440: Game Changer - This American Life

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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #440 | July 8, 2011 440: Game Changer Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.

00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 440 集 | 2011 年 7 月 8 日 440：游戏规则改变者 注：《This American Life》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。

If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.

如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。

Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.

文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。

Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.

请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。

Prologue Ira Glass Back in December of 2007, Terry Engelder, who's a geologist at Penn State University, put a piece of scrap paper from the recycling bin under his desk and made a calculation.

序言 Ira Glass 早在 2007 年 12 月，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的地质学家特里·恩格尔德 (Terry Engelder) 将回收箱中的一张废纸放在办公桌下并进行了计算。

What you see here are numbers for thickness, and then aerial extent, and porosity is part of this calculation.

您在这里看到的是厚度数字，然后是空中范围，而孔隙率是此计算的一部分。

Ah, porosity.

啊，孔隙率。

Engelder was trying to figure out the answer to a very, very basic question, something somebody had asked him just in passing.

恩格尔德试图找出一个非常非常基本的问题的答案，这是有人顺便问他的。

He said, oh, by the way, how much gas is there in the Marcellus?

他说，哦，顺便问一下，马塞勒斯号里还有多少汽油？

And I hadn't actually thought of that.

我实际上并没有想到这一点。

Exactly how much natural gas was trapped in the Marcellus, which is a giant rock formation, a kind of rock called shale that runs underneath Pennsylvania where Engelder was actually sitting, and New York, and into Ohio, and New Jersey, and West Virginia, and Maryland.

到底有多少天然气被困在马塞勒斯河中，马塞勒斯河是一个巨大的岩层，一种叫做页岩的岩石，它在恩格尔德实际上所在的宾夕法尼亚州下方延伸，然后到纽约，再进入俄亥俄州、新泽西州、西弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州。

Which now we know, thanks to Engelder, is the second largest natural gas field in the world.

感谢恩格尔德，现在我们知道这是世界第二大天然气田。

Largest outside the Mideast.

中东以外最大的。

And it just so happened that no one, at least in the public domain up to that particular point in time, had actually sat down and done the calculation.

碰巧的是，至少在公共领域，直到那个特定时间点，没有人真正坐下来进行计算。

And so I found out and was astounded by the number.

我发现了这个数字，并对此感到震惊。

His result?

他的结果？

50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

50万亿立方英尺天然气。

It sounded impossible.

听起来不可能。

Engelder went online to see what the US Geological Survey was estimating for the Marcellus.

恩格尔德上网查看美国地质调查局对马塞勒斯号的估计。

Their number was less than 2 trillion cubic feet.

它们的数量不到2万亿立方英尺。

Engelder's was 50, 50 trillion cubic feet, conservatively.

保守地说，恩格尔德的储量是 50、50 万亿立方英尺。

So he crumbled up his scrap paper.

于是他把废纸揉碎了。

And said, boy, you know, [CRUMPLES PAPER] into the trash bin.

并说，孩子，你知道，[弄皱纸]扔进垃圾桶。

And first of all, I didn't believe it.

首先，我不相信。

Engelder wanted a second opinion, so he sent the problem to a colleague at another university.

恩格尔德想要获得第二意见，因此他将问题发送给另一所大学的同事。

Didn't tell him what he'd come up with, just let him have at it over the evening.

没有告诉他他的想法，只是让他晚上自己思考。

Then he called me back the next morning in great excitement and said, gee, this is huge.

然后第二天早上他非常兴奋地给我回电话说，天哪，这太棒了。

What does this mean?

这意味着什么？

What 50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas means, he says, is that America was about to have a revolution in how it powers itself.

他说，50 万亿立方英尺的天然气意味着美国即将在其自身供电方式方面发生一场革命。

Right now, natural gas makes up about 25% of our nation's energy supply.

目前，天然气约占我国能源供应的25%。

It's used for heating over half the nation's homes, for making electricity, for all kinds of stuff, and we import lots of it.

它用于为全国一半以上的家庭供暖、发电以及各种物品，而且我们大量进口。

But the country was suddenly getting access to all sorts of domestic shale deposits full of gas, the Marcellus chief among them, that could make it so that we do not have to import natural gas for decades.

但该国突然获得了各种充满天然气的国内页岩矿床，其中最主要的是马塞勒斯页岩矿床，这可以使我们在几十年内不必进口天然气。

This would make energy cheaper, create jobs in America, conceivably natural gas could replace some of the coal and oil we use.

这将使能源更便宜，为美国创造就业机会，可以想象天然气可以取代我们使用的部分煤炭和石油。

It could change everything.

它可以改变一切。

This realization, and the fact that he alone knew it, and the entire country would soon know it, Engelder says that as he was driving home that day, it was like an out of body experience.

恩格尔德说，这一认识，以及只有他一个人知道这一点，而且整个国家很快就会知道这一事实，当他那天开车回家时，这就像一次灵魂出窍的经历。

It was like falling in love.

就像坠入爱河一样。

It really was like walking on air.

真的就像在空中行走一样。

The car was driving 10 feet off the ground as it was driving home with this music from Strauss in the 19th century who had written this piece for the emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

汽车在离地 10 英尺的地方行驶，伴随着 19 世纪施特劳斯为奥匈帝国皇帝创作的这首曲子的音乐。

Do you know the piece?

你知道那件作品吗？

It was late December, right before Christmas, and the thought came to him.

那是十二月底，圣诞节前夕，他突然有了这个想法。

And the thought was, merry Christmas, America.

我的想法是，圣诞快乐，美国。

You're in for a real treat.

您将享受到真正的享受。

It's a line Engelder has used elsewhere.

恩格尔德在其他地方也用过这句话。

It's been published in National Geographic and in Time magazine.

它已发表在《国家地理》和《时代》杂志上。

By the time our show had talked to him, Engelder had talked to 208 reporters.

当我们的节目采访到恩格尔德时，他已经采访了 208 名记者。

Yes, he counted.

是的，他数过。

He gets multiple messages every week asking for interviews.

他每周都会收到多条要求采访的消息。

Hi, Dr. Engelder, I wanted to see if I could chat with you a little bit more--

你好，恩格尔德博士，我想看看是否可以和你再聊一会儿——

He's been offered jobs by oil and gas companies.

石油和天然气公司为他提供了工作机会。

He's constantly flying around giving speeches.

他经常飞来飞去发表演讲。

He was up to 198.

他的成绩达到了198。

And yes, he counted that, too.

是的，他也算了。

He started a consulting company and a research group.

他创办了一家咨询公司和一个研究小组。

He's testified before Congress.

他在国会作证。

In May, the president of Penn State University called Engelder a rock star-- get it, rock star-- at a trustees meeting.

五月，宾夕法尼亚州立大学校长在一次董事会会议上称恩格尔德为摇滚明星——明白了，摇滚明星。

The message of his work?

他的作品传达的信息是什么？

That there are huge gas reserves in Pennsylvania, and that a lot of people can make a lot of money, from homeowners leasing their land for drilling to all the jobs and side businesses that support the industry, that Pennsylvania could become Texas.

宾夕法尼亚州有巨大的天然气储量，很多人可以赚很多钱，从房主租赁土地进行钻探到支持该行业的所有工作和副业，宾夕法尼亚州可能会成为德克萨斯州。

That message squared perfectly with what the oil and gas industry and what politicians in the state of Pennsylvania wanted to hear.

这一信息与石油和天然气行业以及宾夕法尼亚州政界人士希望听到的信息完全吻合。

But, travel with me now across the state, another university, the University of Pittsburgh.

但是，现在和我一起穿越该州，另一所大学，匹兹堡大学。

Another professor did an entirely different calculation.

另一位教授做了完全不同的计算。

He came up with numbers that pretty much nobody-- at least nobody with any real power-- wanted to hear.

他提出的数字几乎没有人——至少没有任何有实权的人——愿意听到。

Now, he's unemployed.

现在，他失业了。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: This Marcellus issue probably has more political capital associated with it than any other issue I've been around.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：马塞勒斯问题可能比我遇到过的任何其他问题都具有更多的政治资本。

Dan Volz is director of the Center for Healthy Environments and Communities of the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health.

丹·沃尔兹 (Dan Volz) 是匹兹堡大学公共卫生研究生院健康环境和社区中心主任。

Or he was, until about a month ago.

或者他是，直到大约一个月前。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Everybody believes that this issue is going to save us from economic ruin, that we're going to generate all kinds of jobs from this.

（主题）康拉德·“丹”·沃尔兹：每个人都相信这个问题将使我们免于经济崩溃，我们将由此创造各种就业机会。

I have a completely different view from that.

我对此有完全不同的看法。

But, that's the prevailing political mood.

但是，这就是普遍的政治情绪。

Today on our radio program, what happened when the big institutions of a state, the universities, industry, government, all joined forces to push for natural gas.

今天在我们的广播节目中，讲述了当一个国家的大型机构、大学、工业界、政府齐心协力推动天然气发展时所发生的事情。

That's what happened in Pennsylvania.

这就是宾夕法尼亚州发生的事情。

Other states have been far more cautious.

其他州则要谨慎得多。

The people involved called the discovery of all this gas in the United States a game changer.

相关人员称在美国发现的所有这些气体改变了游戏规则。

But the only reason that any of this matters at all is that in the last decade, technology was developed that can extract the gas from these rocks.

但这一切之所以重要的唯一原因是，在过去十年中，技术的发展可以从这些岩石中提取气体。

The process is called, the full name-- get ready-- horizontal high-volume slick water hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.

这个过程的全称是——准备——水平大流量滑溜水水力压裂，或者说水力压裂。

You may have heard of fracking, which basically means they drill a hole into the earth, they pump a huge volume of water, millions of gallons, mixed with sand and chemicals down into that well into the rock.

您可能听说过水力压裂，这基本上意味着他们在地球上钻一个洞，然后将大量的水（数百万加仑）与沙子和化学品混合在一起泵入井中的岩石中。

It pushes out the gas that is trapped in the shale, which then surges back up the well, and lots of that chemically treated water comes back up too, now mixed with other stuff that's been a mile underground for eons, like huge amounts of salt.

它把困在页岩中的气体推出来，然后这些气体涌回井中，大量经过化学处理的水也返回来，现在与其他在地下一英里深处存在了亿万年的物质混合在一起，比如大量的盐。

How to handle that waste water is actually one of the tricky things about all this.

如何处理废水实际上是这一切的棘手问题之一。

From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life distributed by Public Radio International.

这是来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》，由国际公共广播电台发行。

I'm Ira Glass.

我是艾拉·格拉斯。

Today on our program, what happens to a state when it is hit with a game changer, like natural gas has hit Pennsylvania.

今天在我们的节目中，当一个州遭遇了游戏规则改变者的打击时，比如天然气袭击了宾夕法尼亚州，会发生什么。

One of our producers, Sarah Koenig, lives in Pennsylvania and has been looking into this for months.

我们的制作人之一莎拉·科尼格（Sarah Koenig）住在宾夕法尼亚州，几个月来一直在研究这个问题。

Our show in two acts, the first in the state universities, the second in a small town.

我们的演出分两幕，第一幕在州立大学，第二幕在小镇。

Let's begin at the universities, which people, of course, turn to for objective, neutral, unbiased analysis.

让我们从大学开始，人们当然会向大学寻求客观、中立、公正的分析。

That's Act One of our show, You've Got Shale.

这是我们节目《You've Got Shale》的第一幕。

Here's Sarah.

这是莎拉。

The story of that second guy's calculation, Dan Volz's calculation, at first sounds an awful lot like Terry Engelder's.

第二个人丹·沃尔兹（Dan Volz）的计算故事乍一听起来非常像特里·恩格尔德（Terry Engelder）的计算。

A couple of years after drilling had started in Pennsylvania, he also figured out something no one else had bothered to calculate, how much toxic crap-- chemicals, and other pollution from gas drilling-- was getting into water supplies.

宾夕法尼亚州开始钻探几年后，他还发现了其他人没有费心去计算的事情，即有多少有毒废物（化学物质和天然气钻探产生的其他污染物）进入了供水系统。

Treatment plants were taking in the waste, supposedly cleaning it up, and then releasing it into bodies of water, like the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, which actually runs right in back of Volz's office building.

