479: Little War on the Prairie - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #479 | November 30, 2018 479: Little War on the Prairie Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 479 集 | 2018 年 11 月 30 日 479：草原上的小战争 注：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass So John, you're from Minnesota.
序言 Ira Glass 约翰，你来自明尼苏达州。
Right?
正确的？
I am from Minnesota.
我来自明尼苏达州。
Ira Glass John Biewen's a public radio guy, makes documentaries.
艾拉·格拉斯 (Ira Glass) 约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 是一名公共广播电台工作人员，制作纪录片。
And he says growing up in Minnesota, there was a way that people usually talked about the history of the state.
他说，在明尼苏达州长大，人们通常会通过一种方式谈论该州的历史。
And it's often told in a kind of light and self-deprecating way that northern Europeans came over, and they staggered out onto the tundra and said, oh, this reminds us of home.
人们经常以一种轻松自嘲的方式讲述北欧人过来了，他们摇摇晃晃地走到苔原上说，哦，这让我们想起了家乡。
And they didn't know enough to keep going to some more pleasant place.
他们也没有足够的知识去继续去一些更愉快的地方。
And so they built their sod huts and laid out their farms.
于是他们建造了草皮小屋并布置了农场。
Sometimes there's an oh, by the way, Indians were here when we got here.
有时会有哦，顺便说一句，当我们到达这里时，印第安人也在这里。
It's either an afterthought or it doesn't come up at all.
它要么是事后才想到的，要么根本就没有出现。
And there was always a sense, too, growing up in a place like southern Minnesota, that nothing had ever happened there.
在明尼苏达州南部这样的地方长大的人总是有一种感觉，那里什么也没发生过。
Which, John points out, is completely weird.
约翰指出，这完全是奇怪的。
Southern Minnesota-- he's learned since he grew up there-- was the location of one of the major wars with the Plains Indians, the US-Dakota War.
他从小就知道明尼苏达州南部是与平原印第安人发生的一场重大战争的发生地，即美达科他战争。
It happened during the same period as the Civil War.
它发生在南北战争同一时期。
More people died in that war than died at Little Big Horn or Wounded Knee.
在那场战争中死亡的人数比小大角或受伤膝盖的死亡人数还多。
In fact, John's own hometown-- Mankato-- was the site of the largest mass execution in US history of Dakota warriors.
事实上，约翰自己的家乡——曼凯托——是美国历史上最大规模的达科他战士大规模处决的地点。
38 of them were hanged by the order of Abraham Lincoln, a little more than 150 years ago, the day after Christmas, 1862.
其中 38 人被亚伯拉罕·林肯 (Abraham Lincoln) 下令绞死，时间距今 150 多年前，即 1862 年圣诞节后的第二天。
And the place where that hanging happened, it's right in the heart of downtown.
绞刑发生的地方就在市中心。
I would've hung out at the mall not far from there, a few blocks down the street.
我会去离那里不远的购物中心闲逛，沿着街道走几个街区。
I would have ridden past that spot on my way to Pizza Hut with my buddies, who knows how many times.
我和朋友们在去必胜客的路上会经过那个地方，谁知道多少次。
And never-- it just never-- I didn't hear about it.
我从来没有——只是从来没有——我没有听说过这件事。
He says he doesn't remember it being taught in school or being mentioned at all his entire childhood by anybody, even though this war is arguably the biggest event in the state's history.
他说，他不记得在学校里教授过它，也不记得在他的整个童年时代，任何人都提到过它，尽管这场战争可以说是该州历史上最大的事件。
It paved the way for Minnesota to become the place it is today, led directly to all the Dakota being kicked off their own land and expelled from the state under conditions that killed hundreds of them.
它为明尼苏达州成为今天的地方铺平了道路，直接导致所有达科他州人被赶出自己的土地并被驱逐出该州，导致数百人死亡。
And if anybody should have heard about it, it should have been me.
如果有人听说过这件事，那应该是我。
My parents worked on the McGovern campaign.
我的父母为麦戈文的竞选活动工作。
They admired Martin Luther King.
他们崇拜马丁·路德·金。
My dad was a high school English teacher who taught To Kill a Mockingbird.
我父亲是一名高中英语老师，教《杀死一只知更鸟》。
And every Sidney Poitier movie that came on TV, they would sit us down and watch it.
每部西德尼·波蒂埃在电视上播出的电影，他们都会让我们坐下来观看。
And I was raised to have a social-- look, I went on to be a public radio reporter.
我从小就被培养成具有社交能力——看，我后来成为了一名公共广播电台记者。
I was going to say.
我正想说。
Really, how did you end up in public broadcasting?
真的，你是怎么进入公共广播领域的？
[LAUGHTER] John Biewen I was raised to be aware of the nation's racial injustices.
[笑声]约翰·比文一世从小就意识到这个国家的种族不公正。
It's just that they all happened someplace else, not in Minnesota.
只是它们都发生在其他地方，而不是在明尼苏达州。
For the last 17 years, John's lived down south, in North Carolina.
在过去的 17 年里，约翰住在北卡罗来纳州南部。
And he says that at some point the contrast in how people saw their own history down south really hit him.
他说，在某些时候，南方人们看待自己历史的对比确实让他震惊。
Not that people down south are sitting around reminiscing about Stonewall Jackson all day long.
南方人并不是整天坐着回忆石墙杰克逊。
I mean, that's really not the case.
我的意思是，事实并非如此。
But there is a general and pervasive understanding in the South that something very big happened in the 1860s that shaped the place right up to the present.
但南方有一种普遍而普遍的认识，即 1860 年代发生了一件非常大的事情，塑造了这个地方直到现在。
And that's what's missing in Minnesota.
而这正是明尼苏达州所缺少的。
So a while back John Biewen started traveling around the state with two questions-- first, what exactly happened back in 1862?
不久前，约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 带着两个问题开始环游该州——第一，1862 年到底发生了什么？
And, second--
还有，第二——
Why don't we talk about it?
我们为什么不谈谈呢？
Why haven't we internalized this story in Minnesota into our understanding of the place?
为什么我们没有将明尼苏达州的这个故事融入到我们对这个地方的理解中呢？
And so, today, the week after Thanksgiving, we bring you this story of Indians and settlers.
因此，今天，感恩节后一周，我们为您带来印第安人和定居者的故事。
I found so many of the details of what John learned to be completely surprising.
我发现约翰所了解到的许多细节完全令人惊讶。
Maybe you will too.
也许你也会。
From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life.
来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》。
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
So now I turn things over to John Biewen.
所以现在我把事情交给约翰·比文。
In setting out to understand what happened in southern Minnesota in 1862, I called up Gwen Westerman.
为了了解 1862 年明尼苏达州南部发生的事情，我打电话给格温·韦斯特曼 (Gwen Westerman)。
She agreed to spend a few days with me driving around the state to the spots where it all occurred, so I could tell the story here on the radio.
她同意花几天时间和我一起开车环游该州，前往这一切发生的地点，这样我就可以在广播中讲述这个故事。
We meet up in Mankato.
我们在曼凯托见面。
I grew up there but haven't lived there for 30 years.
我在那里长大，但已经 30 年没有住在那里了。
She's lived and taught there for the last 20 years.
过去 20 年她一直在那里生活和教学。
More people probably know about the town of Mankato than realize it.
了解曼凯托镇的人可能比意识到的人还要多。
That's us, in Gwen's SUV.
那是我们，在格温的SUV里。
Gwen Westerman Because in the television series Little House On The Prairie, the Ingalls family lived in Walnut Grove.
格温·韦斯特曼 因为在电视剧《草原小屋》中，英格尔斯一家住在核桃林。
And whenever Ma and Pa wanted to get away from the kids, they came to Mankato.
每当妈妈和爸爸想要远离孩子们时，他们就会来到曼凯托。
Gwen's an English professor at Minnesota State University in Mankato and a member of the Dakota tribe.
格温是曼凯托明尼苏达州立大学的英语教授，也是达科他部落的成员。
She's in her 50s like me.
她和我一样都50多岁了。
She grew up in Kansas, part of the Dakota diaspora.
她在堪萨斯州长大，是达科他侨民的一部分。
A lot of her family was banished from Minnesota after the 1862 war-- not that she's always known that herself.
1862 年战争后，她的很多家人都被驱逐出明尼苏达——她自己也并不知道这一点。
See, I grew up in Mankato, a white kid knowing next to nothing about the bloody history that happened beneath my feet.
你看，我在曼凯托长大，是一个白人孩子，对发生在我脚下的血腥历史几乎一无所知。
Gwen got a teaching job and moved to Mankato, also knowing nothing about that history.
格温找到了一份教书工作并搬到了曼凯托，但对那段历史也一无所知。
She found out later that some older people in her family did know.
后来她发现，家里的一些长辈确实知道。
Then, when I took the job here at MSU, my father and my uncle would say, well, we'll see how long you last there.
然后，当我在密歇根州立大学接受这份工作时，我的父亲和叔叔会说，好吧，我们会看看你能在那里坚持多久。
But they never did explain why they had questions about whether I would stay here or not.
但他们从未解释过为什么他们对我是否会留在这里有疑问。
So, December 26, 1993, I had a friend who worked at the university.
1993年12月26日，我有一个在大学工作的朋友。
She said, there are Indians coming.
她说，有印第安人来了。
She was also Indian.
她也是印度人。
She said, there are Indians coming.
她说，有印第安人来了。
Let's go see what they're doing.
我们去看看他们在做什么。
That's all she said?
这就是她说的一切？
Gwen Westerman That's all she said.
格温·韦斯特曼 她就这么说了。
So I said, OK.
所以我说，好吧。
She came and picked me up.
她过来接我。
Gwen didn't know it, but she and her friend Kimberly were going to see the annual ceremony for the Dakota warriors who were hanged in the town square in 1862.
格温并不知道，她和她的朋友金伯利要去观看 1862 年在城镇广场上被绞死的达科他勇士的年度仪式。
They arrived late for the ceremony and stood in the back for the prayers and songs.
他们参加仪式迟到了，站在后面祈祷和唱歌。
They still didn't know what the event was about.
他们仍然不知道这次活动是关于什么的。
And then it was over.
然后就结束了。
Kimberly and I got back in the car and she was driving.
我和金伯利回到车里，她正在开车。
And she started to pull around the corner of the building.
她开始绕过大楼的拐角处。
And I don't know if your parents drove fast on back country roads when you were small, up and down the hills.
我不知道当你还小的时候，你的父母是否在乡间小路上开得很快，上下山。
We used to love it when my parents would do that because you'd go over the top of the hill and then your stomach would kind of come up.
我们以前很喜欢我父母这样做，因为你越过山顶，然后你的胃就会浮起来。
But as we rounded the corner of the building, my stomach came up just like that.
但当我们绕过大楼的拐角处时，我的胃就这样痉挛起来。
And I started to sob.
我开始抽泣。
And Kimberly stopped the car and said, what's wrong?
