473: Loopholes - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #473 | August 24, 2012 473: Loopholes Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 473 集 | 2012 年 8 月 24 日 473：漏洞 注：《This American Life》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass Well, it's just like they say in Us Weekly, people in the 18th century, they're just like us.
序言 Ira Glass 嗯，就像《美国周刊》上说的，18 世纪的人们，他们就像我们一样。
At least they are when they're not in situations like the one I'm about to describe to you.
至少当他们没有处于我即将向您描述的那种情况时，他们是这样的。
It's 1761, Austria, cue the Mozart music, which, by an act of Congress in 1974, is required in any Public Radio story like this.
这是 1761 年的奥地利，提示莫扎特音乐，根据 1974 年国会法案，任何此类公共广播故事都需要莫扎特音乐。
Mozart, please.
莫扎特，请。
[MUSIC PLAYING] Ava Litzelfelnerin gets married.
[音乐播放] Ava Litzelfelnerin 结婚了。
She's 25, moves from her parents' farm to her husband's farm 16 miles away, which back then seemed really, really far away.
她今年 25 岁，从父母的农场搬到了 16 英里外丈夫的农场，当时看起来真的非常非常遥远。
She feels like she's in a foreign country when she's moved these 16 miles to the new village.
当她搬到这 16 英里外的新村时，她感觉自己好像身处异国他乡。
And she says things like, oh, I don't know what the local customs are here.
她会说，哦，我不知道这里的风俗习惯是什么。
That's Kathy Stuart, a professor of history at the University of California Davis.
那是凯西·斯图尔特 (Kathy Stuart)，加州大学戴维斯分校历史学教授。
She says that from hundreds of pages of archived criminal testimony, we know that this was an arranged marriage, that Ava met her husband days before the wedding, and that Ava's new mother-in-law dominated the household, wouldn't even let Ava give gifts to the neighbors when she moved in.
她说，从数百页存档的犯罪证词中，我们知道这是一场包办婚姻，艾娃在婚礼前几天认识了她的丈夫，艾娃的新婆婆在家里占主导地位，甚至不让艾娃搬进来时给邻居送礼物。
The mother-in-law gave the field hands smaller portions of food than Ava thought was right, and she wouldn't let Ava change it or take charge.
婆婆给田间工作人员的食物份量比艾娃认为合适的要少，而且她不会让艾娃改变它或负责。
Ava tells people how unhappy she is in this new life far from the life she'd known.
艾娃告诉人们，她在这种与她熟悉的生活相去甚远的新生活中是多么不快乐。
She is constantly articulating to her husband, her brother, her mother that she wants to leave this world, and she can find no happiness in this world.
她不断地向她的丈夫、她的兄弟、她的母亲表达她想离开这个世界，她在这个世界上找不到幸福。
And the only response she gets is go home and pray and work.
她得到的唯一回应就是回家祈祷和工作。
So she decides to end her life, but there's a problem.
所以她决定结束自己的生命，但有一个问题。
At the time, suicide was considered a worse sin than murder.
当时，自杀被认为是比谋杀更严重的罪过。
Kathy Stuart says the logic was, if you committed a murder, you could confess your sin, and if you were truly repentant, you could get yourself into Heaven.
凯西·斯图尔特说，逻辑是，如果你犯了谋杀罪，你就可以承认你的罪，如果你真正悔改，你就可以进入天堂。
Obviously, if you kill yourself, you don't get that chance, and you are doomed to eternal damnation.
显然，如果你自杀了，你就没有这个机会，你注定会受到永恒的诅咒。
And Ava did not want to go to Hell, but she thought of a loophole-- a morbid, little loophole.
艾娃并不想下地狱，但她想到了一个漏洞——一个病态的小漏洞。
She thought, OK, wait a minute.
她想，好吧，等一下。
What if I commit suicide in a way that is really slow and secret.
如果我以一种非常缓慢且秘密的方式自杀怎么办？
And I can get myself to a priest on time to confess before I die, and then nobody need know that I committed suicide, and I'll get to Heaven anyway.
我可以在死前准时向牧师忏悔，然后没有人会知道我是自杀的，而且无论如何我都会去天堂。
So what she does is, she goes to a nearby town, and she goes from store to store trying to buy arsenic.
所以她所做的是，她去了附近的一个城镇，从一家商店到另一家商店试图购买砒霜。
She testifies later this turns out to be really, really hard.
她后来证明这真的非常非常困难。
Arsenic is a controlled substance.
砷是受管制物质。
Nobody wants to sell it to her.
没有人愿意卖给她。
Finally, she makes up a story about working for a farmer who has a rodent problem, which works.
最后，她编造了一个为一位有啮齿动物问题的农民工作的故事，这很有效。
And then she goes home and she takes the arsenic.
然后她回家并拿走了砒霜。
But she takes apparently just a little bit of arsenic, the way she describes it, as much as you could get on the point of a butter knife.
但据她描述，她显然只摄入了一点点砷，就像黄油刀刀尖上所能摄入的一样多。
It's delicate, right?
很精致，对吧？
She wants to take enough arsenic that it'll kill her, but not so much that it'll kill her quickly.
她想要服用足够的砒霜来杀死她，但又不想服用太多，以免很快杀死她。
She needs time to get to a priest first to confess the sin.
她需要时间先去找牧师认罪。
So she takes this little bit of arsenic.
所以她就服用了这一点砒霜。
But apparently it was enough to make her violently ill, and for a week, every time she ate, she vomited.
但显然这足以让她病得很厉害，整整一个星期，她每次吃东西都会呕吐。
But it wasn't enough to make her think that she was now going to die.
但这还不足以让她觉得自己快要死了。
So she never goes to the priest.
所以她从不去找牧师。
Figuring out the proper dosage, she testifies later, is just a vexing problem that she doesn't know how to solve.
她后来证实，找出合适的剂量只是一个她不知道如何解决的棘手问题。
And she gives up that plan, which brings her to a much more disturbing plan.
她放弃了这个计划，这给她带来了一个更令人不安的计划。
She decides to do something that, to us, to our modern sensibility, is so much worse than killing yourself.
她决定做一些对我们、对我们现代人来说比自杀更糟糕的事情。
From our point of view, she decides to do one of the worst things a person could possibly do.
从我们的角度来看，她决定做一个人可能做的最糟糕的事情之一。
She decides, I'm going to murder a child.
她决定，我要谋杀一个孩子。
That's right.
这是正确的。
She's going to murder a child to help herself get into Heaven.
她要谋杀一个孩子来帮助自己进入天堂。
And incredibly, Kathy Stuart says this was a common strategy around that time for people who wanted to kill themselves.
令人难以置信的是，凯西·斯图尔特说，这是当时想要自杀的人的常见策略。
She came across a case like this and then went looking for others like it.
她遇到了这样的案例，然后又去寻找其他类似的案例。
And now she has found around 300, most of them women.
现在她已经找到了大约 300 人，其中大多数是女性。
These people don't want to go to Hell.
这些人不想下地狱。
So the option that they choose is to commit a capital crime.
所以他们选择的选择就是犯下死罪。
Immediately upon committing the crime, they run to the court.
犯罪后，他们立即跑到法庭。
They confess what they have done, and they essentially demand their own execution.
他们承认自己的所作所为，并且本质上是要求自己被处决。
So they demand execution knowing that before they go to the gallows, they will have a chance to confess.
因此，他们要求执行死刑，因为他们知道在上绞刑架之前，他们将有机会认罪。
And if they're truly repentant, they'll go to Heaven.
如果他们真正悔改，他们就会去天堂。
And why kill a child?
为什么要杀一个孩子？
They kill a child because the child is seen as being in a state of innocence.
他们杀死一个孩子，因为孩子被视为处于无辜状态。
So you might possibly be doing the child a favor, because the child will also go to Heaven.
所以你可能是在帮孩子一个忙，因为孩子也会去天堂。
You will go to Heaven.
你会去天堂。
It's kind of a win-win situation.
这是一种双赢的局面。
There's a happy ending for all.
所有人都有一个幸福的结局。
Yes, the classic happy ending.
是的，经典的幸福结局。
An innocent child gets an untimely death.
一个无辜的孩子英年早逝。
Ava has to try this twice before she succeeds.
艾娃必须尝试两次才能成功。
The first time, she pushes a boy, who is described as being tall as a chair, into a river.
第一次，她把一个据称像椅子一样高的男孩推入河中。
But then someone spots them, and it seems like that person might rescue the boy.
但后来有人发现了他们，看来那个人可能会救那个男孩。
And so she decides, well, she should just rescue the boy herself.
所以她决定，好吧，她应该亲自去救这个男孩。
And then the boy ends up running away, and it doesn't work out.
然后男孩最终逃跑了，但没有成功。
The second time, she wanders to a nearby village called Traun, which has a little waterfall.
第二次，她漫步到附近一个叫特劳恩的村庄，那里有一个小瀑布。
She walks by a house, notices some baby clothes on a clothesline.
她走过一所房子，注意到晾衣绳上有一些婴儿衣服。
Ava steals the baby, who is this couple's only child.
艾娃偷走了婴儿，这是这对夫妇唯一的孩子。
The woman's 37.
女方37岁。
The man is 58.
该男子今年 58 岁。
Ava throws the baby into the river and then turns herself in.
艾娃将婴儿扔进河里，然后自首。
Later, interestingly, when she's interrogated, she never actually seems too regretful about what she has done to this other family.
后来，有趣的是，当她接受审讯时，她似乎从未对自己对另一个家庭所做的事情感到太后悔。
Just before her ultimate condemnation, in the last interrogation the interrogator asks her, is there anything else you want to say?
就在她最终受到谴责之前，在最后一次审讯中，审讯者问她，你还有什么话想说吗？
Is there any regret you want to express?
有什么遗憾想要表达的吗？
And again, she expresses regret for the distress and dishonor that she has caused her husband and her family.
她再次对自己给丈夫和家人带来的痛苦和耻辱表示遗憾。
But she never even mentions the child or the child's parents.
但她甚至从未提到过孩子或孩子的父母。
And I thought that was quite striking.
我认为这非常引人注目。
Well, she's not sorry.
嗯，她并不后悔。
Kathy Stuart No, she's not sorry, one might say.
凯西·斯图尔特：不，有人可能会说她并不后悔。
So she's not going to Heaven, right?
所以她不会去天堂，对吗？
She's not sorry for the murder.
她对谋杀并不感到抱歉。
This whole plan of hers is not going to work.
她的这整个计划是行不通的。
Well, the pastor will say to the person being executed, do you think God can be fooled in this manner?
那么，牧师会对被处决的人说，你认为上帝会被这样愚弄吗？
You know that by doing this, you actually have committed suicide and so forth.
你知道这样做实际上是自杀等等。
And so the pastors really do address that theological problem, that this is a loophole.
所以牧师们确实解决了这个神学问题，这是一个漏洞。
You're trying to cheat God.
你试图欺骗上帝。
But because they have enough time, the condemned criminal can say, oh, yes, I was trying to cheat God.
