366: A Better Mousetrap 2008 - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #366 | October 10, 2008 366: A Better Mousetrap 2008 Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 366 集 | 2008 年 10 月 10 日 366：更好的捕鼠器 2008 注：《This American Life》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass Andy's grandfather ran the business, then his father ran the business.
序言 Ira Glass 安迪的祖父经营这家企业，然后他的父亲经营这家企业。
They make mousetraps.
他们制作捕鼠器。
Victor brand mousetraps with a big red V on them.
Victor 牌捕鼠器，上面有一个大红色 V 字。
But also glue traps and electric traps and those humane catch-and-release things and traps that only professionals use.
还有胶水陷阱和电陷阱以及那些只有专业人士使用的人性化的捕捉和释放的东西和陷阱。
Andy's in charge of the part of the company that develops the new products, and the job suits him.
安迪负责公司新产品开发部分，这份工作很适合他。
I called him in his office.
我给他打电话到他的办公室。
I remember coming out here on Saturdays when I was very young and seeing the mousetraps being made and just being intrigued by the business.
我记得我很小的时候每周六都会来到这里，看到捕鼠器的制作过程，并对这项业务很感兴趣。
So I understand that, because you guys are the number one mousetrap company in the world, people pitch you ideas on how to make a better mousetrap, right?
所以我理解，因为你们是世界上第一的捕鼠器公司，所以人们向你们提出如何制作更好的捕鼠器的想法，对吧？
All the time.
一直以来。
Ira Glass Can I ask you to just talk about some ones that were especially bad?
Ira Glass 我可以请你谈谈一些特别糟糕的事情吗？
Oh, my.
哦，我的。
One that we rejected was one that is basically like a pail that, in essence, the mouse can run up the side of up a stairway and then, between one side of the bucket and the other, there's a dowel.
我们拒绝的一个基本上就像一个水桶，本质上，老鼠可以沿着楼梯的一侧跑上楼梯，然后在水桶的一侧和另一侧之间有一个销钉。
And in the middle of it a little cup of bait.
中间有一小杯诱饵。
So they run across the dowel and once they get to the cup, it turns over and spills them--
所以他们跑过销钉，一旦他们到达杯子，杯子就会翻过来，把它们洒出来——
Into the bucket.
进桶里。
Andy Woolworth Into a pail of-- and since they wanted to be environmentally friendly, a pail of antifreeze that was environmentally friendly.
安迪·伍尔沃斯 (Andy Woolworth) 放入一桶——因为他们想要环保，所以一桶环保的防冻剂。
Wait.
等待。
Wait.
等待。
What?
什么？
Andy Woolworth Right, and I believe that the antifreeze would also keep the scent problem down of a dead rodent.
安迪·伍尔沃斯（Andy Woolworth） 是的，我相信防冻剂还可以减少死去的啮齿动物的气味问题。
You might have a whole 20 drowned mice in this thing.
这东西里可能有整整 20 只被淹死的老鼠。
I mean, incredibly ingenious and very clever.
我的意思是，非常巧妙且非常聪明。
Oh, it does work.
哦，它确实有效。
Ira Glass It does work, but it's not the sort of thing that you think many people are going to want to buy.
Ira Glass 它确实有效，但它并不是你认为很多人会想要购买的那种东西。
Right.
正确的。
Right.
正确的。
People really don't want a pail-- to end up with-- I mean, having a dead mouse for a lot of people's a problem.
人们真的不想要一桶——最终得到——我的意思是，对于很多人来说，有一只死老鼠是一个问题。
Having a dead mouse in a pail of antifreeze and dumping it out-- or, in this case, having maybe six or seven-- just is not commercially, in our opinion, a great opportunity.
在我们看来，将一只死老鼠放在一桶防冻剂中并将其倒掉（或者在本例中可能有六七只）在商业上并不是一个很好的机会。
I mean, people are incredibly creative.
我的意思是，人们非常有创造力。
I mean, I've got a book of patents that were just from the late 80s to, like, 1950 and there are thousands and thousands of tanks and cages, all sorts of weird looking shaped boxes and things that look like medieval torture chambers.
我的意思是，我有一本从 80 年代末到 1950 年的专利书，里面有成千上万的坦克和笼子，各种形状怪异的盒子和看起来像中世纪酷刑室的东西。
Can you tell me one where you totally admired the ingenuity, but you just thought, no way?
你能告诉我一个你完全钦佩这种独创性的地方，但你只是想，不可能吗？
Yeah, I sure will.
是的，我肯定会的。
This one is alarming in its ingenuity.
这件作品的独创性令人震惊。
A mouse went into a little box area and when it nibbled at the bait, the door shut behind them.
一只老鼠进入了一个小盒子区域，当它咬住诱饵时，门在他们身后关上了。
OK, nothing too abnormal about that.
好吧，这没什么太反常的。
But it dropped a pill into a little bit of water and the pellet dropped into water and it gave off a gas that killed them.
但它把一颗药丸扔进一点水里，药丸掉进水中，释放出一种气体，杀死了它们。
It would die of carbon monoxide poisoning.
它会死于一氧化碳中毒。
In other words, it went into a gas chamber.
换句话说，它进入了毒气室。
I am not kidding.
我不是在开玩笑。
Ira Glass I'm sitting here literally stunned.
Ira Glass：我坐在这里简直惊呆了。
As a Jewish person, I actually am stunned.
作为一个犹太人，我真的很震惊。
I was horrified.
我很害怕。
We didn't think that had very good commercial viability in the United States.
我们认为这在美国没有很好的商业可行性。
And we were kind of surprised that it was available, that people were trying to market it in Germany.
我们对它的存在感到有点惊讶，人们试图在德国推销它。
So with all of these people trying to invent a better mousetrap, the dirty secret of trapping mice is mice are really easy to catch.
因此，尽管所有这些人都试图发明一种更好的捕鼠器，但捕捉老鼠的肮脏秘密是老鼠真的很容易捕捉。
That's why every inventor thinks that he can do it.
这就是为什么每个发明家都认为他能做到。
Catching a mouse is basically playing against a casino where you always win.
抓老鼠基本上就是在赌场里玩，你总是赢。
The regular, old-fashioned, cheap, little mousetrap, Andy says, will usually catch the mouse in 24 to 48 hours.
安迪说，普通的老式廉价小捕鼠器通常会在 24 到 48 小时内捕获老鼠。
It will kill it 88% of the time.
88%的情况下它会杀死它。
Other traps that aren't much more expensive have 100% lethality.
其他价格不高的陷阱也有 100% 的杀伤力。
Mice are easy to kill because mice, unlike rats, are incredibly inquisitive animals.
老鼠很容易被杀死，因为老鼠与老鼠不同，是一种好奇心极强的动物。
They investigate anything that's new, anything that's in their normal territory for the evening.
他们会调查任何新的事情，任何晚上正常范围内的事情。
And that's typically-- most people don't know this but most mice only stay within 10 feet of where they are, max.
这通常是——大多数人不知道这一点，但大多数老鼠最多只停留在距其所在位置 10 英尺的范围内。
And oftentimes it's less than that.
通常情况下，这个数字要少一些。
And they may investigate that area 30 times during the night.
他们可能会在夜间对该区域进行 30 次调查。
They're not just kind of going out once.
他们不只是出去一次。
Well, in a way, what you're describing is almost the ideal animal to be caught.
嗯，在某种程度上，你所描述的几乎是最理想的可捕捉动物。
Exactly.
确切地。
Ira Glass So the problem for the mousetrap inventor is the world doesn't need a better mousetrap.
Ira Glass 因此，对于捕鼠器发明者来说，问题是世界不需要更好的捕鼠器。
You know that old saying, "Build a better mousetrap and the world will beat its way to your door?" Not true.
你知道那句老话吗：“建造一个更好的捕鼠器，世界就会主动找上门来”？不正确。
Andy makes a traditional mousetrap that sells two for $0.99.
安迪制作了一个传统的捕鼠器，两个售价为 0.99 美元。
It does the job just fine.
它的工作做得很好。
But most inventors never understand this.
但大多数发明家从来不理解这一点。
Well, they are always persistent.
嗯，他们总是很执着。
Whether it's letters or phone calls or stopping here, they are passionate about their idea and are so disappointed when we turn them down.
无论是信件、电话还是在这里停留，他们都对自己的想法充满热情，当我们拒绝他们时，他们感到非常失望。
Like, they can't believe it.
就像，他们不敢相信。
Andy Woolworth They can't believe it.
安迪·伍尔沃斯 他们简直不敢相信。
Because for them, there's the magic of the moment of invention, right?
因为对他们来说，发明那一刻就具有魔力，对吗？
Like, they actually came up with a new idea.
就像，他们实际上想出了一个新主意。
That's right.
这是正确的。
Ira Glass And it turns out that's just not enough in this cold, cold world.
Ira Glass 事实证明，在这个寒冷的世界里，这还不够。
It's very hard.
这很难。
It's their baby.
这是他们的孩子。
Again, they have nurtured this thing.
再次，他们培育了这个东西。
Well, today on our program, we have four stories of inventions in a world that doesn't always need or want new ideas.
好吧，今天在我们的节目中，我们有四个关于发明的故事，这个世界并不总是需要或想要新想法。
From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life, distributed by Public Radio International.
这是来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》，由国际公共广播电台发行。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
We have four stories of ingenuity and heartbreak for you.
我们为您准备了四个关于独创性和心碎的故事。
Act One of our show today, "Mother of Invention," in which we look at an experimental child rearing technique, whose effectiveness you can judge for yourself.
我们今天的节目“发明之母”的第一幕，我们将探讨一种实验性的育儿技术，您可以亲自判断其有效性。
Act Two, "Financial Mousetrap," in which we return to our ongoing coverage of the economic crisis, a place where Wall Street invented all kinds of stuff and it turned out the world would have been better off without a lot of it.
第二幕“金融捕鼠器”，我们回到了对经济危机的持续报道，华尔街发明了各种各样的东西，事实证明，如果没有这些东西，世界会变得更好。
Act Three, "Everything Must Go," in which a man tries to solve the problem posed by big plastic bags of US currency.
第三幕“一切都必须消失”，其中一名男子试图解决装有美元的大塑料袋带来的问题。
Act Four, "The Not-For-Profit Motive." Our own Alex Blumberg explains what happens when our government has to reinvent itself as a bank, and not necessarily a successful bank.
第四幕，“非营利动机”。我们自己的亚历克斯·布隆伯格（Alex Blumberg）解释了当我们的政府必须将自己重塑为一家银行（但不一定是一家成功的银行）时会发生什么。
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
Act One, "Mother of Invention." So we start with somebody inventing a new way to do something in an area of life where you might not think there could be any new ways to do anything left.
第一幕“发明之母”。因此，我们从某人发明了一种新的方法来在生活的某个领域做某事开始，在这个领域，你可能认为不会有任何新的方法来做任何事情。
Karen Sosnoski tells the story.
凯伦·索斯诺斯基讲述了这个故事。
Her son, Anton, was born with Mosaic Down Syndrome, which is this very rare form of Down Syndrome.
她的儿子安东出生时患有马赛克唐氏综合症，这是一种非常罕见的唐氏综合症。
Essentially, some of his cells have the extra chromosome that causes Down Syndrome.
从本质上讲，他的一些细胞具有导致唐氏综合症的额外染色体。
And the other cells don't.
而其他细胞则不然。
So as he grows, he could actually end up having all the health risks and challenges of Down Syndrome, or very few of them.