处理厂接收废物，据称将其清理干净，然后将其释放到水体中，例如匹兹堡的莫农加希拉河，该河实际上就流经沃尔兹办公楼的后面。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: I essentially did a calculation looking at these 13 or so wastewater facilities.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我基本上对这 13 个左右的废水处理设施进行了计算。

Every day, if these wastewater treatment plants were accepting their total allotment of oil and gas waste, they'd be putting something on the order of 800,000 pounds of solids into the river a day.

每天，如果这些废水处理厂接受其分配的石油和天然气废物总量，那么他们每天就会向河中排放大约 800,000 磅的固体。

And this would include tons and tons of things, like strontium and bromide and barium.

这将包括大量的物质，例如锶、溴化物和钡。

High levels of strontium and bromide can cause cancer and birth defects.

高含量的锶和溴化物会导致癌症和出生缺陷。

Barium is a heavy metal, which can be poisonous if you ingest enough of it.

钡是一种重金属，如果摄入足够量就会有毒。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: That's just like backing up a dump truck full of powdered barium and having about 16 of them just dump that right into the Monongahela River.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：这就像倒车一辆装满钡粉的自卸卡车，然后让大约 16 辆卡车将其直接倾倒到莫农加希拉河中。

There's no difference.

没有什么区别。

I shocked myself.

我自己都震惊了。

I said to myself, oh, this can't be.

我对自己说，哦，这不可能。

And I went to my wife, actually, and I said, you had better look at my calculations for me.

事实上，我去找我妻子，我说，你最好帮我看看我的计算结果。

Is she also a scientist?

她也是科学家吗？

Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: She's a physician, but she's a better mathematician than I am.

康拉德（主题）康拉德“丹”沃尔兹：她是一名医生，但她是一个比我更好的数学家。

So she looked at it and she said, well, Dan, I think your calculations are correct.

所以她看了看后说，好吧，丹，我认为你的计算是正确的。

So Volz told the outside world about his calculation, the 800,000 pounds, talked to community groups, gave seminars on it, told the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, put it on his center's website.

因此，沃尔兹向外界讲述了他的计算结果，即80万英镑，与社区团体进行了交谈，举办了相关研讨会，告诉宾夕法尼亚州环境保护部，并将其放在他的中心的网站上。

And of course, he told his boss.

当然，他告诉了他的老板。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: I did bring this to the dean's attention about this time last year and gave him a presentation on it.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：去年这个时候我确实向院长提出了这个问题，并向他做了一个介绍。

And he is concerned, and he was concerned.

他很担心，他很担心。

But deans and administrators and department heads are busy people, looking at lots of different things, and--

但院长、管理人员和部门负责人都是忙碌的人，关注很多不同的事情，而且——

OK, so we'll come back to Volz in a bit, but compare this reaction that Dan Volz gets from the higher ups at Pitt to the one that the first guy, Terry Engelder, gets back at Penn State when he tells his dean about his calculation.

好的，我们稍后会回到沃尔兹，但是将丹·沃尔兹从皮特大学高层得到的反应与第一个人特里·恩格尔德回到宾夕法尼亚州立大学时向院长讲述他的计算结果时的反应进行比较。

Here's Engelder.

这是恩格尔德。

And the dean's reaction, Dean Easterling's reaction was immediately, boy, the president of the university needs to know about this.

院长的反应，伊斯特林院长的反应是，孩子，大学校长需要知道这件事。

So the dean tells the provost and the president, and within 24 hours, word comes down from the president's office that they'd like Engelder to sit on this discovery, not tell anyone for about a month.

于是，院长告诉教务长和校长，24 小时内，校长办公室传来消息，他们希望恩格尔德静候这一发现，大约一个月内不要告诉任何人。

The president wants to announce it at the next trustees meeting.

总统希望在下次董事会会议上宣布这一消息。

A discovery like this helps Penn State's president with one of the most important parts of his job, which is to be constantly reminding lawmakers and donors why they should keep supporting the university.

这样的发现有助于宾夕法尼亚州立大学校长完成其工作中最重要的部分之一，即不断提醒立法者和捐助者为什么他们应该继续支持这所大学。

They can say, see, your investment in us does pay off.

他们可以说，看，您对我们的投资确实得到了回报。

For every dollar you invest, you'll get back $10, or $100, whatever the number is.

您每投资 1 美元，您将获得 10 美元或 100 美元的回报，无论金额是多少。

Well, the upcoming board of trustees meeting was the 17th of January.

嗯，即将召开的董事会会议是 1 月 17 日。

So that same day, the 17th of January, 2008, Penn State issued a press release on the Marcellus.

同一天，2008 年 1 月 17 日，宾夕法尼亚州立大学发布了一份关于马塞勒斯的新闻稿。

He quoted Engelder as saying, "the discovery could be worth $1 trillion." With that, Penn State positioned itself as an early booster of gas drilling in the state.

他引用恩格尔德的话说，“这一发现可能价值1万亿美元。”由此，宾夕法尼亚州立大学将自己定位为该州天然气钻探的早期推动者。

Now, I want to be clear here that Penn State isn't monolithic, and that there are other people at the university who are doing Marcellus work, on its effects on well water and songbirds, on the chemicals in frack water, on how industry money is being spread around, on how communities are being affected.

现在，我想在这里澄清，宾夕法尼亚州立大学并不是铁板一块，大学里还有其他人正在做马塞勒斯的工作，研究它对井水和鸣禽的影响，对压裂水中的化学物质的影响，对行业资金如何分配的影响，对社区如何受到影响的影响。

But in the early days of this gas boom in Pennsylvania, it's fair to say the university quickly got a reputation of not really questioning whether this whole venture was necessarily a good idea.

但在宾夕法尼亚州天然气繁荣的早期，可以公平地说，这所大学很快就赢得了声誉，因为它并没有真正质疑整个项目是否一定是一个好主意。

Myron Arnowitt runs an environmental group in Pennsylvania called Clean Water Action, and he's gone to dozens of panels around the state talking to residents about gas drilling.

迈伦·阿诺伊特在宾夕法尼亚州经营着一个名为“清洁水行动”的环保组织，他曾前往该州各地的数十个小组与居民讨论天然气钻探问题。

He said the panels usually had someone representing the gas industry, someone from government, and often, someone from Penn State.

他说，小组通常有代表天然气行业的人、来自政府的人，而且通常是来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的人。

Very often on these panels, the industry side will speak and say, there's never been a problem with gas drilling ever.

在这些面板上，行业人士经常会说，天然气钻探从来没有出现过问题。

No one has anything to worry about.

没有人有什么可担心的。

And we'll get up and say, you know, here all the problems that can happen.

我们会站起来说，你知道，这里有所有可能发生的问题。

Here are some things that have happened.

以下是已经发生的一些事情。

This is why we're worried about it.

这就是我们担心的原因。

And then the guy from Penn State will get up and say, you can make a lot of money off of gas drilling.

然后来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的那个人会站起来说，你可以通过天然气钻探赚很多钱。

Pennsylvania is in an economic wonderland because there's all this drilling that can happen in our state.

宾夕法尼亚州处于一个经济仙境，因为我们州可以进行所有这些钻探活动。

And then someone from the audience will ask the Penn State person, who they kind of thought was a more, at least, impartial, or even knowing something about the environment, will say, well, what about some of the environmental risks?

然后观众中的某个人会问宾夕法尼亚州立大学的人，他们认为谁是一个更加公正的人，甚至对环境有所了解，他们会说，好吧，一些环境风险怎么样？

And the Penn state person-- and I've been in multiple times where this has happened.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学的人士——我曾多次经历过这种情况。

The Penn State person would say, you know, I don't really know a lot about that.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学的人会说，你知道，我对此了解不多。

You should ask Clean Water Action.

您应该询问清洁水行动。

And it was just like a bizarre moment, because I think people were obviously asking them because they wanted someone like an institution, like Penn State, to speak to what the environmental risks might be.

这就像一个奇怪的时刻，因为我认为人们显然在问他们，因为他们希望有人像宾夕法尼亚州立大学这样的机构来谈论可能存在的环境风险。

And they just wouldn't do it.

但他们就是不会这么做。

I heard this over and over again from all kinds of people, that they don't trust Penn State on this issue.

我从各种各样的人那里一遍又一遍地听到这样的说法，他们在这个问题上不信任宾夕法尼亚州立大学。

A researcher doing field surveys in rural towns about the gas industry told me it was sometimes hard to get people to talk or answer questions once they found out the research was being conducted by Penn State.

一位在农村城镇进行天然气行业实地调查的研究人员告诉我，一旦人们发现宾夕法尼亚州立大学正在进行这项研究，有时很难让人们谈论或回答问题。

Another scientist looking at water quality told me when he does public presentations around the state, he sometimes gets booed and heckled and yelled at.

另一位研究水质的科学家告诉我，当他在全州各地进行公开演讲时，有时会遭到嘘声、质问和吼叫。

He's had a finger poked at his chest by people who assume that, because he's from Penn State, he's in industry's pocket.

人们用一根手指戳着他的胸口，因为他们认为，因为他来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学，所以他就在工业界的口袋里。

Besides Engelder's announcement, the other piece of Penn State research that got a lot of attention was an economics report put out by the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 2009.

除了恩格尔德的宣布之外，宾夕法尼亚州立大学另一项备受关注的研究是地球与矿物科学学院2009年发布的一份经济学报告。

It concluded that gas production could be generating $13.5 billion in value added, and almost 175,000 jobs by 2020.

其结论是，到 2020 年，天然气生产可创造 135 亿美元的附加值，并创造近 175,000 个就业岗位。

Later that was revised upward to 212,000 jobs, vastly higher than what the State Department of Labor and Industry was estimating.

后来该数字上调至 212,000 个职位，远高于美国劳工和工业部的估计。

Furthermore, the study said, taxing natural gas production would be a bad idea.

此外，该研究称，对天然气生产征税不是一个好主意。

Keep in mind, whether to impose a tax was and is a big debate in Pennsylvania.

请记住，是否征税在宾夕法尼亚州过去和现在都是一场大辩论。

It's the only state that doesn't tax gas production, and companies would like to keep it that way.

这是唯一不对天然气生产征税的州，公司希望保持这种状态。

So, no, don't tax it, the Penn State report said.

所以，不，不要征税，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的报告说。

And not only that, don't regulate it either.

不仅如此，也不对其进行监管。

Quote, "proposals to regulate hydraulic fracturing under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act pose yet another serious threat to the development of the Marcellus shale.

引用：“根据联邦安全饮用水法案监管水力压裂的提议对马塞勒斯页岩的开发构成了另一个严重威胁。

Industry couldn't have paid for better advertising.

业界无法支付更好的广告费用。

And it turned out when an activist made a stink about this, industry had paid for it.

事实证明，当一名激进分子对此发出恶评时，业界已经为此付出了代价。

A group of gas and energy companies had sponsored the thing, had asked Penn State to create it using data the industry provided.

一群天然气和能源公司赞助了这个项目，并要求宾夕法尼亚州立大学使用行业提供的数据来创建它。

But the numbers did as numbers do, they took on a life of their own, as evidence in the case for drilling.

但这些数字就像数字一样，它们有了自己的生命，作为钻探案件的证据。

Literally thousands and thousands of jobs out there.

从字面上看，那里有成千上万的工作岗位。

I've seen some estimates that go as high as 200,000 jobs over the next 10 years.

据我估计，未来 10 年就业机会将高达 200,000 个。

So obviously, there's a lot of potential there.

显然，那里有很大的潜力。

That's former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who's now working for the industry's Marcellus Shale Coalition, talking to small business owners in April.

这是前宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆·里奇（Tom Ridge），他现在为该行业的马塞勒斯页岩联盟工作，他在四月份与小企业主交谈。

And here's Senator James Inhofe of Oklahoma at a committee hearing, citing Penn State, to support the idea that there should be no federal regulation of fracking.

俄克拉荷马州参议员詹姆斯·英霍夫 (James Inhofe) 在一次委员会听证会上援引宾夕法尼亚州立大学的话说，支持不应该对水力压裂进行联邦监管的观点。

I'd also like to submit for the record two studies from Penn State University.

我还想提交宾夕法尼亚州立大学的两项研究作为记录。

The studies found that Marcellus activity-- I'm quoting now, this is Penn State University.