但因为他们有足够的时间，被判刑的罪犯可以说，哦，是的，我试图欺骗上帝。
I was trying to commit suicide, and I repent.
我曾经想自杀，现在我后悔了。
So confession takes care of it all.
所以忏悔就能解决一切。
It doesn't seem fair.
这似乎不公平。
Kathy Stuart No, it really doesn't.
凯西·斯图尔特：不，确实不是。
Kathy Stuart says these kinds of suicides, suicides by proxy, she calls them, started in the mid 1600s.
凯西·斯图尔特 (Kathy Stuart) 表示，这种自杀行为（她称之为“代理自杀”）始于 1600 年代中期。
By 1700, officials in European cities were starting to notice this new trend of people murdering children so that they would get executed.
到了 1700 年，欧洲城市的官员开始注意到人们谋杀儿童以将其处决的新趋势。
And the officials tried to adjust the laws to stop it.
官员们试图调整法律来阻止这种情况。
In 1702, officials in Nuremberg made the execution more painful and shameful for these cases.
1702年，纽伦堡官员对这些案件的处决变得更加痛苦和耻辱。
It didn't work.
它不起作用。
In 1767, they finally do the only logical thing to close this loophole.
1767 年，他们终于做了唯一合乎逻辑的事情来堵住这个漏洞。
People are killing children because they want to get the death penalty.
人们杀害儿童是因为他们想被判处死刑。
OK, they remove the death penalty for this kind of case.
好的，他们取消了对这种案件的死刑。
That didn't work either.
那也没用。
Cases keep happening until the early decades of the 19th century.
直到 19 世纪初期，这种情况不断发生。
So it really seems like people didn't get the memo.
所以看起来人们确实没有收到备忘录。
It probably dissuaded some people, but people keep doing it.
它可能劝阻了一些人，但人们仍然这样做。
Today on our show, we have a story about this cat-and-mouse game where rules are set, and someone tries to bend around the rules to get what they want.
今天在我们的节目中，我们有一个关于猫捉老鼠游戏的故事，规则已经制定，有人试图绕过规则来得到他们想要的东西。
As any parent knows, starting pretty much as soon as a child is able to understand the fact that rules exist-- you know, don't touch the stove; don't put that in your nose-- they start to test the boundaries of the rule, to poke at it, to look for loopholes.
正如任何父母都知道的那样，当孩子能够理解规则存在的事实时，就开始了——你知道，不要碰炉子；不要碰火炉。不要把它放在你的鼻子里——他们开始测试规则的界限，刺探它，寻找漏洞。
Today we have the story of somebody who takes pleasure in doing just that.
今天我们要讲的是一个乐于这样做的人的故事。
He takes pleasure in the ingenuity of it, of finding a loophole that nobody else has noticed, and exploiting it as long as he can until the authorities notice him.
他对它的独创性感到高兴，发现一个别人没有注意到的漏洞，并尽可能地利用它，直到当局注意到他为止。
From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life, distributed by Public Radio International.
这是来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》，由国际公共广播电台发行。
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
Joseph Caramadre is a wealthy philanthropist and a devout Catholic.
约瑟夫·卡拉马德雷 (Joseph Caramadre) 是一位富有的慈善家和虔诚的天主教徒。
In his huge house in the Providence suburbs, he has a near-life-size statue of Saint Joseph displayed in its own alcove in the living room.
在他位于普罗维登斯郊区的大房子里，他在客厅的壁龛里陈列着一尊接近真人大小的圣约瑟夫雕像。
He's given millions of dollars to charities, especially the Catholic Church.
他向慈善机构，特别是天主教堂捐赠了数百万美元。
In 2009, the local United Way gave him one of its highest individual honors-- the Tocqueville Society Philanthropy Award-- for his work on behalf of more than 40 different charities.
2009 年，当地联合慈善总会授予他最高个人荣誉之一——托克维尔协会慈善奖，以表彰他为 40 多个不同慈善机构所做的工作。
Joseph Caramadre is also, depending on who you talk to, either a criminal mastermind, or just a regular, law-abiding guy, who managed to take advantage of loopholes to turn the tables on some of the largest corporations in the country and beat them at their own game.
约瑟夫·卡拉马德雷（Joseph Caramadre）也可能是一个犯罪策划者，或者只是一个守法的普通人，这取决于你与谁交谈，他设法利用漏洞扭转了国内一些最大公司的局面，并在他们自己的游戏中击败了他们。
Jake Bernstein from ProPublica teams up with Alex Blumberg from our own Planet Money team to tell the story.
ProPublica 的 Jake Bernstein 与我们 Planet Money 团队的 Alex Blumberg 合作讲述了这个故事。
Before the criminal indictment, before the lawsuits, before the exposes on the local news, Joseph Caramadre had a prosperous business doing estate planning.
在受到刑事起诉之前，在诉讼之前，在当地新闻曝光之前，约瑟夫·卡拉马德（Joseph Caramadre）的遗产规划生意很红火。
He helped rich people prepare for their deaths, everything from taxes to life insurance.
他帮助富人为他们的死亡做好准备，从税收到人寿保险。
To give you a sense of what kind of guy he is, what makes him so good at this job, consider this story.
为了让你了解他是一个什么样的人，是什么让他如此擅长这份工作，请考虑这个故事。
He was at a local office superstore, and they were selling calendars with coupons on each page.
他在当地的一家办公超市，他们正在出售日历，每页都带有优惠券。
He saw one of these coupon to that said $25 off any piece of office furniture.
他看到其中一张优惠券，上面写着任何一件办公家具可减 25 美元。
He read the fine print and realized the lawyers who wrote the language in that coupon had forgotten a key clause.
他读了细则，意识到在优惠券中书写语言的律师忘记了一个关键条款。
I noticed that mistake there.
我注意到那里的错误。
It was normal for me to notice it.
我注意到这一点很正常。
I'm kind of hard wired for this.
我对此有点生硬。
Wait.
等待。
What was the mistake?
错在哪里？
Joseph Caramadre The mistake was that they meant $25 off of any piece of furniture over $200.
Joseph Caramadre 错误在于，他们的意思是任何超过 200 美元的家具可享受 25 美元的折扣。
They forgot the over $200 part.
他们忘记了超过 200 美元的部分。
So all the coupons were issued $25 off of any piece of furniture.
因此，所有的优惠券对于任何一件家具都可以享受 25 美元的折扣。
And there was lots of furniture that was less than $25?
还有很多低于 25 美元的家具？
It was even worse than that.
比那更糟糕。
There was stuff $40 on sale for $25.
40 美元的东西现在特价 25 美元。
Caramadre bought all the calendars he could.
卡拉马德买下了他能买的所有日历。
He bought so many of them, he says, they gave him a discount.
他说，他买了很多，他们给了他折扣。
And when that month for that $25 off coupon rolled around, he showed up at the store, and bought every piece of furniture under $25 he could find.
当那个月 25 美元优惠券到期时，他出现在商店，买下了他能找到的所有 25 美元以下的家具。
And they rang it up.
他们就挂了电话。
All right, it's $1200.
好吧，1200 美元。
And I just pull out a stack of coupons and say, all right, we're even.
我只是拿出一叠优惠券说，好吧，我们扯平了。
And the face on the managers-- the expression on the poor manager's face was such that the poor guy said I'm going to lose my job.
经理们的表情——可怜的经理脸上的表情让这个可怜的家伙说我要失业了。
I said it's not your fault that Legal doesn't know what the hell they're doing.
我说法律部门不知道他们到底在做什么，这不是你的错。
Who does this?
谁做这个？
Think of the effort involved.
想想所涉及的努力。
He had to read through 12 months of the fine print, buy all those calendars, remember the scheme, and come back several months later to claim his prize.
他必须阅读 12 个月的细则，购买所有这些日历，记住该计划，并在几个月后回来领取奖金。
And for what?
为了什么？
$1,200 of cheap office furniture that he didn't even need.
价值 1,200 美元的廉价办公家具，他甚至都不需要。
He actually had to borrow a truck from a friend to take it all home, where he says he stored some of it in his garage and gave some to friends, family, and charity.
实际上，他不得不从朋友那里借了一辆卡车才能将所有东西带回家，他说他将其中一些存放在车库里，并将一些送给了朋友、家人和慈善机构。
Joseph Caramadre has a compulsion for loopholes, for seeing the angle in a deal and exploiting it.
约瑟夫·卡拉马德雷 (Joseph Caramadre) 有一种钻漏洞的冲动，喜欢从交易中洞察角度并加以利用。
In fact, when he discovers schemes like this, he calls them his creations.
事实上，当他发现这样的计划时，他称它们为自己的创造。
He actually numbers them.
他实际上给他们编号。
There have been 19 of them in his lifetime, he says.
他说，他一生中遇到过 19 个这样的人。
The office furniture one was number four.
办公家具排名第四。
And it is number 18 we're talking about today, the one that first landed him in trouble.
我们今天讨论的是第 18 号，也是第一个让他陷入困境的号码。
The seeds of number 18 came in the mid 1990s, in a place most of us would probably consider more likely to put us to sleep than spark an idea.
18 号种子出现在 20 世纪 90 年代中期，我们大多数人可能会认为这个地方更可能让我们昏昏欲睡，而不是激发一个想法。
One of the insurance companies was giving a seminar to agents, which I am a life insurance agent, where they were espousing the benefits of their variable annuities.
其中一家保险公司正在为代理人举办研讨会，我是一名人寿保险代理人，他们在会上宣扬可变年金的好处。
This is the part of the story where we have to explain what a variable annuity is.
这是故事的一部分，我们必须解释什么是可变年金。
Yeah, but don't worry.
是的，但别担心。
It's not that complex.
事情没那么复杂。
The variable annuity was a product that was just becoming popular around the time Joe went to the seminar.
可变年金是乔参加研讨会期间刚刚流行的产品。
And though they were sold by life insurance companies, they were very different from a traditional life insurance policy.
尽管它们是由人寿保险公司出售的，但它们与传统的人寿保险保单有很大不同。
A life insurance policy, you pay a little bit of money each year and, if you die, your beneficiaries, your spouse, your kids, will get a big payout.
一份人寿保险单，您每年支付一点钱，如果您去世，您的受益人、您的配偶、您的孩子将获得一大笔赔偿。
Variable annuities are more like an investment.
可变年金更像是一种投资。
You have, say, a million dollars, and you purchase an annuity, which is then invested in a variety of different funds that you select-- mutual funds, stocks, bonds.
比如说，你有一百万美元，你购买了一份年金，然后投资于你选择的各种不同的基金——共同基金、股票、债券。
The insurance companies give you an array of choices, and you tell them which funds get the money.
保险公司给你一系列的选择，你告诉他们哪些基金可以得到钱。
This is the variable part of the equation.
这是方程的变量部分。
Now, you might be wondering, why not just put the money in a mutual fund yourself?
现在，您可能想知道，为什么不自己把钱存入共同基金呢？
Why go through the insurance company at all?
为什么要通过保险公司？
Well, one of the main reasons, the insurance company has offered something called a death benefit guarantee.
