250: The Annoying Gap Between Theory...and Practice - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #250 | November 7, 2003 250: The Annoying Gap Between Theory...and Practice Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 250 集 | 2003 年 11 月 7 日 250：理论与实践之间令人恼火的差距 注释：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass There's a gap between theory and practice, and it's an annoying gap.
序言 Ira Glass 理论与实践之间存在着差距，这是一个令人烦恼的差距。
Michael was learning how to box.
迈克尔正在学习拳击。
His punches had some power.
他的拳头具有一定的威力。
He was sparring in these little matches.
他在这些小比赛中陪练。
He was feeling pretty tough.
他感觉自己很艰难。
He was feeling really tough, actually.
事实上，他感觉非常艰难。
And then, one night, he's walking home on a deserted street and somebody picks a fight with him.
然后，一天晚上，他在一条废弃的街道上走回家时，有人与他打架。
Which in a way is exactly what he wanted.
从某种程度上来说，这正是他想要的。
When you're learning to fight, you kind of dream that happening.
当你学习格斗时，你会梦想着这样的事情发生。
Because your moment will come.
因为你的时刻即将到来。
And I certainly thought that I was bad ass.
我当然认为我是个坏蛋。
And this guy wanted to mess with me.
而且这个家伙还想惹恼我。
He was trying to mug me.
他试图抢劫我。
He was trying to beat me up.
他试图殴打我。
I don't know what he was trying to do.
我不知道他想做什么。
And what he's saying to you?
他对你说什么？
Michael Oh, he's asking me if I have any money.
迈克尔哦，他在问我有没有钱。
He's mad at me because I'm not talking to him.
他生我的气，因为我不和他说话。
He's asking me if I'm scared.
他问我是否害怕。
And he kept grabbing me.
而且他一直抓着我。
And I was certainly getting kind of freaked out, because there wasn't anybody else around.
我确实有点害怕，因为周围没有其他人。
And the street was really dark.
街上真的很黑。
Was he a big guy?
他是个大人物吗？
Michael He was bigger than I was.
迈克尔 他比我大。
And I turned around, and I really kind of intended to hit him.
我转过身来，我真的想打他。
I wanted to hit him.
我想打他。
But I just wasn't prepared.
但我只是没有准备好。
So I slapped him.
于是我就打了他一巴掌。
And it wasn't one of those kind of "I challenge you to a duel" slaps.
这不是那种“我向你挑战决斗”的耳光。
It was big.
它很大。
It was just a big, girly slap.
这只是一个很大的、少女般的巴掌。
He looked really surprised.
他看起来真的很惊讶。
His eyes were really wide open like he-- I don't think that either one of us could believe that I'd actually slapped him.
他的眼睛真的像他一样睁得大大的——我想我们谁都不会相信我真的打了他一巴掌。
And I slapped him again.
然后我又打了他一巴掌。
There was everything that his training to do in a real fight.
他所受的训练就是在真正的战斗中做的一切。
And then there was what really happened.
然后才是真正发生的事情。
There was a gap between theory and practice.
理论与实践之间存在差距。
Heather was eight years old, on a school trip, on the bus, and she had to pee, badly.
希瑟八岁了，在一次学校旅行中，在公共汽车上，她不得不小便，而且很严重。
And the bus get stuck in traffic.
公共汽车陷入交通堵塞。
Here's how she remembers it now that she's an adult.
现在她已经成年了，她是这样回忆的。
She says that her eight-year-old brain came up with a theory.
她说她八岁时的大脑想出了一个理论。
I devised a plan because my little bladder was about to give out.
我制定了一个计划，因为我的小膀胱即将耗尽。
And I decided that I was in the middle of the bus.
我决定我在公共汽车中间。
I had a seat to myself.
我有一个属于自己的座位。
I thought I can pee really quietly, just kind of inch over my seat and go to the bathroom and no one will ever know.
我以为我可以非常安静地小便，就在座位上方一英寸处，然后去洗手间，没有人会知道。
Inch over my seat, you mean like pee on the floor?
离我座位一英寸，你的意思是像在地板上撒尿一样？
Like pee on the floor.
就像在地板上撒尿一样。
Like just kind of very quietly pee on the floor.
就像悄悄地在地板上撒尿一样。
No one will know.
没有人会知道。
That was the theory.
这就是理论。
You may be able to guess how this worked out in practice.
您也许能够猜到这在实践中是如何实现的。
So I inched forward in my seat and I peed.
于是我在座位上向前倾了一点，然后尿了。
So that's fine.
所以没关系。
Right.
正确的。
Heather It's working.
希瑟 正在工作。
The kids, the obnoxious boys, they're yelling at each other.
孩子们，那些令人讨厌的男孩，他们互相大喊大叫。
The girls are talking, gossiping, whatever.
女孩们在聊天，闲聊，等等。
It's actually working.
它确实有效。
I even felt a little clever.
我什至觉得自己有点聪明。
But then the bus lurches forward.
但随后巴士猛烈地向前行驶。
I hadn't realized that the pee wouldn't stay put.
我没有意识到小便不会留在原处。
That when the bus lurched forward, the pee would roll backwards.
当公共汽车向前倾斜时，小便会向后滚动。
And all of a sudden, in the back of the bus, I hear, "It's pee!" All hell breaks loose on the bus.
突然，在公共汽车后座，我听到：“这是小便！”公共汽车上一切都乱套了。
Everybody started leaping around the bus, all known bus rules were off.
每个人都开始在公交车上跳来跳去，所有已知的公交车规则都被取消了。
You didn't have to sit still anymore.
你不必再坐着不动了。
You didn't have to talk quietly to your neighbor.
您不必与邻居小声交谈。
You could scream.
你可以尖叫。
You could leap over the seats.
你可以跳过座位。
And the only kid that didn't move, was me, which I realize now is what incriminated me.
唯一没有动的孩子是我，我现在意识到这就是我的罪魁祸首。
The whole thing pretty much cemented her position at the bottom of the social hierarchy in elementary school for a few years.
整件事几乎巩固了她在小学几年里在社会等级制度最底层的地位。
Kids called her the Peeer, Peezilla.
孩子们称她为 Peeer，Peezilla。
They'd leave yellow crayons for her, sitting on her desk.
他们会给她留下黄色蜡笔，放在她的桌子上。
From the time that we're very young, so much of our life is just making a guess at how things are going to come out-- making a little theory, taking our shot, and then living with the reality of what we've done.
从我们很小的时候起，我们生活的大部分时间都在猜测事情将会如何发展——提出一些理论，采取我们的行动，然后接受我们所做的事情的现实。
It happens in our personal lives.
它发生在我们的个人生活中。
It happens in every kind of group decision.
它发生在各种集体决策中。
Somebody has a theory about what it will accomplish to invade Iraq, or to cut taxes, or to make a movie starring Ben Affleck and JLo, together as hit men.
有人对入侵伊拉克、减税或制作一部由本·阿弗莱克和杰洛共同主演杀手的电影有一个理论。
And they got their theory, they take their shot, they wait for the results.
他们得到了他们的理论，他们开始尝试，他们等待结果。
Today on our show, the annoying gap that results.
今天在我们的节目中，我们看到了由此产生的恼人的差距。
The annoying gap between theory and practice.
理论与实践之间令人烦恼的差距。
We have three case examples for you.
我们为您提供了三个案例。
Act One, Rock, Paper, Computer.
第一幕，摇滚，纸，计算机。
Jack Hitt in that act explains the alarming difference between theory and practice when it comes to these new-fangled computerized voting machines.
杰克·希特在那一幕中解释了这些新型计算机投票机理论与实践之间的惊人差异。
Act Two, Detroit Is in the House.
第二幕，底特律在众议院。
An idealistic guy who's done lots of community work ends up representing for Detroit, in the state legislature, where he's witnessing the daily reality of democracy up close, for the first time.
一个做过大量社区工作的理想主义者最终成为底特律州立法机构的代表，在那里他第一次近距离目睹了民主的日常现实。
Act Three, Zero Divided by Zero Is Still Zero, What happens if you're poor and do everything right, all your budgeting, all your choices?
第三幕，零除以零仍然是零，如果你很穷，但一切都正确，你所有的预算，你所有的选择，会发生什么？
Are you actually any better off?
