stragglers formed partnerships with local professionals and organized companies of banditti; the Russians were kept busy clearing out the villages where these bands had established their headquarters, driving them into the hills.
土耳其的散兵游勇与当地专业人士建立了伙伴关系，并组织了土匪连队；俄罗斯人忙着清理这些团伙建立总部的村庄，把他们赶到山上。
To the southeast, the pursuit of Halil Bey's defeated army continued during the first week in May.
在东南方，五月的第一周，对哈利勒·贝被击败的军队的追击仍在继续。
The battle had begun at Hantahta, near Urumiah, on April 29, 1915.
战斗于 1915 年 4 月 29 日在乌鲁米亚附近的汉塔塔打响。
Both sides lost heavily.
双方都损失惨重。
In the beginning the Russians had held the Turks at bay, but the latter received reenforcements and on April 30, 1915, the Russians had to withdraw from Dilman.
起初，俄罗斯人将土耳其人拒之门外，但土耳其人得到了增援，1915 年 4 月 30 日，俄罗斯人不得不从迪尔曼撤军。
They intrenched themselves at Magonzhio, the first village on the way to Khori, whence they battered the Turks with their heavy artillery until the arrival of Russian reenforcements.
他们在前往霍里途中的第一个村庄马贡日奥（Magonzhio）构筑工事，从那里他们用重型火炮猛烈攻击土耳其人，直到俄罗斯增援部队到来。
On May 14, 1915, it was announced from Washington that replies were being prepared at the State Department to a flood of communications from various parts of the country urging that steps be taken to protect Christians in Armenia and other regions under Turkish control.
1915 年 5 月 14 日，华盛顿宣布，国务院正在准备对来自全国各地的大量信件作出答复，敦促采取措施保护亚美尼亚和土耳其控制下其他地区的基督徒。
Assurance was given that the Department was doing all in its power to aid the Armenians.
我们保证该部门正在竭尽全力援助亚美尼亚人。
Mr. Morgenthau, our Ambassador at Constantinople, was instructed to make representations to the Turkish Government.
我国驻君士坦丁堡大使摩根索先生奉命向土耳其政府提出交涉。
It was at his request that Turkish regular troops were sent to Urumiah, Persia, to keep order.
应他的要求，土耳其正规军被派往波斯乌鲁米亚维持秩序。
The Russian consul at that place reported on May 15, 1915, that 6,000 Armenians had been massacred at Van, which has been the scene of so many similar outrages during the last twenty years.
1915 年 5 月 15 日，驻该地的俄罗斯领事报告说，有 6,000 名亚美尼亚人在凡城遭到屠杀，过去 20 年来，这里发生了许多类似的暴行。
On May 23, 1915, a detachment of Russian soldiers occupied the town of Van, in Asiatic Turkey, thus bringing the eagerly expected relief to the Armenians, who were besieged by the Turks--besieged in their own country by their own countrymen.
1915年5月23日，一支俄罗斯士兵占领了亚洲土耳其的凡镇，从而为被土耳其人围困的亚美尼亚人带来了热切期盼的救济——在自己的国家被自己的同胞围困。
Upon the arrival of the Russians the Turks retreated in the direction of Bitlis.
俄国人到来后，土耳其人向比特利斯方向撤退。
The Russian successes in the Van region included the occupation of Baslan; in the capture of Van itself they took twenty-six guns, a great quantity of war materials and provisions, as well as the Government Treasury.
俄罗斯在凡地区的成功包括占领巴斯兰；在攻占凡城的过程中，他们夺取了二十六门大炮、大量战争物资和补给品以及政府金库。
A considerable part of the town was destroyed by fire.
城镇的很大一部分被大火烧毁。
All the foreigners residing there were reported as safe.
据报道，居住在那里的所有外国人都安全。
By June 6, 1915, the Russians had the whole Van region and part of the Sanjak of Mush in their hands.
到 1915 年 6 月 6 日，俄罗斯人已经控制了整个凡州地区和部分穆什桑贾克地区。
They had practically annihilated Halil Bey's original corps and cleared the Turkish troops out for many miles around.
他们几乎歼灭了哈利勒·贝原来的军团，并清除了方圆数英里内的土耳其军队。
A Turkish offensive in the Province of Azerbaijan ended in a complete breakdown.
土耳其对阿塞拜疆省的攻势彻底失败。
On their right wing the Russians occupied Turkish territory between the old frontier and the line of the rivers Chorokh and Tortun and the mountain range of Tchakhir Baba.
在他们的右翼，俄罗斯人占领了旧边境、乔罗赫河和托尔通河以及查基尔巴巴山脉之间的土耳其领土。
A violent counterattack made by the Turks at Zinatcher was repulsed.
土耳其人在齐纳切尔发起的猛烈反击被击退。
In the course of an engagement in the valley of Oltichai 200 Cossacks charged on horseback to the trenches, where they dismounted.
在奥尔蒂柴山谷的一场交战中，200 名哥萨克骑着马冲进战壕，然后下马。
Leaving their well-trained horses to look after themselves, the Cossacks dashed into the Turks and put them to the sword.
哥萨克们丢下训练有素的马匹，冲进土耳其人的战场，用刀剑杀死他们。
Two days later a Turkish official report from Constantinople via wireless to Berlin and London very briefly announced: "On the Caucasian front we occupied enemy positions in the district of Olti, on the Russian border of Transcaucasia."
两天后，土耳其从君士坦丁堡通过无线电向柏林和伦敦发出的一份官方报告非常简短地宣布：“在高加索战线上，我们占领了俄罗斯外高加索边境奥尔蒂地区的敌人阵地。”
The operations in the Dardanelles apparently had but little effect on Turkish activity in the Caucasus, for by June 19, 1915, they had replaced the Ninth Army Corps which had been captured by the Russians at Sarikamish, and had also restored and supplied with ammunition the Tenth and Eleventh Corps, which were seriously reduced in numbers by fighting and disease.
达达尼尔海峡的行动显然对土耳其在高加索的活动影响不大，因为到 1915 年 6 月 19 日，他们取代了在萨里卡默什被俄国人俘获的第九军团，并且还恢复了因战斗和疾病而严重减少人数的第十和第十一军团并为其提供了弹药。
The main Turkish concentration was taking place about this time against Olti, Melo, and Kiskin, outside of which line the First and Sixth Corps and the remainder of Halil Bey's army were drawn up.
土耳其的主要集中力量大约在这个时候，针对奥尔蒂、梅洛和基斯金，在这些防线之外，第一军和第六军以及哈利勒·贝军队的其余部队都已集结。
Here the Turks undertook some cautious offensive maneuvers, besides attempting to prevent the Russians from outflanking Erzerum.
在这里，土耳其人除了试图阻止俄罗斯人包抄埃尔泽鲁姆外，还采取了一些谨慎的进攻策略。
Some of the Kurdish leaders who were responsible for the Armenian massacres in the Van district voluntarily surrendered to the Russians and were deported to the interior with their dependents.
一些对凡县亚美尼亚大屠杀负有责任的库尔德领导人自愿向俄罗斯投降，并与其家属一起被驱逐到内地。
On June 20, 1915, in a battle near Olti, fifty-five miles west of Kars, 200 Russians were killed and prisoners and war materials were taken.
1915 年 6 月 20 日，在卡尔斯以西 55 英里的奥尔蒂附近的一场战斗中，200 名俄罗斯人被杀，俘虏和战争物资被抢走。
By June 24, 1915, the Russians had occupied Gob, a town twenty-five miles north of Lake Van.
1915 年 6 月 24 日，俄罗斯人占领了凡湖以北 25 英里处的戈布小镇。
A general movement of Russian troops toward Bitlis, where the armies of two Turkish commanders were concentrated, pointed to a favorable situation in the Caucasus from the Russian standpoint.
俄罗斯军队向比特利斯（两名土耳其指挥官的军队集中的地方）全面移动，从俄罗斯的角度来看，高加索地区局势有利。
Gob and Bitlis are connected by several comparatively good roads.
戈布和比特利斯有几条相对较好的道路相连。
But matters now began to quiet down somewhat--activities on both sides decreased.
但现在事情开始有所平静——双方的活动都减少了。
Russian sentiment had grown strong in North and Central Persia, a fact accentuated by the spirit displayed among the Moslem sects.
波斯北部和中部的俄罗斯情绪日益强烈，穆斯林教派所表现出的精神进一步强化了这一事实。
Various isolated mountain tribes met the Russians with declarations of allegiance--obviously the safest policy to adopt with a powerful conqueror.
各个孤立的山地部落在与俄罗斯人会面时都宣誓效忠——这显然是对强大的征服者采取的最安全的政策。
Disease and famine stalked through the smoldering district of Van; only one doctor was available for 40,000 people--a large number of them in dire need of medical assistance.
疾病和饥荒席卷了闷烧的凡城地区；只有一名医生可以为 40,000 人提供服务，其中许多人急需医疗援助。
In the first week of July, 1915, lively fighting was reported to have occurred north and south of Lake Van and south of Olti.
据报道，1915 年 7 月的第一周，凡湖南部和奥尔蒂以南地区发生了激烈的战斗。
A Turk force of 30,000 men, concentrated to the east of Bitlis, were being hard pressed by the Russians.
一支由 30,000 人组成的土耳其军队集中在比特利斯以东，受到俄罗斯人的猛烈压制。
Organized massacre of Armenians in Bitlis was regarded as an indication that the Turks intended to retreat from that point.
在比特利斯有组织地屠杀亚美尼亚人被认为表明土耳其人打算从那里撤退。
They had also distributed 40,000 rifles among Kurds in the Mush Valley for use against Armenians.
他们还向马什山谷的库尔德人分发了 4 万支步枪，用于对付亚美尼亚人。
Up to July 6, 1915, there had been only an artillery duel in the coast region, and a Russian motor boat sank a Turkish sailing vessel.
截至1915年7月6日，海岸地区仅发生过一场炮火对决，一艘俄罗斯摩托艇击沉了一艘土耳其帆船。
South of the Kara Dagh range a Russian detachment encountered a regiment of Turkish infantry with artillery, machine guns, and two squadrons of cavalry.
在卡拉达赫山脉以南，一支俄罗斯分遣队遇到了一个拥有火炮、机枪和两个骑兵中队的土耳其步兵团。
The Turks were again reported as coming off second best with considerable damage inflicted upon them.
据报道，土耳其人再次排名第二，遭受了相当大的损失。
A Turkish offensive west of Ahlavat also failed.
土耳其在阿拉瓦特以西的进攻也失败了。
After the Russians penetrated to Mush (eighty-three miles south of Erzerum), and Plian, Halil Bey, commander of the Turkish forces in the Caucasus, reorganized his army, bringing its strength up to 90,000, including six divisions of infantry, one of cavalry, and a large body of Kurds.
俄军深入穆什（埃尔泽鲁姆以南 83 英里）和普里安后，高加索地区土耳其军队指挥官哈利勒·贝伊重组了军队，将兵力增至 9 万人，其中包括 6 个步兵师、1 个骑兵师和一大群库尔德人。
General Eudenitch, the Russian commander, thus found himself confronted with the alternative of hastily attempting to concentrate his forces in the face of a strong Turkish army, or to retreat and thus expose a large Armenian population to Turk and Kurdish revenge.
因此，俄罗斯指挥官尤登内奇将军发现自己面临着一个选择：要么匆忙集中兵力面对强大的土耳其军队，要么撤退，从而使大量亚美尼亚人口面临土耳其人和库尔德人的报复。
The main Russian army withdrew along the right bank of the Euphrates, the Turks occupying the left bank, July 22-25, 1915, being held in partial check by rear-guard actions.
1915 年 7 月 22 日至 25 日，俄罗斯主力部队沿幼发拉底河右岸撤退，土耳其人占领左岸，受到后卫部队的部分遏制。
On August 1, 1915, Halil Bey's forces came into contact with a considerable body of Russians at Palantchen, on the left bank of the Euphrates, twelve miles southwest of Kara Kilissa.
1915 年 8 月 1 日，哈利勒·贝的部队在幼发拉底河左岸、卡拉·基利萨西南 12 英里的帕兰辰与大批俄罗斯人发生接触。
The Russians had taken positions on a line extending from the northeast to the southwest from Darabi, six miles north of Kara Kilissa, to Djamschato, six miles southwest of the important Akhtunski Pass, covering the roads to Erivan, in Transcaucasia.
俄军占据的阵地从东北向西南延伸，从卡拉基利萨以北六英里的达拉比延伸到重要的阿赫图斯基山口西南六英里的贾姆查托，覆盖了通往外高加索埃里温的道路。
In opposing this front the Turks exposed their communications, then 150 miles long, to attack from the direction of Sarikamish.
为了对抗这条战线，土耳其人暴露了他们长达 150 英里的交通线，从萨勒卡米什方向发起进攻。
The violent and picturesque fighting that developed during the first week of August will be described in the next volume.
八月第一周发生的暴力而生动的战斗将在下一卷中描述。
The Turkish and Persian borders had meanwhile settled down to comparative quiet.
与此同时，土耳其和波斯边境已经相对平静。
Up to this stage the Russian commander had made no attempt to advance to Erzerum, though there were strong grounds for belief that the defenses of that fortress were by no means so strong as had been supposed or represented.
