727: Boulder v. Hill - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #727 | December 18, 2020 727: Boulder v.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 727 集 | 2020 年 12 月 18 日 727：博尔德诉。
Hill Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
希尔注：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue: Prologue Ira Glass To fight those massive fires out west...
序言：序言 Ira Glass 为了扑灭西部的大火......
there are these camps, hidden from view.
这些营地隐藏在视线之外。
If you were driving by, you might not even know they're there.
如果你开车路过，你可能根本不知道他们在那里。
One of the largest fires in California history, the Creek fire, has a base camp for 700 people in the parking lot of a ski resort in Central California, just outside Fresno.
Creek 火灾是加州历史上最大的火灾之一，其大本营位于加州中部弗雷斯诺郊外的一个滑雪胜地的停车场，可容纳 700 人。
Pull!
拉！
Ira Glass So if you know where to go, the first thing that you see when you pull up to camp is these 20 somethings running back and forth with bright yellow firehose, hundreds and hundreds of miles of it.
Ira Glass 所以，如果你知道该去哪里，当你把车停到营地时，你看到的第一件事就是这 20 个人拿着亮黄色的消防水带来回奔跑，长达数百英里。
Their job is to untangle miles of hoses all day, every day.
他们的工作是每天整天解开数英里长的软管。
One of our producers, Miki Meek, recorded the sound that you're hearing right now and talked to these guys, including RJ Brown, who's 23, in a dirt streaked yellow jacket and a face mask with a panda nose and mouth printed on it.
我们的制作人 Miki Meek 录制了你们现在听到的声音，并与这些人交谈，其中包括 23 岁的 RJ Brown，他穿着一件带有泥土条纹的黄色夹克，戴着印有熊猫鼻子和嘴巴的面罩。
The official motto of his employer, the California Conservation Corps, which sends young people all over the state to do this kind of job?
他的雇主——加州保护团——派遣年轻人到全州各地去做这种工作——的官方座右铭是什么？
Hard work, low pay, miserable conditions, and more.
工作辛苦、工资低、条件恶劣等等。
You guys, what?
你们，什么？
Ira Glass "Hard work, low pay, miserable conditions, and more"-- that is the actual motto.
艾拉·格拉斯（Ira Glass）“工作艰苦、工资低、条件恶劣等等”——这才是真正的座右铭。
What's the best part of your job, and what is the worst part of your job?
你工作中最好的部分是什么，最差的部分是什么？
The best part?
最好的部分？
Oh, I should know.
哦，我应该知道。
Hang on.
不挂断。
I'm going to start with the worst part.
我将从最糟糕的部分开始。
Just the worst part is when they say over here on the walkie talkie, oh, we got 60,000 layers of hoses coming in.
最糟糕的是，他们在对讲机上说，哦，我们有 60,000 层软管进来。
And then, once the 60 comes in, they bring in another 30.
然后，一旦 60 名进来，他们就会再引进 30 名。
So when you hear 60,000 hoses coming over the radio, what is going through your head when you hear that?
那么，当您通过收音机听到 60,000 条软管传来时，您的脑海中会浮现什么？
Defeat.
击败。
Like, I want to go home.
就像，我想回家。
I'm like, oh, no, no, no. I don't want to do this.
我就像，哦，不，不，不。我不想这样做。
The way this job works is this.
这项工作的工作方式是这样的。
Trucks come back from the fire line and dump huge piles of jumbled hoses.
卡车从火线返回，倾倒大堆杂乱的软管。
Five guys untangle them.
五个人解开他们。
And then, with each hose, they take one end--
然后，每根软管的一端——
All right, ready?
好吧，准备好了吗？
Everybody grab a corner.
每个人都抢一个角落。
--and sprint across the parking lot.
——然后冲过停车场。
Each hose is 100 feet long, so it's kind of a long way to go.
每根软管有 100 英尺长，所以这是一个很长的路要走。
They lay down one bright yellow hose next to another next to another, until the whole parking lot is blanketed with tidy yellow hose.
他们将一根亮黄色的软管挨着一根，直到整个停车场都被整齐的黄色软管覆盖。
What do you do to keep yourself sane when you're rolling hoses?
当你滚动软管时，你会做什么来保持头脑清醒？
I'll just be thinking about music in my head that I have already listened to.
我只会在脑海中思考我已经听过的音乐。
And it just keeps me going.
它让我继续前进。
They're not allowed to wear headphones on this job.
他们在这项工作中不允许戴耳机。
His teammate, Kory Rovy, has a different strategy to deal with that.
他的队友科里·罗维（Kory Rovy）有不同的策略来应对这个问题。
"Can't Break My Stride." It goes like, last night I had the strangest dream.
“无法打破我的步伐。”就好像，昨晚我做了一个最奇怪的梦。
I sailed away to China in a little rowboat to find ya.
我乘一艘小划艇远航到中国来找你。
Ain't nobody going to break my stride.
没有人能阻挡我的步伐。
And so, that song just keeps going in my head.
于是，这首歌就一直在我脑海里萦绕。
Why that song?
为什么那首歌？
Ira Glass Next step in this process, they wind the hoses up in coils, put them on pallets, wrap them in plastic wrap, and send them to be cleaned.
Ira Glass 在这个过程的下一步，他们将软管卷成线圈，放在托盘上，用保鲜膜包裹，然后送去清洗。
After that, the hoses go out to the fire line again, then back to the hose rolling crews, then back to the place where they're cleaned over and over, week after week after week, which is life at a fire camp.
之后，水带再次伸到消防线上，然后回到滚水带的工作人员那里，然后回到他们被一遍又一遍地清理的地方，一周又一周又一周，这就是消防营的生活。
They have the same day over and over and over, until the fire's out.
他们一遍又一遍地度过同一天，直到火被扑灭。
When Miki visited, the Creek fire had been going for nearly two months.
当米基来访时，溪火已经持续了近两个月。
It burned more than 350,000 acres.
烧毁面积超过 35 万英亩。
It's over 500 square miles.
面积超过500平方英里。
Putting out a fire that large is a mammoth task.
扑灭这么大的火灾是一项艰巨的任务。
The base camp that Miki met RJ and Kory at, it was like a mini city with a makeshift laundromat, a cafeteria, a mechanic shop, sleep trailers with triple bunk beds.
Miki 遇见 RJ 和 Kory 的大本营，就像一座迷你城市，有临时自助洗衣店、自助餐厅、机械店、带三层双层床的睡眠拖车。
Like most people at the camp, Kory and RJ work 16-hour days.
和营地中的大多数人一样，Kory 和 RJ 每天工作 16 小时。
And they sleep right on the asphalt, right next to where they work in tents they've pitched.
他们就睡在柏油路上，就在他们搭建的帐篷里工作的地方旁边。
They sleep in their uniforms so they can squeeze in a few extra minutes of rest each morning.
他们穿着制服睡觉，这样每天早上就能多休息几分钟。
I was curious.
我很好奇。
What do you guys dream about at night?
小伙伴们晚上都梦到什么呢？
[LAUGHS] My dream yesterday was about hoses.
[笑]我昨天的梦想是关于软管。
It was about rolling hoses.
这是关于滚动软管的。
I was so mad.
我很生气。
Like, oh, I can't take no breaks, no days off.
就像，哦，我不能没有休息，没有休息日。
But the thing about RJ and Kory, they love their jobs, despite the repetitiveness and exhaustion.
但 RJ 和 Kory 的问题是，他们热爱自己的工作，尽管工作重复且疲惫不堪。
Before this, RJ worked retail and at a car wash.
在此之前，RJ 曾在零售店和洗车店工作。
Kory had an office job coding.
科里有一份办公室编码工作。
Now it feels like they're part of something important.
现在感觉他们是重要事情的一部分。
They're team captains for their crew, and they have this can-do attitude that it's actually kind of the culture of this camp.
他们是船员的队长，他们有这种积极进取的态度，这实际上是这个营地的文化。
I just make sure that the crew's PMA is always at its highest.
我只是确保工作人员的 PMA 始终处于最高水平。
What does that mean?
这意味着什么？
Rj Brown Positive Mental Attitude.
Rj Brown 积极的心理态度。
(SUBJCET) KORY ROVY: Me and Ricky will say something like, hey, yeah, just keep the PMA up.
（主题）KORY ROVY：我和 Ricky 会说，嘿，是的，继续 PMA。
Yes.
是的。
Miki Meek I had never heard of that acronym.
Miki Meek 我从来没有听说过这个缩写词。
I could use some more PMA in my life right now.
我现在可以在生活中使用更多的 PMA。
With the fire season running longer than ever, it's seven or eight months out of the year now.
由于火灾季节比以往任何时候都长，现在一年已经有七八个月了。
There's this entire ecosystem of people like RJ and Kory who swoop in and live in fire camps for months all over the west.
像 RJ 和 Kory 这样的人组成了整个生态系统，他们突然涌入西部各地的消防营地并在那里生活了几个月。
Today on our program, we meet the people putting these fires out, doing all kinds of jobs you never think of to do it in this unusual situation where they have to push the same boulder up the same hill every single day.
今天，在我们的节目中，我们见到了那些扑灭大火的人们，他们在这种不寻常的情况下做着各种你从未想过的工作，他们每天都必须将同一块巨石推上同一座山。
And in the second half of the program, we have a different large group of people who are battling a different large sort of threat.
在该计划的后半部分，我们有一大群不同的人正在对抗不同的大型威胁。
And the stakes could not be higher.
而且赌注再高不过了。
They're literally trying to save the world.
他们确实是在努力拯救世界。
From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life.
来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
Act One, The Extinguishers.
第一幕，灭火器。
So we heard about these fire camps from Lizzie Johnson.
所以我们从莉齐·约翰逊那里听说了这些消防营。
She's a reporter with the San Francisco Chronicle and spends most of the year chasing fires around California, covering them, and knows so much about them.
她是《旧金山纪事报》的一名记者，一年中的大部分时间都在加州各地追踪火灾、报道火灾，并且对火灾了解甚多。
She took Miki and one of our other producers, Lilly Sullivan, to the fire camp at Creek Fire and has these stories of the people there and what they do and of daily life in this place.
她带着 Miki 和我们的另一位制作人 Lilly Sullivan 去了 Creek Fire 的消防营地，讲述了那里的人们、他们所做的事情以及这个地方的日常生活。
Here's Lizzie.
这是莉齐。
The drive up to the Creek Fire base camp should have been beautiful.
开车前往溪火大本营的路应该很漂亮。
This is Ansel Adams country in the High Sierra.
这是安塞尔·亚当斯位于高山脉的国家。
But the two-laned highway was lined with trees that looked like charcoal toothpicks.
但这条双车道的高速公路两旁都是看起来像木炭牙签的树木。
We passed houses where the only thing still standing were the chimneys.
我们经过一些房屋，那里唯一还矗立着的就是烟囱。
The local gas station reminded me of a Salvador Dalí painting.
当地的加油站让我想起了萨尔瓦多·达利的画作。
The letters on the big sign out front had melted, dripping down like icicles.
前面大牌子上的字母已经融化，像冰柱一样滴落下来。
I've been to dozens of fire camps.
我去过几十个消防营。
At the big ones, there's always a stand selling T-shirts printed with the year and the name of the fire.
在大型火场，总会有一个摊位出售印有年份和火灾名称的 T 恤。
And you see firefighters wearing them.
你会看到消防员穿着它们。
There's a predictable rhythm to daily life at these camps.
这些营地的日常生活节奏是可预测的。
They start with a briefing right at 7:00 AM.
他们在上午 7:00 开始进行简报。
This is where everyone gets their orders.
这是每个人收到订单的地方。
At the Creek Fire, this happens by the ski lift.
在溪火场，这种情况发生在滑雪缆车旁。
Quick roll call.
快速点名。
Little T.
小T。
Firefighter 1 Here.
消防员 1 在这里。
Over 100 firefighters are here.
这里有超过 100 名消防员。
They looked cold, tired, wearing thick stocking caps and heavy jackets.
他们看上去又冷又累，戴着厚厚的袜帽，穿着厚重的夹克。
Hundreds more are listening on the radio.
还有数百人正在收听广播。
This was day 48 of their fight against the Creek Fire.
这是他们对抗溪火的第 48 天。
Plan on your same work assignments today.
今天计划同样的工作任务。
We're just really controlling that perimeter and making sure nothing moves on us.
我们只是真正控制那个边界并确保没有任何东西对我们产生影响。
There's no way to put out a fire this big, so the best they can do is stop it from growing.
这么大的火没有办法扑灭，所以他们能做的就是阻止火势继续蔓延。
The actual mechanics of that feels surprisingly primitive.
其实际机制令人惊讶地原始。
Hundreds of crews spread out all along the fire's edge, working on their own little speck of land, scraping the ground down to mineral dirt with chainsaws and shovels and bulldozers, so there's nothing left to burn when the wildfire gets there.
数百名工作人员沿着火边分散开来，在自己的一小块土地上工作，用链锯、铲子和推土机将地面刮成矿物泥土，这样当野火到达那里时，就没有什么东西可以燃烧了。
So be flexible is kind of a key to it.
因此，保持灵活性是关键。
If something changes where we need to move equipment around, that's kind of some of our reasoning for not getting rid of a ton of stuff yet.
如果我们需要移动设备的地方发生了变化，这就是我们还没有扔掉大量东西的一些原因。
Because I know you guys are kind of getting Groundhog Day out there.