金伯利把车停下来说，怎么了？
What's wrong?
怎么了？
And I told her I had no idea what was wrong.
我告诉她我不知道出了什么问题。
It was incredible sadness.
这是令人难以置信的悲伤。
I didn't really say anything to anybody about that until a few days later when I called my uncle and explained to him what had happened.
我并没有对任何人说过这件事，直到几天后我打电话给我叔叔并向他解释了发生的事情。
After I finished my story, he was quiet for a long time.
我讲完故事后，他沉默了很长时间。
Then he finally said, well, my girl, you're connected to that place.
然后他最后说，好吧，我的女孩，你和那个地方有联系。
You are physically and spiritually connected to that place.
你在身体上和精神上都与那个地方有联系。
That's crazy.
太疯狂了。
Gwen Westerman Yeah, so I don't-- how do you explain it?
格温·韦斯特曼 是的，所以我不知道——你怎么解释？
I didn't know what had happened here.
我不知道这里发生了什么。
After that, she learned all about it-- how the Dakota chief who led the uprising in 1862-- Little Crow-- was the brother of her great-great-great-great-grandmother.
之后，她才了解到这一切——1862年领导起义的达科他酋长——小乌鸦——是她高曾曾祖母的兄弟。
Another relative, Mazamani, was killed in the last battle of the war.
另一位亲戚马扎马尼在战争的最后一场战斗中阵亡。
Now she is so steeped in it, she co-wrote a book about the history of the Dakota people in Minnesota.
现在她对此如此着迷，她与人合写了一本关于明尼苏达州达科他人历史的书。
The sign is faded-- "Historic site to the right."
标志已经褪色了——“历史遗址在右边。”
On a gravel farm road an hour and a half from Mankato, there's an oddly placed historic marker.
在距曼凯托一个半小时车程的一条碎石农场路上，有一个奇怪的历史标记。
Here?
这里？
John Biewen To find it, you have to pull into somebody's driveway.
约翰·比文：要找到它，你必须把车开进某人的车道。
The yard is sheltered by pine trees.
院子里有松树遮荫。
We've driven on to a farm site with a classic, weathered red barn and outbuildings, a small house that looks newer, complete with an American flag and a satellite dish.
我们驱车前往一个农场，那里有一个经典的、饱经风霜的红色谷仓和附属建筑，还有一栋看起来较新的小房子，配有美国国旗和卫星天线。
And then, right in the middle of their yard, is a marble monument.
然后，就在他们院子的正中央，有一座大理石纪念碑。
It's a short obelisk etched with the names of five white settlers who were killed here by Dakota men in August of 1862.
这是一座短方尖碑，刻有 1862 年 8 月在这里被达科他州男子杀害的五名白人定居者的名字。
This was the incident that started the US-Dakota War.
这就是引发美达科他战争的事件。
Gwen reads a steel plaque that was put up in the 1960s--
格温读着一块 20 世纪 60 年代竖立的钢牌——
The Acton Incident-- on a bright Sunday afternoon, August 17, 1862, for young, Sioux hunters, on a spur-of-the-moment dare, decided to prove their bravery by shooting Robinson Jones.
阿克顿事件——1862 年 8 月 17 日，一个阳光明媚的周日下午，年轻的苏族猎人一时冲动，决定射杀罗宾逊·琼斯，以证明自己的勇敢。
Stopping at his cabin, they requested liquor and were refused.
他们在他的小屋停下来要酒，但被拒绝了。
Then Jones, followed by the seemingly friendly Indians, went to the neighboring Howard Baker cabin, which stood on this site.
然后琼斯在看似友好的印第安人的跟随下，前往邻近的霍华德贝克小屋，该小屋就位于该地点。
It's hard for me to picture the story this plaque tells.
我很难想象这块牌匾讲述的故事。
It says the Dakotas and the white man went to a neighbor's cabin-- right here where the monument is now-- and got into a target-shooting contest.
据说达科他人和白人去了邻居的小屋——现在纪念碑就在这里——并参加了一场射击比赛。
Maybe that's what people did with passing strangers on the frontier in 1862.
也许这就是 1862 年人们在边境对待路过的陌生人的方式。
Then the plaque says the Indians suddenly turned on the whites and shot three men, and two women dead.
然后牌匾上写着印第安人突然向白人开枪，射杀了三名男子和两名妇女。
The Indians fled south to their village, 40 miles away on the Minnesota River.
印第安人向南逃往 40 英里外的明尼苏达河畔的村庄。
There, they reported what they had done, and the Sioux chiefs decided to wage an all-out war against the white man.
在那里，他们报告了自己的所作所为，苏族酋长决定对白人发动全面战争。
Thus, the unplanned shooting of five settlers here at Acton triggered the bloody Sioux uprising of 1862.
因此，阿克顿五名定居者的意外枪击事件引发了 1862 年血腥的苏族起义。
They decided to wage an all-out war against the white man.
他们决定对白人发动全面战争。
I did.
我做到了。
It's as if it were that there was nothing that led up to this.
就好像没有任何事情导致这一切一样。
It leaves out so much.
它遗漏了很多。
But it's a small monument.
但这只是一座小纪念碑。
You can't get everything on there.
你不可能把所有东西都放在那里。
[CAR DOORS SHUTTING] John Biewen To get some of the story that's not on the sign, Gwen and I drive to a small museum.
[车门关闭] 约翰·比文 为了了解一些标牌上没有的故事，格温和我开车去了一家小博物馆。
From the outside, it looks like one of those wayside rest buildings.
从外面看，它就像路边的休息建筑之一。
It sits on a highway 15 miles north of Mankato, just outside the town where I went to college, St. Peter.
它位于曼凯托以北 15 英里处的高速公路上，就在我上大学的圣彼得镇外。
So this is our cleverly called "Intro Room."
所以这就是我们巧妙地称为“介绍室”的地方。
Ben Leonard's tall and lanky.
本·伦纳德又高又瘦。
He directs this museum-- The Traverse des Sioux Treaty Site.
他领导着这座博物馆——苏族横贯条约遗址。
I've been here since 2004.
我从 2004 年就一直在这里。
And, for the record, I'm a 36-year-old white guy from North Carolina.
郑重声明，我是一名来自北卡罗来纳州的 36 岁白人。
Really?
真的吗？
Our Carolina connection noted, we have the required conversation about college hoops--
我们卡罗莱纳州的联系人指出，我们就大学篮球进行了必要的对话——
Then get down to the reason Gwen and I are here.
然后认真思考格温和我来这里的原因。
This museum, with its big, central room of maps and panels, gives the history that led to the 1862 war.
这座博物馆的中央大房间里摆满了地图和展板，讲述了导致 1862 年战争的历史。
First, the basics-- the Dakota have lived in Minnesota at least 1,000 years and maybe a lot longer.
首先，介绍一下基础知识——达科他人在明尼苏达州已经生活了至少 1000 年，甚至更长。
They vastly outnumbered any Europeans who showed up until the mid-1800s, when white people started flooding in.
他们的数量远远超过 1800 年代中期白人开始涌入的任何欧洲人。
And you can probably guess what happened next, because it happened all across the country.
你大概可以猜到接下来发生了什么，因为全国各地都发生了这种事。
The country's leaders, going back to the founders, talked bluntly about prying land out of Indian hands.
该国领导人追溯到建国之初，直言不讳地谈到要从印度手中夺取土地。
I'd never realized just how bluntly until talking to Ben.
直到和本交谈之前，我从来没有意识到他有多么直率。
On the wall of the museum is a blown-up text from a letter I'd never seen.
博物馆的墙上贴着一封我从未见过的信的放大文字。
Thomas Jefferson wrote it in 1803.
托马斯·杰斐逊 (Thomas Jefferson) 于 1803 年写成。
Jefferson basically says, look, we want Indian land.
杰斐逊基本上是说，看，我们想要印第安人的土地。
But they're not just going to give it to us.
但他们不仅仅会把它给我们。
So we have to motivate them to sign treaties.
所以我们必须激励他们签署条约。
And the way that we do that is going to be to get them into debt.
我们这样做的方式就是让他们负债累累。
All right.
好的。
How did Jefferson really say that?
杰斐逊到底是怎样说的呢？
He said it hither-- the quote is here.
他在这里说过——引言在这里。
"To promote the disposition to exchange lands, we shall push our trading houses and be glad to see the good and influential individuals among them run in debt.
“为了促进土地交换，我们将推动我们的贸易公司，并很高兴看到其中的优秀和有影响力的个人负债累累。
Because we observe that when these debts get beyond what individuals can pay, they are willing to lop them off by the session of lands." So that's fairly matter-of-fact.
因为我们观察到，当这些债务超出个人的承受能力时，他们愿意通过土地转让来削减债务。”所以这是相当实事求是的。
It's pretty straightforward.
这非常简单。
That's what he said.
他就是这么说的。
And that's exactly what happened in the Minnesota territory.
这正是明尼苏达州境内发生的事情。
By 1851, the Dakota had come to rely on things they got from white traders-- guns, food, horses, kettles, and blankets, and traps.
到 1851 年，达科他人开始依赖从白人商人那里获得的东西——枪支、食物、马匹、水壶、毯子和陷阱。
They were deep in debt, at least according to the traders themselves.
他们负债累累，至少交易员们自己是这么说的。
And they were the ones keeping track.
他们是跟踪的人。
Here's Gwen.
这是格温。
And the government calls them in again to say, we'll help you with your debt, if you sell your land.
政府再次打电话给他们说，如果你卖掉土地，我们将帮助你偿还债务。
Ben, could you sort of sum up what was the deal essentially?
Ben，你能概括一下这笔交易的本质是什么吗？
If you look at a map of Minnesota today, land-wise we're talking about basically, everything south of Interstate 94.
如果你看一下今天的明尼苏达州地图，从陆地角度来看，我们基本上讨论的是 94 号州际公路以南的所有地区。
So we're talking essentially about the lower half of Minnesota.
所以我们基本上讨论的是明尼苏达州的下半部。
Plus some pieces of what would become Iowa and South Dakota.
再加上后来成为爱荷华州和南达科他州的一些地区。
In two big treaties, one of them signed very near to the spot where the museum sits, the Dakota people traded away 35 million acres for about $3 million, which was a better price than some other tribes got.
在两项重大条约中，其中一项是在博物馆所在地附近签署的，达科他人用 3500 万英亩的土地换取了约 300 万美元，这比其他一些部落得到的价格要高。
The treaties set aside a reservation for the Dakota-- 10 miles on either side of the Minnesota River stretching for 150 miles, a skinny strip in the middle of the vast territory the Dakota were giving up.
这些条约为达科他州预留了保留地——绵延 150 英里的明尼苏达河两侧各 10 英里，是达科他州放弃的广阔领土中间的一条狭长地带。
They didn't have much choice.
他们没有太多选择。
They could see what was coming from the east-- a tidal wave of white settlers hungry for farm land, statehood, settlement.
