562: The Problem We All Live With - Part One - This American Life

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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #562 | September 16, 2016 562: The Problem We All Live With - Part One Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.

00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 562 集 | 2016 年 9 月 16 日 562：我们共同面临的问题 - 第一部分 注：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。

If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.

如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。

Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.

文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。

Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.

请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。

Prologue Ira Glass Nikole Hannah Jones is an investigative reporter, these days at The New York Times.

序言 艾拉·格拉斯·尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 (Ira Glass Nikole Hannah Jones) 是一名调查记者，目前在《纽约时报》工作。

We've had her here on This American Life before too.

我们之前也曾在《美国生活》中邀请过她。

But her first big reporting job was back in 2003.

但她的第一份重要报道工作是在 2003 年。

She was reporting on the schools in Durham, North Carolina.

她正在报道北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的学校。

And like most places, there were good schools and there were bad schools.

和大多数地方一样，有好学校也有差学校。

And at the time, it was the heyday of No Child Left Behind.

当时，正是“不让一个孩子掉队”的鼎盛时期。

Durham was working really hard to improve the bad schools.

达勒姆非常努力地改善那些糟糕的学校。

And I would go to schools, and they would just always be trying these new things that actually sounded like they might work.

我会去学校，他们总是会尝试这些听起来可能有效的新事物。

They would do things like, "We'll put a great magnet program here.

他们会做这样的事情，“我们将在这里放置一个很棒的磁铁程序。

Or we are going to really focus on literacy.

或者我们将真正关注识字能力。

We're going to start an early college high school, which kids would earn college credit in high school.

我们将开设一所早期大学高中，孩子们将在高中获得大学学分。

We're going to improve teacher quality.

我们要提高教师素质。

We're going to replace the principal.

我们要更换校长。

More testing."

更多测试。”

They're always talking really about the same things.

他们总是在谈论同样的事情。

I mean, you could take these conversations and go from district to district to district, and you will always hear the same things.

我的意思是，你可以进行这些对话，从一个地区到另一个地区，你总会听到同样的事情。

And what she noticed was that it never worked.

但她注意到这根本不起作用。

I mean, like, never.

我的意思是，永远不会。

The bad schools never caught up to the good schools.

差学校永远赶不上好学校。

And the bad schools were mostly black and Latino, the good schools mostly white.

不好的学校主要是黑人和拉丁裔，好的学校主要是白人。

And sure, there might be a principal here or a charter school there who might do a good job improving student scores.

当然，这里可能有一位校长或那里有一所特许学校可能会在提高学生成绩方面做得很好。

But even there, they were just improving the students' scores.

但即便如此，他们也只是提高了学生的成绩。

The minority kids in their programs were still not performing on par with white kids.

他们项目中的少数族裔孩子的表现仍然无法与白人孩子相提并论。

They hadn't closed the achievement gap between black kids and white kids.

他们没有缩小黑人孩子和白人孩子之间的成就差距。

And my question is, all of these different ways that we say we're going to address this issue aren't working.

我的问题是，我们所说的解决这个问题的所有这些不同方法都不起作用。

So what actually works?

那么什么才是真正有效的呢？

And that's what I really began to look at.

这就是我真正开始关注的。

And I find this one thing that really worked, that cut the achievement gap between black and white students by half.

我发现这一件事确实有效，它将黑人和白人学生之间的成绩差距缩小了一半。

By half?

减半？

Nikole Hannah Jones By half.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 一半。

But it's the one thing that we are not really talking about, and that very few places are doing anymore.

但这是我们并没有真正谈论的一件事，而且很少有地方在做。

That thing that is so effective but never discussed?

那个东西如此有效却从未被讨论过？

That's not one of the tools that educators reach for normally?

这不是教育工作者通常使用的工具之一吗？

Can you guess?

你能猜到吗？

Integration.

一体化。

Ira Glass You mean just integrated schools?

Ira Glass 您的意思是综合学校？

Just getting black kids and white kids together in the same schools?

只是让黑人孩子和白人孩子一起在同一所学校吗？

Yes.

是的。

Ira Glass Old fashioned, Brown versus Board of Education, 1954 technology, little kids on buses?

Ira Glass 老式的，布朗与教育委员会，1954 年的技术，公共汽车上的小孩子？

That's right.

这是正确的。

Actually, what the statistics show is that between 1971, which is where the nation really started doing massive desegregation, and 1988, which was the peak of integration in the United States, 1988 was the peak.

事实上，统计数据表明，从1971年，也就是美国真正开始大规模废除种族隔离到1988年，也就是美国一体化的顶峰，1988年是顶峰。

School integration.

学校整合。

Nikole Hannah Jones School integration, yes.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯学校整合，是的。

Well, the data shows that at the start of real desegregation, the achievement gap between black and white students was about 40 points.

那么数据显示，在真正废除种族隔离之初，黑人和白人学生之间的成绩差距约为40分。

In other words, on standardized reading tests in 1971, black 13 year olds tested 39 points worse than white kids.

换句话说，在 1971 年的标准化阅读测试中，13 岁的黑人孩子比白人孩子低了 39 分。

That dropped to just 18 points by 1988 at the height of desegregation.

到 1988 年废除种族隔离最严重的时候，这个数字下降到只有 18 个百分点。

The improvement in math scores was close to that, though not quite as good.

数学成绩的提高与此接近，尽管没有那么好。

And these scores are not just the scores of the specific kids who got bused into white schools.

这些分数不仅仅是乘坐公交车进入白人学校的特定孩子的分数。

That is the overall score for the entire country.

这是整个国家的总分。

That's all black children in America.

那都是美国的黑人孩子。

Halved in just 17 years.

仅用了17年就减半了。

When I asked Nikole if that was fast, she was all like, "Well, black people first arrived on this continent as slaves in 1619.

当我问 Nikole 这是否很快时，她的回答是：“嗯，黑人于 1619 年首次作为奴隶来到这片大陆。

So it was 352 years to create the problem.

所以这个问题的产生花了352年。

So yeah, another 17 to cut that school achievement gap in half?

那么是的，再增加 17 名就能将学校成绩差距缩小一半吗？

Pretty fast."

相当快。”

And so if you picture that out if we had kept going, when we had cut it by half, I don't know that we would have eliminated it totally, because there's a long history here.

因此，如果你想象一下，如果我们继续前进，当我们将其削减一半时，我不知道我们会完全消除它，因为这里有悠久的历史。

But you could see where we would be.

但你可以看到我们会在哪里。

We would have been so close to eliminating it.

我们本来就已经非常接近消除它了。

Nikole, why does it work?

尼科尔，为什么它有效？

Nikole Hannah Jones I think it's important to point out that it is not that something magical happens when black kids sit in a classroom next to white kids.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 我认为重要的是要指出，当黑人孩子坐在白人孩子旁边的教室里时，并不是什么神奇的事情发生。

It's not that suddenly a switch turns on and they get intelligence or wanting the desire to learn when they're with white kids.

当他们和白人孩子在一起时，并不是突然有一个开关打开，他们就会变得聪明或想要学习。

What integration does is it gets black kids in the same facilities as white kids, and therefore it gets them access to the same things that those kids get-- quality teachers and quality instruction.

融合的作用是让黑人孩子在与白人孩子相同的设施中，因此让他们能够获得与白人孩子相同的东西——优质的教师和优质的指导。

The US Department of Education put out data in 2014 showing that black and Latino kids in segregated schools have the least qualified teachers, the least experienced teachers.

美国教育部 2014 年公布的数据显示，种族隔离学校中的黑人和拉丁裔孩子拥有最不合格、最缺乏经验的教师。

They also get the worst course offerings, the least access to AP and upper level courses, the worst facilities.

他们还获得最差的课程、最少的 AP 和高级课程、最差的设施。

The other thing about most segregated black schools, Nikole says, is that they have high concentrations of children who grew up in poverty.

尼科尔说，大多数种族隔离的黑人学校的另一件事是，这些学校里有大量在贫困中长大的孩子。

Those kids have greater educational needs.

这些孩子有更大的教育需求。

They're more stressed out.

他们的压力更大。

They have a bunch of disadvantages.

他们有很多缺点。

And when you put a lot of kids like that together in one classroom, studies show, it doesn't go well.

研究表明，当你把很多这样的孩子放在一间教室里时，效果并不好。

If you're surrounded by a bunch of kids who are all behind, you stay behind.

如果你周围有一群都落后的孩子，你就留在后面。

But if you're in a classroom that has some kids behind and some kids advanced, the kids who are behind tend to catch up.

但如果你所在的教室里有一些孩子落后，一些孩子进步，那么落后的孩子往往会赶上。

These kids in these classes in schools of concentrated poverty don't have that.

这些集中贫困学校班级里的孩子们没有这些。

They don't have that effect of kids who can help boost them.

他们没有孩子那样可以帮助提升他们的效果。

Everyone's behind.

大家都落后了

And then they're getting the worst teacher.

然后他们就遇到了最差的老师。

So it's not even like they're getting the same quality teachers as kids who are advanced.

因此，他们甚至没有得到与高级孩子相同质量的老师。

They're getting worse teachers.

他们的老师越来越差了。

When you combine those two things, it is almost impossible to undo that harm.

当你把这两件事结合起来时，几乎不可能消除这种伤害。

You have to break that up.

你必须打破它。

This is why after years of studying this, Nikole thinks segregated schools full of poor kids are probably never going to catch up to other schools.

这就是为什么经过多年的研究，尼科尔认为充满贫困孩子的种族隔离学校可能永远无法赶上其他学校。

The job is simply too hard.

这项工作太难了。

But integration-- before I talked to Nikole about this, I had this vague sense about integration-- maybe you had this too-- that we tried that.

但是整合——在我和 Nikole 谈论这个之前，我对整合有一种模糊的感觉——也许你也有这样的感觉——我们尝试过。

It didn't go so well.

进展不太顺利。

Which Nikole has heard before.

尼科尔以前听说过。

Yeah, that's a pretty common thought.

是的，这是一个很常见的想法。

People say, "Well, we tried to force it and it just didn't work out." And typically what people are thinking of are places like Boston, where busing was used and where it was violent and ugly and white people just left and didn't want to deal with it.

人们说：“好吧，我们试图强迫它，但没有成功。”人们通常想到的是像波士顿这样的地方，那里使用公共汽车，暴力和丑陋，白人只是离开并且不想处理它。

White people fled the school systems and basically they resegregated the school systems by fleeing.

白人逃离了学校系统，基本上他们通过逃离重新隔离了学校系统。

Right.

正确的。

And I should be clear.

我应该清楚。

I'm a product of busing myself.

我是自己乘公交车的产物。

And I rode a bus two hours a day.

我每天坐两个小时的公共汽车。

Where did you grow up?

