364: Going Big - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #364 | August 14, 2009 364: Going Big Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 364 集 | 2009 年 8 月 14 日 364：大放异彩 注意：《This American Life》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass In every low-income neighborhood in every city in the United States, there are people trying to make things better.
序言 Ira Glass 在美国每个城市的每个低收入社区，都有人在努力让事情变得更好。
Ministers, teachers, social workers.
部长、教师、社会工作者。
If you have one of those jobs, sometimes the best way to get through each day is to think small.
如果您从事其中一项工作，有时度过每一天的最佳方法就是从小处着想。
Get this one parent off drugs.
让这位家长戒毒。
Get this one kid through the school year.
让这个孩子度过整个学年。
Deal with stuff you can actually fix.
处理你实际上可以解决的问题。
But Geoffrey Canada grew up poor in the South Bronx raised by a single mom on welfare.
但杰弗里·卡纳达 (Geoffrey Canada) 出身于南布朗克斯的贫困家庭，由单亲妈妈靠救济金抚养长大。
Somehow he managed to make it out of the neighborhood to a good college in Maine, then off to Harvard.
不知何故，他设法走出了社区，进入了缅因州的一所好大学，然后又去了哈佛。
But he wanted to help kids like the ones he'd grown up with.
但他想帮助那些和他一起长大的孩子们。
So he came back to New York City, took over a community organization in Harlem.
于是他回到纽约市，接管了哈莱姆区的一个社区组织。
This group did a really good job.
这个小组做得非常好。
They helped a lot of kids stay in school, keep out of trouble.
他们帮助许多孩子留在学校，避免遇到麻烦。
But after a decade in this job, Geoffrey Canada started to get frustrated.
但在这份工作十年后，杰弗里·卡纳达开始感到沮丧。
Things were getting worse in Harlem.
哈莱姆区的情况变得更糟。
Fewer kids were graduating high school.
高中毕业的孩子越来越少。
Incarceration rates were rising, poverty was on the rise.
监禁率不断上升，贫困率不断上升。
And that's when he decided to make a change and go big.
就在那时，他决定做出改变并做大事。
Today on our radio show, we have three stories of people deciding that they are going to pull out all the stops.
今天，在我们的广播节目中，我们讲述了三个人们决定全力以赴的故事。
They're going to go to extreme, audacious lengths.
他们将采取极端、大胆的做法。
They're going to do things that not only have they never heard of, I think nobody's ever heard of, for their communities, for their families, for the people they care for.
他们将为他们的社区、他们的家庭、他们所关心的人做一些他们从未听说过、我认为没有人听说过的事情。
It is This American Life , by the way, from WBEZ Chicago, distributed by Public Radio International.
顺便说一下，这是来自芝加哥 WBEZ 的《This American Life》，由国际公共广播电台发行。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
In Act two of today's show, we have somebody going to really absurd lengths-- I think I can say that-- to win over a woman.
在今天节目的第二幕中，我们有一个人不遗余力——我想我可以这么说——来赢得一个女人的支持。
In Act three, we have a daughter reaching out to her mom using means I believe anyone would find extraordinary.
在第三幕中，我们有一个女儿向她的妈妈伸出援手，我相信任何人都会发现非凡的方式。
And let's get right to it.
让我们开始吧。
Act one, an act that we're calling Harlem Renaissance, we have the story of Geoffrey Canada and what happened when he decided to go big.
第一幕，我们称之为哈莱姆文艺复兴，我们讲述了杰弗里·卡纳达的故事，以及当他决定大干一场时发生的事情。
Paul Tough tells that story.
保罗·图赫讲述了这个故事。
The thing that changed Geoffrey Canada's thinking about the best way to help poor children was having a child of his own.
改变杰弗里·卡纳达关于帮助贫困儿童的最佳方式的想法的事情是拥有了自己的孩子。
This was 10 years ago, when he was in his mid-40s.
这是10年前的事了，当时他40多岁。
It wasn't his first time being a father.
这不是他第一次当父亲。
That was a whole generation earlier, when he was still in college, a poor kid from a rough neighborhood on scholarship.
那是整整一代人的事了，当时他还在上大学，是一个来自贫民区、靠奖学金读书的穷孩子。
That first marriage didn't last long, but in his early 40s, he remarried.
第一次婚姻并没有持续多久，但在40岁出头的时候，他再婚了。
And a couple of years later, he and his new wife had a son they named Geoffrey Jr.
几年后，他和新婚妻子生了一个儿子，取名为小杰弗里 (Geoffrey Jr.)。
Things were a lot different in his second go-around as a dad.
当他第二次成为父亲时，情况发生了很大的变化。
He was no longer a struggling young father trying to make ends meet.
他不再是一个努力维持收支平衡的年轻父亲。
He was now a well-educated, upper middle class guy living in a big home in the suburbs, surrounded by trees and lawns and golf courses.
他现在是一个受过良好教育的中上阶层人士，住在郊区的一栋大房子里，周围环绕着树木、草坪和高尔夫球场。
His life had changed in the 25 years since his first child was born.
自从他的第一个孩子出生以来的25年里，他的生活发生了变化。
And he found out that parenting had changed too, for his neighbors at least.
他发现养育方式也发生了变化，至少对他的邻居来说是这样。
There was a ton of new research on the importance of stimulating your child's brain early on.
关于早期刺激孩子大脑的重要性有大量新研究。
And apparently every parent in the suburbs had heard about these studies because they were obsessed with preparing their infants.
显然，郊区的每个父母都听说过这些研究，因为他们痴迷于为婴儿做好准备。
Baby Einstein tapes, flash cards, brain-building toys.
小爱因斯坦磁带、闪存卡、健脑玩具。
Everyone was doing it.
每个人都在这样做。
I just found it fascinating that since I had raised my first children, the amount of information about what we should be doing in that period of time was really quite staggering.
我觉得很有趣的是，自从我养育了我的第一个孩子以来，关于我们在那段时间应该做什么的信息量确实相当惊人。
And I thought I was a pretty good parent in the early years.
我早年认为自己是一个很好的父母。
But now I'm looking and thinking I was not a great parent at all if you really looked at what they said is happening in a child's developmental process between zero and three.
但现在我正在思考，如果你真的看看他们所说的零到三岁孩子的成长过程中发生的事情，我根本就不是一个伟大的父母。
And I found that Yvonne, my wife, and I were spending all kinds of time thinking about how to get little Geoffrey prepared for the world he was going to inherit when he became a grown man.
我发现伊冯、我的妻子和我花了很多时间思考如何让小杰弗里为他长大后将继承的世界做好准备。
And Geoff started to think, well, if he was overwhelmed by all this new information, what about the parents he was working with in Harlem?
杰夫开始思考，如果他对所有这些新信息感到不知所措，那么在哈莱姆区与他一起工作的父母呢？
He turned to his staff at the organization he ran and asked them to canvas the neighborhood and find out what this new parenting revolution looked like from the streets of Harlem.
他向他所管理的组织的工作人员求助，要求他们到附近地区走访，从哈莱姆区的街道上了解这场新的育儿革命是什么样子的。
There was nothing.
什么也没有。
We couldn't find one place that was teaching anything to children zero to three.
我们找不到一个地方可以向零到三岁的孩子教授任何东西。
And it suddenly struck me that places like Central Harlem are often left out of the science around youth development.
我突然意识到，像中央哈莱姆区这样的地方经常被排除在有关青少年发展的科学之外。
All of us were just absorbing this.
我们所有人都在吸收这一点。
It was in magazines and on TV and on the radio.
它出现在杂志、电视和广播中。
Everybody was saying, oh, yeah yeah yeah.
大家都说，哦，是啊是啊。
I've got to be thinking about this child's brain.
我必须考虑一下这个孩子的大脑。
At the same time, it was skipping by Central Harlem.
与此同时，它正在哈林区中央跳过。
During this same period, Geoff's thinking was evolving in another way as well.
在同一时期，杰夫的思想也以另一种方式发展。
After so many years of frustration, of saving one kid and watching 10 more slip through his fingers, he begin to wonder.
在经历了这么多年的挫折之后，他拯救了一个孩子，却眼睁睁地看着另外 10 个孩子从他的指间溜走，他开始思考。
What if instead of reaching 5% or 10% of the kids in Harlem, he could reach 40 or 50 or 60% of them?
如果他可以覆盖哈莱姆区 40% 或 50% 或 60% 的孩子，而不是覆盖 5% 或 10% 的孩子，会怎样？
Maybe there was a tipping point where the whole culture of the neighborhood would start to change, where teenage pregnancy and going to prison and dropping out would be considered strange behaviors, instead of something you just expect, the normal course of events.
也许有一个转折点，整个社区的文化将开始改变，青少年怀孕、入狱和辍学将被视为奇怪的行为，而不是你所期望的正常事件过程。
So with all these ideas in his head, he went before his board of directors and said we have to rethink everything.
因此，带着所有这些想法，他向董事会表示我们必须重新考虑一切。
In order to truly make a difference, in order to change the outcome for this community, to end the generational poverty, saving 500 kids, 1,000 kids, 1,500 kids simply was not going to make a difference.
为了真正做出改变，为了改变这个社区的结果，为了结束代际贫困，拯救 500 个孩子、1,000 个孩子、1,500 个孩子根本不会产生任何改变。
We were going to have to operate in a really different way.
我们必须以一种完全不同的方式运作。
We had to really think big.
我们必须真正从大处着想。
So we were going to have to work with children in the thousands and going to 10,000 children.
因此，我们将不得不与数千名甚至 10,000 名儿童一起工作。
But we also were going to have to work with children starting from birth right through until they graduated from college.
但我们还必须与孩子们一起工作，从他们出生一直到他们大学毕业。
We're about to get started.
我们即将开始。
You see staff around the room with green shirts on.
你会看到房间里穿着绿色衬衫的工作人员。
First, I'd like to introduce to you the Assistant Director of Baby College, Mr. Abasi Clark.
首先，我向大家介绍一下婴儿学院的副院长Abasi Clark先生。
I'm in a cafeteria in a Central Harlem elementary school, surveying what, 10 years later, Geoffrey Canada's vision has become-- an organization called the Harlem Children's Zone.
我在哈莱姆区中部一所小学的自助餐厅里，调查十年后杰弗里·加拿大的愿景变成了一个名为“哈莱姆儿童区”的组织。
A program unlike anything else in the country.
这是一个与国内其他项目不同的项目。
It represents a complete rethinking of the way we've been dealing with urban poverty.
它代表了我们对解决城市贫困问题的彻底反思。
The scope of Geoff's ambition is huge, to reach almost every child living in 97 inner-city blocks in Central Harlem, 10,000 kids in all, and make sure they all graduate from high school and get through college.
Geoff 的雄心壮志是巨大的，要覆盖哈莱姆区中心 97 个市中心街区的几乎每一个孩子，总共 10,000 名孩子，并确保他们都从高中毕业并读完大学。
To give you a sense of what that means, 10 years ago, only a little more than half the kids in Harlem even finished high school.