他们可以看到来自东方的浪潮——渴望农田、建国和定居点的白人定居者浪潮。
The white negotiators didn't have to say it out loud, but one of them did anyway.
白人谈判代表不必大声说出来，但其中一位还是说了出来。
A guy named Luke Lea reminded the Dakota chiefs that the US government, quote, "could come with 100,000 men and drive you off to the Rocky Mountains."
一个名叫卢克·李（Luke Lea）的人提醒达科他州酋长，引用美国政府的话，“可以派出 10 万名士兵，把你们赶到落基山脉。”
A leading negotiator for the whites during these treaty deals was a man named Henry Sibley.
在这些条约交易中，白人的主要谈判代表是一位名叫亨利·西布利的人。
Nobody was more important in the creation of the state of Minnesota.
在明尼苏达州的创建过程中，没有人比他更重要。
He'd later become its first governor.
他后来成为第一任州长。
The treaty couldn't have happened without Henry Sibley.
如果没有亨利·西布利，该条约就不可能达成。
To learn more about Sibley, I talked to this historian.
为了更多地了解西布利，我采访了这位历史学家。
I'm Mary Wingerd, and I wrote a book called North Country-- The Making of Minnesota.
我是玛丽·温格德，我写了一本名为《北方乡村——明尼苏达的形成》的书。
And it's pretty much the definitive history of Minnesota up to and including the US-Dakota War, isn't it?
这几乎是明尼苏达州的权威历史，包括美达科他战争，不是吗？
Well, I'm not going to say that.
好吧，我不会这么说。
But yes, it is.
但是的，确实如此。
Wingerd says Henry Sibley moved in from Detroit in the 1830s.
温格德说亨利·西布利 (Henry Sibley) 于 1830 年代从底特律搬来。
He was just 23.
他当时才23岁。
The American Fur Company gave him a big job overseeing the southern half of what's now Minnesota.
美国毛皮公司给了他一份重要工作，负责监管现在明尼苏达州的南半部。
Sibley had a child with a Dakota woman.
西布利与达科他州妇女育有一个孩子。
He understood the Dakota language.
他懂达科他语。
He went before Congress criticizing treaties that, quote, "betrayed and deceived Indians."
他在国会面前批评了“背叛和欺骗印第安人”的条约。
And, as a young man, he just relished spending his time with the Dakota.
而且，作为一个年轻人，他很享受和达科他州一起度过的时光。
And he would go out and hunt with them and really fostered good relations with them.
他会和他们一起出去打猎，并与他们建立了良好的关系。
But the fur trade was a dying business.
但毛皮贸易是一个垂死的行业。
It was, economically, a dying business when he came here.
当他来到这里时，从经济上来说，这是一个垂死的行业。
By this time, the region had been over-hunted.
此时，该地区已被过度捕猎。
Revenues were down.
收入下降了。
And everyone, from managers like Sibley to local traders on the frontier, down to the Dakota men who did the actual hunting, was in hock to the fur company, who would advance them money for all the supplies, traps, and guns.
每个人，从像西布利这样的经理到边境上的当地商人，再到实际进行狩猎的达科他州男子，都与毛皮公司有联系，毛皮公司会为他们预付所有补给品、陷阱和枪支的钱。
Even though he may seem to be the big man in Minnesota, he is buried in debt.
尽管他看起来是明尼苏达州的大人物，但他却负债累累。
By 1849, he was really looking around for some other way to make a living.
到 1849 年，他开始真正寻找其他谋生方式。
But he couldn't get out of the trade until he could pay his debts.
但在他还清债务之前，他无法退出交易。
Because of his financial difficulties, he really played the Dakota people false.
由于经济困难，他确实欺骗了达科他州人民。
Sibley wrote to Pierre Chouteau, who held most of Sibley's debt.
西布利写信给皮埃尔·肖托（Pierre Chouteau），他承担了西布利的大部分债务。
He boasted to him-- "The Indians are all prepared to make a treaty when we tell them to do so.
他向他吹嘘道：“当我们告诉印第安人签订条约时，他们都准备好了。
And such a one as I may dictate.
以及我可以指定的一个。
I think I may safely promise you that no treaty can be made without our claims being first secured."
我想我可以放心地向你保证，如果我们的要求首先得到保障，就不能签订任何条约。”
Sibley and Chouteau said the Dakota owed them a lot of money.
西布利和乔托说，达科他州欠他们很多钱。
Those are the claims he's talking about.
这些就是他所说的主张。
And they saw the treaties as a way to get paid.
他们将这些条约视为一种获取报酬的方式。
The way it happened was pretty ugly.
事情发生的方式非常丑陋。
Take the treaty signed it Traverse des Sioux.
以签署的《穿越苏族条约》为例。
The treaty was copied into the Dakota language for the chiefs to discuss.
该条约被译成达科他语，供酋长们讨论。
But their copy left out a key fact-- the government wasn't going to give the Dakota their payment in a lump sum, as the Dakota wanted and expected.
但他们的副本遗漏了一个关键事实——政府不会像达科他州希望和期望的那样一次性向达科他州支付款项。
Instead, the money would stay in the hands of the government to be doled out in much smaller, annual payments-- not just in gold, but also food and things like farming equipment.
相反，这些钱将留在政府手中，以小得多的年度支付方式发放——不仅是黄金，还包括食品和农业设备等。
The treaty did provide $305,000 in cash right away, most of it so the Dakota could quote-unquote "settle their affairs." After the signing of the treaty, Sibley's allies took the chiefs aside to sign a second document.
该条约确实立即提供了 305,000 美元现金，其中大部分是为了达科他州可以引用或不引用“解决他们的事务”。条约签署后，西布利的盟友将酋长们拉到一边签署了第二份文件。
The chiefs later said they thought it was just another copy of the treaty.
酋长们后来说，他们认为这只是该条约的另一份副本。
But, in fact, they were agreeing to hand over most of that $305,000 to the traders, all but $60,000 to settle their debts.
但事实上，他们同意将这 305,000 美元中的大部分交给交易员，除了 60,000 美元外，其余全部用于偿还债务。
So the traders got their money.
这样，交易者就赚到了钱。
Sibley himself walked away with $66,000-- more cash than the Dakota people got.
西布利本人带走了 66,000 美元——比达科他州人得到的现金还要多。
Again, Mary Wingerd--
再说一次，玛丽·温格德——
That cleared him.
这让他清醒了。
That cleared his debts.
这还清了他的债务。
That allowed him to get out of the trade.
这让他得以退出交易。
He has to know what he's doing.
他必须知道自己在做什么。
When he is faced with a moral dilemma of deal fairly with these people who have been my friends or take advantage of this opportunity to get out of this situation that I hate, he chooses his own self-interest.
当他面临着公平对待这些曾经是我的朋友的人的道德困境，还是利用这个机会摆脱我讨厌的处境时，他选择了自己的利益。
Anthony Morse Did you get a trail map or anything like that when you came in?
安东尼·莫尔斯（Anthony Morse）：你进来的时候有没有拿到路线图或者类似的东西？
No, we didn't.
不，我们没有。
Anthony Morse We have some in there.
安东尼·莫尔斯：我们那里有一些。
Gwen Westerman and I have driven west, out on the prairie, for the next bit of the story-- the build-up to the war.
格温·韦斯特曼和我驱车向西，前往草原，观看故事的下一部分——战争的准备。
We've come to the Lower Sioux Agency.
我们来到了下苏族机构。
This was the federal government's outpost on Dakota land, near Redwood Falls, Minnesota.
这是联邦政府在达科他州土地上的前哨基地，靠近明尼苏达州雷德伍德福尔斯。
Sioux was the white man's name for the Dakota.
苏族是白人对达科他人的称呼。
Oh, yeah, my name's Anthony Morris.
哦，是的，我叫安东尼·莫里斯。
I'm a ninth generation Lower Sioux Mdewakanton.
我是第九代下苏族姆德瓦坎顿人。
My family's been here for at least 150 years.
我的家人在这里已经至少 150 年了。
We actually have a picture of my seven-times great-grandfather in the museum here.
事实上，我们这里的博物馆里有一张我七次曾祖父的照片。
Morse is just 26.
莫尔斯才26岁。
He wears glasses and a wispy beard.
他戴着眼镜，留着稀疏的胡须。
He directs the historic site.
他负责指挥这个历史遗址。
The government's two-story stone warehouse is still here, surrounded by open grassland.
政府的两层石头仓库还在这里，周围是开阔的草原。
In 1862, it was stocked with government food shipments for distribution to the Dakota.
1862 年，这里储存了政府运送的粮食，准备分发给达科他州。
These were paid out once a year under the terms of the treaty.
根据条约条款，这些费用每年支付一次。
OK, so in 1862, where they're coming off a bad crop year in 1861, there's a lot of bad feelings that are brewing.
好吧，在 1862 年，也就是 1861 年歉收的时候，人们有很多不好的感觉正在酝酿。
They're really waiting for that annuity payment in June.
他们真的在等待六月份的年金付款。
They're waiting for their food and gold.
他们正在等待食物和黄金。
The local area here would really look about like it would right now.
这里的当地看起来真的就像现在一样。
The annual federal shipment of gold and food promised in the 1851 treaty did not arrive on schedule in June.
1851 年条约中承诺的联邦年度黄金和食品运输未能在 6 月按计划抵达。
July passed and it didn't come.
七月过去了，却没有到来。
In the decade since the Dakota signed away their land, Minnesota had become a state.
自从达科他州签字放弃土地后的十年里，明尼苏达州已经成为一个州。
The white population exploded from 5,000 in 1850 to more than 170,000.
白人人口从 1850 年的 5,000 人激增至 170,000 多人。
Put another way, in 1850, Indians outnumbered whites in Minnesota 5 to 1.
换句话说，1850 年，明尼苏达州印第安人与白人的人数之比为 5 比 1。
By 1860, it was the other way around.
到了 1860 年，情况正好相反。
And the Dakota were being squeezed into less and less space.
达科他号被挤进越来越小的空间。
Washington changed the terms of their treaties, took half the reservation back, and forced them to accept the new terms.
华盛顿改变了他们的条约条款，收回了一半的保留，并强迫他们接受新条款。
This didn't go down well.
这件事进展不顺利。
Minnesota's leaders thought that everything would be fine if the Dakota would just give up hunting, which required lots of land, and take up farming.
明尼苏达州的领导人认为，如果达科他州人放弃需要大量土地的狩猎并从事农业，那么一切都会好起来的。
Some did, cut their hair, raised crops.
有些人这样做了，剪掉头发，种植庄稼。
But, as you'd expect, a lot of Dakota wanted to live as they always had.
但是，正如您所料，许多达科他州人希望像以前一样生活。
Dakota man had always been hunters.
达科他人一直都是猎人。
Farming was seen as women's work.
农业被视为妇女的工作。
Hemmed in on their skinny reservation, lots of people couldn't feed themselves.
许多人被困在他们瘦弱的保留地里，无法养活自己。
By that August, things were desperate.