你在哪里长大？

Nikole Hannah Jones I grew up in Waterloo, Iowa.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯（Nikole Hannah Jones） 我在爱荷华州滑铁卢长大。

And yes, there are black people in Iowa.

是的，爱荷华州有黑人。

I get that question all the time.

我总是收到这个问题。

Nikole says that her parents sent her and her sister to a school across town, which was all white, except for five black kids, which included the two of them.

尼科尔说，她的父母把她和她的妹妹送到镇另一边的一所学校，这所学校除了五个黑人孩子（其中包括他们两个）外，都是白人。

And at the time, I didn't realize that it was a bussing or integration program.

当时，我没有意识到这是一个总线或集成程序。

My parents told me to get on the bus and go to school, and I went where the bus took me.

我父母叫我上车去学校，我就去车带我去的地方。

Right.

正确的。

Nikole Hannah Jones But I didn't really understand until I started covering education that we were part of a desegregation program.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 (Nikole Hannah Jones) 但直到我开始报道教育问题时，我才真正明白我们是废除种族隔离计划的一部分。

And one of the things that has been challenging as I write these stories is knowing that bussing for me was actually very hard.

当我写这些故事时，面临的挑战之一是知道对我来说乘坐公交车实际上非常困难。

We had to get up really early, but also we were being taken out of our community into someone else's community, where not only was it a white community but it was a wealthy community, and I was coming from a very black working class community.

我们必须很早起床，但我们也被带出我们的社区，进入别人的社区，那里不仅是一个白人社区，而且是一个富裕的社区，而我来自一个非常黑人的工人阶级社区。

And so socially, it was very difficult.

所以在社交方面，这是非常困难的。

You just never felt like you belonged or it was your school.

你只是从来没有感觉到你有归属感或者这是你的学校。

I had friends and I could go to their house, but they couldn't come to mine.

我有朋友，我可以去他们家，但他们不能来我家。

And there was this time when I was in middle school, there was a pool on our side of town.

当我上中学的时候，我们镇上有一个游泳池。

And then there was another pool on the other side of town.

城镇的另一边还有另一个游泳池。

And we used to always go to the pool on the white side of town.

我们过去总是去城镇白色一侧的游泳池。

And one day, I was like, "Hey, guys, why don't you come to my house and we can go to the pool on my side of town?"

有一天，我想，“嘿，伙计们，你们为什么不来我家，我们可以去我这边城镇的游泳池呢？”

And all my white friends were like, "Yeah, we're going to do it." And then that morning, one by one, they called and said they couldn't come.

我所有的白人朋友都说：“是的，我们会这么做。”然后那天早上，他们一一打电话说不能来。

And to this day, that devastates me.

直到今天，这仍然让我心碎。

I'll never forget how that felt.

我永远不会忘记那种感觉。

Because I knew why.

因为我知道为什么。

I knew why they did that.

我知道他们为什么这么做。

What did they say?

他们说什么？

Nikole Hannah Jones They just said, "Oh, our mom said we can't come, but you can come over here." Every last one of them.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 他们只是说：“哦，我们妈妈说我们不能来，但你可以过来这里。”他们中的每一个都是最后一个。

I mean, that's the thing.

我的意思是，就是这样。

We somehow want this to have been easy and we gave up really fast.

我们不知何故希望这很容易，但我们很快就放弃了。

I mean, there was really one generation of school desegregation.

我的意思是，确实有一代人废除了学校种族隔离。

There's a lot of data that shows that black students going through court-ordered integration, it changed their whole lives.

有大量数据表明，黑人学生接受法院下令的融合，改变了他们的一生。

They were less likely to be poor.

他们贫穷的可能性较小。

They were less likely to have health problems.

他们出现健康问题的可能性较小。

They lived longer.

他们活得更久了。

And the opposite is true for black kids who remained in segregated schools.

对于留在隔离学校的黑人孩子来说，情况恰恰相反。

It's so funny the way you say that-- "Well, how do we know that integration works?" You're saying well, you know from the evidence of your own life.

你说话的方式很有趣——“那么，我们怎么知道集成有效呢？”你说得好，你从自己的生活中就知道了。

I know from my own life, and now being able to look at the longitudinal data on it, realizing that, yes, I am living the life that that data says you live when you have the opportunity to go to an integrated school.

我从自己的生活中知道，现在能够查看其纵向数据，意识到，是的，我过着数据所说的当你有机会去综合学校时所过的生活。

So integration works.

所以整合有效。

And yet, we do not discuss it usually as the logical way to fix schools.

然而，我们通常不会将其视为修复学校的合理方法。

And I think I'm so obsessed with this because we have this thing that we know works, that the data shows works, that we know is best for kids.

我想我对此非常着迷，因为我们知道这个东西有效，数据显示有效，我们知道它最适合孩子。

And we will not talk about it.

我们不会谈论它。

And it's not even on the table.

而且它甚至不在桌子上。

And so today, we thought we would put it on the table and talk about it.

所以今天，我们认为我们应该把它放在桌面上讨论。

From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life.

来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》。

I'm Ira Glass.

我是艾拉·格拉斯。

Today, after years where very few communities were launching new desegregation programs, Nikole found a place that just three years ago, unintentionally, started school desegregation.

如今，多年来很少有社区发起新的废除种族隔离计划，尼克尔找到了一个三年前无意中开始废除学校种族隔离的地方。

Seriously, nobody in charge planned this.

说实话，没有任何负责人计划过这一点。

A school system got integration and Nikole got to see what happens to the kids, what happens with the parents, which is not pretty, and what happens with the politics in modern day America, when school desegregation shows up uninvited to the table by any of the usual people in charge.

学校系统得到了整合，尼科尔必须看看孩子们会发生什么，父母会发生什么，这并不美好，以及现代美国的政治会发生什么，当学校废除种族隔离不被任何通常的负责人邀请时。

Stay with us.

留在我们身边。

And with that, I will turn things over to Nikole.

这样，我就把事情交给 Nikole 了。

A quick heads up, somebody uses a racial slur in this first part of the story.

快速提醒一下，有人在故事的第一部分使用了种族歧视。

I stumbled on this place by accident.

我偶然发现了这个地方。

I was watching the coverage of Michael Brown almost a year ago, like the rest of America.

大约一年前，我和美国其他人一样观看了迈克尔·布朗的报道。

There was one moment that I could not get out of my head.

有那么一刻，我无法摆脱我的脑海。

It's news footage of his mother, Leslie Mcspadden, right after he was killed.

这是他的母亲莱斯利·麦克斯帕登 (Leslie Mcspadden) 在他被杀后的新闻片段。

This was wrong, and that was cold-hearted.

这是错误的，这是冷酷无情的。

She's standing in a crowd of onlookers, a few feet from where her son was shot down, where he would lie face down on the concrete for four hours, dead.

她站在一群旁观者中，距离她儿子被击落的地方只有几英尺，他在那里面朝下躺在水泥地上四个小时，死了。

And this is what she says.

这就是她所说的。

You took my son away from me.

你把我的儿子从我身边夺走了。

You know how hard it was for me to get him to stay in school and graduate?

你知道我让他留在学校并毕业有多难吗？

You know how many black men graduate?

你知道有多少黑人毕业吗？

Not many!

不多！

I watched this over and over.

我一遍又一遍地看着这个。

A police officer has just killed her oldest child.

一名警察刚刚杀死了她最大的孩子。

It has to be the worst moment of her life, but of all the ways she could have expressed her grief and outrage, this is what was on her mind-- school, getting her son through school.

这肯定是她一生中最糟糕的时刻，但在她可以表达悲伤和愤怒的所有方式中，这就是她想到的——上学，让她的儿子完成学业。

Michael Brown became a national symbol of the police violence against black youth, but when I looked into his education, I realized he's also a symbol of something else, something much more common.

迈克尔·布朗成为警察对黑人青年施暴的全国象征，但当我研究他的教育时，我意识到他也是其他事物的象征，更常见的事物。

Most black kids will not be shot by the police but many of them will go to a school like Michael Brown's.

大多数黑人孩子不会被警察枪杀，但他们中的许多人会去像迈克尔·布朗这样的学校。

It took me all of five minutes on the internet to find out that the school district he attended is almost completely black, almost completely poor, and failing badly.

我在网上花了五分钟才发现他就读的学区几乎全是黑人，几乎全是穷，而且成绩很差。

The district is called Normandy.

该地区被称为诺曼底。

It's made up of one high school, the one that Michael Brown attended, a middle school, and five elementary schools.

它由迈克尔·布朗就读的一所高中、一所中学和五所小学组成。

It's in a town also called Normandy that borders on Ferguson.

它位于一个也称为诺曼底的小镇，与弗格森接壤。

Each year, the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education puts out a report that shows how each of its 520 school districts is doing.

密苏里州中小学教育部每年都会发布一份报告，展示该州 520 个学区的表现。

It's a numeric snapshot of the type of education students are receiving.

这是学生所接受教育类型的数字快照。

Districts get points for academic achievement, for how many students graduate, for how well they're prepared for college.

学区根据学术成就、学生毕业人数以及他们为上大学做好的准备程度来获得分数。

In 2014, Michael Brown's senior year, here's how the Normandy School District was performing.

2014 年，迈克尔·布朗 (Michael Brown) 大四，诺曼底学区的表现如下。

Points for academic achievement in English-- 0, math-- 0, social studies-- 0, science-- 0, points for college placement-- 0.

英语学术成绩分 - 0，数学 - 0，社会研究 - 0，科学 - 0，大学入学分 - 0。

It seems impossible, but in 11 of 13 measures, the district didn't earn a single point.

这似乎不可能，但在 13 项措施中，有 11 项该区一分未得。

10 out of 140 points, that was its score.

满分140分，10分，这就是它的分数。

It's like how they say you get points on the SAT just for writing your name.

就像他们说你在 SAT 考试中只要写下你的名字就能得到分数一样。

It's like they got 10 points just for existing.

就好像他们仅仅因为存在就得到了 10 分。

Normandy is the worst district in the state of Missouri.

诺曼底是密苏里州最糟糕的地区。

Maybe Michael Brown's mom knew these scores.

也许迈克尔·布朗的妈妈知道这些分数。

Or maybe she just knew her son's school didn't graduate about half of its black boys.

或者也许她只是知道她儿子的学校大约有一半的黑人男孩没有毕业。

I don't know.

我不知道。

I reached out to her several times and she didn't want to talk.

我多次向她伸出手，但她不想说话。

But in the Normandy district, mothers who are worried about the quality of the schools aren't hard to find.

但在诺曼底地区，担心学校质量的母亲并不难找到。

Over the last couple of months, I spent a lot of time with one of them, a Normandy mother named Nedra Martin.

在过去的几个月里，我花了很多时间和其中一个人在一起，她是一位诺曼底的母亲，名叫内德拉·马丁 (Nedra Martin)。

And it was through her that I learned the story of something that happened in this district, something that almost never happens anymore.