嗯，主要原因之一是保险公司提供了一种叫做死亡抚恤金保证的东西。
With the death benefit guarantee, say you invest a million dollars, but the market crashes, and so does your investment.
有了死亡抚恤金保证，假设您投资了一百万美元，但市场崩溃了，您的投资也随之崩溃。
If you should die before the investment recovers, your beneficiary gets the original million, even if the account is worth half of that.
如果您在投资收回之前去世，您的受益人将获得最初的一百万美元，即使该帐户的价值只有一半。
You get all the upside without the downside.
你会得到所有的好处而没有坏处。
All upside, no downside.
都是优点，没有缺点。
This is the Holy Grail for any investor.
这是任何投资者的圣杯。
Most investment managers will tell you it's impossible.
大多数投资经理会告诉你这是不可能的。
You can't get reward without risk.
没有风险就无法获得回报。
Yet here it was, sitting before Caramadre, the proverbial free lunch-- with one very big catch.
然而，就在卡拉马德面前，这就是众所周知的免费午餐——但有一个很大的问题。
That's really not a free lunch.
这确实不是免费的午餐。
I have to die.
我必须死。
To most of us, that having to die part, that would be a deal breaker, a sign to walk away.
对于我们大多数人来说，必须死去，这将是一个交易破坏者，一个离开的信号。
But to Caramadre, he could tell there was a creation in here somewhere, he just needed to find the loophole.
但对卡拉马德来说，他知道这里的某个地方有造物，他只需要找到漏洞即可。
All we need to do is replace the necessity of the investor having to die with someone else dying.
我们需要做的就是用其他人的死亡来取代投资者必须死亡的必要性。
So if we could transfer and get a substitute life, we've effectively accomplished the investor not needing to die.
因此，如果我们能够转移并获得替代生命，我们实际上就实现了投资者的免死。
Joe started reading through prospectuses, the 100-page documents filled with legalese that explain the rules of each annuity plan.
乔开始阅读招股说明书，这是一份长达 100 页的文件，里面充满了解释每个年金计划规则的法律术语。
Lots of companies offered these annuities, Transamerica-- ING, MetLife, Nationwide.
许多公司都提供这些年金，Transamerica-- ING、MetLife、Nationwide。
And it turns out, the way these variable annuity contracts were written, there was a loophole.
事实证明，这些可变年金合同的签订方式存在漏洞。
Every annuity has three participants.
每个年金都有三名参与者。
There's the investor.
那里有投资者。
That's the person who's putting up the million dollars, say.
比如说，就是那个捐出数百万美元的人。
There's the beneficiary, the person who gets the money if the death benefit is triggered.
有受益人，即在触发死亡抚恤金时获得金钱的人。
And then there's a third party called an annuitant, or what's known as a measuring life.
还有一个第三方，称为年金受益人，或者所谓的测量寿命。
And this third category, that annuitant person, that's where the loophole was found.
第三类，即年金领取者，就是漏洞所在。
The way the insurance companies intended it to work, the way it worked most of the time, was that the investor and the annuitant were the same person.
保险公司希望其运作方式（大多数时候）是投资者和年金受益人是同一个人。
For example, I, Jake Bernstein, put up a million dollars to purchase an annuity.
例如，我，杰克·伯恩斯坦，投入一百万美元购买年金。
And if I, Jake Bernstein, die, then the death benefit gets triggered.
如果我，杰克·伯恩斯坦去世，就会触发死亡抚恤金。
I'm the investor.
我是投资者。
I'm also the annuitant.
我也是年金领取者。
The beneficiary would usually be a family member.
受益人通常是家庭成员。
But Caramadre discovered legally you could set it up a different way.
但卡拉马德发现，在法律上你可以用不同的方式来设置它。
There was no requirement in the contracts that the annuitant be the investor.
合同中没有要求年金受益人必须是投资者。
In fact, there was no requirement that the annuitant have any relationship to the investor at all.
事实上，并没有要求年金受益人与投资者有任何关系。
So in theory, I, Alex Blumberg, could put up a million dollars, but I could find someone else, my ailing grandmother or a perfect stranger, to be the annuitant, to be the person whose demise triggers the death benefit.
因此，从理论上讲，我，亚历克斯·布隆伯格，可以拿出一百万美元，但我可以找到其他人，我生病的祖母或一个完全陌生的人，作为年金受益人，作为死亡触发死亡抚恤金的人。
If you can get a short life expectancy, you will be able to have your cake and eat it.
如果你能获得较短的预期寿命，那么你就能鱼与熊掌兼得。
You'll be able to invest any way you want to in these mutual funds and know it's like going to the horses.
您将能够以任何您想要的方式投资这些共同基金，并且知道这就像骑马一样。
When you leave the horse track, if you won, you keep the winnings.
当您离开赛马场时，如果您获胜，您将保留奖金。
If you lose, they give you your money back.
如果你输了，他们会把钱退给你。
Now, there are laws against using insurance to profit from the deaths of strangers.
现在，有法律禁止利用保险从陌生人的死亡中获利。
You don't want people taking out an insurance contract on the neighbor down the street and then killing them.
你不希望人们为街上的邻居购买保险合同，然后杀死他们。
But according to a Rhode Island federal court, an annuity is fundamentally different than life insurance.
但根据罗德岛州联邦法院的说法，年金与人寿保险有着根本的不同。
So those laws about insuring strangers, they don't apply.
所以那些关于为陌生人提供保险的法律并不适用。
Which meant Caramadre's creation was almost complete.
这意味着卡拉马德的创作即将完成。
But before he brought it to his clients, he needed to test it, so he decided to buy one himself.
但在将其带给客户之前，他需要对其进行测试，因此他决定自己购买一个。
He started small, an annuity for just $10,000.
他一开始规模很小，年金只有 10,000 美元。
He was the investor.
他是投资者。
His wife Paula was the beneficiary.
他的妻子保拉是受益人。
All he needed was an annuitant who might not be around for long.
他所需要的只是一个可能不会呆太久的年金领取人。
In this case, it was a friend of the family I knew that our family in church was praying for because they had cancer, and I was helping to straighten out the estate of the family.
在这个例子中，我认识的一个朋友在教堂里为我们一家人祈祷，因为他们患有癌症，而我正在帮助整理这个家庭的财产。
So I happened to know the person and just asked them, can I use them as a measuring life.
所以我碰巧认识这个人，就问他们，我可以用他们来衡量人生吗？
Was that-- were you nervous to first have that conversation?
那是——你对第一次谈话感到紧张吗？
Yeah, I would say I was a little bit nervous, because we're talking about someone dying, and no one wants to talk about death.
是的，我想说我有点紧张，因为我们正在谈论某人的死亡，但没有人愿意谈论死亡。
I think a lot of my success in the life insurance industry has been because I always treat death as a part of life, and it's very easy for me to talk about it.
我认为我在人寿保险行业的成功很大程度上是因为我始终将死亡视为生命的一部分，而且我很容易谈论它。
I'm around death all the time.
我一直都在死亡的边缘。
Estate planning is all about death planning.
遗产规划就是关于死亡规划。
So, for me, it was-- basically, I guess I might have been the first one to ever ask anyone, can we use their name and their health status for the benefit of others.
所以，对我来说，基本上，我想我可能是第一个问任何人我们是否可以使用他们的名字和健康状况来造福他人的人。
Yes, I was a little nervous, but then, on the other hand, if the person didn't want to do it, they didn't have to do it.
是的，我有点紧张，但另一方面，如果这个人不想这样做，他们就不必这样做。
This was an opportunity for me to test something.
这是我测试一些东西的机会。
And if it worked, then I could bring it into more of a multiple use.
如果它有效，那么我可以将它更多地用于多种用途。
And it was also an opportunity for the annuitant, who was very sick and maybe struggling financially, to get some money.
对于病重且可能经济困难的年金受益人来说，这也是一个获得一些钱的机会。
Caramadre says he initially paid this family friend around $500 for his signature and permission to use his name, date of birth, and social security number on the annuity form.
卡拉马德说，他最初向这位家庭朋友支付了大约 500 美元，要求他签名并允许他在年金表格上使用他的姓名、出生日期和社会安全号码。
Now, a lot of people might find this gross, taking a person's most vulnerable, emotional moment and turning it into an opportunity for financial gain.
现在，很多人可能会觉得这种做法很恶心，把一个人最脆弱、最情绪化的时刻变成了获取经济利益的机会。
But on the other hand, this isn't trying to upsell a grieving family on a super deluxe casket.
但另一方面，这并不是试图向悲伤的家庭推销超级豪华的棺材。
Sure, Caramadre and his clients were going to benefit.
当然，卡拉马德和他的客户将会受益。
But Caramadre was giving this man and his family money, not taking money from them.
但卡拉马德给了这个人和他的家人钱，而不是从他们那里拿钱。
On the application, the insurance companies only asked one question that touched on what Caramadre was planning to do.
在申请中，保险公司只问了一个涉及 Caramadre 计划做什么的问题。
That single question?
那一个问题？
What is the relationship between the investor and the annuitant.
投资者和年金受益人之间是什么关系？
But they don't ask how healthy is he?
但他们不问他健康状况如何？
They don't say, is he in a hospital?
他们没有说，他在医院吗？
Is he in a hospice?
他在临终关怀医院吗？
None of that stuff.
没有那些东西。
No, not at all.
不，一点也不。
Alex Blumberg Within a few months, Caramadre's first annuitant died.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格 (Alex Blumberg) 几个月内，卡拉马德的第一个年金受益人去世了。
Caramadre paid his respects to this family and submitted the death claim.
卡拉马德雷向这个家庭表示敬意，并提交了死亡索赔书。
His account had lost money.
他的账户亏了钱。
The original $10,000 investment was down to about $9,000.
最初的 10,000 美元投资减少到了 9,000 美元左右。
But the insurance company paid him his original investment plus interest, no questions asked.
但保险公司没有提出任何问题，就向他支付了原始投资额和利息。
And I emphasize, no questions.
我强调，没有问题。
Did they say anything to you when you put in the claim after only four months, or three months, or whatever it was?
仅四个月、三个月或其他时间后，当您提出索赔时，他们对您说了些什么吗？
No. And let me make it a little bit more interesting.
不，让我让它变得更有趣一点。
Right after that, we submitted four applications to the same company with four different investor owners using the same measuring life.
紧接着，我们向同一家公司提交了四份申请，该公司有四个不同的投资者所有者，使用相同的测量寿命。
So they found one dying person and filled out four different applications with four different investors all using the same guy as the annuitant.
因此，他们找到了一名垂死的人，并与四位不同的投资者填写了四份不同的申请，所有投资者都使用同一个人作为年金受益人。
When that person died?
那人什么时候死的？
I actually sent in one piece of paper saying this person died, pay these four owners.
我实际上寄了一张纸说这个人死了，付给这四个业主。
And they said nothing.
他们什么也没说。
So they had--
所以他们——
And they paid it?
他们付了钱吗？
Joseph Caramadre Yeah, they paid it and processed it.
约瑟夫·卡拉马德雷（Joseph Caramadre）是的，他们支付了费用并进行了处理。
The insurance companies paid and processed it because the insurance companies made a lot of money.