到了那个八月，事情已经到了绝望的地步。
They were allowing their children to eat the unripened fruit off the trees, because they had to eat something.
他们允许孩子们吃树上未成熟的水果，因为他们必须吃点东西。
However, this unripened fruit would then make them sick.
然而，这种未成熟的果实会让他们生病。
They would be even worse.
他们会更糟。
And some people would end up dying because of these problems.
有些人最终会因为这些问题而死亡。
Meanwhile, the federal agent had food in the warehouse.
与此同时，联邦特工的仓库里有食物。
But he refused to give it out to the Dakota until their full June payment arrived.
但他拒绝将这笔钱交给达科他夫妇，直到他们六月份的全额付款到达为止。
Dakota men confronted a store-keeper named Andrew Myrick, asking him for help or credit.
达科他州的男子与一位名叫安德鲁·迈里克的店主对峙，向他寻求帮助或信贷。
What do you expect us to feed our families?
您希望我们用什么来养活家人？
And he said to let him eat grass.
还说让他吃草。
He considered them, basically, like livestock.
基本上，他认为它们就像牲畜一样。
They were considered animals to him.
对他来说，他们被视为动物。
There are some versions of that story that say Andrew Myrick said, let them eat grass or their own dung.
这个故事有一些版本说安德鲁·迈里克说，让他们吃草或自己的粪便。
In 200 years, there hadn't been much violence between Indians and whites in Minnesota.
200年来，明尼苏达州印第安人和白人之间没有发生太多暴力事件。
But in August of 1862, Dakota country was ready to blow up.
但 1862 年 8 月，达科他州的国家即将爆发。
Maybe the only question was, where would the spark come from?
也许唯一的问题是，火花从何而来？
That brings us back to the part of the story where Gwen and I began, in that farmyard in Acton, where the four young Dakota men killed the five settlers.
这让我们回到了故事的开始部分，格温和我在阿克顿的那个农场里，四个年轻的达科他男子杀死了五个定居者。
There are other versions of the story.
这个故事还有其他版本。
One comes from a Dakota, who spoke with the four young men, that don't include the Indians asking for liquor or the target-shooting contest.
其中一位来自达科他州，他与四名年轻人交谈，其中不包括要求喝酒或参加射击比赛的印第安人。
The story ends the same way, though, with five settlers dead.
然而，故事的结局却是一样的，五名定居者死亡。
After the Acton massacre, the four boys rode back to the Lower Sioux Agency.
阿克顿大屠杀后，四个男孩骑马返回下苏族机构。
That's where their village was located.
那是他们的村庄所在的地方。
They went back to their chief and relayed to him what they had done in Acton.
他们回到酋长那里，向他转述了他们在阿克顿所做的事情。
This is Anthony Morse again.
这又是安东尼·莫尔斯。
Anthony Morse And so their chief called a meeting with more chiefs and they eventually called a council with all of the chiefs of Lower Sioux at one of Little Crow's houses, I believe.
安东尼·莫尔斯：所以他们的酋长召开了一次与更多酋长的会议，我相信他们最终在小乌鸦的一所房子里召开了一次由下苏族所有酋长参加的会议。
There they had their counsel on what they should do.
在那里，他们就应该做什么提出了建议。
Little Crow was one of the leaders who signed the 1851 treaty that turned out so badly for the Dakota.
小乌鸦是签署 1851 年条约的领导人之一，该条约的结果对达科他州来说非常糟糕。
When the chiefs and some riled up young men showed up at his house in the middle of the night, Little Crow said the white world would come down hard on all the Dakota, not just the four men who'd been at Acton.
当酋长和一些愤怒的年轻人半夜出现在他家时，小乌鸦说白人世界将严厉打击所有达科他州人，而不仅仅是阿克顿的四个人。
A lot of the young warriors said the Dakota should attack first.
很多年轻的战士都说达科他应该先进攻。
Enough is enough, let's drive the whites out.
够了，我们把白人赶出去吧。
But Little Crow wanted no part of that.
但小乌鸦不想参与其中。
He'd been to Washington, D.C. In those days the government liked to invite American Indian leaders to the capital to show them how powerful the new white man's country was.
他去过华盛顿特区。当时政府喜欢邀请美洲印第安人领导人到首都，向他们展示新白人国家的强大。
Gwen Westerman, my traveling companion, is related to Little Crow.
我的旅伴格温·韦斯特曼（Gwen Westerman）与小乌鸦有亲戚关系。
Like I said, her great-great-great-great-grandmother was the chief's sister.
就像我说的，她的曾曾曾祖母是酋长的妹妹。
She says Little Crow-- whose name in Dakota is Ta Oyate Duta-- was one of many Dakota trying to adjust to the white culture and find a place in it.
她说，小乌鸦——在达科他州的名字是Ta Oyate Duta——是许多达科他州试图适应白人文化并在其中找到一席之地的人之一。
And, at this time, Ta Oyate Duta was living in a house and farming, trying--
而此时，塔·奥亚特·杜塔 (Ta Oyate Duta) 住在房子里务农，试图——
And going to church.
并去教堂。
Gwen Westerman --and going to church.
格温·韦斯特曼——还有去教堂。
Had cut his hair.
已经剪掉了头发。
And he was trying to establish a homestead here-- because this is Dakota homeland-- in the hopes-- I think-- of being able to stay here.
他试图在这里建立一个家园——因为这是达科他州的家园——希望——我想——能够留在这里。
At first, when the young men started calling for war, what was Ta Oyate Duta's reaction, his take?
起初，当年轻人开始呼吁战争时，Ta Oyate Duta 的反应是什么？他的看法是什么？
No. We can't fight.
不，我们不能打架。
We have a responsibility to stay on this land and to live.
我们有责任留在这片土地上并生活。
And he knew that if the Dakota went to war against the United States, that all of that effort would be lost.
他知道，如果达科他州与美国开战，所有的努力都将付诸东流。
John Biewen Everyone argued about what to do.
约翰·比文 每个人都在争论该怎么做。
Little Crow made a speech that his son years later recited to a lawyer, who had it translated and written down.
小乌鸦发表了一篇演讲，几年后他的儿子向一位律师朗诵了这篇演讲，律师将其翻译并写了下来。
We asked an actor to read it.
我们请一位演员来读一下。
Braves, you're like little children.
勇士们，你们就像小孩子一样。
You know not what you are doing.
你不知道自己在做什么。
See, the white men are like the locusts when they fly so thick that the whole sky is a snowstorm.
你看，白人就像蝗虫一样，飞得密密麻麻，整个天空都下起了暴风雪。
You may kill 1, 2, 10-- yes, as many as the leaves in the forest yonder-- and their brothers will not miss them.
你可以杀死 1、2、10 个——是的，和那边森林里的树叶一样多——他们的兄弟不会错过他们。
Kill 1, 2, 10, and 10 times 10 will come to kill you.
杀1、2、10、10乘以10就会来杀你。
Yes, they fight among themselves away off.
是的，他们之间互相争斗。
He's talking about the Civil War going on, to the southeast.
他正在谈论东南部正在进行的内战。
Do you hear the thunder of their big guns?
你听到他们大枪的雷鸣声了吗？
No. It would take you two moons to run down to where they are fighting.
不，你得花两个月亮才能跑到他们打斗的地方。
And all the way your path would be among white soldiers, as thick as tamaracks in the swamps of the Ojibwes.
一路上你的道路都是白人士兵，就像奥及布韦沼泽中的落叶松一样茂密。
Yes, they fight among themselves.
是的，他们互相争斗。
But if you strike at them, they will all turn on you and devour you, and your women, and little children.
但如果你攻击它们，它们就会全部转向你，吞噬你、你的妇女和小孩。
The young warriors called Little Crow a coward.
年轻的武士们称小乌鸦为胆小鬼。
His response--
他的回应——
Ta Oyate Duta is not a coward.
Ta Oyate Duta 不是胆小鬼。
And he is not a fool.
而且他不是傻子。
When did he run away from his enemies?
他什么时候逃离敌人的？
When did he leave his braves behind him on the warpath and turn back to his tepee?
他什么时候在战争道路上抛下他的勇士，转身回到他的帐篷里？
You are fools.
你们都是傻瓜。
Braves, you are little children.
勇士们，你们都是小孩子。
You will die like the rabbits when the hungry wolves hunt them in the hard moon.
你会像兔子一样被饿狼在严酷的月光中猎杀时死去。
Ta Oyate Duta is not a coward.
Ta Oyate Duta 不是胆小鬼。
He will die with you.
他会和你一起死。
John Biewen Most of Little Crow's band, along with men from other Dakota bands, decided to go to war.
约翰·比文 小乌鸦乐队的大部分成员以及其他达科他乐队的成员决定参战。
Historian Mary Wingerd calls the fighters a group of rash, young men.
历史学家玛丽·温格德称这些战士是一群鲁莽的年轻人。
She says this is a crucial point that's often missed when the story of the conflict is told in Minnesota.
她说，这是在明尼苏达州讲述冲突故事时经常被忽视的一个关键点。
It is a complete myth that all the Dakota people went to war against the United States.
所有达科他州人民都对美国发动战争，这完全是一个神话。
So I have a little bit of trouble with calling it a war, actually.
所以实际上我在称其为战争时有点困难。
I know that that is the preferred terminology now.
我知道这是现在首选的术语。
But they would get the idea that all the Dakota agreed that they were going to go to war the way the United States would go to war.
但他们会认为，所有达科他州人都同意他们将以美国参战的方式参战。
But, in fact, of course, that wasn't the case.
但事实上，当然，情况并非如此。
It was a faction that went on the offensive.
这是一个发起进攻的派系。
And many people, particularly the Sissetons and Wahpetons, were opposed and wanted no part of it.
许多人，特别是西塞顿家族和瓦佩顿家族，都反对并且不想参与其中。
Many men in those two bands did not fight.
这两支队伍中的许多人都没有参加战斗。
Over the coming weeks, the war and peace factions had angry debates and almost went to war with each other.
在接下来的几周里，战争派与和平派展开了激烈的争论，几乎互相开战。
Gwen Westerman tells me her own family was split.
格温·韦斯特曼告诉我，她自己的家庭已经分裂。
And she's not sure who did the right thing.
她不确定谁做对了。
One of my three-greats grandfathers in 1862 was with Sweet Corn's band, out on the prairie hunting buffalo.
1862 年，我的三曾祖父之一与甜玉米乐队一起在草原上狩猎水牛。
Another of my three-greats grandfathers was Mazamani, who was killed at the Battle at Wood Lake.
我的三位曾祖父中的另一位是马扎马尼，他在伍德湖战役中阵亡。
Another of my three-greats grandfathers was Ishtakhaba, or Sleepy Eye, who didn't want to fight at all.
我的三位曾祖父中的另一位是伊什塔卡巴（Ishtakhaba），或者说瞌睡眼，他根本不想打仗。
The decisions that people made that allowed them to survive so that I could stand here today-- you can't second-guess those.