为了让您了解这意味着什么，十年前，哈莱姆区只有略多一点的孩子完成了高中学业。
To make this happen, he's grown his organization to 10 times its original size, built a comprehensive system of integrated services, going from cradle to college.
为了实现这一目标，他将自己的组织规模扩大到原来的 10 倍，建立了从摇篮到大学的全面综合服务系统。
There are two charter schools, a health clinic, a family counseling center, even a farmer's market and free tax preparation.
这里有两所特许学校、一个健康诊所、一个家庭咨询中心，甚至还有一个农贸市场和免费报税服务。
But first, he's concluded, he needs to get Harlem's parents on board.
但他得出的结论是，首先他需要让哈莱姆区的父母参与进来。
He wants them to rethink how to raise their kids, to show them what middle class parents are doing.
他希望他们重新思考如何抚养孩子，向他们展示中产阶级父母在做什么。
And that starts right here in Baby College.
这一切就从婴儿学院开始。
All right.
好的。
One, two, three.
一二三。
If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands.
如果你很高兴并且你知道这一点，请拍拍手。
If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands.
如果你很高兴并且你知道这一点，请拍拍手。
Scientists have concluded that the most effective time to intervene in the lives of poor kids is between the ages of zero and three, when the only people who can really give that help are the parents.
科学家们得出的结论是，干预贫困儿童生活的最有效时间是在零到三岁之间，此时唯一能够真正提供帮助的人是父母。
And so for the last two months, a full-time team of 15 outreach workers has been roaming the streets of Harlem, going door to door in housing projects and stopping random pregnant women at the supermarket or on the subway, grabbing anyone pushing a stroller, trying to persuade them to give up nine Saturday mornings in a row to take classes on how to be a better parent.
因此，在过去的两个月里，一支由 15 名外展人员组成的全职团队一直在哈莱姆区的街道上徘徊，挨家挨户地进行住房项目，并在超市或地铁上随机拦截孕妇，抓住任何推婴儿车的人，试图说服她们连续九个周六早上放弃去参加如何成为更好父母的课程。
--know it, shout hooray.
——知道了，万岁。
Hooray!
万岁！
If you're happy and you know it, shout hooray.
如果你很高兴并且你知道这一点，那就欢呼吧。
Hooray!
万岁！
The idea of trying to mess around in the private life of a disadvantaged family is one that makes a lot of people uncomfortable.
试图干涉弱势家庭的私生活的想法让很多人感到不舒服。
It's essentially telling poor parents that there's a better way to raise your kids, and we're going to tell you how.
它本质上是告诉贫穷的父母，有更好的方法来抚养你的孩子，我们将告诉你如何做。
But somehow, that's not what it feels like at Baby College.
但不知何故，这并不是婴儿学院的感觉。
It feels like a conversation, like we're on your side.
感觉就像一场对话，就像我们站在你这边一样。
Like it'll be fun.
好像会很有趣。
Hooray!
万岁！
Man Hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on.
男人坚持，坚持，坚持，坚持，坚持，坚持，坚持。
Listen, listen.
听着，听着。
Usually I don't do this, but it's the first week, and I'm feeling good.
通常我不会这样做，但这是第一周，我感觉很好。
I'm happy to see all you parents out today in this hot weather.
我很高兴今天在这么炎热的天气里见到各位家长。
So we're going to have some fun, just a little bit of fun, real quick.
所以我们会享受一些乐趣，只是一点点乐趣，很快。
For the last five years, I've been writing a book about Geoffrey Canada's effort to go big.
在过去的五年里，我一直在写一本关于杰弗里·加拿大 (Geoffrey Canada) 发展壮大的努力的书。
I spent this summer with the parents in Baby College.
今年夏天我和父母一起在宝贝学院度过。
For most of these kids, if everything goes according to Geoffrey Canada's plan, this will be the beginning of a lifetime of involvement with the Harlem Children's Zone.
对于这些孩子中的大多数来说，如果一切按照杰弗里·加拿大的计划进行，这将是一生参与哈莱姆儿童区的开始。
And it's Baby College that sets the whole thing in motion, and in the process, challenges many assumptions about what is and isn't possible for a social program to tackle.
正是婴儿学院推动了整个事情的发展，并在这个过程中挑战了许多关于社会项目可以解决和不可能解决的假设。
[BEAT BOXING] Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.
[拳击] 等等，等等，等等，等等，等等，等等。
After five years of reporting, I've come to believe, as Geoffrey Canada does, that there is a solution to poverty in America.
经过五年的报道，我和杰弗里·卡纳达一样开始相信，美国的贫困问题是有解决办法的。
And on this morning anyway, that solution sounds something like this.
无论如何，在今天早上，这个解决方案听起来是这样的。
[BEAT BOXING] Class If you're happy and you know it, stomp your feet.
[BEAT BOXING] 课程 如果您很高兴并且您知道这一点，请跺脚。
If you're happy and you know it, stomp your feet.
如果你很高兴并且你知道这一点，那就跺脚吧。
If you're happy and you know it, and you really want to show it, if you're happy and you know it, stomp your feet.
如果你很高兴并且你知道这一点，并且你真的想表现出来，如果你很高兴而且你知道这一点，那就跺脚。
If you're happy and you know it--
如果你幸福并且你知道——
Good morning.
早上好。
How are you all feeling today?
今天大家感觉怎么样？
Good?
好的？
Does everyone have their binder with them today?
今天每个人都带着活页夹吗？
In a classroom down the hall from the cafeteria, a dozen expecting parents are sitting in a half circle, perched on those hard little elementary school chairs.
在自助餐厅走廊尽头的一间教室里，十几个即将成为父母的人坐在小学那些坚硬的小椅子上，围成半圈。
They're listening to their instructor, Hassan.
他们正在听教练哈桑的讲话。
Today's class is all about brain development.
今天的课程主要是关于大脑发育。
And Hassan is talking about all the ways that parents can help their children's brains to grow-- singing songs, playing games, talking, and most importantly, reading to them.
哈桑正在谈论父母可以帮助孩子大脑成长的所有方法——唱歌、玩游戏、说话，最重要的是，读书给他们听。
The more you introduce language to them, the more they grab it.
你向他们介绍的语言越多，他们就越能掌握它。
So at their earliest ages, your child has a brain capacity that's way past where we are.
因此，您的孩子在很小的时候，其脑容量就远远超过了我们。
A lot of what gets taught in Baby College-- that you should read to your kid every night, use timeouts instead of corporal punishment-- is the stuff that Geoffrey Canada discovered in the suburbs.
婴儿学院教授的很多内容——你应该每天晚上给你的孩子读书，使用暂停而不是体罚——都是杰弗里·加拿大在郊区发现的。
Knowledge that over the last couple of decades has made its way into pretty much every middle and upper middle class home in America, but barely penetrated low-income neighborhoods like Harlem.
在过去的几十年里，这种知识已经进入了美国几乎每一个中产阶级和上层中产阶级的家庭，但几乎没有渗透到像哈莱姆区这样的低收入社区。
The only way that they can be acquainted with all of that is that you are doing that.
他们了解这一切的唯一方法就是你正在这样做。
And that starts now.
现在就开始。
There's lots of science to back up what Hassan is saying.
有很多科学证据支持哈桑的说法。
One research project that underlies everything that happens in Baby College was done in the 1980s in Kansas City.
20 世纪 80 年代，堪萨斯城完成了一项研究项目，该项目是 Baby College 发生的一切的基础。
A pair of psychologists did a closeup study of two sets of families.
两位心理学家对两组家庭进行了近距离研究。
One group, in which the parents were on welfare, and another, in which the parents held professional jobs.
一组的父母领取福利金，另一组的父母从事专业工作。
It turned out that the biggest difference between the two sets of homes was language.
原来，两组家庭最大的区别就是语言。
The kids with the professional parents heard 20 million more words in the first three years of their lives than the kids on welfare, mostly just the regular jabber-jabber of parents talking to their children.
职业父母的孩子在生命的头三年里比领取福利的孩子多听到了 2000 万个单词，其中大部分只是父母与孩子交谈的常规闲聊。
And those extra words had a huge effect on their verbal ability.
这些额外的单词对他们的语言能力产生了巨大的影响。
It was stunning news that the biggest factor in determining a child's later success in school wasn't any of the things we always assumed to be true.
这是一个令人震惊的消息，决定孩子日后在学校取得成功的最大因素并不是我们一直认为正确的事情。
It wasn't money.
这不是钱。
It wasn't parental education.
这不是父母的教育。
It wasn't race.
这不是种族。
It was the sheer number of words your parents spoke to you as a child.
这是你小时候父母对你说过的话的绝对数量。
Among scholars who study inequality, there is more and more evidence out there that the divide between the kids who make it and the kids who don't starts in the very first years of life.
在研究不平等问题的学者中，越来越多的证据表明，成功的孩子和失败的孩子之间的鸿沟从生命的最初几年就开始了。
The researcher who has done the best job of pulling all this together is a man named James Heckman.
詹姆斯·赫克曼 (James Heckman) 是把所有这些工作做得最好的研究人员。
Well, like many economists and students, really, of the American labor market, one is always interested in why some people earn more and do better in the labor market, do better in life than others.
嗯，就像美国劳动力市场的许多经济学家和学生一样，人们总是对为什么有些人比其他人赚得更多、在劳动力市场上做得更好、生活得更好感兴趣。
Heckman is an economist at the University of Chicago.
赫克曼是芝加哥大学的经济学家。
In the early '90s, he was hired to study some government programs aimed at adolescents from poor neighborhoods-- all the traditional solutions to poverty we've been using for the last 40 years.
20 世纪 90 年代初，他受聘研究一些针对贫困社区青少年的政府项目——过去 40 年来我们一直在使用的所有传统解决贫困方案。
Things like job training, GED programs, programs for dropouts.
诸如职业培训、GED 计划、辍学计划等。
And much to his surprise, he found that none of these programs were actually working.
令他惊讶的是，他发现这些程序都没有真正发挥作用。
Job training was supposed to be the solution to welfare.
职业培训本应是解决福利问题的办法。
But Heckman found that for the young adults he was studying, it wasn't doing any good at all.
但赫克曼发现，对于他正在研究的年轻人来说，这根本没有任何好处。
The premise behind job training is that young people who can't find a good job are just missing one particular skill or body of knowledge.
职业培训背后的前提是，找不到好工作的年轻人只是缺少一项特定的技能或知识体系。
Teach them that and they'll be fine.
教他们这些，他们就会没事的。
What Heckman found is that the people in these programs had a much bigger problem.
赫克曼发现，参与这些项目的人面临着更大的问题。
There were some very basic skills and abilities that they had never learned.
有一些非常基本的技能和能力他们从未学过。
And it was hard for them to absorb anything new without those skills.
如果没有这些技能，他们就很难吸收任何新事物。
Things like--
诸如此类的事情——
--the ability to communicate, to solve simple mathematical puzzles, and to understand how to even read the newspaper.
——沟通的能力、解决简单数学难题的能力，以及理解如何阅读报纸的能力。
As well as the non-cognitive-- self control, motivation, ability to get out of the bed, to show up at work on time, to engage and be open to ideas.