你真的过得更好吗？
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
Act One: Rock, Paper, Computer Ira Glass Act One, Rock, Paper, Computer.
第一幕：岩石、纸、计算机 Ira Glass 第一幕：岩石、纸、计算机。
Since the Florida chad nightmares back in 2000, a lot of communities around the country have been speeding up their purchase of new computerized touch-screen voting machines.
自 2000 年佛罗里达州乍得噩梦以来，全国许多社区都在加快购买新的电脑化触摸屏投票机。
These are designed to streamline the process of counting votes.
这些旨在简化计票过程。
They're designed to eliminate potential human error.
它们旨在消除潜在的人为错误。
That's the theory anyway.
无论如何，这就是理论。
Jack Hitt explains how it works out in practice.
杰克·希特解释了它在实践中是如何运作的。
With the bright clean world of touch-screen voting booths coming to so many precincts in America these days, I felt a little nostalgic walking into my local firehouse recently to vote for my mayor.
这些天，美国许多选区都出现了明亮、干净的触摸屏投票站世界，最近我走进当地的消防站为市长投票时感到有点怀旧。
It was to say the least, quaint.
至少可以说，它很古怪。
I brought along my two daughters.
我带着我的两个女儿。
And our local alderwoman, Alfreda Edwards, was there to say good morning.
我们当地的女议员阿尔芙蕾达·爱德华兹 (Alfreda Edwards) 也在场向我们道早安。
Her regular opponent, Charlie Pillsbury, shook our hands too.
她的老对手查理·皮尔斯伯里也与我们握手。
The poll workers, about three or four of them, made a grand fuss signing me in.
投票工作人员大约有三四个人，大惊小怪地为我签名。
There were poll watchers there as well, the folks from the opposing parties, who ensure that the process moves along honestly.
那里也有民意调查观察员，来自反对党的人士，他们确保选举进程诚实地进行。
We all drank coffee and chatted about the raging issue in our neighborhood, the location of a new public school.
我们都喝着咖啡，谈论了我们社区的严重问题，即一所新公立学校的所在地。
Then a precinct captain pointed me to the booth.
然后一位分局队长把我带到了那个亭子。
And I let my girls plink down the tiny levers.
我让我的女儿们敲下小杠杆。
And after fighting about just who got to pull the big red handle, I won.
在争论谁应该拉动红色大手柄之后，我赢了。
We said goodbye to everybody and left.
我们跟大家告别后就离开了。
But this old world is soon to pass.
但这个旧世界很快就会过去。
Sure, there will still be poll workers.
当然，仍然会有投票工作人员。
But the touch-screen voting booths will eliminate a lot of what those folks did.
但触摸屏投票站将消除这些人所做的很多事情。
Instead of people running around with pieces of paper, computers will talk by modem and produce the vote totals.
计算机将通过调制解调器进行通信并生成投票总数，而不是人们拿着纸片到处乱跑。
It's madness.
这太疯狂了。
It's madness.
这太疯狂了。
Jack Hitt That's Jim March.
杰克·希特 那是吉姆·马奇。
He's a professional lobbyist by day in California.
白天他是加州的专业说客。
And he's been fretting a lot about the software running on these machines.
他一直对这些机器上运行的软件非常担心。
Only three companies make them.
只有三家公司生产它们。
And recently the biggest one of them, Diebold, accidentally left its supposedly secure voting software sitting on its web site, for anyone to download.
最近，其中最大的一家迪堡公司不小心将其所谓安全的投票软件留在了其网站上，供任何人下载。
And when people like Jim, who knows computers, looked at it, they were alarmed at how easy it would be to hack in and cause some real trouble.
当像吉姆这样懂计算机的人看到它时，他们惊讶地发现黑客入侵并造成一些真正的麻烦是多么容易。
Literally alter votes, alter passwords, alter every single aspect of the file without a password of your own required and without leaving an audit trail as to what you're doing.
从字面上更改投票，更改密码，更改文件的每个方面，而无需您自己的密码，并且不会留下有关您正在做的事情的审计跟踪。
OK.
好的。
Well, I have a computer in front of me.
嗯，我面前有一台电脑。
And I have the software, which I've downloaded from a public access site.
我有这个软件，是从公共访问网站下载的。
So let's rig an election, Jim.
所以我们来操纵选举吧，吉姆。
Jim's in California.
吉姆在加利福尼亚州。
I'm in Connecticut on a friend's PC.
我在康涅狄格州的一个朋友的电脑上。
The first thing Jim has me do is open Diebold's software called Global Election Management Systems or GEMS and go to where the password is stored.
吉姆让我做的第一件事就是打开迪堡的软件，名为“全球选举管理系统”或“GEMS”，然后转到存储密码的位置。
We peel the password off like a piece of scotch tape and replace it with our own.
我们像撕透明胶带一样撕掉密码，然后用我们自己的密码替换。
Yup.
是的。
Under password, put in-- well, pick one.
在密码下输入——好吧，选择一个。
Let's see.
让我们来看看。
How about D-E-M-O-C-R-A-C-Y?
D-E-M-O-C-R-A-C-Y 怎么样？
OK.
好的。
To demonstrate how this works, we don't hack into a real election.
为了演示这是如何运作的，我们不会侵入真正的选举。
Instead, Jim gives me some old voter data that was part of the primary for the California governor's race in 2002.
相反，吉姆给了我一些旧选民数据，这些数据是 2002 年加州州长竞选初选的一部分。
Essentially what I have in front of me is what a hacker would see if he got inside the system on voting day.
本质上，我面前的内容是黑客在投票日进入系统后会看到的内容。
Yeah.
是的。
Jim March Open it.
吉姆·马奇 打开它。
And put in the same password that you put in for Jack, which is democracy.
输入与杰克相同的密码，即民主。
And then we change vote totals, which was no more difficult than just typing in different numbers over the old ones.
然后我们更改投票总数，这并不比仅输入与旧数字不同的数字更困难。
Of course, you might think the system would track such changes and they could be discovered.
当然，您可能认为系统会跟踪此类更改并且可以发现它们。
But then Jim shows me how to clean up my trail and make my escape.
但后来吉姆向我展示了如何清理踪迹并逃跑。
He takes me to the audit log, a spreadsheet detailing every change made to the database, every instance when someone has logged in with the date and time, down to the very second of each command.
他带我查看审核日志，这是一个电子表格，详细说明了对数据库所做的每项更改、某人使用日期和时间登录的每个实例，直到每个命令的每一秒。
I can see all the history of what's happened here, including my own tampering, all the keystrokes I just made.
我可以看到这里发生的所有历史，包括我自己的篡改，我刚刚进行的所有击键。
Jim has me drag the mouse down the page and highlight most of this history.
吉姆让我将鼠标拖动到页面下方并突出显示这段历史的大部分内容。
Umm, yes.
嗯，是的。
Jim March Good.
吉姆·马奇 好。
Hit the delete key.
按删除键。
Yeah.
是的。
There it went.
就这样了。
Wow.
哇。
Jim March Oh yeah.
吉姆·马奇 哦，是的。
It's glorious.
这是光荣的。
Do you understand?
你明白吗？
Even though you don't know what the proper password for the file is, you can restore it to its original condition and hide your traces.
即使您不知道该文件的正确密码是什么，您也可以将其恢复到原始状态并隐藏您的痕迹。
For months this software has been making the rounds on the internet, a kind of play toy for hackers.
几个月来，这个软件一直在互联网上流传，就像黑客的玩具一样。
Especially since last July, when a Johns Hopkins University report on Diebold software scoffed that protections were, quote "far below the most minimal security standards." And went on to say that any insider, a poll worker, a Diebold software designer, or even, quote "a janitor" would be able to untraceably tamper with election results.
特别是自去年 7 月以来，约翰霍普金斯大学关于 Diebold 软件的一份报告嘲笑说，保护措施“远远低于最低的安全标准”。并接着说，任何内部人士、投票工作人员、迪堡软件设计师，甚至引用“看门人”的话，都可以无法追踪地篡改选举结果。
In August, hackers started passing around a huge file, allegedly a collection of 13,000 pages of internal Diebold people emails written by its own employees that confirm just how easily penetrated the corporate software is.
8 月份，黑客开始传播一个巨大的文件，据称是由迪堡员工编写的 13,000 页内部迪堡员工电子邮件的集合，这些文件证实了该公司软件是多么容易被渗透。
From the beginning, Diebold has been trying to stop all this.