正是通过她，我了解到了这个地区发生的一些事情的故事，这些事情几乎不再发生了。

Nedra grew up in Normandy and works in human resources.

内德拉在诺曼底长大，从事人力资源工作。

Her daughter, Mah'Ria, is a star student.

她的女儿 Mah'Ria 是一名明星学生。

Still, Nedra found herself worrying about Mah'Ria's education all the time.

尽管如此，内德拉发现自己一直在担心玛哈里亚的教育问题。

Mah'Ria, to be honest with you, she wasn't having a problem.

Mah'Ria，老实说，她没有遇到任何问题。

I'm just going to say, she's an awesome child, OK?

我只想说，她是一个很棒的孩子，好吗？

I love her.

我爱她。

When you ask them questions, Nedra, Mah'Ria, their eyes fix on each other.

当你问他们问题时，内德拉、玛哈里亚，他们的目光会互相注视。

I've got a daughter and I kept wondering what magic parenting spell Nedra has cast to get her teenage daughter to like her so much.

我有一个女儿，我一直想知道内德拉施了什么神奇的育儿咒语让她十几岁的女儿如此喜欢她。

Nedra's older daughter went to Normandy too.

内德拉的大女儿也去了诺曼底。

She almost didn't graduate on time because the school lost track of her credits.

她差点没能按时毕业，因为学校失去了她的学分。

By the time Mah'Ria got to middle school, little things started happening that begin to worry Nedra even more.

当 Mah'Ria 上中学时，一些小事情开始发生，让 Nedra 更加担心。

Mah'Ria usually brought home As, but when she got a C, Nedra asked the teacher why she had not been notified.

Mah'Ria 通常带回家 A，但当她得到 C 时，Nedra 问老师为什么没有通知她。

The teacher told her that she had too many kids in her class to call all their parents.

老师告诉她，她班上的孩子太多了，无法给所有家长打电话。

Nedra said teachers did not seem to care.

内德拉说老师们似乎并不关心。

Classes were dumbed down and often unorganized and unruly.

课堂变得简单化，而且常常没有组织、不守规矩。

And even things that should have been good news turned to bad news.

甚至本应是好消息的事情也变成了坏消息。

In seventh grade, Mah'Ria was invited to a special breakfast.

七年级时，玛哈里亚受邀参加一场特别的早餐。

It was to celebrate kids who made the honor roll.

这是为了庆祝进入光荣榜的孩子们。

They began calling kids up, one by one, to get their certificates.

他们开始一一打电话给孩子们，让他们领取证书。

I'm like, OK, I'm next.

我想，好吧，我是下一个。

And then another name gets called.

然后另一个名字被叫到。

And I had to remind myself A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P.

我必须提醒自己 A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、K、L、M、N、O、P。

And I'm like, my name is Pruitt-Martin.

我想，我的名字是普鲁特-马丁。

You guys skipped Pruitt.

你们跳过了普鲁特。

They never called her name.

他们从来没有叫过她的名字。

When Mah'Ria asked the school counselor about it, the counselor told Mah'Ria maybe she wasn't supposed to be there.

当 Mah'Ria 向学校辅导员询问此事时，辅导员告诉 Mah'Ria 也许她不应该在那里。

Nedra, who had taken off of work to come, was watching from the side.

即将下班的内德拉在一旁观看。

She looked at me and I looked at her.

她看着我，我也看着她。

Then I was like, "Something's wrong.

然后我就想：“出了点问题。

Something is wrong." I almost started crying, really.

出了点问题。”我几乎要哭了，真的。

Because I felt not embarrassed but really, really disappointed.

因为我并没有感到尴尬，而是真的非常非常失望。

Mah'Ria had the invitation to the breakfast in her bag.

玛哈莉亚的包里放着早餐邀请函。

She'd brought it just in case something like this happened.

她带它来，就是为了以防万一发生这样的事情。

Think about that.

想想看。

This is a 12 year old girl who is so used to the school screwing things up that she knew enough to bring proof.

这是一个 12 岁的女孩，她已经习惯了学校把事情搞砸，她知道足够多的人可以拿出证据。

It was a small thing, but for Nedra and Mah'Ria, it was the last straw.

这虽然是一件小事，但对于内德拉和玛哈里亚来说，却是压垮他们的最后一根稻草。

Nedra knew that the district had been performing poorly for years.

内德拉知道该地区多年来表现不佳。

In fact, it had been on probation for 15 years.

事实上，它已经缓刑了15年。

Schools in Missouri get accredited by the state.

密苏里州的学校获得该州的认可。

Almost every district is accredited.

几乎每个地区都获得了认可。

But if you're doing really bad, you get put on notice.

但如果你表现得很糟糕，你就会受到注意。

That's called provisional accreditation.

这就是所谓的临时认证。

That's supposed to be like a warning.

这应该是一个警告。

But Normandy had provisional accreditation for 15 years.

但诺曼底拥有 15 年的临时认可。

That means there are entire classes of students, nearly all of them black, who came in as kindergartners and graduated 12 years later without ever having attended a school that met state standards.

这意味着整个班级的学生（几乎全是黑人）在幼儿园时就读，12 年后毕业，但从未就读过符合州标准的学校。

In the St. Louis area, nearly one in two black children attend schools in districts that performed so poorly the state has stripped them of full accreditation.

在圣路易斯地区，近二分之一的黑人儿童就读的学校表现不佳，以至于州政府取消了对这些学校的全面认证。

Only 1 in 25 white children are in a district like that.

只有二​​十五分之一的白人儿童生活在这样的地区。

That's one in two black kids, 1 in 25 white kids.

这是二分之一的黑人孩子，二十五分之一的白人孩子。

Nedra Decided she had to get Mah'Ria out of Normandy.

内德拉决定她必须把玛哈里亚带出诺曼底。

She made a list of nearby school districts and private schools.

她列出了附近学区和私立学校的清单。

Then she turned her car into a mobile situation room.

然后她把自己的车变成了移动战情室。

The mission-- get Mah'Ria into a better school.

使命——让 Mah'Ria 进入更好的学校。

Obviously, when I'm at work these offices are open.

显然，当我工作时，这些办公室是开放的。

When I get off, they're closed.

当我下车时，他们已经关门了。

So what I would do is take later lunches on my job, go to my car, sit in my car after I've written down telephone numbers and names the night before, and I would spend my whole lunch hour calling these offices.

所以我会做的就是在工作中吃晚饭，上车，在前一天晚上写下电话号码和名字后坐在车里，然后我会用整个午餐时间给这些办公室打电话。

The nearby districts told Nedra they would enroll Mah'Ria, but since she lived outside of their boundaries Nedra would have to pay tuition, upwards of $15,000 a year.

附近地区告诉 Nedra，他们会招收 Mah'Ria，但由于她住在辖区之外，Nedra 必须支付每年 15,000 美元以上的学费。

She couldn't afford that.

她负担不起。

If I would be required to pay for her get a public education then I might as well try to send her to a private school.

如果我需要支付她接受公立教育的费用，那么我还不如尝试送她去私立学校。

She checked into those, but even with financial aid, she couldn't afford private school either.

她检查了这些，但即使有经济援助，她也买不起私立学校。

I was at a point of desperation.

我正处于绝望的时刻。

I was literally desperate to just pull my daughter out of a district that I felt failed me and my children.

我真的非常渴望把我的女儿从一个我觉得让我和我的孩子们失望的地区拉出来。

I was at a point of desperation.

我正处于绝望的时刻。

We had to do better.

我们必须做得更好。

In most of the thousands of poor, segregated schools in America, that would be it.

在美国数以千计的贫困、种族隔离的学校中，大多数都是这样。

Your zip code is the anchor that traps you.

您的邮政编码是困住您的锚。

That would have been it for Nedra too, if it weren't for what happened next.

如果不是接下来发生的事情，内德拉也会是这样。

New tonight, a major blow to a school district in the metro area.

今晚的新事件，对都市区的一个学区造成了重大打击。

The Missouri State Board of Education is pulling accreditation from the Normandy School District.

密苏里州教育委员会正在取消诺曼底学区的认证。

In January of 2013, just a few months after that breakfast, Normandy lost its accreditation from the state.

2013 年 1 月，也就是那次早餐后几个月，诺曼底失去了国家的认可。

No one really explained why they'd lost it after all this time.

没有人真正解释为什么这么久之后他们还是失去了它。

Remember, they'd been on probation for 15 years.

请记住，他们已经缓刑了 15 年。

The school stayed open, but this rare event triggered a little known Missouri law called the transfer law.

学校保持开放，但这一罕见事件引发了密苏里州一项鲜为人知的法律，即转学法。

The transfer law gives students in unaccredited districts the right to transfer to a nearby accredited one for free.

转学法赋予未经认可学区的学生免费转学到附近认可学区的权利。

Any student in Normandy was now allowed out.

诺曼底的所有学生现在都可以出去了。

I was elated.

我很高兴。

I was just so excited, like God had of truly answered my prayers.

我非常兴奋，就像上帝真正回应了我的祈祷一样。

Because that sense of desperation, it was a burden.

因为那种绝望感，是一种负担。

It was honestly a weight lifted off my shoulders.

老实说，我肩上的重担卸下了。

She told me and I was like, "What?

她告诉我，我当时想：“什么？

What does that mean?" And she was like, "That means you get to go to a different school district." I was like, "What?

那是什么意思？”她说，“这意味着你可以去不同的学区。”我当时想，“什么？

Say that again?

再说一遍？

Really?" I so happy.

真的吗？”我好高兴啊。

I was just excited.

我只是很兴奋。

I think Mah'Ria and I got together and just did a swing dance of some kind.

我想我和 Mah'Ria 聚在一起只是跳了某种摇摆舞。

Do you remember that conversation at home?

你还记得在家里的那次谈话吗？

We were so happy.

我们很高兴。

Nikole Hannah Jones Under the law, while Normandy students can enroll in any nearby accredited district, Normandy has to provide transportation to just one.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯 根据法律，虽然诺曼底学生可以在附近任何一个认可的学区就读，但诺曼底只能提供前往其中一个学区的交通服务。

Normandy officials chose a district called Francis Howell.

诺曼底官员选择了一个名为弗朗西斯·豪厄尔的地区。

Francis Howell was 85% white.

弗朗西斯·豪厄尔有 85% 的白人血统。

It sits across a river in another county, roughly 30 miles away from Normandy.

它坐落在另一个县的一条河对面，距离诺曼底大约 30 英里。

One of the best districts in Missouri was just five miles away.

密苏里州最好的地区之一距离酒店仅五英里。

It would have been very easy for Normandy students to get there.

对于诺曼底的学生来说，到达那里是非常容易的。

Why not send them there?