保险公司赔付处理，因为保险公司赚了很多钱。
Remember the way this usually works.
请记住这通常的工作方式。
You put in your million dollars, and the life insurance company can collect upwards of 4% of that money in fees every year, potentially for decades.
你投入 100 万美元，人寿保险公司每年可以收取 4% 以上的费用，可能持续几十年。
The way the insurance company saw it, these annuities were money makers.
在保险公司看来，这些年金是赚钱的。
They didn't need to ask that many questions.
他们不需要问那么多问题。
For Caramadre, though, it meant creation number 18 was fully operational.
不过，对于 Caramadre 来说，这意味着 18 号创造已经全面投入使用。
He'd found the loophole that made the free lunch possible.
他发现了让免费午餐成为可能的漏洞。
OK, so now I have a creation on hand that has been tested at least preliminarily with a little bit of money.
好吧，现在我手头有一个作品，至少已经用一点钱进行了初步测试。
It has been tested that the company doesn't seem to care or want to care about underwriting, health questions, relationship, or even losses or gains.
经测试，该公司似乎不关心或不想关心承保、健康问题、关系，甚至损失或收益。
So I now start going to clients that are near and dear to me and tell them look, I think I have something special here.
所以我现在开始去找那些离我很近的客户，告诉他们，我认为我在这里有一些特别的东西。
My name's Carl Ferreira.
我叫卡尔·费雷拉。
I'm a general dentist in Fall River, Massachusetts.
我是马萨诸塞州福尔里弗市的一名普通牙医。
Carl Ferreira met Joe Caramadre through his accountant, who told him about this smart attorney in Cranston, Rhode Island, who had a great investment opportunity.
卡尔·费雷拉（Carl Ferreira）通过他的会计师认识了乔·卡拉马德（Joe Caramadre），后者向他介绍了罗德岛州克兰斯顿的一位聪明律师，他拥有绝佳的投资机会。
Carl met with Joe, learned the details of creation number 18, and said sign me up.
卡尔会见了乔，了解了 18 号创造的细节，并让我报名。
For me, it was an ideal position to put some of my pension money in, where there would be growth and guaranteed principal protection, and I would protect both myself and my employees from the fluctuations of the market.
对我来说，这是一个理想的位置，可以将我的部分养老金投入其中，这样可以实现增长并保证本金保护，而且我可以保护自己和员工免受市场波动的影响。
Your pension money meaning the pension money that you're paying for your employees?
您的养老金是指您为员工支付的养老金吗？
Correct.
正确的。
And I also put some personal money in it as well.
我也投入了一些个人资金。
For Ferreira, there was one other attractive feature to Caramadre's creation.
对于 Ferreira 来说，Caramadre 的创作还有另一个吸引人的特点。
One of the things I was thinking, and I thought, well, isn't this something?
我在想一件事，我想，这不是吗？
How many times had we dealt with insurance companies and been denied claims, whether it's on your homeowner's, or your medical insurance, or your dental insurance, and they refer you to some policy in fine print.
有多少次我们与保险公司打交道并被拒绝索赔，无论是您的房主保险、医疗保险还是牙科保险，他们都会向您推荐一些带有细则的保单。
And you say to yourself, you need a lawyer to read this.
你对自己说，你需要一位律师来阅读这篇文章。
And I said isn't this great?
我说这不是很好吗？
Finally, there's a lawyer that read this and is now going to hoist them on their own petard.
最后，有一位律师读了这篇文章，现在要自责。
So we have this Italian lawyer from the hill that went to Suffolk law school at night and beat these guys from Harvard and Yale and Princeton at their own game.
因此，我们有一位来自山上的意大利律师，他晚上去了萨福克法学院，并在哈佛、耶鲁和普林斯顿的这些人自己的游戏中击败了他们。
Ferreira says he never had any qualms about benefiting from someone else's death.
费雷拉说，他对于从别人的死亡中受益从来没有任何疑虑。
That wasn't really an issue for me.
这对我来说并不是真正的问题。
And I was so not squeamish about it that I brought that forth to my father when he was elderly.
我对此并不感到反感，所以当我父亲年老时，我把它告诉了他。
And he couldn't get the pen fast enough to sign.
但他拿笔的速度不够快，无法签字。
Oh, so you actually said, hey, dad, this guy Joe Caramadre, he could give you a couple thousand dollars if you sign your signature?
哦，所以你实际上说，嘿，爸爸，这个家伙乔·卡拉马德（Joe Caramadre），如果你签名的话，他可以给你几千美元？
He just signed it without the money.
他只是签了字，没有钱。
It was just, hey, Pop, I got this opportunity here.
只是，嘿，爸爸，我在这里得到了这个机会。
Do you want to sign this?
你想签署这个吗？
And as I said, he couldn't get the pen fast enough.
正如我所说，他拿笔的速度不够快。
If there was going to be something that was going to be an advantage to his children, he was going to do that, dead or alive, or alive or dead, we would say.
我们会说，如果有什么事情对他的孩子们有利，他就会这么做，无论是死的还是活着的，或者是活着的还是死了的。
Throughout the '90s and early 2000s, word of Caramadre's creation spread amongst his clients and his acquaintances.
整个 90 年代和 2000 年代初，Caramadre 的创作消息在他的客户和熟人中传播开来。
It was never a big part of his overall business, he says.
他说，这从来都不是他整体业务的重要组成部分。
He puts it less than 5% of what he made.
他说这还不到他赚的5%。
But among a certain type of person, getting in on creation number 18 became something like a trophy investment, something to brag about.
但对于某些类型的人来说，获得第 18 号创造就像是一种战利品投资，一种值得吹嘘的东西。
If there's a couple of people who are captains of industry at a country club, they're always boasting that their investment adviser got them this, and their car is the best, and all this.
如果有几个人是乡村俱乐部的行业领袖，他们总是吹嘘他们的投资顾问给了他们这个，他们的汽车是最好的，等等。
Their doctor's the best.
他们的医生是最好的。
So it actually got to the point where, if I wanted to, I could have a waiting list of people to beg me to take a million dollars.
所以实际上已经到了这样的地步：如果我愿意的话，我可以有一长串的人乞求我拿一百万美元。
People wanted a piece of this, if they could hear about it, and if I would allow them in the game, if you will.
人们想要从中分一杯羹，如果他们能听到的话，如果我允许他们参与游戏，如果你愿意的话。
Caramadre made money on this scheme in a variety of ways.
卡拉马德通过这个计划通过多种方式赚钱。
Sometimes, he simply collected a fee.
有时，他只是收取费用。
The insurance companies had these annuities they were trying to sell, and they paid the people who helped sell them a small percentage.
保险公司拥有他们想要出售的这些年金，并且向帮助出售它们的人支付了一小部分。
Caramadre would take a cut of that percentage.
卡拉马德将从这个比例中抽取一部分。
On a few occasions, he says, he split some of the profit with the client.
他说，有几次他会与客户分享部分利润。
He would say to one of these captains of industry, I have this great opportunity for you.
他会对其中一位工业领袖说，我为你提供了这个绝佳的机会。
Give me a cut of whatever your investment makes.
无论你的投资是什么，都给我分成。
And sometimes, he would invest his own money in an annuity.
有时，他会把自己的钱投资于年金。
Caramadre's lawyers have told him not to say exactly how much he made off of this scheme, but it was likely in the millions of dollars.
卡拉马德的律师告诉他不要具体透露他从这个计划中获利了多少，但很可能有数百万美元。
Regardless, as he did more and more of these deals, he needed more and more people who were close to death.
不管怎样，随着他做的交易越来越多，他需要越来越多濒临死亡的人。
I started asking doctors, nursing homes, hospices, organizations, funeral homes, social workers if they knew of anyone who is terminally ill and needed money.
我开始询问医生、疗养院、临终关怀机构、组织、殡仪馆、社会工作者是否知道有人患有绝症并且需要钱。
If they refer them to me, and they want to participate in this program, I could find their money.
如果他们将他们推荐给我，并且他们想参加这个计划，我可以找到他们的钱。
Raise your hand, please.
请举手。
Do you swear the testimony you're about to give will be the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
你是否发誓你即将提供的证词将是事实，全部事实，除了事实之外别无其他，所以上帝帮助你吗？
I do.
我愿意。
Bailiff Would you state your name, please?
法警 请说出您的名字好吗？
Charles Buckman.
查尔斯·巴克曼.
Bailiff Please spell your last name.
法警 请拼写您的姓氏。
B-U-C-K-M-A-N.
B-U-C-K-M-A-N。
Alex Blumberg Charles Buckman was one of several dozen dying people who filled out paperwork for Caramadre's deals.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格（Alex Blumberg）、查尔斯·巴克曼（Charles Buckman）是为卡拉马德交易填写文件的数十名垂死者之一。
Some of these were also used in a slightly different scheme, creation number 19, which involved bonds, but was a close cousin of the variable annuity program.
其中一些还用于稍微不同的计划，即第 19 号计划，该计划涉及债券，但与可变年金计划非常相似。
Most of the participants in these schemes have died by now.
这些计划的大多数参与者现在已经去世。
We found two annuitants who are still alive, but they declined to talk to us.
我们找到了两名还活着的年金受益人，但他们拒绝与我们交谈。
But we do have video testimony of several of these annuitants taken before they died.
但我们确实有几位年金领取者在去世前拍摄的视频证词。
In this video, Charles Buckman has an oxygen tube going into his nose.
在这段视频中，查尔斯·巴克曼的鼻子里插着一根氧气管。
He suffers from a chronic lung condition.
他患有慢性肺部疾病。
He's also hard of hearing.
他也有听力障碍。
He says he first got involved with creation number 18 in 2008.
他说他第一次参与创作 18 号是在 2008 年。
It started with his wife.
事情要从他的妻子说起。
It started, my wife, she had cancer, and she was critical with cancer.
事情开始了，我的妻子，她得了癌症，而且她对癌症很挑剔。
And we had a visiting nurse who came two or three days a week, and she mentioned to my wife, she showed us a flyer and wanted to know if we ever got our $2,000.
我们有一位拜访护士，每周来两三天，她向我妻子提到，她给我们看了一张传单，想知道我们是否能拿到 2,000 美元。
My wife said, what are you talking about?
我老婆说，你在说什么啊？
We had no idea.
我们不知道。
So she gave us the flyer.
所以她给了我们传单。
She said please call this number.
她说请拨打这个号码。
So I did.
所以我做到了。
By 2008 when Buckman got involved, Caramadre had taken out an ad in a local Catholic newspaper which said-- Terminal illness?
2008 年，当巴克曼介入时，卡拉马德在当地一家天主教报纸上刊登了一则广告，上面写着——绝症？
$2000.
2000 美元。
And then all in capital letters-- IN CASH, immediately available.
然后全部用大写字母——现金，立即可用。
And the way it worked, everyone who answered the ad and could prove they had a terminal illness got a check for $2,000, whether they participated in Caramadre's program or not.