从一开始，迪堡就一直试图阻止这一切。
First, they issued a point-by-point rebuttal to the Johns Hopkins report.
首先，他们对约翰·霍普金斯大学的报告进行了逐条反驳。
And it said that the software being passed around the internet by people like Jim is not the version they currently use in their machines.
它说像吉姆这样的人在互联网上传播的软件不是他们当前在机器上使用的版本。
Diebold hasn't talked directly to the press much about all this and didn't return my phone calls either.
迪堡没有直接与媒体谈论这一切，也没有回我的电话。
Most recently, Diebold started issuing cease and desist orders to all the internet users posting these files.
最近，迪堡开始向所有发布这些文件的互联网用户发出停止令。
They claimed to own the copyright on the 13,000 emails, while at the same time insisting that the documents may not be authentic.
他们声称拥有 13,000 封电子邮件的版权，同时坚称这些文件可能不真实。
All of this got seriously complicated on Halloween when a second touch-screen voting company, Sequoia, had to admit that they too had left an unprotected copy of their voting software on the internet.
所有这一切在万圣节变得非常复杂，第二家触摸屏投票公司红杉资本不得不承认他们也在互联网上留下了未受保护的投票软件副本。
I called one of the country's foremost specialists on just such catastrophes, Rebecca Mercuri, the president of Notable Software, a computer security firm, and now a research fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.
我给美国研究此类灾难的最重要专家之一——计算机安全公司 Notable Software 的总裁、现任哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的研究员丽贝卡·麦库里 (Rebecca Mercuri) 打了电话。
I wanted to find out just how much danger we're in and if there's some way to stop people from hacking in and changing votes during a real election.
我想知道我们面临的危险有多大，以及是否有某种方法可以阻止人们在真正的选举期间侵入并改变选票。
I don't know and quite frankly I don't care.
我不知道，坦率地说，我不在乎。
That's not the issue.
那不是问题。
Not the issue?
不是问题？
Hacking into voting software when step-by-step instructions to do what Jim showed me are posted on the internet?
当吉姆向我展示的步骤说明发布在互联网上时，黑客入侵了投票软件？
There's a lot of hullabaloo, but in my opinion that was not as big a deal as has been made out about it in the writings that I've seen.
有很多喧嚣，但在我看来，这并不像我所看到的著作中所描述的那么重要。
It's not.
它不是。
For Mercuri, the hacking angle is the least of it.
对于 Mercuri 来说，黑客角度是最不重要的。
The problem is far more fundamental.
这个问题更为根本。
The problem is that current touch-screen technology, even when it works perfectly, can't do one of the most basic things the old analog machines did.
问题在于，当前的触摸屏技术即使工作完美，也无法完成旧模拟机所做的最基本的事情之一。
It can't show you proof that your vote was counted accurately.
它无法向您证明您的选票已被准确统计。
To understand why this would be difficult for a computer, you have to remember that voting machines must accomplish two slightly opposing things.
要理解为什么这对计算机来说会很困难，你必须记住投票机必须完成两个稍微相反的事情。
First, they have to give people a way to vote without anyone finding out who they voted for.
首先，他们必须为人们提供一种投票方式，而没有人知道他们投票给了谁。
In other words, they have to provide total anonymity.
换句话说，他们必须提供完全匿名。
But they also have to provide what is known in the voting machine business as auditability.
但他们还必须提供投票机业务中所谓的可审计性。
That means if there were to be a recount, there's got to be some kind of paper trail to ensure the votes were counted correctly.
这意味着如果要重新计票，就必须有某种书面记录来确保正确计票。
Computers are not really very good at doing anonymous things that are also accurately audited.
计算机并不擅长做匿名的事情，但也能被准确地审计。
When we do an audit in the computer, we record every single action and transaction that goes along.
当我们在计算机中进行审计时，我们会记录发生的每一个动作和交易。
If someone recorded down the voters in the sequence in which they went in, that would reveal how they voted.
如果有人按照选民进入的顺序记录下来，那就可以揭示他们是如何投票的。
And that becomes a problem in creating the voting system.
这成为创建投票系统的一个问题。
The old voting system solved this problem in a graceful, analog way.
旧的投票系统以一种优雅的、模拟的方式解决了这个问题。
Punch card technology literally left an anonymous paper trail, the punch card ballots.
打孔卡技术确实留下了匿名的纸质痕迹，即打孔卡选票。
But what about those lever machines?
但是那些杠杆机器呢？
They're just giant clicking odometers.
它们只是巨大的里程表。
You can't recount those votes.
您无法重新计票。
Are they any different in that way from the computer technology?
它们与计算机技术有什么不同吗？
To put it simply, it's a vast world of difference.
简而言之，这是一个巨大的差异。
With the lever machine, you can open it up.
有了杠杆机，就可以把它打开了。
And you can actually see the gears and levers and you can see that they're all connected together.
你实际上可以看到齿轮和杠杆，你可以看到它们都连接在一起。
And then you can test it out and make sure that it works properly.
然后您可以对其进行测试并确保其正常工作。
And you can see whether it's working properly.
并且您可以查看它是否正常工作。
You can see it visually with your eyes.
你可以用肉眼直观地看到它。
When we open up these electronic voting machines, even if they have all the buttons in the right place on the front, when you open them up inside, there's nothing to see.
当我们打开这些电子投票机时，即使它们的所有按钮都位于正面的正确位置，但当你打开它们内部时，却什么也看不到。
Strangely, it was the low techness of the lever machine that made it safe.
奇怪的是，正是杠杆机的技术含量较低才使其安全。
Poll workers understood how they worked.
投票站工作人员了解他们的工作方式。
And one of the things the poll watchers, the two representatives from the different parties, typically did at the beginning of a voting day was look inside to see if there had been any tampering.
投票观察员（来自不同政党的两名代表）通常在投票日开始时做的一件事就是查看内部是否存在任何篡改。
And then easily test to see that a vote goes to the right candidate.
然后轻松测试看看投票是否投给了正确的候选人。
Then they'd wind back the machine to zero, and the voting day would begin.
然后他们会将机器调回零，投票日就开始了。
Now they're not allowed to do this.
现在他们不被允许这样做。
They can't really check to see if the machines work because they no longer understand what the machines do.
他们无法真正检查机器是否工作，因为他们不再了解机器的用途。
The computer companies do the checking for them, and provide them with a list of instructions explaining how to turn the machines on.
计算机公司为他们进行检查，并向他们提供一系列说明如何打开机器的说明。
The poll workers have no choice but to trust the company.
投票工作人员别无选择，只能信任该公司。
The thing about these new machines is all it is, is a procedure.
这些新机器的本质就是一个程序。
And all you can say is that you followed the procedure properly.
你只能说你正确地遵循了程序。
What you're saying is that we have the worst of both worlds.
你的意思是我们两全其美。
We have no paper and no way of looking at the system that's operating it.
我们没有文件，也无法查看运行它的系统。
Right.
正确的。
Exactly.
确切地。
Jack Hitt Somehow, it gets worse.
杰克·希特 不知何故，情况变得更糟。
Even if we wanted to train Republican and Democratic poll workers in basic software testing so they could do what they used to do, we're no longer allowed to.
即使我们想对共和党和民主党的投票工作人员进行基本软件测试培训，以便他们能够做他们以前做的事情，我们也不再被允许这样做。
The way these machines are installed, they're protected like Coca-Cola.
这些机器的安装方式就像可口可乐一样受到保护。
It's a trade secret law, which says that no one's allowed to find out what's inside of them.
这是一项商业秘密法，规定任何人都不得了解其中的内容。
And in fact if somebody reveals it, they'll be convicted of a felony because they're purchased under a secret agreement.
事实上，如果有人透露它，他们将被判重罪，因为它们是根据秘密协议购买的。
It's purchased with a trade secret protection on it.
它是在购买时受到商业秘密保护的。
They're tested in secret.
他们接受秘密测试。
And I know that all the election officials always say, well, it was tested and it was certified.
我知道所有选举官员总是说，好吧，它已经过测试并且已经过认证。
Well, all that's a secret too.
好吧，这一切也是一个秘密。
And so even if we want questions about how was it was tested, how it was certified, we can't find out.