为什么不把他们送到那里呢？

Well, if you don't want students to leave your district, one way to keep them is to make leaving inconvenient.

好吧，如果你不想让学生离开你的学区，留住他们的方法之一就是让离开变得不方便。

Make them ride a long distance to school every day.

让他们每天骑长途车去学校。

Though Normandy officials deny that's why they chose Francis Howell.

尽管诺曼底官员否认这就是他们选择弗朗西斯·豪厄尔的原因。

Douglas Carr was a teacher in the Normandy district.

道格拉斯·卡尔是诺曼底地区的一名教师。

He says when they first heard about the transfer option on the news, a lot of the Normandy teachers didn't expect many kids would take it.

他说，当他们第一次在新闻中听说转学选项时，很多诺曼底的老师并没有想到很多孩子会接受它。

Well, honestly, I thought, "Well, how many parents are going to want to get their kids up early and send them to a school 30 miles down the highway?" That, to me, was a little extreme.

好吧，老实说，我想，“好吧，有多少家长愿意让他们的孩子早起并送他们去距高速公路 30 英里的学校？”对我来说，这有点极端。

1,000.

1,000。

That's how many kids wanted to do that.

有多少孩子都想这么做。

That fall, fully one quarter of Normandy students chose the evacuation plan the law created, even though many of them would have to get on a bus at 5:00 in the morning and travel a good 30 miles away.

那年秋天，足足有四分之一的诺曼底学生选择了法律制定的疏散计划，尽管他们中的许多人必须在早上 5:00 搭乘公共汽车，前往 30 英里之外的地方。

The word "integration" does not appear in Missouri's transfer law.

“整合”一词并没有出现在密苏里州的转会法中。

When the law was passed, no one thought an entire district would lose accreditation.

当这项法律通过时，没有人认为整个地区都会失去认证。

Integration was not the law's intent.

融合并不是法律的目的。

But the Normandy kids are almost all black, the Francis Howell kids nearly all white.

但诺曼底的孩子几乎都是黑人，弗朗西斯·豪威尔的孩子几乎都是白人。

And that is how Missouri accidentally launched a school integration plan in what was an unfashionably late year for such a thing-- 2013.

就这样，密苏里州意外地在 2013 年启动了一项学校整合计划，这个计划对于这样的事情来说是不合时宜的。

Though Normandy chose to provide free transportation to the Francis Howell school district, Francis Howell wasn't part of that decision.

尽管诺曼底选择提供前往弗朗西斯·豪威尔学区的免费交通，但弗朗西斯·豪威尔并未参与该决定。

By law, they had no say in the matter.

根据法律规定，他们在此事上没有发言权。

So a week after the announcement that Normandy would bus kids to Francis Howell, officials there held a town meeting to talk about it.

因此，在诺曼底宣布将用巴士将孩子们送往弗朗西斯·豪厄尔的一周后，那里的官员召开了一次城镇会议来讨论此事。

Nedra and Mah'Ria decided to go.

内德拉和玛哈里亚决定离开。

That night, it was a traffic jam getting there.

那天晚上，去那里的时候堵车了。

I mean, because it was packed.

我的意思是，因为它已经打包了。

To get up in this town hall meeting, you would think it was a celebrity in town or something.

在这个市政厅会议上站起来，你会认为这是镇上的名人什么的。

That's how crowded it was.

原来如此拥挤。

They parked and walked in.

他们停好车，走进去。

Mah'Ria looked around, surveying the gym-- a sea of 3,000 mostly white faces.

Mah'Ria 环顾四周，审视着整个体育馆——里面有 3,000 张面孔，其中大部分是白人。

Bleachers on each side, those were filled.

两边都有看台，都坐满了。

Then you had chairs that were in two columns, and people were filling up those seats to say something in the mic.

然后椅子排成两列，人们坐在这些座位上对着麦克风说些什么。

Hello, my name is Rebecca and I have children in the district.

你好，我叫丽贝卡，我在这个地区有孩子。

And I'm concerned.

我很担心。

St. Louis Public Radio recorded the meeting.

圣路易斯公共广播电台记录了这次会议。

One by one, parents tick off concerns.

家长们一一消除了他们的担忧。

There are questions about class sizes, money, how this will affect special ed, fire safety.

还有关于班级规模、资金、这将如何影响特殊教育、消防安全等问题。

Once Normandy comes in here, will that lower our accreditation?

一旦诺曼底进来，我们的认证会降低吗？

A woman says she was an education professor and warned Francis Howell officials not to be naive about the type of students they'd be receiving.

一名女士说，她是一名教育学教授，并警告弗朗西斯·豪厄尔官员，不要对他们将接收的学生类型抱有天真想法。

So I'm hoping that their discipline records come with them, like their health records come with them.

所以我希望他们随身携带纪律记录，就像他们随身携带健康记录一样。

The elected school board was sitting at tables in the front of the gym.

当选的学校董事会坐在体育馆前面的桌子旁。

Now and then, one of them jumped in.

时不时地，有人跳进去。

I just want to remind everybody that this timeline, nor this solution, are solutions that Francis Howell would have chosen either.

我只是想提醒大家，这个时间表，或者这个解决方案，都不是弗朗西斯·豪威尔会选择的解决方案。

We're doing the best that we can.

我们正在尽力而为。

It hasn't even been two weeks ago that we've been notified.

甚至不到两周前我们就收到了通知。

We did find out yesterday that those student scores will become our scores.

昨天我们确实发现那些学生的分数将成为我们的分数。

One mother asked why residents did not get to vote on letting in Normandy kids like they vote on public transportation.

一位母亲问，为什么居民不能像投票公共交通那样投票让诺曼底孩子入境。

Years ago, when the MetroLink was being very popular, St. Charles County put to a vote whether or not we wanted the MetroLink to come across into our community.

几年前，当 MetroLink 非常受欢迎时，圣查尔斯县就我们是否希望 MetroLink 进入我们的社区进行了投票。

And we said no. And the reason we said no is because we don't want the different areas [INAUDIBLE] coming across on our side of the bridge, bringing with it everything that we're fighting today against.

我们说不。我们之所以拒绝，是因为我们不希望不同的区域[听不清]出现在桥的我们这边，带来我们今天正在对抗的一切。

A mother named Beth Cirami approaches the microphone.

一位名叫贝丝·西拉米 (Beth Cirami) 的母亲走近麦克风。

This is what I want to know from you.

这就是我想从你那里知道的。

In one month, I send my three small children to you, and I want to know is there going to be metal detectors?

再过一个月，我就把我的三个小孩送到你们这里，我想知道那里会有金属探测器吗？

[APPLAUSE] Because I want to be clear.

[鼓掌]因为我想澄清。

I'm no expert.

我不是专家。

I'm not you guys.

我不是你们这些人。

I don't have an accreditation.

我没有认证。

But I've read.

但我读过。

I've read, and I've read, and I've read.

我读过，我读过，我读过。

So we're not talking about the Normandy School District losing their accreditation because of their buildings, or their structures, or their teachers.

因此，我们并不是在谈论诺曼底学区因其建筑物、结构或教师而失去认证。

We are talking about violent behavior that is coming in with my first-grader, my third-grader, and my middle schooler that I'm very worried about.

我们正在谈论我非常担心的一年级学生、三年级学生和中学生的暴力行为。

And I want to know.

我想知道。

You have no choice, like me.

你别无选择，就像我一样。

I want to know where the metal detectors are going to be, and I want to know whether your drug sniffing dogs are going to be.

我想知道金属探测器会在哪里，我想知道你们的缉毒犬是否会在哪里。

And I want-- this is what I want.

我想要——这就是我想要的。

I want the same security that Normandy gets when they walk through their school doors, and I want it here.

我希望诺曼底的学生走进学校大门时能得到同样的安全感，我希望在这里也能得到同样的安全。

[CHEERING] And I want that security before my children walk into Francis Howell.

[欢呼]我希望在我的孩子们走进弗朗西斯·豪厄尔之前得到这种安全感。

Because I shopped for a school district.

因为我买的是学区房。

I deserve to not have to worry about my children getting stabbed, or taking a drug, or getting robbed.

我不应该担心我的孩子被刺伤、吸毒或被抢劫。

Because that's the issue.

因为这就是问题所在。

I don't care about the taxes.

我不关心税收。

To be clear, Normandy did not lose its accreditation because of violence.

需要明确的是，诺曼底并没有因为暴力而失去其认可。

It's easy to judge these parents, but I think part of what makes this scene so startling is that we rarely fight these battles anymore.

评判这些父母很容易，但我认为这一幕如此令人震惊的部分原因是我们很少再打这些仗了。

The reaction to large numbers of black children moving into white schools would probably sound no different in New York, or Chicago, or Boston.

在纽约、芝加哥或波士顿，对大量黑人儿童进入白人学校的反应听起来可能没有什么不同。

It's just that, in most of the country, no one is even trying.

只是，在该国大部分地区，甚至没有人尝试。

These parents don't want to try either.

这些父母也不想尝试。

So one of them offered a helpful solution.

因此，其中一位提供了一个有用的解决方案。

Yeah, you're absolutely right.

是的，你说得完全正确。

We have to do this.

我们必须这样做。

We have to follow the laws.

我们必须遵守法律。

We don't have to like it, and we don't have to make it easy.

我们不必喜欢它，也不必让它变得容易。

Has anyone considered changing our school start times?

有人考虑过改变我们的开学时间吗？

Moving start times up 20 minutes, maybe 40 minutes?

将开始时间提前 20 分钟，也许 40 分钟？

Making it a little less appealing?

让它变得不那么有吸引力吗？

I knew that there would be negative opinions but not that negative.

我知道会有负面意见，但不会那么负面。

I didn't think it would be like that.

我没想到会是这样。

Mah'Ria was watching it all on the monitors in an overflow room.

马哈里亚正在一间溢流室的监视器上观看这一切。

At a certain point, she grabbed her mom's hand and told her she wanted to speak at the mic.

在某个时刻，她抓住了妈妈的手，告诉她她想对着麦克风讲话。

Because I felt that I needed to represent what if your kid was in a Normandy high school and they were just offered this opportunity, and other parents are saying "We don't want you here." How are you going to feel?

因为我觉得我需要代表如果你的孩子在诺曼底的一所高中，他们刚刚获得这个机会，而其他家长却说“我们不希望你在这里”，那么会发生什么。你感觉如何？

Your kid's going to cry because parents are saying how awful your kid is, when really they're being put in a box because they're not like that.

你的孩子会哭，因为父母说你的孩子有多糟糕，而实际上他们被关在盒子里，因为他们不是那样的。

We're just stuck there because we're not open to the opportunities.

我们只是被困在那里，因为我们不接受机会。

And now we're open to them, and now you want to be all mean, talking about how you're afraid of how big the class is going to be, the violence in the schools.