因为我知道你们正在搞土拨鼠之日。
A lot of the top brass, the incident command team, spoke to the firefighters through two flat screen TVs set up on a platform.
事件指挥小组的许多高级官员通过平台上设置的两台平板电视与消防队员交谈。
They were at a command post more than an hour away.
他们到达一个多小时路程外的指挥所。
To me, it sounded like a county fair.
对我来说，这听起来就像一场县集市。
All right, thanks, John.
好的，谢谢，约翰。
Next up, fire behavior.
接下来是火灾行为。
Patty Johnson.
帕蒂·约翰逊。
Morning.
早晨。
The most growth yesterday was out in this Edison Lake area, mainly closer to the South Fork out here than any place else.
昨天增长最快的是爱迪生湖地区，主要是这里比其他地方更靠近南福克。
Just for the folks in the field, lots of heavy fuels burning out there, lots of smoke coming out of it.
对于现场的人们来说，大量的重燃料在那里燃烧，大量的烟雾从中冒出。
So make sure you take breaks with your being in the smoke every day.
因此，请确保每天在烟雾中休息一下。
Probably for some folks, it's 24 hours of smoke that they are experiencing out there.
可能对于某些人来说，他们所经历的就是24小时的烟雾。
Have a good day.
祝你有美好的一天。
A thick shroud of gray smoke hung over the base camp.
大本营上空笼罩着一层浓浓的灰色烟雾。
The people at the center of the operation are the hotshot crews.
行动的核心人员是能手。
They're the most elite of the wildland firefighters, dispatched to the hottest and the farthest corners of the blaze.
他们是荒地消防员中最精锐的，被派往火场最热、最远的角落。
In the social hierarchy of fire camps, the hotshot crews are at the top.
在消防营的社会等级中，能干的队员处于最顶端。
After the morning briefing, I talked to Pete Rosas in the parking lot.
上午的简报结束后，我在停车场与皮特·罗萨斯进行了交谈。
He is a squad boss for a hot crew out of LA County.
他是洛杉矶县一支热门球队的队长。
His wife's also a wildland firefighter on a different crew.
他的妻子也是另一个团队的荒地消防员。
She drives a water truck called the tender.
她驾驶着一辆名为“小水车”的运水车。
He told me that in the last month, they'd only overlapped at home one day, which was challenging with a two-year-old daughter.
他告诉我，上个月，他们只在家里重叠了一天，这对一个两岁的女儿来说是一个挑战。
We bounce back and forth between my family, her family, and daycare.
我们在我的家人、她的家人和日托中心之间来回奔波。
That's a bunch of young guys from his crew, sticking their heads out the windows of their sherbet green bus-- it's called a buggy-- chirping, "Pete, Pete, Pete." The phoenix is their crew logo.
那是一群来自他的船员的年轻人，把头伸出他们的果子露绿色巴士——这辆车被称为越野车——叽叽喳喳地叫着，“皮特，皮特，皮特。”凤凰是他们的船员标志。
He's the head phoenix, and we're just little birds.
他是凤头，我们只是小鸟。
I mean, not that I like it or look forward to it, but I think, for me, it tells me, OK, the guys are good.
我的意思是，不是我喜欢它或期待它，但我认为，对我来说，它告诉我，好吧，这些家伙都很好。
They're happy right now.
他们现在很幸福。
So maybe sometimes when I don't hear it, OK, yeah, what's going on?
所以也许有时当我听不到的时候，好吧，是的，发生了什么事？
You guys are up to something.
你们在搞事情。
Pete's crew is called Little Tujunga or Little T for short.
皮特的船员被称为“小图琼加”或简称“小T”。
At 42, Pete's been on the crew the longest.
42 岁的皮特在剧组工作时间最长。
Some of the younger guys joke that he hatched from an egg at the fire station and keeps them all safe under his wing.
一些年轻人开玩笑说，他是从消防局的鸡蛋中孵化出来的，并在他的保护下保护他们所有人的安全。
Pete's not just their boss, he's a life coach, a mentor, and a therapist all rolled into one, giving them advice on everything from how to clean their chainsaws to buying their first house.
皮特不仅仅是他们的老板，他还是一名生活教练、导师和治疗师，为他们提供从如何清洁电锯到购买第一栋房子等方方面面的建议。
He even reminds them to pay their bills back at home.
他甚至提醒他们回家还清账单。
I feel sometimes like I am their dad.
有时我觉得我是他们的父亲。
The reason it's like that because I'm with them so much more than I am with my own family.
之所以会这样，是因为我和他们在一起的时间比和自己家人在一起的时间多得多。
It's like I know what makes them go off, what doesn't, how to calm them down, how to rile them up when we need them to be.
就好像我知道什么会让他们生气，什么不会，如何让他们平静下来，如何在我们需要他们的时候激怒他们。
Pete's on the shorter side.
皮特属于矮个子。
He's got skull tattoos on his arms to remind himself that death's part of life.
他手臂上有骷髅纹身，提醒自己死亡是生命的一部分。
The crew knows him for his cool head.
船员们都知道他头脑冷静。
He keeps a book called The Subtle Art of Not Giving a Fuck in the side compartment of his truck.
他在卡车的侧车厢里放了一本名为《不在乎的微妙艺术》的书。
He grew up on the east side of LA, still lives there.
他在洛杉矶东区长大，现在仍然住在那里。
As a kid, Pete says he never went camping or hiking, never even visited the mountains.
皮特说，小时候他从未去过露营或徒步旅行，甚至从未去过山。
He ended up in this job on a total fluke.
他最终得到这份工作完全是侥幸。
Back in the early 2000s, the Forest Service was trying to hire more people of color.
早在 2000 年代初，林务局就试图雇用更多有色人种。
I remember it came out in The LA Times and it said, "Hiring 500 firefighters." It was, like, front page.
我记得《洛杉矶时报》上刊登过这样的消息：“雇用 500 名消防员。”就像头版一样。
And so, all my buddies came to me.
于是，我所有的朋友都来找我。
I was the guy with the car.
我是那个有车的人。
Like, hey, can you take us to this?
就像，嘿，你能带我们去这个吗？
Drop us off.
让我们下车。
You know we want to go.
你知道我们想去。
I ended up taking them.
我最终接受了它们。
I ended up staying with them a couple hours in line.
我最终和他们一起排队了几个小时。
I put in an application.
我提交了申请。
So I think a month and a half later, I get a call from the Stanislaus National Forrest offering me an apprenticeship.
所以我想一个半月后，我接到了斯坦尼斯劳斯国家福雷斯特的电话，邀请我当学徒。
And the rest is history, I guess.
我想其余的都是历史了。
Little T is now majority Latino with a lot of first generation firefighters like Pete, kids of immigrants.
小T现在主要是拉丁裔，有很多像皮特这样的第一代消防员，都是移民的孩子。
Here's a typical day for the hotshots at camp.
这是营地高手们典型的一天。
After that morning briefing, they load onto their buggies with backpacks crammed with chainsaw fuel, tools, and water.
上午的简报结束后，他们把装满电锯燃料、工具和水的背包装上越野车。
Their packs can weigh up to 50 pounds.
他们的背包重达 50 磅。
They even carry their own stretcher because if one of them gets hurt, they're on their own.
他们甚至携带自己的担架，因为如果其中一人受伤，他们就只能靠自己了。
They then drive out on a narrow backcountry road, pull up alongside a mountain, and start hiking in the wilderness.
然后，他们沿着一条狭窄的偏远道路行驶，停在山边，开始在荒野中徒步旅行。
It's a brutal 2.8 mile trek to their job site.
到达他们的工作地点需要 2.8 英里的艰苦跋涉。
No trail, no switchbacks, no signposts.
没有小路，没有之字形，没有路标。
They had to keep going back there for two weeks.
他们不得不继续回到那里两周。
Here's one of the rookies on Little T, Zach Hanson.
这是 Little T 的新秀之一，扎克·汉森 (Zach Hanson)。
[(SUBJECT) ZACH HANSON: Every day, you're like, we're doing it again?
[（主题）扎克·汉森：每天，你都在想，我们又在做这件事？
Again, we got to go up there?
再说一次，我们必须去那里吗？
And there is about a foot of ash the whole time on the ground and your foot sinking into the ground.
地面上一直有大约一英尺的灰烬，你的脚会陷入地下。
And then, there's rocks under the ash.
然后，火山灰下面有岩石。
So your boots are getting torn up on these big boulders.
所以你的靴子在这些大石头上会被撕裂。
But the ash is probably the biggest part because you're just constantly breathing in ash.
但火山灰可能是最大的部分，因为你不断地吸入火山灰。
They're not issued protective breathing gear.
他们没有获得防护呼吸装备。
And smoke exposure may be why cancer rates are higher among firefighters.
接触烟雾可能是消防员癌症发病率较高的原因。
I mean, for me, when I got to the top, I was spitting black.
我的意思是，对我来说，当我到达顶峰时，我吐了口黑水。
And when you're pushing at a pace hard like that, I was breathing out of my mouth most of the time, which you try not to do, but I was doing it.
当你以这样的速度努力前进时，我大部分时间都在用嘴呼吸，你尽量不这样做，但我确实这么做了。
And so, my teeth were black.
所以，我的牙齿是黑色的。
Everything was black.
一切都是黑色的。
The whole crew was coughing like they had smoked cigarettes their whole life.
整个剧组都咳嗽得像抽了一辈子烟一样。
I think we accepted it at some point.
我想我们在某个时候接受了它。
This is our life now, so we'll just keep going up there.
现在这就是我们的生活，所以我们会继续前进。
Every single day, they had to return to the same area, a little patch of the Creek Fire about six miles long.
每天，他们都必须返回同一个地区，即溪火的一小片约六英里长的地方。
The flames were threatening to blow out into a new part of the forest.
火焰有可能蔓延到森林的新区域。
The air was so smoky that planes couldn't get in to do regular water drops.
空气中烟雾弥漫，飞机无法起飞进行常规的降水作业。
So for most of their 16-hour workday, Little T revved up their chainsaws and sliced down burning trees.
因此，在他们 16 小时工作日的大部分时间里，小 T 都在加速电锯砍倒燃烧的树木。
They cleared huge piles of brush and branches with their hands and scraped out a dirt path with what are essentially common gardening tools-- rakes, hoes, axes.
他们用手清理了大堆的灌木丛和树枝，并用基本常见的园艺工具——耙子、锄头、斧子——刮出了一条土路。
This path can be up to 30 feet wide.
这条路径最多可达 30 英尺宽。
The goal is to give the fire no place to go.
目标是让火无处可去。
Sometimes they literally fight fire with fire, torching trees and brush before the wildfire can get there.
有时，他们真的以毒攻毒，在野火蔓延之前烧毁树木和灌木丛。
They have one of those jobs that's both monotonous and super dangerous.
他们的工作既单调又超级危险。
All the while, they have to be on the lookout for falling trees, called snags.
一直以来，他们都必须留意倒下的树木，称为障碍物。
They're one of the ways that hotshots get killed in the fields.
这是在野外杀死高手的方式之一。
Little T ran into a lot of snags their first few days on the Creek Fire.
小 T 在溪火的最初几天遇到了很多障碍。
Here's one of the guys on the crew, Frank Plasencia Jr.
这是剧组成员之一，小弗兰克·普拉森西亚 (Frank Plasencia Jr.)。
Your heart's pumping.
你的心在跳动。
Your adrenaline's pumping.
你的肾上腺素在飙升。
You're scared, you're worried, you're nervous.
你害怕，你担心，你紧张。
We yell, "snag," or "tree," and we all have to bail out.
我们大喊“障碍”或“树”，然后我们都必须跳出来。
And you can't control it.
而且你无法控制它。
You could be just walking by a tree and just boop, and it falls.
你可能只是走过一棵树，只是发出一声“砰”的一声，树就倒下了。
Big or small, they'll go.
无论大小，他们都会去。
When trees are falling, what does that sound like?
当树木倒下时，听起来像什么？
It's a loud crack.
一声巨响。
It feels suspenseful because you don't know where it's coming because you're surrounded by trees.
这感觉很悬疑，因为你不知道它会来到哪里，因为你周围都是树木。
If it's a big tree, it's a big boom.
如果它是一棵大树，那就是一个大繁荣。
It shakes the ground.
它震动了地面。
It'll shake the ground.
它会震动地面。
And so, you feel that.
所以，你感觉到了。
Yeah, it's not a good feeling.
是的，这种感觉不太好。
It's definitely not a good feeling.
这绝对不是一种好感觉。
Again, here's Pete, who's been hotshotting for more than a decade.
再说一遍，这是皮特，他十多年来一直是热门人物。
There's been trees that have fallen right where I was standing, literally within seconds of me taking three steps.
在我迈出三步的几秒钟之内，就有几棵树就倒在了我站的地方。
Like, fuck, that literally could have been it.
就像，操，字面上可能就是这样。
OK, I got to clear my mind of this because I got the rest of the assignment or the rest of my career to think about, so I can't dwell on that.
好吧，我必须弄清楚这一点，因为我要考虑剩下的任务或我剩下的职业生涯，所以我不能沉迷于此。
But fuck, man, that was close.
但他妈的，伙计，那已经很接近了。
That could have been it.
可能就是这样。
There's so many ways you can get hurt or die on a wildfire.
在野火中受伤或死亡的方式有很多种。
Firefighters get cut by chainsaws, crushed by boulders, and into car wrecks on dirt roads.
消防队员被电锯割伤、被巨石压伤、在土路上陷入汽车残骸。
Little T was once in a fire where a plane accidentally dumped thousands of gallons of flame retardant on a firefighter from another crew, killing him.