以及非认知能力——自我控制、积极性、起床的能力、准时上班的能力、参与并接受想法的能力。
These traits were in very serious short supply for individuals that I was looking at, the disadvantaged.
对于我所关注的弱势群体来说，这些特质严重短缺。
And so I came to ask the question, how is it that these skills get formed?
所以我来问一个问题，这些技能是如何形成的？
As Heckman continued his research, he discovered some good news and some bad news.
当赫克曼继续他的研究时，他发现了一些好消息和一些坏消息。
The bad news was that if kids don't get these very basic skills pretty early in life, ideally before reaching kindergarten, then those skills become harder and harder to acquire.
坏消息是，如果孩子们在生命的早期（最好是在上幼儿园之前）没有获得这些非常基本的技能，那么这些技能就会变得越来越难获得。
If you haven't achieved basic reading fluency by eight or nine or 10, it's very hard to learn after that.
如果你八岁、九岁或十岁还没有达到基本的阅读流利程度，那么之后就很难学习了。
And if by adolescence you haven't learned those non-cognitive skills like patience and self control, the odds are stacked against you ever learning those.
如果到了青春期你还没有学会耐心和自我控制等非认知技能，那么你学习这些技能的可能性就会很大。
But the good news was that the reverse was also true.
但好消息是，反之亦然。
If you can get to a poor child early on, in the first few years of life, even small interventions can have huge effects.
如果你能在生命的最初几年尽早接触到贫困儿童，即使是很小的干预措施也能产生巨大的影响。
In the course of writing my book, I went through Baby College a few times.
在写书的过程中，我经历过几次婴儿学院。
And every time, the discipline classes were the most intense.
而每一次，纪律课都是最紧张的。
And they were the hardest sell with the parents.
而且他们是最难向父母推销的。
That language study that discovered that well-off kids hear 20 million more words than poor kids before age three also found that the kind of language poor kids hear is different.
这项语言研究发现，富裕的孩子在三岁之前比贫困的孩子多听到 2000 万个单词，同时还发现贫困的孩子听到的语言类型是不同的。
The researchers counted the number of encouraging and discouraging remarks that children heard from their parents.
研究人员统计了孩子们从父母那里听到的鼓励和令人沮丧的言论的数量。
And the difference between the two groups was staggering.
两组之间的差异是惊人的。
By age three, a child of professionals hears about 500,000 encouragements and 80,000 discouragements.
到三岁时，专业人士的孩子会听到大约 500,000 条鼓励和 80,000 条劝阻。
A child of parents on welfare hears almost the exact opposite, just 80,000 encouragements and 200,000 discouragements.
一个靠福利养父母的孩子听到的几乎完全相反，只有 80,000 条鼓励和 200,000 条劝阻。
According to the scientists who study this stuff, physical and verbal punishment has a huge effect on a child's emotional development, and on cognitive development too.
根据研究这些东西的科学家的说法，体罚和言语惩罚对孩子的情绪发展和认知发展都有巨大的影响。
For most parents in Baby College, though, these were pretty foreign ideas.
然而，对于婴儿学院的大多数家长来说，这些都是相当陌生的想法。
What other ways can you-- oh, now let me see.
你还能有什么其他方法——哦，现在让我看看。
One, two, three, four.
一、二、三、四。
Give me another one for ways to handle discipline.
再给我一份关于处理纪律的方法。
Dominique's class is for parents of children under a year old.
多米尼克的课程是为一岁以下儿童的家长开设的。
The kids are all sitting on the carpet in the middle of a circle of chairs, playing with blocks and rattles.
孩子们都坐在一圈椅子中间的地毯上，玩积木和拨浪鼓。
And the kids don't know it, but Dominique is hard at work trying to keep them from getting hit, smacked, or popped by their parents, who are all sitting in a circle around the outside of the classroom.
孩子们并不知道，多米尼克正在努力防止他们被坐在教室外面的父母击打、掌掴或弹出。
Dominique wants the parents to talk about alternatives to corporal punishment, like negotiating, timeouts, talking to a child.
多米尼克希望父母们讨论体罚的替代方案，比如谈判、暂停、与孩子交谈。
The parents don't seem all that convinced.
父母似乎不太相信。
One mother speaks up and says Dominique has forgotten to mention her favorite kind of discipline.
一位母亲大声说，多米尼克忘记提及她最喜欢的管教方式。
She pantomimes giving a child a smack.
她模仿打孩子的动作。
There's a feeling in the room that if the only tool you have to deal with your kid's acting up is to talk to them and just tell them to be good, they'll misbehave like crazy.
房间里有一种感觉，如果你处理孩子的行为的唯一方法就是和他们交谈并告诉他们要乖，他们就会疯狂地行为不端。
As one mother puts it, for some children, sometimes you've just got to pop them.
正如一位母亲所说，对于某些孩子来说，有时你只能把他们打爆。
And popping them, you think, is going to stop that behavior for now.
你认为，弹出它们将暂时阻止这种行为。
But what about later on?
但以后呢？
You're going to have to keep popping them?
你必须继续弹出它们吗？
No. Geoffrey Canada Well, here is, what I think, is one of the things that frustrates a lot of us who live in and work in really poor communities.
杰弗里·加拿大 嗯，我认为，这是让我们许多在贫困社区生活和工作的人感到沮丧的事情之一。
Again, Geoff Canada.
再次是杰夫·加拿大。
Geoffrey Canada People telling kids sit down, shut up, get over here.
杰弗里·加拿大 人们告诉孩子们坐下，闭嘴，到这里来。
Don't you make me come over there and get you.
别让我过去接你。
Do you hear me?
你听到我说话了吗？
And you just listen.
你只要听。
That's a two-year-old you're talking to.
你正在和一个两岁的孩子说话。
Who talks to a two-year-old like that?
谁会这样跟一个两岁的孩子说话？
Lots of people who really believe the parent's job is to make this child listen and become passive, so the child does whatever you want.
很多人真的相信父母的工作就是让孩子倾听并变得被动，这样孩子就可以做任何你想做的事。
A lot of our parents really believe that a child that looks like this is really a good child.
我们很多家长都坚信，这样的孩子才是真正的好孩子。
And so you see all of this energy put into shutting a child down without the realization that that is how children's brains develop.
所以你会看到所有这些精力都投入到让孩子保持封闭状态上，却没有意识到这就是孩子大脑的发育方式。
A child's brain develops through exploring their world.
孩子的大脑通过探索他们的世界而发展。
It's counterintuitive for many parents, this idea that a good kid isn't necessarily a quiet, well-behaved kid.
对于许多父母来说，这是违反直觉的，好孩子不一定是安静、行为良好的孩子。
So it isn't easy to convince them that this different style of parenting might actually work.
因此，要让他们相信这种不同的养育方式实际上可能有效并不容易。
But it's one of the amazing things about Baby College.
但这是宝贝学院的奇妙之处之一。
You can actually see parents change their minds as the nine weeks go on.
随着九周的过去，你实际上可以看到父母改变主意。
One young mother in the class speaks up and says that she's actually having second thoughts about popping her kids, the way she's done until now.
班上一位年轻的母亲站出来表示，她实际上正在重新考虑是否要生孩子，就像她迄今为止所做的那样。
Let me tell you something.
让我告诉你一件事。
Now he thinks he's grown.
现在他觉得自己长大了。
Now he thinks he can hit his brother when his brother behaves bad.
现在他认为当他的兄弟表现不好时他可以打他的兄弟。
And why do you think-- Mother 4 He'll stand there and he'll go, come here, Chris.
你为什么认为—— 母亲 4 他会站在那里，他会走，到这里来，克里斯。
Come here.
过来吧。
Let's go, let's go.
走吧，走吧。
I'm like, oh, wow.
我想，哦，哇。
So wait a minute.
等一下。
Why do you think he's doing that?
你认为他为什么这么做？
Because I-- that doesn't work.
因为我——那行不通。
He hits back now.
他现在反击了。
Unfortunately that's what you've taught him.
不幸的是，这就是你教给他的。
Yeah.
是的。
Paul Tough This idea that the habits of a parent are passed on to the child is not lost on anyone in the classroom.
保罗·托夫 教室里的每个人都明白父母的习惯会遗传给孩子的想法。
A lot of the parents are worried about imitating their own parents' behavior.
许多父母担心模仿自己父母的行为。
Like this mother, Taisha, who said her mother's favorite form of communication is yelling.
就像这位母亲塔莎一样，她说她母亲最喜欢的交流方式是大喊大叫。
And I'm like, talk to me.
我想，跟我说话。
If you don't like something I did in the house as far as chores, tell me so I can correct it.
如果您不喜欢我在家里做的家务事，请告诉我，以便我纠正。
But she doesn't talk.
但她不说话。
Like, when I was younger, she'd smoke cigarettes.
就像，当我年轻的时候，她会抽烟。
I used to wish she would just smoke a cigarette after she starts yelling because that's when she'd calm down.
我曾经希望她在开始大喊大叫后抽支烟，因为那时她就会平静下来。
So I'm like six years old, like, I hope she picks up that cigarette because I'm tired of hearing her mouth.
所以我就像六岁一样，我希望她拿起那支香烟，因为我厌倦了听到她的嘴。
Thinking about it now, that is crazy.
现在想来，这太疯狂了。
I would not want my son to be thinking, oh ma, pick up that cigarette or that bottle of liquor because I'm tired of hearing your mouth.
我不想让我的儿子想，哦，妈妈，拿起那支香烟或那瓶酒，因为我厌倦了听到你的嘴。
I have to do it a different way.
我必须用不同的方式来做。
I have--
我有——
So what other ways are some of the ways you do it now, as a parent?
那么，作为父母，您现在还有哪些其他方法可以做到这一点？
As a parent, I haven't hit my son.
作为一个家长，我没有打过我的儿子。
Me and his father joke around, like, oh, we're going to have to hit this little boy.
我和他父亲开玩笑说，哦，我们得打这个小男孩了。
But I was like, let's try it the Baby College way.
但我想，让我们尝试一下婴儿学院的方式吧。
Let's see how this goes for a day.
让我们看看这一天的情况如何。
If their motives may not work, maybe I'll put a little of my stuff in it.
如果他们的动机行不通，也许我会放点我的东西进去。
But it has been working.
但它一直在发挥作用。
It's tiring to keep doing the same thing over and over and over.
一遍又一遍地做同样的事情是很累的。
Academics and scholars who study poor communities often talk about the cycle of poverty.
研究贫困社区的学者经常谈论贫困的循环。
And when I sat down outside of class with Taisha, I realized that she saw herself the way the academics did, as a statistic.
当我在课外与塔莎莎坐下来时，我意识到她以学者的方式看待自己，将自己视为一项统计数据。
I feel like I'm a statistic because I had a son, I was pregnant at 19.
我觉得我是一个统计数字，因为我有一个儿子，我19岁时就怀孕了。
My mother was a young mother, was pregnant at 15.
我的母亲是一位年轻的母亲，15岁时就怀孕了。
And I feel like every time I hold back another semester of college, it's like I'm never going to make it there.