到目前为止，俄罗斯指挥官还没有试图向埃尔泽鲁姆挺进，尽管有充分的理由相信该要塞的防御工事绝不像想象或描述的那么坚固。
Russia was waiting her time in this theatre of war: her object was merely to hold the gate.
俄罗斯在这个战场上等待时机：她的目标只是守住大门。
She had just suffered severe reverses in Galicia and the Carpathians, and was now fighting desperately to avoid the great enveloping movement engineered by all the skill and weight of Von Hindenburg and Von Mackensen on her own territory of Poland and Russia itself.
她刚刚在加利西亚和喀尔巴阡山脉遭受了严重的挫折，现在正在拼命地战斗，以避免冯·兴登堡和冯·马肯森的所有技巧和力量在她自己的波兰和俄罗斯领土上发动伟大的包围运动。
PART XI--THE WAR IN AFRICA
第十一部分——非洲战争
CHAPTER LXXVII
第六十七章
THE CAMEROONS
喀麦隆
The war in Africa smoldered and flamed during the second period from February to August, 1915.
1915 年 2 月至 8 月的第二阶段，非洲战争愈演愈烈。
The fight for the colonial possessions became a struggle for existence.
争夺殖民地领土的斗争变成了生存之争。
During the spring of 1915 the fighting in the Cameroons was generally favorable to the allied arms.
1915 年春，喀麦隆的战斗总体上对盟军有利。
In April the advance of the French and British troops forced the Germans to transfer their seat of Government from Buea to Yaunde.
4月，法国和英国军队的进攻迫使德国人将政府所在地从布埃亚转移到雅温得。
In this month, Colonel Mayer's French column succeeded in pushing its way over the River Kele, while about the same time a British detachment seized a bridge across Ngwa.
本月，梅耶上校的法国纵队成功越过凯勒河，而大约在同一时间，一支英国分队占领了横跨恩瓦的一座桥梁。
On May 11, 1915, the station of Escha was taken.
1915 年 5 月 11 日，埃斯卡车站被占领。
The Germans who occupied a strong position at Njoke were driven out, and the place was occupied by the British on May 29, 1915.
占据尼约克据点的德军被驱逐，该地于 1915 年 5 月 29 日被英军占领。
In the hinterland, along the Sanga River, the French columns had met with continued success in harrying and driving out the enemy.
在腹地桑加河沿岸，法军纵队不断成功地骚扰和驱逐敌人。
The Germans displayed great bravery, and offered stubborn resistance, but were forced to fall back on fortified Monso.
德国人表现出了极大的勇敢，并进行了顽强的抵抗，但被迫撤退到坚固的蒙索。
Here they held out for some days, when they were forced to capitulate, and considerable stores of guns and ammunition fell to the victors.
他们在这里坚持了几天，最后被迫投降，胜利者手中落入了大量的枪支和弹药。
The French troops continued their successful drive by taking Assobam and Besam on June 25, 1915, and then occupied the important post of Lomji, in the capture of which, the Belgian soldiers furnished invaluable assistance, proving themselves to be skillful and fearless fighters.
1915 年 6 月 25 日，法国军队继续成功攻占阿索巴姆和贝萨姆，随后又占领了洛姆吉的重要据点，在占领洛姆吉的过程中，比利时士兵提供了宝贵的帮助，证明了自己是熟练而无畏的战士。
What especially contributed to make the Allies' successes easier in this section of the war area was the revolt of the natives against their German masters.
尤其使盟军在这片战区更容易取得成功的因素是当地人对德国主人的反抗。
The Germans during their retreat had burned villages and destroyed a vast amount of property which so enraged the natives that many deserted.
德国人在撤退期间烧毁了村庄并摧毁了大量财产，这激怒了当地人，导致许多人逃离。
Having a perfect knowledge of the country it was easy for them to escape capture.
对这个国家了如指掌，他们很容易逃脱抓捕。
It was stated that many hung around the German flanks and took revenge on their former masters by hindering their retreat and by occasionally sniping the German officers.
据说，许多人在德军侧翼徘徊，通过阻碍他们的撤退以及偶尔狙击德军军官来报复他们的前主人。
The natives of the Cameroons were not generally trusted by the Germans, and were forbidden to fish in the streams of the country, lest they should furnish information to the enemy.
喀麦隆人普遍不受德国人信任，并被禁止在该国的溪流中捕鱼，以免他们向敌人提供信息。
Countercharges of British cruelty were brought at this time by certain German missionaries of the Basle Mission, on the Sanga River.
此时，桑加河上巴塞尔传教团的某些德国传教士对英国的残酷行为提出了反指控。
It was claimed that British troops promised to reward natives for delivering Germans into their hands, and for killing them.
据称，英国军队承诺奖励将德国人交到他们手中并杀死他们的当地人。
A number of Germans, it was stated, had been cut to pieces, while others had been tortured and delivered to the British.
据称，一些德国人被切成碎片，而其他人则受到酷刑并被交给英国人。
It was charged against the French military authorities that German prisoners had been deported to French Dahomey where they were forced to labor under black overseers.
有人指控法国军事当局将德国囚犯驱逐到法国达荷美，在那里他们被迫在黑人监工的手下劳动。
These charges were denied by the accused in each instance.
这些指控均被被告否认。
During April and May, 1915, there was sharp fighting on the Nigeria frontier.
1915年4月至5月，尼日利亚边境发生激烈战斗。
The large native town of Gurin, just inside British territory, was attacked by a German force from Garua in April.
位于英国领土内的本土大城镇古林 (Gurin) 在 4 月遭到来自加鲁阿 (Gurua) 的德国军队的袭击。
The contingent numbered sixteen Europeans, and about 350 natives.
这支队伍有 16 名欧洲人，以及大约 350 名当地人。
It was equipped with some large guns and Maxims.
它配备了一些大型火炮和马克沁。
For the defense of the town there was only a small garrison of forty native troops commanded by Lieutenant Pawle.
为了保卫城镇，只有一支由四十名土著士兵组成的小驻军，由帕尔中尉指挥。
For seven hours the garrison held off the enemy, when he was forced to retire.
驻军抵挡了敌人七个小时，最后他被迫撤退。
During the struggle Lieutenant Pawle, the gallant commander of the garrison, was killed.
在战斗中，英勇的驻军指挥官帕尔中尉被杀。
The news of this engagement was carried by native soldiers who escaped from Gurin, to Colonel F.
这次交战的消息是由逃离古林的当地士兵传达给 F. 上校的。
G.
G。
Cunliffe at Yola, who immediately set off with a detachment of the African Frontier Force, arriving on the scene of the siege the day following.
坎利夫在约拉立即率领一支非洲边防部队出发，第二天抵达围困现场。
After being joined by a body of French troops, he moved on to capture Garua where the British had met with disastrous defeat in August, 1914.
在与法国军队会合后，他继续攻占加鲁阿，英国人于 1914 年 8 月在那里遭受了灾难性的失败。
Since that time the four forts of the town had been greatly strengthened and every preparation was now made for a stout resistance.
从那时起，该镇的四个堡垒已经大大加强，现在已经做好了顽强抵抗的一切准备。
The British and French having intrenched themselves, the British guns began a vigorous bombardment of the forts.
英法两国已筑起工事，英军炮火开始对要塞进行猛烈轰炸。
During the night sapping and mining went on steadily, enabling the British to move their trenches gradually nearer their objective.
夜间，凿岩和采矿持续进行，使英国人能够将战壕逐渐移近目标。
The siege lasted from May 31 to June 10, 1915, when the forts surrendered.
围困从 5 月 31 日持续到 1915 年 6 月 10 日，直到堡垒投降。
The allied troops entered Garua on June 11, taking over thirty-seven German, and 270 native prisoners, while great quantities of arms, ammunition and stores became their prizes.
6月11日，盟军进入加鲁阿，俘虏了37名德国囚犯和270名土著囚犯，大量武器、弹药和补给品成为他们的战利品。
It was said that the garrisons of the forts might have held out much longer if they had not lost their nerve and become panic-stricken, which caused many desertions.
It was said that the garrisons of the forts might have held out much longer if they had not lost their nerve and become panic-stricken, which caused many desertions.
It was a remarkable feature of this spirited struggle that the Allies did not lose a man.
这场激烈斗争的一个显着特点是，盟军没有损失一个人。
Leaving Garua, the British and French troops now moved on Ngaundere, capital of the Adamawa District, which was taken with insignificant losses to the Allies on July 29, 1915.
英法联军离开加鲁阿后，向阿达马瓦区首府恩冈德雷进发，盟军于 1915 年 7 月 29 日以微不足道的损失占领了该地区。
The retiring Germans were closely pursued to Tangere, which stands on a plateau nearly 4,000 feet high.
撤退的德军被紧追至位于近 4,000 英尺高的高原上的坦吉尔。
This place was captured by the allied forces July 12, and attempts made by the Germans to regain it eleven days later were repulsed.
7 月 12 日，该地被盟军占领，11 天后德军试图夺回该地，但遭到挫败。
Early in August, 1915, the British captured Gaschaka and Koncha, when the heavy rains suspended for the time any further military operations.
1915 年 8 月初，英国人占领了加沙卡和孔查，当时的大雨使任何进一步的军事行动暂停。
Meanwhile the French force had been working its way toward Yaunde, occupying the station of Dume on the way.
与此同时，法军正在向雅温得进发，并占领了途中的杜姆驻地。
The arrival of French troops at this town seems to have surprised and dismayed the Germans, who hastily abandoned several fortified places and destroyed their transport.
The arrival of French troops at this town seems to have surprised and dismayed the Germans, who hastily abandoned several fortified places and destroyed their transport.
They continued, however, to hold the hill above Dume for some time, but were driven out by a French detachment after a short struggle.
然而，他们继续坚守杜姆上方的山丘一段时间，但在短暂的战斗后被一支法国分队驱逐。
From Dume a French column was dispatched against Abong-Mbong.
从杜姆出发，一支法国纵队被派去攻击阿邦姆邦。
At the beginning of the fall of 1915, the Germans still held Yaunde, and a district in the center of the country, but the Cameroons could no longer be considered a German possession.
At the beginning of the fall of 1915, the Germans still held Yaunde, and a district in the center of the country, but the Cameroons could no longer be considered a German possession.
CHAPTER LXXVIII
第 六十八章
BRITISH CONQUEST OF SOUTHWEST AFRICA
英国征服西南非洲
Our attention is now drawn to Southwest Africa.
我们的注意力现在被吸引到西南部非洲。
In the first week of February, 1915, the Germans made a determined effort to break through the encircling armies that were closing in on them.
1915 年 2 月的第一周，德军决心突破逼近的军队。
Kakamas on the Orange, where a British garrison was stationed to protect Schuit Drift, was fiercely attacked on February 5 by about 600 Germans, well equipped with Maxims and machine guns.
2 月 5 日，奥兰治河上的卡卡马斯驻扎着一支英国驻军，负责保护舒特德里夫特，这里遭到了大约 600 名装备精良的马克沁和机枪的德国人的猛烈攻击。
They were beaten off after a short engagement with a loss of nine men killed, twenty-two wounded, and fifteen taken prisoners.
他们在短暂交战后被击退，损失九人，二十二人受伤，十五人被俘。
On the Union side the casualties were one killed, and two wounded.
联邦方面，伤亡人数为 1 人死亡、2 人受伤。
On February 22, 1915, General Botha's army being ready, he moved out of Swakopmund, and on the following day occupied the stations of Nonidas and Goanikontes, meeting with only slight resistance.
1915 年 2 月 22 日，博塔将军的军队准备就绪，他从斯瓦科普蒙德出发，并于第二天占领了诺尼达斯和戈尼孔特斯的驻地，只遇到了轻微的抵抗。
Nearly a month was now spent in preparing for the advance on the capital, Windhoek.
现在花了近一个月的时间准备进攻首都温得和克。
Careful reconnoitering of the enemy's positions was made, and an advanced base was established.
仔细侦察敌军阵地，建立了先进基地。
On the night of March 19, 1915, two mounted brigades left the post at Husab to clear the railway line.
1915 年 3 月 19 日晚，两个骑兵旅离开胡萨布哨所，清理铁路线。
General Botha accompanied the first brigade, which was commanded by Colonel Brits, their object being Riet, an important place south of the railway, where it was known that the enemy was strongly prepared.
General Botha accompanied the first brigade, which was commanded by Colonel Brits, their object being Riet, an important place south of the railway, where it was known that the enemy was strongly prepared.
Riet was of utmost importance to the Union force for it commanded the highway to Windhoek.
里特对联邦军队至关重要，因为它控制着通往温得和克的高速公路。
It was planned that while Colonel Brits's brigade attacked Riet the Bloemhof Commando was to execute a flank movement and seizing Schwarze Kopje to endeavor to cut off the enemy's retreat.
按照计划，当英国上校的旅攻击里特时，布隆霍夫突击队将执行侧翼行动并夺取施瓦兹科普耶，以努力切断敌人的退路。
At daybreak on March 20, 1915, the brigade reached the German position.
1915 年 3 月 20 日黎明，该旅到达德军阵地。
The right rested on the Swakop stream; the left on the foothills of Langer Heinrichberg, while the artillery was effectively placed so as to command the river and highway.
右翼靠在斯瓦科普河上；左翼位于兰格海因里希贝格山麓，而炮兵则有效地部署在河流和公路上。
Assisted by the guns of the Transvaal Horse Artillery a frontal attack was made, and the fighting became general.