小T曾经在一次火灾中，一架飞机意外地将数千加仑的阻燃剂倾倒在另一名消防员身上，导致他死亡。
And then, earlier this season, a squad boss like Pete died while fighting the El Dorado fire in Southern California.
然后，本赛季早些时候，像皮特这样的球队老板在扑灭南加州埃尔多拉多大火时丧生。
The flames burned over him.
火焰在他身上燃烧。
Afterward, another member of the crew who'd been upset about his death went missing.
随后，另一名对他的死感到不安的船员失踪了。
Suicide and PTSD have risen among wildland firefighters.
荒地消防员的自杀和创伤后应激障碍有所增加。
It feels like dumb luck that Pete hasn't seen a death on his own crew.
皮特没有看到自己的船员死亡，这感觉真是太幸运了。
He's in charge of a bunch of guys in their 20s.
他手下有一群20多岁的年轻人。
A lot of them are pretty new to this job.
他们中的很多人对这项工作还很陌生。
Pete can't stop worrying even when they're off the fire and get to go home.
即使他们已经关掉火并回家了，皮特仍然无法停止担心。
He says they've gotten injured and even died in car accidents, tired and in a rush to get home after a fire.
他说，他们在车祸中受伤，甚至死亡，他们在火灾后急于回家，感到疲惫不堪。
I've heard a lot of firefighters talk about this is a problem.
我听很多消防员谈论这是一个问题。
Pete says his wife Jen sometimes busts him for not being able to leave the guys back at work.
皮特说，他的妻子珍有时会因为他不能让男人们回去工作而责备他。
Sometimes I get this blank stare.
有时我会得到这种茫然的目光。
And then we're sitting on the couch, right?
然后我们就坐在沙发上，对吧？
I don't watch TV, but Jen was watching TV.
我不看电视，但珍在看电视。
And she'll look at me.
她会看着我。
And right away, her question always is, are you thinking about work?
她的问题始终是：你在考虑工作吗？
Are you thinking about the guys?
你在想那些家伙吗？
[INAUDIBLE] what are you thinking, wanting a romantic answer, and you're like, I'm thinking about Frank.
[听不清] 你在想什么，想要一个浪漫的答案，而你就像，我在想弗兰克。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
Yeah, honestly, that does happen, you know?
是的，老实说，这种事确实发生了，你知道吗？
What are they doing right now?
他们现在在做什么？
Like, oh, I wonder if do they need help.
就像，哦，我想知道他们是否需要帮助。
I don't want them to get hurt.
我不想让他们受伤。
I want to get back really.
我真的很想回去。
I'm curious.
我很好奇。
Because you spend so much time with these guys, does it ever feel easier to be more like a dad to them than to your own children, who you don't get to see very often?
因为你花了这么多时间和这些人在一起，所以对他们来说更像一个父亲比对你自己的孩子（你不常见到他们）更容易吗？
Yeah, definitely.
是的，绝对是。
I mean, I don't know how to answer that other than, yeah, it is like that, unfortunately, I guess.
我的意思是，我不知道如何回答这个问题，除了，是的，不幸的是，我想就是这样。
Because I do see sometimes a difference in how I treat everybody in my family and how I treat these guys sometimes.
因为有时我确实看到我对待家里每个人的方式和我对待这些人的方式有所不同。
More understanding and more patient.
多一点理解，多一点耐心。
We're literally stuck with each other for seven, eight months out of the year.
一年中我们确实有七八个月的时间粘在一起。
If the guys get in an argument or are not seeing eye to eye, you can't just walk away.
如果这些人发生争执或者意见不一致，你就不能走开。
You have to deal with it at the moment, or it could potentially cost us our lives.
你现在必须处理它，否则它可能会夺去我们的生命。
With the family, you walk away.
带着家人，你走开。
And you'll come back a day later or whatever it be.
你会在一天后回来或者无论如何。
With us, you can't.
有了我们，你就做不到。
So I'm aware that it might be unfair.
所以我知道这可能不公平。
I'm 100% aware of that.
我100%知道这一点。
Long fire seasons are now so consistent that there's a whole army of private contractors that chases these fires across California, too.
现在，漫长的火灾季节是如此持续，以至于有一大批私人承包商也在加州各地追逐这些火灾。
It's a multimillion dollar industry.
这是一个价值数百万美元的产业。
Their jobs are to make life a little easier for the people out on the fire line.
他们的工作是让火线上的人们生活得更轻松一些。
At the Creek Fire, most of these contractors are set up in the main parking lot of the ski resort, which is the equivalent of downtown here.
在Creek Fire，这些承包商大部分都设立在滑雪场的主停车场，相当于这里的市中心。
There's hot showers, the sleep trailers-- they're highly sought after-- and an industrial kitchen that packs up these brown paper bag lunches called the 5,000 calorie meal.
这里有热水淋浴、睡眠拖车——它们很受追捧——还有一个工业厨房，用来包装这些被称为 5,000 卡路里餐的棕色纸袋午餐。
The mobile laundromat is in a white trailer in the back of the parking lot, hooked up to a water tank.
移动自助洗衣店位于停车场后面的一辆白色拖车里，连接着一个水箱。
It has 16 washers and dryers going all the time.
它有 16 台洗衣机和烘干机，全天候运行。
Is this one dirty, too?
这也脏吗？
Firefighter Oh, yeah, right.
消防员哦，是的，没错。
Jenn Wolf is the person in charge of washing everyone's filthy laundry.
Jenn Wolf 是负责清洗每个人脏衣服的人。
She says Little T always texts her the second they get off the mountain, just so they can jump to the front of the line as soon as they roll back into camp.
她说，小T总是在他们下山的那一刻就给她发短信，这样他们一回到营地就可以跳到队伍的前面。
Put a little detergent in there.
里面放一点清洁剂。
There we go.
我们开始吧。
How many loads of laundry do you do in a day?
您一天洗多少衣服？
About 460.
约460。
Yeah, could be more.
是的，还可以更多。
We're either working or sleeping, basically.
基本上，我们要么工作，要么睡觉。
There's no real downtime.
没有真正的停机时间。
Jenn wears blue latex gloves so she doesn't pick up poison oak.
詹恩戴着蓝色乳胶手套，这样她就不会拿起毒橡树。
Does it smell really bad when it comes in?
进来的时候真的很臭吗？
It can.
可以。
Some of these teams, what's called a spike out--
其中一些球队，所谓的“尖峰出局”——
Spiking out means camping out in a remote spot near the fire line.
Spiking out 意味着在火线附近的偏远地点露营。
And they spike out there for sometimes two weeks.
他们有时会在那里呆上两周。
And there's no laundry service, no shower.
而且没有洗衣服务，没有淋浴。
And yeah, their socks can stand on their own sometimes.
是的，他们的袜子有时可以自己站立。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
One of the guys who works for her was a lot less diplomatic.
为她工作的一个人就不太外交了。
So if you go to this grocery store, you buy 12 eggs, you boil them, and now you leave them out for a month, that's what some of these clothes smell like.
所以，如果你去这家杂货店，买 12 个鸡蛋，煮沸它们，然后把它们放在外面一个月，这就是其中一些衣服的味道。
The only snafu Jenn had here at camp was a sock mix-up.
Jenn 在营地遇到的唯一麻烦是袜子弄错了。
She accidentally put one firefighter's expensive wool socks in another guy's bags.
她不小心把一名消防员昂贵的羊毛袜放进了另一个人的包里。
And [LAUGHS] we were able to unite the socks first.
[笑]我们首先能够将袜子统一在一起。
Sorry.
对不起。
Why is that so funny?
为什么这么好笑？
Jenn Wolf It just is.
Jenn Wolf 就是这样。
[LAUGHS] Well, he was upset about his socks.
[笑]嗯，他对他的袜子感到不安。
But we got them back to him, so all is good.
但我们把它们还给了他，所以一切都很好。
Um, I think a couple of days.
嗯，我想几天。
So yeah, it was very high stress.
所以是的，压力非常大。
It's socks, but you know what?
这是袜子，但你知道吗？
I'm telling you, that is the comforts.
我告诉你，这就是安慰。
They were his socks.
它们是他的袜子。
He wanted them back.
他想要他们回来。
The Creek is the fourth fire camp Jenn has worked at this year.
The Creek 是 Jenn 今年工作的第四个消防营。
She says the smoke in each of them smells really different.
她说每个房间里的烟味都不同。
Here, it's like a campfire from all the smoldering pine trees.
在这里，它就像所有闷烧松树上的篝火。
But in more populated areas where buildings and houses burn, the smoke smells synthetic and greasy.
但在建筑物和房屋燃烧的人口较多的地区，烟雾闻起来有合成油味。
It stings your lungs.
它会刺痛你的肺部。
That reminded me of the fires I saw in wine country in 2017.
这让我想起了2017年我在酒乡看到的火灾。
More than 5,000 houses and buildings burned down.
超过 5,000 栋房屋和建筑物被烧毁。
The smoke smelled awful because you were breathing in people's lives.
烟雾闻起来很难闻，因为你呼吸的是人们的生命。
Kaylee Ralls has one of the most important jobs in the camp.
凯莉·拉尔斯 (Kaylee Ralls) 担任营地中最重要的工作之一。
She works in a trailer, printing the maps and action plans for all the teams.
她在拖车里工作，为所有团队打印地图和行动计划。
The printers run 24 hours a day, and Kaylee is the only person on her 12-hour shift, so she can't leave the trailer.
打印机每天 24 小时运行，而 Kaylee 是 12 小时轮班的唯一人员，因此她不能离开拖车。
People are constantly running in and out.
人们不断地跑进跑出。
They never have time to chat, which means that this person who everyone relies on is the loneliest person I met at camp.
他们从来没有时间聊天，这意味着这个大家依赖的人是我在营地遇到的最孤独的人。
The most exciting drama that had happened the week I was there was a black bear busting into a giant grease spot from the kitchen.
我在那里的那一周发生的最激动人心的戏剧是一只黑熊从厨房冲进了一个巨大的油污点。
The cook told me the bear had chugged about 100 gallons of grease.
厨师告诉我，这只熊已经吞下了大约 100 加仑的油脂。
But as usual, that news hadn't reached Kaylee yet.
但和往常一样，这个消息还没有传到凯莉那里。
Have you seen the bear?
你见过熊吗？
Kaylee Ralls The bear?
凯莉·拉尔斯 熊？
No way!
决不！
I never even heard of this!
我从来没有听说过这个！
I'm like in the dark over here.
我在这里就像在黑暗中一样。
I'm not even kidding.
我什至没有开玩笑。
No one tells me anything.
没有人告诉我任何事情。
Any time I get any juicy info, I'm like, no way.
每当我得到任何有趣的信息时，我都会想，没门。
No one talks to me.
没有人跟我说话。
I'm all alone over here.
我独自一人在这里。
Kaylee says the only time she leaves her trailer, called Firedog, is to go out to the porta potty.
凯莉说，她唯一一次离开名为 Firedog 的拖车，就是去厕所。
She's so isolated that she hasn't even figured out how to read the map she's printing.
她是如此孤立，以至于她甚至不知道如何阅读她正在打印的地图。
They're typographic and color-coded to show where the fire's the hottest, with symbols for all the different teams.
它们通过印刷和颜色编码来显示火灾最热的地方，并带有代表所有不同团队的符号。
At this point, the outline of the fire perimeter kind of looks like a Sasquatch with its front leg kicked out.
此时，火圈的轮廓有点像前腿被踢出的大脚野人。
Kaylee's 20.
凯莉20岁了
She wears a hoodie and has perfect makeup.
她穿着连帽衫，妆容完美。
She recently broke up with her long time boyfriends.
她最近与交往多年的男友分手了。
But she explained to one of my producers, Lilly Sullivan, that there's a rule at camp.
但她向我的一位制片人莉莉·沙利文解释说，营地里有一条规定。
So basically, you can't be macking on these boys and doing that.
所以基本上，你不能攻击这些男孩并这样做。
That's our policy.
这就是我们的政策。
It's an actual policy.
这是一个实际的政策。
Kaylee Ralls It's an actual policy.
Kaylee Ralls 这是一项实际政策。
We sign it.
我们签字。
We have to keep it professional.
我们必须保持专业。
Yeah, you have a job to do.
是的，你有工作要做。
Kaylee Ralls Yep, exactly.
凯莉·拉尔斯 是的，没错。
We have a job to do.
我们有工作要做。
But yeah, the view is great, you know?
但是，是的，景色很棒，你知道吗？
Not necessarily here, but.
不一定在这里，但是。
[LAUGHS] Every fire is different.
[笑]每场火灾都是不同的。
You don't think there are other cute people here?
你不觉得这里还有其他可爱的人吗？
Mm, I'm trying to think.
嗯，我正在努力思考。
No. Fed fires usually don't have cute people.
不，美联储火灾通常没有可爱的人。
Tend to be older and yeah.
往往会变老，是的。
Fed fires-- meaning fire camps run by the US Forest Service.
美联储火灾——指美国林务局管理的消防营地。
But camps run by the state's agency, CAL FIRE?
但营地是由州政府机构 CAL FIRE 管理的吗？
CAL FIRES-- that's where it's at.
加州火灾——就在那里。
That's where it's at.
那就是它所在的地方。
CAL FIRES have cute boys.
加州消防队有可爱的男孩。
Say I get a call, and he says, I'm sending you here, it's going to be a CAL FIRE.