我感觉每次我推迟一个学期的大学学习，就好像我永远也进不了那里一样。
I was supposed to be the one to break that cycle.
我应该是打破这个循环的人。
I was supposed to be the one doing right.
我本来应该是做得对的人。
Taisha is 20.
塔夏20岁了。
And she and her boyfriend [?
还有她和她的男朋友[？
Rossi ?] have a 10-month-old son named [?
罗西？] 有一个 10 个月大的儿子，名叫 [？
Rahsaan ?].
拉赫桑？]。
After class I talked with them for a while to try to get a sense of how much of a difference Baby College might make in their lives.
课后我和他们聊了一会儿，试图了解婴儿学院可能会给他们的生活带来多大的改变。
They met in high school, it turned out.
事实证明，他们是在高中认识的。
Taisha was one of the best students in her class.
塔夏莎是班上最好的学生之一。
[?
[？
Rossi ?] was mostly interested in playing basketball.
罗西？] 最感兴趣的是打篮球。
But when he started falling for Taisha, he knew he needed to pull up his grades to win her heart, so he hit the books.
但当他开始爱上塔夏莎时，他知道自己需要提高成绩才能赢得她的心，所以他开始读书。
And when he graduated, he had a B average and a steady girlfriend.
当他毕业时，他的平均成绩是B，并且有一个稳定的女朋友。
Taisha started college that fall.
那年秋天，塔莎开始上大学。
And then in December, she found out she was pregnant.
然后在十二月，她发现自己怀孕了。
We initially planned to have an abortion.
我们最初计划堕胎。
Well, I planned to have the abortion.
嗯，本来打算堕胎的。
I actually started crying when we were in the hospital, when she was about to get the abortion.
事实上，当我们在医院时，当她准备堕胎时，我开始哭泣。
So it was a hard decision.
所以这是一个艰难的决定。
Wow, so you were that close?
哇，原来你们这么亲近？
You were in the--
你当时在——
Yeah.
是的。
I already convinced myself, like, this is what I'm going to do.
我已经说服自己了，这就是我要做的。
Just go away for college and leave this in the past, leave [?
去上大学吧，把这件事留在过去，离开[？
Rossi ?] is the past, forget about it.
罗西？]已经过去了，忘记吧。
But when I saw him crying, that broke me down.
但当我看到他哭的时候，我就崩溃了。
So I was like like, oh my God.
所以我就像，天啊。
I'm just going to do this.
我只是要做这个。
But the decision didn't make her feel any better.
但这个决定并没有让她感觉好一点。
She stayed depressed, didn't know what to do, fought with [?
她一直郁郁寡欢，不知道该怎么办，与[？
Rossi.
罗西。
?] And then last spring, Taisha read about Baby College on a poster that an outreach worker had taped up in the lobby of the housing project where she was staying with her aunt.
？] 去年春天，塔莎在她和姨妈住的住房项目大厅里贴了一张海报上有关婴儿学院的信息。
[?
[？
Rossi ?] agreed to come with her that first day, but he figured he'd just sit in the back and be a spectator.
罗西？]第一天就同意和她一起去，但他认为他只能坐在后面做一个旁观者。
To his surprise, though, he ended up finding a lot of the information that first day really helpful.
但令他惊讶的是，第一天他就发现很多信息确实很有帮助。
And he hasn't missed a class since.
从那以后他就没有缺过一堂课。
It actually made our bond stronger with us.
它实际上使我们之间的联系更加牢固。
But it also gave us a greater bond with [?
但这也让我们与[?
Rahsaan.
拉赫桑。
?] Just go back and tell him that, oh, you were in the Baby College when you were 10 months, seven months old.
？] 回去告诉他，哦，你十个月、七个月大的时候在婴儿学院。
And we did that together as a family.
我们一家人一起做到了这一点。
I feel good about going there.
我去那里感觉很好。
I feel proud, actually, just doing this.
事实上，我只是因为这样做而感到自豪。
Yeah, I'm proud.
是的，我很自豪。
When I go to work, I say I just came from Baby College.
当我去上班时，我说我刚从宝贝学院毕业。
I am better as a parent, if I wasn't already.
作为一个父母，我已经做得更好了，如果我还没有做到的话。
It just added on to it.
它只是添加到它上面。
I read to him every single night.
我每天晚上都读书给他听。
Every night he gets a bath since he was born.
自从他出生以来，他每天晚上都要洗澡。
But now, I read to him every night, about two to three books a night.
但现在，我每天晚上给他读书，大约一晚两到三本书。
Two to three books a night, even when I'm tired.
每晚读两到三本书，即使我很累。
They obviously convinced me that it works.
他们显然让我相信它是有效的。
And I see that he's able to sit there and actually just listen to me reading a story and get amazed at the pictures and the faces.
我看到他能够坐在那里，实际上只是听我读故事，并对图片和面孔感到惊讶。
And even if it's the same book being read to him over and over, he still has this excitement because it seems like it's something new every night, even if it's the same book.
即使一遍又一遍地读同一本书给他听，他仍然感到兴奋，因为似乎每天晚上都有新的东西，即使是同一本书。
It's like, oh my God, is she reading a book again?
就像，天哪，她又在看书了吗？
Yes.
是的。
You know?
你知道？
When Taisha was growing up, she knew she wanted to have a different kind of life.
当塔夏莎长大的时候，她知道自己想要过一种不同的生活。
But she didn't have anyone around her to show her what that looked like.
但她周围没有人可以向她展示那是什么样子。
Well, there was one family.
嗯，有一个家庭。
The Huxtables.
赫克斯表。
Paul Tough It was watching The Cosby Show when she was a kid that gave Taisha an alternate vision for what her life might be like.
保罗·泰赫 泰莎小时候看《考斯比秀》让她对自己的生活有了另一种看法。
This family, they had a family in a brownstone, a townhouse.
这个家庭，他们有一栋上流社会的联排别墅。
And the kids went to college and they had other kids.
孩子们都上了大学，他们还有了其他的孩子。
And I want that.
我想要那个。
And being that I didn't see that around too much, I'm like, everybody's doing this.
由于我没有太多地看到这种情况，所以我想，每个人都在这样做。
And it's not helping them.
这对他们没有帮助。
So let me try another path and see where can that take me?
那么让我尝试另一条路，看看它能带我去哪里？
And if I can achieve what I'm seeing on TV, if it is achievable.
如果我能实现我在电视上看到的目标，如果可以实现的话。
For most middle class kids, the path that Taisha struggled to find is so straight and well-paved that they barely even notice it's there.
对于大多数中产阶级的孩子来说，塔夏莎努力寻找的道路是如此笔直且平坦，以至于他们几乎没有注意到它的存在。
Geoffrey Canada knows that he probably won't be able to create a Cosby Show environment for Taisha's son [?
Geoffrey Canada 知道他可能无法为 Taisha 的儿子创建 Cosby Show 环境 [？
Rahsaan ?] or for any of the thousands of other kids in his programs.
Rahsaan？] 或他的项目中数千名其他孩子中的任何一个。
But he thinks that with the help of Taisha and [?
但他认为有了塔夏莎和【？
Rossi ?], he can create a pretty good substitute.
罗西？]，他可以创造一个相当不错的替补。
It's kind of a revolutionary idea.
这是一个革命性的想法。
For years, we've been trying to improve the lives of poor children by improving the lives of their parents.
多年来，我们一直致力于通过改善贫困儿童父母的生活来改善他们的生活。
Getting the parents better jobs or more money or better housing.
让父母有更好的工作、更多的钱或更好的住房。
But Geoff is saying that we may be able to counter many of the effects of poverty on children without actually lifting their parents out of poverty.
但杰夫表示，我们也许能够消除贫困对儿童的许多影响，而无需真正让他们的父母摆脱贫困。
Just focus on the kids, get them through college, and then they can lift themselves out of poverty.
只要关注孩子，让他们读完大学，然后他们就能摆脱贫困。
The thing he invented to do this he calls the conveyor belt.
他为此发明的东西被他称为传送带。
In a couple of years, [?
几年后，[?
Rahsaan ?] will be eligible for the early lottery to get into one of the charter schools that the Harlem Children's Zone runs.
Rahsaan ？] 将有资格获得早期抽签资格，进入哈莱姆儿童区运营的一所特许学校。
If he gets in, his parents will have an opportunity to go through a more advanced parenting program called The Three-Year-Old Journey.
如果他被录取，他的父母将有机会参加一项名为“三岁之旅”的更高级的育儿计划。
The following year, [?
次年，[?
Rahsaan ?] will have a guaranteed spot in Harlem Gems, the all-day prekindergarten.
Rahsaan ？] 将在全日制幼儿园 Harlem Gems 获得一个有保证的席位。
Then he'll start school.
然后他就开始上学了。
And he can stay in the same school all the way to college, with plenty of after-school programs and social supports along the way.
他可以一直留在同一所学校上大学，一路上有大量的课外活动和社会支持。
When he graduates from high school, [?
当他高中毕业时，[?
Rahsaan ?] should have in front of him the kind of opportunities that very few kids used to have in Harlem, even if his parents never managed to turn into the Huxtables.
拉赫桑？] 应该在他面前拥有哈莱姆区很少有孩子曾经拥有的机会，即使他的父母从未成功地成为赫克斯泰布尔。
But when I sat down with Geoff to discuss [?
但是当我和杰夫坐下来讨论[？
Rossi ?] and Taisha and their young son [?
罗西？] 和泰莎以及他们的小儿子[？
Rahsaan, ?] I realized that although Geoff is committed to his choice, save the kids rather than the parents, it still involves some painful trade-offs for him.
Rahsaan，？]我意识到，尽管杰夫致力于自己的选择，拯救孩子而不是父母，但这对他来说仍然涉及一些痛苦的权衡。
It is probably one of the tougher decisions that I have made.
这可能是我做过的最艰难的决定之一。
But our choice is to focus on [?
但我们的选择是专注于[?
Rahsaan.
拉赫桑。
?] What we want to do is allow, I think, this child to have an opportunity not to repeat this same set of behaviors, meaning that he ends up getting someone pregnant and having to drop out of college to take care of them.
？]我认为，我们想要做的是让这个孩子有机会不重复同样的行为，这意味着他最终会让某人怀孕并不得不从大学退学来照顾他们。
And then you end up with the same cycle going over and over and over again.
然后你就会陷入同样的循环一遍又一遍。
It's hard, when you're just 19 or 20, to accept the idea that you're not the one who's going to make it out of poverty, that instead, your job is to make sure your kid makes it out.
当你只有 19 岁或 20 岁的时候，很难接受这样一个想法：你不是那个能够摆脱贫困的人，相反，你的工作是确保你的孩子摆脱贫困。
Taisha, especially, really struggles with that idea.
尤其是塔夏莎，真的很纠结这个想法。
Her Cosby Show dream seemed so close just a couple of years ago.
就在几年前，她的科斯比秀梦想似乎还那么接近。
But [?
但 [？
Rossi ?] and Taisha both say that the most important thing is to make sure the cycle that they're caught in doesn't claim [?