在德兰士瓦骑兵炮兵的火炮协助下，进行了正面攻击，战斗变得全面。
With varying fortunes it continued until the evening when the Germans were finally driven out and dispersed.
情况各不相同，这种情况一直持续到晚上，德国人最终被赶出并分散。
The second brigade commanded by Colonel Celliers had been directed to cut the railway line between Jakalswater and Sphinx.
塞利尔斯上校指挥的第二旅奉命切断贾卡尔斯沃特和斯芬克斯之间的铁路线。
He was to attack the former place after blocking the way, in case any reenforcements should be sent by the enemy from Windhoek.
他要在封锁道路后进攻原来的地点，以防敌人从温得和克派出增援部队。
Celliers succeeded in cutting the railway and seized a train containing supplies for the Germans, but his attack on Jakalswater was a failure, and the enemy made forty-three of his men prisoners.
Celliers succeeded in cutting the railway and seized a train containing supplies for the Germans, but his attack on Jakalswater was a failure, and the enemy made forty-three of his men prisoners.
General Botha was so confident of the ultimate success of his campaign, that he was not disposed to imperil his chances by any hasty operations, and so his progress toward Windhoek was at first necessarily slow.
博塔将军对他的战役的最终成功充满信心，他不打算通过任何仓促的行动来危及他的机会，因此他向温得和克的进展一开始必然是缓慢的。
The nature of the country afforded the enemy many natural advantages and unfortunately the Union forces were not provided with aeroplanes, which would have proved invaluable in scouting.
The nature of the country afforded the enemy many natural advantages and unfortunately the Union forces were not provided with aeroplanes, which would have proved invaluable in scouting.
Pforto, a station on the line where the Germans occupied a strong position, was surrounded by a column led by Colonel Alberts.
普福尔托是德军占据坚固阵地的战线上的一个车站，被阿尔伯茨上校率领的纵队包围。
The enemy had two large guns and a number of Maxims.
敌人有两门大炮和一些马克沁步枪。
A charge by the Union force and the effective work of their battery soon silenced the enemy's artillery.
联邦军的冲锋和炮兵连的有效工作很快压制住了敌人的炮兵。
The Germans had lost twenty killed, of whom three were officers, when they surrendered unconditionally.
当德国人无条件投降时，已有二十人阵亡，其中三人是军官。
There were 210 prisoners taken, four guns and a large quantity of ammunition.
俘虏210名，缴获四支枪和大量弹药。
General Botha was engaged in April and May, 1915, clearing the railway system of the enemy.
1915 年 4 月和 5 月，博塔将军参与清除敌军铁路系统。
To prevent any flank attacks it was necessary to hold the two main lines, which run from Swakopmund north to Grootfontein, Tsumeb, and to Windhoek.
为了防止任何侧翼攻击，有必要守住两条主线，从斯瓦科普蒙德向北延伸到格鲁特方丹、楚梅布和温得和克。
This line being cleared for fifty miles, Colonel Skinner and the Kimberley Regiment were stationed at Trekopje, which became the Union railhead.
这条线被清理了五十英里，斯金纳上校和金伯利团驻扎在特雷科普里，这里成为联邦铁路的终点站。
On April 26, 1915, about 700 Germans and a dozen guns vigorously assailed this encampment and for four hours the fight raged with varying consequences.
1915 年 4 月 26 日，大约 700 名德国人用十几门枪猛烈攻击这个营地，战斗持续了四个小时，造成了不同程度的后果。
The Germans under a withering fire from their batteries tried to surround the Union trenches to enfilade them, but were forced to retire, when they had got within 150 feet of their objective, leaving twenty-five killed and wounded behind them.
The Germans under a withering fire from their batteries tried to surround the Union trenches to enfilade them, but were forced to retire, when they had got within 150 feet of their objective, leaving twenty-five killed and wounded behind them.
The Union force lost eleven men, of whom three were officers, and forty wounded.
联邦军队损失了十一人，其中三人是军官，四十人受伤。
Meanwhile, the southern army was actively engaged.
与此同时，南方军队也积极参与。
Sir Duncan Mackenzie's column had dispersed the Germans and taken some booty from one or two places near Luederitz Bay, and had seized many miles of railway.
Sir Duncan Mackenzie's column had dispersed the Germans and taken some booty from one or two places near Luederitz Bay, and had seized many miles of railway.
On February 22, 1915, his advance guard occupied Garub, a station seventy miles inland.
1915 年 2 月 22 日，他的先头部队占领了内陆七十英里的加鲁布车站。
Here a company of Union scouts pushed after the retiring Germans, and in a skirmish with mounted men protecting a troop train their leader was wounded.
Here a company of Union scouts pushed after the retiring Germans, and in a skirmish with mounted men protecting a troop train their leader was wounded.
They were forced to retire, leaving one of their comrades a prisoner in the hands of the enemy.
他们被迫退休，其中一名战友沦为敌人的俘虏。
The British camp at Garub was also attacked by a hostile aeroplane which dropped hand grenades and shells, but there were no casualties.
加鲁布的英军营地也遭到敌方飞机的袭击，飞机投下手榴弹和炮弹，但没有造成人员伤亡。
Aus, an important station fifteen miles from Garub, was next occupied by Mackenzie.
奥斯是距离加鲁布十五英里的一个重要车站，接下来被麦肯齐占领。
The place was evacuated without a struggle, but it showed that much work had been done to fortify it, and that the enemy had intended to resist.
这个地方没有经过任何战斗就被撤离了，但这表明这里已经做了很多工事来加固，并且敌人有抵抗的意图。
Owing to the rapid movements of the British force the Germans had abandoned everything, though several mines exploded when the town was occupied.
由于英军的快速行动，德国人放弃了一切，尽管在占领该城镇时发生了几处地雷爆炸。
Turning now to the movements of General Smut's army in the south.
现在谈谈斯穆特将军的军队在南方的动向。
Colonel Van der Venter, who commanded an important section of the army, crossed the Orange River and occupied a group of stations, including Nabas, Velloor, Ukamas, Jerusalem, and Heirachabis.
Colonel Van der Venter, who commanded an important section of the army, crossed the Orange River and occupied a group of stations, including Nabas, Velloor, Ukamas, Jerusalem, and Heirachabis.
On the last day of March, 1915, Van der Venter's force was engaged in several skirmishes in which one man was killed and two wounded, while six of the enemy were killed and twenty-eight taken prisoners.
On the last day of March, 1915, Van der Venter's force was engaged in several skirmishes in which one man was killed and two wounded, while six of the enemy were killed and twenty-eight taken prisoners.
At this price the stations of Platbeen and Geitsaud which yielded a great quantity of supplies and horses and live-stock were occupied.
按照这个价格，生产大量物资、马匹和牲畜的普拉特宾和盖特绍车站都被占领了。
On April 30, 1915, Van der Venter occupied Warmbad, the railway terminus, without opposition and pushing forward along the line his men entered Kabus, a station sixty-five miles to the north, two days later.
On April 30, 1915, Van der Venter occupied Warmbad, the railway terminus, without opposition and pushing forward along the line his men entered Kabus, a station sixty-five miles to the north, two days later.
General Smut met Van der Venter at Kalkfontein on April 11, 1915, where plans were laid to drive the Germans from Karas Mountains where they occupied some strong positions.
General Smut met Van der Venter at Kalkfontein on April 11, 1915, where plans were laid to drive the Germans from Karas Mountains where they occupied some strong positions.
The enemy was attacked in three columns, advancing from different points.
敌人分成三路，从不同的地点进攻。
Finding themselves threatened on all sides, the Germans made no resistance and abandoned everything.
德国人发现自己受到了四面八方的威胁，因此没有进行任何抵抗并放弃了一切。
On April 17, 1915, Van der Venter entered Seeheim, the Germans fleeing in such hot haste that they could not stop to destroy the bridge over the Great Fish River.
On April 17, 1915, Van der Venter entered Seeheim, the Germans fleeing in such hot haste that they could not stop to destroy the bridge over the Great Fish River.
Colonel Berrange's force which had set out from Kimberley was now in touch with Van der Venter's column.
从金伯利出发的贝兰吉上校的部队现在正与范德文特尔的纵队取得联系。
At Hasnur near Rietfontein, Berrange took an intrenched position with slight losses and after frequent skirmishes and hard fighting joined Van der Venter's forces near Keetmanshoop, which surrendered to the combined forces April 20, 1915.
At Hasnur near Rietfontein, Berrange took an intrenched position with slight losses and after frequent skirmishes and hard fighting joined Van der Venter's forces near Keetmanshoop, which surrendered to the combined forces April 20, 1915.
Sir Duncan Mackenzie's column left at Aus now struck out to the northeast with his mounted men and occupied the towns of Bethany and Berseba without meeting resistance and April 24, 1915, reached Aritetis on the railway, seventy miles north of Keetmanshoop, General Mackenzie could now act in conjunction with Van der Venter against the Germans retreating from Seeheim and Keetmanshoop.
留在奥斯的邓肯·麦肯齐爵士的纵队现在率领骑兵向东北发起进攻，在没有遇到抵抗的情况下占领了贝瑟尼和贝尔塞巴镇，并于 1915 年 4 月 24 日到达基特曼斯胡普以北 70 英里的铁路上的阿里蒂斯，麦肯齐将军现在可以与范德文特尔联合行动，对抗从塞海姆和基特曼斯胡普撤退的德军。
At Kabus, twenty miles north, in an indecisive engagement with the enemy, the Union forces lost twenty-two men taken prisoners, while the Germans numbering about 600, continued their retreat, their objective being Gibeon, where they hoped to entrain for the capital, Windhoek.
At Kabus, twenty miles north, in an indecisive engagement with the enemy, the Union forces lost twenty-two men taken prisoners, while the Germans numbering about 600, continued their retreat, their objective being Gibeon, where they hoped to entrain for the capital, Windhoek.
General Mackenzie therefore sent a small party to destroy the railway to the north of Gibeon, while the Ninth Brigade was to engage the enemy.
因此，麦肯齐将军派出一小队摧毁基遍以北的铁路，而第九旅则负责与敌人交战。
This body was defeated by the Germans with severe loss.
这个机构被德国人击败，损失惨重。
They took some seventy prisoners and forced the Ninth Brigade to fall back on the main body.
他们俘虏了大约七十人，迫使第九旅撤回主力。
On the morning of April 28, 1915, Mackenzie led his whole force against the Germans in a dashing attack that drove them from the field, and his cavalry continued to pursue them over twenty miles of country.
1915 年 4 月 28 日早晨，麦肯齐率领全军对德军发起猛烈攻击，将他们赶出了战场，他的骑兵继续在 20 英里的范围内追击他们。
The rocky and irregular character of the ground in this neighborhood made it difficult for cavalry operations, and the Germans made good their escape.
该地区的岩石多且不规则，给骑兵作战带来了困难，德军成功逃脱。
The British lost three officers and twenty men killed; the wounded numbered fifty-five, of whom eight were officers.
英国人损失了三名军官，二十名士兵阵亡；受伤人数为五十五人，其中八人是军官。
Among the killed was Major J.
遇难者中有 J 少校。
H.
H.
Watt of the Natal Light Horse.
纳塔尔轻马的瓦特。
The British captured from the enemy seven officers, and about 200 men.
英国人从敌军手中俘获了 7 名军官和大约 200 名士兵。
They also released seventy of their own soldiers who had been made prisoners by the Germans on the previous day.
他们还释放了前一天被德国人俘虏的七十名自己的士兵。
The booty that fell to the victors included field guns and Maxims, transport wagons, and large numbers of live stock.
胜利者获得的战利品包括野战炮和马克沁坦克、运输车和大量牲畜。
It was at Gibeon, where this battle was fought, that Sir George Farrar was killed in a railroad accident on May 18, 1915.
1915 年 5 月 18 日，正是在这场战斗发生的吉遍，乔治·法勒爵士 (Sir George Farrar) 在一场铁路事故中身亡。
His important services in the Commissariat Department during the invasion of the colony had contributed to making the successes of the Union forces possible.
在入侵殖民地期间，他在粮食部门的重要贡献为联邦军队的成功做出了贡献。
His career had been full of adventure.
他的职业生涯充满了冒险。
He was sentenced to death for the part he had taken in the Jamieson raid, and had fought against the Boers in 1899-02.
他因参与贾米森袭击并在 1899 年 2 月与布尔人作战而被判处死刑。
While General Mackenzie was successfully operating around Gibeon, General Botha's troops were active in the north; but nothing of importance occurred until May 1, 1915, when Kubas was hurriedly evacuated by the Germans and occupied by General Brits.
当麦肯齐将军在基遍周围成功作战时，博塔将军的部队则活跃在北部。但直到 1915 年 5 月 1 日，库巴斯被德国人匆忙撤离并被英国将军占领时，才发生了任何重要的事情。
Here, it was discovered that the Germans had made elaborate preparations for resistance, but--became panic-stricken by the sudden and unexpected arrival of Union forces.
在这里，人们发现德国人已经为抵抗做好了周密的准备，但是——却因为联邦军队的突然到来而变得惊慌失措。
Miles of intrenchments surrounded the place, and a hundred contact mines were discovered and removed.