因此，随着他的成长，他实际上可能最终会面临唐氏综合症的所有健康风险和挑战，或者其中很少的风险和挑战。
There's no way to know.
没有办法知道。
Some kids with MDS look totally normal, but then have all kinds of learning disabilities.
有些患有骨髓增生异常综合征的孩子看起来完全正常，但却有各种学习障碍。
Others have all the physical features of a person with Down Syndrome, but then have a high IQ.
其他人具有唐氏综合症患者的所有身体特征，但智商很高。
It's a diagnosis that's so vague, it can drive a parent crazy.
这是一个如此模糊的诊断，它会让父母发疯。
And Karen had no idea what the diagnosis would mean for her son's future.
凯伦不知道这个诊断对她儿子的未来意味着什么。
So she started doing some research.
于是她开始做一些研究。
She found a Mosaic Down Syndrome website.
她找到了一个马赛克唐氏综合症网站。
And on that website, she started reading about a boy named Tim.
在那个网站上，她开始读到一个名叫蒂姆的男孩的故事。
A boy who, in a bunch of different ways, was not what she was expecting.
这个男孩在很多方面都不是她所期待的。
And whose mom had invented a radical way of dealing with the diagnosis, something Karen had never heard of.
她的妈妈发明了一种激进的方法来处理诊断，这是凯伦从未听说过的。
Here she is.
她在这里。
Tim was 13 when I first saw his picture on the Internet.
当我第一次在互联网上看到蒂姆的照片时，他才 13 岁。
He had geeky, blunt cut bangs and a wide, innocent smile.
他留着怪异的直刘海，笑容灿烂、天真无邪。
He had the same diagnosis as my son, Anton, but he had the happy face of an ordinary boy.
他和我儿子安东有同样的诊断，但他有着普通男孩般的快乐表情。
And when I looked at this photo, my heart raced with hope.
当我看到这张照片时，我的心充满希望。
Here was a kid I could imagine as my own.
这是一个我可以想象为我自己的孩子。
a late bloomer, his mom wrote, but so what?
他妈妈写道，他大器晚成，但那又怎样呢？
He had hobbies and friends.
他有自己的爱好和朋友。
He was a book worm like I am.
他和我一样是个书虫。
To be honest, Tim's bio made me feel less guilty about Anton.
老实说，蒂姆的简历让我对安东的愧疚感减轻了。
Part of me blamed myself for what had happened.
我的一部分因为所发生的事情而责怪自己。
Everyone knew advanced maternal age was a major risk factor for having a baby with Down Syndrome, and here I'd waited until 40 to have him.
每个人都知道高龄产妇是生下患有唐氏综合症的婴儿的主要风险因素，而在这里我一直等到 40 岁才生下他。
But maybe if I played my cards absolutely right from here on in, he could still turn out just fine.
但也许如果我从现在开始就完全正确地打牌，他仍然会表现得很好。
Tim's mother, Kristy, was kind of like a role model for me.
蒂姆的母亲克里斯蒂（Kristy）有点像我的榜样。
She founded an international support group for parents of kids with Mosaic Down Syndrome.
她为患有马赛克唐氏综合症的孩子的父母成立了一个国际支持小组。
She wanted us to be sure the world gave them a fair shake, and I liked this.
她希望我们确保世界给予他们公平的对待，我喜欢这一点。
But to make this happen for her own son, she did something I could never have imagined, something that shocks people every time I tell them.
但为了让自己的儿子实现这一目标，她做了一些我从未想象过的事情，每次我告诉人们时都会感到震惊。
For years, she kept her son's diagnosis a secret.
多年来，她一直对儿子的诊断保密。
She didn't tell his teachers, she didn't tell her neighbors, and, most incredibly, for the first 14 years of his life, she didn't tell Tim.
她没有告诉他的老师，她没有告诉她的邻居，最令人难以置信的是，在蒂姆出生的头 14 年里，她没有告诉蒂姆。
I first heard Kristy talk about her secret at a conference.
我第一次听到克里斯蒂谈论她的秘密是在一次会议上。
Then a couple months ago, I left my one-year-old son Anton for the first time and traveled down to Texas to find out more from Kristy and Tim.
几个月前，我第一次离开一岁的儿子安东，前往德克萨斯州，从克里斯蒂和蒂姆那里了解更多信息。
How had Tim turned out so well?
蒂姆怎么会表现得这么好呢？
How much of it was because she'd kept his diagnosis a secret?
有多少是因为她对他的诊断保密？
She told me she didn't start off planning to deceive anyone.
她告诉我她一开始并没有打算欺骗任何人。
When Tim started kindergarten, Kristy did what most parents do.
当蒂姆开始上幼儿园时，克里斯蒂做了大多数父母所做的事情。
She didn't keep his disability a secret.
她没有把他的残疾保密。
She explained to the teachers that he had Mosaic Down Syndrome, she asked the teachers to treat him like any other kid, and she crossed her fingers.
她向老师们解释说，他患有马赛克唐氏综合症，她要求老师们像对待其他孩子一样对待他，她祈祷着。
But it didn't work out as she'd planned.
但事情并没有按照她的计划进行。
This is Kristy.
这是克里斯蒂。
I know one time I went in there to visit the classroom and all the little children are sitting up in their nice little story time circle, and he's laying in the middle of the carpet, rolling around and laying around.
我知道有一次我去那里参观教室，所有的小孩子都坐在他们漂亮的小故事时间圈里，而他躺在地毯中间，滚来滚去。
And I asked the teacher, I said, why is he laying when everyone else is sitting down?
我问老师，我说，为什么当其他人都坐下时他却躺着？
And she said, well, he likes to do that and we just want to make him happy.
她说，好吧，他喜欢这样做，我们只是想让他开心。
And so, it was because he had Mosaic Down Syndrome.
所以，这是因为他患有马赛克唐氏综合症。
And so I knew then, maybe it's not a good idea for everybody to know because they're going to make excuses for him.
所以我当时就知道，也许让每个人都知道不是一个好主意，因为他们会给他找借口。
And I wanted him, more than anything, to just be as normal as normal is, to have the same opportunities that everyone else had.
我最希望他能像平常一样正常，拥有和其他人一样的机会。
So the next year, when school began, I didn't tell his teacher.
所以第二年开学时，我没有告诉他的老师。
And then we thought, you know, if he knows that he has Mosaic Down Syndrome, he's going to use that for a crutch, big time.
然后我们想，你知道，如果他知道自己患有马赛克唐氏综合症，他会用它作为拐杖，非常重要。
So we decided, you know, we're just not going to tell him until he gets a little bit older.
所以我们决定，你知道，我们不会告诉他，直到他长大一点。
Which could get kind of complicated.
这可能会变得有点复杂。
She had to talk behind Tim's back and over his head.
她不得不在蒂姆背后、越过他的头说话。
She had to tell family members never to mention Tim's condition in front of him.
她必须告诉家人永远不要在蒂姆面前提及蒂姆的病情。
And it's OK if you people know it, but I don't want him to know it.
如果你们知道也没关系，但我不想让他知道。
I turned into a tricky person.
我变成了一个狡猾的人。
Were there times when you were tempted to tell him?
有时候你很想告诉他吗？
One time stands out really, really deeply in my mind.
有一次，我的脑海里留下了深刻、深刻的印象。
He was around 10 years old.
他当时大约10岁。
And he had a little tree house, and all the kids would come over to be in his tree house with him.
他有一个小树屋，所有的孩子都会过来和他一起住在他的树屋里。
And this one little boy in our neighborhood had Down Syndrome.
我们邻居的这个小男孩患有唐氏综合症。
And I looked outside.
我向外看了看。
All the kids are playing, and Tim pushed this little boy down.
所有的孩子都在玩耍，蒂姆把这个小男孩推倒了。
And I was, like, no, you don't push him down.
我当时想，不，你不能把他推倒。
That's not nice, you know.
你知道，这不太好。
And I made him come inside and I said, why did you push this little boy down?
我让他进来，我说，你为什么要把这个小男孩推倒？
And he goes, I don't like him.
然后他走了，我不喜欢他。
He looks different.
他看起来不一样。
That crushed me.
这让我心碎。
That crushed me.
这让我心碎。
And I said, well, why don't you like him?
我说，好吧，你为什么不喜欢他？
Just because he looks different?
就因为他长得不一样？
Everybody looks different.
每个人看起来都不一样。
And he said, no, he talks funny.
他说，不，他说话很有趣。
I don't like him.
我不喜欢他。
And I wanted so much at that point to say, don't you know that you have the same chromosomes as him.
那时我很想说，你难道不知道你和他有相同的染色体吗？
When I was a lot younger, I used to think that because I was different that made me-- because I was different, I thought maybe I was from another world.
当我年轻得多的时候，我曾经认为，因为我与众不同，所以才造就了我——因为我与众不同，我想也许我来自另一个世界。
That I was an alien or something.
说我是外星人什么的。
This is Tim.
这是蒂姆。
He's almost 20 now but he doesn't look much older than his picture at 13.
现在他已经快20岁了，但看起来并不比照片上13岁的时候老多少。
It's not super obvious that he has a medical condition, but if you're at all tuned into Down Syndrome, you could probably guess.
他患有唐氏综合症并不是很明显，但如果你有唐氏综合症，你可能会猜到。
His eyes have those extra folds and he talks in a slow, careful way like he's having to work to shape his words.
他的眼睛有多余的褶皱，说话的速度缓慢而小心，就像他必须努力塑造自己的措辞一样。
Academically, though, Tim blows any stereotypes about Down Syndrome out of the water.
不过，在学术上，蒂姆打破了人们对唐氏综合症的刻板印象。
His IQ is 110, higher than the national average.
他的智商为110，高于全国平均水平。
He got A's and B's with no special help at a mainstream school.
他在主流学校没有得到任何特殊帮助，就取得了 A 和 B 的成绩。
But by junior high, Tim was starting to have a hard time fitting in with other kids.
但到了初中，蒂姆开始很难融入其他孩子。
He would do weird things like burp, or rock on his heels in class.
他会做奇怪的事情，比如打嗝，或者在课堂上摇摇晃晃。
He'd say inappropriate things, like the time he got so excited about a slasher movie that he confused himself with the main character.
他会说一些不恰当的话，比如有一次他对一部恐怖电影太兴奋，以至于把自己和主角搞混了。
"I started shooting people," he told the kids at his lunch table.
“我开始向人开枪，”他在午餐桌上告诉孩子们。
As you can imagine, he didn't make a lot of friends this way.
你可以想象，他并没有通过这种方式结交很多朋友。
All I knew was that I was different because people were bothering me all the time.
我只知道我与众不同，因为人们一直在打扰我。
Can you give an example?
你能举个例子吗？
Tim Colvin Insults, being picked on, teased, hazing, if you know what that is.
蒂姆·科尔文（Tim Colvin）侮辱、被欺负、被嘲笑、被欺负，如果你知道那是什么。
Tim started realizing that there was something different about him.
蒂姆开始意识到他有些不同。
And when Tim was around 12 years old, we were on our way to the grocery store and I was driving and Tim was sitting in the front seat next to me.
当蒂姆 12 岁左右的时候，我们在去杂货店的路上，我开车，蒂姆坐在我旁边的前排座位上。
And we hadn't been talking at all.
而且我们根本没有说话。
I mean, the radio's going, you know.
我的意思是，收音机正在播放，你知道。
We're not talking to each other.
我们不是在互相交谈。
And all of a sudden--
突然间——
I asked my mom, do I have a medical problem that you don't want to tell me about because you think I'm not mature enough to handle it?