假设我接到电话，他说，我派你来这里，这将是一场加州火灾。
I'm like sweet.
我就像甜甜的
Every girl on our team would be like, awesome.
我们团队中的每个女孩都会说，太棒了。
The CAL FIRE, I don't know what it is, but there's always younger-- and even when they're not.
加州之火，我不知道它是什么，但总有更年轻的人——即使他们不是。
I don't know if it's because they have nice uniforms, and they have to be really clean-like.
我不知道是不是因为他们的制服很漂亮，而且他们必须非常干净。
It's nicer all around.
周围都比较好。
Not only because there's cute boys, but because you get better food.
不仅因为有可爱的男孩，还因为你能得到更好的食物。
It's like, if you're going to stay at this five star hotel compared to this three star type thing.
就像，如果你要住在这家五星级酒店，而不是这家三星级酒店。
So CAL FIRE is the five star hotel.
所以 CAL FIRE 是五星级酒店。
Fed fire's like three.
美联储的火灾大约是三场。
Kaylee doesn't actually sleep at the camp.
凯莉实际上并不在营地睡觉。
Her company rented her a cabin about 30 minutes away.
她的公司给她租了一间距离酒店大约 30 分钟路程的小屋。
But it's the worst part of the job.
但这是工作中最糟糕的部分。
It's creepy, she says.
她说，这太令人毛骨悚然了。
The curtains on her bedroom windows are see-through.
她卧室窗户上的窗帘是透明的。
Did you get some sleep last night?
昨晚你睡好了吗？
[INAUDIBLE]
[听不清]
Yeah, I was on FaceTime with my mom all night.
是的，我整个晚上都和妈妈通过 FaceTime 通话。
All night?
整晚？
Kaylee Ralls We set it up, and then we go to bed.
Kaylee Ralls 我们把它设置好，然后就去睡觉了。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
Wait, so you put your mom on FaceTime, and you guys go to bed.
等等，你让你妈妈用 FaceTime 通话，然后你们就去睡觉了。
You sleep like that?
你就这样睡觉吗？
Yeah.
是的。
We're usually not in creepy places, but this just happened to be creepy.
我们通常不会去令人毛骨悚然的地方，但这恰好是令人毛骨悚然的。
When I get back to the cabin, I FaceTime her, and we'll talk all night.
当我回到小屋时，我给她发了 FaceTime，我们会聊一整晚。
And then I'm like, OK, let's set up our phones.
然后我想，好吧，让我们设置我们的手机。
And she's like, OK.
她说，好吧。
So we literally fall asleep.
所以我们真的睡着了。
If I open my eyes, I can look at my phone and see her.
如果我睁开眼睛，我就能看手机并看到她。
And I just wake up all throughout the night and look to see if she's still there.
我整个晚上都醒着，看看她是否还在那里。
Does she sleep with the light on so that you can see her?
她睡觉时会开灯以便你能看到她吗？
No, I sleep with the light on.
不，我睡觉时开着灯。
And [LAUGHS] so she can see me because I feel like there's something there.
[笑]这样她就能看到我，因为我觉得那里有东西。
And then my alarm goes off in the morning.
然后早上我的闹钟就响了。
She's like, Kaylee, wake up.
她说，凯莉，醒醒吧。
Yeah.
是的。
Kaylee is thinking about moving out of her cabin and into a tent at the camp, just so she doesn't have to feel so alone.
凯莉正在考虑搬出她的小屋，搬进营地的帐篷里，这样她就不会感到如此孤独。
It can be weirdly easy to work on these wildfires and not think about the big picture at all.
处理这些野火可能非常容易，根本不考虑大局。
This year was a turning point.
今年是一个转折点。
The combination of climate change, drought, dead and diseased trees and more housing built in high risk places.
气候变化、干旱、枯死和患病的树木以及在高风险地区建造更多住房的综合影响。
California saw six of the state's biggest fires in modern history.
加利福尼亚州发生了该州现代历史上最大的六场火灾。
For the first time, firefighters began using the term giga fire to describe a million acres burning.
消防队员第一次开始使用“千兆火灾”一词来描述一百万英亩的燃烧。
We still approach wildfires with a very manifest destiny type of attitude, believing that with enough people and grit, there's no fire we can't conquer.
我们仍然以一种非常明显的命运类型的态度来对待野火，相信只要有足够的人和勇气，就没有我们无法战胜的火灾。
But we've spent four months and almost $200 million on the Creek Fire, and it's still not out.
但我们已经花费了四个月的时间和近 2 亿美元来扑灭小溪大火，但火势仍未扑灭。
The Creek Fire destroyed 850 homes and businesses.
溪火摧毁了 850 所房屋和企业。
Most of them were in little mountain towns, where nothing will be ever totally normal again, not even the ground.
他们中的大多数人都生活在山区小镇，那里的一切都将不再完全正常，甚至连地面也不例外。
After a big fire, the dirt is toxic from melted insulation and all the other synthetic stuff inside a home when it burns down.
大火过后，房屋燃烧时熔化的绝缘材料和所有其他合成材料会产生有毒的污垢。
And with the forest gutted, you can suddenly see for miles.
随着森林被毁，你突然可以看到数英里之外的东西。
I talked to a bulldozer operator named Dean Mullis, who goes by Woody.
我和一位名叫迪恩·穆利斯（Dean Mullis）的推土机操作员交谈过，他的绰号是伍迪（Woody）。
He got a glimpse of this and was still thinking about it a few weeks after he'd gone home.
他瞥见了这一点，回家几周后仍在思考这件事。
On his very first shift on the Creek Fire, he was sent out to protect a neighborhood the fire hadn't reached yet.
在溪火的第一个轮班中，他被派去保护火灾尚未蔓延的社区。
It was on Cressman Road.
那是在克雷斯曼路。
He'd never been here before.
他以前从未来过这里。
All of a sudden, there's just fire.
突然间，只剩下火了。
You don't exactly know where to go.
你并不确切知道该去哪里。
So he started pushing away anything that might cause the houses to catch fire.
于是他开始推开任何可能导致房屋着火的东西。
I was basically in the bulldozer pushing cars that were on fire, playground sets, decks, like wooden decks, off the back of a house, brush, trees, kicking that fuel away from those houses.
我基本上是在推土机里推着着火的汽车、操场、甲板（比如木甲板）、房子后面、灌木丛、树木，把燃料从那些房子里踢走。
He worked through the night.
他通宵工作。
But most of the homes didn't survive.
但大多数房屋都没有幸存。
And we'd drive through there, and we'd go, man, why did that one survive and the other one didn't?
我们开车经过那里，然后我们就想，伙计，为什么那个能活下来，而另一个却没有？
I don't know.
我不知道。
Woody is a dozer operator for the state's CAL FIRE agency.
伍迪是该州加州消防局的推土机操作员。
Unlike hotshot crews, he spends most of his time alone, moving huge piles of dirt in his dozer, scraping fuel breaks to get ahead of the flames.
与出色的工作人员不同，他大部分时间都是独自一人，用推土机搬运大堆泥土，刮掉燃料，以赶在火焰之前。
He jokes that the stereotype of a bulldozer operator is someone who's kind of salty and will push back against orders they don't agree with.
他开玩笑说，人们对推土机操作员的刻板印象是有点刻薄，会抵制他们不同意的命令。
Woody's bald with piercing blue eyes.
伍迪秃头，蓝眼睛锐利。
He says he hates what the big fire camps like the one at the Creek have become.
他说他讨厌像溪边那样的大火营地所变成的样子。
Once upon a time, when Woody first started, the fire camp was just a few boots in a lot where you went to pick up your paycheck or radio.
曾几何时，当伍迪刚开始工作时，消防营只是你去领取薪水或收音机的地方的几只靴子。
You know, it's been a really long fire season.
你知道，这是一个非常漫长的火灾季节。
How are you feeling at this point?
此时你感觉如何？
I'm not going to-- I don't like it.
我不会——我不喜欢这样。
I don't like it.
我不喜欢它。
I mean, it's too much.
我的意思是，太多了。
It's just devastation.
这只是毁灭。
You see all the comments on social media, the new norm in California.
你会看到社交媒体上的所有评论，这是加州的新常态。
It sucks.
太糟糕了。
I don't want to be running the bulldozer in December in Southern California, protecting structures.
我不想在 12 月在南加州开推土机来保护建筑物。
I mean, I will.
我的意思是，我会的。
It's my job.
这是我的工作。
Of course, I will.
当然，我会的。
But I care for people a lot.
但我非常关心别人。
And I don't enjoy seeing houses burn.
我不喜欢看到房屋被烧毁。
Nobody wants to do that.
没有人愿意这样做。
People want to go to their-- it's the holidays.
人们想去度假。
You're supposed to be staring at Ralphie from A Christmas Story, not staring at a wildfire.
你应该盯着《圣诞故事》中的拉尔菲，而不是盯着野火。
I first met Woody in 2018 at another California fire, the Ferguson.
我第一次见到伍迪是在 2018 年，当时加州的另一场火灾是弗格森火灾。
It happened north of here.
事情发生在这儿的北部。
That year, at least six firefighters died.
那一年，至少有六名消防员死亡。
Two of them were dozer operators and included Woody's best friend from childhood.
其中两人是推土机操作员，其中包括伍迪儿时最好的朋友。
His name is Braden Varney, and he is the one who got Woody into firefighting.
他的名字叫布雷登·瓦尼，是他让伍迪加入了消防队。
It was dark.
天黑了。
It was extremely steep.
非常陡峭。
And his bulldozer slid off the side of a road, and he perished when it slid.
他的推土机从路边滑落，他在滑倒时丧生。
It tumbled down the mountain.
它滚下了山。
It took two days for firefighters to retrieve Braden's body.
消防队员花了两天时间才打捞出布雷登的尸体。
They draped an American flag over his remains and carried him out of the canyon.
他们在他的遗体上盖上了美国国旗，并将他带出了峡谷。
Now Woody has Braden's job at their local fire station in Mariposa.
现在，伍迪在马里波萨当地的消防站接替了布雷登的工作。
He sees himself as part of the lineage of dozer operators, one that started with Braden's dad, who held the spot until he died of cancer from the job.
他认为自己是推土机操作员血统的一部分，这一血统始于布雷登的父亲，他一直担任这一职务，直到他因工作而患癌症去世。
Braden and I always wanted to be partners on the bulldozers.
布雷登和我一直想成为推土机领域的合作伙伴。
Braden will always be on my mind.
布雷登将永远在我的脑海中。
Braden will always be with me on the fire lines in the morning, drinking coffee out of a plastic water bottle that's been cut in half out of a homemade coffee pot.
早上，布雷登总是和我一起在火线上，用从自制咖啡壶切成两半的塑料水瓶喝咖啡。
Do you ever think about how much longer you can or want to do this job for?
你有没有想过你可以或想要做这份工作多久？
Are you counting down the days until retirement?
你在倒数退休前的日子吗？
Haha, I'm not one of those guys yet.
哈哈，我还不是那些人中的一员。
I still have 19 years left.
我还有19年的时间。
You have 19 years left?
你还有19年吗？
Woody Yeah, so I started late, so.
伍迪 是的，所以我开始晚了，所以。
No, no, no, no. I have 18 years left.
不，不，不，不。我还剩18年。
Well, the retirement formula changed.
好吧，退休公式改变了。
You used to retire at 50.
你以前50岁就退休了。
Now they retire us at 57.
现在他们让我们57岁退休了。
Do you think you can make it until you're 57?
你认为你能活到57岁吗？
I mean, if you look at a billboard, statistic billboard, if I don't catch cancer, I'm doing pretty good.
我的意思是，如果你看一下广告牌，统计广告牌，如果我没有患上癌症，我就做得很好。
Woody, 18 years.
伍迪，18岁。
Can you imagine what the fire season will be like in 18 years?
你能想象18年后的火灾季节会是什么样子吗？
I don't think anything will be left.
我认为不会留下任何东西。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
I don't know.
我不知道。
I mean, that brush grows back.
我的意思是，那根刷子又长回来了。
Yeah.
是的。
Woody So I don't know.
伍迪 所以我不知道。
It's a crazy job sometimes.
有时这是一项疯狂的工作。
Hey, guys.
嘿，伙计们。
Firefighter Hey, what's going on?
消防员嘿，发生什么事了？
I met up with the Little T hotshots again on their very last night at camp.
在营地的最后一晚，我再次见到了 Little T 的热门人物。
They were about to get to go home for two days.
两天后，他们就要回家了。
They stood out from the rest of the scraggly and bearded dirty men in the parking lot.
他们在停车场里那些衣衫褴褛、留着胡须、脏兮兮的男人中脱颖而出。
Everyone on Little T was showered, clean shaven.
小T号上的每个人都洗了澡，胡子刮得干干净净。
It's a crew tradition.
这是船员们的传统。
In one of the buggies, the guys were watching a Dodgers game on a little TV.
在一辆越野车里，人们正在用小电视观看道奇队的比赛。
They looked relaxed and happy, even though they just heard the fire season might get extended another two months into January.
尽管他们刚刚听说火灾季节可能会再延长两个月到一月，但他们看起来很放松和快乐。
That's something that would have been hard to imagine a few years ago.
这在几年前是很难想象的。
Again, here's Zach and Frank.
扎克和弗兰克又来了。
Like a lot of the crew, they're contractors who get laid off at the end of the season.
像许多工作人员一样，他们是合同工，在赛季结束时被解雇。
What do you think about the season possibly going all the way until January?