罗西？]和泰莎都说，最重要的是确保他们陷入的循环不会声称[？
Rahsaan ?] too.
拉赫桑？]也是。
I want to break the cycle.
我想打破这个循环。
And I want to start our own.
我想开始我们自己的。
And so he'll know that when he has his own kids that, oh, my parents were there for me.
所以他会知道，当他有了自己的孩子时，哦，我的父母就在我身边。
So I'm going to be there for my kids, and so forth and so forth.
所以我会照顾我的孩子，等等。
So it's basically starting our own generation.
所以这基本上是我们这一代人的开始。
Well, if you can tell a parent, no no, you are getting that child ready right now.
好吧，如果你可以告诉父母，不，不，你现在就让孩子做好准备。
And this kid is actually going to have-- I know you don't have anything.
这个孩子实际上将会——我知道你什么都没有。
And you don't have any money.
而且你没有钱。
I know you're worried about where the rent's going to come from.
我知道你担心租金从哪里来。
I know you're worried about, are you going to be able to provide for your child?
我知道你很担心，你能养活你的孩子吗？
Can you keep a roof over their head?
你能为他们提供庇护吗？
But read to that child tonight.
但今晚读给那个孩子听。
Just read to this child today.
今天就读给这个孩子听。
Just allow them an opportunity.
只要给他们一个机会。
You're doing as much for your child as that person in that nice, big house that you envy is doing for their child.
你为你的孩子所做的和你所羡慕的那个漂亮大房子里的人为他们的孩子做的一样多。
As parents, you're exactly the same.
作为父母，你们是完全一样的。
I didn't read that much when I was younger.
我年轻的时候没读过那么多书。
I watched a lot of TV.
我看了很多电视。
And we don't really let him watch TV like that.
我们真的不让他那样看电视。
Maybe he watches Noggin when he gets home until it's time for him to go to bed.
也许他回家后会看着Noggin，直到他上床睡觉。
But if we read to him, he's going to start reading by himself.
但如果我们读书给他听，他就会开始自己读书。
Just some little things like that, that just gets him adjusted so he could be better off.
诸如此类的一些小事情，就能让他调整过来，这样他就能过得更好。
If we can get this right for him, [?
如果我们能为他做好这件事，[？
Rahsaan ?], and his generations that come from this point on, will have a totally different life.
拉赫桑？]，以及从现在开始的他的后代，将过着完全不同的生活。
And he'll be going to that family reunion as a 28-year-old thinking, there's my mom and dad.
当他 28 岁的时候去参加家庭聚会时，他会想，那里有我的妈妈和爸爸。
And they really struggled.
他们确实很挣扎。
And they had it rough.
他们过得很艰难。
But look how my life has been, and the life of my own children, which is what I think we're trying to do.
但看看我的生活以及我自己孩子的生活，我认为这就是我们正在努力做的事情。
I feel like there are some times you can look at everything that has to happen in a poor child's life to get them to successful outcomes.
我觉得有时候你可以看看一个贫穷的孩子生活中必须发生的一切，才能让他们取得成功的结果。
And you can just say, it's just enormous.
你可以说，它非常巨大。
There's just a ton of work that has to be done.
还有大量工作要做。
But then there's other days where I feel I can look at it and feel the opposite.
但有时我觉得我可以看到它并感受到相反的感觉。
And feel like if you just read to your kid, just a couple little things are going to make a difference.
感觉如果你只是给你的孩子读书，一些小事情就会产生影响。
And I'm wondering which way do you tend to look at it?
我想知道你倾向于以哪种方式看待它？
Do you tend to be surprised at how easy it is, or tend to be surprised by how hard it is?
您是否倾向于对它的简单性感到惊讶，或者倾向于对它的困难性感到惊讶？
I am always surprised by how easy it is.
我总是对它如此简单感到惊讶。
It is not like decoding the human genome.
这不像解码人类基因组。
You actually don't need eight supercomputers to do this.
实际上不需要八台超级计算机来完成此任务。
It takes people to really focus and concentrate.
人们需要真正集中注意力。
And I am always stunned-- well, how is it no one knows this?
我总是很惊讶——呃，怎么没人知道呢？
The reason it seems so incredibly difficult is that so few people have actually learned how to do it.
它看起来如此困难的原因是很少有人真正学会如何做到这一点。
All the experts I interviewed for this story, and for my book, told me the same thing.
我为这个故事和我的书采访的所有专家都告诉了我同样的事情。
It's much easier than people think.
这比人们想象的要容易得多。
And so far, Geoff's efforts bear that out.
到目前为止，杰夫的努力证明了这一点。
The experiment is working.
实验正在发挥作用。
Think of what that means.
想想这意味着什么。
For decades, we've thought that raising large numbers of kids out of poverty was basically impossible, that the best we could possibly hope to do was to pluck a few over-achievers out of the ghetto and airlift them into the middle class.
几十年来，我们一直认为让大量的孩子摆脱贫困基本上是不可能的，我们最好的希望就是从贫民窟中挑选出一些成绩优异的人，并将他们空运到中产阶级。
But it turns out the only reason we thought it was so impossible to pull off was because we were doing it wrong.
但事实证明，我们认为不可能成功的唯一原因是我们做错了。
Here's the data.
这是数据。
Last year, the first group of kids in Geoff Canada's charter school made it to third grade, where they took their first New York state achievement tests.
去年，杰夫加拿大特许学校的第一批孩子升入三年级，并在那里参加了第一次纽约州成绩测试。
The results were astonishing.
结果令人惊讶。
The class was all poor and African American, most in single-parent homes, some with parents who had been teenage mothers or high school dropouts or had trouble with the law.
这班学生都是穷人和非裔美国人，大多数生活在单亲家庭，有些人的父母是十几岁的母亲、高中辍学者或触犯法律的人。
And they had reading scores above the New York City average.
他们的阅读成绩高于纽约市的平均水平。
Their math scores were phenomenal, more than 95% of them on grade level.
他们的数学成绩非常出色，超过 95% 的学生达到了年级水平。
And these are kids who got to kindergarten before the conveyor belt was fully constructed.
这些孩子在传送带完全建成之前就已经上幼儿园了。
Most of them didn't attend the pre-kindergarten and their parents didn't go to Baby College.
他们中的大多数人没有上过学前班，他们的父母也没有上过婴儿学院。
But the kids entering kindergarten now have been with the program since birth.
但现在进入幼儿园的孩子从出生起就参加了这个项目。
They've been on the conveyor belt their whole lives.
他们一生都在传送带上。
Which is why Geoff says that his best work is still to come.
这就是为什么杰夫说他最好的作品还在后面。
When these kids get to third grade, he says, look out.
他说，当这些孩子上三年级时，要小心了。
It's one of those things where it seems impossible until you see it done.
在你亲眼目睹它完成之前，这是一件看似不可能的事情。
It's not like we don't know how to raise a kid to succeed.
我们并不是不知道如何培养孩子取得成功。
We do it all the time in middle class neighborhoods.
我们在中产阶级社区一直这样做。
All it would take for things to change in Harlem is for us to decide that we want to do for kids there what we do for kids everywhere else.
要改变哈莱姆区的情况，我们只需决定为那里的孩子做我们为其他地方的孩子所做的事情。
Paul Tough.
保罗·强硬。
He's one of the original editors of our radio show.
他是我们广播节目的原始编辑之一。
His book about Geoffrey Canada and the Harlem Children's Zone is called Whatever It Takes.
他关于杰弗里·加拿大和哈莱姆儿童区的书名为《不惜一切代价》。
It just came out in paperback with a new afterword updating the story.
它刚刚以平装本出版，并附有更新故事的新后记。
And a lot has happened in that update.
这次更新中发生了很多事情。
For starters, back when Barack Obama was running for president, he praised the Harlem Children's Zone for saving a generation of children up in Harlem.
首先，当巴拉克·奥巴马竞选总统时，他赞扬哈莱姆儿童区拯救了哈莱姆区的一代儿童。
There's no reason this program should stop at the end of those blocks in Harlem.
这个计划没有理由在哈莱姆区那些街区的尽头停止。
And that's why when I'm President of the United States of America, the first part of my plan to combat urban poverty will be to replicate the Harlem Children's Zone in 20 cities across the country.
这就是为什么当我担任美利坚合众国总统时，我消除城市贫困计划的第一部分将是在全国 20 个城市复制哈莱姆儿童区。
As president, he's trying to follow through, calling his program Promise Neighborhoods, and he is is targeting 20 cities with an initial investment of $10 million for planning grants and feasibility studies.
作为总统，他正努力贯彻落实，将他的计划称为“承诺社区”(Promise Neighborhoods)，他的目标是 20 个城市，初始投资 1000 万美元，用于规划拨款和可行性研究。
If Congress approves his 2010 budget, the first planning grants could go out as early as this fall.
如果国会批准他的 2010 年预算，第一批规划拨款最早可能会在今年秋天发放。
Coming up, when the most romantic possible thing you can do is also the least romantic possible thing you can do.
即将到来，当你能做的最浪漫的事情也是你能做的最不浪漫的事情时。
That's from Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International when our program continues.
当我们的节目继续进行时，这是来自芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台的声音。
It's This American Life, I'm Ira Glass.
这就是美国生活，我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Each week on our show, of course, we choose a theme, bring you different kinds of stories on that theme.
当然，我们的节目每周都会选择一个主题，为您带来有关该主题的不同类型的故事。
Today's show, Going Big.
今天的节目，《变大》。
Stories of people going full out, pulling out all the stops for those they care for.
人们全力以赴，为他们所关心的人竭尽全力的故事。
We have arrived at Act Two, Lonely Hearts Club Band...
我们已经到了第二幕，孤独之心俱乐部乐队......
of One.
一。
Not long ago, a musician named David Berkeley got a call from his booking agent, asking if he wanted to take a job that would be unlike any concert he had ever played.
不久前，一位名叫大卫·伯克利的音乐家接到了他的预订代理的电话，询问他是否愿意接受一份与他曾经演奏过的任何音乐会都不同的工作。
Berkeley is a singer-songwriter on the indie music circuit.
伯克利是独立音乐界的创作歌手。
He gets showcased at South by Southwest.
他在西南偏南音乐节上得到了展示。
He's toured with Rufus Wainwright and Billy Bragg and Ben Folds, people like that.
他曾与鲁弗斯·温赖特、比利·布拉格和本·福兹等人一起巡演。
And though he has played tons of shows all over the country, this one was different.
尽管他在全国各地演出过无数场演出，但这一场却有所不同。
He would fly to San Diego and play inside an apartment for just two people.
他会飞往圣地亚哥，在只有两个人的公寓里玩耍。
And his goal would be to reunite the two as a couple.
他的目标是让两人重新成为情侣。
Now of course, most songwriters want to believe their music has the power to move people's hearts.
当然，现在大多数歌曲作者都愿意相信他们的音乐有能力打动人们的心。
But rarely does anybody test just how far that goes in such a clear-cut goal-oriented way.
但很少有人测试以如此明确的目标导向方式能走多远。
The guy in this couple wanted to be together.
这对夫妇中的那个人想在一起。
The woman, apparently, did not.