数英里长的壕沟包围了这个地方，并发现并排除了一百枚接触地雷。
From this point Colonel Brits continued his advance, and encountered the enemy at Otyimbigue, sixty-one miles from the capital of Windhoek.
从此时起，布里茨上校继续前进，并在距离首都温得和克六十一英里的奥蒂姆比格与敌人遭遇。
After a spirited skirmish the place was taken, the Germans losing twenty-eight men as prisoners.
经过一场激烈的小冲突后，该地被占领，德国人失去了二十八名俘虏。
Continuing their victorious advance the Union forces captured Karibib, an important railroad junction, and Johann Albrechtshoehe and Wilhelmstal were next occupied.
Continuing their victorious advance the Union forces captured Karibib, an important railroad junction, and Johann Albrechtshoehe and Wilhelmstal were next occupied.
With General Botha threatening the capital from the west, and all the colony south of Gibeon in British hands, the greatest difficulties in the way of the invaders had been successfully overcome, and the end seemed to be near.
随着博塔将军从西面威胁首都，基遍以南的所有殖民地都落入英国人手中，入侵者路上的最大困难已经被成功克服，结局似乎已近在眼前。
On May 10, 1915, General Botha was informed that Windhoek, the capital, was prepared to surrender.
1915年5月10日，博塔将军获悉首都温得和克准备投降。
He set out at once for the town in a motor car accompanied by a small escort, and arranged with the Burgomaster of Windhoek the terms of capitulation.
他立即在一小群护卫的陪同下乘坐一辆汽车前往该镇，并与温得和克市长商定了投降条款。
On May 12, 1915, General Myburgh and a detachment of Union forces entered the town which contained at the time about 3,000 Europeans and some 12,000 natives.
1915 年 5 月 12 日，迈伯格将军和一支联邦军队进入该镇，当时该镇约有 3,000 名欧洲人和约 12,000 名当地人。
Before the courthouse, in the presence of the town officials, and Union officers and men, a proclamation by General Botha in Dutch, English, and German was read, which placed the conquered districts under martial law, and which further expressed the hope that there would be no attempts to resist the Union forces as they must prove futile.
在法院大楼前，在镇官员和联邦军官和士兵在场的情况下，博塔将军用荷兰语、英语和德语宣读了一份公告，该公告将被征服的地区置于戒严状态，并进一步表示希望不要试图抵抗联邦军队，因为它们一定是徒劳的。
The great wireless station at the capital, which kept the colony in touch with Berlin, was found to be uninjured, and with its capture the Germans lost their last wireless station outside of Europe.
首都的大型无线电台负责殖民地与柏林的联系，被发现没有受到损坏，随着它的占领，德国人失去了欧洲以外的最后一个无线电台。
Thousands of cases of ammunition and parts of guns were among the prizes taken, while on the railway a number of locomotives and quantities of rolling stock were seized.
缴获的战利品包括数千箱弹药和枪支零件，并在铁路上扣押了一些机车和机车车辆。
It now became the immediate business of General Botha's army to deal with those German straggling forces which remained still under arms in the north.
现在，博塔将军的军队的当务之急是对付那些仍然武装在北方的德国落后部队。
In a few days following the occupation of the capital, Colonel Mentz found part of the enemy at Seeis, and without losing a man took 252 prisoners and a great quantity of booty.
占领首都后几天，门茨上校在塞伊斯发现了部分敌人，并在没有损失的情况下俘获了 252 名俘虏和大量战利品。
General Botha meanwhile occupied Omaruru, a station on the railway, and in the same week took possession of Kalkfield which was strongly intrenched, but which the Germans were compelled to abandon owing to Botha's adroit flanking movements.
与此同时，博塔将军占领了奥马鲁鲁铁路站，并在同一周占领了卡尔克菲尔德，卡尔克菲尔德的工事坚固，但由于博塔巧妙的侧翼行动，德军被迫放弃。
The Germans declining to make a stand, Botha's army swept victoriously onward.
德国人拒绝抵抗，博塔的军队一路胜利地向前推进。
In the last week in June, 1915, all the districts around Waterberg were cleared of the enemy.
1915 年 6 月的最后一周，沃特贝格周围的所有地区的敌人都被清除了。
Leaving Okaputu in the evening of June 30, 1915, General Manie Botha with the Fifth Brigade got in touch with the Germans at dawn the next day near Osib, after a forced march of forty-two miles in sixteen hours.
1915 年 6 月 30 日晚，马尼·博塔将军率领第五旅离开奥卡普图，在 16 小时内强行行军 42 英里后，第二天黎明时分在奥西卜附近与德军取得了联系。
The Germans were driven off, and before nightfall Otavi was occupied.
德国人被赶走，夜幕降临前，奥塔维被占领。
Here a good supply of water was found and as the country around is arid and like a desert, the loss of the town was a serious one to the enemy.
这里有充足的水源，而且周围的乡村干旱，就像沙漠一样，失去这座城镇对敌人来说是一个严重的损失。
General Lukin with another brigade had set out from Omarasa at the same time as Manie Botha, and between them came General Botha and the Headquarters Staff.
卢金将军率领另一个旅与马尼·博塔同时从奥马拉萨出发，中间夹着博塔将军和总部参谋部。
The fight at Otavi was the last stand of importance made by the Germans.
奥塔维之战是德军最后的重要阵地。
They had shown great bravery, but supplies were failing, they had been driven into the most inhospitable part of the colony, the natives were not always friendly, and during the first days of July, 1915, they made preparations to surrender.
他们表现出了极大的勇敢，但补给不足，他们被赶到了殖民地最荒凉的地方，当地人并不总是友好，在 1915 年 7 月的第一天，他们准备投降。
The Union troops under General Myburgh, having left the railway, encountered a body of Germans sixteen miles south of Tsumeb and in the skirmish that followed lost one man and took eighty-six prisoners.
The Union troops under General Myburgh, having left the railway, encountered a body of Germans sixteen miles south of Tsumeb and in the skirmish that followed lost one man and took eighty-six prisoners.
At Tsumeb, which Myburgh entered on July 8, 1915, some 600 more prisoners were taken, while he was able to release a number of Union comrades who had been left behind by the Germans in their hurried retreat.
在迈堡于 1915 年 7 月 8 日进入的楚梅布，大约有 600 名俘虏被俘，同时他也释放了一些被德国人在匆忙撤退中留下的联邦同志。
Colonel Brits had by this time reached the German port of Namutoni, where he took 150 prisoners, and released some Union captives, the last that remained in German hands.
英国上校此时已抵达德国纳穆托尼港，在那里俘虏了 150 名囚犯，并释放了一些联邦俘虏，这是最后一批仍留在德国人手中的俘虏。
Dr. Seitz, the Governor of German Southwest Africa, now opened communications with General Botha concerning a surrender, and received the Union officer's terms in the form of an ultimatum.
德意志西南非洲总督塞茨博士现在与博塔将军就投降事宜进行了沟通，并收到了联邦军官以最后通牒形式提出的条件。
Botha stated that he and his troops stood ready to fight, if need be, another battle, but his terms were accepted before the time limit he had fixed expired.
博塔表示，如果需要的话，他和他的部队已经准备好进行另一场战斗，但他的条件在他设定的期限到期之前就被接受了。
[Illustration: Conquest of German Southwest Africa by Union Troops under General Botha.]
[插图：博塔将军领导下的联邦军队征服德属西南部非洲。]
At two o'clock in the morning of July 9, 1915, at a spot called Kilometre 500, General Botha, Dr. Seitz the Governor, and Colonel Francke, commander of the German troops in Southwest Africa, signed the terms of capitulation.
1915年7月9日凌晨两点，在500公里处，博塔将军、总督塞茨博士和德军西南非洲司令弗兰克上校签署了投降条款。
All the Germans surrendered unconditionally.
所有德国人无条件投降。
Officers were released on parole, and were free to live where they pleased in the country.
警官们被假释，可以在国内自由居住。
The regular troops were permitted to retain their rifles, but no ammunition, and were interned for the remainder of the war in charge of one of their officers.
正规军被允许保留步枪，但没有弹药，并在战争剩余时间里被拘留，由一名军官负责。
The Landwehr and Landsturm of the reserve forces were permitted to retain their horses, but no arms, and were released on parole, and could return to their homes.
预备役部队的兰德维尔和兰德斯特姆被允许保留他们的马匹，但不能保留武器，并被假释，可以返回家园。
The formal surrender of the prisoners was held at Otavi, July 11, 1915, where General Lukin who was in charge of the details took over 204 officers, and 3,293 of other ranks; thirty-seven field guns and twenty-two machine guns.
1915 年 7 月 11 日，俘虏正式交出仪式在奥塔维举行，负责细节的卢金将军接管了 204 名军官和 3,293 名其他军衔；三十七门野战炮和二十二挺机枪。
By the conquest of German Southwest Africa 322,450 square miles of territory, 113,670 more miles than all Germany, came under the British flag.
通过征服德属西南部非洲，322,450 平方英里的领土（比德国全境多 113,670 英里）被纳入英国旗帜之下。
The suppression of the rebellion at home, and the invasion and conquest of this large territory had been accomplished by the Union forces with comparatively small loss of life considering the great number of engagements that were fought in a most difficult country for military operations.
联邦军队镇压了国内的叛乱，入侵并征服了这片大片领土，与在军事行动最困难的国家进行的大量交战相比，伤亡相对较少。
The best estimate gives 1,612 for both campaigns.
两个活动的最佳估计值为 1,612。
The killed numbered 406, of whom ninety-six were killed in action by the Germans and ninety-eight by the rebels, fifty-eight died of wounds, and 153 by disease, accident, and other causes, and 606 were taken prisoners.
阵亡人数为 406 人，其中 96 人被德军阵亡，98 人被叛军阵亡，58 人因伤死亡，153 人因疾病、事故和其他原因死亡，606 人被俘。
The losses to the rebels were 190 killed and between 300 and 350 wounded.
叛乱分子死亡 190 人，受伤 300 至 350 人。
The Germans lost 103 killed, and 195 wounded.
德军阵亡 103 人，受伤 195 人。
Before the surrender the Union forces held 890 German prisoners in Southwest Africa.
投降前，联邦军队在西南非洲关押了 890 名德国囚犯。
While it is true that the Union troops greatly outnumbered the Germans, General Botha's conquest of the colony was none the less a brilliant military achievement.
虽然联邦军队的数量确实大大超过了德国人，但博塔将军对殖民地的征服仍然是一项辉煌的军事成就。
The most dangerous foe that the Union soldiers encountered was not the Germans, but the deadly climate; the stretches of burning desert veld from eighty to a hundred miles wide, that had to be crossed in a heat that rose at times to 120 deg.
联邦士兵遇到的最危险的敌人不是德国人，而是致命的气候；燃烧的沙漠草原宽达八十到一百英里，必须在有时高达 120 度的高温下穿越。
Fahrenheit in the shadow of the tents.
帐篷阴影下的华氏度。
All the supplies, the provisions for the men, and much of the water for their consumption had to be brought from Cape Town.
所有的供给品、人员的给养以及他们消耗的大部分水都必须从开普敦运来。
The care taken in the commissariat department, and especially in the water supply, in a country where the enemy had polluted the wells, accounted for the general good health of the invading army.
在一个水井被敌人污染的国家，粮食部门，特别是供水部门的精心照料，保证了入侵军队的总体健康状况。
That 30,000 men should have been able to fight in such a difficult country for five months at a cost of less than 2,000 casualties was an experience rare in military annals, and reflects lasting credit on General Botha who planned the entire invasion.
That 30,000 men should have been able to fight in such a difficult country for five months at a cost of less than 2,000 casualties was an experience rare in military annals, and reflects lasting credit on General Botha who planned the entire invasion.
The Germans, outmatched and outnumbered, avoided engagements whenever possible, but offered a stubborn resistance and fought with great bravery when there was no alternative.
The Germans, outmatched and outnumbered, avoided engagements whenever possible, but offered a stubborn resistance and fought with great bravery when there was no alternative.
Once the Union forces were ready to advance, their rapid movements and forced marches took the Germans by surprise in the midst of their preparations, and baffled and bewildered them.
Once the Union forces were ready to advance, their rapid movements and forced marches took the Germans by surprise in the midst of their preparations, and baffled and bewildered them.
Cut off entirely from help from the outside, and running short of ammunition which could not be replaced, their struggle could only result in one conclusion.
Cut off entirely from help from the outside, and running short of ammunition which could not be replaced, their struggle could only result in one conclusion.
CHAPTER LXXIX
第六十九章
OTHER AFRICAN OPERATIONS
其他非洲业务
The fighting along the African coast during this period was minor but picturesque.
在此期间，非洲海岸的战斗规模虽小，但风景如画。
On February 26, 1915, the British military authorities announced that the coast of German East Africa would be blockaded on February 28, four days being allowed for the departure of neutral vessels.
On February 26, 1915, the British military authorities announced that the coast of German East Africa would be blockaded on February 28, four days being allowed for the departure of neutral vessels.
Some minor successes, chiefly naval, were obtained by the British during the month of March, when they occupied Shirati on Lake Victoria Nyanza and established there a base for armed steamers.
Some minor successes, chiefly naval, were obtained by the British during the month of March, when they occupied Shirati on Lake Victoria Nyanza and established there a base for armed steamers.