因此，即使我们想知道它是如何测试的、如何认证的，我们也无法找到答案。
How did we manage to privatize the most public thing we do in this democracy?
我们如何设法将我们在这个民主国家所做的最公开的事情私有化？
It's the United States.
这是美国。
What do you expect?
你期望什么？
It's capitalism.
这是资本主义。
Let's review.
我们来回顾一下。
Our new and improved voting system has no way to do a recount and no way to look at the machines to see if they're working properly.
我们新的和改进的投票系统无法重新计票，也无法查看机器是否正常工作。
So is there a solution to our streamlined, digital, paperless vote?
那么，我们有没有一个解决方案来简化、数字化、无纸化投票呢？
Paper.
纸。
Jack Hitt For years, Rebecca Mercuri has been going around with her revolutionary new idea, a touch-screen that generates a piece of paper.
杰克·希特（Jack Hitt） 多年来，丽贝卡·麦库里（Rebecca Mercuri）一直致力于她的革命性新想法，即可以生成一张纸的触摸屏。
The voter can look at it to confirm the vote was registered correctly before it drops into an old-fashioned ballot box.
选民可以在投票进入老式投票箱之前查看它以确认投票已正确登记。
Then if there were a dispute, anything from a machine malfunction to a suspected hacker, we could gather up the paper and do a recount.
然后，如果出现任何争议，从机器故障到可疑黑客，我们都可以收集报纸并重新计票。
But the industry says it can't be done.
但业内人士表示，这是不可能做到的。
One of the things that they say is that the paper ballots will jam in the printers.
他们说的一件事是纸质选票会卡在打印机中。
And I really like that excuse since one of the companies, Diebold, makes the vast majority or a huge number of the ATMs in this country.
我真的很喜欢这个借口，因为迪堡公司是这个国家绝大多数或大量 ATM 机的制造商。
And, in fact, none of those seem to have any problems with paper jamming.
事实上，这些似乎都不存在卡纸问题。
The paper is just flopping out, quite fine.
纸刚刚掉下来，很好。
Also when we come to the lottery tickets, gee, we have no problems with this jamming, even on those super lotteries where you got $100 million at stake.
另外，当我们谈到彩票时，哎呀，我们对这种干扰没有任何问题，即使是那些赌注达 1 亿美元的超级彩票。
There might be long lines at the lottery ticket machine.
彩票机前可能会排起长队。
But we don't hear about, oh, the paper jammed and we were unable to get our lottery ticket.
但我们没有听说，哦，卡纸了，我们无法拿到彩票。
I don't know anybody who's ever said that.
我不知道有谁说过这样的话。
This idea that we need to computerize everything and get away from paper is in no other place in the whole industry other than with voting machines.
我们需要将一切都计算机化并摆脱纸张的想法除了投票机之外在整个行业中没有其他地方存在。
And in the thing that should be most critical to our democracy.
以及对我们的民主最关键的事情。
Well, here's my theory.
嗯，这是我的理论。
They looked at what happened in Florida.
他们研究了佛罗里达州发生的事情。
They saw a lot of paper.
他们看到了很多纸。
They saw a lot of people getting into a lot of hot water because of the way the election was conducted.
他们看到很多人因为选举的进行方式而陷入困境。
And the last thing that an election official wants to have is a whole bunch of TV cameras and yelling people camped out on their front steps saying, count the votes, don't count the votes.
选举官员最不想看到的就是一大堆电视摄像机和在他们前面的台阶上扎营的人们大喊大叫，说，计票，不要计票。
And what did you do with your election?
你在选举中做了什么？
And so, if you make it impossible to recount the votes, then you're not going to have that problem, are you?
所以，如果你让重新计票变得不可能，那么你就不会遇到这个问题，不是吗？
Avoiding scandal has already led to some strange events, one of which Mercuri participated in.
避免丑闻已经导致了一些奇怪的事件，麦库里参与了其中之一。
In 2002, she was asked to investigate a local election where everyone agreed that the numbers for one candidate were way off.
2002年，她被要求调查一次地方选举，当时每个人都一致认为一位候选人的选票数字相差甚远。
It happened of course in Florida.
这当然发生在佛罗里达州。
This guy was a very popular former mayor who was just getting back into politics one last time.
这家伙是一位非常受欢迎的前市长，刚刚最后一次重返政坛。
And really, everybody knew him.
确实，每个人都认识他。
And even if I had any doubts before I started getting involved with this case, when you walked down the street.
即使在我开始介入这个案子之前，当你走在街上时，我有任何疑问。
people would come up to this guy and come up and shake his hand.
人们会走到这个人面前并与他握手。
She didn't think it was vote tampering or hanging chads or anything.
她不认为这是篡改选票或悬挂碎屑或其他任何东西。
She just thought that maybe the machine was malfunctioning.
她只是觉得，也许是机器出了故障。
All she wanted to do something that not so long ago was pretty commonplace.
她只想做一些不久前还很平常的事情。
We just wanted to wind it back to where you could cast board votes and see if it was recording them all correctly.
我们只是想将其返回到可以进行董事会投票的位置，看看它是否正确记录了所有投票。
And they wouldn't let us do that.
他们不会让我们这样做。
What was proprietary about just practicing the vote again?
再次练习投票有何专有之处？
They said we weren't allowed to do that.
他们说我们不可以这样做。
It was proprietary.
它是专有的。
This is crazy.
这太疯狂了。
Rebecca Mercuri Tell me about it.
丽贝卡·麦库里 告诉我这件事。
It was proprietary.
它是专有的。
But you're not asking to look at the code.
但您并不是要求查看代码。
You're just asking to like--
你只是要求喜欢——
No, I wasn't asking to look at the code.
不，我不是要求查看代码。
I just wanted to do a simple test of the machine.
我只是想对机器做一个简单的测试。
Wow.
哇。
Rebecca Mercuri Would you accept a car if they told you that you could test drive it by only making right turns?
丽贝卡·默库里 如果他们告诉你只需右转就可以试驾一辆车，你会接受吗？
I mean that's ridiculous.
我的意思是这太荒谬了。
I don't think so.
我不这么认为。
But one other thing further than that, even if it were possible to create the world's perfect voting machine that was a piece of equipment and it worked perfectly and it recorded every single vote and tabulated them correctly, every single time, I think that it is contrary to the spirit of democracy for us to trust that.
但除此之外的另一件事是，即使有可能创造出世界上最完美的投票机，它是一种设备，并且运行完美，每次都记录每一张选票并正确地制成表格，我认为我们相信这一点是违背民主精神的。
Oh yes, the spirit of democracy, the ghost in the machine.
哦，是的，民主精神，机器中的幽灵。
In other words, all that busyness at the local firehouse, Alfreda and Charlie out on the sidewalk, the poll watchers inside with their chatter, trading gossip, the tallies carefully noted, or the box of paper ballots carried off under lock and key.
换句话说，当地消防站的忙碌，阿尔芙蕾达和查理在人行道上，民意调查员在里面闲聊，交换八卦，仔细记录计票结果，或者把纸质选票箱锁起来带走。
Sure, all of that can be replaced by software modems.
当然，所有这些都可以被软件调制解调器取代。
But it assumes that voting is really just another transaction, like buying a book off the internet, which is where we're headed.
但它假设投票实际上只是另一项交易，就像从互联网上购买一本书一样，这就是我们前进的方向。
Nowadays, no one sells the old mechanical lever booths anymore, too low tech.
现在已经没有人卖旧的机械杠杆摊位了，技术含量太低了。
And with the punch cards disgraced in Florida, more and more precincts are turning to touch-screen.
随着打孔卡在佛罗里达州的失宠，越来越多的辖区开始转向触摸屏。
In 2002, President Bush signed into law the Help America Vote Act, which includes $700 million to replace punch card and lever voting equipment.
2002年，布什总统签署了《帮助美国投票法案》，其中包括7亿美元用于更换打孔卡和杠杆投票设备。
Most recently, the city of Boston and the entire state of Maryland have become Diebold's newest customers, buying into the dream of touch-screen efficiency.
最近，波士顿市和整个马里兰州都成为了迪堡的最新客户，他们对触摸屏效率的梦想表示认同。
So clean, so uncluttered, and free of controversy.