研究发现马塞勒斯的活动——我现在引用的是宾夕法尼亚州立大学。

"By 2020, employment would expand by 200,000 jobs.

“到2020年，就业岗位将增加20万个。

Additionally, Penn State University-- I'm still quoting-- also concluded that federal regulation was a serious threat to Marcellus development."

此外，宾夕法尼亚州立大学——我仍在引用——也得出结论认为，联邦监管对马塞勒斯的发展构成了严重威胁。”

People critical of gas drilling have called Terry Engelder an industry shill.

批评天然气钻探的人称特里·恩格尔德为行业骗子。

And while it is true that his Marcellus talking points line up exactly with those of industry, I got the impression that Engelder sincerely believes these talking points.

虽然他的马塞勒斯谈话要点确实与工业界的谈话要点完全一致，但我的印象是恩格尔德真诚地相信这些谈话要点。

He believes industry wants to do shale drilling right, that it's figuring out how to minimize the environmental and health hazards.

他认为，工业界希望正确进行页岩钻探，并想办法尽量减少对环境和健康的危害。

And his job, his responsibility, in fact, is to help.

事实上，他的工作、他的责任就是提供帮助。

He believes he's had an opportunity only a handful of scientists get, to influence the course of history.

他相信他有机会影响历史进程，只有少数科学家才能获得。

He compared himself to Louis Pasteur and Jonas Salk.

他将自己比作路易斯·巴斯德和乔纳斯·索尔克。

And so, back in 2007, for instance, when he was invited by a major investment bank to participate in a conference call for about 130 investors looking to put money into drilling in the Marcellus Shale, Engelder felt it was almost his duty to do so.

因此，例如，早在 2007 年，当他受一家大型投资银行邀请参加一个由大约 130 名希望投资马塞勒斯页岩钻探的投资者参加的电话会议时，Engelder 觉得这样做几乎是他的责任。

In a very real sense, this was my one opportunity to repay the faith that the federal government has had in me and the industry has had in me.

从真正意义上来说，这是我回报联邦政府和业界对我的信任的唯一机会。

I couldn't get tape from the call, but I did get a transcript.

我无法获得通话录音，但我确实得到了一份文字记录。

During the presentation, Engelder doesn't just talk up the Marcellus Shale.

在演讲中，恩格尔德不仅仅谈论马塞勒斯页岩。

"I have to make a bit of a sales pitch for Penn State," he says.

“我必须为宾夕法尼亚州立大学做一些推销，”他说。

He repeatedly points out the quote, "symbiosis between the gas industry and Penn State," and asked them to invest in research at Penn State, quote, "The type of research that's necessary to answer some of these questions that are going to be so critical to the future of Marcellus development," the type of research that he, himself, will be doing.

他反复指出“天然气行业与宾夕法尼亚州立大学之间的共生关系”，并要求他们投资宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究，并引用“回答其中一些问题所必需的研究类型，这些问题对马塞勒斯的未来发展至关重要”，他本人将进行的研究类型。

Since that call, Engelder has started a research project.

自从那次电话之后，恩格尔德开始了一个研究项目。

10 oil and gas companies are paying about $40,000 each so students can map the Appalachian Basin, showing companies where best to drill.

10 家石油和天然气公司每家支付约 4 万美元，以便学生绘制阿巴拉契亚盆地地图，向公司展示最佳钻探地点。

Engelder also has a multimillion dollar project to help engineers figure out, among other things, how much pressure they need to frack wells.

恩格尔德还有一个耗资数百万美元的项目，帮助工程师计算出压裂油井需要多大的压力等。

Penn State depends hugely on industry money, and not just on the oil and gas industry, on pharmaceutical companies, and on weapons manufacturers, and on the government.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学极大地依赖于工业资金，而不仅仅是石油和天然气工业、制药公司、武器制造商和政府。

All major research universities do, not just Penn State.

所有主要研究型大学都这样做，而不仅仅是宾夕法尼亚州立大学。

But Penn State's got one of the oldest and best gas and petroleum engineering schools in the country.

但宾夕法尼亚州立大学拥有美国最古老、最好的天然气和石油工程学校之一。

Without industry money, the school might not survive.

没有工业资金，学校可能无法生存。

Flip through this year's awards banquet program for the Energy and Mineral Engineering students, and it's an industry roster.

翻阅今年能源与矿物工程专业学生的颁奖晚宴节目，这是一份行业名单。

They're getting money from Chesapeake Energy, Consol Energy, Chevron, BP, ConocoPhillips, Marathon Oil.

他们从切萨皮克能源公司、康索尔能源公司、雪佛龙公司、英国石油公司、康菲石油公司和马拉松石油公司获得资金。

Some of these students will go on to work for these companies, and make lots of money, and give it back to Penn State, which is great for the university.

其中一些学生将继续为这些公司工作，赚很多钱，然后将其返还给宾夕法尼亚州立大学，这对大学来说是一件好事。

But if you take a close look at how some of these donations work, you can see how entwined the university is, not just with the gas industry, but also with state government, and how all three of them are united on the topic of drilling.

但如果你仔细观察其中一些捐款的运作方式，你就会发现这所大学不仅与天然气行业，而且还与州政府有着多么紧密的联系，以及这三者如何在钻探主题上团结一致。

Take the biggest private donation in Penn State's history.

以宾夕法尼亚州立大学历史上最大的私人捐款为例。

In September, an oil and gas engineering alum named Terry Pegula gave $88 million to create a Division I ice hockey program.

9 月，一位名叫特里·佩古拉（Terry Pegula）的石油和天然气工程校友捐赠了 8800 万美元来创建一级冰球项目。

Pegula and his oil and gas company, East Resources, which, by the way, had the third highest number of gas well violations in the state between 2008 and 2010, were top donors to Pennsylvania's new republican Governor, Tom Corbett, who's a great friend to the gas industry.

佩古拉和他的石油天然气公司东方资源公司 (East Resources) 是宾夕法尼亚州新任共和党州长汤姆·科贝特 (Tom Corbett) 的最大捐助者，而汤姆·科贝特是天然气行业的好朋友。 顺便说一句，2008 年至 2010 年间，该公司的气井违规事件数量在该州排名第三。

Corbett has said repeatedly he doesn't think gas production should be taxed.

科贝特多次表示，他认为不应对天然气生产征税。

The Marcellus is a resource, a source of potential wealth, the foundation of a new economy, not just something new to tax.

马塞勒斯是一种资源、潜在财富的来源、新经济的基础，而不仅仅是税收的新东西。

That was Corbett's first budget address in March, when he also announced his new Marcellus Shale Commission, which will advise him on all matters of Marcellus development and regulation.

这是科贝特三月份的第一次预算演讲，当时他还宣布了新的马塞勒斯页岩委员会，该委员会将就马塞勒斯开发和监管的所有事务向他提供建议。

Who sits on the commission?

谁是该委员会的成员？

Terry Pegula, the ice hockey guy, plus 12 other business and industry representatives, four representatives from environmental groups, and one academic, Terry Engelder.

冰球运动员特里·佩古拉 (Terry Pegula) 以及其他 12 名商业和行业代表、四名环保组织代表以及一名学者特里·恩格尔德 (Terry Engelder)。

And I was surprised how frank Engelder was with me about his role in the commission, how baldly political.

我很惊讶恩格尔德对我谈论他在委员会中的角色是多么坦率，多么赤裸裸的政治色彩。

He says he's there to push for one or two controversial topics, one of which is forced pooling.

他说他来这里是为了推动一两个有争议的话题，其中之一就是强制合并。

It's a policy that lets drillers extract gas from under your property, whether you like it or not.

这项政策允许钻探人员从您的土地下提取天然气，无论您是否喜欢。

Engelder thinks it's a good idea, industry wants it.

恩格尔德认为这是一个好主意，业界需要它。

But Governor Corbett has opposed it.

但科贝特州长对此表示反对。

I suspect that if the commission were to word their recommendations for pooling in a clever enough way, this would provide political cover for the governor himself.

我怀疑，如果委员会以足够聪明的方式表达他们的联合建议，这将为州长本人提供政治掩护。

Now, the reason this is important that it come from me, for example, is that it has no credibility if someone from industry proposes this.

现在，这件事之所以来自我很重要，是因为如果业界有人提出这个建议，那么它就没有可信度。

In fact, as the commission has been criticized a great deal anyway for being top-heavy with industry types.

事实上，该委员会因对行业类型的头重脚轻而受到了很多批评。

There's nothing necessarily sinister about Penn State being friendly with industry, or taking industry money, unless that money skews research or tamps down dissent.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学与工业界保持友好关系，或者接受工业界的资金，并不一定是险恶的，除非这些资金扭曲了研究或压制了异议。

The problem is, it can.

问题是，它可以。

A retired mining engineer from Penn State told me that faculty in his department knew very well that publicly criticizing the mining industry would be a risky career move.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位退休采矿工程师告诉我，他所在部门的教员非常清楚，公开批评采矿业将是一个危险的职业举动。

He knew of instances when companies got upset about something a faculty member said.

他知道有些公司会对教职员工的言论感到不满。

And quote, "In some cases, their discomfort was expressed as, we're not going to support you any longer if this goes on." He said mining faculty at Penn State generally won't act as expert witnesses in lawsuits against mining companies for the same reason.

并引用：“在某些情况下，他们的不适表达为，如果这种情况继续下去，我们将不再支持你。”他说，出于同样的原因，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的矿业教师通常不会在针对矿业公司的诉讼中担任专家证人。

Likewise, for petroleum and natural gas engineering faculty, he said, it would really take an earth-shattering event for them to feel free to take an active role in questioning industry motives, or any aspect of industry behavior.

同样，对于石油和天然气工程学院来说，他说，真正需要发生惊天动地的事件，他们才能自由地在质疑行业动机或行业行为的任何方面发挥积极作用。

I have tape of this interview, but I agreed not to use it, because two days after we spoke, this professor, a nice man who's been retired for a decade, told me he had an anxiety attack, his first ever.

我有这次采访的录音带，但我同意不使用它，因为我们谈话两天后，这位退休十年的好人教授告诉我，他焦虑症发作了，这是他第一次。

He said he felt like a whistleblower and he couldn't go public.

他说他感觉自己像个举报人，无法公开。

At the University of Pittsburgh, Dan Volz did go public.

在匹兹堡大学，丹·沃尔兹确实上市了。

He works in public health; he felt it was his duty to go public.

他从事公共卫生工作；他觉得公开是他的责任。

A couple of years ago, people started calling in to the Center for Healthy Environments & Communities where Volz worked.

几年前，人们开始致电沃尔兹工作的健康环境与社区中心。

At first, three or four people a week, then as many as 25 a week.

起初每周三四个人，后来多达二十五个人。

The callers lived near gas wells or compressor stations and they had health complaints.

打电话的人住在气井或压缩机站附近，他们有健康问题。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: People complaining of bloody noses, of tingling in their distal portions of their fingers and their toes, of problems sometimes remembering things, getting headaches.

（主题）康拉德·“丹”·沃尔兹：人们抱怨鼻子流血、手指和脚趾远端刺痛、有时记不住事情、头痛。

And the same problems are being reported in Colorado, and Wyoming, and in Texas.

科罗拉多州、怀俄明州和德克萨斯州也报告了同样的问题。

And there's just no investigation on the part of the Environmental Protection Agency, or the state DEPs.

环境保护局或州环保局也没有进行任何调查。

So we started investigating this.

所以我们开始对此进行调查。

Volz was pretty new to academia.

沃尔兹对于学术界来说还是个新手。

He came to Pitt in 2004.

2004年，他来到皮特。

But before that, he had his own successful consulting firm.

但在此之前，他拥有自己成功的咨询公司。

He also worked for the government at OSHA and for industry and National Steel.

他还曾在 OSHA 政府部门以及工业界和国家钢铁公司工作。

What he was hearing in the phone calls reminded him of solvent exposures he'd investigated before in factories.

他在电话中听到的内容让他想起了他之前在工厂调查过的溶剂暴露情况。

It was worrisome.

这令人担忧。

Also around this time, in late 2009, people started noticing that fish were dying in Dunkard Creek, which runs for 35 miles along the Pennsylvania-West Virginia border.

大约在这个时候，也就是 2009 年末，人们开始注意到邓卡德溪 (Dunkard Creek) 的鱼类正在死亡，这条溪沿着宾夕法尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州边境绵延 35 英里。

Not just fish, but salamanders and shellfish.