按照它的运作方式，每个回复广告并能证明自己患有绝症的人都会得到一张 2,000 美元的支票，无论他们是否参加了 Caramadre 的项目。
If they decided to sign the documents and serve as a measuring life, there was more money available, usually between $3,000 and $10,000.
如果他们决定签署文件并作为衡量生命的标准，那么可用的钱就会更多，通常在 3,000 美元到 10,000 美元之间。
Caramadre had a young employee right out of college named Raymour Radhakrishnan, who was signing up most of the annuitants, including Charles Buckman.
卡拉马德有一位刚从大学毕业的年轻员工，名叫雷穆尔·拉达克里希南 (Raymour Radhakrishnan)，他为大多数年金受益人签约，其中包括查尔斯·巴克曼 (Charles Buckman)。
He stopped in, and he visited with us.
他停了下来，并和我们一起参观了。
Just a friendly visit, like an old friend, more or less.
只是一次友好的拜访，或多或少就像一个老朋友。
OK.
好的。
Did he talk about-- Charles Buckman And he said he had a check for us.
他有没有谈过——查尔斯·巴克曼 他说他有一张支票给我们。
OK.
好的。
Charles Buckman And he asked, who do I make it out to?
查尔斯·巴克曼 他问，我该向谁倾诉呢？
And he was in a rush.
他很着急。
He had other places he had to go that day, if I can remember correctly.
如果我没记错的话，那天他还必须去其他地方。
OK.
好的。
Charles Buckman He said Mr. Buckman, I'd like to stay longer, but I have other appointments.
查尔斯·巴克曼 他说巴克曼先生，我想多呆一会儿，但我还有其他约会。
He says, if you don't mind, I'll call you at a later date.
他说，如果你不介意的话，我稍后再给你打电话。
And I'd like to set up another meeting with you and come back to visit with you and your wife.
我想与您再约一次会面，然后回来拜访您和您的妻子。
OK.
好的。
Charles Buckman And I said fine.
查尔斯·巴克曼 我说很好。
I said anybody that comes to my house and gives me $2,000 is welcome anytime.
我说任何人只要来我家给我 2000 美元，随时都欢迎。
Raymour came back a few days later with documents to sign.
几天后，雷莫尔带着要签署的文件回来了。
Mr. Buckman says Raymour read him the documents and explained that there's a group of people making an investment, and these people could make money if someone dies.
巴克曼先生说，雷莫尔读了他的文件，并解释说，有一群人在进行投资，如果有人去世，这些人可以赚钱。
He says he knew that he and his wife wouldn't get any of that money.
他说他知道他和他的妻子不会得到这些钱。
Their only payouts were the checks they would collect for signing these documents.
他们唯一的报酬是签署这些文件时收取的支票。
Buckman and his wife ended up signing papers on nine transactions.
巴克曼和他的妻子最终签署了九项交易的文件。
Caramadre says he paid the couple a total of $12,000.
卡拉马德称，他总共向这对夫妇支付了 12,000 美元。
To Buckman, it was a great deal.
对于巴克曼来说，这是一笔很大的交易。
He said so to Raymour.
他对雷摩如此说道。
What I told Raymour was, my wife-- I can't thank him enough.
我告诉雷莫尔的是，我的妻子——我对他感激不尽。
And he can tell you, I could not thank him enough, him and his boss, for supplying my wife with the best days of her life for the couple months before she passed away.
他可以告诉你，我对他、他和他的老板感激不尽，感谢他们在我妻子去世前的几个月里为她提供了生命中最美好的时光。
And to this day, I'll be forever grateful.
直到今天，我将永远感激不已。
Buckman said he couldn't care less how much Caramadre and others were getting.
巴克曼说，他不在乎卡拉马德和其他人得到了多少钱。
No matter what they had, I could care less how much they got.
不管他们拥有什么，我不在乎他们得到了多少。
I know that my wife had the best time of her life because of what they did for her.
我知道我的妻子度过了一生中最美好的时光，因为他们为她所做的一切。
And I'll never be thankful enough.
我永远不会感激不尽。
We heard this from other people as well.
我们也从其他人那里听到了这一点。
We spoke to a woman-- she didn't want her name to be used-- whose mom had lung disease and signed forms with Caramadre multiple times.
我们采访了一位不愿透露姓名的女士，她的母亲患有肺病，并多次与卡拉马德签署表格。
Her mom made around $20,000, according to Caramadre.
据 Caramadre 称，她妈妈的收入约为 20,000 美元。
What he gave my mom-- at the time, she had been sickly, and financially, as most people in her age group, things like prescriptions were becoming a stretch to afford.
他给我妈妈的东西——当时，她体弱多病，而且在经济上，像她这个年龄段的大多数人一样，像处方药这样的东西已经变得难以负担。
She couldn't buy Christmas presents for her grandchildren and her great grandchildren.
她无法为她的孙子和曾孙购买圣诞礼物。
And there were certain things that she needed, whether it be hair color or to go to Wright's Chicken Farm with the elderly and whatnot.
她需要某些东西，无论是头发颜色还是和老人一起去赖特养鸡场等等。
She didn't have her own money for that, so she relied on us for that, and that bothered her.
她没有自己的钱来做这件事，所以她依靠我们来做这件事，这让她很烦恼。
[SOFT CRYING]
[轻声哭泣]
I'm sorry.
对不起。
Female Speaker I did good until now.
女议长 到目前为止我做得很好。
But working with Joe, the compensation he gave her gave her back her dignity.
但和乔一起工作，他给她的补偿让她找回了尊严。
She would go to the mall with my granddaughter and I, and when I said no to a Webkinz, my mom could say, I can do this.
她会和我和孙女一起去商场，当我对 Webkinz 说“不”时，我妈妈会说，我能做到。
And that made her-- that's what gave my mom happiness, really.
这让她——这真的给了我妈妈幸福。
Throughout the mid to late 2000s, Caramadre increased the number of deals he did, as he took advantage of something people in the life insurance business now call the arms race.
在整个 2000 年代中后期，卡拉马德增加了他所做的交易数量，因为他利用了人寿保险行业现在称为军备竞赛的机会。
To an insurance company, a variable annuity seemed like a great deal.
对于保险公司来说，可变年金似乎很划算。
You get this big chunk of cash.
你得到了一大笔现金。
It's locked up and delivers a great stream of money from fee income.
它被锁定并从费用收入中带来大量资金。
And so insurance companies competed with each other for the business of customers like Joe Caramadre by offering more and more enticements in their variable annuity packages.
因此，保险公司通过在可变年金套餐中提供越来越多的诱惑，相互竞争像乔·卡拉马德雷这样的客户的业务。
As companies figured out in the early 2000s that this was a great profitable situation, their only goal was to accumulate assets.
当公司在 2000 年代初发现这是一个很好的盈利状况时，他们唯一的目标就是积累资产。
So they started with deposit bonuses.
所以他们从存款奖金开始。
I give them $1 million.
我给他们 100 万美元。
They put $50,000 or $60,000 right in my account, day one.
第一天他们就把 50,000 或 60,000 美元存入我的账户。
So I earn 6% the day I buy this.
所以我买这个的那天就赚了 6%。
In other words, life insurance companies literally paid people to buy these products.
换句话说，人寿保险公司实际上是付钱给人们购买这些产品。
But wait, there's more.
但等等，还有更多。
They also provided increasingly exotic investment options for where you could put your money.
他们还提供了越来越奇特的投资选择，供您投资。
Double beta funds, inverse funds.
双贝塔基金、反向基金。
You could bet the Japanese yen, the Mexican peso.
你可以押注日元、墨西哥比索。
You can bet the Saudi Arabian nuclear fund.
你可以赌沙特阿拉伯核基金。
I'm making a joke there, but there were funds that I never even heard of.
我在那里开玩笑，但有些基金我从未听说过。
And these are all riskier and riskier funds but that offered potentially greater and greater returns?
这些基金的风险越来越大，但回报却可能越来越大？
Yes.
是的。
And we did not pick very stable, secure funds, government bond funds, which we knew would not have much risk or much reward.
我们没有选择非常稳定、安全的基金、政府债券基金，我们知道这些基金不会有太大的风险或回报。
I'm going to pick the most aggressive fund known to man that is available in that variable annuity portfolio.
我将选择可变年金投资组合中已知的最激进的基金。
Companies piled on more bells and whistles with fancy names, rising floors, earning enhancements, bonus credits, ratchets.
公司堆砌了更多花里胡哨的东西，比如花哨的名字、上升的楼层、收入提升、奖金积分、棘轮。
For Caramadre and his team, they watched each new enticement, each new bell and whistle, each new escalation in the arms race with glee and amazement.
对于卡拉马德和他的团队来说，他们带着喜悦和惊讶的心情看着每一个新的诱惑、每一个新的花里胡哨、军备竞赛中每一次新的升级。
One broker I talked to said perusing the latest prospectuses and picking the best benefits for their clients was like ordering off a Friendly's menu.
我采访过的一位经纪人表示，仔细阅读最新的招股说明书并为客户选择最好的利益就像从友好的菜单上点菜一样。
Every month or so, my firm would come out with the top 10 lucrative variable annuities.
大约每个月，我的公司都会推出十大利润丰厚的可变年金。
Some of these were so incomprehensible when put on a chart, I had people laughing out loud at my office.
其中一些放在图表上时非常难以理解，以至于人们在我的办公室大声笑起来。
And so over time, the insurance companies are taking what was essentially a sweet deal for you and making it sweeter and sweeter and sweeter.
因此，随着时间的推移，保险公司正在接受对你来说本质上是一笔甜蜜的交易，并让它变得越来越甜蜜。
I've talked with several actuaries and risk managers in life insurance companies, and they say they were aware of the risk, and they'd urge caution when new enticements were being discussed.
我与人寿保险公司的几位精算师和风险经理交谈过，他们说他们意识到了风险，并且在讨论新的诱惑时他们会敦促谨慎行事。
But the eagerness to increase sales always carried the day.
但对增加销量的渴望始终占据上风。
Plus, the insurance companies thought they would hardly ever have to pay out these death benefits.
另外，保险公司认为他们几乎不需要支付这些死亡抚恤金。
And also remember, throughout much of the 2000s, the market was doing pretty well, so chances were your account would be worth more than the death benefit anyway.
还要记住，在 2000 年代的大部分时间里，市场表现都相当不错，所以你的账户很可能比死亡抚恤金更有价值。
That all changed with the financial crisis.
这一切随着金融危机而改变。
The initial investments had lost money, but the insurance companies were still on the hook to pay that initial investment.
最初的投资已经亏损，但保险公司仍然有责任支付最初的投资。
So those death claims started to matter to the companies a lot more.
因此，这些死亡索赔开始对公司变得更加重要。
And a few noticed that they were getting more claims than mathematical models predicted they would.
一些人注意到他们收到的索赔比数学模型预测的要多。
Apparently, they had done some sort of a map of where all these claims were coming from, and there were a lot of red dots around Cranston, which is where Joe was operating out of.
显然，他们已经绘制了某种地图，显示了所有这些索赔的来源，并且克兰斯顿周围有很多红点，这就是乔的经营地点。
This is Robert Flanders, a former Rhode Island state Supreme Court Justice, now in private practice, who served as Caramadre's attorney when the insurance companies started suing him.