显然，那个女人没有。
Could David Berkeley sing them back together?
大卫·伯克利能把他们重新合唱吗？
Could this work?
这行得通吗？
He wanted to believe it could.
他想相信它可以。
He had sent me a long email with the battle plan, which the more I read, the more absurd it seemed.
他给我发了一封很长的电子邮件，里面有作战计划，我读得越多，就越觉得荒谬。
The couple had either met at one of my concerts in California, or their first date.
这对情侣要么是在我在加州举行的一场音乐会上认识的，要么是他们第一次约会。
I think their first date was at one of my concerts.
我想他们的第一次约会是在我的一场音乐会上。
And he was going to do everything he could to get her back.
而且他会尽一切努力让她回来。
And I think that he decided that one huge gesture was probably what it would take.
我认为他认为可能需要做出一个巨大的举动。
And so he planned this night from start to finish, which included going to their favorite restaurant and the wine that they were going to order.
所以他从头到尾都计划好了这个晚上，其中包括去他们最喜欢的餐厅和他们要点的酒。
And then the culmination was going to be the nightcap in their apartment, where I was going to pop through the door and sing them their concert.
然后高潮将是在他们的公寓里喝睡前酒，我要冲进门给他们唱他们的音乐会。
And then he just gave me the plan for how I was going to sneak into the apartment without them knowing, and how I was going to have to actually sneak into the garage.
然后他给了我一个计划，告诉我如何在他们不知情的情况下潜入公寓，以及如何真正潜入车库。
Which literally involved me following a car in.
这实际上让我跟着一辆车进去。
And trying to get through the gate before the gate closed, and then up a back elevator onto the eighth floor, where I would then knock on his apartment door.
我试图在大门关闭之前穿过大门，然后通过后面的电梯到达八楼，然后我会在那里敲他公寓的门。
Not to ask a dumb question, but couldn't he just send you a key?
不是问一个愚蠢的问题，但他不能给你发一把钥匙吗？
Yeah, I guess that didn't cross his or my mind.
是的，我想他或我都没有想到这一点。
But yeah, he should have.
但是，是的，他应该这么做。
And I was actually nervous.
我其实很紧张。
I play a lot of concerts, and rarely have I been nervous like this.
我参加了很多场音乐会，很少像现在这样紧张。
And I guess it was because I had no idea what I was walking into.
我想这是因为我不知道自己正在走进什么。
And I was about to knock on the door.
我正要敲门。
And I started to think about, what is she going to do when I walk in?
我开始思考，当我走进来时她会做什么？
And I guess I expected that she was, despite feeling like things weren't going well, I thought she was going to be really excited to see me.
我想我预计她会，尽管感觉事情进展不顺利，但我认为她见到我会非常兴奋。
And she would, I don't know what.
她会的，我不知道是什么。
She would give me a hug, or she would laugh, or something like that.
她会给我一个拥抱，或者她会笑，或者类似的事情。
And in fact, I opened the door and she just sort of crumpled.
事实上，我打开门，她就有点崩溃了。
She sort of collapsed.
她有点崩溃了。
Her head fell into her hands.
她的头落到了手中。
And I think she might have said, I can't believe you did this.
我想她可能会说，我不敢相信你会这么做。
He shouldn't have done this.
他不应该这样做。
And it was hard for me, at this point, not to take that a little personally.
此时此刻，我很难不把这件事视为针对我个人的事情。
Because without knowing it, I had kind of joined sides with this guy.
因为在不知情的情况下，我已经加入了这个家伙的阵营。
I was on his team.
我是他团队里的一员。
We were coming in to do a job.
我们进来是为了做一份工作。
OK, so what do you do?
好吧，那你怎么办？
David Berkeley I think I said something like, hi.
大卫·伯克利 我想我说了类似“嗨”的话。
I thought I might play you a few songs.
我想我可以给你弹几首歌。
And it just felt gross.
感觉很恶心。
Why was I even here?
我为什么会在这里？
And the guy asked me if I wanted to sit or stand.
那个人问我想坐着还是站着。
Which I normally stand when I perform, but that seemed completely absurd to me, that I was going to stand and perform to these two people in their living room.
我表演时通常是站着的，但这对我来说似乎完全荒谬，我要站着在客厅里向这两个人表演。
So I said I would sit.
于是我就说我坐吧。
And he pulled a chair up for me.
他为我拉了一把椅子。
And I was across a small coffee table from them.
我和他们隔着一张小咖啡桌。
And they sat down on the couch.
他们在沙发上坐下。
And I sat down on my chair.
我坐在椅子上。
And I started to play.
我开始玩。
And so they're on the couch.
所以他们就坐在沙发上。
And are they sitting close together?
他们坐在一起吗？
God, no. I think it was just a three-cushion couch and they were on the left and the right cushions.
天哪，不。我认为这只是一个三垫子沙发，它们分别位于左侧和右侧的垫子上。
And there was a big cushion in between.
中间还有一个很大的垫子。
Now, you have your guitar there.
现在，你的吉他已经放在那里了。
You and I are speaking to each other from different locations.
你和我在不同的地点互相交谈。
Do you want to just play a couple lines of the song so we have a sense of what this was?
你想只播放这首歌的几句台词，以便我们了解这是什么吗？
[PLAYING GUITAR] And I should stop right there.
[弹吉他] 我应该就在那里停下来。
Because I got about that far in the song and glanced up.
因为我在歌曲中唱到了那么远，抬起头看了一眼。
And that was enough for her to recognize the song and she started to cry, which wasn't what I had hoped would happen.
这足以让她认出这首歌，然后她开始哭泣，这不是我希望发生的事情。
[PLAYING GUITAR AND SINGING] A couple on a bridge, a stone bridge in some European town.
[弹吉他唱歌]桥上的一对情侣，欧洲某小镇的一座石桥。
And after all the years, I see we all fall down.
这么多年过去了，我看到我们都倒下了。
The knock at the front door, the crack in the wall.
前门被敲响，墙壁出现裂缝。
[END SINGING]
[演唱结束]
And right when I sang that part of the chorus-- the knock on the front door-- it seemed like suddenly I was actually singing a song that was the story of this night.
当我唱起副歌部分时——敲前门的声音——突然之间，我似乎在唱一首讲述今晚故事的歌曲。
Yeah, yeah.
是啊是啊。
This is a song about a couple for whom things are not going very well.
这是一首关于一对生活不太顺利的夫妇的歌曲。
Yeah.
是的。
And why I didn't know that and think about that before I started to play it, I don't know.
为什么我不知道这一点并在开始玩之前思考这一点，我不知道。
But it was too late.
但为时已晚。
And this happens, at times, in a performance where you recognize you've made the wrong choice of a song.
这种情况有时会发生在一场演出中，当你意识到自己选错了歌曲时。
And you can never really go back.
而且你永远无法真正回去。
I had to just barrel through.
我必须快速通过。
And so where do you go?
那么你要去哪里？
What do you play next?
接下来玩什么？
What do you do?
你做什么工作？
Well, I think I played a song that was a story song that was more lighthearted.
嗯，我想我演奏的是一首比较轻松的故事歌曲。
And I got through that.
我挺过来了。
But the night wasn't getting any easier.
但夜晚并没有变得更容易。
And also you have to understand that after a song finishes, two people clapping a couple of times after you finish a song sounds really, really depressing.
而且你还必须明白，一首歌结束后，两个人在你完成一首歌后鼓掌几次，听起来真的非常令人沮丧。
I guess I didn't really stop to think about the fact that the song would end and they would either have to clap or not.
我想我并没有真正停下来思考这首歌将会结束，他们要么鼓掌，要么不鼓掌。
Well, that's why this was so weird.
嗯，这就是为什么这件事如此奇怪。
The time in between the songs became as painful as the songs themselves.
歌曲之间的时间变得和歌曲本身一样痛苦。
And so what do you do to try to turn the situation around?
那么你会采取什么措施来扭转局面呢？
Well, let me first say that as I'm singing that song, right after I sang the first lyric, I regretted the choice.
嗯，首先我要说的是，当我唱那首歌的时候，我唱完第一句歌词后，我就后悔了这个选择。
And I started thinking ahead.
我开始提前思考。
And when I started racing through, in my mind, the other songs that I was going to be able to play this night, I started to get really scared.
当我开始在脑海中快速浏览今晚我将要播放的其他歌曲时，我开始感到非常害怕。
Because I realized that not only might it not have been a good idea to hire a musician to come across the country and sing to get back your girl, but I was probably the wrong musician to have hired.
因为我意识到，雇佣一位音乐家跨越全国唱歌来找回你的女儿不仅不是一个好主意，而且我可能是错误的雇佣音乐家。
Because of your melancholic-- David Berkeley Exactly.
因为你的忧郁——大卫·伯克利 没错。
--repertoire.
——剧目。
David Berkeley Exactly.
大卫·伯克利 没错。
And he knew this, because he knows my music.
他知道这一点，因为他了解我的音乐。
So maybe on the third or fourth song I played, the song "Straw Man," which is one of the ones that he had asked for-- and I'll play a little bit of it.
所以也许在我播放的第三或第四首歌中，歌曲“稻草人”，这是他要求的歌曲之一 - 我会播放一点。
[GUITAR PLAYING AND SINGING] Never quite so clean.
[吉他演奏和歌唱] 从未如此干净。
She makes the world around me seem lavender and winter green.
她让我周围的世界显得淡紫色和冬日绿色。
When we're side by side.
当我们肩并肩的时候。
[END SINGING]
[演唱结束]
And that chorus repeats several times.
那副歌重复了好几次。
And after about the second chorus, I looked up.
大约第二段副歌后，我抬起头来。
And I felt like she softened a little bit.
我感觉她的心软化了一点。
And it seemed like the song was doing a little bit more of its job.
这首歌似乎发挥了更多作用。
And by the end of the song, it really did feel like it had changed something in the room.
在歌曲结束时，确实感觉房间里发生了一些变化。
And she was sitting up a little straighter, maybe.
也许她坐得更直了一些。
And she was looking at me more.
她更多地看着我。
And I even saw her look at him a little and give a little smile.
我什至看到她看着他，露出一丝微笑。
And that was a tiny gesture, but it was so good to see.
虽然这是一个微小的举动，但看到它真是太好了。
Well, so then we got on a little bit of a roll.
好吧，然后我们就进展顺利了。
But with each song-- and even smaller increments, with each verse-- it seemed like they were symbolically and literally moving closer together.
但随着每首歌——甚至更小的增量，每节经文——似乎他们在象征性和字面上越来越接近。
And in fact, by maybe song five or six, they actually were sitting next to each other.
事实上，也许到了第五或第六首歌时，他们实际上就坐在一起了。
And I couldn't believe it.
我简直不敢相信。
I couldn't believe it.
我简直不敢相信。
I really didn't think there was any chance, and certainly from the beginning of the night until that point, there seemed like there was zero chance.
我真的不认为有任何机会，当然从那天晚上开始直到那一刻，似乎机会为零。
But they started holding hands.
但他们开始牵手。
And at one point in a song, she lay her head on his shoulder.