不仅是鱼，还有蝾螈和贝类。

In fact, all the aquatic life had turned belly up.

事实上，所有的水生生物都翻了肚皮。

The cause was said to be golden algae.

据说原因是金藻。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: What was puzzling about this was that golden algae only grows in salty water.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：令人费解的是金藻只生长在咸水中。

So where is all the salt coming from?

那么所有的盐是从哪里来的呢？

So I got very interested after that in the issue of, what's adding all of this total dissolved solids to rivers like the Monongahela?

因此，此后我对以下问题非常感兴趣：是什么将所有这些总溶解固体添加到莫农加希拉河等河流中？

Why are we seeing problems associated with high bromide levels in finished drinking water?

为什么我们会看到成品饮用水中溴化物含量高相关的问题？

What is going on here?

这是怎么回事？

So Volz and his students decided the next thing to do was physically test the water themselves.

因此，沃尔兹和他的学生决定下一步要做的就是亲自测试水。

The lab results from one brine treatment facility, known as the Josephine Plant, were so alarming that Volz testified at a US Senate hearing about them.

一个名为约瑟芬工厂的盐水处理设施的实验室结果非常令人震惊，以至于沃尔兹在美国参议院的听证会上就这些结果作证。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: And we found that coming out of the effluent pipe of that plant was discharge of nine pollutants, essentially all in excess of nationally recognized human and or aquatic health standards.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我们发现从该工厂的污水管道中排放出九种污染物，基本上全部超出了国家认可的人类和/或水生健康标准。

Meanwhile, people at Pitt were getting annoyed with Volz.

与此同时，皮特的员工对沃尔兹感到恼火。

He's not your typical academic.

他不是典型的学者。

He doesn't soften things so industry can save face.

他不会软化事情，这样工业界才能挽回面子。

And he wasn't just critical of the gas industry.

他不仅批评天然气行业。

At Pitt he had taken on coal mining pollution and toxic dumping by a plate glass manufacturer.

在皮特，他负责处理煤矿开采污染和一家平板玻璃制造商倾倒有毒物质的问题。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: So I have talked about many things that I was told, well, maybe you should moderate what you say a little bit and to kind of pull my punches and talk about things with words such as "potential," like potential public health problems, instead of public health problems.

（主题）康拉德·“丹”·沃尔兹：所以我已经谈论了很多我被告知的事情，好吧，也许你应该稍微节制一下你所说的话，并用诸如“潜力”之类的词来谈论事情，比如潜在的公共卫生问题，而不是公共卫生问题。

I can see why they might want him to do that.

我明白为什么他们希望他这样做。

He can be a loud mouth when he's riled up.

当他被激怒时，他可能会大声说话。

Like, when I asked him about methane leaks from gas operations, which some people, like Terry Engelder, say can just be plugged.

比如，当我向他询问天然气运营中的甲烷泄漏问题时，特里·恩格尔德等人表示，只要堵住泄漏就可以了。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Let's get a grip on what we're doing here.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：让我们来了解一下我们在这里所做的事情。

We're making the ground into Swiss cheese.

我们正在将地面制成瑞士奶酪。

And how often are we going to go back to these hundreds of thousands and millions of wells over the next 20 to 30 to 100 years to keep plugging them, to keep them plugged for the next generation, and then the next generation, and then the next generation?

在接下来的 20、30 到 100 年里，我们多久会返回这些数十万、数百万口油井，继续堵塞它们，为下一代、下一代、再下一代保持堵塞？

Do we have to plug it in--

我们是否必须将其插入--

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: I am yelling at you.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我在对你大喊大叫。

So we have to plug this damn thing in perpetuity?

所以我们必须永远堵住这个该死的东西吗？

Come on.

快点。

Volz was also warning community groups about all the compressor stations and refineries that would inevitably follow the drilling in Pennsylvania, and about evidence of cancer clusters among people who live near these operations in Texas and Louisiana.

沃尔兹还警告社区团体注意宾夕法尼亚州钻探后不可避免地会出现的所有压缩机站和炼油厂，以及德克萨斯州和路易斯安那州这些作业区附近居民中存在癌症聚集的证据。

He says he was specifically told not to talk about that, to cool it.

他说他被特别告知不要谈论这件事，以冷静下来。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: I certainly have had conversations with researchers here who were direct with me and said, you know, you're going to ruin our chances to get funding from the industry.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我当然与这里的研究人员进行过交谈，他们直接对我说，你知道，你会毁掉我们从该行业获得资金的机会。

You've got to not talk about this anymore.

你不能再谈论这件事了。

We're not going to get any funding from the drillers, from Chesapeake, or Range Resources, or any of these companies.

我们不会从钻探者、切萨皮克、Range Resources 或任何这些公司那里获得任何资金。

And these conversations were not like razzing you around the coffee maker, like people were actually coming to you seriously and saying--?

这些谈话并不像在咖啡机旁让你焦躁不安，也不像人们真的认真地来找你并说——？

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: These were department heads and these are people with power in the university.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：这些是系主任，是大学里有权力的人。

It was all administrators.

都是管理员。

Can you please--?

可以请你——吗？

Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: No, you need to keep your mouth shut.

Conrad（主题） CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ： 不，你需要闭嘴。

You're on this team.

你是这个团队的一员。

The team includes 18 people on Pitt's board of trustees connected to the oil and gas industry, including the chairman of Marathon Oil, the CEO of Consol Energy, a director of Dominion Resources.

该团队包括皮特董事会中与石油和天然气行业有关的 18 名人员，其中包括马拉松石油公司 (Marathon Oil) 董事长、康索尔能源公司 (Consol Energy) 首席执行官、多米尼恩资源公司 (Dominion Resources) 董事。

When Volz got his results about pollution coming out of the Josephine Brine Treatment Plant, he was told not to release them until they were published in a peer reviewed journal, which can take months, or even years sometimes.

当沃尔兹得到约瑟芬盐水处理厂污染的结果时，他被告知在同行评审期刊上发表之前不要发布这些结果，这有时可能需要几个月甚至几年的时间。

He refused and handed the results over to the EPA.

他拒绝了，并将结果交给了美国环保局。

All this came to a head in April.

这一切在四月份达到了顶峰。

How was it communicated to you that, don't be talking about compressors and pipeline and cancer clusters, and don't be handing out your Josephine Plant data to the EPA or to the public before it's peer reviewed?

它是如何传达给你的，不要谈论压缩机、管道和癌症集群，也不要在同行评审之前将你的约瑟芬工厂数据交给 EPA 或公众？

How is this communicated to you?

这是如何传达给您的？

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Directly.

（主题）康拉德·“丹”·沃尔兹： 直接说。

What do you mean, how was it commun--?

你是什​​么意思，它是如何交流的——？

Did someone knock on your-- Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Don't do it.

有人敲你的——康拉德（主题）康拉德“丹”沃尔兹：别这样做。

An email.

一封电子邮件。

It was an email?

这是一封电子邮件？

Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Yes.

康拉德（主题） 康拉德“丹”沃尔兹： 是的。

From?

从？

Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: From the dean of the Graduate School of Public Health, that you've crossed a line to advocacy.

康拉德（主题）康拉德“丹”沃尔兹：公共卫生研究生院院长表示，您已经越过了宣传的界限。

You're now an advocate.

您现在是一名倡导者。

You're not a scientist.

你不是科学家。

As soon as I read that I quit immediately.

我一读到就立即退出。

I just said, I'm a 60-year-old man that's had a complete career in environment, and I don't need to work for this university.

我只是说，我是一个60岁的人，在环境方面有完整的职业生涯，我不需要在这所大学工作。

I spoke to Volz's dean, Dr. Donald Burke.

我与沃尔兹学院的院长唐纳德·伯克博士进行了交谈。

He and Dan Volz like and respect each other.

他和 Dan Volz 彼此喜欢并尊重对方。

He told me the school's differences with Volz weren't political or financial, they were philosophical.

他告诉我学校与沃尔兹的分歧不是政治或经济上的，而是哲学上的。

They fundamentally disagreed about when it's OK to be an advocate and when it's not.

对于什么时候可以当倡导者、什么时候不可以当倡导者，他们从根本上存在分歧。

Is advocacy in an academic institution appropriate?

在学术机构中进行宣传是否合适？

When there's a strong evidence base, the answer is, by all means.

当有强有力的证据基础时，答案是，无论如何。

But if there's not a strong evidence base, then advocacy is probably not appropriate for a university.

但如果没有强有力的证据基础，那么倡导可能不适合大学。

For Dr. Burke, lab results from the Josephine Plant isn't strong enough evidence, not like a peer reviewed study.

对于伯克博士来说，约瑟芬工厂的实验室结果并没有足够有力的证据，不像同行评审的研究。

Dr. Burke also said the research that Dan Volz and his students were doing would continue at Penn.

伯克博士还表示，丹·沃尔兹和他的学生正在进行的研究将在宾夕法尼亚大学继续进行。

Interestingly, just after Volz quit, the Pennsylvania DEP asked all drilling companies to stop bringing their waste to treatment facilities that couldn't handle them.

有趣的是，就在沃尔兹辞职后，宾夕法尼亚州环境保护部要求所有钻井公司停止将废物运送到无法处理的处理设施。

Volz's work wasn't mentioned, but most people following this topic in Pennsylvania credit him in large part for making that happen.

沃尔兹的工作没有被提及，但宾夕法尼亚州关注这个话题的大多数人都认为他促成了这一切。

Do you know of other people, not even necessarily here at Pitt, but just at other universities who have run into this similar thing as you have?

你是否认识其他人，甚至不一定是在匹兹堡大学，而是在其他大学也遇到过与你类似的事情？

Maybe not to this degree, maybe they haven't been as outspoken, but who have sort of gotten the message from their institutions, like can you please dial it down?

也许没有达到这种程度，也许他们没有那么直言不讳，但他们已经从他们的机构那里得到了信息，比如你能小声一点吗？

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Have I heard of this?

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我听说过这个吗？

Yeah, or do you know?

是啊，或者你知道吗？

Conrad (SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Yes, absolutely.

康拉德（主题） 康拉德“丹”沃尔兹： 是的，绝对如此。

Sure.

当然。

You don't have to tell me who they are now, but can you--?

你现在不必告诉我他们是谁，但是你能——吗？

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: I'm not going to ever tell you who they are.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：我永远不会告诉你他们是谁。

Oh, you're not?

哦，你不是吗？

Because they won't talk to me?

因为他们不跟我说话？

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: Again, turn that thing off.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：再次，把那个东西关掉。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: They will not talk to you.

（主题）CONRAD“DAN”VOLZ：他们不会和你说话。

I guarantee you they will not talk to you.

我向你保证他们不会和你说话。

I will not even give you their names.

我什至不会告诉你他们的名字。

(SUBJECT) CONRAD "DAN" VOLZ: They won't talk to you because this is such a huge political question, and they risk their job, or their grant funding, or their career over this.

（主题）康拉德·“丹”·沃尔兹：他们不会和你说话，因为这是一个巨大的政治问题，他们因此而拿自己的工作、拨款或职业生涯冒险。

That's why.

这就是原因。

New York's politics surrounding gas are different from Pennsylvania's.

纽约围绕天然气的政治与宾夕法尼亚州不同。

For starters, there's been a moratorium on drilling there.

首先，那里的钻探活动已经暂停。

And so the politics within a university like Cornell at least, are different enough that a professor named Tony Ingraffea has been speaking out without any repercussions.

因此，至少像康奈尔大学这样的大学内部的政治已经足够不同，以至于一位名叫托尼·英格拉菲的教授一直在没有任何反响的情况下发表言论。

Ingraffea's one of the people who helped invent fracking.

英格拉菲是发明水力压裂法的人之一。

He's a structural engineer and he's taken gas industry money in the past.

他是一名结构工程师，过去曾拿过天然气行业的钱。

He's friendly with both Dan Volz and Terry Engelder.

他与丹·沃尔兹和特里·恩格尔德都很友好。

He even wrote a paper with Engelder.

他甚至与恩格尔德一起写了一篇论文。

But when he started seeing op-eds and industry spokesman saying how fracking was no big deal, how the chemicals it released into the environment were perfectly safe, he started giving talks about how that wasn't true.