人们做出的决定使他们得以生存，以便我今天能够站在这里——你不能事后猜测这些决定。
Coming up, a prairie home explosion.
即将到来，草原之家爆炸。
And, after it, a prairie home expulsion.
然后，在这之后，草原被驱逐回家。
That's in a minute, from Chicago Public Radio, when our program continues.
稍后，芝加哥公共广播电台将继续我们的节目。
It's This American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Our program today for the week after Thanksgiving-- "Little War on the Prairie," the history of settlers and Dakota Indians in Minnesota.
我们今天感恩节后一周的节目——“草原上的小战争”，讲述明尼苏达州定居者和达科他印第安人的历史。
John Biewen first put this story together for our show a few years ago, on the 150th anniversary of the so-called Sioux uprising and the war it led to.
几年前，在所谓的苏族起义及其引发的战争 150 周年之际，约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 首次为我们的节目整理了这个故事。
During that anniversary year a few years back, probably more was said in Minnesota about these events than in the previous 100 years combined-- lots of newspaper articles and broadcasts and talks.
在几年前的周年纪念年里，明尼苏达州对这些事件的谈论可能比过去 100 年的总和还要多——大量的报纸文章、广播和演讲。
Our guide to the story, John Biewen, grew up in Mankato.
我们的故事导游约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 在曼凯托长大。
He now picks up the story where we left off before the break.
他现在继续讲我们在休息前停下来的故事。
So the morning after Little Crow's speech, and after the murders at the Acton farm, August 18, 1862, several hundred Dakota warriors, led by Little Crow, started their assault at the federal outpost that sat on their land, the Lower Sioux Agency.
因此，在小乌鸦演讲后的第二天早上，也就是 1862 年 8 月 18 日阿克顿农场发生谋杀案之后，数百名达科他州战士在小乌鸦的带领下，开始袭击位于他们土地上的联邦前哨基地——下苏族机构。
They took food from the stone warehouse, burned buildings, and killed about 20 men, one-fourth of the whites at the agency.
他们从石头仓库拿走了食物，烧毁了建筑物，并杀死了大约 20 名男子，占该机构白人的四分之一。
The dead included the storekeeper who said that if Dakota families were hungry, they could eat grass.
死者中包括店主，他说如果达科他州的家庭饿了，他们可以吃草。
Again, Anthony Morse, who runs the agency's history center.
再次是安东尼·莫尔斯，他负责该机构的历史中心。
Andrew Myrick's body was found.
安德鲁·迈里克的尸体被发现。
He was more than likely fleeing from his home to the tall grass and the trees.
他很可能是从家里逃到高高的草丛和树林里的。
However, he didn't quite make it.
然而，他并没有完全成功。
And his body was found filled with arrows and with grass stuffed in his mouth.
人们发现他的尸体里装满了箭，嘴里还塞着草。
Most of Minnesota's trained soldiers were off at the Civil War.
明尼苏达州大部分训练有素的士兵都参加了内战。
When word of the attacks reached a nearby fort, some green, unprepared soldiers came to help.
当袭击的消息传到附近的一座堡垒时，一些毫无准备的绿色士兵赶来帮忙。
The Dakota ambushed them, killing almost everyone, and sending the rest fleeing for their lives.
达科他人伏击了他们，几乎杀死了所有人，其余人则逃命。
From there, the Dakota men fanned out down the river valley, attacking the homes of settlers, most of them unarmed.
从那里，达科他人沿着河谷呈扇形散开，袭击定居者的房屋，其中大多数人手无寸铁。
Joseph Godfrey was a young, black man, who lived among the Dakota.
约瑟夫·戈弗雷是一位年轻的黑人，住在达科他州。
He testified later that fall, telling how Dakota warriors he was with went house to house.
那年秋天晚些时候，他作证，讲述了与他在一起的达科他州战士如何挨家挨户地走访。
This is an actor reading.
这是一本演员的读物。
Dinner was on the table.
晚餐已经上桌了。
And the Indians said, "After we kill, then we will have dinner." When we got near to a house, the Indians all got out and ran ahead of the wagons and two or three went to each house.
印第安人说：“杀完之后，我们就吃晚饭。”当我们靠近一栋房子时，印第安人都下了车，跑在马车前面，每栋房子都有两三个人。
And in that way, they killed all the people along the road.
就这样，他们把沿路的人都杀了。
Some Dakota killed every settler they saw.
一些达科他州杀死了他们看到的每一个定居者。
Others killed only the men and took women and children captive.
其他人只杀了男人，俘虏了妇女和儿童。
But many Dakota warriors spared and protected white people they knew.
但许多达科他州战士饶恕并保护了他们认识的白人。
Even Chief Little Crow, the leader of the uprising, allowed a white woman named Sarah Wakefield, the wife of a local doctor, to take shelter in his house during the six weeks of the War.
就连起义领袖小乌鸦酋长也允许一位名叫莎拉·韦克菲尔德（Sarah Wakefield）的白人妇女在战争的六周期间在他的家里避难，她是当地医生的妻子。
One Dakota woman who opposed the fighting, named Snana, took in a 14-year-old German girl who had been captured by a warrior.
一位名叫斯纳纳 (Snana) 的反对战斗的达科他州妇女收留了一名被战士俘虏的 14 岁德国女孩。
Snana traded him a pony for the girl.
斯纳娜用一匹小马换了他的女孩。
Snana wrote down her story in 1901.
1901 年，斯纳娜写下了她的故事。
Turns out, her daughter had died recently, and she was heartbroken.
原来，她的女儿不久前去世了，她伤心欲绝。
The reason why I wished to keep this girl was to have her in place of the one I lost.
我之所以想留下这个女孩，是为了让她代替我失去的那个女孩。
So I loved her and pitied her.
所以我爱她，也可怜她。
And she was dear to me, just the same as my own daughter.
她对我来说很亲爱，就像我自己的女儿一样。
During the outbreak, when some of the Indians got killed, they began to kill some of the captives.
疫情爆发期间，当一些印第安人被杀时，他们就开始杀害一些俘虏。
At such times I always hid my dear captive white girl.
在这种时候，我总是把我亲爱的俘虏白人女孩藏起来。
I thought to myself that if they would kill my girl, they must kill me first.
我心里想，如果他们要杀我的女儿，就必须先杀我。
John Biewen The historian Mary Wingerd is a fifth-generation Minnesotan.
约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 历史学家玛丽·温格德 (Mary Wingerd) 是第五代明尼苏达人。
She says for 100 years or more, Minnesotans who heard the story at all heard a one-sided tale of savage Indians attacking innocent whites out of the blue.
她说，一百年来，明尼苏达人听到这个故事时，都听到了一个片面的故事：野蛮的印第安人突然袭击无辜的白人。
Now most historians like herself blame the war mainly on white double-dealing and bullying.
现在，大多数像她这样的历史学家将这场战争主要归咎于白人的两面派和欺凌行为。
But I also think it's a mistake to try to pretend that there was no wrongs committed by the men who rode against the settlers.
但我也认为试图假装那些反对定居者的人没有犯下任何错误是错误的。
A minimum 400 innocent civilians were murdered, most of them who didn't even have weapons-- women and children.
至少 400 名无辜平民被杀害，其中大多数甚至没有武器——妇女和儿童。
The Dakota people were victims, big time.
达科他州人民是重大受害者。
But most of the people who died were victims as well.
但大多数死者也是受害者。
The people who would have been worthy opponents in a war were untouchable.
那些在战争中值得对手的人是不可触碰的。
Meaning the men in St. Paul and Washington, D.C. who wrote, then violated, the treaties.
指的是圣保罗和华盛顿特区的那些人，他们起草了这些条约，然后又违反了这些条约。
The fighting lasted 36 days.
战斗持续了36天。
Dakota warriors attacked New Ulm twice and looted and burned a couple other towns.
达科他州战士两次袭击新乌尔姆，并抢劫和烧毁了其他几个城镇。
White settlers turned into panicked refugees, fleeing across the prairie.
白人定居者变成了惊慌失措的难民，逃离大草原。
And the man appointed to lead a force to defeat the Dakota?
那个被任命率领军队打败达科他人的人呢？
Henry Sibley.
亨利·西布利.
You remember Sibley, the fur trader who helped orchestrate the treaties of 1851.
你还记得西布利 (Sibley)，这位毛皮商人帮助策划了 1851 年的条约。
Well, Sibley has no military experience whatsoever.
嗯，西布利没有任何军事经验。
But he does know the Dakota well.
但他确实很了解达科他州。
And he knows what great warriors they are.
他知道他们是多么伟大的战士。
And he has the most hodgepodge troops ever.
他拥有有史以来最多的大杂烩部队。
And he doesn't have enough weaponry.
而且他没有足够的武器。
And so he's moving very slowly towards southwestern Minnesota.
所以他正在非常缓慢地向明尼苏达州西南部移动。
And, of course, every step of the way, the newspapers are excoriating him.
当然，每一步，报纸都在谴责他。
They called him a snail and a coward and the state undertaker, because Sibley's militia showed a knack for arriving after battles were over to help bury the dead.
他们称他为蜗牛、胆小鬼和国家殡葬承办人，因为西布利的民兵表现出了在战斗结束后赶来帮助埋葬死者的本领。
They accuse him of not really wanting to go after the Dakota, because he's really too close to them and all his sympathies are with them.
他们指责他并不是真的想追捕达科他人，因为他离他们太近了，他所有的同情都在他们身上。
So Sibley, with his very thin skin, is beside himself.
所以，脸皮薄的西布利已经疯了。
And I think that that helps explain the really extraordinarily severe attitude he had toward all the Dakota people following the conflict I really think it was because he felt he was personally betrayed.
我认为这有助于解释他在冲突后对所有达科他州人民所采取的非常严厉的态度，我真的认为这是因为他觉得自己被背叛了。
Sibley had seen himself as a friend to the Dakota.
西布利将自己视为达科他州的朋友。
He believed they could take up farming and co-exist with white people in Minnesota.
他相信他们可以从事农业并与明尼苏达州的白人共存。
But now even some Dakota he knew-- men who had started to assimilate-- were murdering settlers.
但现在，甚至连他认识的一些达科他人——那些已经开始同化的人——也在谋杀定居者。
In his letters, Sibley was bitter.
西布利在信中满怀怨恨。
Quote, "A great public crime has been committed, not by wild Indians who did not know better, but by men who have had advantages, intercourse with white men."
引用：“一场重大的公共罪行已经犯下，不是由不懂事的野蛮印第安人犯下的，而是由那些拥有优势、与白人交往的人犯下的。”
In another he wrote, "Tame the Indian.
在另一篇文章中他写道：“驯服印第安人。
Cultivate him.
培养他。
Strive to Christianize him as you will.
尽你所能地努力使他基督教化。
And the sight of blood will, in an instant, call out the savage, wolfish, devilish instincts in his race."