It was here on March 6, 1915, that the _Muanza_, the only German armed steamer that remained on the lake, was destroyed by the British steamer _Winifred_.
It was here on March 6, 1915, that the _Muanza_, the only German armed steamer that remained on the lake, was destroyed by the British steamer _Winifred_.
In April, 1915, Major General Tighe, who had won distinction in the Indian Service, was appointed to command the British troops in German East Africa.
In April, 1915, Major General Tighe, who had won distinction in the Indian Service, was appointed to command the British troops in German East Africa.
During this month there was some desultory fighting along the edges of Kilmanjaro, and repeated but ineffectual attempts were made to cut the Uganda Railway line; otherwise there were no hostile movements worthy of note in this region.
本月，乞力马扎罗山边缘发生了一些断断续续的战斗，多次试图切断乌干达铁路线，但没有成功；除此之外，该地区没有任何值得注意的敌对行动。
On March 9, 1915, a German column, marching along the Maru River to invade the Karungu district on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, was defeated and scattered, after a short engagement, by a force of British troops under Colonel Hickson.
1915 年 3 月 9 日，一支德国纵队沿着马鲁河行进，入侵维多利亚·尼安萨湖东岸的卡伦古地区，在短暂交战后，被希克森上校率领的英军击败并溃散。
Along the region between the Uganda Railroad and the German frontier there were frequent skirmishes during May between British patrols and German troops, in which the losses were trifling on either side.
5月份，在乌干达铁路和德国边境之间的地区，英国巡逻队和德国军队之间频繁发生小规模冲突，双方损失都很小。
The German forces had been operating for some time from the fortified port of Bukoba, and it was important to the future movements of the British that the place should be destroyed.
德国军队已经从布科巴的防御港口行动了一段时间，摧毁这个地方对于英国人未来的行动非常重要。
On June 20 an expedition was dispatched by steamer from the British port at Kisumu, 240 miles away on the eastern shore; at the same time it was planned that British troops on the Kagora River were to cross the thirty miles that divided them from the German fortified port.
6 月 20 日，一支探险队乘轮船从 240 英里外东岸基苏木的英国港口出发；与此同时，卡戈拉河上的英国军队计划穿越与德国设防港口之间的三十英里。
On June 25, 1915, Brigadier General J.
1915 年 6 月 25 日，准将 J.
A.
A.
Stewart, commanding detachments of the First Loyal North Lancashires, King's African Rifles, and the Twenty-fifth Royal Fusiliers reached Bukoba.
斯图尔特指挥第一忠诚北兰开夏军团、国王非洲步枪团和第二十五皇家燧发枪团到达布科巴。
The port was attacked by land and water.
港口遭到陆路和水路的攻击。
The British were in superior numbers, having only about 400 against them, but the Germans fought intrepidly, and their Arab allies showed great bravery.
英国人在人数上占据优势，只有大约 400 人与他们作战，但德国人却顽强地战斗，他们的阿拉伯盟友也表现出了极大的勇敢。
The British success was not easily won.
英国的成功来之不易。
The Germans lost most of their artillery and there were heavy casualties.
德军损失了大部分火炮，伤亡惨重。
The wireless station was ruined, boats in the harbor were sunk or captured, and the destruction wrought by the British on the port was complete.
无线电台被毁，港口的船只被击沉或被俘，英国人对港口的破坏已经完成。
The capture of Bukoba was important to the British, for as a direct result the Uganda borders were kept clear of the enemy for the greater part of the summer of 1915.
夺取布科巴对于英国人来说非常重要，因为其直接结果是 1915 年夏季的大部分时间里，乌干达边境都没有受到敌人的干扰。
The German town of Sphynxhaven on the eastern shore of Lake Nyassa was attacked on May 30, 1915, by a British naval force under Lieutenant Commander Dennistoun, supported by field artillery and a landing party of King's African Rifles.
1915 年 5 月 30 日，丹尼斯顿中校率领的英国海军在野战炮兵和国王非洲步枪登陆部队的支援下，袭击了位于尼亚萨湖东岸的德国小镇斯芬克斯港。
During the sharp, short engagement that followed the place was bombarded from the water, the enemy was driven out, and great quantities of rifles, ammunition, and military stores fell to the British.
在接下来的激烈而短暂的交战中，这个地方遭到了水上轰炸，敌人被赶了出去，大量的步枪、弹药和军用物资落入了英国人的手中。
The climatic conditions in the low-lying Nyassaland and Uganda borders in the summertime caused the British soldiers more suffering and deaths than their enemies.
夏季，地势低洼的尼亚萨兰和乌干达边境的气候条件给英国士兵带来的痛苦和死亡比敌人还要多。
Insect pests like the tsetse fly swarm around Lake Victoria Nyanza, while different fevers of peculiarly malignant varieties lie in wait to attack the European.
采采蝇等害虫在维多利亚尼安萨湖周围成群结队，而各种特别恶性的热病也正等待着攻击欧洲人。
There is the terrible sleeping sickness that spares neither white nor black race.
有一种可怕的昏睡病，白人和黑人都无法幸免。
The great lake cannot be bathed in without danger for its abounds in crocodiles and hippopotami.
这座大湖里盛产鳄鱼和河马，所以沐浴在水中是有危险的。
Guerrilla warfare was kept up during most of the summer of 1915 along the northeastern borders of Rhodesia and in Nyassaland.
1915 年夏季的大部分时间里，罗得西亚东北部边界和尼亚萨兰的游击战一直在持续。
On June 28 the Germans were driven off when they attacked in two bands on the Saisa River, near Abercorn.
6 月 28 日，德军在阿伯康附近的塞萨河上分两路发起进攻，被击退。
A month later, having gathered 2,000 men, they besieged the place for six days, when British reenforcements arriving they were driven off.
一个月后，他们聚集了 2000 人，围困了这个地方六天，当英国增援部队到达时，他们被赶走了。
During these skirmishes and engagements the Belgian troops were of great service to the British in defending the frontier between Lake Mweru and Lake Tanganyika, and especially the western shore of the latter lake.
在这些小冲突和交战中，比利时军队在保卫姆韦鲁湖和坦噶尼喀湖之间的边境，特别是坦噶尼喀湖的西岸方面为英国做出了巨大贡献。
It was in this summer of 1915, during the early days of July, that the German cruiser, the _Koenigsberg_, met her end.
1915 年夏天，七月初，德国巡洋舰柯尼斯堡号寿终正寝。
Late in October of 1914 she was in shelter at a point some distance up the Rufiji River, where the water was so shallow that a ship of ordinary draft could not approach.
1914 年 10 月下旬，她在鲁菲吉河上游一段距离的地方避难，那里的水很浅，普通吃水的船只无法靠近。
When the British discovered the location of the cruiser they sank a collier across the mouth of the river to prevent the German boat from reaching the sea.
当英国人发现巡洋舰的位置后，他们在河口沉没了一艘煤船，以阻止德国船到达大海。
The _Koenigsberg_, surrounded by forests and thick jungle growth, was exactly located by British aircraft.
被森林和茂密丛林包围的柯尼斯堡号被英国飞机准确定位。
On July 4, 1914, Vice Admiral King Hall, commander in chief of the Cape station, entered the river with the monitors _Severn_ and _Mersey_ and opened fire.
1914 年 7 月 4 日，开普站总司令金·霍尔中将率领监视舰塞文号和默西号进入河中并开火。
The crew of the _Koenigsberg_ had been active in fortifying their position during the time the cruiser had been sheltering in the river.
当巡洋舰在河中避难期间，柯尼斯堡号的船员们一直在积极加固他们的阵地。
They had established shore batteries with German thoroughness that commanded all the turnings of the river, and there were observation towers from which they could get the range of any vessel attacking.
他们按照德国人的严谨态度建立了岸边炮台，控制着河流的所有转弯处，还建有观察塔，从那里他们可以了解任何攻击船只的范围。
The British could not get a clear view of the enemy because of the dense jungle, but their aeroplanes were of great service in directing the action of the guns.
由于丛林茂密，英国人无法清楚地看到敌人，但他们的飞机在指挥火炮行动方面发挥了巨大作用。
There was never any doubt of what the ultimate fate of the _Koenigsberg_ would be.
柯尼斯堡号的最终命运将如何，这一点从来没有任何疑问。
On July 4, 1915, the British bombarded the cruiser for six hours, when she was seen to be on fire.
1915 年 7 月 4 日，英国人对这艘巡洋舰进行了长达六个小时的炮击，当时发现她已经着火了。
The attack for some reason was not renewed until July 11, 1915, when the cruiser was found to be completely destroyed, whether as the result of the British shells or because she was blown up by her own crew was not discovered at the time.
由于某种原因，这次袭击直到 1915 年 7 月 11 日才再次发生，当时发现这艘巡洋舰被完全摧毁，无论是由于英国炮弹还是因为她被自己的船员炸毁，当时都没有被发现。
The annals of naval warfare offer no more curious story than this of the German cruiser, which lay for so many months helpless in a jungle river, surrounded by steaming swamps, while far beyond lay the longed-for open sea.
海战史册中没有比这艘德国巡洋舰更令人好奇的故事了，这艘巡洋舰在丛林河流中无助地躺了好几个月，周围是热气腾腾的沼泽，而远处就是人们向往的公海。
PART XII--WAR IN ARABIA, MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT
第十二部分——阿拉伯、美索不达米亚和埃及的战争
CHAPTER LXXX
第LXXX章
MESOPOTAMIA AND ARABIA
美索不达米亚和阿拉伯
The flames of war were sweeping across Mesopotamia and Arabia.
战火席卷美索不达米亚和阿拉伯半岛。
In the last days of January, 1915, Lord Hardinge, Viceroy and Governor General of India, made a tour of the conquered territory around the Persian Gulf, and at Basra was received by the native community with an address of welcome, which expressed the hope of permanent British occupation.
1915 年 1 月的最后几天，印度总督兼总督哈丁勋爵巡视了波斯湾周围被征服的领土，并在巴士拉受到当地社区的欢迎致辞，表达了英国永久占领的希望。
Owing to the overflow of the Tigris and Euphrates in February and March, when the surrounding country is flooded, there was little fighting in those regions.
由于二月和三月底格里斯河和幼发拉底河泛滥，周边国家被洪水淹没，这些地区几乎没有发生战斗。
But on March 3 the enemy appeared near Ahwaz, on the Karun River, where the British had a small garrison to protect the Anglo-Persian Oil Company's pipe line.
但3月3日，敌人出现在阿瓦士附近的卡伦河上，英国在那里有一小支驻军保护英波石油公司的管道。
A contingent sent out from the town to discover the strength of the Turkish force, located them at Ghadir.
一支特遣队从该镇派出，去探寻土耳其军队的实力，并在加迪尔找到了他们。
The enemy was found to be about 12,000 strong, having been joined by a body of tribesmen from Arabia and Persia.
敌人约有 12,000 人，其中还有来自阿拉伯和波斯的部落成员。
As the British troops only numbered 1,000 men, there was imminent danger of them being cut off, and a hurried retreat was ordered.
由于英军只有一千人，被切断的危险迫在眉睫，于是下令仓皇撤退。
The Turks seemed determined that their enemy should not escape them, and used every effort to prevent a successful retreat.
土耳其人似乎下定决心，他们的敌人不会逃脱他们的追捕，并竭尽全力阻止他们成功撤退。
There was much hand-to-hand fighting before the British could struggle back to Ahwaz.
在英国人奋力返回阿瓦士之前，发生了多次肉搏战。
As the Turks did not continue to attack it was to be supposed that they had lost heavily.
由于土耳其人没有继续进攻，所以他们应该损失惨重。
The Anglo-Indian force had lost about 200.
英印联军损失约200人。
The colonel of the Seventh Rajputs was wounded, and four of their white officers were killed.
第七拉其普特军上校受伤，四名白人军官被杀。
On this day, March 3, 1915, a body of British cavalry reconnoitering toward Nakaila, about twenty-five miles northwest of Basra, was attacked while on their way back to camp by some 1,500 mounted Turks.
1915 年 3 月 3 日的这一天，一支英国骑兵部队向巴士拉西北约 25 英里处的纳凯拉进行侦察，在返回营地的途中遭到约 1,500 名骑兵土耳其人的袭击。
The British pretending to retire, maneuvered to lure them on to a position where they had concealed infantry with machine guns and artillery.
英国人假装撤退，用机枪和大炮引诱他们到一个隐藏步兵的位置。
The Turks, quite unsuspecting a ruse came on, were met by a withering fire from the guns that sent them shattered and broken flying back to Nakaila.
土耳其人毫无防备地发现了诡计，他们遭到炮火的猛烈射击，被打得粉碎，飞回纳凯拉。
In this little fight the British had four officers killed and several severely wounded.
在这场小战斗中，英国人造成四名军官死亡，几人受重伤。
Reenforcements had been sent from India in anticipation of the end of the flood season, and Ahwaz and Kurna were greatly strengthened.
预计洪水季节即将结束，印度已派出增援部队，阿瓦士和库尔纳的部队得到了极大加强。
Lieutenant General Sir J.
J.中将爵士
E.
E.
Nixon, K.
尼克松，K.
C.
C.
B., accompanied the new troops, and on his arrival took command of the entire force of between 30,000 and 40,000 men.