您认为这个赛季可能会一直持续到一月吗？
We were all happy.
我们都很高兴。
Zach Hanson Yeah.
扎克·汉森 是的。
It was funny.
这很有趣。
When they asked, everybody on this crew's hand shot up.
当他们问起时，这个团队的每个人都兴奋起来。
How do you just keep going, on and on and on?
你如何继续不断地继续下去？
Each other.
彼此。
Honestly, each other.
彼此真诚。
Like, the synergy, the family dynamics.
比如协同作用、家庭动力。
That's mandatory.
这是强制性的。
Zach Hanson That's mandatory.
扎克·汉森 这是强制性的。
You cannot have a negative attitude and get away with it here.
你不能抱着消极的态度而在这里逍遥法外。
I would say this job's probably impossible if you don't have a good attitude.
我想说，如果你没有良好的态度，这份工作可能是不可能完成的。
But when you're having a really bad day, what do you tell yourself?
但是当你度过了非常糟糕的一天时，你会对自己说什么？
No bad days.
没有糟糕的日子。
It sounds so weird.
听起来很奇怪。
And I totally get why it sounds weird, but that's a big thing that we have, is like, no bad days.
我完全明白为什么这听起来很奇怪，但这是我们拥有的一件大事，就像没有糟糕的日子。
On the worst day, it's not that bad.
在最糟糕的一天，情况并没有那么糟糕。
It can always be worse.
情况总是可能更糟。
Firefighter 5 We always say, is like, it can always be worse.
消防员5 我们总是说，就像，事情总是会更糟。
It could be hotter.
天气可能会更热。
It could be a lot--
可能有很多——
Steeper.
更陡。
Firefighter 5 --colder.
消防员5——更冷。
It could be way steeper.
它可能会更陡。
The truth is, a lot of people don't last more than a few years at this job.
事实是，很多人在这份工作上坚持不了几年。
The adrenaline high eventually wears off, and they move on to other jobs, jobs that are easier on their families.
肾上腺素的兴奋最终会消退，他们会转向其他工作，那些对家人来说更轻松的工作。
One of the hardest parts of hotshotting is just how much they're on the road.
热点最难的部分之一就是他们在路上的时间。
More of their life is spent out at fires than at home.
他们一生中更多的时间是在火灾中度过的，而不是在家里。
This season, Little T has been on back-to-back assignments since June.
本赛季，小T从六月份开始就连续执行任务。
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, all up and down California.
内华达州、犹他州、亚利桑那州以及整个加利福尼亚州。
The way their assignments work is they go out for 14 or 21 days at a time, then only get two days off before shipping out again.
他们的任务安排是一次外出 14 或 21 天，然后只休息两天，然后再次外出。
With all the overtime, it's good money.
加上所有的加班费，这是一笔不错的钱。
One of the chainsaw guys on the crew said he'd make 70,000 after taxes.
剧组里的一名电锯工说，税后他能赚 70,000 美元。
So some of them don't really work during the off season.
因此，其中一些在淡季期间实际上不起作用。
While they're out fighting fires, life goes on without them.
当他们出去救火时，没有他们，生活仍然继续。
They're reminded of this in a very literal way.
他们以一种非常字面的方式提醒这一点。
They often go without cell service for days.
他们经常好几天没有手机服务。
And then the second they get back in range, they're bombarded by everything they've missed.
然后，当他们回到射程内的那一刻，他们就会受到他们错过的一切的轰炸。
Joel Gonzales is one of the captains on Little T.
乔尔·冈萨雷斯 (Joel Gonzales) 是小 T 号的队长之一。
You're thinking of something.
你正在思考某事。
You're thinking about an example.
你正在考虑一个例子。
I'm thinking of someone who's in the truck right now.
我正在想现在卡车上的一个人。
[LAUGHTER] Lizzie Johnson What's the situation?
[笑声] Lizzie Johnson 情况怎么样？
This is a busy year for us.
今年对我们来说是忙碌的一年。
And she doesn't understand that one of my guys, he just can't be on his phone all the time, you know?
她不明白我的一个人不能一直打电话，你知道吗？
And then, when he does get service, he finds out how many times she's been messaging him, so.
然后，当他得到服务时，他就会知道她给他发了多少次短信。
But it's like how many?
但好像有多少个？
Joel Gonzales On the low end, maybe in the 20s.
Joel Gonzales 处于低端，也许在 20 多岁。
In the high end, maybe over 100.
高端的话，可能超过100。
She's just like, call me.
她就像是，打电话给我。
Call me.
打电话给我。
Where are you?
你在哪里？
What the fuck?
搞什么鬼？
What's going on?
这是怎么回事？
You think he'll talk to me about it?
你认为他会和我谈论这件事吗？
No. [LAUGHS] He won't.
不。[笑]他不会。
I won't throw him under the bus.
我不会把他扔到公共汽车底下。
I get a lot, Pete, how come women don't understand what we do?
我明白了很多，皮特，为什么女人不明白我们在做什么？
Why doesn't she get it?
她为什么不明白？
Again, here's Pete, the squad boss who gets tripped out by the crew.
皮特再次出现，他是被队员绊倒的小队长。
He says they're constantly asking him for relationship advice.
他说他们经常向他寻求感情方面的建议。
He keeps it pretty simple.
他保持得很简单。
Sit down and talk.
坐下来谈谈。
Put yourself in her shoes.
设身处地为她着想。
But the problem is, they never actually have time to use it.
但问题是，他们从来没有时间真正使用它。
I could be telling them that today, this morning.
我可以今天早上告诉他们。
But then he never makes it home to be able to do that.
但后来他再也没有能够做到这一点。
And now, it just turns into worse and worse and worse.
而现在，情况变得越来越糟。
And unfortunately, it doesn't work.
不幸的是，它不起作用。
It's really hard to understand or even sometimes believe that you're gone so long or believe that you're on a fire.
真的很难理解，甚至有时很难相信你已经离开了这么久，或者相信你着火了。
Or why didn't you have service?
或者为什么没有服务？
Why didn't you have service?
怎么没有服务啊？
I just talked to you a minute ago.
一分钟前我刚刚跟你说过话。
Well, yeah, I know, I was hiking, and I had service for one second, and now it's gone.
嗯，是的，我知道，我在徒步旅行，我有一秒钟的服务，但现在它消失了。
And now they don't hear from you again for three, four days.
现在他们已经三四天没有再收到你的消息了。
You can't explain that.
你无法解释这一点。
There have already been a couple break ups this season.
本赛季已经发生过几起分手事件。
Pete says his first marriage ended in divorce because he was gone so much.
皮特说，他的第一次婚姻以离婚告终，因为他离开得太久了。
Unlike the seasonal guys, he's year round.
与季节性的人不同，他是全年的。
He was on a fire when his son was born and this season, missed his daughter's birthday.
儿子出生时他正火烧火燎，而这个季节，又错过了女儿的生日。
Pete often scrolls through photos of them on his cell phone.
皮特经常在手机上滚动浏览他们的照片。
Get a picture of my boy.
给我儿子拍一张照片。
Lizzie Johnson He showed me one of his son, now 11, competing at a swim meet.
莉齐·约翰逊（Lizzie Johnson）他向我展示了他现在 11 岁的儿子正在参加游泳比赛。
Was that cool getting to be at his meet?
参加他的聚会很酷吗？
Oh, yeah.
哦，是的。
Well, I didn't make it to this one.
好吧，我没能做到这一点。
This is a picture they sent me, but I've been to some of his meets.
这是他们发给我的照片，但我参加过他的一些比赛。
Not too many, but yeah, it's fun.
虽然不是很多，但是确实很有趣。
It's definitely fun watching him.
看着他绝对很有趣。
Are they always very forgiving of you being gone, not being there for the big things in their life?
他们是否总是非常原谅你的离开，而不是在他们生命中的大事上陪伴你？
I like to say yeah, because I think they don't know any different.
我想说是的，因为我认为他们不知道有什么不同。
They think it's the norm.
他们认为这是常态。
It's like, oh, Dad's always gone working.
就像，哦，爸爸总是去工作。
I think--
我认为——
Good morning, Peter.
早上好，彼得。
Pete Rosas Thank you.
皮特·罗萨斯 谢谢你。
One of the guys from his crew stopped by his truck.
他的一名船员停在他的卡车旁。
This happened all the time while I was talking to him.
当我和他说话时，这种情况一直发生。
OK, I'm sorry.
好吧，对不起。
So they brought me my breakfast.
所以他们给我带来了早餐。
They brought me my lunch.
他们给我带来了午餐。
It's like the first thing on their plate.
这就像他们盘子里的第一件事。
OK, we got to take care of Pete, and then we'll do our thing.
好吧，我们得照顾好皮特，然后我们就做我们的事。
It becomes to where you become very catered to.
它变成了你变得非常迎合的地方。
Well, this is not normal.
嗯，这不正常。
In real life, it's not like that.
在现实生活中，情况并非如此。
I mean, your kids are going to talk back.
我的意思是，你的孩子会顶嘴。
Your wife is going to want different things.
你的妻子会想要不同的东西。
It's going to be a different type of reaction.
这将是一种不同类型的反应。
And somebody has been doing this so long, somebody like myself and a lot of these other guys.
有人已经这样做了很长时间，比如我和其他很多人。
You don't want to deal with that because it's a lot easier here.
您不想处理这个问题，因为这里要容易得多。
It's a lot easier.
这容易多了。
Pete's the perfect worker for these long fire seasons.
皮特是这些漫长的火灾季节的完美工人。
He loves his job.
他热爱他的工作。
And when I asked him if the relentlessness ever gets to him, he told me no. The more fire, the better.
当我问他这种无情是否影响到他时，他告诉我没有。火越多越好。
The more I work, the more I don't have to think about real life.
我工作得越多，我就越不用考虑现实生活。
Lizzie Johnson at The San Francisco Chronicle.
《旧金山纪事报》的莉齐·约翰逊。
She's got a book about the Paradise Fire that's coming out that you can preorder online.
她有一本关于天堂之火的书即将出版，你可以在网上预订。
The Creek Fire, after burning for nearly four months, is right now about 96% contained.
溪火在燃烧了近四个月后，目前已得到约 96% 的控制。
Crews expect to get it to 100% at the end of this month or the start of the year.
工作人员预计在本月底或年初达到 100%。
One of the hotshots from Little T, Matthew Jacquez, just came out with an album this month, under the name Unholy Smokes.
Little T 的热门人物之一 Matthew Jacquez 本月刚刚推出了一张名为 Unholy Smokes 的专辑。
This song is about constantly being on the road.
这首歌是关于不断在路上的。
(SINGING) The great, big, galloping road grows between us now [INAUDIBLE].
（唱歌）伟大、宽阔、奔腾的道路现在在我们之间延伸[听不清]。
We meet again some other day.
我们改天再见面。
Here I go again, wondering, my friend.
我再次疑惑，我的朋友。
Coming up, a scientist who's out snowboarding gets a call to come save the world.
接下来，一位外出滑雪的科学家接到电话来拯救世界。
We move from hotshots to cold shots in a minute from Chicago Public Radio, when our program continues.
当我们的节目继续进行时，我们从芝加哥公共广播电台的热门人物转为冷门人物。
It's This American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Today's program, Boulder v Hill-- stories of people trying to save the world by teaming up together and getting in there every day, doing the same things over and over, like Sisyphus pushing his rock up the slope again and again until the job gets done.
今天的节目《博尔德诉希尔》讲述了人们试图通过团结起来拯救世界的故事，每天都进入那里，一遍又一遍地做同样的事情，就像西西弗斯一次又一次地将石头推上斜坡，直到任务完成。
We have arrived at Act Two of our program.
我们已经进入了计划的第二幕。
In this act, we move from people who are saving us from something very large to people saving us from something tiny.
在这一行动中，我们从那些从大事中拯救我们的人转变为从小事中拯救我们的人。
Act Two, The Other Extinguishers.
第二幕，其他灭火器。
So, the people in this act have been working at a task, some of them for years, and this has been in the news in just the last few weeks.
所以，参与这一行动的人们一直在致力于一项任务，其中一些人已经工作了好几年，而这件事在最近几周才出现在新闻中。
They have actually succeeded.
他们实际上已经成功了。
It looks like they got their boulder up to the top of the hill.
看起来他们把巨石搬到了山顶。
David Kestenbaum spoke with four scientists who have been working on a coronavirus vaccine, one of the ones that was just shown to be effective.
大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆与四位一直在研究冠状病毒疫苗的科学家进行了交谈，其中一种疫苗刚刚被证明是有效的。
David was a scientist in his early career.
大卫在其早期职业生涯中是一名科学家。
He worked at Fermilab.
他在费米实验室工作。
And from the coverage, he could not understand what exactly they had done in any detail.
而且从报道中，他根本无法了解他们到底做了什么事情。
And he wanted to know that and who these people were and, especially, how does it feel to have helped make a thing that could save so many lives, fix the global economy, get life back to normal again for everybody.
他想知道这一点，以及这些人是谁，特别是，帮助制造出可以拯救这么多生命、修复全球经济、让每个人的生活再次恢复正常的东西，感觉如何。
Here's David.
这是大卫。
I'm going to tell you of the story of some of the people who made this one tiny thing.
我将向您讲述一些制作这件小事的人的故事。
It's a key thing that's in at least five of the vaccines that are being tested.
这是至少五种正在测试的疫苗中的一个关键因素。
If you get the vaccine shot in the coming months, this thing will probably be injected into your body, and it could save your life.