这是罗伯特·弗兰德斯，前罗德岛州最高法院法官，现在从事私人执业，当保险公司开始起诉卡拉马德时，他担任卡拉马德的律师。
Flanders represents Caramadre in cases brought by two life insurance companies, both owned by the same conglomerate.
Flanders 代表 Caramadre 处理由同一集团旗下的两家人寿保险公司提起的案件。
The companies claimed that the applications that Caramadre filed were false and misleading, in part because they didn't tell the company that the annuitants were dying.
这些公司声称，卡拉马德雷提交的申请是虚假和误导性的，部分原因是他们没有告诉该公司年金受益人即将去世。
To which Flanders argued, essentially, well, you didn't ask.
弗兰德斯对此表示，本质上，好吧，你没有问。
Who knows better than insurance companies how to vet people for health reasons when they want to do so?
谁比保险公司更了解如何在人们需要时出于健康原因进行审查？
Try and take out a life insurance policy and try and skate by the insurance company when you've got some medical condition.
尝试购买一份人寿保险，并在出现健康问题时尝试向保险公司寻求帮助。
The fact is, they didn't really care about it, and that's reflected in the fact that they didn't ask any of those questions.
事实是，他们并不真正关心这个问题，这反映在他们没有问任何这些问题。
They didn't want to.
他们不想。
But what happened here is Caramadre turned this into a business.
但这里发生的事情是卡拉马德将其变成了一项生意。
And it was OK, I guess, when he was doing it for friends and family and making occasional scores along the way.
我想，当他为朋友和家人做这件事并一路上偶尔得分时，这也没什么问题。
But when they started plotting out all the claims and saw that this guy was actually coordinating a voluminous submission of claims, and then as they dug a little deeper and found out that he had actually placed ads in the newspaper advertising for terminally ill patients, they just, I think, finally threw up their hands and said we've got to stop this somehow, some way.
但是，当他们开始策划所有索赔并发现这个人实际上正在协调大量提交索赔时，当他们深入挖掘并发现他实际上在报纸上为绝症患者做广告时，我认为他们最终举起了手，说我们必须以某种方式阻止这种情况。
We're getting taken to the cleaners here.
我们正被带到这里的清洁工那里。
Of course, Flanders is quick to point out they could've stopped it themselves any time they wanted to.
当然，弗兰德斯很快指出，他们可以随时自行阻止。
All they had to do was change their applications or preclude this in their contracts, change the forms.
他们所要做的就是改变他们的申请或在合同中排除这一点，改变表格。
These are the lords of the forms, these folks.
这些人是形式的主宰。
All they had to do was put something in there, ask the right questions, or preclude terminally ill patients from participating as annuitants, and it would've stopped it.
他们所要做的就是在里面放一些东西，提出正确的问题，或者阻止绝症患者作为年金领取者参与，这样就可以阻止它。
To date, there have been at least eight civil court cases filed against Caramadre or his investors.
迄今为止，至少有八起针对 Caramadre 或其投资者的民事法庭案件。
So far, a federal judge in Rhode Island has largely sided with Caramadre.
到目前为止，罗德岛州的一名联邦法官基本上站在卡拉马德一边。
In one ruling, the judge wrote, quote, "It is a bit ironic for plaintiffs, the life insurance companies, to suggest that they did not know the true nature of contracts that they themselves drafted."
法官在一项裁决中写道，“对于原告人寿保险公司来说，他们不知道自己起草的合同的真实性质，这有点讽刺。”
And now from the NBC 10 I-Team, who would use terminally ill patients to line their own pockets?
现在，来自 NBC 10 I-Team 的谁会利用绝症患者来中饱私囊？
But Caramadre still wasn't home free, because there was a criminal case forming against him as well.
但卡拉马德仍然没有回家，因为还有一起针对他的刑事案件。
One Road Islander has allegedly been arranging annuity investments using patients who are near death.
据称，One Road Islander 一直在利用濒临死亡的患者安排年金投资。
NBC 10's chief I-Team reporter--
NBC 10 的首席 I-Team 记者——
Coming up, second thoughts about multi-multi-multimillionaires.
即将到来，关于多位千万富翁的重新思考。
Profiting from the deaths of strangers.
从陌生人的死亡中获利。
Alex and Jake continue the story in the second half of our show.
亚历克斯和杰克在节目的后半部分继续讲述这个故事。
That's in a minute from Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International when our program continues.
一分钟后，芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台将继续我们的节目。
It's This American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Our program today, Loopholes, the story of Joseph Caramadre continues.
我们今天的节目《漏洞》继续讲述约瑟夫·卡拉马德的故事。
He believed that the loophole that he has found in a common kind of insurance contract was perfectly legal.
他认为，他在普通保险合同中发现的漏洞是完全合法的。
Not everyone agreed.
并非所有人都同意。
Alex Blumberg and Jake Bernstein pick up the story.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格和杰克·伯恩斯坦讲述了这个故事。
In June 2009, Caramadre got word that a hospice nurse he'd worked with had been contacted by the FBI and that the Department of Justice was investigating Caramadre for possible crimes.
2009 年 6 月，卡拉马德获悉联邦调查局已联系与他共事的一名临终关怀护士，司法部正在调查卡拉马德可能的犯罪行为。
And soon enough, news of this investigation leaked to the media.
很快，这项调查的消息就泄露给了媒体。
This man is Joseph Caramadre, well known in business circles.
这个人就是商界知名的约瑟夫·卡拉马德雷(Joseph Caramadre)。
He's been described as a generous and well-respected Rhode Islander, who's raised millions for the Catholic church, donates thousands to area charities.
他被描述为一位慷慨且受人尊敬的罗德岛人，为天主教会筹集了数百万美元，并向地区慈善机构捐赠了数千美元。
But the I-Team has learned he's also the target of a federal grand jury criminal investigation.
但 I-Team 了解到他也是联邦大陪审团刑事调查的目标。
Soon after learning of the investigation, Caramadre and his lawyer, Robert Flanders, requested a meeting with the prosecutors.
得知调查后不久，卡拉马德和他的律师罗伯特·弗兰德斯要求与检察官会面。
We met with US Attorney's Office early on and tried to persuade them that this was a civil matter at best and not something they should be having any interest in.
我们很早就会见了美国检察官办公室，并试图说服他们，这充其量只是民事问题，而不是他们应该感兴趣的事情。
But they were morally outraged, the lawyers were for the government, that Caramadre, in their opinion, had taken advantage of poor, old, sick people.
但他们在道德上感到愤怒，律师们支持政府，他们认为卡拉马德利用了穷人、老人和病人。
That he was a guy who was just throwing a few shekels at some poor, sick people at the end of their lives, and he was reaping the lion's share of it.
他只是向一些临终的穷人、病人扔了几谢克尔，而他却收获了其中的大部分。
And they didn't like the stink or the smell of it, and they didn't like what they considered the inequity of it.
他们不喜欢它的臭味或气味，也不喜欢他们认为的不公平。
Over a period of two years, a grand jury investigated Caramadre's scheme, and the FBI fanned out and interviewed witnesses.
在两年的时间里，大陪审团对卡拉马德的计划进行了调查，联邦调查局则分散采访了证人。
Hospice workers, investors, family members of annuitants, like Stephanie Porter.
临终关怀工作者、投资者、年金领取者的家庭成员，比如斯蒂芬妮·波特。
I came home one day and found a card in the door from the FBI that said call me.
有一天，我回到家，在门上发现一张联邦调查局的卡片，上面写着给我打电话。
And my husband came home that day from work, and I looked at him.
那天我丈夫下班回家，我看着他。
I was laughing, and I said the FBI was here.
我笑了，我说FBI来了。
He was like, what?
他说，什么？
I said, OK, what did you do?
我说，好吧，你做了什么？
He goes, well, I was going to ask you the same thing.
他说，好吧，我也想问你同样的事情。
Stephanie Porter's mom, Bertha Howard, had received the same visit from Raymour Radhakrishnan that Charlie Buckman and his wife had gotten.
斯蒂芬妮·波特的妈妈伯莎·霍华德也曾与查理·巴克曼和他的妻子一样受到雷穆尔·拉达克里希南的拜访。
Radhakrishnan had shown up with a check for $2,000, and they'd agreed he'd come back later with papers to sign and more money.
拉达克里希南带着一张 2,000 美元的支票出现，他们同意他稍后会带着需要签署的文件和更多的钱回来。
But by the time Radhakrishnan made it back for a second visit with the documents ready to go, Stephanie's mom was close to death.
但当拉达克里希南带着准备好的文件第二次回来时，斯蒂芬妮的妈妈已经濒临死亡。
If she tried to sign her name, she'd sign instead of signing Bertha, she'd sign B-B-B-B-, then E-R-T-H-A.
如果她想签自己的名字，她会签B-B-B-B-，而不是Bertha，然后是E-R-T-H-A。
She tried to sign Bertha D, and it was Bertha D-D-D-D-D.
她试图签下伯莎·D，结果是伯莎·D-D-D-D-D。
So he said, you know, just do it to the best of your ability.
所以他说，你知道的，尽你所能吧。
And he said, I'm going to take the paperwork with me.
他说，我要把文件带走。
We'll see what happens, and I'll be in touch.
我们会看看会发生什么，我会与您联系。
And then it just so happened that the next time he called me, he said, I just called to let you know that the company wouldn't accept your mom's papers because of all the inconsistencies in her writing.
然后碰巧的是，下次他打电话给我时，他说，我打电话只是想让你知道，公司不会接受你妈妈的论文，因为她的写作前后不一致。
And I said, I fully understand.
我说，我完全理解。
It was too far advanced by then.
那时已经太先进了。
I said, but at the same time, I said, my mom passed away.
我说，但同时，我说，我妈妈去世了。
And I think she had been gone a few days.
我想她已经离开好几天了。
And it was, I'm very, very sorry.
我非常非常抱歉。
What could I say but don't be sorry.
我还能说什么，但别后悔。
I can't thank you enough for what you did for my mom and did for us.
我非常感谢你为我妈妈和我们所做的一切。
And that was the end of story, never heard from him again.
故事就这样结束了，再也没有他的消息。
The government says this wasn't the end of the story, though.
不过，政府表示这并不是故事的结局。
According to the government's case against Caramadre and Radhakrishnan, someone forged clean versions of Bertha Howard's signature and used them to open an account.
根据政府针对 Caramadre 和 Radhakrishnan 的案件，有人伪造了 Bertha Howard 签名的干净版本，并用它们开设了账户。
And it wasn't just Stephanie's mom.
不仅仅是斯蒂芬妮的妈妈。
In November 2011, a Rhode Island grand jury issued a 66-count indictment against Caramadre and Radhakrishnan.
2011 年 11 月，罗德岛大陪审团对 Caramadre 和 Radhakrishnan 提出了 66 项指控。
Five of those counts involve forged signatures of dying people.
其中五项罪名涉及伪造临终者的签名。
Caramadre denies the government's allegations.