现在我们对他们敞开心扉，现在你们想要变得刻薄，谈论你们如何害怕班级规模、学校里的暴力。

And so-- [SIGHS]

所以——[叹气]

So I had to walk out, go to the big gym.

所以我不得不走出去，去大健身房。

And we were standing by the door, me and my mom were walking towards the [INAUDIBLE] and I had hesitated.

我们站在门口，我和我妈妈正走向[听不清]，我犹豫了。

I didn't even get halfway to the microphone because of what the parents were saying.

因为父母的话，我什至没有走到麦克风前。

I stopped the second to last row of chairs, because I did not want to say anything anymore.

我停在倒数第二排椅子上，因为我不想再说什么了。

And then this lady, I don't remember who she was.

然后这位女士，我不记得她是谁了。

She was like, "I'll hold your hand." Because I started getting a little teary eyed.

她说：“我会握住你的手。”因为我开始有点流泪了。

But I just couldn't do it.

但我就是做不到。

Nedra saw her daughter freeze.

内德拉看到她的女儿僵住了。

She said she thought about Ruby Bridges, the first black child to attend an all white elementary school in the South.

她说她想到了鲁比·布里奇斯（Ruby Bridges），她是南方第一个在全白人小学就读的黑人孩子。

She's the little girl guarded by US marshals in the famous Norman Rockwell painting called The Problem We All Live With.

她是诺曼·洛克威尔著名画作《我们共同生活的问题》中被美国法警看守的小女孩。

We're still dealing with that today.

今天我们仍在处理这个问题。

We're still dealing with that today.

今天我们仍在处理这个问题。

I kept telling myself, as if I was talking to those parents who were not embracing this decision, my child may be the doctor that saves your life one day.

我不断地告诉自己，就像我在和那些不接受这个决定的父母说话一样，我的孩子有一天可能会成为拯救你生命的医生。

My child may be the lawyer that defends your child one day.

我的孩子有一天可能会成为为你孩子辩护的律师。

How dare you.

你怎么敢。

The conversation in the gym is taking place in one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the country.

健身房里的谈话是在全国最隔离的大都市区之一进行的。

Of course, there are poor white children in the St. Louis area, but they live in mostly middle class areas, so they aren't attending schools as terrible as Normandy's.

当然，圣路易斯地区也有贫穷的白人孩子，但他们大多生活在中产阶级地区，因此他们上的学校不像诺曼底那样糟糕。

In St. Louis, poor white children are twice as likely to go to good schools than black children of all incomes.

在圣路易斯，贫困白人儿童进入好学校的可能性是各种收入的黑人儿童的两倍。

But race barely comes up that night, except when white parents insist it is not the issue.

但那天晚上种族问题几乎没有出现，除非白人父母坚称这不是问题。

We have both-- my husband and I both have worked and lived in underprivileged areas in our jobs.

我们都有——我和我丈夫在工作中都曾在贫困地区工作和生活过。

This is not a race issue.

这不是种族问题。

And I just want to say to-- if she's even still here-- the first woman who came up here and cried that it was a race issue, I'm sorry, that's her prejudice calling me a racist because my skin is white and I'm concerned about my children's education and safety.

我只想对第一个来到这里哭诉这是种族问题的女性说——如果她还在这里的话，我很抱歉，这是她的偏见，称我为种族主义者，因为我的皮肤是白色的，我担心我孩子的教育和安全。

[CHEERING] This is not a race issue.

[欢呼]这不是种族问题。

This is a commitment to education issue.

这是一个对教育问题的承诺。

The year the Supreme Court handed down the Brown versus Board of Education ruling banning school segregation, St. Louis was the second largest segregated school district in the country.

那一年，最高法院做出了布朗诉教育委员会禁止学校种族隔离的裁决，圣路易斯是美国第二大种族隔离学区。

It was 1954.

那是 1954 年。

After a lot of resistance, many school districts went through desegregation battles, but St. Louis came to it extraordinarily late.

经过多次抵制，许多学区经历了废除种族隔离的斗争，但圣路易斯来得格外晚。

Real desegregation didn't get going in St. Louis until the 1980s.

直到 20 世纪 80 年代，圣路易斯才真正废除种族隔离。

Even then, it was only because black families sued.

即便如此，这也只是因为黑人家庭提起诉讼。

But by that point, there were hardly any white kids left to integrate with.

但到那时，几乎没有白人孩子可以融入了。

That's why a federal judge ordered white suburban schools to take thousands of black students from the city to the suburbs.

这就是为什么联邦法官命令白人郊区学校将数千名黑人学生从城市带到郊区。

He did that because he said St. Louis's white suburbs shared the blame for the segregation in the city schools.

他这样做是因为他说圣路易斯的白人郊区对城市学校的种族隔离负有责任。

This was 30 years, a full generation after Brown.

这已经是布朗之后整整一代人的 30 年了。

And the students who went through that, some of them, anyway, grew up to be the parents in the Francis Howell gym.

经历过这一切的学生，其中一些，无论如何，长大后成为了弗朗西斯·豪威尔体育馆的父母。

So when they got to the mic, they aren't just talking about the current situation.

因此，当他们走到麦克风前时，他们不仅仅是在谈论当前的情况。

A lot of what they're saying is a referendum on what happened to them when they were kids.

他们所说的很多内容都是对他们小时候发生的事情的全民公投。

For instance, here's how Beth Cirami, the mother of three who was asking for metal detectors, began her remarks.

例如，三个孩子的母亲贝丝·西拉米 (Beth Cirami) 要求金属探测器，她是这样开始她的讲话的。

Being from Jennings, I've watched the dismantling of an award-winning school district.

来自詹宁斯，我目睹了一个屡获殊荣的学区的拆除。

I've watched it.

我看过了。

I went to Catholic school because I had to.

我去天主教学校是因为我不得不去。

Not because I wanted to, but because I had to.

不是因为我想这么做，而是因为我不得不这么做。

So I know the routine.

所以我知道常规。

This is how white parents in the gym frame the story, that schools failed in the past because black children were forced in.

体育馆里的白人家长就是这样编造故事的：学校过去失败是因为黑人孩子被迫入学。

That's what went wrong, not the other part of the equation, that white families chose to leave.

这就是问题所在，而不是白人家庭选择离开的问题的另一部分。

But the few black parents who stand up to speak have a remarkably different memory of the exact same period of time.

但少数站起来发言的黑人父母对同一时期的记忆却截然不同。

I'm a native of St. Louisan, was part of the deseg program.

我是圣路易斯人，是 deseg 计划的一部分。

Very great opportunity for me.

对我来说非常好的机会。

I was a great student.

我是一个很棒的学生。

Worked out for me.

对我来说很有效。

And my question is that, what are we doing as far as helping with the transition of these students coming into Normandy?

我的问题是，我们正在做什么来帮助这些进入诺曼底的学生过渡？

A generation of black St. Louis residents, tens of thousands of them, remember the St. Louis desegregation program just as she does, as a great opportunity.

圣路易斯的一代黑人居民（数以万计）和她一样记得圣路易斯废除种族隔离计划，认为这是一个绝佳的机会。

They will be the first to tell you it was hard, but also that it was necessary.

他们会第一个告诉你这很难，但也是必要的。

And for the most part, it worked.

在大多数情况下，它是有效的。

In the schools where white families chose to stay, test scores for black transfer students rose.

在白人家庭选择留在的学校中，黑人转学生的考试成绩有所上升。

They were more likely to graduate and to go to college.

他们更有可能毕业并上大学。

After years of resistance, St. Louis had created the largest and most successful metro-wide desegregation program in the country.

经过多年的抵抗，圣路易斯制定了全国规模最大、最成功的都市范围废除种族隔离计划。

But from the moment it started, state officials worked to kill it.

但从它开始的那一刻起，州政府官员就努力消灭它。

In 1999, just 16 years after real desegregation came to St. Louis, the desegregation order ended.

1999年，就在圣路易斯真正废除种族隔离16年后，废除种族隔离令结束了。

Just a much smaller voluntary desegregation program remains.

只剩下一个规模小得多的自愿废除种族隔离计划。

Michael Brown's mother, by the way, was part of that brief 16 year window.

顺便说一句，迈克尔·布朗的母亲也参与了那段短暂的 16 年窗口期。

She was one of the students who was bussed out of St. Louis when she was a kid.

她是小时候被校车送出圣路易斯的学生之一。

But her own son, Michael, went to one of the most segregated districts in the state.

但她自己的儿子迈克尔去了该州最种族隔离的地区之一。

This is what happened in cities all over.

这就是各地城市所发生的事情。

With Brown versus Board of Education, we as a nation decided that segregated schooling violated the constitutional rights of black children.

在布朗诉教育委员会案中，我们作为一个国家认为隔离学校教育侵犯了黑人儿童的宪法权利。

We promised that we would fix this wrong.

我们承诺我们会纠正这个错误。

And when it proved difficult, as we knew it would be, we said integration failed instead of the truth, which is that it was working but we decided it wasn't worth the trouble.

当事实证明它很困难时，正如我们所知道的那样，我们说集成失败了，而不是事实，即它正在发挥作用，但我们认为不值得这么麻烦。

I don't care about everything else that falls by the wayside, because it will, two to three years when we all move out of the district.

我不关心那些半途而废的事情，因为两到三年后，当我们都搬出这个地区时，它就会半途而废。

I care about--

我关心的是——

It's not an empty threat.

这不是空洞的威胁。

"If you let those children in, we will leave-- again."

“如果你让那些孩子进来，我们就会再次离开。”

And let me assure you.

让我向你保证。

I personally know a family in the Fox School District that was shopping for houses in our school district.

我个人认识福克斯学区的一个家庭，他们正在我们学区购买房屋。

They were negotiating on a home.

他们正在就房屋问题进行谈判。

And when this came on the news, they ended negotiations.

当这个消息传出时，他们结束了谈判。

So--

所以——

On the ride home, Mah'Ria felt intimidated, but she was determined to go to Francis Howell.

在回家的路上，玛哈里亚感到害怕，但她决心去找弗朗西斯·豪厄尔。

I actually kept telling myself, "The parents aren't the one that's going to the schools.

事实上，我一直告诉自己：“去学校的不是家长。

It's the kids.

是孩子们。

Keep reminding yourself that."

不断提醒自己这一点。”

And so, though she didn't think about it this way, that fall, Mah'Ria joined an old American tradition-- black children headed on buses to heavily white schools that had been forced by the courts to take them.

因此，尽管她并不这么想，那年秋天，玛哈里亚加入了一项古老的美国传统——黑人孩子乘坐公共汽车前往白人为主的学校，而这些学校是法院强迫他们乘坐的。

She hadn't ridden the school bus since she was little.

她从小就没有坐过校车。

On the first day of school, she rose to catch the bus at 5:45 AM.