我问妈妈，我是否有身体问题而你不想告诉我，因为你认为我还不够成熟，无法处理它？
We pulled over at the park and I stopped the car and I looked at him and I said, why do you want to know this?
我们在公园停下来，我停下车，看着他说，你为什么想知道这个？
And he said, well, you know, you know, I just know that I'm different.
他说，好吧，你知道，你知道，我只是知道我与众不同。
But she couldn't bring herself to tell him the truth.
但她无法让自己告诉他真相。
She didn't know if Tim was ready and she didn't feel ready.
她不知道蒂姆是否准备好了，她也觉得自己还没有准备好。
She said nothing.
她什么也没说。
I was really, really-- probably lost some sleep over it.
我真的、真的——可能为此失眠了。
Because I kept going back and forth with, have I done the right thing keeping this from him?
因为我一直在反复询问，我是否做了正确的事情来让他不知道这件事？
But at that time I wasn't sure.
但当时我并不确定。
No matter how hard I tried to, you know, make his world so great still kids picked on him.
无论我多么努力，你知道，让他的世界变得如此美好，仍然有孩子们欺负他。
And so as years progressed-- one day he came home-- and he was about 14-- and he said, Mom, I feel like I'm the only person in the whole world that has the same problems as me.
随着岁月的流逝，有一天他回到家，当时他大约 14 岁，他说，妈妈，我觉得我是全世界唯一一个和我有同样问题的人。
And it just broke my heart.
这让我心碎。
My husband came home from work that night and I said, you know, we're going to have to probably pretty soon tell him.
那天晚上我丈夫下班回家，我说，你知道，我们可能很快就会告诉他。
But they didn't.
但他们没有。
For another six whole months.
又过了整整六个月。
It seemed so difficult.
看起来太难了。
Here Kristy had to tell Tim that she'd kept the fundamental truth about his identity from him for most of his life.
在这里，克里斯蒂必须告诉蒂姆，她一生中的大部分时间都对他隐瞒了有关他身份的基本真相。
What's more, it seemed that her efforts to protect him might have actually made things worse.
更何况，她为保护他所做的努力，似乎反而让事情变得更糟了。
I think that we just worried how he was going to react.
我想我们只是担心他会如何反应。
We didn't know how he was going-- we didn't know what to expect, at all, whatsoever.
我们不知道他会怎么样——我们根本不知道会发生什么。
We didn't know if he would be happy or mad or sad or what.
我们不知道他会高兴、生气、悲伤还是什么。
We just didn't know what to expect at all.
我们根本不知道会发生什么。
And so, I think, that was our main worry.
所以，我认为这是我们主要担心的。
So we sat down on the couch.
于是我们就坐在沙发上。
My husband tried to leave.
我丈夫试图离开。
And so Tim comes in from his bedroom and sits down and I said, we've got something to tell you.
蒂姆从卧室进来坐下，我说，我们有件事要告诉你。
And he said, what?
他说，什么？
I said, remember how a while back you asked me if you had a medical problem that I didn't want you to know about?
我说，还记得不久前你问我你是否有我不想让你知道的健康问题吗？
And he said, yes.
他说，是的。
And I said, do you remember when you said you felt like you're the only person in the whole world that had the problems that you had?
我说，你还记得你说过你觉得你是全世界唯一一个有你所遇到的问题的人吗？
And he said, yes.
他说，是的。
She told me I had Mosaic Down Syndrome.
她告诉我我患有马赛克唐氏综合症。
I don't know her exact words, but that's what she said.
我不知道她具体说了什么，但她就是这么说的。
What came into your mind when she told you that?
当她告诉你这件事时，你想到了什么？
Storm, Cyclops, Rogue, X-Men.
暴风女、独眼巨人、侠盗、X战警。
Karen Sosnoski Why did X-Men come into your mind?
凯伦·索斯诺斯基 (Karen Sosnoski) 为什么你会想到 X 战警？
Because the X-Men are mutants, genetic.
因为X战警是基因突变体。
They gain those genetic problems, and that's what I felt like.
他们患有这些遗传问题，这就是我的感受。
I felt like an X-Men.
我感觉自己像个X战警。
And I thought that was kind of cool.
我觉得这很酷。
And just like that, the truth was out.
就这样，真相大白了。
Ironically, what happened next was exactly the opposite of what Kristy had feared.
讽刺的是，接下来发生的事情与克里斯蒂所担心的完全相反。
Tim didn't seem angry.
蒂姆看上去并没有生气。
He didn't stop trying in school.
他并没有停止在学校的尝试。
The diagnosis actually made him more conscious of his strange behaviors, like the rocking on his heels, so he could work harder at controlling them.
这个诊断实际上让他更加意识到自己的奇怪行为，比如脚后跟的摇晃，这样他就可以更加努力地控制它们。
Mostly he was relieved.
主要是他松了口气。
He'd spent so many years feeling like there was something wrong with him that finding out there was wasn't so bad.
多年来他一直感觉自己出了什么问题，但发现问题并没有那么糟糕。
In his junior year, Tim came out to his classmates during a presentation on genetics.
大三时，蒂姆在一次遗传学演讲中向同学出柜。
After that, the kids started cutting him some slack.
从那以后，孩子们开始放纵他。
He wasn't the weird kid anymore.
他不再是那个奇怪的孩子了。
He was the kid with that Mosaic Down thing and you couldn't blame him for that.
他就是那个患有马赛克羽绒服的孩子，你不能为此责怪他。
So that was a real big turning point.
所以那是一个真正的大转折点。
He got a bunch of friends, real friends.
他有一群朋友，真正的朋友。
And it was our first time to have real friends.
这是我们第一次有真正的朋友。
And then these three big teenage boys came back to our house to spend the night.
然后这三个十几岁的大男孩回到我们家过夜。
Never had such a thing.
从来没有过这样的事情。
I mean, never.
我的意思是，从来没有。
And so they're going to spend the night.
所以他们要过夜。
And so we've got all these boys and I'm going, we've got to make popcorn.
所以我们有所有这些男孩，我要去，我们必须做爆米花。
We've got to watch movies.
我们得看电影。
After I got them settled, I came in the bedroom and I bawled my head off.
把他们安顿好后，我走进卧室，大哭起来。
Because it was just so wonderful.
因为那实在是太美妙了。
I mean, it was-- in fact, it was like 10:30 at night and I'm calling my mother, I have teenage boys in the house.
我的意思是，事实上，那是晚上 10:30，我打电话给我妈妈，我家里有十几岁的男孩。
You would think given how things turned out Kristy might have had some regrets about waiting so long to tell Tim the truth.
你可能会认为，考虑到事情的结果，克里斯蒂可能会后悔等了这么久才告诉蒂姆真相。
I kept waiting for her to crack or something during our interview, to admit she'd made a mistake, but she didn't, and frankly, I was relieved.
在我们的采访中，我一直在等待她崩溃或承认她犯了错误，但她没有，坦白说，我松了一口气。
I don't want to cast judgment on Kristy.
我不想对克里斯蒂做出评判。
Tim's a great kid.
蒂姆是个好孩子。
Whether that's because of what Kristy did or in spite of it, I don't think anyone can say.
无论是因为克里斯蒂的所作所为还是尽管如此，我想没有人能说得清。
And anyway, Kristy and Tim have moved on to other issues, like teaching Tim how to balance a checkbook, how to drive, how to get ready to live on his own.
不管怎样，克里斯蒂和蒂姆已经转向其他问题，比如教蒂姆如何平衡支票簿、如何开车、如何准备独自生活。
And from Tim's point of view, Kristy's got her own learning to do.
从蒂姆的角度来看，克里斯蒂有自己的学习要做。
My mom is being a control freak right now.
我妈妈现在是个控制狂。
I'm going to be 20 this May.
今年5月我就20岁了。
It's time I started to be a bit more independent.
是时候我开始变得更加独立了。
How will you have to change to be more independent?
你必须如何改变才能变得更加独立？
When I leave this house, I plan to never wash dishes again.
当我离开这个家时，我打算再也不洗碗了。
Who's going to wash them?
谁来洗它们？
Tim Colvin My wife.
蒂姆·科尔文 我的妻子。
[LAUGHS] I'm kidding.
[笑]我开玩笑的。
I'll have the kids do it.
我会让孩子们做的。
[LAUGHS]
[笑]
It's funny or maybe just typical.
这很有趣，或者也许只是典型的。
Tim's critical of his mom, but when I ask him how he thinks I should raise Anton, his advice to me is to do just what she did.
蒂姆批评他的妈妈，但当我问他认为我应该如何抚养安东时，他给我的建议是像她那样做。
Let people get to know Anton first before you tell them anything, Tim says to me.
蒂姆对我说，在你告诉他们任何事情之前，先让人们了解安东。
Tell Anton when he's a teenager, when he's old enough to handle it.
当安东十几岁的时候，当他大到可以处理这件事的时候告诉他。
I know I probably won't do this.
我知道我可能不会这样做。
After all, Kristy's secrecy didn't protect Tim from pain, which is what I want for my son.
毕竟，克里斯蒂的保密并不能保护蒂姆免受痛苦，而这正是我希望我儿子得到的。
So I'm back to square one with no trick to give Anton the perfect future, any more than I could give him those perfect chromosomes.
所以我又回到了原点，没有办法给安东一个完美的未来，就像我无法给他那些完美的染色体一样。
And like any other parent, I'm waiting to see who my son becomes.
和其他父母一样，我也在等着看我的儿子会成为什么样的人。
Karen Sosnoski.
凯伦·索斯诺斯基。
She's working on a book called, Love in the Time of Brain Tumors .
她正在写一本名为《脑肿瘤时代的爱情》的书。
[MUSIC - "I KNOW WHO I AM" BY BUNNY RUGS]
[音乐 - BUNNY RUGS 的“我知道我是谁”]
Act Two, "Financial Mousetrap." As you've probably heard by now, over the last few years the mortgage industry and the banking industry have been places that were rife with invention.
第二幕，“金融捕鼠器”。正如您现在可能已经听说的那样，在过去几年中，抵押贷款行业和银行业一直是充满发明的地方。
People coming up with all kinds of better mousetraps, subprime mortgages and credit default swaps, and novel kinds of mortgage backed securities, all of which has sent the world's economy into a tailspin these last few weeks.
人们想出了各种更好的捕鼠器、次级抵押贷款和信用违约掉期，以及新型抵押贷款支持证券，所有这些都让世界经济在过去几周陷入了混乱。
As part of our ongoing coverage of that mess, we now turn to the politics of all this.
作为我们持续报道这一混乱局面的一部分，我们现在转向这一切的政治因素。
Last week on our radio show, we debunked an idea you hear a lot from Democrats these days.
上周在我们的广播节目中，我们揭穿了最近从民主党人那里经常听到的一个想法。
That this financial mess can be blamed entirely on Republicans deregulating financial markets.
这种金融混乱完全可以归咎于共和党放松金融市场管制。
Today we take a look at the other side of the aisle.
今天我们来看看过道的另一边。
This past week it seems to have actually hardened into a point of Republican dogma that the whole financial mess can be blamed on the Democrats.
过去一周，共和党的教条似乎已经变得更加顽固，即整个金融混乱都可以归咎于民主党。
On Wednesday of this past week, I attended a McCain Palin rally in Lehigh, Pennsylvania.
上周三，我参加了在宾夕法尼亚州利哈伊举行的麦凯恩·佩林集会。
And I was amazed that nearly every person I talked to in this Republican crowd was quite certain who the culprits were behind our whole financial mess.