一看到血，就会立刻唤起他种族中的野蛮、狼性、恶魔般的本能。”
Years before all this, Sibley had warned that if the federal government kept cheating Indians in treaties, the result would be war.
早在这一切发生之前的几年，西布利就警告说，如果联邦政府继续在条约中欺骗印第安人，结果将是战争。
Now that very thing was happening in his own state.
现在，这件事正在他自己的州发生。
And he himself had helped convinced the Indians to sign those crooked treaties.
他本人还帮助说服印第安人签署了那些不正当的条约。
But there was no indication Sibley took any blame, says Wingerd.
但温格德表示，没有迹象表明西布利承担了任何责任。
To me, it's perfectly plausible that he could deny to himself that all the things he did really hurt them.
对我来说，他完全有可能否认他所做的所有事情确实伤害了他们。
And if only they would accept the route to civilization and become farmers, they would be fine.
如果他们接受文明之路并成为农民，那就没问题了。
If only they would do it this way, they would be OK.
如果他们这样做的话，他们就没事了。
John Biewen Altogether in the six-week war, somewhere between 400 and 1,000 white people died, most of them settlers.
约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 在为期六周的战争中，总共有 400 至 1,000 名白人死亡，其中大多数是定居者。
Not as many Dakota died-- maybe 50 to 100 in the war itself.
达科他州的死亡人数并不多，大约有 50 到 100 人死于战争。
But payback was still to come.
但回报还在后面。
Our course, then, is plain-- the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state.
那么，我们的方针就很简单了——明尼苏达州的苏族印第安人必须被消灭或永远赶出该州的边界。
This is what Minnesota governor Alexander Ramsey said to a special session of the state legislature, during the war in September of 1862.
这是 1862 年 9 月战争期间明尼苏达州州长亚历山大·拉姆齐 (Alexander Ramsey) 在州议会特别会议上所说的话。
If any shall escape extinction, the wretched remnant must be driven beyond our borders and our frontier garrisoned with a force sufficient to forever prevent their return.
如果有任何人能够逃脱灭绝的命运，那么就必须将这些可怜的幸存者赶出我们的边界，并在我们的边境派驻足够的部队，以永远阻止他们的回归。
It's not surprising that white Minnesotans were enraged by the attacks.
明尼苏达白人对袭击事件感到愤怒并不奇怪。
But things got extreme.
但事情变得极端了。
A newspaper columnist named Jane Grey Swisshelm called for a bounty for Sioux scalps.
一位名叫简·格雷·瑞士赫尔姆（Jane Gray Swisshelm）的报纸专栏作家呼吁为苏族人的头皮提供赏金。
And months later, the state started offering $75 each, and eventually $200.
几个月后，该州开始提供每人 75 美元的补贴，最终达到 200 美元。
Chief Little Crow and a couple hundred of the most militant warriors had fled west, out of Minnesota.
小乌鸦酋长和数百名最激进的战士已经逃离明尼苏达州向西逃亡。
The rest of the Dakota people gathered voluntarily at a makeshift camp on the prairie to wait for Colonel Henry Sibley.
其余的达科他人自愿聚集在草原上的临时营地等待亨利·西布利上校。
Most were women, children, and old men who had not participated in the killing.
大多数是没有参与杀戮的妇女、儿童和老人。
Here's Gwen again.
格温又来了。
There are letters back and forth between Henry Sibley and the leaders on the Dakota side where he specifically said, come out under a flag of truce.
亨利·西布利和达科他州领导人之间有来回的信件，他特别表示，要在休战旗帜下出来。
You'll be protected.
你会受到保护。
I'll protect you.
我会保护你。
You have my word.
我向你保证。
And like some other promises that had been made along the way--
就像一路上做出的其他一些承诺一样——
The Dakota trusted Sibley's promise that only those who had murdered settlers would be punished.
达科他州相信西布利的承诺，即只有那些谋杀了定居者的人才会受到惩罚。
But the 1,700 Dakota civilians were marched 150 miles down the Minnesota River, a mini Trail of Tears.
但 1,700 名达科他州平民沿着明尼苏达河行进了 150 英里，形成了一条迷你泪水之路。
In towns along the way, white people attacked them with rocks, clubs, and knives.
在沿途的城镇里，白人用石头、棍棒和刀子攻击他们。
A half-Dakota man named Samuel Brown was long for the march, working for the government.
一位名叫塞缪尔·布朗（Samuel Brown）的达科他混血男子为政府工作，渴望参加游行。
He wrote in his diary that in the town of Henderson, a white woman grabbed a baby from a Dakota woman's arms and threw it at the ground, killing the baby.
他在日记中写道，在亨德森镇，一名白人妇女从一名达科他州妇女怀里抓起一个婴儿，扔到地上，导致婴儿死亡。
The Dakota walked for a week, says historian Mary Wingerd, until they reached their destination near St. Paul.
历史学家玛丽·温格德 (Mary Wingerd) 说，达科他号步行了一周，直到到达圣保罗附近的目的地。
What was essentially a concentration camp at Fort Snelling, where they were kept until the spring of 1863.
这里本质上是斯内林堡的一个集中营，他们一直被关在那里直到 1863 年春天。
And then they were transported to a reservation, Crow Creek, South Dakota.
然后他们被运送到南达科他州克罗溪的保留地。
It was in Dakota Territory, which was the next best thing to hell.
那是在达科他领地，那是仅次于地狱的地方。
And the death toll was just shocking.
死亡人数令人震惊。
Hundreds of Dakota, mostly children and old people, died of disease over the winter in Fort Snelling.
数百名达科他州人，其中大部分是儿童和老人，在斯内灵堡冬季死于疾病。
About 100 more died on boats that took them down the Mississippi and up the Missouri to Dakota Territory.
大约有 100 人死于密西西比河下游、密苏里河上游至达科他领地的船只上。
Still more hundreds died at the South Dakota reservation.
还有数百人在南达科他州保留地死亡。
As Wingerd puts it, this was the thanks most of the Dakota got for opposing the war.
正如温格德所说，这是大多数达科他州人因反对战争而得到的感谢。
They lost everything.
他们失去了一切。
They lost their lands.
他们失去了土地。
They lost all their annuities that were owed them from the treaties.
他们失去了条约所欠的所有年金。
These are people who are guilty of nothing.
这些人是无罪的。
John Biewen OK, I'm going to get some sound of the wind here.
John Biewen 好的，我要听听这里的风声。
Gwen and I are back in Mankato, my hometown, where she now teaches at the State University.
格温和我回到了我的家乡曼凯托，她现在在那里的州立大学任教。
It's windy, but otherwise a nice day in October.
虽然风很大，但十月的一天还是不错的。
We're in an old park, a favorite place of mine-- big trees with bright yellow leaves, picnic tables.
我们在一个古老的公园里，这是我最喜欢的地方——有亮黄色叶子的大树，还有野餐桌。
Alongside the park, the Blue Earth River, that I canoed on as a kid, flows into the Minnesota River.
在公园旁边，我小时候划独木舟的蓝地球河流入明尼苏达河。
And it was right down here, on this sandy river bank that my family used to build a fire and roast hot dogs and marshmallows and sit out here at night and have just a lovely time on a fall night like this.
就在这里，在这片沙质河岸上，我的家人过去常常生火、烤热狗和棉花糖，晚上坐在这里，在这样的秋夜里度过一段美好的时光。
This is where the Dakota men ended up-- the ones who turned themselves in after Henry Sibley promised to treat them fairly.
这就是达科他州男子的结局——这些人在亨利·西布利承诺公平对待他们后自首。
Sibley set up a kangaroo court out on the prairie and tried 400 of them in a few weeks.
西布利在草原上设立了一个袋鼠法庭，并在几周内对 400 只袋鼠进行了审判。
He didn't let the Dakota have lawyers or witnesses.
他没有让达科他州有律师或证人。
Some trials lasted five minutes.
有些试验持续了五分钟。
He named a panel of five US soldiers who had just been fighting against the Dakota to hand out verdicts and death sentences.
他任命了一个由五名刚刚与达科他州作战的美国士兵组成的小组来做出判决和死刑判决。
Sibley's court condemned 303 Dakota men.
西布利法院判处 303 名达科他州男子有罪。
A report was sent to President Lincoln on the plan to hang all of them.
一份关于绞死所有人的计划的报告已发送给林肯总统。
The president, fresh off the bloodiest day in American history at Antietam, was stunned by the long list.
总统刚刚在安提坦度过了美国历史上最血腥的一天，他对这份长长的名单感到震惊。
He ordered the Minnesotans to hold off on the hangings until his office could review the trial transcripts.
他命令明尼苏达人暂缓绞刑，直到他的办公室审查审判记录。
So they waited right here.
所以他们就在这里等待。
They called it Camp Lincoln.
他们称之为林肯营。
You can imagine teepees and fires and tents, soldiers.
你可以想象圆锥形帐篷、火、帐篷、士兵。
She points up at a high bluff across the river.
她指着河对岸的一处高高的悬崖。
Vengeful settlers would perch up there and shoot into the camp at the Dakota.
复仇心切的定居者会栖息在那里，向达科他州的营地开枪。
There were people who died here because of that.
有人因此而死在这里。
So a lot of people don't know that that's what was here.
所以很多人不知道这就是这里。
Or they think of Camp Lincoln, was near here, we don't know where.
或者他们想到了林肯营，就在附近，但我们不知道在哪里。
Or they don't think about it at all.
或者他们根本就没有考虑过这个问题。
I can tell you that growing up, I had no idea.
我可以告诉你，在成长过程中，我不知道。
Never heard of Camp Lincoln.
从来没有听说过林肯营。
For me and most people in Mankato, this was just Sibley Park.
对于我和曼凯托的大多数人来说，这就是西布利公园。
That's right-- Sibley Park, named after the man who led the charge to shove the Dakota off their homeland to make way for-- well, people like me.
没错——西布利公园，以那个带头将达科他人赶出家园的人的名字命名，为——嗯，像我这样的人让路。
There's a Henry Sibley High School in the Twin Cities.
双城有一所亨利·西布利高中。
Sibley County is just up the road from Mankato.
锡布利县位于曼凯托的路上。
Living in the South for more than a decade, I still shake my head a little at the highways and schools named after the great defenders of slavery-- Jeff Davis, Nathan Bedford Forrest.
在南方生活了十多年，我仍然对以奴隶制伟大捍卫者杰夫·戴维斯、内森·贝德福德·福雷斯特命名的高速公路和学校感到有点摇头。
Now here I am, well into middle age, and it's just now sinking in-- in my hometown, Sibley Park.
现在我已经到了中年，而我的家乡西布利公园刚刚开始融入其中。
In Washington, in the fall of 1862, President Lincoln was getting heated messages from the governor and others in Minnesota.
1862 年秋天，在华盛顿，林肯总统收到了来自明尼苏达州州长和其他人的激烈信息。
They said he'd better allow the hanging of the 303 Dakota men or else furious white people might go vigilante.