那么干净，那么整洁，没有争议。
Back when America first opened for business, Europeans were stunned that any country would center its founding on a piece of paper, the Constitution.
当美国第一次开放商业时，欧洲人惊讶地发现任何国家都会以一张纸——宪法为立国之本。
They thought we were crazy.
他们认为我们疯了。
We had no monarchy, no direct authority from God, no divine right of kings.
我们没有君主制，没有来自上帝的直接权威，没有国王的神圣权利。
We put our faith in a flimsy piece of paper, because after all the noise dies down, that's all a democracy really is.
我们把信心寄托在一张脆弱的纸上，因为当所有的喧嚣平息之后，这才是真正的民主。
Jack Hitt in New Haven.
杰克·希特在纽黑文。
In elections this past week, there were new controversies for Diebold.
在上周的选举中，迪堡出现了新的争议。
Officials in California are saying that thousands of people may have cast their votes on software that hadn't been certified by the state, as required by California law.
加州官员表示，数千人可能对未经该州法律要求认证的软件进行了投票。
And some touch-screens failed in Maryland, prompting a lawsuit by Republicans.
马里兰州的一些触摸屏出现故障，引发了共和党人的诉讼。
Coming up, more theory and practice.
接下来，更多的理论和实践。
For instance, in theory you want to give $200 million to public radio so you donate to a very fine company, very fine news organization called National Public Radio in Washington, DC, without ever realizing that there is an equally worthy outfit called Public Radio International that also puts out some very fine programs, could use a little cash.
例如，理论上你想向公共广播电台捐赠 2 亿美元，因此你向华盛顿特区的一家非常优秀的公司、非常优秀的新闻机构（称为国家公共广播电台）捐款，却没有意识到还有一个同样有价值的机构，称为国际公共广播电台，也推出了一些非常好的节目，可以使用一点现金。
But that was your theory.
但这是你的理论。
In practice, we actually won't hear about this at all in the second half of the show, which you'll hear in one minute from Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International, remember the name, when our program continues.
实际上，我们实际上不会在节目的后半部分听到这个消息，当我们的节目继续时，您将在一分钟内从芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台听到这个内容，记住名字。
This is American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Each week on our program of course we choose some theme.
当然，我们每周的节目都会选择一些主题。
And bring you a variety of different kinds of stories on that theme.
并为您带来有关该主题的各种不同类型的故事。
Today's program, the annoying gap between theory and practice.
今天的节目，理论与实践之间令人烦恼的差距。
We have stories of people coming face to face with that gap.
我们有一些关于人们直面这种差距的故事。
And we are at act two of our program.
我们正在进行计划的第二幕。
Act Two, Detroit in the House.
第二幕，众议院的底特律。
Ten months ago, a political newcomer was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives, not because he had any childhood dreams of being a politician or because he really loved the spotlight or because he wanted power of any sort actually.
十个月前，一位政治新人当选为密歇根州众议院议员，并不是因为他儿时梦想成为一名政治家，也不是因为他真的喜欢聚光灯，也不是因为他实际上想要任何形式的权力。
He just had some ideas about how to make things better in his community, from experience working in the community, plus a masters's degree in public policy, and a law degree.
他只是根据在社区工作的经验，加上公共政策硕士学位和法律学位，对如何让社区的事情变得更好有了一些想法。
The voters agreed that his ideas were the best.
选民们一致认为他的想法是最好的。
They sent him off to the government to make those ideas happen.
他们把他送到政府去实现这些想法。
And that pretty much was when theory and practice started to diverge.
这几乎就是理论和实践开始出现分歧的时候。
Alex Blumberg spent three days with freshman state representative, Steve Tobocman.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格 (Alex Blumberg) 与新州代表史蒂夫·托博克曼 (Steve Tobocman) 一起度过了三天。
Here are other reasons Steve Tobocman shouldn't be in office.
以下是史蒂夫·托博克曼不应该任职的其他原因。
His district is 80% minority, but he's white.
他所在的选区 80% 都是少数族裔，但他是白人。
At the time of his campaign, he didn't have any actual experience in politics and he was up against a two-term incumbent.
在竞选时，他没有任何实际的从政经验，而且他面对的是一位连任两届的现任总统。
And he ran in the most old fashioned way possible, no radio or TV ads, no special interest money.
他以最老式的方式跑步，没有广播或电视广告，没有特别利息钱。
He went out and knocked on doors, every single day for four months.
在四个月的时间里，他每天都出去敲门。
And you'd spend so many hours knocking.
你会花很多时间敲门。
I mean your knuckles would be raw.
我的意思是你的指关节会生疼。
You knees would hurt.
你的膝盖会痛。
Your hands would hurt.
你的手会受伤。
It's a tremendous weight loss program.
这是一个巨大的减肥计划。
I actually to maximize, and this is a little embarassing, but to maximize the number of doors I could knock on, I would run, I would literally sprint between the houses to save time.
我实际上是为了最大化，这有点尴尬，但是为了最大化我可以敲的门的数量，我会跑步，我会在房子之间冲刺以节省时间。
I literally would sprint between houses.
我真的会在房子之间冲刺。
So one day I was sprinting down the street and I kind of jogged into this guy's backyard.
所以有一天，我沿着街道跑，小跑进了这个家伙的后院。
And he's like, "Are you OK.
他就像是，“你还好吗？
Are you OK?" And I said, "What do you mean?" And he said, "Well, I see a white guy running in this neighborhood.
你还好吗？”我说：“你是什么意思？”他说：“嗯，我看到一个白人在这附近跑步。
I figured he was under attack or something like that."
我认为他受到了攻击或者类似的事情。”
Steve's district is a poor inner city section of Detroit.
史蒂夫所在的地区是底特律市中心的一个贫困地区。
A city's whose problems are legendary, of course.
当然，这座城市的问题是传奇般的。
It has the nation's highest infant mortality rate, lost half its population since 1950.
它的婴儿死亡率全国最高，自 1950 年以来人口减少了一半。
And to give you an idea of the size of its middle class, the total number of Starbucks in this the 10th largest city in the country, three.
为了让您了解中产阶级的规模，这个全国第十大城市的星巴克总数为 3 家。
13 fewer than at O'Hare Airport.
比奥黑尔机场少 13 架。
Steve had been trying to fix Detroit's problems for years in various jobs with various neighborhood economic development groups.
多年来，史蒂夫一直在与各个社区经济发展团体合作，从事各种工作，试图解决底特律的问题。
Mostly he fought slow, bureaucratic battles to get abandoned buildings either torn down or fixed up.
大多数时候，他都是通过缓慢的官僚斗争来拆除或修复废弃的建筑。
He can tell you all sorts of modest specific ways that government could help improve things by streamlining the way federal block grants are distributed for example or selling condemned properties to community and church groups for a dollar or to groups to rehab and sell at a discount to low income families.
他可以告诉你政府可以通过简化联邦整笔拨款的分配方式来帮助改善情况的各种温和的具体方法，例如，或者以一美元的价格将废弃的财产出售给社区和教会团体，或者出售给团体进行修复，然后以折扣价出售给低收入家庭。
But these ideas usually went nowhere.
但这些想法通常毫无结果。
I mean Steve would come home for years and be frustrated, like you're working, you're working, you're working, and it seems like a good idea.
我的意思是，史蒂夫回家后会感到沮丧，就像你在工作，你在工作，你在工作，这似乎是个好主意。
And you can't get anything done about it.
而你对此无能为力。
This is Steve's wife, Sharon.
这是史蒂夫的妻子莎伦。
She says that all this changed during a dinner Steve had with a mentor of his from grad school.
她说，在史蒂夫与研究生院导师共进晚餐时，这一切都发生了变化。
Basically he said, stop complaining and do more.
基本上他说，停止抱怨，做更多事情。
Like if what's making it hard are a level of politicians or a level of bureaucracy, then get inside that bureaucracy and change that bureaucracy.
就像如果让事情变得困难的是某个级别的政客或某个级别的官僚机构，那么就进入该官僚机构并改变该官僚机构。
And he came home and said, "I think I need to run for office.
他回到家说：“我想我需要竞选公职。
What do you think about that?" And I was like, oh [BLEEP].
你对此有何看法？”我当时想，哦[BLEEP]。
I always thought, well you run for office and that's really about ego and it's very self-serving.