令我惊讶的是，在共和党人群中，几乎每个与我交谈过的人都非常确定谁是我们整个金融混乱的幕后黑手。
The liberal Democrats in the House encouraged and supported the notion that banks should be providing loans to people who couldn't afford them in inner city, wherever--
众议院的自由民主党人鼓励并支持这样一种观念，即银行应该向内城区无力承担贷款的人们提供贷款，无论在哪里——
They saw McCain and Bush coming through with the regulations and they refused to do anything about it.
他们看到麦凯恩和布什遵守了这些规定，但他们拒绝对此采取任何行动。
Barney Frank said, no, it's OK.
巴尼·弗兰克说，不，没关系。
No problem.
没问题。
This is running great.
这运行得很好。
And here we are today.
今天我们就到这里了。
In this Republican version of the bailout story, there was a pivotal moment in 2005 when Republicans could have prevented a lot of the mess that we're in now, where they tried to regulate, where they tried to fix it, but the Democrats stopped them.
在这个共和党版本的救助故事中，2005年有一个关键时刻，当时共和党本可以避免我们现在陷入的许多混乱，他们试图监管、试图解决问题，但民主党阻止了他们。
And the key to the whole crisis, they say, was the mortgage companies Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.
他们说，整个危机的关键是抵押贷款公司房地美和房利美。
They say Fannie and Freddie are at the center of the whole thing.
他们说房利美和房地美是整件事的中心。
Here's John McCain at the second presidential debate on Tuesday.
这是约翰·麦凯恩在周二第二场总统辩论中的报道。
Really the match that lit this fire was Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
真正点燃这场大火的火柴是房利美和房地美。
I'll bet you you may never even have heard of them before this crisis.
我敢打赌，在这场危机之前，您可能从未听说过它们。
But, you know, they're the ones that with the encouragement of Senator Obama and his cronies and his friends in Washington that went out and made all these risky loans, gave them to people that could never afford to pay back--
但是，你知道，他们在奥巴马参议员及其亲信和华盛顿朋友的鼓励下，发放了所有这些高风险贷款，将这些贷款提供给了那些永远无力偿还的人们——
So let's just start with the question, did the subprime crisis start with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
那么我们先问一个问题，次贷危机是从房利美和房地美开始的吗？
Absolutely not.
绝对不是。
The subprime crisis did not start with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
次贷危机并非始于房利美和房地美。
This is Charles Duhigg who covers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and other parts of the subprime crisis for the New York Times.
我是查尔斯·杜希格 (Charles Duhigg)，他为《纽约时报》报道房利美 (Fannie Mae) 和房地美 (Freddie Mac) 以及次贷危机的其他部分。
He says that it was not Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac but Wall Street, international investors, brokers, and banks who created and popularized subprime mortgages.
他说，创造并普及次级抵押贷款的不是房利美和房地美，而是华尔街、国际投资者、经纪人和银行。
Fannie and Freddie didn't get involved in a serious way until relatively late.
房利美和房地美直到较晚才正式介入。
This huge subprime economy had built.
这个巨大的次贷经济已经建立起来。
Wall Street came in and they said, we're going to basically buy any loan that anyone can make.
华尔街进来了，他们说，我们基本上会购买任何人都可以发放的任何贷款。
And Fannie and Freddie at that point started losing a lot of their market share.
从那时起，房利美和房地美开始失去大量市场份额。
So they started competing against Wall Street for worse and worse and riskier and riskier loans.
因此，他们开始与华尔街竞争，争取越来越差、风险越来越大的贷款。
And that, in turn, further fueled the growth of this thing.
而这反过来又进一步推动了这个东西的发展。
So what started out as a kind of small brush fire that was worrisome was fanned, over time, into a huge, huge blaze.
因此，一开始令人担忧的小灌木丛火灾，随着时间的推移，逐渐演变成一场巨大的大火。
And Fannie and Freddie were an important part of fanning that, but they didn't create the subprime economy.
房利美和房地美是推动这一趋势的重要组成部分，但他们并没有创造次贷经济。
They weren't the single greatest input to the subprime economy.
它们并不是次贷经济的最大投入。
They were part of the problem.
他们是问题的一部分。
Nonetheless, Republicans say that if they'd been allowed to regulate Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac back in 2005, as they'd wanted, it would have prevented much of the current mess.
尽管如此，共和党人表示，如果他们早在 2005 年就被允许按照他们的意愿监管房利美和房地美，那么目前的混乱局面就可以避免。
I was the one-- I was the one who called at the time for tighter restrictions on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that could have helped prevent this crisis, that could have helped prevent from happening in the first place and Senator Obama was silent on the regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
我是那个当时呼吁对房利美和房地美采取更严格限制的人，这本来可以帮助防止这场危机，这本来可以帮助防止危机的发生，但奥巴马参议员对房利美和房地美的监管却保持沉默。
And his Democratic allies in Congress opposed every effort to rein them in.
他在国会的民主党盟友也反对一切遏制他们的努力。
So, Charles, what are they talking about?
那么，查尔斯，他们在谈论什么？
What did Republicans try to do a couple of years ago?
几年前共和党人试图做什么？
So in 2005, a couple of Republicans introduced legislation that would have placed greater restrictions on Fannie and Freddie.
因此，2005 年，一些共和党人提出了立法，对房利美和房地美施加了更大的限制。
It would have empowered the regulator to basically have a tighter hold on them.
这将使监管机构能够从根本上对它们进行更严格的控制。
Now what's important to keep in mind is John McCain didn't actually sponsor that legislation initially.
现在重要的是要记住，约翰·麦凯恩最初实际上并没有支持这项立法。
He came to it kind of, you know, months and months after it had been introduced and after a big report had come out, saying that Fannie and Freddie are terrible companies.
你知道，是在该法案推出数月之后，也是在一份重大报告发布后，他才开始关注这一问题，称房利美和房地美是糟糕的公司。
Everyone was kind of jumping on and John McCain jumped on to co-sponsor the legislation.
每个人都在积极参与，约翰·麦凯恩也加入了这项立法的共同提案国。
People we've interviewed in the Senate have said that John McCain was never a big bugaboo on Fannie or Freddie, but he did co-sponsor the legislation.
我们在参议院采访过的人表示，约翰·麦凯恩从来都不是房利美或房地美的大忌，但他确实是这项立法的共同发起人。
He deserves some credit for that.
他在这一点上值得赞扬。
The 2005 legislation would have essentially done two things.
2005 年的立法基本上做了两件事。
First of all, it would have cut the number of loans that Fannie and Freddie can hold for themselves, so it would have avoided part of the problem that Freddie is having right now.
首先，这将减少房利美和房地美自己可以持有的贷款数量，这样就可以避免房地美目前面临的部分问题。
And, theoretically, it might have caused Fannie and Freddie to stop buying so many risky loans, but that's not a guarantee.
而且，从理论上讲，这可能会导致房利美和房地美停止购买如此多的高风险贷款，但这并不能保证。
In fact, it would have been completely up to the regulator.
事实上，这完全取决于监管机构。
And the regulator who's holding the position right now is a man named James Lockhart.
现在担任该职位的监管者是一位名叫詹姆斯·洛克哈特（James Lockhart）的人。
In the past year-- and he was a Bush appointee.
在过去的一年里，他是布什任命的。
In the past year, he actually helped Fannie and Freddie buy more and more riskier loans.
在过去的一年里，他实际上帮助房利美和房地美购买了越来越多风险较高的贷款。
Because Congress, over the past year, started asking Fannie and Freddie to buy risky loans because they thought that would help the economy.
因为国会在过去一年开始要求房利美和房地美购买高风险贷款，因为他们认为这将有助于经济。
Right now it's a part of a Republican orthodoxy, it seems, that if we had fixed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2005, we wouldn't be in the crisis we're in today.
现在看来，如果我们在 2005 年解决了房利美和房地美问题，我们就不会陷入今天的危机，这似乎是共和党正统观念的一部分。
Is that true?
这是真的吗？
That's absolutely not true.
这绝对不是真的。
So if we had fixed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2005, the crisis might be different and it might be slightly less, but the crisis would absolutely still be here.
因此，如果我们在 2005 年修复了房利美和房地美，危机可能会有所不同，而且可能会稍微少一些，但危机绝对仍然存在。
Another thing that's come up as a political talking point is the question of who associated with who.
作为政治话题出现的另一件事是谁与谁有联系的问题。
And Senator McCain said in Pennsylvania this week that executives of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have advised Senator Obama.
参议员麦凯恩本周在宾夕法尼亚州表示，房利美和房地美的高管已为奥巴马参议员提供建议。
The executives of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have advised him and he's taken their money for his campaign.
房利美和房地美的高管为他提供了建议，而他则接受了他们的竞选资金。
In fact, he's received more money from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac than any other senator in history, with the exception of the chairman of the committee overseeing them.
事实上，除了监督房利美和房地美的委员会主席外，他从房利美和房地美收到的资金比历史上任何其他参议员都多。
The McCain Campaign also has an ad linking Barack Obama to an executive at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
麦凯恩竞选团队还有一则广告，将巴拉克·奥巴马 (Barack Obama) 与房利美 (Fannie Mae) 和房地美 (Freddie Mac) 的一位高管联系起来。
Obama has no background in economics.
奥巴马没有经济学背景。
Who advises him?
谁给他建议？
The Post says it's Franklin Raines for advice on mortgage and housing policy.
《华盛顿邮报》称，我请富兰克林·雷恩斯就抵押贷款和住房政策提供建议。
Shocking.
令人震惊。
Under Raines, Fannie Mae committed extensive financial fraud.
在雷恩斯的领导下，房利美犯下了广泛的金融欺诈行为。
Raines made millions.
雷恩斯赚了数百万美元。
Fannie Mae collapsed.
房利美崩溃了。
Taxpayers?
纳税人？
Stuck with the bill.
被账单困住了。
Barack Obama.
巴拉克·奥巴马。
Bad advice.
不好的建议。
Bad instincts.
不好的本能。
Not ready to lead.
还没准备好领导。
Franklin Raines.
富兰克林·雷恩斯.
Charles Duhigg Right.
查尔斯·杜希格 对。
Which is based on-- apparently Barack Obama and Franklin Raines once bumped into each other at some type of get-together.
这是基于——显然巴拉克·奥巴马和富兰克林·雷恩斯曾经在某种聚会上相遇。
What Barack Obama has said is that they had one conversation, very briefly, once.
巴拉克·奥巴马所说的是，他们进行过一次谈话，非常简短，一次。
So it's a little disingenuous to say that Franklin Raines was an adviser to Barack Obama.
因此，说富兰克林·雷恩斯是巴拉克·奥巴马的顾问有点不诚实。
Now that being said, if you're following the money trail, if you want to say who's taken less or more money from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Barack Obama-- it is absolutely true-- is the second highest recipient of lobbying dollars from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
话虽这么说，如果你追踪资金轨迹，如果你想说谁从房利美和房地美那里拿走了更少或更多的钱，巴拉克·奥巴马——这是绝对正确的——是从房利美和房地美获得游说资金的第二高接受者。
Now the reason why what John McCain is saying is a little disingenuous is because his campaign manager-- John McCain's campaign manager-- a guy named Rick Davis, was a lobbyist for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and took over $2 million from them in lobbying fees to run this group that they had put together to try and fight back against more regulation.