但当他开始看到专栏文章和行业发言人说水力压裂没什么大不了的，它释放到环境中的化学物质是完全安全的时，他开始谈论这不是真的。

In May, he came to Penn State, Terry Engelder's turf, to deliver a talk that threw into question everything that Terry Engelder believes to be true about natural gas development.

五月，他来到特里·恩格尔德的地盘宾夕法尼亚州立大学发表演讲，对特里·恩格尔德所相信的天然气开发的一切都提出了质疑。

Penn States also the home of the Nittany Lions, and the first slide Ingraffea showed was a picture of an open-mouthed lion with a guy's head stuck inside.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学也是尼塔尼雄狮队的主场，英格拉菲亚展示的第一张幻灯片是一张张开嘴的狮子的照片，里面插着一个人的头。

And you're right, this is not the right kind of lion, but I couldn't find anywhere on the web a Nittany Lion to stick my head into.

你是对的，这不是合适的狮子，但我在网上找不到任何可以让我把头伸进去的尼塔尼狮子。

That's how I feel right now.

这就是我现在的感受。

So I hope over the next few minutes, I can overcome my anxieties and my knee knocking and fear that when I leave here I'm going to find all my tires slashed.

所以我希望在接下来的几分钟里，我能够克服我的焦虑和膝盖敲击声，并担心当我离开这里时我会发现我的所有轮胎都被割破了。

Ingraffea recently co-authored a study that said all the hype about natural gas from shale being a clear alternative to coal or oil isn't really true.

英格拉菲最近与人合着了一项研究，该研究称所有有关页岩天然气明显替代煤炭或石油的炒作都是不真实的。

He questions the very idea that extracting natural gas from shale formations is good energy policy.

他质疑从页岩地层中提取天然气是良好能源政策的想法。

Ingraffea says it's not.

英格拉菲说事实并非如此。

It's a sop, a temporary band-aid for our energy problems that's going to make some people very rich, but that will ultimately make global climate change worse, and put off, for decades, development of better sustainable energy solutions.

这是一种解决办法，是解决我们能源问题的临时创可贴，它将使一些人变得非常富有，但最终将使全球气候变化变得更糟，并推迟数十年更好的可持续能源解决方案的开发。

Ingraffea and Engelder and Volz all believe that they're practicing good science, and that that good science has led them to advocate for very different policies.

英格拉菲、恩格尔德和沃尔兹都相信他们正在实践良好的科学，而良好的科学促使他们倡导截然不同的政策。

Each of them sees what he's doing as a moral obligation.

他们每个人都将自己所做的事情视为一种道德义务。

The difference is, there's plenty of money around to do the science Engelder wants to do.

不同的是，有足够的资金来进行恩格尔德想做的科学研究。

It's harder to find the money to do the kind of science that Volz and Ingraffea want to do, to answer huge questions about what shale gas extraction can mean for human health and the environment.

找到资金来开展沃尔兹和英格拉菲想要开展的科学研究、回答有关页岩气开采对人类健康和环境意味着什么的重大问题变得更加困难。

Here's Ingraffea.

这是英格拉菲。

There's so much inertia.

惯性太大了

Wrong word.

用词错误。

So much momentum in the gas industry right now to develop shale resources, and there's so much bipartisan support in Washington for it to happen, and there's so little resistance to slow it down to ask these big questions that take a long time to answer.

目前，天然气行业开发页岩资源的势头如此强劲，华盛顿两党也大力支持这一目标，而且几乎没有阻力放慢脚步，提出这些需要很长时间才能回答的重大问题。

What are the cumulative environmental and health impacts of a large-scale development of 100,000 wells in a region?

在一个地区大规模开发10万口井对环境和健康的累积影响是什么？

How do you get a handle on that?

你如何处理这个问题？

That research is harder to find, not just in Pennsylvania, but everywhere.

这项研究更难找到，不仅在宾夕法尼亚州，而且在任何地方都是如此。

Sarah Koenig.

莎拉·科尼格.

Coming up, there will be crud.

接下来，就会有污垢。

That's in a minute, from Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International, when our program continues.

稍后，芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台将继续我们的节目。

It's This American Life, I'm Ira Glass.

这就是美国生活，我是艾拉·格拉斯。

Today on our program we're devoting the entire hour to Sarah Koenig's stories of what happens in a state when a huge game-changing economic boom arrives, in this case, trillions of cubic feet of natural gas being discovered underneath Pennsylvania.

今天，在我们的节目中，我们将用一小时的时间来讲述莎拉·科尼格 (Sarah Koenig) 的故事，讲述当一场改变游戏规则的巨大经济繁荣到来时，在这个州会发生什么，在这种情况下，宾夕法尼亚州地下发现了数万亿立方英尺的天然气。

We've arrived at Act Two of our show.

我们已经到了节目的第二幕了。

Act Two, Ground War.

第二幕，地面战争。

One of the biggest drilling operators in Pennsylvania is called Range Resources, which has 80% of its capital budget, over $1 billion, invested in the southwestern part of the state.

Range Resources 是宾夕法尼亚州最大的钻井运营商之一，其 80% 的资本预算（超过 10 亿美元）投资于该州西南部。

And one of the places that they're most active is a little township south of Pittsburgh called Mount Pleasant.

他们最活跃的地方之一是匹兹堡南部一个叫芒特普莱森特的小镇。

Because Mount Pleasant, with it's hilly old farms, and windy main streets and a handful of restaurants is, according to Credit Suisse and Morgan Stanley, smack in the middle of the, quote, "highest rate of return spot for gas exploration in the United States." That's why Range has leased 95% of Mount Pleasant's land for mineral rights.

因为根据瑞士信贷和摩根士丹利的说法，普莱森特山拥有丘陵的老农场、多风的主要街道和几家餐馆，位于“美国天然气勘探回报率最高的地点”的中间。这就是 Range 租赁 Mount Pleasant 95% 土地以获得矿权的原因。

95%, which means pretty much everything but the tiny downtown.

95%，这意味着几乎一切，除了小小的市中心。

They've already drilled 100 wells there.

他们已经在那里钻了 100 口井。

They've got plans for hundreds more.

他们还计划再建造数百个。

Imagine for a second, what a billion dollars worth of investment looks like for a drilling company.

想象一下，对于一家钻井公司来说，价值 10 亿美元的投资是什么样的。

Parking lot size concrete well pads, giant drill rigs, pumps, condensers, miles of pipelines, hundreds of trucks bringing in special equipment and chemicals and workers, all this stuff rolled into Mount Pleasant.

停车场大小的混凝土井场、巨型钻机、泵、冷凝器、数英里长的管道、数百辆运来特殊设备、化学品和工人的卡车，所有这些东西都滚进了芒特普莱森特。

And in Mount Pleasant, like you'd expect in most small towns, there were no laws on the books governing any of that.

在芒特普莱森特，就像你在大多数小镇所期望的那样，没有任何法律来管理这些事情。

So a couple of years ago, in 2009, when the Pennsylvania Supreme Court gave towns around the state the right to pass their own laws for this kind of thing, Mount Pleasant officially decided to update their local ordinances so they could have some control over where exactly companies like Range could drill.

因此，几年前，即 2009 年，当宾夕法尼亚州最高法院赋予该州各地城镇就此类事情通过自己的法律的权利时，芒特普莱森特正式决定更新当地法令，以便他们能够对 Range 等公司的具体钻探地点有一定的控制权。

And Range fought back with big league, hardball tactics.

兰奇用大联盟的强硬战术进行了反击。

Again, here's Sarah Koenig to tell what happened.

莎拉·柯尼格再次讲述发生的事情。

The standoff between Range and Mount Pleasant started with one of the least gripping topics in all of government: zoning.

Range 和 Mount Pleasant 之间的对峙始于整个政府中最不引人注目的话题之一：分区。

It ended in a full-scale PR war, in which Mount Pleasant and its three citizen supervisors were ridiculously outmanned.

最终以一场全面的公关战告终，芒特普莱森特及其三名公民监督员在这场战争中人手不足。

And I'm so sorry to have to do this, but to understand this story you need a really quick primer on two types of zoning: conditional use and permitted use.

我很抱歉不得不这样做，但是要理解这个故事，您需要快速了解两种类型的分区：有条件使用和允许使用。

Conditional use means that if a company wants to drill a well, say 200 feet from your kids' preschool, and you're worried it might be dangerous, there'd be a hearing.

有条件使用意味着，如果一家公司想要在距离您孩子的幼儿园 200 英尺的地方打一口井，而您担心这可能会带来危险，就会举行听证会。

For every new well there'd be a hearing.

每打一口新井都会举行一次听证会。

And you could lay out your concerns, and then the town could set conditions, like the company has to move the well 1,000 feet back or put up a special fence.

你可以提出你的担忧，然后镇上可以设定条件，比如公司必须将井移回 1,000 英尺或设置特殊的围栏。

But this, according to Matt Pitzarella, the communications director for Range Resources, just leads to heartache.

但根据 Range Resources 的通讯总监马特·皮扎雷拉 (Matt Pitzarella) 的说法，这只会导致心痛。

I would describe it as a process that sounds very good on paper, and then practical implementation is, well, it's open-ended.

我将其描述为一个在纸面上听起来非常好的过程，然后实际实施是，嗯，它是开放式的。

So as long as you continue to interview someone, or raise a question, it continues to drag on and it never ends.

因此，只要你继续采访某人，或者提出问题，它就会继续拖延下去，永远不会结束。

Range prefers the other kind of zoning, permitted use zoning, where you set general standards up front for all wells saying, here's what's permitted.

Range 更喜欢另一种分区，即允许使用分区，您可以预先为所有井设定通用标准，并说明这是允许的。

And that's it.

就是这样。

No hearings, no dithering, no special conditions.

没有听证会，没有犹豫，没有特殊条件。

Obviously, if you're a drilling company, that's what you want, permitted use.

显然，如果您是一家钻井公司，这就是您想要的，允许使用。

It's easier and cheaper and faster.

它更容易、更便宜、更快。

But here's how Mount Pleasant saw it.

但这就是芒特普莱森特的看法。

They're a quiet agricultural township, population 3,500.

他们是一个安静的农业小镇，人口 3,500。

Suddenly, an industry arrived, and people started complaining that gas production polluted their water, ruined their farms, that toxins gave them headaches.

突然，一个产业出现了，人们开始抱怨天然气生产污染了他们的水，毁了他们的农场，毒素让他们头疼。

They couldn't let their kids out to play when the wind was blowing the wrong way.

当风向错误时，他们不能让孩子出去玩。

Plus, the town felt overrun.

另外，这个城镇感觉人满为患。

The noise, the dust, the trucks, too many strange out-of-town men living on work sites.

噪音、灰尘、卡车，还有太多住在工地的陌生外地人。

The township, as a whole, wasn't anti-drilling, far from it.

整个镇区并不反对钻探，远非如此。

It just needed to figure out how to live alongside the drilling without ceding total control to the drillers.

它只需要弄清楚如何与钻探一起生活，而不将完全控制权交给钻探​​人员。

So a Mount Pleasant Citizens' Committee spent months looking at how other towns were zoning the oil and gas industry in Texas, and Colorado, and Wyoming, other towns in Pennsylvania.

因此，芒特普莱森特公民委员会花了几个月的时间研究德克萨斯州、科罗拉多州、怀俄明州和宾夕法尼亚州其他城镇的石油和天然气工业分区情况。

And they came up with a proposal for Mount Pleasant: make it conditional use.

他们为芒特普莱森特提出了一项提案：有条件使用。

It was the only way residents could have any control over where drilling happened in their town.

这是居民能够控制镇上钻探地点的唯一方法。

Here's Mary Ann Stevenson, township manager for Mount Pleasant.

请听玛丽·安·史蒂文森的报道，她是芒特普莱森特镇的镇长。

So we crafted our ordinance around a conditional use process, and that is for compressor stations, processing facilities, and drilling.

因此，我们围绕有条件使用流程制定了条例，即针对压缩机站、加工设施和钻井的流程。

They all have to have a conditional use hearing.

他们都必须举行有条件使用听证会。

We reached out to Range for their input on our ordinance.

我们联系了 Range，征求他们对我们的条例的意见。

They wanted input from Range because they wanted an ordinance that Range could live with.