我一直想，你竞选公职实际上是关于自我的，而且是非常自私的。
And somehow that conversation was different because this was a view that spoke to me in terms of making a difference.
不知何故，这次谈话有所不同，因为这是一种对我有所作为的观点。
So in other words, it made you think by becoming a politician you could actually do some good.
换句话说，它让你认为成为一名政治家实际上可以做一些好事。
That was the thought.
这就是我的想法。
And every day you try and see if that's indeed the case.
每天你都会尝试看看情况是否确实如此。
If you've ever wondered what the hell politicians do all day, I can say that if Steve Tobocman's any indication, a lot more than you do, pal.
如果你想知道政客们整天都在做什么，我可以说，如果史蒂夫·托博克曼有任何迹象的话，比你做的要多得多，朋友。
His workday begins at 7:00 or 8:00 AM.
他的工作日从上午 7:00 或 8:00 开始。
And this one includes among other things, a very dull hour plus tour of a social service facility, a 15-minute phone call with an Arab American constituent who believes her teenage son is being discriminated against in school, at the end of which Steve promises to call the principal.
除其他外，这其中包括一个非常无聊的小时，再加上参观社会服务设施，与一位阿拉伯裔美国选民打了 15 分钟的电话，这位选民认为她十几岁的儿子在学校受到歧视，最后史蒂夫承诺会给校长打电话。
And what would be a solution in your mind to the problem?
您心目中的问题解决方案是什么？
There's a lunch meeting with a business constituent who wants a favor, a staff meeting, some fund raising calls, and then in the evening, a two-hour town meeting in a high school gymnasium on the subject of insurance redlining.
与一位想要帮忙的商界人士举行午餐会议，召开员工会议，进行一些筹款电话，然后晚上在高中体育馆举行两小时的城镇会议，讨论保险红线问题。
An angry crowd of 20 to 30 Detroit home and car owners complains about insurance rates that are almost 50% higher than rates right across the border in the suburbs.
底特律 20 至 30 名房屋和车主组成的愤怒人群抱怨保险费率比边境另一边郊区的保险费率高出近 50%。
The lowest I could get per month for insurance was $365 a month.
我每月可以获得的最低保险费是 365 美元。
The insurance would have been more than my car loan.
保险金额将超过我的汽车贷款。
Steve offers some suggestions.
史蒂夫提出了一些建议。
And one middle-aged Hispanic man, in a black satin varsity jacket and a baseball hat, grabs Steve by the arm and says, "We've never heard anyone talk so clearly about this before.
一名身穿黑色缎子校服、头戴棒球帽的西班牙裔中年男子抓住史蒂夫的手臂，说道：“我们以前从未听过有人如此清楚地谈论过这件事。
You are the one who can help us.
你是能够帮助我们的人。
You are the light and we will follow you."
你是光，我们会跟随你。”
You are the light to me because I think there's treasure in every single time--
你是我的光，因为我认为每一次都有宝藏——
And now it's 7:00 AM the next morning.
现在是第二天早上 7:00。
And though it's still dark outside, the light is up and driving to Lansing, the state capitol, in his blue Saturn station wagon, where at least in theory he'll be helping the people he met last night.
尽管外面还很黑，但灯已经亮了，他开着蓝色土星旅行车前往兰辛州议会大厦，至少在理论上他会在那里帮助他昨晚遇到的人。
The problem of course is that Steve works with 110 other Representatives and they're all driving up from their own town meetings, where their own constituents have been demanding action on their own quite different grievances.
当然，问题是史蒂夫与其他 110 名众议员一起工作，他们都从自己的城镇会议上开车过来，他们自己的选民一直在要求对自己截然不同的不满采取行动。
Getting elected may give you a slightly louder voice, but it also sticks you into a much noisier crowd, the majority of whom couldn't care less about redlining or community development or frankly, the entire city of Detroit.
当选可能会让你的声音稍微大一点，但它也会让你陷入更吵闹的人群中，他们中的大多数人根本不关心红线或社区发展，或者坦率地说，整个底特律市。
And you don't care about their issues either.
而你也不关心他们的问题。
In fact, being a legislator involves spending a lot of time dealing with issues you have absolutely no interest in.
事实上，作为一名立法者需要花费大量时间处理你完全不感兴趣的问题。
Sometimes though, the issues you care least about can end up altering the course of your political career, issues with names like the Michigan Controlled Shareowner statute.
但有时，你最不关心的问题最终可能会改变你的政治生涯，比如密歇根州控制股东法规等问题。
In the car on the way to Lansing, Steve tells me the story.
在前往兰辛的车上，史蒂夫向我讲述了这个故事。
I didn't know about it.
我不知道这件事。
And most people didn't know about it.
大多数人都不知道这件事。
Basically it was adopted in the mid-'80s to prevent hostile takeovers of Michigan companies, companies based in Michigan.
基本上它是在八十年代中期被采用的，目的是防止对密歇根州公司（总部位于密歇根州的公司）的恶意收购。
And--
还有——
Now as a legislator facing a bill you don't care that much about, you have two choices.
现在，作为一名立法者，面对一项你不太关心的法案，你有两个选择。
You can A, assume someone in your party has looked at the issue thoroughly and vote how that person tells you to.
您可以 A，假设您所在政党中的某个人已经彻底研究了该问题，并按照该人告诉您的方式进行投票。
Or B, you can do all the research yourself and come to an independent position based entirely on your own principles and convictions.
或者B，您可以自己完成所有研究，并完全根据自己的原则和信念获得独立的立场。
No one does B.
没有人做B。
Well, except for freshman legislators.
好吧，除了新立法委员。
When I first got to the legislature, I think every vote, I used to sit at my desk on the floor and as every issue came up, I would study it and get as much information as possible before casting my vote.
当我第一次进入立法机关时，我认为每次投票时，我都会坐在地板上的办公桌前，当每个问题出现时，我都会研究它并在投票之前获得尽可能多的信息。
Do you think that like of the bills that the sort of people vote on, do you think that most of the people who are voting for the bill actually understand how it will impact once it's implemented?
您是否认为，就像人们投票表决的法案一样，您是否认为大多数投票支持该法案的人实际上了解该法案一旦实施将产生怎样的影响？
I think that you have a general gist of what the bill is trying to do.
我认为您对该法案想要做什么有一个总体要点。
But in terms of understanding the specifics and that kind of thing and being able to articulate a detailed analysis, I think that it's virtually impossible.
但要了解具体情况并能够进行详细的分析，我认为这几乎是不可能的。
So just a month or two into his new job, Steve found himself reading up on the Michigan Controlled Shareowner statute.
因此，就在他新工作一两个月后，史蒂夫发现自己正在阅读密歇根州控制股东法规。
which had come before the legislature at the urging of the Todman Group, a private mall development company based in Michigan and owned by the Todman family.
在托德曼集团（Todman Group）的敦促下，该法案提交给了立法机关。托德曼集团是一家位于密歇根州、由托德曼家族所有的私人购物中心开发公司。
They were trying to fight off a takeover by an even bigger mall development company called the Simon Group and they needed a loophole closed in the law to do that.
他们试图阻止一家更大的购物中心开发公司西蒙集团的收购，他们需要填补法律漏洞才能做到这一点。
After a couple late nights of research, Steve decided the Todmans were right.
经过几个深夜的研究后，史蒂夫认为托德曼夫妇是对的。
And he agreed to co-sponsor a bill fixing the loophole.
他同意共同发起一项修复漏洞的法案。
And that's when all hell broke loose.
就在那时，一切都崩溃了。
There were probably $2 billion at stake.
可能涉及 20 亿美元。
The Todmans and the Simon Group had each hired their own army of lobbyists.
托德曼家族和西蒙集团各自雇佣了自己的游说大军。
All of a sudden there were a 100 or 200 people at committee meetings where usually they're only 20 or 30.
委员会会议上突然有 100 或 200 人参加，而通常只有 20 或 30 人。
Everyone took sides, business groups, unions, and of course, Steve's own party.
每个人都站在一边，商业团体、工会，当然还有史蒂夫自己的政党。
The Democratic leadership approached him one day and told him to his horror that he was the only Democrat who had agreed to support the bill.
有一天，民主党领导层找到他，并惊恐地告诉他，他是唯一同意支持该法案的民主党人。
Not only that, the Democrats were planning to run TV ads attacking the Todman supporters as tools of big business.