约翰·麦凯恩的话之所以有点不诚实，是因为他的竞选经理——约翰·麦凯恩的竞选经理——一个名叫里克·戴维斯的人，是房利美和房地美的说客，从他们那里拿走了200万美元的游说费来管理这个他们组建的团体，试图反击更多的监管。
And, in fact, although Rick Davis left his firm when he joined the McCain campaign, his firm, that he still owns a part in, was receiving payments from Freddie Mac until earlier this year.
事实上，尽管里克·戴维斯在加入麦凯恩竞选活动时离开了他的公司，但他仍然拥有部分股份的他的公司直到今年早些时候才收到房地美的付款。
Until earlier this year or just until a month or two ago?
直到今年早些时候还是直到一两个月前？
Right.
正确的。
Yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
是的。
I think it ended in August.
我想八月就结束了。
I'm not certain of exactly the date.
我不确定确切的日期。
And, in fact, I worked on the story breaking that.
事实上，我致力于打破这一点。
And what they said, the reason why Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were paying Rick Davis-- John McCain's campaign manager-- is because they wanted access to John McCain.
据他们所说，房利美和房地美之所以向约翰·麦凯恩的竞选经理里克·戴维斯付钱，是因为他们想接触约翰·麦凯恩。
They thought that maybe he'd become President some day and so it would be good to be friends with the guy who's one of his closest aides.
他们认为也许他有一天会成为总统，所以与他最亲密的助手之一成为朋友会很好。
In general, Charles Duhigg says, it's true that Republicans have tried to rein in Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae for years.
查尔斯·杜希格表示，总的来说，共和党多年来确实试图控制房地美和房利美。
And it's true that, in general, Democrats have urged Fannie and Freddie to take on more loans and riskier loans and push for loose spending and low interest rates that led to the housing boom.
确实，总的来说，民主党人敦促房利美和房地美承担更多贷款和风险更高的贷款，并推动宽松支出和低利率，从而导致房地产繁荣。
And it's also true that Republicans fought regulation of the financial markets.
共和党人也确实反对金融市场的监管。
But he says, none of that gets to the overall truth of what happened.
但他表示，这些都无法揭示所发生事件的整体真相。
To say that either party had great foresight is completely untrue.
说任何一方有远见都是完全不真实的。
The blame for this is absolutely bipartisan.
这绝对是两党共同的责任。
Both parties deserve a great deal of blame for what happened with the subprime mess and to try and pin the blame on one party or the other really muddies the issue.
对于次贷危机的发生，双方都应该承担很大的责任，而试图将责任归咎于一方或另一方确实会让问题变得混乱。
A crisis like what's going on right now can't develop without everyone fueling it.
如果没有每个人的助推，像现在这样的危机就不可能发展。
I mean, we're looking at the biggest crisis in a century.
我的意思是，我们正在面临一个世纪以来最大的危机。
That only happens when basically everyone drops the ball.
只有当基本上每个人都失败时才会发生这种情况。
So there's enough blame to give to both parties here.
因此，双方都有足够的责任。
When it comes down to specific individuals, some individuals deserve a lot more blame than others.
当涉及到特定个人时，某些人比其他人应该受到更多的指责。
And the Times is sepending a couple weeks basically trying to point our fingers at who deserves that blame.
《泰晤士报》花了几周的时间基本上试图指责谁应该受到指责。
And when you are looking at people who are especially good or especially bad, were Barack Obama and John McCain, either of them, especially great or especially terrible?
当你观察特别好或特别坏的人时，巴拉克·奥巴马和约翰·麦凯恩，他们中的任何一个，是特别伟大还是特别糟糕？
No. Barack Obama cares about a whole bunch of other things than Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and subprime.
不。除了房利美、房地美和次贷之外，巴拉克·奥巴马还关心很多其他事情。
John McCain cares about a whole bunch of things besides Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and subprime.
除了房利美、房地美和次贷之外，约翰·麦凯恩还关心很多事情。
They spent most of their careers talking about things besides Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and subprime.
他们职业生涯的大部分时间都在谈论房利美、房地美和次贷之外的事情。
This just wasn't a big issue for them.
这对他们来说不是什么大问题。
Charles Duhigg of the New York Times.
纽约时报的查尔斯·杜希格。
On Friday, the McCain Campaign released a brand new ad that they say will run nationally linking Democrats to the financial crisis.
周五，麦凯恩竞选团队发布了一则全新广告，他们称该广告将在全国范围内投放，将民主党与金融危机联系起来。
It's along the lines that we've talked about.
这正是我们讨论过的。
The ad says, "Congressional liberals fought for risky subprime loans.
广告中写道：“国会自由派为高风险的次级贷款而战。
Congressional liberals fought against more regulation.
国会自由派反对加强监管。
Then the housing market collapsed, costing you billions."
然后房地产市场崩溃了，损失了数十亿美元。”
Regulators.
监管机构。
We regulate any stealing of his property.
我们对任何盗窃他财产的行为进行监管。
We're damn good, too.
我们也太棒了
But you can't be any geek off the street.
但你不能成为街上的任何极客。
You've got to be handy with the steel, if you know what I mean, to earn your keep.
如果你明白我的意思的话，你必须熟练掌握钢铁，才能维持生计。
Regulators, mount up.
调节器，安装。
[MUSIC - "REGULATORS" BY WARREN G]
[音乐 - 沃伦·G 的《监管者》]
Coming up, the underground economy comes up with its own plan to lose lots and lots of money and in their case it means cash money.
接下来，地下经济提出了自己的计划，要损失很多很多钱，对他们来说，这意味着现金。
That's in a minute from Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International when our program continues.
一分钟后，芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台将继续我们的节目。
It's This American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Each week on our program, of course, we choose a theme and bring you a variety of different kinds of stories on that theme.
当然，我们的节目每周都会选择一个主题，并为您带来有关该主题的各种不同类型的故事。
Today's show, Make a Better Mousetrap.
今天的节目，制作更好的捕鼠器。
We have stories of people trying to make inventions in the face of a world that does not care, does not necessarily need or want what they're making.
我们有这样的故事：人们试图在一个并不关心、不一定需要或想要他们所创造的世界的世界中进行发明。
We've arrived at Act Three of our show.
我们已经到了节目的第三幕了。
Act Three, "Everything Must Go." In the early 1990s, Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh was researching the underground economies in the city of Chicago.
第三幕，“一切都必须过去”。 20 世纪 90 年代初，Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh 正在研究芝加哥市的地下经济。
He wanted to find out how people made money in the cash economy, off the books.
他想了解人们如何在现金经济中通过账面方式赚钱。
And he spent a lot of time in the poorer areas of the city where people were inventing ways to make their livings.
他花了很多时间在城市的贫困地区，那里的人们正在发明谋生的方法。
He hung out with women selling food from their homes, car mechanics who ran their business from an alleyway, store owners who hosted late night gambling and dice games.
他和在家里卖食物的妇女、在小巷里经营生意的汽车修理工、举办深夜赌博和骰子游戏的商店老板一起出去玩。
None of them, of course, was reporting their income to the government.
当然，他们都没有向政府报告自己的收入。
Then there was Nellie, who had a problem that not many people faced.
然后是内莉，她遇到了一个很少有人遇到的问题。
Here's Sudhir.
这是苏迪尔。
Nellie Thomas was a hustler who worked in and around his South Side neighborhood and over the course of his life, he was a pimp, drug dealer, car thief, extorter, jackroller, prostitute and burglar.
内莉·托马斯（Nellie Thomas）是一名骗子，在他的南区社区及其周边地区工作，在他的一生中，他是皮条客、毒贩、偷车贼、勒索者、骗子、妓女和窃贼。
I met Nellie because I wanted to know how people bought guns in Chicago.
我遇见内莉是因为我想知道芝加哥人们如何购买枪支。
By the time I met him, Nellie had made a name for himself not because he sold guns, but because he sold ammunition.
当我见到他时，内利已经出名了，不是因为他卖枪，而是因为他卖弹药。
It's illegal to buy handguns in the city of Chicago.
在芝加哥市购买手枪是违法的。
For guns and ammo, people usually have to trek out to the suburbs, which isn't so easy.
为了获得枪支和弹药，人们通常必须长途跋涉到郊区，这并不容易。
Most gun stores are in white suburbs and the Black people in Nellie's community don't like to go there, so they buy guns in their own neighborhood for the most part.
大多数枪支商店都在白人郊区，内莉社区的黑人不喜欢去那里，所以他们大部分在自己的社区购买枪支。
Now in the South Side where Nellie lived, if you have money and a little patience, you can probably find a gun within a few days.
现在在内莉居住的南区，如果你有钱并且有一点耐心，也许几天之内你就能找到一把枪。
But it's a lot harder to find ammo.
但寻找弹药要困难得多。
Nellie understood this and he capitalized on the demand by becoming an ammunitions trader.
内利明白这一点，他利用这一需求成为了一名弹药商人。
Nellie would drive to the suburbs or he'd hire people to go there and buy boxes of ammo for a few dollars each.
内莉会开车去郊区，或者他会雇人去那里买几箱弹药，每箱几美元。
Back in his own neighborhood, it might cost you $100 for a box.
在他自己的社区，一盒可能要花 100 美元。
He sold bullets to gang members, robbers, drug dealers, prostitutes and just regular people who liked to have a weapon around.
他向帮派成员、强盗、毒贩、妓女以及喜欢随身携带武器的普通人出售子弹。
And when the gang wars heated up in the mid- to late-90s, people bought several boxes at a time and Nellie was flush with cash.
当90年代中后期帮派战争愈演愈烈时，人们一次买了好几盒，内莉现金充裕。
"Good money.
“好钱。
No hassle," he'd like to say.
没有麻烦，”他想说。
"Cops don't care much about me."
“警察不太关心我。”
When I started hanging out with Nellie, he was becoming bothered by his success.
当我开始和内莉一起出去玩时，他开始为自己的成功而烦恼。
He was making so much money that he didn't know what to do with it.
他赚了这么多钱，以至于他不知道该怎么花。
His needs were pretty minimal.
他的需求非常少。
He had a beat up old truck that he fixed himself.
他有一辆破旧的卡车，是他自己修理的。
And his parents had long ago paid off the mortgage on the bungalow where he was born and where he still lived.
而他的父母早已还清了他出生和现在居住的平房的抵押贷款。
The house was a kind of modest, two-story and basement and backyard design that you could see all over Chicago.
这所房子是一种朴素的两层楼、地下室和后院的设计，你在芝加哥随处可见。
Nellie was hardly a big consumer.
内莉算不上一个大消费者。
He liked to listen to a pocket-sized radio.
他喜欢听袖珍收音机。
And although he had a fancy TV, he usually watched a little black-and-white in his bedroom.
尽管他有一台高档电视，但他通常会在卧室里看一些黑白片。
And he never traveled.
而且他从未旅行过。
For 20 years, he'd been eating at the same soul food restaurant every day.
20年来，他每天都在同一家灵魂美食餐厅吃饭。
He wore the same three or four pairs of clothes.
他穿着同样的三四套衣服。
And almost every day you could see him walking or playing golf-- "Very badly," he said-- in the park next to his house.
几乎每天你都能看到他在他家旁边的公园散步或打高尔夫球——“非常糟糕，”他说。
Nellie also lived in a world of cash.
内莉也生活在一个金钱的世界里。
Like most underground traders, he couldn't take large sums of money to the bank, and for small sums he simply didn't trust banks.
像大多数地下交易者一样，他无法将大笔资金带到银行，而对于小额资金，他根本不信任银行。
So he put his cash in mattresses and in large black trash bags that he hid inside his house, or that he buried outside in the backyard.