开学第一天，她早上 5 点 45 分起床去赶公交车。

She found a seat, rode the 30 miles to Francis Howell, and as the bus pulled into the school parking lot, she peered nervously through the window.

她找到一个座位，骑了 30 英里去弗朗西斯·豪厄尔，当公共汽车驶进学校停车场时，她紧张地透过车窗往外看。

And what she saw surprised her.

她所看到的让她感到惊讶。

It was great.

太棒了。

Because when I got there, they had their little cheerleading squad cheering for us when we walked through the door-- "Welcome to Francis Howell," cheers like that.

因为当我到达那里时，当我们走进大门时，他们的啦啦队小队在为我们欢呼——“欢迎来到弗朗西斯·豪厄尔”，这样的欢呼声。

I'm not a cheerleader, so I don't know exactly what they were saying, but just cheering, doing high kicks and everything like that.

我不是啦啦队长，所以我不知道他们到底在说什么，但只是欢呼，做高踢腿之类的事情。

It was great.

太棒了。

I loved it.

我喜欢它。

Francis Howell administrators would not talk to me, but best as I can tell, some teachers at the school were horrified by what happened at the parents meeting.

弗朗西斯·豪厄尔学校的管理人员不会跟我说话，但据我所知，学校的一些老师对家长会议上发生的事情感到震惊。

And they wanted to make sure the new students felt welcomed.

他们希望确保新生感到受欢迎。

Here's Nedra.

这是内德拉。

I mean, they celebrated that the transfer students were there.

我的意思是，他们庆祝转学生的到来。

Were you there?

你在场吗？

Nedra Martin I was there.

内德拉·马丁 我当时也在场。

So you followed the bus?

那你是跟着公交车去的吗？

Nedra Martin I did, I did, I did.

内德拉·马丁 我做到了，我做到了，我做到了。

Can I just say that during desegregation, this is what parents did?

我能说在废除种族隔离期间，这就是父母所做的吗？

They put their kids on the bus to go integrate the schools, and they followed behind because they needed to make sure their kids were OK.

他们把孩子送上车去学校整合，他们跟在后面，因为他们需要确保孩子没事。

Yeah.

是的。

Just see how she was on the bus.

看看她在公交车上的样子。

You know?

你知道？

Just make sure she was OK.

只要确保她没事就可以了。

Nedra Martin Yeah, yes.

内德拉·马丁 是的，是的。

You must have just exhaled.

你一定刚刚呼出一口气。

Nedra Martin Exhaled.

内德拉·马丁呼了口气。

I told myself, "OK, it's all good.

我告诉自己：“好吧，一切都很好。

She is going to be OK."

她会没事的。”

That day, Mah'Ria was just the new kid in a new school, trying to make her way through her first few classes.

那天，玛哈里亚只是一所新学校的新生，正在努力完成最初的几门课程。

The first person that I met at Francis Howell was Brittany.

我在弗朗西斯豪厄尔遇到的第一个人是布列塔尼。

I love her.

我爱她。

I didn't expect to make a friend that fast, because I remember I think it was after my third or fourth hour, I had went to lunch.

我没想到这么快就能交到朋友，因为我记得我想是在我的第三或第四个小时之后，我去吃午饭了。

I didn't know where to sit or anything like that.

我不知道该坐在哪里或类似的事情。

So I sat at a table where a couple of girls were, and I just sat there.

所以我坐在有几个女孩的桌子旁，我就坐在那里。

And then she came over and she's like, "Hi, my name is Brittany." And I was like, "Hi, I'm Mah'Ria." And she just really got to know me.

然后她走过来，说：“嗨，我叫布列塔尼。”我当时就说：“嗨，我是 Mah'Ria。”她才真正了解我。

And it was great.

这太棒了。

Every day, I would see her in the hall and we smiled very big.

每天，我都会在大厅里见到她，我们都会笑得很开心。

It was great, because I never expected to have a long term friend like that.

太棒了，因为我从来没想过会有一个这样的长期朋友。

"Friend like that" meaning a white friend.

“像那样的朋友”指的是白人朋友。

Mah'Ria had never had a friend who was white before.

玛哈里亚以前从未有过白人朋友。

Mah'Ria's story sounds kind of like an integration fairy tale, but it wasn't that way for everyone coming from Normandy.

Mah'Ria 的故事听起来有点像一个融合童话，但对于来自诺曼底的每个人来说并非如此。

Rihanna Curtain is a year below Mah'Ria.

Rihanna Curtain 比 Mah'Ria 低一年。

She also earns good grades.

她也取得了很好的成绩。

And she decided to research Francis Howell herself on the internet.

她决定在互联网上亲自研究弗朗西斯·豪威尔。

She told her mom she wanted to go.

她告诉妈妈她想去。

She started seventh grade in the Francis Howell district, but in a different middle school than Mah'Ria.

她在弗朗西斯·豪厄尔区开始七年级，但在与 Mah'Ria 不同的中学。

We got tried.

我们受到了考验。

People tried us almost every day.

人们几乎每天都尝试我们。

After a week, you was ready to go crazy, because you're not used to nobody calling you out your name.

一周后，你已经准备好发疯了，因为你不习惯没有人叫你的名字。

And you don't want to do it, because then what they heard about you is true.

而你不想这样做，因为那样他们听到的关于你的消息就是真的。

So you've got to figure out, "OK, how can I stand up for myself without proving to them that Normandy is ghetto?" And that was the very hard part.

所以你必须弄清楚，“好吧，我怎样才能在不向他们证明诺曼底是贫民区的情况下为自己辩护呢？”这是非常困难的部分。

What types of things would people say or do?

人们会说或做哪些类型的事情？

My first week there, this girl, she tried me like-- how can I say this?

我在那里的第一周，这个女孩，她试探了我——我该怎么说呢？

She ain't know me and I ain't know her.

她不认识我，我也不认识她。

And she was trying to fight me over nothing.

她却无缘无故地想和我作对。

Because she ain't like my presence, she wanted to fight and she called me a black B-I-T-C-H and a nigger who wasn't going to know nothing, who was stupid, and ghetto, and trashy.

因为她不喜欢我的存在，她想要战斗，她称我为黑人B-I-T-C-H，是一个什么都不知道的黑鬼，一个愚蠢的、贫民窟的、无用的人。

So I'm like, "I'm not going to fight you and then I get kicked out and you look like you were right."

所以我想，“我不会和你打架，然后我就会被赶出去，而你看起来是对的。”

Was that the first time you'd been called that word by a white person?

这是你第一次被白人这么称呼吗？

Yeah.

是的。

Nikole Hannah Jones And what did that feel like?

妮可·汉娜·琼斯 那感觉如何？

I felt like somebody was stabbing me in my back.

我感觉有人在我背后捅我一刀。

It really hurt.

真的很痛。

Rihanna thought about leaving and going back to Normandy.

蕾哈娜考虑离开并返回诺曼底。

Her mom told her she could if she wanted to.

她妈妈告诉她，如果她愿意的话，她可以。

She thought about it again and again, but she could not get that girl who called her names out of her head.

她想了又想，却无法将那个呼唤她名字的女孩从脑海中抹去。

Because I feel like if I was to run away, if I was to come back, she was winning.

因为我觉得如果我逃跑，如果我回来，她就赢了。

And I had to prove her wrong.

我必须证明她错了。

I had to prove to her I'm not stupid, I'm very intelligent.

我必须向她证明我不傻，我很聪明。

And just because I went to Normandy, that doesn't define who I am neither.

仅仅因为我去了诺曼底，这并不能定义我是谁。

It was hard for Rihanna but she ended up having a good year.

这对蕾哈娜来说很艰难，但她最终度过了美好的一年。

So good that one of Rihanna's teachers even asked her to help the girl who called her names with her math, something that Rihanna found ironic, given that the girl had called her stupid.

太好了，蕾哈娜的一位老师甚至要求她帮助那个用数学来骂她的女孩，蕾哈娜觉得这很讽刺，因为那个女孩称她愚蠢。

So no, it wasn't always easy, but Rihanna and Mah'Ria both made it through their first year Francis Howell.

所以，这并不总是那么容易，但蕾哈娜和玛哈里亚都度过了弗朗西斯·豪威尔的第一年。

It was going well, that is until the grownups came up with a new plan.

一切进展顺利，直到大人们想出了一个新计划。

Nikole Hannah Jones.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯。

Coming up, Adults to the Not Rescue.

即将推出，成年人无法救援。

That's in a minute from Chicago Public Radio when our program continues.

芝加哥公共广播电台一分钟后我们的节目仍在继续。

It's This American Life .

这就是美国生活。

I'm Ira Glass.

我是艾拉·格拉斯。

Our program today, The Problem We All Live With.

我们今天的节目是《我们共同面临的问题》。

If you're just tuning in, we're telling the story of the Normandy School District that Michael Brown graduated from.

如果您刚刚收听，我们正在讲述迈克尔·布朗 (Michael Brown) 毕业的诺曼底学区的故事。

In the 2013 to 2014 school year, Mah'Ria, who we heard in the first half of the show, finished eighth grade at the mostly white Francis Howell School District.

在 2013 至 2014 学年，我们在节目前半部分听到的玛哈里亚 (Mah'Ria) 在以白人为主的弗朗西斯·豪威尔学区 (Francis Howell School District) 读完了八年级。

Meanwhile, the same year, the mostly black Normandy District that had lost its accreditation, was still operating, though barely.

与此同时，同年，以黑人为主的诺曼底区失去了认证，但仍在运营，尽管勉强维持。

The way the transfer law works, the failing district has to pay to educate its students, even if they leave.

根据转学法的运作方式，失败的学区必须支付学生的教育费用，即使他们离开。

So Normandy was paying for 1,000 students to be educated in accredited districts elsewhere, like Francis Howell.

因此，诺曼底支付了 1,000 名学生在弗朗西斯·豪厄尔等其他认可学区接受教育的费用。

It also had to pay for transportation for the students.

它还必须支付学生的交通费。

Altogether, it was $10.4 million that year.

那一年的总收入为 1,040 万美元。

Everybody expected that losing a quarter of the students in the Normandy District would be bad.

每个人都认为诺曼底区失去四分之一的学生会很糟糕。

Nobody knew just how bad it was going to turn out.

没有人知道事情会变得多么糟糕。

Again, here's Nikole Hannah Jones.

尼科尔·汉娜·琼斯再次报道。

It didn't take long before the transfer law was bankrupting Normandy.

没过多久，转让法就让诺曼底破产了。

By the fall of 2013, the impoverished Normandy District was sending more than a $1 million a month to whiter, wealthier ones.

到 2013 年秋天，贫困的诺曼底地区每月向较富裕的白人寄出超过 100 万美元。

Back at the height of the St. Louis desegregation program in the 1980s, they had a term for this-- black gold.