在一首歌中的某个时刻，她把头靠在他的肩膀上。
So it's working.
所以它正在发挥作用。
And I play a song thaT-- actually, they kiss.
我演奏了一首歌——实际上，他们接吻了。
And that was a shock.
这真是令人震惊。
And at that point, I thought this is it.
那时，我想就是这样了。
We've done it.
我们已经做到了。
I wanted to slap the guy's hand.
我真想打那家伙的手。
I felt great.
我感觉很棒。
But the mood had changed, but it was still painfully awkward.
但心情却变了，但依然是尴尬得痛苦。
And if anything, more so now.
如果说有什么不同的话，那就是现在更是如此。
Because I was now right across the coffee table from a couple who's making out as I'm singing.
因为我现在就在咖啡桌对面，一对情侣正在我唱歌的时候亲热。
And now it felt totally wrong that I was there, just for different reasons.
现在我感觉自己在那里完全不对劲，只是出于不同的原因。
At one point they kissed and I locked eyes with her, right as they're kissing.
有一次他们接吻了，我就在接吻时与她四目相对。
And we both looked away immediately.
我们都立即移开视线。
But it happened.
但它发生了。
And at one point, he and I met eyes at just a really badly-timed moment, where he was giving her one of these looks like, I'm your man.
有一次，我和他在一个非常不合时宜的时刻相遇了，他给了她一种这样的表情，我是你的男人。
And I will be there for you forever.
我会永远在你身边。
And we'll have beautiful children together.
我们将会一起拥有漂亮的孩子。
And there I am, and he and I are looking at each other suddenly for a second, but a very, very bad second of my life.
我就在那里，我和他突然对视了一秒钟，但这是我生命中非常非常糟糕的一秒钟。
So things move from horrible to exuberant to straight out creepy, it sounds like.
听起来，事情从可怕到生机勃勃，再到令人毛骨悚然。
I think that's fair.
我认为这是公平的。
But at least what I'm singing, I can just get lost in the fact that the music is sort of working for them.
但至少我所唱的，我可能会迷失在音乐对他们有用的事实中。
And so as I finish the concert, she hugs me and he walks me out of the apartment and down into the elevator.
当我结束音乐会时，她拥抱了我，他带我走出公寓，走进电梯。
I get to take the main elevator down this time.
这次我要乘主电梯下去。
And he tells me something to the effect of, you never know how things are going to work out.
他告诉我一些大意是，你永远不知道事情会如何发展。
But I think that you may have been the tipping point tonight.
但我认为今晚你可能是转折点。
And that felt great.
那感觉棒极了。
I was so happy.
我很高兴。
Right.
正确的。
Your music brought these people together.
你的音乐让这些人聚集在一起。
Brought them together in the first place, maybe, brought them back together now.
也许，一开始就让他们走到了一起，现在又让他们重新走到了一起。
It was perfect.
太完美了。
Even when I had tried to serenade ex-girlfriends to get them back, directly, that hadn't worked.
即使我试图直接给前女友唱小夜曲，让她们回来，也没有成功。
A few months after all this, David Berkeley was back in California, doing a show in Los Angeles.
几个月后，大卫·伯克利回到加利福尼亚州，在洛杉矶举办一场演出。
And the guy emailed him, asking if David would give him two spots on the guest list.
那个人给他发了一封电子邮件，询问大卫是否愿意在宾客名单上给他两个位置。
But the guy did not bring the girl.
但男孩并没有带女孩来。
He came with a buddy.
他和一个朋友一起来的。
And he told David afterwards that things didn't work out.
后来他告诉大卫，事情没有进展。
Incredibly, David says that he would do this all over again if somebody else asked him to do it.
令人难以置信的是，大卫说，如果有人要求他这样做，他会再做一次。
And as for the guy--
至于那个家伙——
OK, after this failure, would he try another concert in his apartment?
好吧，在这次失败之后，他会在他的公寓里尝试另一场音乐会吗？
I know he would.
我知道他会的。
And, in fact, I know that he would do it again with me, because he's made that clear.
事实上，我知道他会和我再做一次，因为他已经明确表示了这一点。
What?
什么？
David Berkeley He's made it clear that if he has another girl, he hopes the situation will arise where he can have me come and do another serenade.
大卫·伯克利 他已经明确表示，如果他有另一个女孩，他希望能够让我来再唱一首小夜曲。
But wait, would you go?
但是等等，你愿意去吗？
David Berkeley What would be funny is that my exclusive knowledge of him is related to this other episode that we wouldn't be able to talk about, this other girl where I did the same thing.
大卫·伯克利 有趣的是，我对他的独家了解与我们无法谈论的另一集有关，在另一个女孩中我做了同样的事情。
And of course, the new girl isn't going to want to know about the old girl, and is certainly not going to want to know that he did the same trick.
当然，新女孩不会想知道老女孩的事，也肯定不会想知道他做了同样的把戏。
Yeah, I was just thinking that.
是的，我只是这么想。
It definitely takes the romantic idealism off the whole thing.
它绝对消除了整个事情的浪漫理想主义。
Yeah.
是的。
Then it starts to get bizarre in a whole other way.
然后事情开始以另一种方式变得奇怪。
Because now I'm sort of his guy.
因为现在我算是他的人了。
And I'm not sure about that.
我对此不确定。
David Berkeley.
大卫·伯克利.
His newest album is called Strange Light.
他的最新专辑名为“Strange Light”。
Marshall Lewy helped us produce that story.
马歇尔·路易帮助我们制作了这个故事。
[MUSIC - "ISN'T IT ROMANTIC" BY ELLA FITZGERALD]
[音乐 - 艾拉·菲茨杰拉德的《这不是浪漫吗》]
Act Three, Prisoner of the Heart.
第三幕，心灵的囚徒。
So we've had parents in Harlem going all out to change the lives of their kids.
因此，哈莱姆区的父母竭尽全力改变孩子的生活。
We've had a guy going all out to get a girl.
我们有一个男人竭尽全力去追求一个女孩。
Now in this act, we have a daughter who goes all out, goes as far as anybody possibly could to get close to her mom.
现在，在这一幕中，我们有一个女儿，她全力以赴，尽一切可能接近她的妈妈。
Douglas McGray tells the story.
道格拉斯·麦格雷讲述了这个故事。
21 years ago, Daisy Benson brought a gun to an argument.
21 年前，黛西·本森 (Daisy Benson) 持枪参与争吵。
She says she didn't mean to shoot, and that may be true.
她说她并不是故意开枪的，这可能是真的。
But you bring a gun to an argument, a lot can go wrong.
但如果你带枪去争论，很多事情都可能出错。
Daisy was convicted of murder, given 15 to life, and sent away to prison hundreds of miles from her home, a small, poor town in Northern California.
黛西被判犯有谋杀罪，被判处 15 岁无期徒刑，并被送往距离她的家乡（北加州的一个贫困小镇）数百英里的监狱。
Seven years later, her family saved up enough to visit.
七年后，她的家人攒够了钱去看望她。
That's when her daughter Robin, she was in her 20s at the time, hatched a plan that sounded so crazy when Daisy first told me about it, I thought, this can't be true.
就在那时，她的女儿罗宾（当时她 20 多岁）制定了一个计划，当黛西第一次告诉我这个计划时，这个计划听起来非常疯狂，我想，这不可能是真的。
But then I tracked down Robin, and they both remember it starting exactly the same way.
但后来我找到了罗宾，他们都记得事情的开始方式完全相同。
Here's Daisy, then Robin.
这是黛西，然后是罗宾。
I'd had one visit.
我曾经去过一次。
My ex-husband had come.
我的前夫来了。
He brought my daughter.
他带来了我的女儿。
And she stood with her fingers in the chicken wire, looking out over the yard.
她站着，手指插在铁丝网里，眺望着院子。
And I could see, she was just taking inventory from side to side, what she could see.
我可以看到，她只是从一边到另一边盘点她能看到的东西。
And she said to me, and I'll never forget it, this wouldn't be too bad for the two of us, mom.
她对我说，我永远不会忘记，这对我们两个来说不会太糟糕，妈妈。
She said, we could be here together.
她说，我们可以在一起。
And I said--
我说——
She said, don't even think about.
她说，想都别想。
She already knew what I was thinking when I got there.
当我到达那里时，她已经知道我在想什么。
Because I could see it working in her head.
因为我可以看到它在她的脑海中发挥作用。
You can tell when kids are doing something.
你可以看出孩子们什么时候在做某事。
Don't even think about it.
想都别想。
And what did she say?
她说了什么？
Daisy Benson She was just solemn.
黛西·本森 她只是很严肃。
She was very serious about what she was saying.
她说的话非常认真。
She was trying to get me to look at her.
她试图让我看着她。
And I was just looking around.
我只是环顾四周。
Well, what where you looking around for?
那么，你在哪里寻找什么？
Were you looking to see, could I do this?
你想看看我可以这样做吗？
Yeah.
是的。
And I was like, this ain't so bad.
我当时想，这还不错。
Life outside was probably a lot worse than in there at the time.
当时外面的生活可能比里面糟糕很多。
I was just in a drug life.
我刚刚陷入了毒品生活。
I did drugs.
我吸毒了。
I was on the street.
我当时在街上。
And so I would do what I had to do.
所以我会做我必须做的事情。
And all kinds of stuff.
还有各种各样的东西。
It was hard.
这很难。
So Robin was already living the kind of life that might lead to prison.
所以罗宾已经过着可能会入狱的生活了。
She didn't care.
她不在乎。
But then suddenly, she did.
但突然间，她做到了。
She could go to jail and be with her mom.
她可以进监狱和她妈妈在一起。
A year later, when she and her friends got hauled in for stealing, she told me she confessed to everything, even things she hadn't done.
一年后，当她和她的朋友因偷窃被捕时，她告诉我她承认了一切，甚至包括她没有做过的事情。
When my mom went prison, it was almost like my mom died to me.
当我妈妈入狱时，我的妈妈就好像死了一样。
I missed her so bad, I got in trouble just to get in trouble.
我太想念她了，我只是为了惹麻烦而惹麻烦。
Because I didn't really have nothin' out there.
因为我那里真的什么都没有。
I just got in trouble to get in trouble, and kept getting in trouble until they caught me.
我就是为了惹麻烦而惹麻烦，然后一直惹麻烦，直到他们抓住我为止。
I told the judge, I said, I did it.
我告诉法官，我说，我做到了。
He said, no wait a minute, you need representation.
他说，等一下，你需要代表。
I said, no, I did it.
我说，不，我做到了。
I want you to sentence me.
我要你给我判刑。
I want to go to prison.
我想去监狱。
Because I wanted to go see my mom.
因为我想去看看我妈妈。
When Daisy went away, California had one small prison for women called CIW.
黛西离开后，加利福尼亚州有一所小型女子监狱，名为 CIW。
But longer sentences and a three strikes law helped set off a prison boom.
但更长的刑期和三振法引发了监狱热潮。
The state had to build two more.
该州还必须再建造两座。
Robin got sentenced to one of the new ones, up north-- not part of the plan.