B. 陪同新部队抵达，并在抵达后指挥了 30,000 至 40,000 人的整支部队。
The Turks, who had also been largely reenforced with soldiers probably from Bagdad, on April 11 attacked the three British positions at Kurna-Ahwaz and Shaiba, the last a fort protecting Basra.
土耳其人也得到了可能来自巴格达的士兵的大力增援，他们于 4 月 11 日袭击了库尔纳阿瓦士和沙伊巴的三个英军阵地，沙伊巴是保护巴士拉的最后一个堡垒。
Kurna was bombarded for two days, with small result.
库尔纳遭到了两天的轰炸，但收效甚微。
A bridge across the Tigris was partly destroyed, but they inflicted no casualties.
底格里斯河上的一座桥梁被部分摧毁，但没有造成人员伤亡。
Guns from the shore and those in H.M.S.
来自海岸和英国皇家海军的枪支
_Odin_ did effective work in scattering such of the enemy as appeared in boats.
奥丁在驱散船上出现的敌人方面做了有效的工作。
At Ahwaz large bodies of hostile cavalry could be seen against the sky line surrounding the British positions, but they did not attack.
在阿瓦士，在英军阵地周围的天际线上可以看到大批敌方骑兵，但他们没有发起进攻。
[Illustration: Mesopotamia--The British Operations from the Persian Gulf.]
[插图：美索不达米亚——英国在波斯湾的行动。]
The main object of the Turks was evidently to capture Basra, their attempts on Kurna and Ahwaz being merely feints to keep the British occupied while they struck a real blow at Shaiba.
土耳其人的主要目标显然是占领巴士拉，他们对库尔纳和阿瓦士的企图只是佯攻，以保持英国人的占领，同时他们对沙伊巴进行真正的打击。
On April 12, 1915, an action began that lasted three days--one of the most notable fights in the history of this campaign.
1915 年 4 月 12 日，一场持续三天的战斗开始了——这是这场战役历史上最引人注目的战斗之一。
The attacking force was estimated at between 18,000 and 22,000 men.
攻击部队估计有 18,000 至 22,000 人。
Perhaps 11,000 were regular infantry and cavalry from Bagdad, and 12,000 irregular levies of Kurds and Arabs.
大约有 11,000 名来自巴格达的正规步兵和骑兵，还有 12,000 名库尔德人和阿拉伯人的非正规征兵。
The Turkish infantry after some irregular artillery fire, commanded by German officers, advanced in the early morning of the 12th toward the south-southwest, and west of the British lines.
土耳其步兵在德国军官指挥下进行了一些不规则的炮火攻击后，于12日凌晨向英军战线的西南偏南和以西推进。
For three hours they were pressing forward, and then when the artillery fire fell off began to dig themselves in.
他们向前推进了三个小时，然后当炮火落下时，他们开始挖掘自己的阵地。
An attack from the south was made in the afternoon, but was beaten off by the British before making much progress.
下午从南方发起进攻，但在取得很大进展之前就被英军击退。
The Turks were busy during the night of the 12th keeping up a spirited fire from rifles and machine guns, and by morning were found to have occupied some houses on a rising ground to the north of the British position.
12日夜间，土耳其人忙于用步枪和机枪进行猛烈射击，到了早上，土耳其人发现他们占领了英军阵地以北高地上的一些房屋。
An Anglo-Indian force easily dislodged them from this place, and a counterattack made by the Turks from the west was repulsed with a loss to them of several hundred prisoners.
英印联军轻易地将他们从这个地方驱逐出去，而土耳其人从西边发起的反击也被击退，他们损失了数百名俘虏。
The British also captured eighteen officers and two guns.
英国人还俘获了十八名军官和两支枪。
The British had repulsed all attacks, but the most difficult part of their task now lay before them, for the Turks were strongly intrenched near Basra some four miles from the British lines.
英国人击退了所有进攻，但他们的任务中最困难的部分现在摆在他们面前，因为土耳其人在距离英国战线约四英里的巴士拉附近有坚固的工事。
On April 14, 1915, the Anglo-Indian force moved from camp toward Zobeir to the south, and driving off the Turks from their advanced position found themselves in front of their main lines.
1915 年 4 月 14 日，英印联军从营地向南进军佐贝尔，将土耳其人从先进阵地上赶走，发现自己已经到了主线的前面。
Some 15,000 Turkish soldiers and six big guns occupied well-concealed trenches in a tamarisk wood.
大约 15,000 名土耳其士兵和六门大炮占领了柽柳树林中隐蔽的战壕。
The Anglo-Indian troops began their advance toward the enemy at 11.30 in the morning, and continued for five hours across a bare plain under a fierce sun and a pitiless heat.
上午11点30分，英印联军开始向敌军进军，在烈日和无情的酷暑下，穿过一片光秃秃的平原，持续了五个小时。
Not an enemy could be sighted, but a continuous fire, too accurate to be pleasant to the advancing host, came from the concealed trenches.
看不到任何敌人，但从隐蔽的战壕里连续不断地射击，精确度太高，让前进的大军感到不舒服。
At about 4.30 p.
下午 4.30 左右。
m.
米。
the 117th Mahrattas and Dorsets had led the way into the trenches, and, the whole line uniting in a great charge, the Turks were driven out at the point of the bayonet and dispersed.
第117马哈拉塔师和多塞特师率先进入战壕，全线联合发起猛烈冲锋，土耳其人在刺刀的刺刀下被赶出并分散。
The Anglo-Indian troops however had purchased their victory dearly.
然而，英印军队为胜利付出了高昂的代价。
There were some 700 casualties.
约有700人伤亡。
Lieutenant Colonel H.
H中校
L.
L。
Rosher of the Dorsets, Lieutenant Colonel T.
多塞特郡的罗舍尔 (Rosher)，T. 中校
A.
A.
Britten of the 110th Mahrattas, and Major J.
第 110 马拉塔团的布里顿和少校 J.
C.
C.
M.
M。
Wheeler of the Seventh Lancers were among the seventeen British officers killed.
第七枪骑兵团的惠勒是遇难的十七名英国军官之一。
The routed Turks had fled toward Nakaila, and were vigorously pursued by the victors.
溃败的土耳其人逃向纳凯拉，并遭到胜利者的猛烈追击。
They tried to escape by land and water.
他们试图通过陆地和水路逃跑。
A dozen boat loads of fugitives were overhauled or sunk.
十几艘满载逃犯的船被彻底检修或击沉。
The Turks lost about 2,500, of whom 700 were prisoners in British hands.
土耳其人损失了大约 2,500 人，其中 700 人是英国人手中的俘虏。
Great quantities of stores, ammunition and guns were also captured.
大量物资、弹药和枪支也被缴获。
The region around Basra was now cleared of Turkish soldiers for a distance of fifty miles.
巴士拉周围地区五十英里内的土耳其士兵现已被清除。
On April 17 the Anglo-Indian cavalry occupied Nakaila.
4月17日，英印骑兵占领纳凯拉。
The rout of the Turks was complete, and it was said that in their retreat they were attacked by their former allies the Arabs, who turned on them as soon as the tide of battle went against them.
土耳其人彻底溃败，据说在他们撤退的过程中，他们遭到了以前的盟友阿拉伯人的攻击，一旦战势不利，阿拉伯人就转而攻击他们。
During the greater part of the month of May the British were occupied in clearing the territory of the Turks that remained.
在五月的大部分时间里，英国人都忙着清理土耳其人剩余的领土。
At Kurna and Ahwaz and their neighborhood the enemy had gathered in sufficient numbers to give some trouble.
在库尔纳和阿瓦士及其邻近地区，敌人聚集了足够的人数来制造麻烦。
A British contingent was dispatched to drive them out of the Ahwaz locality, but the Kharked River was in flood, and severe sand storms hindered progress, so that before the Turkish camp could be reached the enemy had vacated Persian soil and fallen back to Amara.
一支英国特遣队被派去将他们赶出阿瓦士地区，但哈克德河泛滥，严重的沙尘暴阻碍了前进，因此在到达土耳其营地之前，敌人已经撤离波斯领土并退回阿马拉。
General Gorringe, who commanded the British troops, now set about punishing those tribes which had been assisting the enemy.
指挥英国军队的戈林奇将军现在开始惩罚那些一直协助敌人的部落。
Some surrendered and gave up a number of rifles and arms.
一些人投降并交出了一些步枪和武器。
Others were disposed to show resistance, but the British easily defeated them, cleared out their strongholds, and destroyed some of their property.
其他人准备进行抵抗，但英国人轻松击败了他们，清除了他们的据点，并摧毁了他们的一些财产。
On May 31, 1915, the Turks had become threatening in the vicinity of Kurna, and a British expedition consisting of soldiers and sailors set out at 1.30 a.
1915 年 5 月 31 日，土耳其人在库尔纳附近形成威胁，一支由士兵和水手组成的英国探险队于凌晨 1 点 30 分出发。
m.
米。
to attack them.
来攻击他们。
By wading and in boats the British surprised the enemy's position, two miles from the town, and soon silenced his guns by superior artillery work.
英国人涉水或乘船对距城镇两英里的敌人阵地发起了突然袭击，并很快以卓越的炮火压制了敌人的炮火。
The heights were won by midday, and the Turks took to flight, leaving three guns and about 250 prisoners behind them.
中午时分，土耳其人占领了高地，土耳其人逃跑了，身后留下了三门大炮和大约 250 名俘虏。
They retreated to Amara as the force from Ahwaz had done.
他们像阿瓦士的部队一样撤退到阿马拉。
Their flight was so precipitate, that tents were left standing, as they took to mahalas and steamers on the river to escape.
他们的逃亡速度如此之快，以致于他们在河上乘坐马哈拉和轮船逃亡时，帐篷都还矗立着。
The British naval flotilla carrying General Townshend and Sir Percy Cox, Chief British Resident of the Gulf, was in pursuit of the fleeing Turks.
英国海军舰队载有汤森德将军和英国驻海湾首席驻地珀西·考克斯爵士，正在追击逃跑的土耳其人。
Their gunboat _Marmaris_ was sunk, and the transport _Masul_ captured.
他们的炮舰_马尔马里斯_被击沉，运输船_马苏尔_被俘。
Two lighters containing field guns, mines, and military stores were also taken, and about 300 prisoners.
两艘装有野战炮、地雷和军用物资的打火机也被夺走，还有大约 300 名囚犯。
Amara, the important business town on the Tigris about sixty miles from Kurna to which the Turks had fled, surrendered to the British June 3, 1915, its garrison of 1,000 becoming prisoners of war.
阿马拉是底格里斯河畔的一个重要商业城镇，距土耳其人逃往的库尔纳约 60 英里，于 1915 年 6 月 3 日向英国投降，其 1,000 名驻军成为战俘。
In the town and vicinity 80 officers and some 2,000 men were also captured, and large quantities of ammunition, 13 guns, 12 steel barges, and 4 river steamers.
在该镇及周边地区，还俘获了 80 名军官和约 2,000 名士兵，以及大量弹药、13 门枪、12 艘钢驳船和 4 艘内河轮船。
The whole of the country between Amara and the sea was now in British hands, and the Turkish forces in Mesopotamia had been partly destroyed and so demoralized that it was unlikely that they would soon take the offensive again.
阿马拉和大海之间的整个国家现在都在英国手中，而美索不达米亚的土耳其军队已被部分摧毁，士气低落，不太可能很快再次发动进攻。
In the last weeks of July, 1915, they again became troublesome.
1915 年 7 月的最后几周，他们再次惹上麻烦。
On July 24 the British, under General Gorringe, advanced to attack Nasiriyeh.
7 月 24 日，英国人在戈林格将军的指挥下进攻纳西里耶。
The town was shelled by gunboats, and after a prolonged struggle the enemy retired, and the British occupied the place on the following day.
该镇遭到炮艇的炮击，经过长时间的战斗，敌人撤退，第二天英国人占领了这个地方。
They had captured during the fight 1,000 prisoners and 13 guns, while the dead Turks numbered about 500.
他们在战斗中俘获了 1000 名囚犯和 13 支枪，而阵亡的土耳其人约有 500 人。
The British casualties were between 300 and 400.
英军伤亡人数在300至400人之间。
During this engagement the fiercest foe the British had to contend against was the excessive heat, which registered as high as 113, and caused great suffering and some deaths.
在这次交战中，英国人必须应对的最猛烈的敌人是高达113度的高温，造成了巨大的痛苦和一些人的死亡。
Along the Euphrates, between Sukh-es-Sheyukh and Nasiriyeh, operations now began that lasted for twenty days.
沿着幼发拉底河，在苏赫谢尤赫和纳西里耶之间，行动现在开始，持续了二十天。
The country around here is peculiarly difficult for military movements, presenting a network of marshes and canals.
这里周围的国家特别难以军事行动，呈现出沼泽和运河网络。
The Turks occupied intrenched positions at the entrance of Kut-el-Hai Channel on the main line of communication between the Tigris and Bagdad.
土耳其人在底格里斯河和巴格达之间的主要交通线上的库特海海峡入口处占据了工事。
A British force was dispatched from Kurna to attack these positions.
从库尔纳派遣了一支英国军队攻击这些阵地。
The expedition was supported by extemporized gunboats, and took the waterway of the Euphrates and Hamar Lake.