不仅如此，民主党还计划投放电视广告来攻击托德曼的支持者，将其视为大企业的工具。
And then came a pivotal caucus meeting, a closed door strategy session where the whole party discusses upcoming policies and positions.
然后是一次关键的核心小组会议，这是一次闭门战略会议，全党讨论即将出台的政策和立场。
There's one point in caucus where about five or six people have just blasted this bill.
在党团会议的某个时刻，大约有五六个人刚刚抨击了这项法案。
And used all of the sort of hyperbolic arguments that everybody had used against this bill, that the Todman family had given hundreds of thousands of dollars to Republicans and why should we be doing their business in the legislature?
并使用了每个人都用来反对这项法案的所有夸张论点，托德曼家族已经向共和党人捐赠了数十万美元，为什么我们应该在立法机关做他们的事？
And this was based solely on campaign contributions.
这完全基于竞选捐款。
And I'm sitting there as a freshman thinking, man, do I look bad right now.
作为一名新生，我坐在那里想，伙计，我现在看起来很糟糕吗？
And I'm going to look even worse when there's one Democratic vote on the floor.
当现场只有一张民主党选票时，我看起来会更糟。
I mean boy, this is going to be embarrassing.
我的意思是，孩子，这会很尴尬。
So basically, finally I'm about the seventh speaker.
基本上，最后我要谈谈第七位发言者。
And at that point probably more out of fear than anything else, I get up and begin to talk about the bill.
那时，可能更多的是出于恐惧，我站起来并开始谈论该法案。
Steve's colleagues still mention that speech to him.
史蒂夫的同事至今仍向他提起那次演讲。
It was the speech of his young political career.
这是他年轻政治生涯的演讲。
He talked about what the bill would do to protect Michigan businesses and workers.
他谈到了该法案将如何保护密歇根州的企业和工人。
He talked about jobs.
他谈到了工作。
He talked about Compuware, the big company owned by Peter Karmanos, that had just built a huge high rise in downtown Detroit.
他谈到了 Compuware，这是 Peter Karmanos 拥有的大公司，刚刚在底特律市中心建造了一座巨大的高层建筑。
I got very passionate.
我变得非常热情。
And I started talking about Mr. Karmanos's investment in Compuware revitalizing the city of Detroit.
我开始谈论 Karmanos 先生对 Compuware 的投资，以振兴底特律市。
And should Microsoft come and take over Compuware that we knew those jobs were going to leave.
如果微软来接管 Compuware，我们知道这些工作岗位将会消失。
And downtown Detroit would be vacant.
底特律市中心将空置。
And all these horrible things would happen.
所有这些可怕的事情都会发生。
And the tone of my voice rose.
我的语气也提高了。
The passion in my voice rose.
我的声音里充满了激情。
And we went out onto the floor and had the vote.
我们走到会场进行投票。
And 22 of my 47 colleagues ended up voting with me.
我的 47 名同事中有 22 名最终投票支持我。
And as a result, it overwhelmingly passed the House.
结果，该法案在众议院以压倒性优势获得通过。
And then because of that kind of support, it passed through on the Senate.
然后由于这种支持，它在参议院获得了通过。
And last week, the governor signed the bill into law.
上周，州长将该法案签署为法律。
And that when I think about what caused that much emotion, I certainly don't think it was the Michigan Controlled Shares statute.
当我思考是什么引起了如此大的情绪时，我当然不认为这是密歇根州控制股份法规。
I think it was more the fear of being the lone vote for the horrible Todman bill.
我认为更多的是担心成为可怕的托德曼法案的唯一投票者。
The Todman bill earned Steve a reputation as something of a rainmaker on the other side of the aisle.
托德曼法案为史蒂夫赢得了“造风者”的声誉。
And the Republicans who were in charge of getting the bill signed into law were so grateful, they've actually helped Steve move some of his own legislation.
负责将该法案签署成为法律的共和党人非常感激，他们实际上帮助史蒂夫推动了他自己的一些立法。
But what's funny is that this vote, a vote that enhanced his political standing in his own party, gained him valuable allies on the other side of the aisle, not to mention brought about a positive change in the law, is a vote that he wouldn't have cast today.
但有趣的是，这次投票，提高了他在自己党内的政治地位，为他赢得了另一边宝贵的盟友，更不用说带来了法律的积极变化，是他今天不会投的一票。
Steve no longer studies every bill that crosses his desk.
史蒂夫不再研究办公桌上的每一张账单。
He uses his time talking to colleagues, enlisting support for his own issues.
他利用时间与同事交谈，为自己的问题争取支持。
If the Todman bill came before him today, he would have listened to his party, not learned anything about it, and voted against it.
如果托德曼法案今天摆在他面前，他会听取他的政党的意见，不了解任何相关情况，并投票反对。
The House will come to order.
众议院将会下令。
I'd ask all members to take their seats.
我请所有成员入座。
On the huge floor of the Michigan House of Representatives, nobody is coming to order.
在密歇根州众议院的巨大大厅里，没有人来发号施令。
The 110 lawmakers, 63 Republicans and 47 Democrats, continue to mill around and cluster in small groups.
110 名立法者，其中 63 名共和党人和 47 名民主党人，继续以小组形式聚集在一起。
There's a big fight brewing today over two bills, Senate Bill 252 and Senate Bill 560, both of which do essentially the same thing, which is impose fees on anyone who discharges pollution into the water.
今天，参议院第 252 号法案和参议院第 560 号法案这两项法案正在酝酿一场激烈的争论，这两项法案本质上都是同一件事，即向任何向水中排放污染物的人征收费用。
One of the bills deals with groundwater, the other rivers and lakes.
其中一项法案涉及地下水，其他法案涉及河流和湖泊。
In any event, in both of them, the more pollution you discharge, the higher your fee.
无论如何，在这两种情况下，您排放的污染越多，您的费用就越高。
For small organizations like a day camp with a septic system or a small veterinary office, the fees are in the hundreds of dollars.
对于小型组织，例如带有化粪池系统的日间营地或小型兽医办公室，费用为数百美元。
For large entities like the Ford Motor Company or the City of Grand Rapids, they can climb into the tens of thousands of dollars.
对于像福特汽车公司或大急流城这样的大型实体来说，它们可以达到数万美元。
The idea is that the bills will encourage everyone to pollute less because that will lower your fees and thus lead to clean drinking water for everyone.
这个想法是，这些法案将鼓励每个人减少污染，因为这会降低你的费用，从而为每个人带来清洁的饮用水。
Nearly every state has fees like these.
几乎每个州都有这样的费用。
Michigan is one of just eight states that don't.
密歇根州是仅有的八个不这样做的州之一。
OK.
好的。
One other thing you should know, today's fee bills were the idea of Michigan's Democratic governor.
您应该知道的另一件事是，今天的费用账单是密歇根州民主党州长的主意。
And earlier in the year, she'd worked out a deal with the Republicans, who control both the House and the Senate in Michigan by fairly large majorities.
今年早些时候，她与共和党达成了一项协议，共和党以相当大的多数控制着密歇根州众议院和参议院。
Each party had agreed to put up a certain number of votes to pass the bill.
各党派均同意提交一定数量的票数以通过该法案。
And as of last week, the bills come out of committee and everything seemed to be going smoothly.
截至上周，委员会已经通过了这些法案，一切似乎都进展顺利。
Today though, it seems that the deal might have fallen apart and that Senate Bill 252 and Senate Bill 560 are in trouble.
但今天看来，该协议可能已经破裂，参议院第 252 号法案和参议院第 560 号法案陷入了麻烦。
Steve points to the computer terminal at his desk.
史蒂夫指着办公桌上的电脑终端。
As you can see from the legislative schedule, there are 10 amendments right now in the docket for 252, 13 amendments for Senate Bill 560 that are being planned.
从立法时间表中可以看到，目前 252 号法案中有 10 项修正案正在计划之中，参议院 560 号法案的 13 项修正案正在计划中。
And probably an equal number from each party.
双方的人数可能相等。
And that's a lot?
这已经很多了？
Steve Tobocman That's a lot.
史蒂夫·托博克曼 太多了。
Generally speaking, all the Republican amendments do the same basic thing.