如果你在接下来的几个月内注射疫苗，这种东西可能会被注射到你的体内，它可以挽救你的生命。
And the story of all this, you could start at all sorts of places.
而这一切的故事，你可以从各种各样的地方开始。
I'm going to begin here, in China.
我将从中国这里开始。
I'm from a very small village around the east coast.
我来自东海岸的一个很小的村庄。
It's Shandong province.
是山东省。
And both my parents are farmers.
我的父母都是农民。
This is Nianshuang Wang.
这是王年双。
His way into science was playing outside and noticing bugs and locusts, scorpions, just got him curious about stuff.
他进入科学领域的方式是在外面玩耍，观察虫子、蝗虫、蝎子，这让他对事物产生了好奇。
Yeah, why we can think, why we need to eat food.
是的，为什么我们可以思考，为什么我们需要吃食物。
Yeah, I'm curious about all those.
是的，我对所有这些都很好奇。
It's funny.
很有趣。
For me, it was when I was in 10th grade, I think.
对我来说，那是我十年级的时候。
I learned about Newton's equation for gravity, and I learned that that explained both the orbits of the planets and also what happened when you dropped a ball.
我了解了牛顿的引力方程，它解释了行星的轨道，也解释了当你丢下一个球时会发生什么。
And I was like, I'm in.
我当时想，我加入了。
That's amazing.
太棒了。
There's an equation that describes both of those perfectly.
有一个方程可以完美地描述这两者。
It was the rules behind the thing.
这是事物背后的规则。
It was the same thing.
这是同样的事情。
Yeah, those are really beautiful stuff.
是的，这些都是非常美丽的东西。
Yeah.
是的。
When I first emailed Nianshuang, he was super excited to talk.
当我第一次给念双发电子邮件时，他非常兴奋。
He said no one had really interviewed him about all that he had done.
他说没有人真正采访过他关于他所做的一切。
Nianshuang got himself a scholarship to one of the top universities.
年双获得了一所顶尖大学的奖学金。
And the thing he found himself gravitating toward is this field called structural biology, which I think favors a particular kind of person.
他发现自己被结构生物学这个领域所吸引，我认为这个领域有利于特定类型的人。
You're basically trying to figure out what molecules look like, where all the atoms are, so you can tell how something works, or if it's a virus, how to fight it.
你基本上是想弄清楚分子是什么样子，所有原子在哪里，这样你就可以知道某些东西是如何工作的，或者如果它是病毒，如何对抗它。
And the thing is, people work for years trying to figure out the structure of one tiny molecule.
事实是，人们花费数年时间试图弄清楚一个微小分子的结构。
The traditional way of doing it is that you get a bunch of those molecules and try to get them to lay out in a neat, repeating pattern.
传统的做法是，你得到一堆这些分子，并尝试让它们以整齐、重复的模式排列。
Then you hit them with these powerful X-rays, which give you just this pattern of dots.
然后用这些强大的 X 射线照射它们，就会产生这种点状图案。
Then you have to apply these mathematical algorithms.
然后你必须应用这些数学算法。
And sometimes, it's just not solvable.
有时，这是无法解决的。
It really is like pushing a boulder to the top of a hill.
这真的就像把一块巨石推到山顶一样。
It rolls down over and over.
它一遍又一遍地滚下来。
Nianshuang was good at it, though.
不过，年霜倒是很擅长。
For his thesis, he worked out the structure of part of a coronavirus.
在他的论文中，他研究了冠状病毒的部分结构。
Not this coronavirus-- this was years ago.
不是这种冠状病毒——这是几年前的事了。
It was a coronavirus that was making the news back then, the MERS coronavirus, because it caused Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.
当时成为新闻焦点的是一种冠状病毒，即中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒，因为它引起了中东呼吸综合症。
After that, he needed a job, so he reached out to a guy who was also looking into MERS, Jason McClellan at Dartmouth.
之后，他需要一份工作，所以他联系了达特茅斯学院的杰森·麦克莱伦（Jason McClellan），他也在研究 MERS。
Wow.
哇。
I have no idea.
我不知道。
Fun?
乐趣？
Good to hang out with?
一起出去玩好吗？
Likes having a beer or two?
喜欢喝一两杯啤酒吗？
I don't think that was on anyone's radar.
我认为这没有引起任何人的注意。
Nianshuang came over to the States to work with Jason and his team.
年双来到美国与杰森和他的团队一起工作。
This was 2014, six years before the pandemic.
那是 2014 年，也就是大流行之前的六年。
They wanted to make a vaccine for MERS.
他们想制造一种针对中东呼吸综合征（MERS）的疫苗。
And one of the things they were trying to figure out back then that would end up being key for the vaccine we have today was, how to manufacture copies of the tiny spikes that were all over the surface of the MERS coronavirus.
他们当时试图弄清楚的一件事最终成为我们今天拥有的疫苗的关键，那就是如何制造遍布中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒表面的微小刺突的副本。
The spikes are why they're called the coronaviruses.
这些尖峰就是它们被称为冠状病毒的原因。
The viruses have a corona, a wreath of these little spikes sticking out all over it.
这些病毒有一个冠状，一个由这些小尖刺组成的花环，遍布其周围。
The spike is the part that sticks to your cells when it gets in your body, lets the virus break into your cells and start replicating.
刺突是当病毒进入您体内时粘附在您的细胞上的部分，让病毒侵入您的细胞并开始复制。
It's the scary part of the thing in a way.
从某种程度上来说，这是事情的可怕部分。
If they could make just the spikes without a deadly virus attached to them, maybe they could train your immune system to recognize the virus and fight it.
如果他们能制造出不带有致命病毒的尖刺，也许他们可以训练你的免疫系统识别病毒并对抗它。
But it turned out to be damn hard to make the spikes in the lab.
但事实证明，在实验室里制造尖峰非常困难。
Basically, you stick the genetic code for the spike into some cells.
基本上，你将刺突的遗传密码粘贴到一些细胞中。
What are the cells?
细胞是什么？
Jason Mclellan We used two, either CHO cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, or HEK293 cells.
Jason Mclellan 我们使用了两种细胞：CHO 细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞或 HEK293 细胞。
Which are what?
哪些是什么？
Jason Mclellan The Human Embryonic Kidney cells.
Jason Mclellan 人类胚胎肾细胞。
I see.
我懂了。
I don't know why I wanted to know all this, except that this is the kind of knowledge that is going to save our asses.
我不知道为什么我想知道这一切，只是这些知识可以拯救我们的屁股。
The problem was when they got the genetic code for the spikes into those cells, they did start spitting out spikes.
问题是，当他们将刺突的遗传密码输入这些细胞时，他们确实开始吐出刺突。
But the cells weren't making a lot of them.
但细胞并没有产生很多。
And the spikes on their own were unstable.
而且尖峰本身并不稳定。
They kept changing into the wrong shape.
他们不断地变成错误的形状。
Nianshuang spent a long time trying to stabilize them.
年双花了很长时间才稳定住他们。
Add something, tweak the genetic code.
添加一些东西，调整遗传密码。
Try again, again.
再试一次，再试一次。
There's a tedium to it.
这很乏味。
Each try takes a while.
每次尝试都需要一段时间。
Around two or three weeks.
大约两三个星期。
David Kestenbaum Two or three weeks.
大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆 两到三周。
So you would start it, like, March 1st.
所以你可以从 3 月 1 日开始。
By the third week in March, you'd be done with that test, and most of the time, it fails.
到三月的第三周，你就完成了那个测试，但大多数时候，它都会失败。
Yes.
是的。
David Kestenbaum And then you start again, and then you don't know for another three weeks if that new thing works.
David Kestenbaum：然后你又开始了，然后你在接下来的三周内都不知道那个新东西是否有效。
Yes, yes.
是的，是的。
But we can do 10 at the same time as even more, 20.
但我们可以同时做 10 个，甚至更多，20 个。
Oh, so you do 20 of them at the same time.
哦，所以你同时做 20 个。
And every time you tried this, in your mind, are you like, oh, this time, it's going to work?
每次你尝试这个的时候，你心里都会想，哦，这一次，它会起作用吗？
I was very confident sometimes.
有时我非常自信。
I said, it's going to work.
我说，会成功的。
If it won't work, I will drop this project.
如果行不通，我就会放弃这个项目。
Then, usually I got disappointed.
然后，通常我会感到失望。
It's funny that you're so optimistic because most of the time, it fails, right?
有趣的是，你如此乐观，因为大多数时候，它都会失败，对吧？
It just keeps failing and failing.
它只是不断失败。
Yeah.
是的。
that's kind of the life at the beginning.
这就是一开始的生活。
This kind of lab work, it's kind of like cooking, but for the fussiest restaurant ever.
这种实验室工作有点像烹饪，但针对的是有史以来最挑剔的餐厅。
Lots of little, precise steps.
很多小而精确的步骤。
You mix the stuff up in a flask, set it on this little platform which gently swirls the stuff in it, keep the whole thing at 37 degrees Celsius, leave it overnight.
你将这些东西混合在一个烧瓶中，将其放在这个小平台上，轻轻地旋转其中的东西，将整个东西保持在 37 摄氏度，放置过夜。
So you're constantly having to be at the lab at a certain time to do the next step.
因此，您必须经常在某个时间到达实验室才能进行下一步。
His wife told him, "You always say it'll be five minutes, but it's hours."
他的妻子告诉他：“你总是说五分钟，但实际上是几个小时。”
They tried so many different things, scouring the scientific literature for different ideas, modifying them.
他们尝试了很多不同的事情，在科学文献中寻找不同的想法，并对其进行修改。
The thing that finally worked was changing the genetic code for the spike so it would swap in two prolene amino acids.
最终起作用的是改变刺突的遗传密码，这样它就可以交换两个脯氨酸氨基酸。
They helped hold the spike in its spike form, kept it from changing shape.
他们帮助保持尖刺的形状，防止其改变形状。
Also, the cells were spitting out way more spikes-- 50 times more.
而且，细胞吐出的尖峰数量多得多——多了 50 倍。
The day it worked was really exciting because Nianshuang, who'd been doing all of this work, it's a lot of trial and error.
工作的那天真的很令人兴奋，因为年霜一直在做所有这些工作，这是很多尝试和错误的。
You're basically just failing until it works.
在它发挥作用之前，你基本上只是在失败。
And finally, he got one.
最后，他得到了一个。
We're like, wow, that looks fantastic.
我们就像，哇，这看起来棒极了。
We knew we had something then.
我们知道那时我们有一些东西。
When they vaccinated mice, gave them a shot containing these MERS coronavirus spikes, the mice's little immune systems developed antibodies-- lots of them.
当他们给小鼠接种疫苗时，给它们注射含有这些 MERS 冠状病毒尖峰的疫苗，小鼠的小免疫系统产生了抗体——数量很多。
It looked really promising, like you might be able to make a really good vaccine against the MERS coronavirus.
它看起来非常有希望，就像你可能能够制造出一种非常好的针对中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的疫苗。
This was basically the road map for the vaccine we were all going to need when the pandemic started.
这基本上是大流行开始时我们都需要的疫苗的路线图。
But the major scientific journals were not interested in publishing it.
但主要科学期刊对发表它不感兴趣。
We totally tried six different journals, and it was rejected five times.
我们总共尝试了六种不同的期刊，被拒绝了五次。
Wow, that's kind of amazing looking back now.
哇，现在回想起来真是太神奇了。
Yeah, if we look back, yeah.
是的，如果我们回头看，是的。
Yeah, I was getting sad after three rejections, four rejections, five rejections.
是的，在三次拒绝、四次拒绝、五次拒绝之后我感到很难过。
Yeah.
是的。
He told me he fell into a real depression.
他告诉我他陷入了真正的抑郁症。
No one seemed to see the value of their work.
似乎没有人看到他们工作的价值。
He saw a therapist, who pointed out all he had accomplished and suggested that he might feel proud instead of sad.
他去看了一位治疗师，治疗师指出了他所取得的一切，并建议他应该感到自豪而不是悲伤。
It didn't really help.
这并没有真正帮助。
This was 2017.
那是2017年。
The pandemic was three years away.
距离大流行还有三年。
The fact that they had trouble getting it published, to me, it doesn't mean the scientific journal editors are idiots.
事实上，他们在出版方面遇到了困难，对我来说，这并不意味着科学期刊编辑是白痴。
Back then, most people thought the next pandemic was going to be some new form of influenza, not a coronavirus, which, of course, is the argument for funding lots of basic research.
当时，大多数人认为下一次大流行将是某种新型流感，而不是冠状病毒，这当然是资助大量基础研究的理由。
Sometimes you don't know what thing is going to be important.
有时你不知道什么事情是重要的。
When the current pandemic began, Jason McLellan had moved his lab from Dartmouth to the University of Texas at Austin.
当当前的大流行开始时，贾森·麦克莱伦将他的实验室从达特茅斯搬到了德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校。
Nianshuang had gone with him.
年霜也跟着他走了。
Jason told me one day in January, January 6th, he was in Utah snowboarding, and he got a call from the deputy director of the Vaccine Research Center at the National Institutes of Health, Barney Graham.
杰森告诉我，1月的一天，1月6日，他在犹他州滑雪，他接到了美国国立卫生研究院疫苗研究中心副主任巴尼·格雷厄姆的电话。
Graham had been working with him on all the MERS coronavirus stuff, and he was calling about some pneumonia-like illness in Wuhan, China.