探险队得到了临时炮艇的支援，并取道了幼发拉底河和哈马尔湖的水道。
Their progress was fiercely opposed by the Turks, who hovered about their flanks.
他们的进攻遭到了土耳其人的强烈反对，土耳其人在他们的侧翼徘徊。
The river had overflowed it banks, and inundated the neighboring country so that marching was difficult.
河水泛滥成灾，淹没了邻国，行军困难重重。
It was necessary to drag boats over the land in some places along the advance.
在前进的某些地方，需要在陆地上拖船。
But the British troops were successful when reaching their objective.
但英国军队成功地达到了他们的目标。
One regiment outflanked the enemy's gun position on the right bank, and during the engagement the Turks lost 7 officers and 83 regular troops and Arabs.
一个团包抄了敌军右岸的炮位，在交战中土耳其人损失了 7 名军官、83 名正规军和阿拉伯人。
The British casualties were 109.
英军伤亡109人。
There were 25 killed.
共有25人死亡。
CHAPTER LXXXI
第LXXXI章
SYRIA AND EGYPT
叙利亚和埃及
After the declaration of war against Turkey, the allied war vessels were concentrated in the Levant and Red Sea to watch the coasts of southern Asia Minor, Syria, and Turkish Arabia.
对土耳其宣战后，盟军战舰集中在黎凡特和红海，监视小亚细亚南部、叙利亚和土耳其阿拉伯海岸。
On the Syrian coast there was only one point where a naval force could effectively attack communications between Constantinople and the Turkish forces.
在叙利亚海岸，海军部队只有一个地点可以有效攻击君士坦丁堡和土耳其军队之间的通讯。
This was the little town of Alexandretta, and the shore north to Payaz, a small village.
这是亚历山德雷塔小镇，位于帕亚兹（Payaz）小村庄以北的海岸上。
The Turks, if they wished to reenforce their Syrian army must move their men, guns, and stores up a mountainous road over the Amanus from Baghche to Radju, or risk great losses by the coast route between Payaz and Alexandretta.
土耳其人如果想增援叙利亚军队，就必须将他们的人员、枪支和物资转移到从巴格切到拉朱的阿马努斯河上的山路上，否则，帕亚兹和亚历山德雷塔之间的海岸路线将面临巨大损失。
The Turks took this chance, and were successful, for there was no allied warship in the Gulf of Alexandretta to oppose their progress.
土耳其人抓住了这个机会，并取得了成功，因为亚历山大勒塔湾没有盟军军舰来阻止他们的前进。
On December 17, 1914, H.M.S.
1914 年 12 月 17 日，H.M.S.
_Doris_, a protected cruiser, appeared off Alexandretta and destroyed four bridges on the road and railway between that town and Payaz.
多丽丝号，一艘受保护的巡洋舰，出现在亚历山德雷塔附近，摧毁了该镇和帕亚兹之间公路和铁路上的四座桥梁。
The captain of the _Doris_ sent an ultimatum to the Turkish commandant of Alexandretta demanding the surrender of the town, failing which he threatened bombardment of the place.
多丽丝号的船长向亚历山大勒塔的土耳其指挥官发出最后通牒，要求交出该镇，否则他威胁要轰炸该地。
To this the Turks paid no attention.
土耳其人对此不予理睬。
A second ultimatum brought forth a telegraphic message from Djemal Pasha at Damascus, threatening to execute allied subjects interned in that city if any Ottoman noncombatants were killed at Alexandretta by the British guns.
第二个最后通牒带来了来自大马士革的杰马尔帕夏的电报，威胁如果任何奥斯曼非战斗人员在亚历山大雷塔被英国人枪杀，他将处决被拘留在该城市的盟军臣民。
The captain of the _Doris_ promptly replied that Djemal Pasha would be held responsible for the execution of allied subjects, if he dared to carry out what he proposed.
多丽丝号的船长立即回答说，如果杰马尔帕夏敢于执行他的提议，他将负责处决盟军臣民。
Thanks to the influence brought to bear on the Porte by the American Embassy at Constantinople, the Ottoman military authorities in Syria became more reasonable, and finally agreed to blow up the two railway engines at Alexandretta themselves, much of the war material having been removed from the town while negotiations were pending.
得益于美国驻君士坦丁堡大使馆对土耳其门的影响，叙利亚的奥斯曼军事当局变得更加理性，最终同意亲自炸毁亚历山大雷塔的两个火车头，在谈判等待期间，大部分战争物资已从该镇运走。
During the first three months of 1915 there was only one fight of any importance on the coast of the Gulf of Alexandretta.
1915 年前三个月，亚历山德雷塔湾沿岸只发生了一场重要的战斗。
On February 6 a landing party from H.M.S.
2 月 6 日，一支登陆队从 H.M.S.
_Philomel_ was subjected to heavy fire from a concealed trench where eighty Turks were located.
菲洛梅尔遭到来自八十名土耳其人所在的隐蔽战壕的猛烈火力攻击。
Six of the British and New Zealanders who formed the crew of the _Philomel_ were wounded, three mortally.
菲洛梅尔号的船员中有六名英国人和新西兰人受伤，其中三人死亡。
The cruiser promptly avenged their death by steaming in and opening a point-blank fire on the trenches with her 4.7-inch guns.
这艘巡洋舰迅速驶入并用 4.7 英寸火炮向战壕开火，为他们报了仇。
More than fifty of the Turks were killed or badly wounded, the high-explosive shells shattering some to pieces.
超过五十名土耳其人被杀或受重伤，高爆炮弹将其中一些炸成碎片。
After this salutary lesson the Turks at Alexandretta did not seek any further encounters with the sailors of allied war vessels.
在这次有益的教训之后，亚历山大勒塔的土耳其人不再寻求与盟军战舰的水手发生任何进一步的冲突。
The British cruisers were late in arriving in the Gulf of Alexandretta, and had lost some opportunities to injure the enemy by their delay, but now they did valiant duty in preventing the Turks from sending any number of men or stores to Aleppo for the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, or the Egyptian border by the coast route, which would greatly have facilitated their movements.
英国巡洋舰迟到了亚历山大雷塔湾，因延误而失去了一些伤害敌人的机会，但现在他们英勇地阻止了土耳其人向阿勒颇派遣任何数量的人员或物资到阿勒颇沿海岸线前往高加索、美索不达米亚或埃及边境，这将大大方便他们的行动。
They were forced, owing to the vigilance of British warships, to send their troops and munitions over the Giaur Dagh by the pass called the Syrian Gates, between Cilicia and northern Syria, a rough, mountainous region, with bad roads, that made progress extremely difficult.
由于英国军舰的戒备，他们被迫将部队和弹药从奇里乞亚和叙利亚北部之间的“叙利亚之门”越过贾乌尔达格河，这是一个崎岖的山区，路况不好，进展极其困难。
At the beginning of the allied operations against the Dardanelles, the observation of the Syrian coast was taken over entirely by the French fleet.
在盟军对达达尼尔海峡的行动开始时，对叙利亚海岸的观察完全由法国舰队接管。
On April 19, 1915, the Turkish intrenchments at El Arish were bombarded by the French battleship _St.
1915 年 4 月 19 日，土耳其在阿里什的防御工事遭到法国战列舰圣约翰号的炮击。
Louis_.
路易斯_。
The Turks had some fifteen or twenty field guns, and replied vigorously, but only one shell hit the battleship, which did no damage.
土耳其人有大约十五到二十门野战炮，并进行了猛烈的反击，但只有一发炮弹击中了战舰，没有造成任何损坏。
The Turks suffered some losses.
土耳其人遭受了一些损失。
In the early part of May the big camp at Gaza, where numbers of Ottoman soldiers were gathered to be reviewed by Djemal Pasha, was shelled by the _St.
五月初，加沙的大营地遭到了圣彼得堡军队的炮击，那里聚集了许多奥斯曼士兵，接受杰马尔·帕夏的检阅。
Louis_, when some fifty Turks were killed by French shrapnel, and perhaps as many more wounded.
圣路易斯，当时大约有五十名土耳其人被法国弹片杀死，也许还有更多的土耳其人受伤。
On April 29, 1915, the cruiser _D'Entrecasteaux_ worked effectively on the Cilician coast, shelling the trenches at Taruss, while her hydroplane, dropping a bomb on the railway tracks, blew up trucks laden with high explosives and wrecked the railway station.
On April 29, 1915, the cruiser _D'Entrecasteaux_ worked effectively on the Cilician coast, shelling the trenches at Taruss, while her hydroplane, dropping a bomb on the railway tracks, blew up trucks laden with high explosives and wrecked the railway station.
On May 10 the Turks at El Arish were again shelled by the guns of the _Jeanne D'Arc_.
5 月 10 日，阿里什的土耳其人再次遭到圣女贞德号炮火的炮击。
On Ascension Day, Alexandretta was the scene of some spirited work, in which the cruiser _D'Estrees_ played the leading part.
耶稣升天日那天，亚历山大雷塔上演了一些激动人心的作品，其中巡洋舰“德斯特里”号扮演了主角。
M.
M。
de la Passadiere, her commander, demanded of the Kaimakam that the German flag should be hauled down that was flying over the German Consulate.
她的指挥官德拉帕萨迪埃（de la Passadiere）要求凯马卡姆号将飘扬在德国领事馆上空的德国国旗降下来。
The Turkish commander sent no reply, and it was pretended that he was ill or absent.
土耳其指挥官没有回复，并假装生病或缺席。
M.
M。
de la Passadiere having fixed a time limit when the flag must be hauled down, cleared his decks for action and trained the ship's guns on the consulate building.
德拉帕萨迪埃确定了必须降下旗帜的时限，清理甲板准备采取行动，并将舰炮瞄准领事馆大楼。
At the expiration of the time limit he opened fire, and the consulate was reduced to ruins.
时限一到，他就开枪了，领事馆被夷为废墟。
The only casualties were three Turkish soldiers, who, in spite of warning, had remained near the building.
唯一的伤亡是三名土耳其士兵，他们不顾警告，仍留在大楼附近。
The captain of the _D'Estrees_ on May 14, 1915, destroyed a petrol depot which might be used to supply hostile submarines, and which contained over 1,000 cases.
1915 年 5 月 14 日，“D'Estrees”号的船长摧毁了一个可能用于向敌方潜艇补给的油库，里面有 1,000 多箱油。
A few days earlier a much larger depot containing some 20,000 cases at Makri on the southern coast of Cilicia had been destroyed by the cruiser _Jeanne D'Arc_.
几天前，在西里西亚南部海岸的马克里，一个容纳约 20,000 个箱子的更大的仓库被巡洋舰_Jeanne D'Arc_摧毁。
[Illustration: The Turkish Attack on the Suez Canal.]
[插图：土耳其袭击苏伊士运河。]
Budrum on the southwest coast of Asia Minor in the Gulf of Halicarnassus was bombarded for a serious act of Turkish treachery.
位于哈利卡纳苏斯湾小亚细亚西南海岸的布德鲁姆因土耳其的严重背叛行为而遭到轰炸。
The captain of the _Dupleix_ had sent two boat crews to parley with the authorities, when they were fired upon by armed Turkish civilians and some soldiers.
杜普莱克斯号的船长派了两名船员与当局谈判，但他们遭到武装的土耳其平民和一些士兵的射击。
About twenty French soldiers were killed or captured as a result of this treacherous act, concerning which the Ottoman authorities published a communique in which they described the incident as the repulse of a landing force.
这一背信弃义的行为导致大约二十名法国士兵被杀或被俘，奥斯曼当局就此发表了一份公报，称此次事件是登陆部队被击退。
The French losses were quickly avenged, for the _Dupleix_ at once began a bombardment of the Moslem quarter of the town, and continued firing for three hours during which great damage was done.
法军的损失很快就得到了报复，因为“杜普莱克斯”立即开始轰炸该镇的穆斯林区，并持续射击了三个小时，造成了巨大的损失。
Armed Turkish inhabitants perpetrated a similar outrage on boat parties on May 18, 1915, at Banias, near Latakia; a tug and a boat belonging to the _D'Estrees_ were fired on from roofs and landing places while chasing a merchantman belonging to the enemy that was seeking refuge in the port.
1915 年 5 月 18 日，武装的土耳其居民在拉塔基亚附近的巴尼亚斯对船上聚会犯下了类似的暴行；属于_D'Estrees_的一艘拖船和一艘船在追赶一艘在港口寻求避难的敌方商船时，从屋顶和着陆点向其开火。
As a punishment for the treachery of the civilians, who had posed as peaceable inhabitants until the French boats came into port, part of the town was destroyed by the shells of the _D'Estrees_.
在法国船只进港之前，平民一直伪装成和平居民，作为对他们背叛行为的惩罚，城镇的一部分被德埃斯特里号的炮弹摧毁。
In February, 1915, toward the close of the month, in the Red Sea, the French armored cruiser _Desaix_ landed a reconnoitering party near Akaba, and found the Turks occupying a neighboring village.
1915 年 2 月月底，法国装甲巡洋舰德赛号在红海登陆，侦察队在阿卡巴附近登陆，发现土耳其人占领了邻近的一个村庄。
After receiving reenforcements from the cruiser, the French sailors drove out the fifty or sixty Turks hiding among the houses of the village, killing and wounding a dozen of them, their only casualty being one man, who was slightly wounded.