他们说他最好允许绞死 303 名达科他州男子，否则愤怒的白人可能会成为义务警员。
Lynch mobs formed in Mankato and other towns and had to be quelled by soldiers.
曼凯托和其他城镇出现了私刑暴徒，必须由士兵镇压。
Newspapers told horrifying stories that Dakota warriors had mutilated babies and raped countless settler women, though very few of those claims were ever backed up.
报纸报道了达科他州战士肢解婴儿并强奸无数定居妇女的可怕故事，尽管这些说法很少得到支持。
President Lincoln wired back to Minnesota.
林肯总统发回明尼苏达州。
And so Lincoln says, OK, so the ones who ought to be put to death are the ones who raped women.
所以林肯说，好吧，所以那些强奸妇女的人应该被处死。
So go through these cases and identify the ones who are guilty of violating women.
因此，请仔细检查这些案件并找出那些侵犯妇女的人。
And, as it turns out, they can only find two cases of rape.
事实证明，他们只能找到两起强奸案。
And hanging two Indians would not satisfy the people of Minnesota, the president was told.
总统被告知，绞死两名印第安人不会让明尼苏达州人民满意。
So Lincoln had his people review the trial transcripts for evidence that the men had attacked settlers, and not just shown up at battles.
因此，林肯让他的手下审查审判记录，寻找这些人攻击定居者的证据，而不仅仅是出现在战斗中。
In the end, Lincoln himself wrote out a list of 39 Dakota names-- later trimmed to 38.
最后，林肯亲自写下了一份包含 39 个达科他州名字的名单——后来缩减至 38 个。
The day after Christmas, those men were marched on to a big platform in Mankato's town square.
圣诞节后的第二天，这些人被游行到曼凯托城镇广场的一个大平台上。
Hoods were pulled over their heads.
头巾被拉到头上。
4,000 people had come from miles around to watch.
4,000 人从方圆几英里赶来观看。
The men held each other's hands and sang prayers till the moment the floor under them dropped away.
人们握着彼此的手，唱着祈祷歌，直到脚下的地板塌陷的那一刻。
They fell.
他们跌倒了。
And the chanting stopped.
吟诵声也停止了。
Little Crow was shot six months after the hangings.
小乌鸦在绞刑六个月后被枪杀。
And his scalp, skull, and wrist bones were displayed at the Minnesota Historical Society for decades.
他的头皮、头骨和腕骨在明尼苏达历史学会展出了数十年。
Mary Wingerd says, for a short time after the war, Minnesotans were triumphant at having beaten back the savage Indians.
玛丽·温格德说，战后的一段时间内，明尼苏达人因击退了野蛮的印第安人而得意洋洋。
They relished the story.
他们很喜欢这个故事。
So there's lots of dime novels coming out and panoramas that are created.
因此，有很多廉价小说问世，也有很多全景画被创作出来。
And the whole country is fascinated and mesmerized by this horrible thing that happened.
整个国家都对发生的这件可怕的事情感到着迷和迷惑。
Well, it doesn't take people in Minnesota very long to figure out, afterwards, this is really, really bad PR.
好吧，明尼苏达州的人们很快就会明白，事后，这真的是非常非常糟糕的公关。
This is not good.
这不好。
And how will we encourage people to come to Minnesota if they think they're going to be scalped the minute they step out of their cabin.
如果人们认为走出小屋的那一刻就会被剥头皮，我们将如何鼓励人们来到明尼苏达州。
So, she says, Minnesotans clammed up about the nastiness of 1862.
她说，因此，明尼苏达人对 1862 年的肮脏行为保持沉默。
Instead, they embraced a gauzy, fantastical version of the state's Indian heritage.
相反，他们拥抱了该州印度传统的薄纱、奇幻版本。
The message that boosters wanted to portray of Minnesota is that Minnesota was this beautiful, natural place and that we have these lovely legends of long-gone, noble savages.
支持者想要向明尼苏达传达的信息是，明尼苏达是一个美丽、自然的地方，我们有这些早已消失的高贵野蛮人的可爱传说。
So does that help explain how I could grow up in Minnesota 100 years later, in Mankato even, and not hear anything about all this history?
那么，这是否有助于解释为什么 100 年后我在明尼苏达州甚至曼凯托长大，却对所有这些历史一无所知？
Well, yes.
嗯，是的。
I think that explains a good part of it.
我认为这解释了其中的很大一部分。
I think people of your generation and my generation never really felt that Indians were really part of the past of this place-- that they were stories like Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox.
我认为你们这一代人和我这一代人从来没有真正感受到印第安人是这个地方过去的一部分——他们是像保罗·班扬和蓝牛贝比这样的故事。
John Biewen Today, visitors to Minneapolis can drive down Hiawatha Boulevard and visit Minnehaha Falls, references to Longfellow's romanticized poem, "Song of Hiawatha." Countless Minnesota businesses use native names and imagery-- Land O'Lakes butter, with its Indian maiden on the box.
约翰·比文 今天，明尼阿波利斯的游客可以驱车沿着海华沙大道 (Hiawatha Boulevard) 游览明尼哈哈瀑布 (Minnehaha Falls)，这里引用了朗费罗 (Longfellow) 的浪漫主义诗歌《海华沙之歌》(Song of Hiawatha)。无数明尼苏达州的企业都使用当地的名称和图像——Land O'Lakes 黄油，包装盒上印有印第安少女的图案。
There's a Little Crow country club.
有一个小乌鸦乡村俱乐部。
For years, the logo of the gas company-- Minnegasco-- was an Indian girl with a blue flame as the feather in her headdress.
多年来，明尼加斯科天然气公司的标志是一个头饰上插着蓝色火焰羽毛的印第安女孩。
There are probably other reasons white Minnesotans don't remember the US-Dakota War.
明尼苏达白人不记得美达科他战争可能还有其他原因。
I suspect a big one is we won.
我怀疑我们赢了一场大胜利。
Mary Wingerd and Gwen Westerman both say they routinely meet students who've grown up in the area and arrive at college with no knowledge of the US-Dakota War-- never heard of it.
玛丽·温格德和格温·韦斯特曼都表示，他们经常遇到在该地区长大的学生，他们刚上大学时对美达科他战争一无所知，甚至从未听说过。
Girls, let's pick up the balls, please.
姑娘们，请让我们把球捡起来吧。
Go grab a drink of water.
去喝点水吧。
I stopped by my old high school, Mankato West, to see what kids know now.
我去了我以前就读的曼卡托西高中，看看孩子们现在都知道什么。
I need five upperclassmen over here, quick.
我这里需要五个高年级学生，快点。
The girls' tennis coach rounded up a few seniors for an extremely unscientific survey.
女子网球教练召集了几位高年级学生进行了一项极其不科学的调查。
So what do you know about-- it's usually called, these days, the Dakota War, the US-Dakota War?
那么你知道什么——现在通常被称为达科他战争、美达科他战争吗？
I know it happened at the same time as the Civil War, which is why a lot of people don't know about it.
我知道它与内战同时发生，这就是为什么很多人不知道它。
But it was one of the biggest fights between Americans and the Native Americans.
但这是美国人和美洲原住民之间最大的战斗之一。
And we just talk about it like every year, basically.
基本上，我们每年都会谈论它。
It always comes up and they always say it's the biggest mass hanging.
它总是出现，他们总是说这是最大的悬挂物。
It's pretty sad that it had to happen here and that we're known for it.
令人遗憾的是，这种事竟然发生在这里，而且我们也因此而出名。
I did talk to other young people in southern Minnesota who knew nothing of the Dakota War.
我确实与明尼苏达州南部的其他年轻人交谈过，他们对达科他战争一无所知。
But things have changed since I was a kid.
但自从我还是个孩子以来，情况就发生了变化。
Every sixth grader in Minnesota is now supposed to learn about the war, at least a little.
现在明尼苏达州的每个六年级学生都应该了解战争，至少了解一点。
It's a week-long unit in the state's Minnesota History textbook.
这是明尼苏达州历史教科书中为期一周的单元。
In Mankato they do more.
在曼凯托，他们做得更多。
I met a teacher who spends twice as much time because of the local connection.
我遇到一位老师，因为当地的联系，他花了两倍的时间。
Every third grader goes to a Dakota powwow in September.
每个三年级学生都会在九月参加达科他州的祈祷活动。
But the quality of the teaching varies.
但教学质量参差不齐。
So show me you're prepared.
所以让我看看你已经准备好了。
John Biewen Monroe Elementary is just across the Minnesota River from the hanging site.
约翰·比文·门罗小学 (John Biewen Monroe Elementary) 与悬挂地点隔明尼苏达河相望。
Patricia Hammann is prepping her third grade class for the powwow.
帕特里夏·哈曼 (Patricia Hammann) 正在为她三年级的班级做祈祷仪式的准备。
I asked her how she presents the war of 1862, standing with her in front of her students.
我问她如何与她一起站在学生面前讲述 1862 年的战争。
We just talked about, like a conflict is a disagreement.
我们刚才谈到，冲突就是分歧。
And we talked how the Dakota Indians didn't know how to solve their conflicts.
我们谈到了达科他印第安人如何不知道如何解决他们的冲突。
And the only way they knew how to solve their disagreements was to fight, which we know, we don't fight when we solve conflicts.
他们知道如何解决分歧的唯一方法就是战斗，我们知道，解决冲突时我们不会战斗。
We use our words.
我们用我们的话。
But that was their only way that they knew how to solve a conflict.
但这是他们知道如何解决冲突的唯一方法。
They fought.
他们打架了。
And so then the white settlers needed to fight back to protect themselves.
因此，白人定居者需要反击以保护自己。
And then we talked about, people were killed.
然后我们谈到，人们被杀了。
And then we talked about how the Dakota Indians were--
然后我们谈论达科他印第安人是怎样的——
John Biewen My guess is that no Dakota children were in the room to take offense.
约翰·比文 我的猜测是，房间里没有达科他州的孩子会生气。
In 1863, Congress passed a law confiscating all the Dakota's land in Minnesota.
1863年，国会通过了一项法律，没收了达科他家族在明尼苏达州的所有土地。
President Lincoln signed it, effectively banishing the Dakota from the state.
林肯总统签署了该协议，实际上将达科他州驱逐出该州。
About 25 years later, Congress allowed some Dakota, who were considered "friendly," to return and establish small settlements in the state.
大约 25 年后，国会允许一些被认为“友好”的达科他州人返回并在该州建立小型定居点。
So today four Dakota communities are dotted across southern Minnesota.
因此，今天，四个达科他社区分布在明尼苏达州南部。
But for Gwen and all the other Dakota who grew up elsewhere, the federal expulsion from Minnesota-- their homeland-- is still on the books.
但对于格温和所有其他在其他地方长大的达科他州人来说，联邦驱逐出他们的祖国明尼苏达州的决定仍然存在。
How are things going to go is no walkers go past here.