早在 20 世纪 80 年代圣路易斯废除种族隔离计划的鼎盛时期，他们就有了一个术语来形容这一点——黑金。

While wealthier districts were getting an influx of cash, Normandy was careening towards financial insolvency.

当较富裕地区获得大量现金涌入时，诺曼底却正在走向金融破产。

It shut down a school.

它关闭了一所学校。

The district had to cut staff.

该地区不得不裁员。

That's when the state made a desperation move.

就在这时，国家做出了绝望之举。

As the day ends, so does the Normandy School District, or at least--

随着这一天的结束，诺曼底学区也结束了，或者至少——

The state was taking over the Normandy District.

国家正在接管诺曼底区。

At first, nobody knew what that meant.

起初，没有人知道这意味着什么。

Douglas Carr, the Normandy teacher, says they received no explanation.

诺曼底教师道格拉斯·卡尔表示，他们没有收到任何解释。

Rumors start flying around, they were going to dissolve the district and that students were going to be sent all over, other places.

谣言开始满天飞，他们要解散学区，学生要被送到各地，其他地方。

If Normandy folded, all of its students, an additional 3,000 of them, would have to be absorbed into other school districts.

如果诺曼底崩溃，其所有学生（另外 3,000 名）将不得不被吸收到其他学区。

Bankruptcy, it turns out, will be the ultimate integration plan.

事实证明，破产将是最终的整合计划。

So instead, the state took over.

因此，国家接管了。

And its first big move was to give the district a new name.

它的第一个重大举措是给该地区一个新名称。

It was Normandy School District, and now it is Normandy Schools Collaborative.

以前是诺曼底学区，现在是诺曼底学校合作组织。

The Normandy Schools Collaborative.

诺曼底学校合作。

But this was more than just rebranding.

但这不仅仅是品牌重塑。

According to the state, a shiny new name also came with a shiny new accreditation status.

据该州称，一个闪亮的新名称也带来了闪亮的新认证状态。

We weren't an unaccredited district.

我们不是未经认可的地区。

We were non-accredited.

我们没有得到认可。

The difference between unaccredited and non-accredited, those three letters, changed everything.

未经认可和未经认可之间的区别，这三个字母，改变了一切。

We were the only non-accredited district in the world.

我们是世界上唯一未经认可的地区。

So the state says, "We've taken you over.

所以政府说：“我们已经接管了你。

We've given you a new name.

我们给了你一个新名字。

And now you have a new accreditation status that has never existed in history of the state."

现在你拥有了该州历史上从未存在过的新认证身份。”

And because we're non-accredited, the transfer law no longer applies.

由于我们未经认可，转让法不再适用。

OK?

好的？

Students who transferred now do not necessarily have the right to stay in that situation.

现在转学的学生不一定有权利留在那种情况下。

They have to come back.

他们必须回来。

It's confusing, I know.

我知道这很令人困惑。

So let me repeat-- the Normandy School District was unaccredited.

让我再说一遍——诺曼底学区未经认可。

But the new Normandy Collaborative District was non-accredited.

但新的诺曼底合作区并未获得认可。

Now that the district was no longer unaccredited, according to the state, the 1,000 students who had escaped now had to come back.

根据州政府的说法，既然该学区不再未经认可，那 1,000 名逃走的学生现在必须返回。

Nedra Martin remembers getting the letter when Mah'Ria was at a camp for the Francis Howell volleyball team.

内德拉·马丁 (Nedra Martin) 记得收到这封信时，玛哈里亚 (Mah'Ria) 正在弗朗西斯·豪威尔 (Francis Howell) 排球队的训练营里。

Francis Howell is no longer accepting any students from the Normandy because Normandy is now called the Collaborative something.

弗朗西斯·豪厄尔不再接受任何来自诺曼底的学生，因为诺曼底现在被称为“协作”。

That's it.

就是这样。

That's it.

就是这样。

You know, I'm talking to myself, "Surely, this is a mistake.

你知道，我对自己说：“当然，这是一个错误。

Not my daughter.

不是我女儿。

That's a mistake."

这是一个错误。”

Yeah, I had come from camp, I think it was three days.

是的，我从营地回来，我想已经三天了。

I got my t-shirt and everything.

我拿到了 T 恤和所有东西。

I still have it to this day-- Francis Howell Volleyball Camp.

直到今天我还保留着它——弗朗西斯·豪威尔排球训练营。

And she was like, "Mah'Ria, I gotta tell you something." And I could see in her face that it was not good.

她说：“Mah'Ria，我得告诉你一件事。”我从她的脸上看出情况不太好。

So she told me, and I'm like, "Oh, my Jesus.

所以她告诉我，我就像，“哦，天哪。

What?" "You can't go back to Francis Howell.

什么？” “你不能回到弗朗西斯·豪厄尔身边。

You've got to go back to Normandy." "Uh, excuse me.

你必须回到诺曼底。” “呃，对不起。

Come again?

再来一次？

What did you just say?"

你刚才说什么？”

So Nedra found herself back in her car on lunch breaks, making calls.

于是内德拉发现自己在午休时间回到车里打电话。

She called Francis Howell administrators and teachers and extolled the virtues of her daughter.

她称弗朗西斯·豪厄尔为行政人员和教师，并赞扬了她女儿的美德。

She told them Mah'Ria was an honor student at Francis Howell and that she stood out on the volleyball team.

她告诉他们玛哈里亚是弗朗西斯·豪威尔学院的优等生，她在排球队中表现出色。

Nedra found herself pleading for an exception.

内德拉发现自己在恳求一个例外。

But Francis Howell was firm.

但弗朗西斯·豪厄尔态度坚决。

It was not going to be taking any Normandy Collaborative transfers.

它不会接受任何诺曼底协作转移。

I literally, mentally, had a vision of a herd of cattle being pushed on a truck, being herded back to where they came from.

从字面上看，在精神上，我有一个愿景：一群牛被推上卡车，被赶回它们来的地方。

Mah'Ria had spent a year making new friends, joining sports teams, settling in.

马赫里亚花了一年的时间结识了新朋友，加入了运动队，并安顿下来。

Now she'd be leaving.

现在她要离开了。

Think about how this would feel if you were 14, about to enter ninth grade.

想象一下，如果你 14 岁，即将进入九年级，你会有什么感觉。

Mah'Ria shut down.

马哈里亚关闭了。

She didn't tell any of her friends at Francis Howell she wasn't coming back, not even Brittany.

她没有告诉弗朗西斯豪威尔的任何朋友她不会回来，甚至布列塔尼也没有。

She just disappeared.

她就这样消失了。

When the state took over, it fired all the teachers over the summer.

当州政府接管后，整个夏天解雇了所有教师。

And then, scrambling, it rehired some of the same ones before the school year started.

然后，在学年开始之前，它又重新雇用了一些相同的人。

Morale was incredibly low.

士气低落得令人难以置信。

This was last August, almost a year ago.

这是去年八月，差不多一年前了。

Michael Brown was killed August 9, nine days before school started.

8 月 9 日，即开学前 9 天，迈克尔·布朗 (Michael Brown) 被杀。

Michael Brown was buried in the cemetery alongside Normandy High School's football field.

迈克尔·布朗被埋葬在诺曼底高中足球场旁边的公墓中。

He'd just graduated three weeks before.

三周前他刚刚毕业。

Mah'Ria started her freshman year at Normandy High School.

Mah'Ria 在诺曼底高中开始了她的一年级生活。

In the meantime, a group of parents, including Nedra, had filed a lawsuit against the state and were crossing their fingers that a judge would intervene.

与此同时，包括内德拉在内的一群家长对国家提起诉讼，并祈求法官介入。

And eventually, a judge sided with the parents.

最终，法官站在了这对父母一边。

He wrote in his ruling, "Every day a student attends an unaccredited school, the child could suffer harm that cannot be repaired." He said that Normandy students should be allowed to leave.

他在裁决中写道：“学生每天进入未经认可的学校，孩子都可能遭受无法弥补的伤害。”他说应该允许诺曼底学生离开。

But even after that, Francis Howell forced every Normandy student who wanted to return to get his or her own personal injunction from the judge.

但即使在那之后，弗朗西斯·豪厄尔也强迫每一个想要返回诺曼底的学生从法官那里得到自己的个人禁令。

Again, Francis Howell did not respond to requests to talk to us.

弗朗西斯·豪威尔再次没有回应与我们交谈的请求。

For nearly three months, Mah'Ria tried to make it work at Normandy High School.

在近三个月的时间里，马哈里亚试图在诺曼底高中实现这一目标。

But finally, she gave up and transferred back to Francis Howell.

但最后，她放弃了，转回弗朗西斯·豪厄尔。

Last month, she completed her freshman year.

上个月，她完成了一年级的学业。

She's continued to do well.

她继续表现出色。

Right now, I want this school to be the school that I stay at for my sophomore, junior, and senior year.

现在，我希望这所学校成为我大二、大三、大四的就读学校。

I don't want to keep flip-flopping between schools, so I'm hopeful that I'll stay.

我不想在学校之间不断摇摆，所以我希望我能留下来。

I'm just really settling, enjoying my time at Francis Howell, just in case that ends.

我只是真的安定下来，享受在弗朗西斯豪厄尔的时光，以防万一结束。

A lot of Normandy kids opted to stay put, even Rihanna, the girl who was called a racial slur in the lunchroom and was determined to stay at Francis Howell.

许多诺曼底孩子选择留在原地，甚至包括蕾哈娜（Rihanna），那个在午餐室被称为种族歧视的女孩，并决心留在弗朗西斯豪厄尔。

The back and forth just wore her down.

来来回回让她疲惫不堪。

She decided to stay.

她决定留下来。

She's paid a cost for staying.

她为留下来付出了代价。

Here is what the last few months at Normandy Middle School have been like.

这是诺曼底中学过去几个月的情况。

The principal at Rihanna's middle school, not even a year into the job, resigned.

蕾哈娜中学的校长上任不到一年就辞职了。

And at Rihanna's graduation, the vice president of the Missouri State Board of Education spoke.

在蕾哈娜的毕业典礼上，密苏里州教育委员会副主席发表了讲话。

He apologized to the graduates, he said the state owed students, quote, "A collective apology for failing to provide you with the education experience you should have." In all of my years of reporting, I don't think I've ever heard a state official apologize to students for failing to educate them.

他向毕业生们道歉，他说国家欠学生们，“集体道歉，未能为你们提供应有的教育经历。”在我多年的报道中，我认为我从未听过州政府官员因未能教育学生而向他们道歉。

The guy who now has the job of transforming the Normandy schools is Charles Pearson.

现在负责改造诺曼底学校的人是查尔斯·皮尔逊。

He's the third superintendent in three years.

他是三年内的第三任校长。

When we meet in Normandy, Charles Pearson is dapper, in a gray pinstripe suit and bowtie.