因此，他把现金放在床垫和黑色大垃圾袋里，然后藏在屋内，或者埋在外面的后院。
But Nellie was losing sleep because he was running out of places to keep his cash.
但内利却失眠了，因为他没有地方存放现金了。
He worried because there were other people living in his home, a girlfriend and her two children, a niece, his grandmother, an aunt, and a brother with his girlfriend and two kids.
他很担心，因为他家里还有其他人，一个女朋友和她的两个孩子，一个侄女，他的祖母，一个阿姨，还有一个兄弟和他的女朋友和两个孩子。
Nellie was scared he'd be robbed and so he began staying up all night with a big shotgun next to his window.
内莉担心自己会被抢劫，所以他开始整夜不眠，窗边放着一把大猎枪。
His anxiety grew so bad that he started taking medication and drinking more.
他的焦虑变得如此严重，以至于他开始服用药物并增加饮酒量。
He was restless and fidgety and he said he was yelling at his family for no good reason.
他焦躁不安，他说他无缘无故地对家人大喊大叫。
Sometimes he'd call me early in the morning.
有时他一大早就给我打电话。
We both knew many of the local gang leaders and he wanted me to tell him whether they were planning to raid his house.
我们都认识许多当地帮派头目，他想让我告诉他他们是否计划袭击他的房子。
He also asked me strange questions, like whether squirrels could smell paper money and whether they would dig in his backyard and eat his holdings.
他还问了我一些奇怪的问题，比如松鼠是否能闻到纸币的味道，以及它们是否会在他的后院挖洞并吃掉他的财产。
He admitted he was going to the hospital nearly every two weeks due to panic attacks.
他承认，由于惊恐发作，他几乎每两周就去一次医院。
At first I wondered why Nellie didn't just give his money away to his family, or to a charity, but it wasn't so simple for him.
起初我想知道为什么内莉不把他的钱捐给他的家人或慈善机构，但这对他来说并不那么简单。
He said he was ashamed of how he'd earned it.
他说他为自己如何赢得这个奖项感到羞愧。
He didn't want to tell people that he sold ammo to gang members for a living.
他不想告诉人们他以向帮派成员出售弹药为生。
I suppose Nellie could have bought some property or found a way to launder his money but that really wasn't in his character.
我想内利本可以买一些房产或者找到洗钱的方法，但这确实不符合他的性格。
Nellie didn't think in terms of the future, at least not in that way.
内莉没有考虑未来，至少不是这样。
And because he was very depressed and his job was so dangerous, Nellie didn't think he'd live long enough to spend his money on anything worthwhile.
因为他非常沮丧，而且他的工作又很危险，内莉认为他不会活得足够长，不能把钱花在任何有价值的事情上。
One morning I went to Nellie's house and found him in tears.
一天早上，我去内莉家，发现他泪流满面。
No one was home and he was lying on his bed with his money all over the room.
家里没人，他躺在床上，房间里到处都是他的钱。
He kept saying he couldn't take it anymore and he wanted a way out.
他一直说他不能再忍受了，他想要一条出路。
I noticed a few large bills but there were mostly piles and piles of one and five dollar bills crumpled up like waste paper.
我注意到有几张大钞，但大部分都是成堆的一美元和五美元的钞票，像废纸一样皱巴巴的。
He was pleading with me to help him to do something with all of his money, which he estimated was about $15,000 or $20,000.
他恳求我帮他用他所有的钱做点什么，他估计大约是 15,000 美元或 20,000 美元。
He asked me, "What do your people do when they have all the stuff that they can't use?" I'm Indian, but I assumed he meant middle-class folks.
他问我：“当你们的员工拥有无法使用的所有东西时，他们会做什么？”我是印度人，但我以为他指的是中产阶级。
"Well," I said, "when my family has a lot of stuff, we give it away or we have a garage sale." His eyes lit up.
“嗯，”我说，“当我家里有很多东西时，我们会把它送出去，或者举办旧货拍卖。”他的眼睛亮了起来。
"That's it.
“就是这样。
I'm going to have a garage sale." I wasn't sure I understood what he meant.
我要去举办车库拍卖会。”我不确定我是否明白他的意思。
"Let me get this straight.
“让我说清楚。
You're going to sell your money?" He grinned, stood up, hugged me, and said, "Thank you, thank you, thank you for getting me out of this mess."
你要卖钱吗？”他笑了笑，站起来，拥抱了我，说：“谢谢你，谢谢你，谢谢你让我摆脱了困境。”
So I made myself a cup of coffee, sat on the couch, and watched as Nellie put some of the money inside a television.
于是我给自己泡了一杯咖啡，坐在沙发上，看着内莉把一些钱放进了电视机里。
Then he dumped a handful of bills inside a vacuum cleaner.
然后他把一把钞票扔进吸尘器里。
Then he shoved bags full of cash inside his couch cushions and in a mattress.
然后他把装满现金的袋子塞进沙发垫和床垫里。
He picked up a basketball, examined it, looked over to me, and agreed when I shook my head, no.
他拿起一个篮球，检查了一下，看着我，当我摇头时他同意了，不。
And then with my help, he dragged everything out to the front lawn.
然后在我的帮助下，他把所有东西都拖到了前面的草坪上。
He ran into the garage and came back with a hammer, nails, and cardboard.
他跑进车库，回来时带着锤子、钉子和纸板。
He made several for sale signs and tacked them on to the trees and on the windshield of his car.
他制作了几个出售标志，并将它们钉在树上和汽车的挡风玻璃上。
He was so happy.
他很高兴。
He was running around like a child building a tree house.
他像个搭建树屋的孩子一样跑来跑去。
For his final gesture, Nellie ran back inside the house, grabbed two chairs and a six pack of beer and brought them outside.
为了做出最后的动作，内莉跑回屋内，抓起两把椅子和六罐啤酒，然后把它们带到外面。
He told me that I couldn't tell anyone what he just did.
他告诉我，我不能告诉任何人他刚刚做了什么。
I exchanged my coffee for a beer and sat on Nellie's well-manicured front lawn unsure of exactly what was supposed to transpire.
我把咖啡换成了啤酒，坐在内莉修剪整齐的前草坪上，不确定到底会发生什么。
We sat on the lawn for about 10 minutes.
我们在草坪上坐了大约10分钟。
I was getting a little agitated.
我有点激动。
My cell phone rang.
我的手机响了。
Nellie looked at me and said, "Remember.
内莉看着我说：“记住。
You can't say what's in them things.
你不能说它们里面有什么。
You can't mention the money."
你不能提钱的事。”
It was a friend of mine, Autry.
这是我的朋友奥特里。
He had three children and he had been looking for a job for about a year and now he was living off food stamps and was about three months late on his car and rent payments.
他有三个孩子，找工作已经有一年了，现在他靠食品券生活，而且拖欠了大约三个月的汽车和租金。
Autry could definitely have used the money not to mention the nice TV set sitting in front of my feet.
奥特里绝对可以用这笔钱，更不用说我脚前的那台漂亮的电视机了。
"I'm at a garage sale," I told Autry, checking with Nellie to see if that was OK.
“我正在参加车库拍卖会，”我告诉奥特里，并与内莉核实是否可以。
Nellie nodded approval.
内莉点头表示赞同。
"You should come over," I said checking with Nellie again, who didn't nod.
“你应该过来，”我再次询问内莉，但内莉没有点头。
"Autry, listen.
“奥特里，听着。
You should really come over and see if anything interests you." Autry asked me why the hell would I want him to come to a garage sale when I knew he didn't have any money.
你真的应该过来看看有没有你感兴趣的东西。”奥特里问我，当我知道他没有钱时，我到底为什么要让他来参加旧货拍卖。
I kept telling him to come anyway.
我一直告诉他无论如何都要来。
Nellie began shaking his head.
内莉开始摇头。
I sank in my chair, lowered my voice and told Autry to call me if he found some cash and wanted to buy some appliances, and then I hung up.
我坐在椅子上，压低声音，告诉奥特里，如果他找到现金并想买一些电器，就给我打电话，然后我就挂了电话。
Nellie and I waited for what seemed like hours though my watch said only 20 minutes had passed.
内莉和我等了好几个小时，尽管我的手表显示只过了 20 分钟。
Every so often I asked him again whether he really wanted to do this.
我时不时地问他是否真的想这样做。
He would just stare out and tell me that he'd never been more sure about anything in his life.
他只是凝视着窗外，告诉我他一生中对任何事情都从未如此确定过。
"I feel like the Lord gave me a sign," he said.
“我觉得主给了我一个迹象，”他说。
Just then a woman came by and looked at the couch.
就在这时，一个女人走过来，看着沙发。
I leaned forward as if to pounce out of my chair and I could see that Nellie was doing the same.
我向前倾身，仿佛要从椅子上跳起来，我可以看到内莉也在做同样的事情。
"Nice couch," she said.
“沙发不错，”她说。
"Yeah," said Nellie.
“是的，”内莉说。
"You ain't never going to find another one like it."
“你永远找不到另一个类似的人。”
"That's right, ma'am," I chimed in.
“是的，女士，”我插话道。
"This is certainly a one-of-a-kind couch.
“这无疑是一张独一无二的沙发。
You can take my word for it." "$20," she said.
你可以相信我的话。” “20 美元，”她说。
"For a couch?" said Nellie.
“为了沙发？”内莉说。
"Ma'am, I need to make a little more than that." "But, sir," she said, trying to be polite, "it ain't worth more than that."
“女士，我还需要多做一点。” “但是，先生，”她试图保持礼貌，“它的价值不只于此。”
"Ma'am," I said, "I think on that count you are mistaken.
“女士，”我说，“我认为在这一点上你错了。
It is certainly worth more." "Hey, shut up," Nellie yelled at me.
它当然更值钱。” “嘿，闭嘴，”内莉对我喊道。
The woman watched as Nellie and I began bickering.
那女人看着内莉和我开始争吵。
"You two need help," she said, and walked away.
“你们两个需要帮助，”她说完就走开了。
As the morning turned to afternoon, more people came.
上午到了下午，来的人就多了。
The first successful sale was to a man pushing a shopping cart.
第一个成功的销售对象是一名推着购物车的男子。
He eyed the vacuum cleaner.
他看了看吸尘器。
"What do you want for it?" he asked.
“你想要它做什么？”他问道。
"Give me $15," said Nellie.
“给我 15 美元，”内莉说。
"$15.
“15 美元。
Are you nuts?" I said.
你疯了吗？”我说。
I couldn't believe Nellie would charge so little.
我不敢相信内莉会收这么少的钱。
Nellie shot me a glance and I put my head in my hands.
内莉看了我一眼，我双手抱头。
"$15, my man, and it's all yours," Nellie said calmly.
“15 美元，老兄，这都是你的了，”内莉平静地说。
"All right.
“好吧。
That'll work," the man said.
那会起作用的，”那人说。
He paid Nellie with some bills and a lot of loose change.
他付给内莉一些账单和大量零钱。
Then he grinned and said within an hour he could sell the vacuum cleaner down at the thrift store for $30, double his take, just like that.
然后他笑着说，一个小时之内，他可以在旧货店以 30 美元的价格将吸尘器卖掉，这是他收入的两倍，就这样。
"You might want to take it home first," I told the man as he started walking away.
“你可能想先把它带回家，”当那个人开始走开时我告诉他。
"Just clean it out.
“只要把它清理干净就可以了。
Put a fresh bag in.
放入保鲜袋。
Try it out.
尝试一下。
Take it apart, maybe." "Home?" the man said, looking at me.