法国水手接到巡洋舰的增援后，赶走了藏在村里房屋中的五十、六十名土耳其人，打死打伤十几人，唯一的伤亡是一名男子，他受了轻伤。
The Red Sea was now patrolled by vessels of the Indian Marine, which were frequently successful in making captures, and in removing mines from the Gulf of Akaba.
现在，红海由印度海军陆战队船只巡逻，这些船只经常成功捕获并清除阿卡巴湾的水雷。
On March 21, 1915, H.M.S.
1915 年 3 月 21 日，H.M.S.
_Dufferin_ at Mutweilah on coast of Midian, where an old Turkish fort is located, was the victim of the white-flag trick.
米甸海岸穆特韦拉的达弗林（Dufferin）是白旗骗局的受害者，那里有一座古老的土耳其堡垒。
Through this treacherous act one British sailor was killed, and an officer and nine other men were wounded.
通过这一背信弃义的行为，一名英国水手被杀，一名军官和另外九名男子受伤。
In the middle of May, H.M.S.
五月中旬，H.M.S.
_Northbrook_ captured a dhow, having on board six German officers belonging to the merchant marine, and ten men who were trying to reach one of the Turkish Red Sea ports to the north.
诺斯布鲁克捕获了一艘单桅帆船，船上有六名属于商船队的德国军官，以及十名试图到达北部土耳其红海港口之一的人员。
In these waters and in the Levant there were many incidents of this character, insignificant in themselves, but important in the aggregate, since they kept the enemy worried, and created a wholesome fear of allied vigilance.
在这些水域和黎凡特发生了许多此类事件，这些事件本身并不重要，但总的来说却很重要，因为它们让敌人感到担忧，并对盟军的警惕性产生了健康的恐惧。
In the last week of January, 1915, the three Turkish columns advancing on Egypt, the northern marching toward Kantara, the central and main advance headed for Ismailia, and the southern, whose objective was Suez, had been located, and were under surveillance of allied aeroplanes.
1915 年 1 月的最后一周，土耳其向埃及挺进的三支纵队，其中北部部队向坎塔拉进军，中部和主力部队向伊斯梅利亚进发，而目标是苏伊士运河的南部部队已经被发现，并受到盟军飞机的监视。
By January 26 advanced guards of the central and southern columns were discovered near the canal.
1月26日，在运河附近发现了中部和南部纵队的先头部队。
The central column was at Moia Harab, and some thousand men were also discovered at Wadi Um Muksheib.
中央纵队位于莫亚哈拉布（Moia Harab），在乌姆穆克谢布干河（Wadi Um Muksheib）也发现了数千人。
The southern column was found to be located at Bir Mabeiuk.
南柱被发现位于比尔马贝尤克。
On this same date British troops engaged the northern Turkish column a few miles east of El Kantara, losing in the skirmish five men and one officer.
同一天，英国军队在埃尔坎塔拉以东几英里处与土耳其北部纵队交战，在这场小冲突中损失了五名男子和一名军官。
It was now evident to the British that the Turks were about to begin the main attack on the canal.
英国人现在很清楚，土耳其人即将开始对运河的主攻。
Consequently the Auckland and Canterbury Battalions were dispatched to Ismailia; the Otago and Wellington Battalions were sent to El Kubri, and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade was sent up by rail from Cairo.
因此，奥克兰营和坎特伯雷营被派往伊斯梅利亚；奥塔哥营和惠灵顿营被派往埃尔库布里，新西兰步兵旅则从开罗通过铁路被派往。
While this was transpiring on land, H.M.S.
当这一切发生在陆地上时，H.M.S.
_Ocean_, _Swiftsure_, _Clio_, and _Minerva_ joined the French warship _D'Entrecasteaux_ and H.M.S.
_Ocean_、_Swiftsure_、_Clio_ 和 _Minerva_ 加入了法国军舰 _D'Entrecasteaux_ 和 H.M.S.
_Hardinge_ and two torpedo boats already stationed in the canal.
哈丁号和两艘鱼雷艇已经驻扎在运河中。
For three or four days following there were numerous skirmishes between enemy outposts and British patrols, the most effective work being wrought by allied aeroplanes and hydroplanes, which dropped bombs on the Turks as they swept over them and killed many camels and men.
接下来的三四天里，敌人的前哨基地和英国巡逻队之间发生了多次小规模冲突，其中最有效的工作是由盟军的飞机和水上飞机完成的，它们在土耳其人横扫土耳其人时投下炸弹，杀死了许多骆驼和人员。
Lieutenant Patridge of the Indian Army Reserve of Officers and a French pilot lost their machine outside the British lines through the engine breaking down, and on returning to camp at night were shot and killed by a British picket.
印度陆军预备役军官帕特里奇中尉和一名法国飞行员在英军战线外因发动机故障失去了飞机，晚上返回营地时被英军纠察队开枪打死。
On February 1, 1915, Djemel Pasha's main force occupied Katayib el Kheil, some low hills east of the southern end of Lake Timsah.
1915 年 2 月 1 日，杰梅尔帕夏的主力占领了卡塔伊卜凯勒 (Katayib el Kheil)，这是蒂姆萨湖南端以东的一些低矮山丘。
The Turkish commander had every reason to feel satisfied with the progress he made in bringing his army across the desert in good condition, and with only the loss of a few deserters from among the irregulars.
土耳其指挥官完全有理由对他带领军队以良好状态穿越沙漠所取得的进展感到满意，而且只损失了一些非正规军逃兵。
As many Tripolitan, Algerian, and Indian pilgrims had been forced to join the army by the persuasion of the leaders of the irregular troops, the Turkish force had increased in numbers.
由于许多的黎波里、阿尔及利亚和印度朝圣者在非正规军领导人的劝说下被迫参军，土耳其军队的人数有所增加。
Djemel Pasha's plan was to attack the canal with the main force, made up of the Twenty-fifth Division, and all, or part of the Twenty-third Division, which were to force their way between Serapeum and Tussum, while his right wing by a feint attack was to hold the British force at the Ismailia Ferry bridgehead.
杰梅尔·帕夏的计划是，以第25师和第23师的全部或部分组成的主力攻击运河，在塞拉皮姆和图苏姆之间强行进攻，而他的右翼则佯攻，将英军阻击在伊斯梅利亚渡口桥头堡。
El Kantara was to be attacked by the northern column, while at the same time to prevent reenforcements from arriving, a demonstration was to be made at Ferdan.
埃尔坎塔拉将受到北方纵队的攻击，同时为了防止增援部队到来，将在费丹举行示威。
The southern column was directed to carry out the same tactics at Kubri, near Suez, which, as was subsequently shown, they did most ineffectually.
南方纵队奉命在苏伊士运河附近的库布里实施同样的战术，但正如后来所表明的那样，他们的做法最为无效。
In the morning of February 2, 1915, an Indian reconnoitering force met the Turks about four miles east of the Ismailia Ferry.
1915 年 2 月 2 日上午，一支印度侦察部队在伊斯梅利亚渡口以东约 4 英里处与土耳其人会师。
In the desultory action that followed, the British troops tried ineffectually to draw the Turks within range of their main position, and a violent sand storm arising in the afternoon, the engagement ended.
在随后的断断续续的行动中，英军试图将土耳其人拉入其主力阵地的射程范围内，但徒劳无功，下午又出现了猛烈的沙尘暴，交战结束了。
The Turks retired and intrenched themselves about 2-1/2 miles southeast of the Ferry post.
土耳其人撤退并在渡口哨所东南约 2-1/2 英里处构筑工事。
On this same afternoon the Twenty-fifth Division of the Turkish army had arrived at a point within four or five miles of the canal.
同一天下午，土耳其军队的第二十五师已经抵达距运河四五英里以内的一个地点。
Their scouts were already established on the eastern bank, which is backed by trees, brushwood, and sand hills, affording excellent cover for infantry.
他们的侦察兵已经在东岸扎营，那里有树木、灌木丛和沙丘，为步兵提供了良好的掩护。
A narrow sandy beach, not more than 9 feet wide extends along the foot of the eastern bank.
一条不超过9英尺宽的狭窄沙滩沿着东岸脚延伸。
The Turkish advance was made after night had set in, the Twenty-fifth Division, with pontoon companies and engineers of the Fourth and Fifth Army Corps, being first to reach the canal.
土耳其人在夜幕降临后发起进攻，第二十五师率领浮桥连和第四、第五军团的工兵率先抵达运河。
They brought with them some twenty pontoons, and five or six rafts constructed out of kerosene cans fastened in wooden frames.
他们带来了大约二十艘浮桥，还有五六个用煤油罐制成的木筏，固定在木架上。
The first comers were followed by a part of the Seventy-fifth Regiment, old fighters from Tripoli and the Balkans; "Holy Warriors" as the Arabs called them.
最先到来的是第七十五团的一部分，他们是来自的黎波里和巴尔干地区的老战士。阿拉伯人称他们为“圣战士”。
About 3 a.
大约凌晨 3 点。
m.
米。
they had gained the openings along the canal bank, the most northerly of which being within a few hundred yards of the Tussum bridgehead.
他们已经占领了运河沿岸的缺口，其中最北端的缺口距离图苏姆桥头堡只有几百码。
The remainder of the Seventy-fifth Regiment covered them from the left.
七十五团余部从左侧掩护他们。
Toward Serapeum, some distance south, the Seventy-fourth Regiment was stationed.
第七十四团驻扎在塞拉皮姆以南一段距离的地方。
The night was dark and thickly clouded, and from the silence on the western bank of the canal the Turks must have believed it to be unoccupied.
夜晚漆黑，云层厚重，从运河西岸的寂静来看，土耳其人一定认为这里无人居住。
That they were entirely confident of success was shown in a letter afterward found on a dead Turkish officer and dated February 2.
后来在一名土耳其军官尸体上发现的一封日期为 2 月 2 日的信表明，他们对成功充满信心。
After describing the hard march across the desert, he concluded, "And to-morrow we shall be across the canal on our way to Cairo!"
在描述了穿越沙漠的艰难行军后，他总结道：“明天我们将穿过运河前往开罗！”
The Turks crowded on the narrow strip of beach or in the gaps in the banks, and suffered heavily from the fire of this mountain battery.
土耳其人聚集在狭窄的海滩或河岸的缝隙中，在这座山炮台的火力下遭受了沉重打击。
A number of their boats which left the shore were sunk.
他们的许多船只离开海岸后就沉没了。
The Sixty-second Punjabis left their cover under a withering fire, and pluckily charged down the bank to repel the Turkish attempts to make a landing.
六十二名旁遮普人在猛烈的火力下离开了掩体，勇敢地冲下河岸，击退了土耳其人的登陆企图。
Toward Tussum, farther south, a field battery belonging to the East Lancashire Division, supported by New Zealanders of the Canterbury Battalion, opened a rattling fire, to which the Turks immediately replied with machine guns and rifles.
在更南边的图苏姆，东兰开夏师的一个野战炮台在坎特伯雷营新西兰人的支援下猛烈开火，土耳其人立即用机枪和步枪还击。
The small torpedo boat _O-43_ with its crew of thirteen now took part in the fray by dashing up the canal and landing a few men at a point south of Tussum.
小型鱼雷艇 _O-43_ 及其 13 名船员现在加入了战斗，冲上运河并在图苏姆以南的一个地点登陆了一些人。
At the first gray light of dawn the action became general, and fresh forces entered the conflict.
黎明第一缕灰蒙蒙的曙光出现时，行动变得普遍起来，新的力量加入了冲突。
The Turks on the eastern bank who had occupied the day line of the Tussum post now advanced, protected by artillery, against the bridgehead, while the Serapeum post was assailed by another body of troops.
东岸的土耳其人占领了图苏姆哨所的日线，现在在大炮的保护下向桥头堡前进，而塞拉皮姆哨所则受到另一支部队的攻击。
On the canal and Lake Timsah the allied warships opened fire, and continued it for some time.
盟军军舰在运河和蒂姆萨湖上开火，并持续了一段时间。
From the slopes of Katayib el Kheil three batteries of Turkish field guns replied, doing considerable damage to every visible target.
从卡塔伊布海尔的山坡上，土耳其野战炮的三个连还击，对每个可见目标造成了相当大的伤害。
But they had not taken careful observations of the British positions, and the carefully masked Territorial battery between Tussum and Serapeum was not discovered.
但他们没有仔细观察英军的阵地，图苏姆和塞拉皮姆之间精心掩饰的领土炮台也没有被发现。
This battery, aided by the New Zealanders, almost silenced the Turkish fire from the eastern bank, and enabled them to attend to the reserves of the enemy now seen advancing on the desert to the east.
在新西兰人的帮助下，这支炮台几乎平息了土耳其从东岸的火力，使他们能够关注目前正在向东沙漠推进的敌人的预备队。
Four of the Territorial gunners were wounded by the Turkish batteries.
四名领土炮手被土耳其炮兵击伤。
A pontoon which the Turks had pushed across the canal in the dark was sunk, but until daybreak those who had engineered this work managed to keep afloat, and continued sniping with some damage to British artillery horses until they were rounded up and taken prisoners by some Indian cavalry.
土耳其人在黑暗中推过运河的一座浮桥沉没了，但直到黎明，设计这项工程的人仍设法保持漂浮，并继续狙击，对英国炮马造成一些伤害，直到它们被一些印度骑兵围捕并俘虏。