卡拉马德否认政府的指控。
He says in four out of five of those cases, what the government alleges to be forgeries were, in fact, real signatures.
他说，在五分之四的案件中，政府声称的伪造签名实际上是真实的签名。
In the case of Stephanie Porter's mom, he says, her application was used to open an account by mistake, but no money was ever invested in that account.
他说，以斯蒂芬妮·波特的妈妈为例，她的申请被错误地用于开设账户，但该账户从未投资过任何资金。
Documents show this to be the case.
文件显示情况确实如此。
But the government makes other allegations as well.
但政府还提出了其他指控。
They charge in the indictment that Radhakrishnan, at Caramadre's behest, misled people about the true purpose of the documents they were signing in order to get their signatures and personal information.
他们在起诉书中指控拉达克里希南在卡拉马德的要求下误导人们了解他们所签署文件的真正目的，以获得他们的签名和个人信息。
The indictment lays out 25 cases where the government alleges that this happened.
起诉书列举了 25 起政府声称发生过这种情况的案件。
According to the government, Radhakrishnan told some dying people their signatures were simply to acknowledge receipt of a charitable donation.
据政府称，拉达克里希南告诉一些临终者，他们的签名只是为了确认收到了慈善捐款。
Others he allegedly told that their family members would be the beneficiaries.
据称他告诉其他人，他们的家人将是受益人。
The government also alleges that Radhakrishnan simply wasn't upfront about the purpose of these signatures and that sometimes the dying people had no idea someone else stood to profit.
政府还声称，拉达克里希南根本没有坦白这些签名的目的，有时垂死的人们并不知道其他人会从中获利。
The government says this amounts to a criminal conspiracy on the part of Caramadre and Radhakrishnan to defraud insurance and bond companies and steal the identities of dying people.
政府表示，这相当于卡拉马德雷和拉达克里希南的犯罪阴谋，旨在诈骗保险公司和债券公司并窃取垂死者的身份。
The lead government prosecutor declined to talk to us, as did Raymour Radhakrishnan.
首席政府检察官拒绝与我们交谈，雷穆尔·拉达克里希南 (Raymour Radhakrishnan) 也拒绝与我们交谈。
Caramadre says the government misunderstood his scheme.
卡拉马德说政府误解了他的计划。
He says he instructed Raymour to explain the program fully to all the participants and to make sure that they had an understanding of what they were signing.
他说，他指示雷莫尔向所有参与者充分解释该计划，并确保他们了解自己签署的内容。
How were the annuitants victimized, Caramadre asked?
卡拉马德问道，年金领取者是如何受害的？
They were all financially better off after having gotten involved.
参与其中后，他们的经济状况都变得更好了。
He says that during the entire decade and a half he was paying dying people to fill out documents for his scheme, not one of them, or their family members, ever complained to anyone about what he was doing.
他说，在整整十五年的时间里，他付钱给垂死的人来填写他的计划的文件，他们中没有一个人或其家人曾向任何人抱怨过他所做的事情。
None of them had a bad word to say about him.
他们都没有说他的坏话。
That is, until the FBI showed up and started alleging that he had committed crimes.
也就是说，直到联邦调查局出现并开始指控他犯罪。
Good morning Mr. Mizzoni.
早上好，米佐尼先生。
Robert Mizzoni Good morning.
罗伯特·米佐尼 早上好。
My name, again, is Lee Wilker.
我的名字是李·威尔克。
I'm with the United States Attorney's office for the District of Rhode Island.
我在罗德岛州联邦检察官办公室工作。
You understand what's happening today here?
你明白今天发生了什么吗？
This is sound from the taped testimony of another annuitant, Robert Mizzoni, who at the time was a month shy of his 86th birthday.
这是另一位年金受益人罗伯特·米佐尼 (Robert Mizzoni) 的录音证词，当时他距离 86 岁生日还有一个月。
Mr. Mizzoni has since died.
米佐尼先生现已去世。
Unlike many of the people Caramadre signed up over the years, Mizzoni had been a close friend of the family.
与卡拉马德多年来签约的许多人不同，米佐尼一直是这个家庭的亲密朋友。
So how long have you known Joseph Caramadre?
那么您认识约瑟夫·卡拉马德多久了？
When they were little kids, they'd come, and I used to take them in the school bus.
当他们还是小孩子的时候，他们就会来，我常常带他们坐校车。
So you would take Mr. Caramadre and four of his siblings in the school bus?
那么您愿意带卡拉马德先生和他的四个兄弟姐妹乘坐校车吗？
Yeah.
是的。
I had a school bus taking them to school at the Catholic school.
我有一辆校车载他们去天主教学校上学。
To Caramadre, Robert Mizzoni offers a prime example of how the prosecutors and the insurance companies turned people who had no beef with him, maybe even liked him, into witnesses against him.
罗伯特·米佐尼（Robert Mizzoni）向卡拉马德雷提供了一个典型的例子，说明检察官和保险公司如何将那些与他没有任何冲突、甚至可能喜欢他的人变成对他不利的证人。
Over the years as Caramadre grew up and got rich, he stayed in close contact with Mizzoni and his wife.
卡拉马德长大并致富的这些年里，他与米佐尼和他的妻子保持着密切的联系。
They continued to attend the same church, and he would do favors for the Mizzonis.
他们继续去同一座教堂，他也会为米佐尼一家做点好事。
Mr. Mizzoni himself testifies that Caramadre would prepare their tax returns for free.
米佐尼先生本人作证说卡拉马德将免费准备他们的纳税申报表。
He helped them buy a house.
他帮助他们买了房子。
And in 2004, he gave Mr. Mizzoni a check for $2,000 and signed him up as an annuitant.
2004 年，他给了米佐尼先生一张 2000 美元的支票，并让他成为一名年金受益人。
Caramadre says he explained the basics of the program to Mr. Mizzoni, and in fact, Mr. Mizzoni signed an acknowledgement form.
卡拉马德雷说，他向米佐尼先生解释了该计划的基本知识，事实上，米佐尼先生签署了一份确认表。
But in these videotaped interviews, Mr. Mizzoni said he had no idea what was happening.
但在这些采访录像中，米佐尼先生说他不知道发生了什么。
At some time in the spring of 2004, you met with Mr. Caramadre at his office, and he gave you $2,000, right?
2004 年春天的某个时候，您在 Caramadre 先生的办公室见到了他，他给了您 2,000 美元，对吗？
Yeah, he gave me $2,000.
是的，他给了我2000美元。
But he says, I've got something for you.
但他说，我有东西给你。
He gets a check, and he gave it to me.
他收到一张支票，然后给了我。
Did you have a conversation with him before that?
在此之前你和他有过交谈吗？
No conversation.
没有谈话。
It was just, see you later.
只是，稍后见。
That's the conversation.
这就是对话。
You don't remember him telling you about what the check was for?
你不记得他告诉过你这张支票的用途吗？
No, never.
不，从来没有。
Nobody told me that, nothing what it was for.
没有人告诉我这件事，也不知道这是为什么。
Didn't you believe that, as a result of that meeting, you had entered into some investment with Mr. Caramadre?
难道您不相信，由于那次会面，您已与卡拉马德雷先生进行了一些投资吗？
No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Robert Flanders Isn't it true that you signed some documents?
不，不，不，不，不，不，不。罗伯特·弗兰德斯：你不是真的签署了一些文件吗？
I didn't sign nothing.
我什么也没签。
Jake Bernstein During this deposition, Caramadre was in the room with Robert Mizzoni, and it seemed to him like the FBI had misrepresented his scheme.
杰克·伯恩斯坦 (Jake Bernstein) 在这次作证期间，卡拉马德 (Caramadre) 与罗伯特·米佐尼 (Robert Mizzoni) 在房间里，在他看来，联邦调查局歪曲了他的计划。
According to Caramadre, Mizzoni is telling the story this way because an FBI agent, Pamela McDade, gave Mizzoni the wrong impression when she came to interview him.
根据卡拉马德的说法，米佐尼之所以这样讲述这个故事，是因为联邦调查局探员帕梅拉·麦克达德（Pamela McDade）在采访米佐尼时给了他错误的印象。
Did she say why she was meeting with you?
她有没有说为什么要和你见面？
You know, I think she told me about some information about Joe Caramadre.
你知道，我想她告诉了我一些关于乔·卡拉马德的信息。
That's all.
就这样。
She told me that they were checking him out.
她告诉我他们正在检查他。
For what?
为了什么？
Robert Mizzoni On insurance for people that died.
罗伯特·米佐尼 (Robert Mizzoni) 为死者提供保险。
On insurance for people that died, says Mizzoni.
米佐尼说，关于死者的保险。
They had a list of names, so that they could bury everybody.
他们有一份名单，这样他们就可以埋葬每个人。
She had a list of names so that he could bury everybody, and he'd become a multi-multi-multimillionaire?
她有一份名单，这样他就可以埋葬所有人，然后他就成为了百万富翁？
She really said that to you?
她真的对你说过这样的话吗？
Lee Wilker Objection.
李·威尔克反对。
Huh?
啊？
Robert Flanders Did she say that to you?
罗伯特·弗兰德斯 她对你这么说过吗？
I'm just objecting to the question but--
我只是反对这个问题，但是——
I'm answering your question.
我正在回答你的问题。
Robert Flanders I know you are.
罗伯特·弗兰德斯 我知道你是。
Did she tell you that he would become a multi-multi-millionaire?
她有没有告诉过你他会成为千万富翁？
Yeah, he would become a multimillionaire with all the names.
是的，他会成为名垂青史的千万富翁。
She showed me the names.
她给我看了名字。
She showed me the names, he says.
他说，她给我看了这些名字。
But I didn't know not one of them until I seen my own.
但在我看到自己的之前，我一个也不认识。
Until I seen my own.
直到我看到了我自己的。
Lee Wilker Objection.
李·威尔克反对。
And what did she tell you about what these names represented?
她告诉你这些名字代表什么？
Just that they represented their deaths.
只是他们代表了他们的死亡。
The names represented death.
这些名字代表着死亡。
Robert Flanders Did that get you upset?
罗伯特·弗兰德斯 这让你心烦意乱吗？
Huh?
啊？
Robert Flanders Did that make you upset?
罗伯特·弗兰德斯 这让你不高兴吗？
Make me upset?
让我心烦意乱？
Because my body is going to be sold without my wife getting a dime.
因为我的身体将被出售，我妻子一毛钱也得不到。
How do you feel?
你感觉如何？
How do you feel?
你感觉如何？
How do you feel if I was to bury you, and you got insurance, and your wife don't get nothing.
如果我埋葬你，你有保险，而你的妻子什么也得不到，你感觉如何？
No way is it going to happen to me.
这种事绝对不会发生在我身上。
I got news for you.
我有消息要告诉你。
They better drop this policy in a hurry.
他们最好尽快放弃这项政策。
If they don't, I'll sue.
如果他们不这样做，我就会起诉。
How about that one?
那个怎么样？
To me, he's still a good friend, OK?
对我来说，他仍然是一个好朋友，好吗？
Because we all make mistakes.
因为我们都会犯错误。
Remember that.