或许，把它拆开吧。” “家？”那人看着我说道。
"Boy, are you blind or something?
“小子，你是瞎子还是怎么的？
I live out of this cart.
我靠这辆购物车生活。
I live under the EL tracks.
我住在 EL 轨道下。
Home?
家？
[BLEEP] I ain't got no home.
[BLEEP] 我没有家。
[BLEEP] What am I going to do with a vacuum cleaner?"
[BLEEP] 我要用吸尘器做什么？”
A Saturday morning church service must've ended because a line of black women wearing beautiful dresses and hats was coming our way.
周六早上的教堂礼拜肯定已经结束了，因为一队黑人妇女穿着漂亮的衣服、戴着漂亮的帽子向我们走来。
They looked at the items on the lawn and liked what they saw.
他们看着草坪上的物品，很喜欢他们所看到的。
One played with the television set, hitting it every so often while a few others sat on the couch.
其中一个人在玩电视机，时不时地敲击它，而其他几个人则坐在沙发上。
"A little soft and, well, not so even," one said to me and Nellie.
“有点软，而且，嗯，不太均匀，”一个人对我和内莉说。
"These cushions are a little old, aren't they?
“这些垫子有点旧了，不是吗？
How old are they?" "Oh, they're fairly new," I said.
他们几岁了？” “哦，它们相当新，”我说。
"Made fresh this morning actually." "Boy," Nellie yelled at me.
“实际上是今天早上新鲜出炉的。” “男孩，”内莉对我喊道。
This time he threw some beer on me.
这次他向我泼了一些啤酒。
"Don't mind him, ma'am.
“别理他，女士。
He's not the God-fearing sort.
他不是敬畏上帝的人。
You understand." The woman cast a disparaging look my way and said, "Mm hm, I understand and Jesus do, too.
你明白。”那女人轻蔑地看了我一眼，说道：“嗯嗯，我明白，耶稣也明白。
OK, I'll take this couch.
好吧，我要这个沙发。
Probably throw these cushions away.
可能会把这些垫子扔掉。
The other parts are fine but I can't have people sitting on these raggedy things all day." "I would rethink that strategy," I shouted.
其他部分都很好，但我不能让人们整天坐在这些破烂的东西上。” “我会重新考虑这个策略，”我喊道。
My voice crackled and beer spilled down my shirt.
我的声音嘶哑，啤酒洒在我的衬衫上。
"I'd probably not throw them away just yet."
“我可能还不会扔掉它们。”
"What he means to say," Nellie interrupted, "is that you may want to take it home first.
“他的意思是，”内莉打断道，“你可能想先把它带回家。
Don't do anything so quick.
别这么快做任何事。
You know, take your time." "I'm not sure there's really anything to think about," a second woman said, feeling the cushions stuffed with America's legal tender.
你知道的，慢慢来。” “我不确定是否真的有什么需要考虑的，”另一位女士说道，她摸着垫子里塞满了美国法定货币。
"Yunella, you could replace these for $5.
“尤内拉，你可以花 5 美元更换这些。
Ain't no need wasting your time with these cushions.
没必要在这些垫子上浪费时间。
Smell like cat piss anyway.
反正闻起来像猫尿。
Just throw them out."
把它们扔出去就行了。”
"Oh, lord, I'd really think twice about that," I said, bending over in frustration.
“哦，主啊，我真的会再三考虑，”我沮丧地弯下腰说道。
I was starting to feel delirious.
我开始感到神志不清。
"Why don't you go inside for a while," Nellie said, pushing me over and making me fall on the ground.
“你为什么不进去一会儿呢？”内莉说着，把我推倒在地。
I got up and walked toward the house.
我起身朝屋子走去。
"What is wrong with that young man?" I could hear the woman ask Nellie.
“那个年轻人怎么了？”我听见那个女人问内莉。
"Oh, nothing that a little religion couldn't fix," Nellie said.
“哦，没有什么是一点宗教解决不了的，”内莉说。
Then he told them, "Listen, the truth is, ma'am, that I'm trying to buy my family all new furniture before they get home and I really need to sell this stuff and get rid of it so that I can surprise my wife."
然后他告诉他们，“听着，事实是，女士，我想在家人回家之前给他们买所有新家具，我真的需要卖掉这些东西并扔掉它，这样我就能给我的妻子一个惊喜。”
"Oh, isn't that sweet," one of the women said.
“噢，这不是很甜蜜吗？”其中一位女士说道。
"Well, I'll take the television." "Yes," another one chimed in, "and I could use an extra bed." "I'd keep that mattress," I shouted from inside the house.
“嗯，我去拿电视。” “是的，”另一个人插话道，“我可以加一张床。” “我会保留那个床垫，”我在屋内喊道。
"Don't throw away the mattress, please." "That is the strangest young man I have ever seen," one of the women said.
“请不要扔掉床垫。” “这是我见过的最奇怪的年轻人，”其中一名妇女说。
"Yes," said Nellie.
“是的，”内莉说。
He twirled his finger in little circles next to his head.
他用手指在头边转着小圈。
"He has a little bit of trouble, you know."
“你知道，他有一点麻烦。”
The woman then turned to me and spoke very slowly.
然后那个女人转向我，非常缓慢地说话。
"You be careful now, young man.
“你现在小心点，年轻人。
And beer probably isn't very good for your health." "Neither is throwing away that mattress, ma'am."
而且啤酒可能对你的健康不太有好处。” “女士，那个床垫也不能扔掉。”
Nellie asked the women for their address and he loaded the bed into the truck and drove off.
内莉向妇女们询问了地址，然后他把床装进了卡车，然后开走了。
I drank the rest of the beers and stared out into a warm blue sky.
我喝完了剩下的啤酒，凝视着温暖的蓝天。
Nellie sold almost everything on the lawn that afternoon.
那天下午内莉几乎卖掉了草坪上的所有东西。
The only thing that was left was a torn up pillow that couldn't attract anyone's interest.
只剩下一个被撕破的枕头，已经提不起任何人的兴趣了。
I tried for a while to find the people who had bought some of Nellie's furniture and appliances, but I didn't have any luck, so I'm not really sure if any of them found the cash.
我花了一段时间试图找到那些购买了内莉的一些家具和电器的人，但我没有任何运气，所以我不确定他们是否有人找到了现金。
Nellie didn't have anymore garage sales.
内莉不再举办旧货拍卖活动了。
He was still making money by selling ammo and he still kept the money in those big black garbage bags.
他仍然靠卖弹药赚钱，而且他仍然把钱放在那些黑色的大垃圾袋里。
He just stored them all in the attic where nobody ever went.
他只是把它们全部存放在没人去过的阁楼里。
And Nellie's depression didn't end.
内莉的抑郁症并没有结束。
For most people, all that money would have been a sign of success, but for Nellie it was just a bunch of paper that he couldn't get rid of.
对于大多数人来说，所有这些钱都是成功的标志，但对于内莉来说，这只是一堆他无法摆脱的纸。
His problem was that he liked his job.
他的问题是他喜欢他的工作。
He liked the fact that he worked and that he earned a living.
他喜欢工作并谋生。
The part he didn't like was the actual profits.
他不喜欢的是实际的利润。
They made him feel ashamed and he had to hide them from almost everyone he knew and loved.
它们让他感到羞耻，他不得不向几乎所有他认识和爱的人隐瞒它们。
A few years later, Nellie's girlfriend left him, his kids married and moved out, and there was no one else living in his house.
几年后，内莉的女朋友离开了他，他的孩子们结婚并搬走了，他的房子里没有其他人住了。
He started going to church to ease his depression.
他开始去教堂，以缓解他的抑郁症。
It wasn't really helping, he said.
他说，这并没有真正的帮助。
But he did start talking a lot about charity and how he wanted to do something good for people.
但他确实开始谈论很多关于慈善事业以及他想如何为人们做点好事。
And he did it in his own peculiar way.
他以自己独特的方式做到了这一点。
Nellie would leave a bag of money on a street corner or late at night he would quietly put some cash in front of a homeless person sleeping outside in the park.
内莉会把一袋钱留在街角，或者在深夜，他会悄悄地把一些现金放在睡在公园外面的无家可归者面前。
He would tell me that it was the only pure thing you can do on this earth, help people without taking credit for it.
他会告诉我，这是这个世界上你能做的唯一纯粹的事情，帮助人们而不因此而获得功劳。
I know of only one person who actually found Nellie's money, my friend Darrell.
据我所知，只有一个人真正找到了内莉的钱，他就是我的朋友达雷尔。
Nellie had stuffed $800 into the bottom part of a toaster oven and he left it near a dumpster where Darrell picked it up.
内莉把 800 美元塞进了烤箱的底部，然后把它留在了垃圾箱附近，达雷尔捡起了它。
Darrell figured some drug dealer had hidden the money there so his wife wouldn't find it and she accidentally threw the toaster out.
达雷尔认为某个毒贩把钱藏在那里，这样他的妻子就找不到它，而她不小心把烤面包机扔了出去。
A day before his 45th birthday, Nellie was found dead inside his house.
内莉 45 岁生日的前一天，被发现死在他的房子里。
He'd had a massive stroke.
他经历了一次严重的中风。
No one was quite sure exactly how long he'd been lying there.
没有人确切知道他在那里躺了多久。
I went to his funeral.
我去参加了他的葬礼。
Not many people were there and I felt sad for Nellie.
那里的人不多，我为内莉感到难过。
I hoped that maybe the homeless man who had bought the vacuum cleaner would come pay his respects, but he didn't show up.
我希望买吸尘器的那个无家可归的人也许会来吊唁，但他没有出现。
In the middle of the room there was a casket but it was closed.
房间中央有一个棺材，但棺材是关着的。
Nellie's body was too decomposed for us to view.
内莉的尸体已经腐烂，我们无法看到。
In the end, Nellie's family got all his money when they cleaned out his house.
最后，内莉的家人清理了他的房子，得到了他所有的钱。
That's when I finally met them.
就在那时我终于见到了他们。
They told me that they'd known all along the thing that Nellie was ashamed for them to find out, how he made his money.
他们告诉我，他们一直都知道内莉是如何赚钱的，让他们感到羞耻。
But they could never figure out a way to tell him that it didn't matter.
但他们永远无法找到一种方法来告诉他这并不重要。
Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh.
苏迪尔·阿拉迪·文卡特什。
His most recent book is called, Gang Leader For a Day .
他的最新著作名为《一日帮主》。
It tells the story of the neighborhood in and around the Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago.
它讲述了芝加哥罗伯特·泰勒之家及其周边社区的故事。
He's a professor of sociology at Columbia University.
他是哥伦比亚大学社会学教授。
[MUSIC - "EVERYTHING MUST GO" BY WEAKERTHANS]
[音乐 - 弱者的“一切都必须过去”]
Act Four, "The Not-For-Profit Motive." In responding to the current financial crisis, our government has had to invent all kinds of better mousetraps to fix the mess.
第四幕，“非营利动机”。为了应对当前的金融危机，我们的政府不得不发明各种更好的捕鼠器来解决这个问题。
With that in mind, one quick follow up to something I have here.
考虑到这一点，我将快速跟进我这里的一些事情。
It was on last week's radio show.
这是上周的广播节目。
Last week NPR'S economics correspondent, Adam Davidson, reported on our program that one of these inventions, the Wall Street Bailout Bill included, buried deep inside, something called stock injection that had a number of advantages over the original bailout plan.