他们希望得到 Range 的意见，因为他们想要一项 Range 可以接受的法令。

We gave them copies of our drafts.

我们给了他们我们的草稿副本。

Every time we amended them, we gave them new copies.

每次我们修改它们时，我们都会给它们新的副本。

And they did not provide any.

他们没有提供任何。

There's never been written comments from Range on our ordinance.

Range 从未对我们的法令发表过书面评论。

They've never, never done that.

他们从来没有这样做过。

Which we've done to them, I think it's 36 occasions over 18 months.

我认为我们在 18 个月内对他们做过 36 次。

This, by the way, is the entire fight in a nutshell.

顺便说一句，这就是整个战斗的简而言之。

Both sides insisting that the other is refusing to communicate or just outright lying.

双方都坚称对方拒绝沟通或只是公然撒谎。

We've had these constant back and forth with them on all these issues.

我们一直在与他们就所有这些问题进行反复交流。

If they said, well, what's your positions in writing?

如果他们说，那么，你的书面立场是什么？

I would say, see the last 14 letters that we've sent to you.

我想说，请参阅我们寄给您的最后 14 封信。

Matt offered several times to show me the 36 correspondences he says Range had with the town over the past 18 months, but he never produced them.

马特多次提出要给我看他所说的过去 18 个月里兰奇与该镇的 36 封信件，但他从未出示过这些信件。

In any case, Range communicated just enough to make it clear it did not want the conditional use ordinance.

无论如何，Range 的沟通足以表明它不希望有条件使用条例。

The fight was on.

战斗开始了。

Range took it to the people, tried to get townspeople to put pressure on Mount Pleasant's three supervisors.

兰奇把这件事告诉了人们，试图让镇民向芒特普莱森特的三名主管施加压力。

Range's chief weapon was its chief asset, money.

Range的主要武器是它的主要资产——金钱。

In the past few years, the company has spread a lot of it around the struggling township, and that's made people like them.

在过去的几年里，该公司在这个陷入困境的小镇上开展了很多业务，这让人们喜欢上了他们。

Evidence of the spending is everywhere.

支出的证据随处可见。

They've given a few hundred thousand dollars to 4H and Boy Scouts and other local charities.

他们向 4H 和童子军以及其他当地慈善机构捐赠了数十万美元。

Their matching grants have kept the local library open for the past two years.

他们的配套赠款使当地图书馆在过去两年里保持开放。

One of those oversized checks hangs over the front desk for $10,000.

前台挂着一张超大支票，金额为 10,000 美元。

There's a bronze statue next to the fire department honoring the farmers of Mount Pleasant Township.

消防队旁边有一座青铜雕像，纪念芒特普莱森特镇的农民。

It's of a farmer in a hat and boots holding a calf.

这是一个戴着帽子和靴子的农民抱着一头小牛。

The plaque below it lists about 20 donors, all farmers, and then at the bottom: "Special thanks to Range Resources," which gave about $40,000 towards the statue.

下面的牌匾列出了大约 20 名捐助者，全都是农民，然后在底部写着：“特别感谢 Range Resources”，该公司为这座雕像捐赠了约 40,000 美元。

Range has done everything for Mount Pleasant Township.

Range为芒特普莱森特镇做了一切。

They've donated to schools.

他们向学校捐款。

They've donated to the fire department.

他们已经向消防部门捐款了。

They've donated to the apple festival.

他们为苹果节捐款。

Frank Hnat is an artist and he designed the statue, and raised money for it, along with a failed downtown revitalization plan that Range also helped fund.

弗兰克·海纳特 (Frank Hnat) 是一位艺术家，他设计了这座雕像并为其筹集资金，同时还参与了一项失败的市中心复兴计划，而兰奇也资助了该计划。

There's a big upside to this [UNINTELLIGIBLE] gas.

这种[难以理解的]气体有很大的好处。

I mean, there are a lot of happy people here.

我的意思是，这里有很多快乐的人。

I mean, there's people here that had barns that had been falling apart.

我的意思是，这里有人的谷仓已经倒塌了。

They resurrected these barns.

他们复活了这些谷仓。

There are people here that never had a good car.

这里有些人从未拥有过好车。

They have brand-new cars now.

他们现在拥有全新的汽车。

There are people here that didn't have any lawnmowers.

这里有些人没有割草机。

They were riding lawnmowers that were 10 years old.

他们骑着已有 10 年历史的割草机。

They all have fancy lawnmowers now.

他们现在都有漂亮的割草机了。

Frank has got a lease with Range.

弗兰克与 Range 签订了租约。

There's a well pad about a mile behind his house that's taking the gas from under his property.

他的房子后面大约一英里处有一个井场，正在从他的房子下面抽取天然气。

He got a signing bonus of $1,000.

他获得了1000美元的签约奖金。

He says his neighbor who's hosting the actual well got $600,000 as a signing bonus, which is on par with other deals Range has made.

他说，他的邻居（实际主持这口井）获得了 60 万美元的签约奖金，这与 Range 达成的其他交易相当。

The biggest money though, is promised in royalties.

不过，最大的一笔钱是特许权使用费。

Matt told me the average well yields about $4 million in royalties over the life of the well.

马特告诉我，在油井的生命周期内，油井的平均特许权使用费约为 400 万美元。

And he says Range has paid out about $25 million so far in lease and royalty payments in Mount Pleasant.

他表示，迄今为止，Range 已经支付了芒特普莱森特 (Mount Pleasant) 约 2500 万美元的租金和特许权使用费。

They've also spent $5 million on roads and infrastructure in the town.

他们还花费了 500 万美元用于该镇的道路和基础设施建设。

The thousands of heavy trucks they've brought in destroy local roads.

他们带来的数千辆重型卡车毁坏了当地的道路。

Here's what it sounds like midday on a main street.

这是正午在大街上听起来的样子。

There aren't many businesses in Mount Pleasant, but the ones that are there-- a gas station, restaurants-- are all making more money than they used to.

芒特普莱森特的企业并不多，但那里的企业——加油站、餐馆——都比以前赚更多的钱。

Most told me at least 30% more, which is a big deal in a bad economy.

大多数人告诉我至少增加了 30%，这在经济不景气的情况下是一件大事。

Range made it plain.

范围说得很清楚。

If Mount Pleasant supervisors didn't enact zoning that was pleasing to the company, all this new money flowing into town could be jeopardized.

如果芒特普莱森特的监管者没有制定令公司满意的分区，所有流入该镇的新资金都可能受到威胁。

It was like your rich aunt threatening to cut you out of the will.

就像你富有的阿姨威胁要把你从遗嘱中剔除一样。

To drive this point home, the company mass mailed a letter.

为了强调这一点，该公司群发了一封信。

The first of a bunch of letters you'll hear about.

您将听到的一堆信件中的第一封。

And it's not clear when they sent it, because as a matter of strategy I don't fully understand, Range doesn't date these letters or sign them with anyone's name.

目前还不清楚他们何时发送的，因为作为一种我不完全理解的策略，Range 不会在这些信件上注明日期或用任何人的名字签名。

But anyway, the letter's heading was fake addressed to Mr. and Mrs. Joe Schmo, 10 Cash Strapped Lane.

但无论如何，这封信的标题是假的，收信人是乔·施莫先生和夫人，地址是现金短缺巷 10 号。

The letter urged residents to contact your supervisors and town officials about the zoning.

这封信敦促居民就分区事宜联系您的主管和镇官员。

"The more restrictions placed on our activities, the more difficult it is for us to move forward," the letter says.

信中说：“我们的活动受到的限制越多，我们前进的难度就越大。”

In short, if we don't drill the wells, no gas is produced.

简而言之，如果我们不打井，就不会产生天然气。

And no gas means no royalties.

没有天然气就意味着没有特许权使用费。

Meanwhile, Mary Ann, the township manager, was still trying to get Range to let her know what they thought of the proposed zoning ordinance to suggest changes if it wanted them.

与此同时，镇长玛丽·安仍在试图让兰奇了解他们对拟议的分区条例的看法，以便在需要时提出修改建议。

I would reach out to the attorneys of Range and say, look, please.

我会联系 Range 的律师并说，请看一下。

Please work with me.

请和我一起工作。

I would almost beg.

我几乎会乞求。

Please.

请。

And they would say, they will do everything in their power to get something.

他们会说，他们会尽一切努力去得到一些东西。

Then what would happen?

那么会发生什么呢？

Mary Ann Stevenson Nothing.

玛丽·安·史蒂文森 什么也没有。

I would get nothing.

我什么也得不到。

Mary Ann says it was exhausting.

玛丽安说这很累。

And then, just before Christmas, just before her deadline to advertise the new ordinance in the newspaper, which she's required to do by law, a Range attorney called and offered to get Mary Ann comments from the company by Christmas Eve.

然后，就在圣诞节前夕，就在法律规定她必须在报纸上刊登新法令的最后期限之前，Range 的一位律师打电话给玛丽·安，提出要在平安夜之前向公司征求玛丽·安的意见。

I said, but if you want to submit something, submit it.

我说，但是如果你想提交什么，就提交吧。

I'll take a look at it.

我会看一下。

But this is kind of like last minute.

但这有点像最后一刻。

He said, well, I'll see if I can get them to you by Christmas Eve.

他说，好吧，我看看能否在平安夜之前把它们送给你。

Never heard another word.

再也没有听到过任何一句话。

Do you know when we had our hearing they turned that against me?

你知道当我们举行听证会时，他们转而反对我吗？

They said to the people, we offered our comments to Mount Pleasant Township and they wouldn't take them.

他们对人们说，我们向芒特普莱森特镇提出了意见，但他们不会接受。

They turned it on me.

他们把它转向我。

And I took great off-- of this whole thing, this has been a job for me.

我非常享受这整件事，这对我来说是一份工作。

But that's the one thing I took offense to, because they kind of, like, said I was lying.

但这是我感到生气的一件事，因为他们有点说我在撒谎。

And I don't lie.

我没有说谎。

Mary Ann isn't a lawyer or a politician.

玛丽·安不是律师，也不是政治家。

She's just a normal person with a busy job.

她只是一个平凡的人，工作忙碌。

As township manager, she's in charge of Mount Pleasant's operating budget.

作为镇长，她负责芒特普莱森特的运营预算。

She's pension and health care administrator for 15 employees.

她是 15 名员工的养老金和医疗保健管理员。

She's treasurer.

她是财务主管。

She's secretary and researcher for the township's board of supervisors, who, again, are just normal people like her: a retired coal miner, a road maintenance manager, and a truck driver.

她是该镇监事会的秘书和研究员，而这些人又都是像她一样的普通人：退休煤矿工人、公路养护经理和卡车司机。

The week I was there, Mary Ann's office manager was out of town, so she was doing that too.

我在那里的那一周，玛丽·安的办公室经理不在城里，所以她也这么做了。

And how much of the oil and gas expert part has been your job of late?

最近，您的工作中有多少是石油和天然气专家的工作？

Oh, my God.

我的天啊。

Mary Ann Stevenson Yes, 90%.

玛丽·安·史蒂文森 是的，90%。

Sometimes 100%.

有时是100%。

In March, things got precipitously worse with Range.

三月份，Range 的情况急剧恶化。

The company asked for a meeting with Mount Pleasant supervisors.

该公司要求与芒特普莱森特的主管会面。

According to Mary Ann, at the meeting, Range presented the supervisors with the company's own model ordinance.

据玛丽·安介绍，在会议上，Range向主管们提交了公司自己的示范条例。

It wasn't bad, but it was based on permitted use.

这还不错，但它是基于允许的使用。

And then, again, according to Mary Ann, Range gave the township two options.

然后，根据玛丽·安的说法，范围再次给了该镇两个选择。

First, they could adopt Range's model ordinance.

首先，他们可以采用兰吉的示范条例。

And if they did, Range would write a letter to Mount Pleasant residents.

如果他们这样做了，兰奇将给芒特普莱森特的居民写一封信。

I'll let Mary Ann explain.

我会让玛丽安解释一下。

This is from a letter she wrote to Range's attorney, recapping what had happened at the meeting.

这是她写给兰奇律师的一封信，回顾了会议上发生的事情。

If the township went with option one, which was a permitted use ordinance, then the letter would be positive and would state how well the township and Range Resources is working together, and, in essence, paint the supervisors in a good light.