如果没有行人经过这里，事情会怎样呢？
This past August, to mark the 150th anniversary of the start of the US-Dakota War, a symbolic walk home, organized by several Dakota bands and reservations.
今年 8 月，为纪念美达科他州战争爆发 150 周年，达科他州的几支乐队和保留地组织了一次具有象征意义的步行回家活动。
Gwen and I went.
我和格温去了。
Well, we're standing here today in the midst of cornfields on all sides of this intersection, under an incredibly beautiful blue sky, at the state line between South Dakota and Minnesota, as we make that walk back into Minnesota 150 years after we were forced to leave.
好吧，今天我们站在南达科他州和明尼苏达州之间的州界线这个十字路口四面八方的玉米地中间，在美丽得令人难以置信的蓝天下，在我们被迫离开 150 年后，我们徒步回到明尼苏达州。
John Biewen The highway patrol has closed off a section of road, where South Dakota's Highway 34 meets Minnesota Highway 30.
约翰·比文 (John Biewen) 高速公路巡逻队封锁了南达科他州 34 号高速公路与明尼苏达州 30 号高速公路交汇处的一段道路。
[HORSE NOISE] There are a dozen Dakota on horseback and many more on foot.
[马声] 有十几个达科他人骑马，还有更多的人步行。
A handful of white Minnesotans greet them with signs saying "Welcome home."
少数明尼苏达白人举着“欢迎回家”的标语迎接他们。
Thank you!
谢谢你！
Thank you for coming back!
谢谢你回来！
Thank you.
谢谢。
That's about as far as I can let you guys go.
我能放你们走的就这么多了。
--organizers ask reporters to turn off our equipment if we want to witness the ceremony up close.
——如果我们想近距离见证仪式，组织者要求记者关闭我们的设备。
Maybe 100 people form a big circle around eight older Dakota women.
也许有 100 个人围着 8 名年长的达科他州妇女围成一个大圈。
They pass eagle feathers across the line into Minnesota and sweep sage smoke on themselves.
他们将鹰的羽毛传递到明尼苏达州，并在自己身上喷洒鼠尾草烟雾。
There are prayers and tears.
有祈祷，有泪水。
[BACKGROUND CHATTER] Gwen Westerman I have a much different response than I had anticipated.
[背景闲聊] Gwen Westerman 我的反应与我的预期大不相同。
And I think it started yesterday when they told us that Governor Dayton had made today-- declared today-- a day of remembrance and reconciliation.
我认为事情是从昨天开始的，当时他们告诉我们，代顿州长已将今天（今天宣布）定为纪念与和解的一天。
And that he repudiated Governor Ramsey's words about extermination and exile.
他还否认拉姆齐州长关于灭绝和流放的言论。
Minnesota's governor, Mark Dayton, said he was appalled by Governor Ramsay's words in 1862.
明尼苏达州州长马克·戴顿 (Mark Dayton) 表示，他对拉姆齐州长 1862 年的言论感到震惊。
Dayton stated flatly that the US used deception and force to take Indian lands and broke its promises.
代顿斩钉截铁地表示，美国利用欺骗和武力夺取了印度土地，违背了承诺。
And when I heard that-- when I heard that, it was overwhelming in a way that I hadn't anticipated.
当我听到这个消息时——当我听到这个消息时，它以一种我没有预料到的方式压倒性的。
Because I thought it would be, yes!
因为我想，是的！
It's about time!
是时候了！
Or I don't know.
或者我不知道。
But that's not the way it felt.
但事实并非如此。
It was relief.
这是一种解脱。
It was an overwhelming feeling.
这是一种压倒性的感觉。
And I wanted to cry.
我想哭。
But I was in a restaurant.
但我当时在一家餐馆。
And I was glad I had sunglasses on.
我很高兴我戴着太阳镜。
So I held it together then.
所以我当时就把它放在一起。
But about two weeks ago, I was giving a presentation at the Minnesota Historical Society.
但大约两周前，我在明尼苏达历史学会做演讲。
And during the question session, somebody said, well, what do you want?
在提问环节，有人说，好吧，你想要什么？
Do you want reparations?
你想要赔偿吗？
And the person who asked the question was almost accusatory-- well, what do you want?
问这个问题的人几乎是指责——好吧，你想要什么？
What more do you want?
你还想要什么？
And I said, what we want is acknowledgment that this happened.
我说，我们想要的是承认这件事发生了。
And so, to hear what the governor did, this is a turning point.
所以，听听州长做了什么，这是一个转折点。
We want to be acknowledged.
我们希望得到认可。
And here it is.
就是这样。
John Biewen The history of every place is more complicated than the people who live there like to believe.
约翰·比文（John Biewen） 每个地方的历史都比居住在那里的人们想象的要复杂。
And every moment in history is just as complex as the moment we're living in right now.
历史上的每个时刻都和我们现在生活的时刻一样复杂。
I have a friend, Tim Tyson, a historian I work with at Duke, who points out that in his home state of North Carolina, up to one third of the white people were pro-Union during the Civil War.
我有一个朋友蒂姆·泰森（Tim Tyson），他是我在杜克大学共事的历史学家，他指出，在内战期间，在他的家乡北卡罗来纳州，多达三分之一的白人支持联邦。
And a year into the war-- 1862-- the state elected a governor who'd opposed both slavery and secession.
战争爆发一年后，即 1862 年，该州选出了一位反对奴隶制和分裂国家的州长。
And yet there's no memory that white people opposed the Civil War.
然而，人们不记得白人反对内战。
There's no memory that General Pickett, of Pickett's Charge, came to Kinston, North Carolina in 1864.
人们不记得皮克特将军于 1864 年来到北卡罗来纳州金斯顿。
And the first thing he did was he hanged 22 local white boys on the courthouse lawn because they were loyal to the United States government.
他做的第一件事就是在法院草坪上绞死了22名当地白人男孩，因为他们忠于美国政府。
And you go down to Kinston now and you go out to King's Barbecue and you look down the row of cars, at all those trucks and all those Confederate-flag bumper stickers.
现在你去金斯顿，去国王烧烤店，俯视一排汽车，所有那些卡车和所有那些邦联旗帜的保险杠贴纸。
And I just want to say, you don't know who you are.
我只想说，你不知道自己是谁。
They hanged your great-granddaddy.
他们绞死了你的曾祖父。
And you got their flag on your bumper.
你的保险杠上挂着他们的旗帜。
That's kind of interesting.
这有点有趣。
So we invent a fake history for ourselves that doesn't deal with the complexities.
所以我们为自己编造了一段不涉及复杂性的虚假历史。
And I think that, in some ways, that's what the South and the upper Midwest have in common is that there's a delusion at work about who we were.
我认为，在某些方面，南部和中西部北部的共同点是，人们对我们是谁存在一种错觉。
And that's why we have a hard time about who we are.
这就是为什么我们很难认清自己是谁。
So that the kind of self-congratulatory history that passes for heritage, it keeps us from seeing ourselves and doing better.
因此，那种被视为遗产的自我庆贺的历史，它让我们无法看到自己并做得更好。
One place to see fake history-- on a state flag of Minnesota.
一个可以看到虚假历史的地方——明尼苏达州的州旗。
The image on the flag, the state seal, was chosen by Henry Sibley.
国旗上的图案，即国家印章，是由亨利·西布利选择的。
It shows a white farmer behind a plow, tilling the soil.
它展示了一个白人农民在犁后面耕地。
He's looking up to watch an Indian ride away on a horse.
他抬头看着一个印第安人骑马远去。
In the original, he's literally riding into the sunset.
在原著中，他确实是在骑马进入日落。
The Indian looks back at the white man.
印第安人回头看着白人。
As far as you can tell, he's leaving willingly.
据你所知，他是自愿离开的。
Ira Glass John Biewen.
艾拉·格拉斯 约翰·比文。
John is the director of the audio program at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University.
约翰是杜克大学纪录片研究中心音频项目的主任。
And these days, if you liked this story, you can hear others like it.
如今，如果您喜欢这个故事，您也可以听到其他人喜欢它。
He's the producer of their Peabody-nominated podcast "Scene on Radio," now in its third season.
他是获得皮博迪提名的播客“Scene on Radio”的制作人，该播客现已进入第三季。
That's scene-- S-C-E-N-E on radio.
这就是广播中的场景——S-C-E-N-E。
Today's program was produced by me and Brian Reed, with Alex Blumberg, Ben Calhoun, Sarah Koenig, Jonathan Menjivar, Lisa Pollack, Robyn Semien, Alissa Shipp, and Nancy Updike.
今天的节目由我和布莱恩·里德、亚历克斯·布伦伯格、本·卡尔霍恩、莎拉·科尼格、乔纳森·门吉瓦、丽莎·波拉克、罗宾·塞米恩、艾丽莎·希普和南希·厄普代克共同制作。
Our senior producer for today's show is Julie Snyder.
我们今天节目的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德。
Mixing today by Stowe Nelson and our technical director, Matt Tierney.
今天由 Stowe Nelson 和我们的技术总监 Matt Tierney 进行混音。
Production help from Anna Martin, music help from Damian Graef, from Rob Geddes.
安娜·马丁 (Anna Martin) 提供制作帮助，达米安·格雷夫 (Damian Graef) 和罗布·格迪斯 (Rob Geddes) 提供音乐帮助。
Our actors today-- Jake Hart, Kobi Libii, Irma Laguerre, and John Ellison Conlee.
今天我们的演员——杰克·哈特、科比·利比、艾尔玛·拉盖尔和约翰·埃里森·康利。
Special thanks today to David Larsen, Tiokasin Ghosthorse, Seth Barrish, Diane Fraher, Gary Clayton Anderson, and Michelle Harris.
今天特别感谢 David Larsen、Tiokasin Ghosthorse、Seth Barrish、Diane Fraher、Gary Clayton Anderson 和 Michelle Harris。
Our website-- thisamericanlife.org-- where you can listen to our archive of over 600 episodes for absolutely free.
我们的网站 - thisamericanlife.org - 您可以完全免费收听我们存档的 600 多集节目。
This American Life is distributed by PRX, the Public Radio Exchange.
《美国生活》由公共广播电台 PRX 发行。
Thanks, as always, to our program's co-founder, Mr. Torey Malatia.
一如既往地感谢我们项目的联合创始人 Torey Malatia 先生。
I know what you're asking-- is the secret to his vast success a combination of deception, cunning, suavish good looks, rock hard abs, millions of dollars that he stole from a Federal Reserve armored car, Brylcreem, and the ability to change into a tiny little mouse and crawl into any space at will?
我知道你在问什么——他取得巨大成功的秘诀是：欺骗、狡猾、英俊的外表、坚如磐石的腹肌、他从美联储装甲车 Brylcreem 偷来的数百万美元，以及变成一只小老鼠并随意爬入任何空间的能力？
Is it?
是吗？
Well, I'm not going to say that.
好吧，我不会这么说。
But, yes, it is.
但是，是的，确实如此。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
This American Life This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
This American Life This American Life 与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。