请记住这一点。
But this is a big one.
但这是一件大事。
This is a big one that comes up this way.
这是一个以这种方式出现的大事件。
If I died, he would have collected all that goddamn money, he says, when my wife wouldn't have gotten a dime.
他说，如果我死了，他就会收集到所有该死的钱，而我妻子一毛钱都拿不到。
He would've collected all that goddamn money when my wife wouldn't have gotten a dime.
当我妻子一毛钱都拿不到的时候，他会收集所有该死的钱。
Look at the beneficiary-- Paula, his wife.
看看受益人——他的妻子保拉。
We reached out to Agent McDade, but she didn't return our phone calls.
我们联系了 McDade 特工，但她没有回复我们的电话。
An FBI spokesman said they don't comment on active cases.
联邦调查局发言人表示，他们不会对正在审理的案件发表评论。
To Caramadre, though, Mizzoni's anger was all about those numbers, millions of dollars that Caramadre would allegedly make off of Robert Mizzoni's death.
然而，对于卡拉马德雷来说，米佐尼的愤怒全在于这些数字，据称卡拉马德雷将从罗伯特·米佐尼的死中窃取数百万美元。
He's being informed, or told, or given the understanding that my wife gets $1 million when he dies, and we only invested $10,000.
他被告知，或者被告知，或者被告知，我的妻子在他去世后会得到 100 万美元，而我们只投资了 10,000 美元。
So he doesn't know the real facts.
所以他并不知道真实的情况。
I believe if he thought my wife was getting $10,000 back, and I put up the $10,000, and he already got his $2,000, he may not be upset at that at all.
我相信，如果他认为我妻子拿回了 10,000 美元，而我拿出了 10,000 美元，而他已经拿到了 2,000 美元，他可能根本不会感到不安。
Of course, he would need to have been told the truth.
当然，他需要被告知真相。
In November, a judge or jury will have to decide whether the scheme was a criminal one or not, and the decision in large part comes down to whether or not these dying annuitants understood what they were signing, which, when you think about it, is a complicated question.
十一月，法官或陪审团将不得不决定该计划是否构成犯罪，而这个决定在很大程度上取决于这些垂死的年金领取者是否理解他们所签署的内容，当你仔细考虑时，这是一个复杂的问题。
The court will have to suss out what exactly when on in those hospital and hospice rooms between Radhakrishnan and the dying people he was trying to explain Caramadre's scheme to.
法庭必须查明拉达克里希南和他试图向卡拉马德解释阴谋的垂死者之间的医院和临终关怀室到底发生了什么。
Remember, he was in his early '20s, just out of college, sitting across from very sick people, many on breathing machines, hopped up on pain medications, anxious family members all around.
请记住，他当时才 20 岁出头，刚刚大学毕业，坐在病重的人面前，许多人都依靠呼吸机，服用止痛药，周围都是焦虑的家人。
He was trying to explain how a variable annuity works.
他试图解释可变年金如何运作。
Looming over all of this are not facts, but feelings, our feelings about death.
笼罩在这一切之上的不是事实，而是感受，我们对死亡的感受。
Death makes a squeamish, and people profiting from death, even more so.
死亡让人厌恶，而从死亡中获利的人更是如此。
Caramadre says that squeamishness blinds people to what was actually going on here.
卡拉马德说，神经质使人们看不到这里实际发生的事情。
According to court filings, more than 150 terminally ill people got at least $2,000 from Caramadre.
根据法庭文件，超过 150 名绝症患者从 Caramadre 获得了至少 2,000 美元。
Those that signed up to be measuring lives got even more.
那些报名参加测量生命的人得到的甚至更多。
And sure, Caramadre and his clients stood to profit from people dying, but he's certainly not alone in that regard.
当然，卡拉马德和他的客户可以从人们的死亡中获利，但在这方面他肯定不是唯一一个。
A florist makes money.
花店赚钱。
A church or temple makes money.
教堂或寺庙可以赚钱。
A casket company makes money.
棺材公司赚钱。
A limousine company makes money.
豪华轿车公司赚钱。
Nursing homes make money when people are sick and die.
当人们生病和死亡时，疗养院就能赚钱。
Hospitals do, OK?
医院都有，好吗？
Pension plans make money.
养老金计划赚钱。
They can't wait for people to die so they don't have to pay them every month anymore.
他们等不及人们死去，这样他们就不必再每个月付钱给他们了。
Our state is waiting for people to die every day so we can clear up this billion-dollar fiasco of paying pensioners.
我们的国家每天都在等待人们死去，这样我们才能解决支付养老金领取者这一数十亿美元的惨败。
So death is involved in many aspects of our lives.
因此，死亡涉及我们生活的许多方面。
So is it squeamish?
那么是不是很娇气呢？
Yes.
是的。
But not if it's done morally, ethically, and legally.
但如果它是在道德、伦理和法律上进行的，则不然。
The legal part will be up to the court to decide.
法律部分将由法院决定。
But the moral and ethical parts is where it gets blurry.
但道德和伦理部分却变得模糊。
On the one hand, Joseph Caramadre says before he even began signing up dying people, he vetted the idea with this priest.
一方面，约瑟夫·卡拉马德（Joseph Caramadre）说，在他开始为垂死的人报名之前，他就与这位牧师一起审查了这个想法。
And in fact, his priest went on to become an annuity investor.
事实上，他的牧师后来成为了一名年金投资者。
The mother of the local monsignor, she served as a measuring life.
她是当地主教的母亲，担任测量生活的职务。
On the other hand, there are people like Stephanie Porter, the woman whose mother was too weak to sign the documents.
另一方面，还有像斯蒂芬妮·波特这样的人，她的母亲太虚弱，无法在文件上签字。
Even though she and her mom were willing to sign on with Caramadre, as she's learned more, she's horrified.
尽管她和她的妈妈愿意加入 Caramadre，但随着了解的更多，她还是感到震惊。
You're using people.
你这是在利用人。
You know that they're going to die, and you're using them to your advantage so that you can gain?
你知道他们会死，而你却利用他们来为自己谋取利益，这样你就能获得利益？
It just disgusts me to think of it that way.
这样想让我感到恶心。
When you talk to Caramadre, the way he explains it is, I can get this advantage from the insurance company for myself and my clients.
当你与 Caramadre 交谈时，正如他所解释的那样，我可以为自己和我的客户从保险公司获得这种优势。
I can pay somebody who is at the end of life a little bit of money for their signature, and everybody is happy.
我可以付给生命尽头的人一点钱让他们签名，每个人都很高兴。
Does that reasoning make any sense to you?
这个推理对你来说有意义吗？
No. So you put a dollar amount on my mother's death is basically what it comes down to.
不。所以你在我母亲的死上加了一笔钱，基本上就是这样的。
I lose my mom, who's my best friend, who's my world, and in me losing my mother forever at the age of 64, you in turn profit and get x amount of dollars.
我失去了我的妈妈，她是我最好的朋友，她是我的世界，而我在 64 岁时永远失去了我的母亲，你反过来获利并获得 x 美元。
It's slimy what the man did.
这个男人做的事真是太滑稽了。
No matter what the court decides, Caramadre's scheme would not be possible today.
无论法院如何裁决，卡拉马德雷的计划今天都无法实现。
Several of the companies Caramadre targeted have stopped selling these variable annuities.
Caramadre 瞄准的几家公司已经停止销售这些可变年金。
Not because of what Caramadre did, but because the promises they made are proving too expensive to deliver.
不是因为卡拉马德做了什么，而是因为事实证明他们做出的承诺成本太高而难以兑现。
Death turned out to be a bad business for them.
死亡对他们来说是一件坏事。
They are potentially on the hook for a huge amount of money.
他们可能面临巨额资金的困境。
Some companies have already declared billions in losses.
一些公司已经宣布亏损数十亿美元。
Almost all of them have changed their contracts.
几乎所有人都改变了合同。
Caramadre's loophole has been closed.
Caramadre 的漏洞已被堵住。
Jake Bernstein and Alex Blumberg.
杰克·伯恩斯坦和亚历克斯·布隆伯格。
Alex is one of the producers of our show.
亚历克斯是我们节目的制作人之一。
Jake is a reporter with the nonprofit investigative news organization ProPublica.
杰克是非营利调查新闻机构 ProPublica 的记者。
A more detailed version of their story with video excerpts of the depositions you heard and graphics and documents is at ProPublica's website.
有关他们的故事的更详细版本，包括您听到的证词的视频摘录以及图形和文件，请访问 ProPublica 的网站。
They're also interested in having a real discussion with people about whether it is acceptable to profit from the deaths of strangers, and I hope you might join that.
他们也有兴趣与人们进行真正的讨论，讨论从陌生人的死亡中获利是否可以接受，我希望你能加入其中。
You can do that at propublica.org.
您可以在 propublica.org 上进行此操作。
Our program was produced today by Robyn Semien with Alex Blumberg, Ben Calhoun, Sarah Koenig, Jonathan Menjivar, Lisa Pollak, Brian Reed, Alissa Shipp, and Nancy Updike.
今天我们的节目由 Robyn Semien 与 Alex Blumberg、Ben Calhoun、Sarah Koenig、Jonathan Menjivar、Lisa Pollak、Brian Reed、Alissa Shipp 和 Nancy Updike 共同制作。
Our senior producer is Julie Snyder Seth Lind is our operations director.
我们的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德 (Julie Snyder) 塞思·林德 (Seth Lind) 是我们的运营总监。
Emily Condon's our office manager.
艾米丽·康登是我们的办公室经理。
Music help from Damien Graef and Rob Geddes.
Damien Graef 和 Rob Geddes 提供音乐帮助。
Production help from Tarek Fouda.
Tarek Fouda 提供制作帮助。
Special thanks today to Joe Rosenberg for telling us about Kathy Stuart's research on 17th century suicides by proxy, and for helping us produce that story.
今天特别感谢 Joe Rosenberg 向我们介绍了 Kathy Stuart 对 17 世纪代理自杀事件的研究，并帮助我们制作了这个故事。
And thanks to Michelle Harris.
感谢米歇尔·哈里斯。
Kathy Stuart's book Suicide by Proxy, crime, sin and salvation, and enlightment in Germany, will be out in 2013.
凯西·斯图尔特 (Kathy Stuart) 的著作《代理人自杀、犯罪、罪孽与救赎以及德国的启蒙》将于 2013 年出版。
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
WBEZ management oversight for our program by our boss, Mr. Torey Malatia.
我们的老板 Torey Malatia 先生对我们的项目进行 WBEZ 管理监督。
He keeps sending out these hilarious-- You're fired.
他不断地发出这些搞笑的话——你被解雇了。
Just kidding!-- greeting cards to the WBEZ staff.
开玩笑！——给 WBEZ 员工的贺卡。
The expression on the poor manager's face was such that the poor guy said I'm going to lose my job.
可怜的经理脸上的表情是这样的，可怜的家伙说我要失业了。
I'm Ira Glass back next week with more stories of This American Life.
我是艾拉·格拉斯（Ira Glass），下周我将带着更多《美国生活》的故事回来。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。