上周，美国国家公共广播电台 (NPR) 经济记者亚当·戴维森 (Adam Davidson) 在我们的节目中报道称，其中一项发明，即《华尔街救助法案》，深深地埋藏在内部，称为股票注入，它比最初的救助计划具有许多优势。
The way it worked is that rather than buy a bank's toxic assets, stock injection would essentially buy stock in the bank.
它的运作方式是，股票注入本质上是购买银行的股票，而不是购买银行的有毒资产。
Infuse the bank with cash that way.
以这种方式向银行注入现金。
The banking industry and government officials mostly seemed to hate this idea a week ago, but if you've followed the news of this last week, treasury officials have now declared in the last couple days that they might actually try the stock injection plan.
一周前，银行业和政府官员似乎大多讨厌这个想法，但如果你关注了上周的新闻，财政部官员在过去几天宣布，他们可能实际上会尝试注资计划。
That would be in addition to their original plan of buying toxic assets.
这将是他们最初购买有毒资产计划的补充。
The advantage of the stock injection is that they can do it quicker.
库存注入的优点是他们可以更快地完成。
With this action and many others recently, the government is reinventing itself, doing certain things that it has never done before.
通过这一行动和最近的许多其他行动，政府正在重塑自己，做一些以前从未做过的事情。
Alex Blumberg had been trying to figure out exactly what that means.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格一直试图弄清楚这到底意味着什么。
Here's how the US government usually behaves.
这是美国政府通常的行为方式。
It borrows money, in the form of selling treasury bonds, and then it spends that money on stuff for the country, Black Hawk helicopters, or cancer research, an occasional bridge to nowhere, stuff in the budget.
它以出售国债的形式借钱，然后把这笔钱花在国家的东西上，比如黑鹰直升机，或者癌症研究，偶尔会出现一座通向无处可去的桥梁，这些东西都在预算中。
But with the passage of the bailout bill, it's going to be doing something entirely different with that money.
但随着救助法案的通过，它将用这笔钱做一些完全不同的事情。
It's going to be buying up mortgage related assets from banks.
它将从银行购买抵押贷款相关资产。
And that's not all.
这还不是全部。
Just this week it announced it would start lending the money it raises directly to individual companies in something called the commercial paper market.
就在本周，它宣布将开始将筹集的资金直接借给商业票据市场上的个别公司。
Brad Setser is an economist at the Council on Foreign Relations and he used to work in the Treasury Department.
布拉德·塞瑟（Brad Setser）是外交关系委员会的经济学家，曾在财政部工作。
NPR's Adam Davidson and I sat down with him a couple of days ago, and he told us that by doing all these new things, the United States has started acting like something completely different than a government.
几天前，我和 NPR 的亚当·戴维森 (Adam Davidson) 与他进行了交谈，他告诉我们，通过采取所有这些新举措，美国已经开始表现得与政府完全不同。
It's starting to act like a bank.
它开始像银行一样运作。
It is borrowing money by selling these short term treasuries and lending to the banking system and lending to firms like GE and others that are big players in the commercial paper market.
它通过出售这些短期国债来借钱，并向银行系统放贷，并向通用电气等商业票据市场的大型企业放贷。
So instead of borrowing money and then building a bridge, it is borrowing money and then investing it, giving it to a company as a loan that will be paid back or something like that.
因此，不是借钱然后建一座桥梁，而是借钱然后投资，将其作为将要偿还的贷款或类似的东西提供给公司。
That's the big change that happened today.
这就是今天发生的巨大变化。
And then in addition to doing all that, there's the $700 billion that's going to be used to buy assets that are harder to value and harder to sell and in that, it is also acting like a bank or an investment bank.
除了做所有这些之外，还有 7000 亿美元将用于购买更难估值和更难出售的资产，在这方面，它也像银行或投资银行一样运作。
But it's not acting completely like a bank, because if it was acting completely like a bank, it'd be trying to drive the hardest possible bargain so it can make the most money.
但它的行为方式并不完全像银行，因为如果它的行为方式完全像银行，它就会试图进行最艰难的讨价还价，以便赚到最多的钱。
The US government doesn't want to do that because making the most possible money means, in effect, buying these assets at the lowest prices possible.
美国政府不想这样做，因为赚尽可能多的钱实际上意味着以尽可能低的价格购买这些资产。
And there's a problem with that.
这有一个问题。
The problem is that if you drive too hard of a bargain, if you're doing this is as a pure financial bet, sort of--
问题是，如果你过于讨价还价，如果你这样做是纯粹的财务赌注，有点——
Go for the kill.
去杀人吧
Brad Setser --go for the kill, get them at the lowest possible price, the banks are bust.
Brad Setser——全力以赴，以尽可能低的价格获得它们，银行都破产了。
So it's acting like a really badly run bank.
所以它的表现就像一家经营得很糟糕的银行。
It's like, well, nobody else will pay you more than, you know, $0.20 on the dollar for those things but we'll give you $0.40.
就像，好吧，没有人会支付给你超过 0.20 美元的价格来购买这些东西，但我们会给你 0.40 美元。
Yes.
是的。
But it's doing so for a reason which is that if the banks had to sell at $0.20, they're bust.
但这样做的原因是，如果银行必须以 0.20 美元的价格出售，他们就会破产。
Right.
正确的。
Right.
正确的。
Right.
正确的。
I'm not saying that it shouldn't be doing that.
我并不是说它不应该这样做。
It's just sort of sucks that the US government is in this position that it's not normally in, which is to try to behave half like a business and half like a government.
有点糟糕的是，美国政府处于一种与平常不一样的境地，即试图表现得一半像企业，一半像政府。
This is what-- I mean, you all are shocked.
这就是——我的意思是，你们都感到震惊。
I used to work on emerging economies.
我曾经从事新兴经济体的工作。
This is what happens when you have a really bad crisis.
当你遇到严重的危机时就会发生这种情况。
This is what happens when the banking system is on the edge of collapse.
当银行体系处于崩溃边缘时就会发生这种情况。
So it's just that this has happened before, it just hasn't happened to the US before.
所以这只是以前发生过的事情，只是美国以前没有发生过。
Exactly.
确切地。
Adam Davidson Where has it happened?
亚当·戴维森 事情发生在哪里？
OK, let's review that list.
好的，让我们回顾一下该列表。
Indonesia, leadership deposed.
印度尼西亚，领导层被废黜。
Argentina, leadership deposed.
阿根廷，领导层被废黜。
Thailand, leadership forced to resign.
泰国领导层被迫辞职。
Russia, leadership returned to authoritarian roots.
俄罗斯，领导层回归独裁根源。
It's generally not good for any political system if your banks come close to collapsing.
如果银行濒临崩溃，通常对任何政治体系都不利。
It's not a good thing.
这不是什么好事。
So I just don't know how to feel.
所以我只是不知道感觉如何。
Should we be very upset that they're doing this or should we be upset that the situation required them to do it but glad that they're doing it?
我们应该对他们这样做感到非常不安，还是应该因为情况要求他们这样做而感到不安，但为他们这样做而感到高兴？
I think you should be upset that the situation got to this point, but glad that there is an actor, namely the US government, that is still in a position to do this.
我认为你应该对事态发展到这一步感到不安，但很高兴有一个行动者，即美国政府，仍然有能力做到这一点。
The US government still has the ability to borrow and because it still has the ability to borrow, it can provide support for the banking system and the broader financial system and prevent what otherwise could be even a catastrophic run.
美国政府仍然有能力借款，而且由于它仍然有能力借款，它可以为银行体系和更广泛的金融体系提供支持，并防止可能发生灾难性的挤兑。
Because in some of these other countries, the US government is right now in a position where they can borrow money essentially for free at very, very low interest rates, at 0.1%.
因为在其他一些国家，美国政府现在基本上可以以非常非常低的利率（0.1%）免费借钱。
That's the exact opposite of generally what happens when other crises happen in other countries, right?
这与其他国家发生其他危机时通常发生的情况完全相反，对吗？
Their borrowing costs go way up.
他们的借贷成本大幅上升。
Either they have to pay exorbitant interest rates to borrow in their own currency or they can only borrow in someone else's currency, which means that you're taking on even more risk.
他们要么必须支付过高的利率才能以自己的货币借款，要么只能以其他国家的货币借款，这意味着您要承担更大的风险。
So is there a limit to how much money the US government can borrow?
那么美国政府可以借多少钱有限制吗？
Like, if they have to borrow another $700 billion in a month, and another $700 billion in a month after that, can they do it?
比如，如果他们必须在一个月内再借入 7000 亿美元，然后在一个月内再借入 7000 亿美元，他们能做到吗？
Possibly.
可能吧。
In some sense it depends on how much anxiety and fear there is, because the more anxiety and fear there is, the more money is leaving the banking system, leaving money markets, and the more money that's going into treasury bonds.
从某种意义上说，这取决于焦虑和恐惧的程度，因为焦虑和恐惧越多，离开银行系统、货币市场的资金就越多，进入国债的资金就越多。
So the more fearful everybody else is, the easier it is for the US government to borrow.
因此，其他人越害怕，美国政府就越容易借钱。
In other words, people are saying, I don't want to put my money in stocks that are plunging or in bonds of companies that might go out of business or in any country that doesn't happen to have the most powerful economy on the earth.
换句话说，人们说，我不想把钱投入正在暴跌的股票、可能倒闭的公司债券或任何恰好没有地球上最强大经济体的国家的债券。
No. I want my money in the one safe place I can think to put it, US treasuries.
不，我希望把我的钱放在我能想到的一个安全的地方，那就是美国国库券。
And this is another way the US government is different from a typical business.
这是美国政府与典型企业的另一个不同之处。
The more it screws things up, the more it mismanages its own economy, the more people want to lend it money.
它越把事情搞砸，它对自己的经济管理越不善，就越多的人想借钱给它。
Alex Blumberg is one of the producers of our show.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格是我们节目的制片人之一。
He's also one of the people putting together NPR's daily Planet Money podcast.
他也是 NPR 每日 Planet Money 播客的制作人之一。
You can find that by Googling Planet Money or going to the iTunes store.
您可以通过 Google 搜索 Planet Money 或前往 iTunes 商店找到该信息。
Our program was produced today by Lisa Pollak and myself with Alex Blumberg, Diane Cook, Jane Feltes, Sarah Koenig, Amy O'Leary, and Nancy Updike.
今天我们的节目由 Lisa Pollak 和我本人以及 Alex Blumberg、Diane Cook、Jane Feltes、Sarah Koenig、Amy O'Leary 和 Nancy Updike 制作。
Our senior producer is Julie Snyder.
我们的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德。
Adrianne Mathiowetz runs our website.
阿德琳娜·马修韦茨 (Adrianne Mathiowetz) 负责运营我们的网站。
Production help from Thea Chaloner, Sam Hallgren, Seth Lind, and PJ Vote.
Thea Chaloner、Sam Hallgren、Seth Lind 和 PJ Vote 为制作提供帮助。
[ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS] Our website, where you can listen to our programs for absolutely free or sign up for our free weekly podcast, www.thisamericanlife.org.
[致谢] 我们的网站，您可以在其中完全免费收听我们的节目或注册我们的免费每周播客，www.thisamericanlife.org。
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
[FUNDING CREDITS] WBEZ management over sight for our show by Mr. Torey Malatia who I walked in on this week in his office.
[资金来源] WBEZ 管理层负责我们由 Torey Malatia 先生主持的演出，本周我在他的办公室里见到了他。
And he's laying in the middle of the carpet, rolling around and laying around.
他躺在地毯中间，滚来滚去，躺着。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This America Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。