当我们在诺曼底见面时，查尔斯·皮尔森穿着灰色细条纹西装，打着领结，衣冠楚楚。

He has a long track record in education, but until he was asked to lead Normandy he had never spent a day as the head of the school district.

他在教育领域有着悠久的历史，但在他被任命领导诺曼底之前，他从未担任过学区负责人一天。

Still, he sounds like any other superintendent of a struggling district.

尽管如此，他听起来就像这个陷入困境的地区的任何其他负责人一样。

He's a cheerleader and upbeat about the potential for a turnaround.

他是一名啦啦队长，对扭转局面的潜力持乐观态度。

Tell me what does turning around Normandy look like.

告诉我诺曼底转转是什么样子。

When I hear this, and I've written about these types of schools for a long time--

当我听到这个消息时，我已经写了很长时间关于这些类型的学校的文章——

What you're saying is, small, incremental progress.

你所说的是微小的、渐进的进步。

But meanwhile, there's kids in those classrooms.

但与此同时，教室里还有孩子们。

Why would I say yes?

我为什么要说是呢？

Why would we keep pushing forward when the legislature may make us close?

当立法机关可能让我们关闭时，我们为什么还要继续推进？

It's 4,000 black kids.

这是 4,000 名黑人孩子。

So for whatever time we have, they will get a quality education.

因此，无论我们有什么时间，他们都会受到优质教育。

They will get that.

他们会明白的。

Because we know exactly what to do.

因为我们清楚地知道该做什么。

Can I just say, with all due respect, I've had this conversation with superintendents and principals in districts that look just like Normandy and schools that look just like Normandy for more than a decade.

我只能说，恕我直言，十多年来，我一直与那些看起来像诺曼底的地区和学校的主管和校长进行过这样的对话。

And you can look at districts and schools with the same racial makeup in every urban community across the country.

您可以查看全国每个城市社区中具有相同种族构成的地区和学校。

And the same thing is said, "We know we need to do." But the schools do not turn around.

同样的说法是：“我们知道我们需要这样做。”但学校并没有扭转局面。

Typically, an entire district does not turn around.

通常情况下，整个地区不会发生逆转。

So then knowing that, knowing that in these high poverty segregated districts the students aren't doing well, is it possible for a black child in Missouri to get an equal education?

那么知道在这些高度贫困的隔离地区学生表现不佳，密苏里州的黑人孩子有可能获得平等的教育吗？

Here's what the evidence shows.

以下是证据所显示的内容。

A few weeks after I met with Charles Pearson, a reporter from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch named Elisa Crouch spent the day following a Normandy senior to all of his classes.

在我与查尔斯·皮尔森会面几周后，《圣路易斯邮报》的一位名叫埃莉莎·克劳奇的记者花了一天时间跟踪一位诺曼底高年级学生上他所有的课。

She chose Cameron Hensley, a driven honor student.

她选择了卡梅伦·汉斯利（Cameron Hensley），一位积极进取的优等生。

She met him at Normandy High School in time to head to his first period.

她在诺曼底高中遇见了他，正好赶上他的第一学期。

We went into AP English, and it's held in a science lab.

我们学习了 AP 英语，它是在一个科学实验室里进行的。

The classroom across the hall, where it should be held, smells like mildew and the ventilation system doesn't work.

大厅对面的教室，本来应该举行的地方，闻起来有霉味，通风系统也不起作用。

I looked around.

我环顾四周。

Stools were up on tables.

凳子放在桌子上。

There was one other student, his friend, Arianna, and Mr. Drummer, the AP English teacher who is not certified to teach AP English, who at that moment was not in the classroom and who would just come and go.

还有另一名学生，他的朋友阿里安娜，以及没有取得 AP 英语教学资格的 AP 英语老师 Drummer 先生，当时他不在教室，只是来来去去。

She says at some point Mr. Drummer gave the two students a worksheet.

她说，鼓默先生在某个时候给了这两个学生一张工作表。

This was advanced placement.

这是先修班。

That's the highest English class the school offered.

这是学校提供的最高级别的英语课程。

But Elisa said the worksheet looked to be at the middle school level.

但埃莉莎说，这份工作表看起来只是中学水平。

Cameron and other students finished in five minutes.

卡梅伦和其他学生用了五分钟就完成了。

They had 40 minutes left.

他们还剩 40 分钟。

Second period was jazz band.

第二节是爵士乐队表演。

We went down to the jazz room, the jazz band room, and the instructor was not there.

我们去了爵士乐室，爵士乐队室，教练不在。

There was no substitute teacher.

没有代课老师。

So Cameron said he normally goes to the counselor's office because this was not unusual.

卡梅伦说，他通常会去辅导员办公室，因为这并不罕见。

And we spent that whole entire hour talking about what his ambitions are, his history in the Normandy school system, and how he regretted not leaving.

我们花了整整一个小时谈论他的抱负，他在诺曼底学校系统的历史，以及他如何后悔没有离开。

Third period physics class teacher, who is a permanent sub, hasn't taught since January, hasn't planned a lesson since then.

第三节物理课的老师是常任代课老师，从一月份起就没有教课，从那以后就没有计划上课。

Fourth period was precalculus taught by a retired teacher who does care and was teaching something.

第四节课是微积分预科课程，由一位退休老师教授，他确实关心并正在教授一些东西。

I went to lunch with Cameron.

我和卡梅伦一起去吃午饭。

Then was choir, and then he had two periods of band.

然后是合唱团，然后他有两个时期的乐队。

And so that was pretty much the rest of the day.

这一天剩下的时间就这样了。

So four periods of music, three academic classes, one where a teacher actually taught.

所以四节音乐课，三节学术课，其中一节是由老师实际授课的。

It's hard to imagine a bar lower than that.

很难想象还有比这个更低的标准。

And Cameron's an honor student.

卡梅伦是一名优等生。

For his part, Pearson, the superintendent, said he was shocked to read in the paper what was happening, or more accurately, what was not happening at the high school.

校长皮尔逊则表示，他在报纸上读到正在发生的事情，或者更准确地说，是高中没有发生的事情，感到很震惊。

While Normandy is falling apart, over at Francis Howell, none of the things that parents were worried about came true.

当诺曼底正在分崩离析时，在弗朗西斯·豪威尔那里，父母们担心的事情都没有成为现实。

No one got stabbed.

没有人被刺伤。

Test scores did not drop-- at all.

考试成绩根本没有下降。

And at least so far, the influx of black students hasn't caused white parents to flee.

至少到目前为止，黑人学生的涌入并没有导致白人家长逃离。

Mah'Ria's thriving.

Mah'Ria 正在蓬勃发展。

Where the transfer law forced integration, it's working.

在转会法强制整合的地方，它正在发挥作用。

The educational devastation in Normandy has finally gotten the attention of the state's most powerful people, including state legislators and the governor.

诺曼底的教育破坏终于引起了该州最有权势人士的关注，包括州立法者和州长。

The law says they can't keep the Normandy kids in schools that aren't accredited.

法律规定，他们不能让诺曼底的孩子就读未经认可的学校。

So they're proposing charter schools and virtual school programs that students would attend.

因此，他们建议学生参加特许学校和虚拟学校项目。

They're sending in teacher coaches from wealthier districts.

他们从较富裕的地区派遣了教师教练。

The idea is, try anything they can to keep Normandy students inside the district.

我们的想法是，尽一切努力让诺曼底学生留在学区内。

This is how far they will go to avoid that one thing, that one thing that already seems to be working-- integration.

这就是他们为了避免一件事而采取的措施，这一件事似乎已经在起作用——整合。

Nikole Hannah Jones, she's a staff writer at The New York Times Magazine.

妮可·汉娜·琼斯 (Nikole Hannah Jones)，她是《纽约时报》杂志的特约撰稿人。

She also did a great story about the Normandy schools for Pro Publica.

她还为 Pro Publica 撰写了一篇关于诺曼底学校的精彩故事。

You can read that at their website, propublica.org.

您可以在他们的网站 propublica.org 上阅读该内容。

And she's written this amazing article-- I cannot recommend this highly enough-- about choosing a school for her own kid in New York City's segregated school system.

她写了这篇精彩的文章——我强烈推荐这篇文章——关于在纽约市的种族隔离学校系统中为自己的孩子选择一所学校。

That's at The New York Times website.

这是《纽约时报》网站上的内容。

[MUSIC - SYL JOHNSON, "IS IT BECAUSE I'M BLACK?"]

[音乐 - SYL JOHNSON，“是因为我是黑人吗？”]

Credits Ira Glass Our program was produced today by Chana Joffe-Walt and Jonathan Menjivar with Zoe Chase, Sean Cole, Stephanie Foo, Miki Meek, Robyn Semien, Alissa Shipp, and Nancy Updike, editing help from Joel Lovell.

图片来源：Ira Glass 我们的节目今天由 Chana Joffe-Walt 和 Jonathan Menjivar 以及 Zoe Chase、Sean Cole、Stephanie Foo、Miki Meek、Robyn Semien、Alissa Shipp 和 Nancy Updike 共同制作，Joel Lovell 提供编辑帮助。

Julie Snyder was the consulting editor for this episode.

朱莉·斯奈德是本集的顾问编辑。

Other editing help for this episode from Neil Drumming.

尼尔·鼓明为本集提供的其他编辑帮助。

Production help from Emmanuel Dzotsi.

Emmanuel Dzotsi 提供制作帮助。

Our technical director is Matt Tierney.

我们的技术总监是马特·蒂尔尼。

Our staff includes Elise Bergerson, Emily Condon, Kimberly Henderson, and Seth Lind.

我们的员工包括 Elise Bergerson、Emily Condon、Kimberly Henderson 和 Seth Lind。

Research help today from Michelle Harris.

米歇尔·哈里斯今天提供研究帮助。

Music help from Damian Graf from Rob Geddis.

达米安·格拉夫 (Damian Graf) 和罗布·格迪斯 (Rob Geddis) 提供音乐帮助。

Our website, thisamericanlife.org.

我们的网站 thisamericanlife.org。

This American Life Life is delivered to public radio stations by PRX, the Public Radio Exchange.

《美国生活》由公共广播电台 PRX 向公共广播电台播出。

Thanks as always to our program's co-founder, Mr. Torey Malatia.

一如既往地感谢我们计划的联合创始人 Torey Malatia 先生。

You know, he finally explained to me why he showed up at work wearing hiking boots and a suit covered in dirt.

你知道，他终于向我解释了为什么他穿着登山靴和沾满泥土的西装来上班。

I had come from camp, got my t-shirt and everything.

我从营地回来，拿到了 T 恤和所有东西。

I still have it to this day.

直到今天我还保留着它。

I'm Ira Glass, back next week with more stories of This American Life.

我是艾拉·格拉斯，下周回来，带来更多《美国生活》的故事。

This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.

《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。