如果乡镇选择了选项一，即一项允许使用的法令，那么这封信将是积极的，并且会说明乡镇和范围资源公司的合作情况，并且从本质上讲，会给监管者留下良好的印象。

If the township went with option two--

如果该镇选择第二种方案——

Option two was the town's proposed conditional use ordinance.

选项二是该镇提议的有条件使用条例。

--then the letter as previously drafted and disclosed, a copy of which is attached, would be released to all of the residents of Mount Pleasant Township.

——然后，之前起草和披露的这封信（附上副本）将发布给芒特普莱森特镇的所有居民。

But it would be amended to add that the supervisors were the ones responsible for the lease holders not receiving any money.

但将对其进行修改，以补充监管者对租赁持有人没有收到任何款项的责任。

Moreover, the letter would spell out how the residents could sue the township and sue each supervisor individually, seeking millions of dollars, if not more.

此外，信中还详细说明了居民如何起诉镇政府，并单独起诉每位主管，要求赔偿数百万美元，甚至更多。

Matt says this threat to sue was never uttered.

马特说，他从未说过要起诉的威胁。

Categorically false.

绝对是错误的。

Absolutely none of it.

绝对没有。

We've never stated any of those things.

我们从未说过这些事情。

I did not misunderstand what was said.

我没有误解所说的话。

And our legal counsel was there, our zoning officer was there, our chairman of the board was there.

我们的法律顾问在那里，我们的分区官员在那里，我们的董事会主席在那里。

Nobody misunderstood what was said.

没有人误解所说的话。

What Range's lawyer might have mentioned, Matt said, is that other townships were being sued by other companies over their new zoning.

马特说，Range 的律师可能提到的是，其他城镇因新分区而被其他公司起诉。

Mary Ann also said that, at the meeting, a Range official told them, "Range Resources has to take a stand somewhere, and that is going to be in Mount Pleasant Township."

玛丽·安还表示，在会议上，Range 的一名官员告诉他们，“Range Resources 必须在某个地方表明立场，那就是在芒特普莱森特镇。”

I wouldn't be entirely classify that as inaccurate.

我不会完全认为这是不准确的。

We really believe, like we said, Mount Pleasant has a real special place with the Marcellus Shale and its development because that's where it all started.

正如我们所说，我们确实相信芒特普莱森特在马塞勒斯页岩及其开发中具有真正特殊的地位，因为那是一切的起点。

This is also why Range is so annoyed.

这也是Range如此恼火的原因。

Range was the very first company to figure out you could even get gas from the Marcellus by drilling test wells years ago in Mount Pleasant Township.

Range 是第一家发现甚至可以通过几年前在 Mount Pleasant 镇钻探测试井从 Marcellus 获取天然气的公司。

It's their epicenter.

这是他们的震中。

They're proud of it.

他们为此感到自豪。

It's part of their corporate story now.

现在这是他们公司故事的一部分。

Plus, it's their backyard.

另外，这是他们的后院。

Range's president is from the area.

Range的总裁来自该地区。

So is Matt.

马特也是如此。

So are a lot of people who work for the company.

许多为该公司工作的人也是如此。

Their plan is to drill in Mount Pleasant for decades.

他们的计划是在芒特普莱森特进行数十年的钻探。

What we've said to them is, look, at some point, we have to draw a line on this.

我们对他们说的是，看，在某些时候，我们必须对此划清界限。

There are thousands of municipalities in Pennsylvania, and a good number of them are in the midst of changing their zoning regulations, too.

宾夕法尼亚州有数千个城市，其中许多城市也正在改变其分区法规。

You can see why Range would want to nip this in the bud.

你可以明白为什么 Range 想要将其消灭在萌芽状态。

Already, the struggle in Mount Pleasant has spooked the neighboring township of Cross Creek.

芒特普莱森特的斗争已经吓坏了邻近的克罗斯克里克镇。

The manager there told me her supervisors were one step away from approving a conditional use ordinance when a big group of residents came in and made a fuss, pointing to the strife in Mount Pleasant.

那里的经理告诉我，她的主管距离批准一项有条件使用条例只有一步之遥，这时一大群居民进来大惊小怪，指出芒特普莱森特的冲突。

The supervisors changed their minds and approved permitted use instead.

主管人员改变了主意，改为批准允许使用。

The next thing Range did-- surprise, surprise-- was send out not one letter, but two.

兰奇所做的下一件事——令人惊讶的是，令人惊讶的是——发出的不是一封信，而是两封。

The first was mass mailed to everyone in Mount Pleasant.

第一份是批量邮寄给芒特普莱森特的每个人的。

It was cheerful.

心情很愉快。

It laid out the advantages of Range's model permitted use ordinance, and talked about how Range was confident the township and company would continue to happily coexist.

它阐述了 Range 模式的许可使用条例的优点，并谈到 Range 如何相信乡镇和公司将继续愉快地共存。

The second letter was mailed out at almost the same time, but it went only to residents who had leases with Range.

第二封信几乎在同一时间寄出，但只发给与 Range 有租约的居民。

The tone was completely different.

语气完全不同了。

"We've tried to work with your township officials," it said, "but our attempts continue to be rejected.

“我们试图与你们的乡镇官员合作，”它说，“但我们的尝试仍然遭到拒绝。

As a result," the letter went on, "we may be forced to shift activity to other, more cooperative townships." The letter also noted that Range would be, quote, "evaluating legal action." In other words, people without leases were told not to worry, everything was going great.

结果，”信中继续说道，“我们可能被迫将活动转移到其他更合作的乡镇。”信中还指出，Range 将“评估法律行动”。换句话说，没有租约的人被告知不要担心，一切都很顺利。

People with leases were told that things were very bad indeed.

拥有租约的人被告知情况确实非常糟糕。

Some residents dubbed it divide and conquer strategy.

一些居民称其为分而治之的策略。

Matt says Range wasn't trying to pit residents against one another, that the timing of these two letters was regrettable and really a mistake.

马特说，兰奇并不是想让居民相互对立，这两封信的时机令人遗憾，而且确实是一个错误。

They weren't supposed to coincide.

他们不应该重合。

Somebody screwed up.

有人搞砸了。

Him maybe.

也许是他。

In any case, lease holders who got the second letter were told that they should come to a meeting on April 6 that Range was hosting at the Hickory Fire Hall.

无论如何，收到第二封信的租约持有人被告知，他们应该参加 4 月 6 日 Range 在 Hickory Fire Hall 举办的会议。

The people who got the cheerful letter weren't told about the meeting.

收到这封令人愉快的信的人没有被告知这次会议。

Again, all we're looking for is a middle ground.

再说一次，我们所寻找的只是一个中间立场。

And for whatever reason, we can't seem to find it.

不管出于什么原因，我们似乎找不到它。

Range's PR specialist, Jim Cannon, did the talking at the Fire Hall meeting.

Range 的公关专家 Jim Cannon 在消防厅会议上发表了讲话。

Hundreds of people showed up.

数百人出现。

It was standing room only.

房间里只有站立的空间。

Cannon reiterated what Range said in its letters, that a lawsuit against the town was just one option Range was considering.

坎农重申了兰奇在信中所说的话，即针对该镇的诉讼只是兰奇正在考虑的一个选择。

There's another option that I'd like to throw out there.

我想抛出另一个选择。

And that is, Range pulling out of Mount Pleasant altogether.

也就是说，Range 完全退出芒特普莱森特。

It's been floating around that somehow Range needs Mount Pleasant more than Mount Pleasant needs Range.

人们一直认为，不知何故，Range 需要 Mount Pleasant，而不是 Mount Pleasant 需要 Range。

Fair enough.

很公平。

But keep in mind, we have 450,000 de-risked acres in Washington County alone.

但请记住，仅在华盛顿县我们就有 450,000 英亩的去风险土地。

We can go drill somewhere else.

我们可以去别的地方钻探。

It would keep us busy for a few years.

这会让我们忙上几年。

This scared lease holders.

这吓坏了租客。

At the Fire Hall meeting, people called for the supervisors' heads.

消防厅会议上，人们召集了主管领导。

The supervisors, you don't need them, one old lady says.

一位老太太说，主管们，你不需要他们。

The supervisors, you don't need them.

主管，你不需要他们。

Believe me, we need Range.

相信我，我们需要 Range。

Range don't need us.

范围不需要我们。

[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE] Sarah Koenig This is Mary Dalbo.

[欢呼和掌声]莎拉·科尼格（Sarah Koenig）这是玛丽·达尔博（Mary Dalbo）。

She doesn't actually live in Mount Pleasant or have a say in its zoning, but she showed up to this meeting shouting and talking smack constantly.

她实际上并不住在芒特普莱森特，也对其分区没有发言权，但她出现在这次会议上，不断地大喊大叫、说脏话。

You can find her on Range's website, where she's featured in one of their folksy PR testimonials.

您可以在 Range 的网站上找到她，其中一篇亲切的公关推荐中就提到过她。

--this money for drilling.

——这笔钱用于钻探。

I will just put it in a trust fund for my great grandchildren, so they can go to college.

我会把它存入我曾孙的信托基金，这样他们就可以上大学。

Oddly, at the meeting, Jim Cannon said Range could live with conditional use, as long as the process wasn't too drawn out.

奇怪的是，吉姆·坎农在会议上表示，只要过程不是太漫长，Range 就可以接受有条件的使用。

They just needed to be able to plan.

他们只需要能够计划。

Mary Ann says that was the first she'd heard of it.

玛丽·安说这是她第一次听说这个。

Mount Pleasant isn't a town that's accustomed to being mad at itself.

芒特普莱森特并不是一个习惯于生自己气的小镇。

But by this point, divisions in town were pretty deep.

但此时，镇上的分歧已经相当严重了。

The gas money had made things weird between lease holders and non-lease holders, even between close friends.

汽油费让租赁持有者和非租赁持有者之间，甚至是亲密朋友之间的关系变得很奇怪。

Anyone questioning Range's activities felt marginalized.

任何质疑 Range 活动的人都感到自己被边缘化了。

People started insulting each other on the town's Facebook page.

人们开始在该镇的 Facebook 页面上互相侮辱。

A creeping censorship has slipped into town.

一种悄然蔓延的审查制度已经悄然而至。

People told me they'd been asked not to discuss drilling at PTA meetings, or at the local library, which, again, is funded by Range.

人们告诉我，他们被要求不要在 PTA 会议或当地图书馆讨论钻探问题，这些图书馆同样由 Range 资助。

The same thing happened whenever I sought to schedule a meeting in our community center.

每当我试图在社区中心安排会议时，都会发生同样的事情。

That's Dencil Backus, from the citizens group that suggested conditional use zoning for the town.

这是丹西尔·巴克斯（Dencil Backus），来自建议对该镇进行有条件使用分区的公民组织。

The gentleman in charge of the community center said, your meeting to oppose the drilling, can't use it.

社区中心负责人说，你们会议反对钻探，不能用。

At practically any meeting, anyone who raises a question about what it is that Range is doing is automatically labeled as anti-drilling.

几乎在任何会议上，任何对 Range 正在做什么提出疑问的人都会自动被标记为反钻探。

In fact, it's really kind of subtle, because one of the things they do is they ask, do you own your mineral rights?

事实上，这确实有点微妙，因为他们做的一件事就是问，你拥有矿权吗？

No. Oh, well, of course, then you have no interest.

不，哦，好吧，当然，那你就没兴趣了。

Of course you're opposed to it.

你当然反对。

And we hear that over and over again.

我们一遍又一遍地听到这样的说法。

I think probably the problem with the people on Walnut--

我认为核桃岛上的人可能有问题——

This is Frank Hnat again, the artist.

这又是艺术家 Frank Hnat。

Dencil Backus lives on Walnut.

丹西尔·巴克斯以核桃为生。

I don't think too many of the people have leases there, and I think that's why a lot of these people are aggravated, because they don't have a lease.

我不认为有太多人在那里有租约，我认为这就是为什么很多人很恼怒，因为他们没有租约。

The underbelly of this argument is about class, that the people without leases don't have leases because they don't own their mineral rights.

这一论点的核心是阶级问题，即没有租约的人没有租约，因为他们不拥有采矿权。

And they don't own the mineral rights because they're newcomers.

而且他们不拥有采矿权，因为他们是新来者。

The earlier owners retain the rights.