格雷厄姆一直在与他一起研究中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的所有问题，他打电话来是为了了解中国武汉的一些类似肺炎的疾病。
The local health authority was reporting 41 cases.
当地卫生部门报告了 41 例病例。
He let me know he was talking with the US CDC, and they wanted to quickly make a vaccine candidate.
他让我知道他正在与美国疾病预防控制中心交谈，他们希望快速开发出候选疫苗。
And it looked like it was a beta coronavirus.
它看起来像是一种β冠状病毒。
And he wanted to know, are we game?
他想知道，我们是游戏吗？
Are we going to-- can we help out try to rapidly determine the structure of the spike and get the vaccine made?
我们是否能够帮助尝试快速确定刺突的结构并制造疫苗？
And--
还有——
Yeah, I was actually-- I was getting some boots heat molded, so I had 10 minutes to talk to him while they were heat molding to my feet.
是的，我实际上——我正在买一些热成型的靴子，所以当它们热成型到我的脚上时，我有 10 分钟的时间和他交谈。
But I immediately WhatsApped my grad student, Daniel Rapp, and told him, we're going to race.
但我立即给我的研究生丹尼尔·拉普 (Daniel Rapp) 发了 WhatsApp 消息，告诉他我们要参加比赛。
We got to move quickly on this.
我们必须迅速采取行动。
Let's get prepared.
让我们做好准备吧。
It's worth pointing out, they were running full steam at this in January.
值得指出的是，他们在一月份就全力以赴。
This is before Wuhan went into lockdown, before that giant hospital got built.
这是在武汉封城之前，在那座巨型医院建成之前。
The whole thing was barely in the news.
整件事几乎没有出现在新闻中。
And life here, it was totally normal.
这里的生活完全正常。
So they were all going to the office to work frantically on this thing, while, all around them, people are going to restaurants and church.
所以他们都去办公室疯狂地做这件事，而他们周围的人都去餐馆和教堂。
Kids are in school.
孩子们都在上学了。
The thing they were going to try to help make is called an mRNA vaccine.
他们将尝试帮助制造一种叫做 mRNA 疫苗的东西。
Instead of giving people shots filled with coronavirus spikes, you inject people with the genetic code for making the spikes.
你不是给人们注射充满冠状病毒尖峰的疫苗，而是给人们注射制造尖峰的遗传密码。
The code is wrapped in this little package.
代码被封装在这个小包中。
And once it gets injected into your body, it goes into your cells.
一旦它被注射到您的体内，它就会进入您的细胞。
And then your cells start making the spikes-- loads of them, which, on their own, are harmless.
然后你的细胞开始产生大量的尖峰，这些尖峰本身是无害的。
But your immune system sees these foreign things and learns to fight it, which should hopefully protect you if the real virus comes along.
但你的免疫系统会看到这些异物并学会对抗它，如果真正的病毒出现，这有望保护你。
This is the genius of vaccines.
这就是疫苗的天才之处。
We're not that good at making drugs against viruses.
我们不擅长制造抗病毒药物。
But you know what's really good at fighting them?
但你知道对抗他们的真正好处是什么吗？
Our immune system.
我们的免疫系统。
If you can just show it the right piece of the virus, it often figures out how to fight it off.
如果你能向它展示病毒的正确部分，它通常会找出如何抵抗病毒的方法。
It's like the answer we all have inside us.
这就像我们内心都有的答案。
The big thing they had to work out for the vaccine was what part of the genetic sequence for the coronavirus were they going to stick in the vaccine to make the spikes.
对于疫苗来说，他们必须解决的最重要的问题是，他们将把冠状病毒基因序列的哪一部分放入疫苗中来制造刺突。
And how were they going to alter that code so that when the spike was created, it would be stable and not twist around?
他们将如何改变该代码，以便在创建尖峰时，它会保持稳定并且不会扭曲？
Five days after Jason got that phone call, Chinese researchers posted the genetic code for the new coronavirus online so teams around the world could look at it.
杰森接到电话五天后，中国研究人员在网上发布了新型冠状病毒的遗传密码，以便世界各地的团队进行研究。
Jason and the others started going through it right away.
杰森和其他人立即开始了这件事。
So how long did it take?
那么花了多长时间呢？
So you get the sequence, and how long until you're like, this is the thing we want in the vaccine?
所以你得到了序列，多久之后你就会想，这就是我们想要的疫苗？
Oh, an hour maybe.
哦，也许一个小时。
David Kestenbaum Really?
大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆 真的吗？
It was probably within 10 minutes.
大概10分钟之内就到了。
I mean, as soon as you did the sequence alignment, you just put them in.
我的意思是，一旦你完成了序列比对，你就把它们放进去。
Yeah.
是的。
That's because the spike on this coronavirus that would cause the pandemic, it was very, very similar to the one on the MERS coronavirus, the one they had been studying.
这是因为这种会导致大流行的冠状病毒的峰值与他们一直在研究的中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的峰值非常非常相似。
It's often noted that these vaccines came together really quickly.
人们经常注意到这些疫苗的研发速度非常快。
But it seems like the reason they came together really quickly is because of all this work that went on for years before.
但他们之所以能够如此迅速地走到一起，似乎是因为多年来一直在进行的所有这些工作。
Yeah, I think that's right.
是的，我认为这是对的。
And yeah, it definitely is.
是的，确实如此。
Just--
只是——
It's not like it just happened in 30 days.
这并不是30天内才发生的事情。
It happened in 10 years.
这发生在10年后。
Yeah, I saw a nice graphic online showing that if SARS-COV-2 had emerged 10 years ago, we'd be nowhere this far along to having a vaccine.
是的，我在网上看到了一张漂亮的图表，显示如果 SARS-COV-2 早在 10 年前就出现了，那么我们在研制疫苗方面就遥遥无期。
They sent the genetic sequence off to a company that they've been communicating with for a while called Moderna.
他们将基因序列发送给了一家名为 Moderna 的公司，他们已经与该公司沟通了一段时间。
Moderna, like a bunch of other scientists and other companies, have been working for years on how to even make an mRNA vaccine, which is a whole other story.
Moderna 与许多其他科学家和其他公司一样，多年来一直在研究如何制造 mRNA 疫苗，这完全是另一回事。
Anyway, a few weeks later, they had one ready for testing.
不管怎样，几周后，他们已经准备好进行测试。
I mean, this is the first vaccine to potentially be tested in humans for what was then a burgeoning pandemic.
我的意思是，这是第一种可能在人体中进行测试的疫苗，以应对当时迅速蔓延的流行病。
This is Kizzmekia Corbett, a viral immunologist at the NIH, who'd been working with Jason and Nianshuang and everyone else.
这是 Kizzmekia Corbett，美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH) 的病毒免疫学家，一直与杰森、念双以及其他人一起工作。
She was there when the package arrived from Moderna.
当包裹从摩德纳寄来时，她就在那里。
And just a note about Kizzmekia, she told me that she was one of those kids who won all the science fairs, couldn't leave a math problem unsolved.
关于 Kizzmekia，她告诉我，她是那些赢得所有科学博览会的孩子之一，不能留下未解决的数学问题。
And also, when the Nobel prizes were announced, she would write the speeches she would imagine they would deliver and read them out loud, pretending to deliver them in a very dramatic way with tears, as if they were the Oscars or something.
而且，当诺贝尔奖宣布时，她会写下她想象的演讲稿，然后大声朗读，假装以一种非常戏剧性的方式流着泪进行演讲，就好像它们是奥斯卡奖什么的。
Anyway, she was the one who went to get the box of the first vaccines when they arrived.
不管怎样，当第一批疫苗到达时，她是第一个去拿那盒疫苗的人。
It came, and I-- this is the first time anything came from Moderna where I had to show my ID.
它来了，我——这是第一次从 Moderna 收到任何东西，我必须出示我的身份证。
And I remember the loading dock people couldn't even bring the box up to me.
我记得装货码头的人甚至无法把箱子搬到我面前。
I had to meet the driver downstairs.
我必须在楼下与司机见面。
I don't even think it came on a plane.
我什至不认为它是在飞机上带来的。
I actually think that they had it driven from Boston to Bethesda.
我实际上认为他们把它从波士顿开到了贝塞斯达。
When you got that box, what did you think?
当你拿到这个盒子的时候，你有什么感想？
I remember asking the guy at the loading dock to take a picture.
我记得让装货码头的人拍了张照片。
And he was like, I can't.
他说，我不能。
[LAUGHS] Can you take a pic I was like, can you take a picture of me with this box?
[笑]你能给我拍一张照片吗，你能给我拍一张我和这个盒子的照片吗？
And he's like, oh, no, I can't do that.
他说，哦，不，我不能那样做。
Because he was too busy?
因为他太忙了？
Kizzmekia Corbett No, I mean, that's because it's not his job.
Kizzmekia Corbett 不，我的意思是，那是因为这不是他的工作。
[LAUGHS] And I'm just this nerdy scientist about to vaccinate some 250 mice with a vaccine.
[笑]我只是一个书呆子科学家，即将给大约 250 只老鼠接种疫苗。
I mean, and neither of us really understood the gravity.
我的意思是，我们俩都没有真正理解重力。
This was in February.
这是二月份的事。
Kizzmekia remembers at some point going to see her family, sitting down on her mom's bed, and kind of briefing everyone.
Kizzmekia 记得在某个时候去看她的家人，坐在她妈妈的床上，向每个人介绍情况。
"I think things might really change soon.
“我认为事情可能很快就会发生改变。
I think the virus is about to be a big problem." I talked to all the researchers about what it was like in this period, making and testing a vaccine they hoped would work, but not knowing.
我认为病毒将成为一个大问题。”我与所有研究人员谈论了这一时期的情况，制作并测试了他们希望有效但不知道的疫苗。
Meanwhile, more and more of the world was shutting down, more people getting sick and dying.
与此同时，世界上越来越多的地方被封锁，越来越多的人生病和死亡。
Kizzmekia told me she used to look at the daily numbers for the world and then had to stop.
Kizzmekia 告诉我，她过去常常查看世界各地的每日数据，然后不得不停下来。
It wasn't healthy.
这不健康。
Barney Graham is Kizzmekia's boss.
巴尼·格雷厄姆是 Kizzmekia 的老板。
He is the deputy director of the Vaccine Research Center at the NIH and the guy who called Jason while he was snowboarding.
他是美国国立卫生研究院疫苗研究中心的副主任，也是在杰森滑雪时给他打电话的人。
He'd worked with them on all of this stuff, the most senior member of the group.
他是团队中资历最深的成员，曾与他们一起处理过所有这些事情。
It weighed on him, though he didn't always recognize it.
这对他来说很沉重，尽管他并不总是意识到这一点。
He says he's not always in touch with his feelings.
他说他并不总是能意识到自己的感受。
We talked in the evening, and he was at home where he had been for months.
晚上我们聊了聊，他回到了几个月来一直待在家里。
Sitting in front of a bookcase, a little bust of Benjamin Franklin on it, he seemed tired.
他坐在一个书架前，上面放着本杰明·富兰克林的半身像，他似乎很累。
Making the vaccine took so many steps, so many decisions.
制造疫苗需要采取很多步骤，做出很多决定。
Most of the time, you just grind through the day and try to make the best decisions you can, and keep everybody moving.
大多数时候，你只是努力度过一天，尽力做出最好的决定，让每个人都继续前进。
And there's also a sequence.
而且还有一个顺序。
Things have to happen in a certain order, or you get blocked.
事情必须按照一定的顺序发生，否则你就会被阻止。
And so, just keeping things moving takes up most of my attention most of the time.
因此，大多数时候，让事情继续发展就占据了我的大部分注意力。
Maybe my wife could say something.
也许我妻子可以说点什么。
And then, his wife, who was in the room while we were talking-- her name is Cynthia-- jumped in.
然后，我们谈话时他的妻子就在房间里——她的名字叫辛西娅——跳了进来。
Well, I-- David Kestenbaum She's a psychiatrist and, at a couple of points, had been chiming in a very sweet way to sort of explain her husband's calm exterior.
好吧，我——大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆（David Kestenbaum），她是一名精神科医生，在某些时候，她一直以一种非常甜蜜的方式来解释她丈夫平静的外表。
She said, you're forgetting the story, which she started to tell.
她说，你忘记了她开始讲的故事。
He came out of his office, and he was clearly distracted and upset.
他从办公室出来，显然心烦意乱，心烦意乱。
And of course, if you want to know what's going on with Barney, you have to ask him.
当然，如果你想知道巴尼发生了什么事，你就必须问他。
And you have to not let him off the hook until he tells you.
在他告诉你之前，你不能让他逃脱责任。
And so, I continue to just probe.
所以，我继续探索。
And he said, what if I selected the wrong sequence?
他说，如果我选择了错误的顺序怎么办？
Right.
正确的。
Barney Graham --initially, but the question was--
巴尼·格雷厄姆——最初，但问题是——
Was it the right one?
这是正确的吗？
Barney Graham Usually, we spend months or even years experimenting to decide this is the best one to use.
Barney Graham 通常，我们会花费数月甚至数年的时间进行试验，以确定这是最好的选择。
He was worried about the time that would be wasted in the development of the vaccine itself and how many people would die, how many children would be left without parents, how many old people would not get to see their grandchildren grow up.
他担心疫苗研发本身会浪费时间，担心会有多少人死亡、有多少孩子失去父母、有多少老人无法看到自己的孙子长大。
I mean, he was just thinking about all of the terrible consequences if this had been the wrong choice.