罗宾被判入北方的新监狱之一——这不是计划的一部分。
Now she had to finagle a transfer somehow.
现在她必须想办法设法转会。
She roamed the yard, looking for advice.
她在院子里闲逛，寻求建议。
I started asking people, how do I get to CIW?
我开始问人们，我怎样去 CIW？
My mom's down there.
我妈妈在下面。
Eventually, someone told her about a prison work program that would get her shipped south where Daisy was.
最终，有人告诉她有一个监狱工作计划，可以把她送到黛西所在的南方。
One day, a letter came for Daisy, postmarked from another prison.
有一天，黛西收到一封信，邮戳是从另一所监狱寄来的。
She couldn't believe what it said.
她简直不敢相信上面说的话。
And the letter had taken so long to get there, that the same day it arrived-- well, I'll let Daisy tell it.
这封信花了很长时间才到达那里，以至于当天就到达了——好吧，我会让黛西告诉它的。
I came to the front office.
我来到了前台。
And I rounded the corner, and there was my child, standing there in a muumuu.
我转过街角，看到我的孩子，穿着穆穆穆的衣服站在那儿。
And my legs just buckled.
我的腿就弯曲了。
She acted like she was going to fall apart or something.
她表现得好像她要崩溃了或者什么的。
Oh my God, my baby.
天哪，我的宝贝。
She acted like she was going to faint, and all kinds of stuff.
她表现得好像她快要晕倒了，诸如此类。
It was the greatest moment, but it was the saddest moment-- ooh-- to be able to see her.
这是最伟大的时刻，但也是最悲伤的时刻——哦——能够见到她。
But to see her in this setting was overwhelming.
但看到她在这样的环境下，还是觉得很震撼。
And I was just hanging on to her.
而我只是紧紧抓住她。
We just locked up.
我们刚刚锁起来。
She had her arms around me.
她用双臂搂着我。
And I had my arms around her.
我用双臂搂着她。
And everybody was crying.
每个人都在哭。
The cop was crying.
警察哭了。
Everybody around us was crying.
我们周围的每个人都在哭泣。
And I know that every one of them wanted it to be their daughter.
我知道他们每个人都希望这是他们的女儿。
Everybody wanted-- it was the joy--
每个人都想要——这是快乐——
These are other prisoners?
这些是其他囚犯吗？
Daisy Benson Yeah.
黛西·本森 是的。
Not to have your child in prison, but to have your arms around her.
不是让你的孩子入狱，而是用你的双臂拥抱她。
My legs were so weak.
我的腿太软了。
I stood back and I just asked, what the hell are you doing here?
我退后一步，只是问，你到底在这里做什么？
And she just grabbed me again.
她又抓住了我。
And she was holding on to me, loving me.
她紧紧抓住我，爱我。
She said, I need my mom.
她说，我需要妈妈。
It was wonderful.
太棒了。
Because I don't let people touch me in here.
因为我不让人碰我在这里。
People don't hug me.
人们不拥抱我。
People don't squeeze me.
人们不挤压我。
But she hugs me and squeezes me.
但她拥抱我并挤压我。
Mothers, daughters, sisters, cousins-- they cross paths in here more than you'd think.
母亲、女儿、姐妹、表兄弟姐妹——他们在这里相遇的次数比你想象的要多。
The stories aren't always happy.
故事并不总是快乐的。
A staff person told me, yeah, we had identical twins in here one time.
一位工作人员告诉我，是的，我们这里曾经有过同卵双胞胎。
And one of them lit herself on fire.
其中一人自焚。
Mother/daughter cell mates?
母女狱友？
That he'd never seen.
他从未见过。
But when Daisy asked, the administration said yes.
但当黛西询问时，政府表示可以。
So Robin moved in.
于是罗宾搬了进来。
They shared eight feet square, if that, with bunk beds.
如果是的话，他们共用八平方英尺，还有双层床。
A year after she first stared out at the prison yard, Robin got her wish.
在她第一次凝视监狱院子一年后，罗宾实现了她的愿望。
Prison was a lot harsher than Robin expected, just like her mom had said it would be.
监狱比罗宾预想的要严厉得多，就像她妈妈说的那样。
I think when I first went to prison, I was going down there to protect her, but she protected me.
我想当我第一次进监狱时，我是去那里保护她的，但她保护了我。
She introduced me and pointed to everyone that was on the yard-- people, what they were there for.
她介绍了我，并指了指院子里的每个人——人们，他们在那里的目的。
And stay away from that one.
并远离那个人。
And then she'd introduce me to them.
然后她会把我介绍给他们。
The ones that she told me to stay away from, she'd say, this is my daughter, and I'll kill you if you mess with her.
她告诉我要远离的人，她会说，这是我的女儿，如果你惹她，我会杀了你。
I was probably trying to control her.
我可能是想控制她。
I was keeping her away from the riff-raff.
我让她远离那些流氓。
A lot of their time together was just fun, for prison anyway.
他们在一起的很多时间都很有趣，无论如何，对于监狱来说。
We did pedicures.
我们做了足疗。
She did my toes, I did her toes.
她做了我的脚趾，我也做了她的脚趾。
It was just girls, just girls.
这只是女孩，只是女孩。
One time we had Thanksgiving dinner around the yard.
有一次我们在院子里吃感恩节晚餐。
Just come on, mom.
来吧，妈妈。
Just lay down and I'll take you on a trip.
躺下吧，我带你去旅行。
We'll go to the river.
我们要去河边。
Close your eyes.
闭上你的眼睛。
And then what?
然后呢？
And then you would describe it?
然后你会描述它吗？
Yeah.
是的。
And I'd tell her, OK, we're on the river.
我会告诉她，好吧，我们在河边。
Can you hear the water?
你能听到水声吗？
Do you hear the birds?
你听到鸟叫声吗？
Just that was enough.
仅此而已就足够了。
Even before she went to prison, Daisy had been gone a lot, working at the canneries or the turkey plant, driving a bus.
甚至在进监狱之前，黛西就已经去过很多地方了，在罐头厂或火鸡厂工作，开公共汽车。
Now there was none of that, no distractions.
现在一切都没有了，没有任何干扰。
I think that that's probably some of the best times in our lives together.
我认为那可能是我们在一起生活中最美好的时光。
Because nobody could get in between us.
因为没有人能介入我们之间。
There was nothing to interfere with the relationship of mom and daughter.
没有任何事情可以干扰母女之间的关系。
They were in together for almost a year.
他们在一起已经快一年了。
When the time came for Robin to be released, she was ready.
当罗宾被释放的时候，她已经准备好了。
Daisy wasn't.
黛西不是。
There was such an emptiness when she was gone.
当她离开时，我感到如此空虚。
And it was almost like a dream that she had been here.
她来过这里就像做梦一样。
You know, like I'd dreamed the whole dang thing up.
你知道，就像我在做梦一样。
But I get another sweet and sour moment.
但我又迎来了又酸又甜的时刻。
You're so happy that it happened.
你很高兴这件事发生了。
But you're so sorry that they're going to go.
但你很遗憾他们要走了。
Robin's not doing so well these days.
罗宾这些天过得不太好。
Since her time with her mom, more than 10 years ago, she's been in and out of prison.
自从十多年前她和妈妈在一起以来，她一直进出监狱。
The more time a person spends inside, the harder it is to make a life outside.
一个人在室内度过的时间越多，在外面的生活就越困难。
I never felt like I'd be right until my mom gets out.
在我妈妈出来之前，我从来不觉得自己是对的。
I'm not going to be right.
我不会是对的。
Here I'm 42 years old, just staying where I can, don't have a job.
我今年 42 岁，只是呆在能呆的地方，没有工作。
Nothing, nothing.
没什么，没什么。
I mean, I've tried to complete my GED and stuff quite a few times.
我的意思是，我已经尝试过好几次完成我的 GED 之类的事情了。
And I went to beauty college and I graduated.
我上了美容学院并毕业了。
But I didn't go to state board.
但我没有去州议会。
And it's just like, I never think I'm going to win.
就像，我从不认为我会赢。
Just my mom getting out.
刚刚我妈妈出去了。
That's the only hope I've got anymore.
这是我唯一的希望了。
A couple months ago, Daisy wrote me a letter that said she might be home by Thanksgiving.
几个月前，黛西给我写了一封信，说她可能会在感恩节之前回家。
The parole board approved her for release, but the governor has the final say.
假释委员会批准释放她，但州长拥有最终决定权。
And it's easier to say no. Earlier this year, facing a budget crisis, and a prison system that costs $10 billion a year-- five times more than Texas spends-- the governor tried to let some nonviolent offenders out early.
而且更容易说不。今年早些时候，面对预算危机和监狱系统每年花费 100 亿美元（比德克萨斯州支出高出五倍），州长试图提前释放一些非暴力罪犯。
Legislators revolted.
立法者们反抗了。
They cut from schools instead.
相反，他们从学校停课。
Daisy's 59 now.
黛西现在59岁了。
But like most of the lifers, she seems a lot older.
但和大多数终身受益者一样，她看起来老了很多。
A walker keeps her upright.
助行器让她保持直立。
A pacemaker keeps her heart going.
心脏起搏器让她的心脏继续跳动。
She's lost most of her front teeth.
她失去了大部分门牙。
When she laughs, she covers her mouth.
当她笑的时候，她会捂住嘴。
Robin writes to her mother, but she's only gone back to see her once since she boarded a prison bus and drove out through the gate.
罗宾写信给她的母亲，但自从她登上监狱巴士并驶出大门以来，她只回去看过她一次。
Her mom told her not to look back, but she did.
她妈妈告诉她不要回头，但她还是回头了。
She does.
她做到了。
Douglas McGray.
道格拉斯·麦格雷。
He's an Irvine fellow at the New America Foundation.
他是新美国基金会的欧文研究员。
Well, our program was produced today by Jane Feltes and myself, with Alex Blumberg, Sarah Koenig, Lisa Pollak, Robyn Semien, Alissa Shipp, and Nancy Updike.
好吧，我们今天的节目是由 Jane Feltes 和我本人以及 Alex Blumberg、Sarah Koenig、Lisa Pollak、Robyn Semien、Alissa Shipp 和 Nancy Updike 制作的。
Our senior producer is Julie Snyder.
我们的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德。
Adrianne Mathiowetz runs our website.
阿德琳娜·马修韦茨 (Adrianne Mathiowetz) 负责运营我们的网站。
Seth Lind is our Production Manager.
Seth Lind 是我们的生产经理。
Production help from P.J.
P.J. 的制作帮助
Vogt and Aaron Scott.
沃格特和亚伦·斯科特。
Jessica Hopper is our Music Consultant.
杰西卡·霍珀是我们的音乐顾问。
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
[FUNDING CREDITS] WBEZ Management oversight for our program by our boss, Mr. Torey Malatia, who tells me all the time--
[资金来源] WBEZ 我们的老板 Torey Malatia 先生对我们的项目进行了管理监督，他一直告诉我——
I'm your man.
我是你的男人。
And I will be there for you forever.
我会永远在你身边。
And we'll have beautiful children together.
我们将会一起拥有漂亮的孩子。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。