早期所有者保留权利。

And newcomers, in a lot of cases, is code for city folk who have moved in and who have more money than the farmers who have lived there forever.

在很多情况下，新移民是指那些已经搬进来的城市居民，他们比永远住在那里的农民更有钱。

In other words, the people without leases are either just bitter because they can't cash in, or they've already got money, so they've got the luxury of questioning this whole endeavor.

换句话说，没有租约的人要么只是因为无法兑现而感到痛苦，要么他们已经有钱了，所以他们可以奢侈地质疑这整个努力。

After the Fire Hall meeting, Range stopped any new drilling in Mount Pleasant.

消防厅会议结束后，Range 停止了在芒特普莱森特的任何新钻探。

It announced it would continue to develop three well pads that were already underway.

该公司宣布将继续开发三个已经在进行中的井场。

But Matt says they've taken 30 other locations off their two-year drilling plan.

但马特表示，他们已经取消了两年钻探计划中的其他 30 个地点。

That's hundreds of wells and millions in royalties on hold.

数百口油井和数百万的特许权使用费被搁置。

And here's the rub.

这就是问题所在。

Another company couldn't just come in and drill once Range left, in part, because no one else could lay a pipe to move the gas out.

一旦 Range 离开，另一家公司就不能进来钻探，部分原因是没有其他人可以铺设管道将天然气运出。

All the surrounding land is spoken for.

周围的所有土地都被提及。

Matt says they had no choice.

马特说他们别无选择。

The town supervisors had made the landscape too unpredictable for Range to do business.

镇上的管理者让地形变得难以预测，让兰奇无法开展业务。

Prediction in all its forms has been Range's mantra during this fight.

在这场战斗中，各种形式的预测一直是兰奇的口头禅。

Matt used the words "predict," "predictability" and "unpredictable" 28 times during our interview.

Matt 在我们的采访中使用了 28 次“预测”、“可预测性”和“不可预测”等词。

So, in other words, if you were trying to book a trip to go on vacation, but the airline wouldn't tell you what time the flight leaves, which airport it's going leave from, or when you come back, you probably wouldn't book the trip through that airline.

因此，换句话说，如果您想预订一次度假旅行，但航空公司不会告诉您航班起飞时间、从哪个机场起飞或返回时间，您可能不会通过该航空公司预订旅行。

It's kind of the same way with us.

我们的情况也差不多。

We are not the ones stopping them from drilling.

我们并不是阻止他们钻探的人。

They're stopping themselves from drilling.

他们正在阻止自己钻探。

They just want to blame us for it.

他们只是想为此责怪我们。

I'm sure that's what it's going to be portrayed as, too.

我确信这也将被描绘成这样。

That's where Range has bested the township at every step, spinning this fight their way, stoking the notion that the supervisors were the ones causing people to lose money, because they refused to negotiate with the company, rather than the other way around.

正是在这方面，Range 一步步击败了镇政府，将这场斗争推向了他们的轨道，引发了这样一种观念：监管者才是导致人们赔钱的人，因为他们拒绝与公司谈判，而不是相反。

The mass mailed letters, the meetings, the spending all over town, and all this on top of their normal media campaign.

大量邮寄的信件、会议、全城的支出，以及所有这一切都超出了他们正常的媒体宣传活动。

Like many gas companies, Range has ads on TV, they underwrite radio stations, they sponsored the State Association of Township Supervisors' Conference this year.

和许多燃气公司一样，Range 在电视上有广告，他们承销广播电台，他们赞助了今年的国家乡镇监事会会议。

For a township like Mount Pleasant, they just can't compete with all that.

对于像芒特普莱森特这样的小镇来说，他们无法与之竞争。

We're not on the same playing ground.

我们不在同一个赛场上。

We can't compare.

我们无法比较。

It's not apples to apples.

这不是苹果对苹果。

I don't think they're being fair with the entity that they're dealing with.

我认为他们对他们正在处理的实体不公平。

They might be fair if this was another drilling company or somebody in their league.

如果这是另一家钻井公司或他们联盟中的某个人，他们可能会公平。

Just because they're like this deep-pocketed company versus, like, three supervisors and you?

仅仅因为他们就像一家财力雄厚的公司，而与三位主管和你相比？

Yeah, pretty much.

是的，差不多。

Yeah, with no money, no pockets.

是的，没钱，没口袋。

It seems Range's strategy so far has kind of worked.

到目前为止，Range 的策略似乎已经奏效了。

A lot of people do blame the supervisors for what's happened.

很多人确实将所发生的事情归咎于主管。

I got to Mount Pleasant the day after the primary, when the lone supervisor up for reelection was defeated.

初选后的第二天，我到达了芒特普莱森特，当时唯一竞选连任的主管被击败了。

I don't know what their attitude is towards Range, and I just cannot believe that these people are so stubborn that they can't work with an individual.

我不知道他们对 Range 的态度是什么，我只是无法相信这些人如此顽固，以至于不能与个人合作。

I think they just don't have common sense.

我认为他们只是没有常识。

Again, that's Frank Hnat, the artist.

再说一遍，那是艺术家弗兰克·海纳特 (Frank Hnat)。

Here's [?

这是[?

Mary Toward, ?] who owns the Old Hickory Inn.

玛丽·托沃德，？]谁拥有老山核桃旅馆。

Our ?] supervisors are supposed to represent the people, but that's not always how it works.

我们的？]主管应该代表人民，但情况并非总是如此。

They have their own little thing and they don't want to change.

他们有自己的小事，不想改变。

Looking a gift horse in the mouth, take it for what it is.

把礼物看在眼里，按其本来面目接受它。

Finally, Mary Ann wrote one last letter to Range.

最后，玛丽·安给兰奇写了最后一封信。

"To be blunt," she wrote, "we simply cannot continue down this path of conflict." She and the township offered one last solution: mediation.

“坦白说，”她写道，“我们根本不能继续走这条冲突之路。”她和镇政府提供了最后一个解决方案：调解。

And so, in May, Range and Mount Pleasant supervisors presented their cases to a neutral arbiter, a retired federal judge.

因此，今年 5 月，Range 和 Mount Pleasant 的主管将他们的案件提交给了一位中立的仲裁员，一位退休的联邦法官。

And they came to an agreement that was about as good as anyone could hope for.

他们达成了一项几乎符合所有人期望的协议。

The township got the conditional zoning it wanted, but it would streamline the process so the company would avoid the kinds of delays that it feared.

该镇获得了它想要的有条件分区，但它将简化流程，以便该公司可以避免它担心的那种延误。

And Mount Pleasant would allow Range to have its managers live in trailers on the drilling sites, which is a whole other fight they were having.

Mount Pleasant 将允许 Range 的管理人员住在钻井现场的拖车里，这与他们正在进行的另一场斗争完全不同。

Matt told me Range was hopeful about the compromise.

马特告诉我，兰奇对妥协充满希望。

At the end of this mediation process, Mount Pleasant supervisors took that agreement they'd hashed out and voted to turn it into law.

在调解过程结束时，芒特普莱森特的主管们接受了他们敲定的协议，并投票将其变成法律。

It seemed like the year and a half long dispute was over.

一年半的争论似乎结束了。

What happened next surprised me more than anything I'd heard so far.

接下来发生的事情比我迄今为止听到的任何事情都更令我惊讶。

Matt Pitzarella claimed Range never got to sign off on the final language of the ordinance, and was blindsided by the vote, that they'd only found out about it the day before it happened.

马特·皮扎雷拉（Matt Pitzarella）声称，Range 从未签署过该条例的最终语言，并且对投票结果感到措手不及，他们只是在事情发生的前一天才发现这一点。

Incidentally, it was public information.

顺便说一下，这是公开信息。

I'd known about it for more than a month.

我知道这件事已经一个多月了。

And he also wrote me this in an email, "It's disheartening that the township could not respect the mediation process, and that makes us very reluctant to make two-year-out operation plans based on a permitting process that we can't predict from a township who just went back on their word." So Range is still pulling out of the town, agreement or no agreement.

他还在一封电子邮件中给我写了这句话，“令人沮丧的是，该乡镇不能尊重调解程序，这让我们非常不愿意根据许可程序制定两年的运营计划，而我们无法从一个食言的乡镇那里预测到这一点。”所以，无论同意与否，兰奇仍在撤出该镇。

Regardless, Range and other gas companies have a potential trump card in all of this, a trump card that could bypass Mount Pleasant's new rules, and all the other zoning rules that towns have enacted all over Pennsylvania, by putting the state in charge of zoning for gas production instead of local officials.

无论如何，Range 和其他天然气公司在这一切中都有一张潜在的王牌，这张王牌可以绕过芒特普莱森特的新规则，以及宾夕法尼亚州各地城镇制定的所有其他分区规则，让州而不是地方官员负责天然气生产的分区。

That's what gas companies had been lobbying for this year.

这就是天然气公司今年一直在游说的目标。

In a perfect world, we'd think that there'd be one ordinance across the state that has an encyclopedia of conditions in it.

在一个完美的世界中，我们认为全州都会有一项法令，里面有一本条件百科全书。

But at least we would know what to expect.

但至少我们会知道会发生什么。

It wouldn't change from township to township.

从一个乡镇到另一个乡镇，它不会改变。

That perfect world might come.

那个完美的世界可能会到来。

A bill before the Pennsylvania legislature, sponsored by the Senate president pro tem, would impose an impact fee on the gas industry, sort of like a tax.

由参议院临时议长发起的宾夕法尼亚州立法机构的一项法案将对天然气行业征收影响费，有点像税收。

The money would go to municipalities affected by drilling.

这笔钱将捐给受钻探影响的市政当局。

But as part of that bill, the state would enact the kind of zoning that industry wants and that Mount Pleasant rejected, permitted use zoning in all municipalities in Pennsylvania.

但作为该法案的一部分，该州将制定行业希望但芒特普莱森特拒绝的分区，允许宾夕法尼亚州所有城市的使用分区。

Tucked into the second to last page of the bill it says, "If any town chooses to zone more strictly than the new state standard, that town will not get any impact fee money." In other words, Mount Pleasant will either have to do it Range's way or be cut out of the will.

该法案倒数第二页写道：“如果任何城镇选择比新州标准更严格的分区，该城镇将不会获得任何影响费。”换句话说，芒特普莱森特要么必须按照兰吉的方式行事，要么被排除在遗嘱之外。

Sarah Koenig, who's one of the producers of our show.

莎拉·科尼格（Sarah Koenig），我们节目的制片人之一。

[MUSIC - "LET'S MAKE A DEAL" BY THE NEW KINGS]

[音乐 - 新国王的“让我们做个交易”]

Well, our program was produced today by Alex Blumberg, Ben Calhoun, Jane Feltes, Sarah Koenig, Jonathan Menjivar, Lisa Pollak, Robyn Semien, Alissa Shipp, Nancy Updike and me.

今天我们的节目由 Alex Blumberg、Ben Calhoun、Jane Feltes、Sarah Koenig、Jonathan Menjivar、Lisa Pollak、Robyn Semien、Alissa Shipp、Nancy Updike 和我制作。

Our senior producer is Julie Snyder.

我们的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德。

Production help from Eric Mennel.

埃里克·门内尔 (Eric Mennel) 提供制作帮助。

Music help from Damien [UNINTELLIGIBLE].

达米安 (Damien) 的音乐帮助[无法理解]。

Seth Lind is our production manager.

塞思·林德 (Seth Lind) 是我们的生产经理。

Emily Condon's our office manager.

艾米丽·康登是我们的办公室经理。

[ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS] Our website: thisamericanlife.org.

[致谢] 我们的网站：thisamericanlife.org。

This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.

《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。

WBEZ management oversight for our show by our boss, Mr. Torey Malatia, who is, I don't know, kind of harsh.

WBEZ 的老板 Torey Malatia 先生对我们的节目进行了管理监督，我不知道他是不是有点严厉。

Back years ago when I first showed him my idea for this radio show--

几年前，当我第一次向他展示我对这个广播节目的想法时——

Oh, boy, you know, [CRUMPLES PAPER] into the trash bin.

哦，孩子，你知道，[弄皱纸]扔进垃圾桶。

I'm Ira Glass, back next week with more stories of This American Life.

我是艾拉·格拉斯，下周回来，带来更多《美国生活》的故事。

This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.

《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。