我的意思是，他只是在考虑如果这是错误的选择，所有可怕的后果。
It's just, like I said, I tend to be a little obsessive.
只是，就像我说的，我有点强迫症。
And you just can't get certain ideas or thought patterns out of your head until you find the resolution.
在找到解决方案之前，你无法摆脱头脑中的某些想法或思维模式。
Clinical trials began on March 16, which is pretty incredible.
临床试验于 3 月 16 日开始，这真是令人难以置信。
This is right around the time when businesses were just deciding it would be safer to work from home.
正是在企业刚刚决定在家工作更安全的时候。
Shots were eventually given to tens of thousands of people.
最终有数万人被注射了疫苗。
And then the wait began to see if it worked.
然后开始等待，看看它是否有效。
Meanwhile, the coronavirus kept spreading in the US, or, as the president called it, the "kung-flu" and the "China virus." Here's Nianshuang.
与此同时，冠状病毒在美国不断传播，或者用总统的话说，是“功夫流感”和“中国病毒”。这里是年双。
I'm from China.
我来自中国。
I do have some feeling that yeah, the president should not say that to my home country.
我确实有一些感觉，是的，总统不应该对我的祖国说这样的话。
I'm pretty angry by that.
我对此非常生气。
I think that it makes no sense.
我认为这没有意义。
It was offensive, but it also just struck him as dumb.
这很令人反感，但也让他觉得愚蠢。
There were so many things the president needed to be doing to tame the pandemic.
总统需要做很多事情来遏制这一流行病。
Why was he wasting his time with this?
他为什么要在这件事上浪费时间呢？
And then-- maybe you remember this-- there was a story in the news back then about how the FBI was looking into whether Chinese spies working through the consulate in Houston had tried to steal vaccine research.
然后——也许你还记得这一点——当时的新闻中有一个关于联邦调查局如何调查通过休斯敦领事馆工作的中国间谍是否试图窃取疫苗研究的报道。
The FBI was going to be questioning people at the University of Texas.
联邦调查局将审问德克萨斯大学的人员。
One story included Nianshuang's name as someone who worked there from China.
其中一个故事提到了念双的名字，他是一名来自中国的在那里工作的人。
Friends told him to get a lawyer.
朋友告诉他去找律师。
He says he and his wife looked into whether they could leave the country if they needed to.
他说，他和妻子正在考虑是否可以在需要时离开这个国家。
In the end, no one came to question him, but it was unnerving.
最终没有人来质问他，但这令人不安。
The moment when all these researchers learned that their vaccine was going to work was a few weeks ago when Pfizer announced that its vaccine was more than 90% effective.
当所有这些研究人员得知他们的疫苗即将发挥作用的那一刻，是在几周前，辉瑞公司宣布其疫苗的有效性超过 90%。
Pfizer had started its phase three clinical trials on the same day as them, but Pfizer got its results first.
辉瑞公司和他们同一天开始了三期临床试验，但辉瑞公司先拿到了结果。
Pfizer had used in its vaccine the thing this team had come up with, the coronavirus spike stabilized the way they had figured out.
辉瑞公司在其疫苗中使用了该团队想出的东西，冠状病毒的峰值稳定了他们所想出的方式。
Pfizer had licensed it from them.
辉瑞已从他们那里获得了许可。
So if the Pfizer vaccine worked, they figured theirs would, too.
因此，如果辉瑞疫苗有效，他们认为他们的疫苗也会有效。
Barney Graham got a call before the results went public.
巴尼·格雷厄姆在结果公布之前接到了电话。
I've been right here in my office for 10 months.
我已经在办公室呆了 10 个月了。
So I was in my office.
所以我在办公室里。
And it was in the evening, late evening.
那是在晚上，深夜。
And apparently, their data and safety monitoring board had met earlier in the day.
显然，他们的数据和安全监控委员会在当天早些时候举行了会议。
And they were going to put out a press release the next day on Monday.
他们将于第二天周一发布新闻稿。
And I got off the phone.
我挂断了电话。
I went over and sheepishly told my wife and my son, who was visiting at the time, that it looks like it's going to work.
我走过去，羞涩地告诉当时来访的妻子和儿子，看来这会起作用。
And that just kind of released a lot of emotion I think that I've been holding back for the last 10 months.
这释放了我过去 10 个月以来一直压抑的情绪。
And so, I retreated back into my office and just kind of let all that out for a few minutes.
于是，我回到办公室，把这一切发泄了几分钟。
And they all came in and consoled me.
他们都进来安慰我。
But that moment kind of caught me by surprise that there was so much in there to come out.
但那一刻让我有点惊讶，因为里面有这么多东西有待发掘。
It's just a relief to know that you've gotten to that point.
知道自己已经达到了这一点，真是一种解脱。
Because in vaccine development, there is 1,000 choices to make, 1,000 decisions, and 1,000 ways to fail.
因为在疫苗研发过程中，有 1,000 个选择、1,000 个决定和 1,000 种失败方式。
And most of these kind of development projects don't turn out.
大多数此类开发项目都没有成功。
And to get through all the way to get an answer that said it worked and even worked better than you expected, that was quite a moment.
一路走来，得到一个答案，说它有效，甚至比你预期的效果更好，那是一个相当激动的时刻。
Yeah, I wasn't expecting to be emotional at all.
是的，我根本没想到会情绪激动。
I for sure wasn't expecting to be crying happy tears for Pfizer, that's for sure.
我肯定没想到会为辉瑞哭泣，这是肯定的。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
What kind of a cry was it?
那是一种什么样的哭声？
There are lots of different kinds of cries.
哭声有很多种。
OK, so if my family or if my siblings or my friends are listening to this, first of all, they're like, OK, yeah, right, you haven't cried this entire year.
好吧，如果我的家人或者我的兄弟姐妹或我的朋友正在听这个，首先，他们会说，好吧，是的，对，你一整年都没有哭过。
You cry all the time.
你总是哭。
So I'm a huge cry baby, and my cries are ugly.
所以我是个爱哭鬼，而且我的哭声很难听。
It was the cry you might expect to have if you won the lottery.
如果你中了彩票，你可能会听到这样的哭声。
I don't even know if my family even today understands what just happened with me over the last year.
我什至不知道我的家人今天是否理解我去年发生的事情。
If I were to call them about 90% efficacy results, they'd be like, OK, what is that?
如果我称他们为 90% 的疗效结果，他们会说，好吧，那是什么？
I actually still haven't communicated with my family about the efficacy results at all.
我其实还没有和家人沟通过疗效结果。
I talk to them all the time.
我一直和他们说话。
I just talked to my dad this morning about fixing a dishwasher in my rental property, so I talk to them all the time.
今天早上我刚刚和我爸爸讨论了在我出租的房子里修理洗碗机的事情，所以我一直在和他们交谈。
But I don't know.
但我不知道。
Yeah, it feels, oh, God, it's actually working now.
是的，感觉哦，天啊，它现在真的起作用了。
So it's really going to save a lot of people.
所以它真的会拯救很多人。
So I think I'm proud of it.
所以我想我为此感到自豪。
And it's great.
这很棒。
That little thing you made might fix the global economy.
你所做的那件小事可能会修复全球经济。
It could save millions of lives.
它可以拯救数百万人的生命。
It could help everything get back to normal, that little thing.
它可以帮助一切恢复正常，那件小事。
What do your parents say?
你的父母怎么说？
Nianshuang Wang My parents, actually, they don't know what I was doing.
王年霜：我的父母，其实他们不知道我在做什么。
They just know, oh, you developed a vaccine.
他们只知道，哦，你开发了一种疫苗。
That's great.
那太棒了。
[LAUGHS] That's their thinking.
[笑]这就是他们的想法。
They don't know how much contribution I did.
他们不知道我做了多少贡献。
Yeah, actually, they-- yeah, my mom got stroke several years ago.
是的，实际上，他们——是的，我妈妈几年前中风了。
She may never know what I'm doing now, so.
她可能永远不知道我现在在做什么，所以。
I'm sorry about your mom.
我对你妈妈的事感到抱歉。
Nianshuang Wang Yeah, I'm a little sad about that.
王年霜 是的，我对此感到有点难过。
But she had encouraged a lot in the past, yeah.
但她过去鼓励了很多，是的。
I will always remember those things, yeah.
我会永远记住这些事情，是的。
It can be hard, I think, when you're in deep with something complicated to explain that thing to someone on the outside, particularly with science.
我认为，当你深入研究某件复杂的事情时，向局外人解释它可能很困难，尤其是在科学方面。
There's this version that often makes it out into the world of a single person having a clear, dramatic breakthrough-- Jonas Salk with the polio vaccine.
这个版本经常出现在一个人的世界中，他取得了明显的、戏剧性的突破——乔纳斯·索尔克（Jonas Salk）研发了脊髓灰质炎疫苗。
The Nobel Prize is always given to one or a few people.
诺贝尔奖总是颁发给一个或几个人。
But a lot of science isn't like that.
但很多科学并不是这样的。
I think most of it isn't.
我想大部分都不是。
When I asked Jason McClellan, the other scientist in this story, about his contribution to this, he started listing names, all the people whose work went before or whose ideas they adapted.
当我向这个故事中的另一位科学家贾森·麦克莱伦询问他对此的贡献时，他开始列出名字，所有那些工作之前或他们的想法被采纳的人。
Kizzmekia, when she gives talks, her last slides are just lists of names.
Kizzmekia，当她发表演讲时，她最后的幻灯片只是名单。
It's never just one person pushing the rock up a hill.
把石头推上山从来都不是一个人的事。
David Kestenbaum is senior editor of our show.
大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆 (David Kestenbaum) 是我们节目的高级编辑。
The NIH Moderna vaccine protected 94% of the people who got it in clinical trial.
NIH Moderna 疫苗在临床试验中保护了 94% 的接种者。
It was just this week approved for emergency use.
它于本周刚刚被批准用于紧急使用。
The government has arranged to purchase 200 million doses.
政府已安排购买2亿剂疫苗。
[MUSIC - "ONE FOOT IN FRONT OF THE OTHER" BY EMILIE AUTUMN]
[音乐 - 艾米丽·秋天的《一只脚在另一只脚前面》]
Well, our program was produced today by Lilly Sullivan.
嗯，我们今天的节目是由莉莉·沙利文制作的。
The people who put our show together today include Dana Chivvis, Aviva DeKornfeld, Noor Gill, Hilary Elkins, Damien Graves, Seth Lind, Miki Meek, Stowe Nelson, Katherine Rae Mondo, Nadia Reiman, Robyn Semien, Alissa Shipp, Christopher Swetala, Matt Tierney, Julie Whitaker, and Diane Wu.
今天节目的制作人包括 Dana Chivvis、Aviva DeKornfeld、Noor Gill、Hilary Elkins、Damien Graves、Seth Lind、Miki Meek、Stowe Nelson、Katherine Rae Mondo、Nadia Reiman、Robyn Semien、Alissa Shipp、Christopher Swetala、Matt Tierney、Julie Whitaker 和 Diane Wu。
Our managing editor is Sarah Abdurrahman.
我们的总编辑是萨拉·阿卜杜拉赫曼 (Sarah Abdurrahman)。
Our senior editor is David Kestenbaum.
我们的高级编辑是大卫·凯斯滕鲍姆。
Our executive editor, Emanuele Berry.
我们的执行编辑埃马努埃莱·贝里。
Special thanks today to Derek Lowe, Daniel Patterson, Pedro Marron, Adan Luna, Chuck Ramirez, Ryan Mendoza, Jenn Rosas, JB Bunton, Thea Phimmasy, Miguel Diaz, Gilbert Mendoza, Francisco Murillo, Forrest Lamp, John Clearwater, and Christina Crawford.
今天特别感谢 Derek Lowe、Daniel Patterson、Pedro Marron、Adan Luna、Chuck Ramirez、Ryan Mendoza、Jenn Rosas、JB Bunton、Thea Phimmasy、Miguel Diaz、Gilbert Mendoza、Francisco Murillo、Forrest Lamp、John Clearwater 和 Christina Crawford。
Our website where we set up a special page to note our show's 25th year on the air with a list of favorite shows from over the years and have written little blurbs explaining why each of the shows made the list, plus award-winning shows and spinoff shows, that's thisamericanlife.org/25years.
在我们的网站上，我们设立了一个特殊页面来纪念我们的节目播出 25 年，其中列出了多年来最受欢迎的节目列表，并写了一些小简介解释了每个节目上榜的原因，以及获奖节目和衍生节目，那就是 thisamericanlife.org/25years。
Again, thisamericanlife.org/25years.
再说一次，thisamericanlife.org/25years。
This American Life is delivered to public radio stations by PRX, the Public Radio Exchange.
《美国生活》由公共广播电台 PRX 向公共广播电台播出。
Thanks, as always, to our program's confounder, Mr. Torey Malatia.
一如既往地感谢我们计划的混杂者 Torey Malatia 先生。
You know, we were arguing over the greatest daytime TV talk shows of all time.
你知道，我们正在争论有史以来最伟大的日间电视脱口秀节目。
I personally have always been a fan of Oprah.
我个人一直是奥普拉的粉丝。
Torey disagreed.
托雷不同意。
The View is great, you know?
风景很棒，你知道吗？
Ira Glass I'm Ira Glass.
艾拉·格拉斯 我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
[MUSIC - "ONE FOOT IN FRONT OF THE OTHER" BY EMILIE AUTUMN]
[音乐 - 艾米丽·秋天的《一只脚在另一只脚前面》]
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。