一般来说，所有共和党修正案都做同样的基本事情。
They exempt certain groups from having to pay the pollution discharge fees.
免除某些群体的排污费。
The Chair recognizes Representative Drolet.
主席认可德罗莱代表。
Thank you, Mr. Speaker.
谢谢议长先生。
Steve Tobocman Representative Leon Drolet, a Republican from the Detroit suburbs, gets up and makes the case.
来自底特律郊区的共和党众议员史蒂夫·托博克曼 (Steve Tobocman) 代表莱昂·德罗莱特 (Leon Drolet) 站起来阐述了这一观点。
He says the pollution discharge fees are excessive and they've been foisted on his constituents by the Democratic governor.
他说，排污费过高，是民主党州长强加给他的选民的。
And I'd like to review some of who these polluters are that we're making pay and what the governor is proposing in her executive fees.
我想回顾一下我们正在支付的这些污染者是谁，以及州长在行政费用中提出的建议。
For one of the polluters, the Sable Valley Nursing Home, the government proposes a $6,000 fee on them.
对于污染者之一——Sable Valley Nursing Home，政府提议向其征收 6,000 美元的费用。
Big polluters, like the KPEC Fellowship Christian Church, will have to pay $4,000 additionally under this proposal.
根据这项提议，像 KPEC Fellowship Christian Church 这样的大型污染者将必须额外支付 4,000 美元。
The Boy Scouts of America would have to pay $2,500 in new fees and redo their--
美国童子军将不得不支付 2,500 美元的新费用并重做他们的——
The line between political pandering and political belief is a hazy one.
政治迎合和政治信仰之间的界限是模糊的。
As I watch Representative Drolet, it seems his opposition is sincere.
从我观察德罗莱议员的情况来看，他的反对似乎是真诚的。
People tell me he's a principled and committed libertarian.
人们告诉我他是一位有原则、坚定的自由主义者。
If Steve sees himself as fighting on behalf of people who just want clean drinking water, Representative Drolet sees himself as fighting on behalf of people just trying to make an honest buck, without interference from the state.
如果说史蒂夫认为自己是为那些只想要清洁饮用水的人们而战，那么众议员德罗莱特则认为自己是为那些只想诚实赚钱而不受国家干预的人们而战。
Both men think that if things ran their way, the world would be a lot better.
两人都认为，如果事情按照他们的意愿发展，世界会变得更好。
And both men think that if things run the other guy's way, the world would go to hell in a hand basket.
两人都认为，如果事情朝着对方的方向发展，世界就会陷入地狱。
Watching Representative Drolet, I realize sometimes democracy is not about getting your way.
看着德罗莱代表，我意识到有时民主并不是随心所欲。
I don't support this amendment because--
我不支持这项修正案，因为——
It's making sure the other guy doesn't get his.
这是确保其他人不会得到他的。
It's the governor who's proposed these fees.
这些费用是州长提出的。
It's the governor that made a deal to put them through the legislature.
是州长达成协议，让他们通过立法机关。
It's the governor that wants to charge Gene Ringley of Kleen Gene's Laundromat $2,000 additional a year.
州长想向 Kleen Gene 自助洗衣店的 Gene Ringley 每年额外收取 2,000 美元的费用。
So let's let Gene Ringley, Jr. of Rosscommon, Michigan know who wants him to cough up the $2,000.
因此，让我们让密歇根州罗斯康芒市的小吉恩·林利 (Gene Ringley, Jr.) 知道谁希望他支付 2,000 美元。
Speeches like Drulet's make the Democrats on the other side of the aisle nervous, especially ones like Representative Jennifer Elkins, whose district is heavily Republican.
像德鲁莱特这样的演讲让另一边的民主党人感到紧张，尤其是像詹妮弗·埃尔金斯这样的人，他们所在的选区共和党占多数。
She doesn't want Gene Ringley of Kleen Gene's Laundromat to think that she's taking $2,000 of his hard-earned money.
她不想让 Kleen Gene 自助洗衣店的 Gene Ringley 认为她拿走了他辛苦赚来的 2,000 美元。
And she sees that the Republicans are setting a political trap for her.
她看到共和党正在为她设置政治陷阱。
Each of their amendments exempts some group of Michigan voters from this new government fee.
他们的每一项修正案都免除了密歇根州某些选民群体的这项新政府费用。
If the Democrats oppose the amendments, the Republicans will use that against them at reelection time.
如果民主党反对修正案，共和党将在连任时利用这一点来反对他们。
She pulls Steve aside.
她把史蒂夫拉到一边。
We're going to get hung on this [BLEEP].
我们将会被这个[BLEEP]所困扰。
When the Republicans were meeting, our names were brought up--
当共和党人开会时，我们的名字被提出来——
She tells Steve she overheard the Republicans mentioning her name specifically as someone's target.
她告诉史蒂夫，她无意中听到共和党人特别提到她的名字作为某人的目标。
But Steve tells her not to worry.
但史蒂夫告诉她不要担心。
The Democrats met earlier and agree there's no point falling into this trap the Republicans are setting.
民主党早些时候会面并一致认为，没有必要落入共和党设置的陷阱。
They won't challenge the Republicans on any of this.
他们不会在任何问题上挑战共和党。
In other words, they're voting for all the exemptions.
换句话说，他们投票支持所有豁免。
For the exemptions, we're all voting for the exemptions.
对于豁免，我们都投票支持豁免。
They don't understand that's what we're doing.
他们不明白这就是我们正在做的事情。
Yeah.
是的。
Steve Tobocman They think we're going to fight among them on these little nonprofits and churches.
史蒂夫·托博克曼：他们认为我们会在这些小型非营利组织和教堂上与他们进行斗争。
And that's [BLEEP].
这就是[哔]。
We're not going to take that heat.
我们不会承受那么大的热量。
You should vote for every exemption.
您应该为每项豁免投票。
All in favor of the amendment will vote aye.
所有支持修正案的人都会投赞成票。
All those opposed, nay.
所有那些反对的人，不。
The Clerk will open the board.
书记员将打开董事会。
On a big light display board at the front of the chamber, member names light up as they press their vote buttons.
在会议厅前面的一块大灯光显示板上，当成员按下投票按钮时，他们的名字就会亮起。
Red means no. Green means yes.
红色表示不。绿色表示是。
Steve is the floor manager for the Democrats today, meaning it's his job to make sure everyone else knows how to vote.
史蒂夫今天是民主党的场内经理，这意味着他的工作是确保其他人知道如何投票。
Recommending green.
推荐绿色。
Man 2 What do you mean?
男2 你什么意思？
Why should we let them say oh, we protected you, and we didn't?
为什么我们要让他们说哦，我们保护了你，但我们没有？
That's [BLEEP].
那是[哔]。
They're all going to pass.
他们都会过去的。
You might as well be on there.
你不妨也在场。
Why should we let them vote for this and we have to take the heat on this?
为什么我们要让他们投票支持这一点，而我们却必须为此承受压力？
Green.
绿色的。
Mr. Speaker All members voted?
议长先生 所有成员都投票了吗？
The Clerk will close the board.
书记员将关闭董事会。
Tally, display, announce the vote.
计票、显示、宣布投票结果。
Mr. Speaker, on the question of adoption of the Bradstreet Amendment 2D, there are 102 aye votes and 3 nay votes.
议长先生，关于通过布拉德斯特里特修正案2D的问题，有102票赞成，3票反对。
The majority of the members electing and serving having voted in support of the Bradstreet Amendment 2D, it is adopted.
大多数选举和任职的成员投票支持《布拉德街修正案 2D》，该修正案获得通过。
If there are further amendments, the Clerk will read them.
如有进一步修改，书记官将宣读。
The debate about the fee bills drags on long after this, for four hours until 6:00 PM, well past the time session usually ends.
关于费用账单的争论在此之后持续了很长一段时间，持续了四个小时，直到下午 6:00，远远超过了会议通常结束的时间。
And one of the bills ends up passing.
其中一项法案最终获得通过。
But the other one keeps getting slammed around.
但另一只却不断受到撞击。
Republicans continue to introduce amendments exempting various sympathetic institutions, farmers, schools, small towns.
共和党人继续提出修正案，豁免各种同情机构、农民、学校、小镇。
And they continue to pass with majority Democratic support.
他们继续在多数民主党支持下获得通过。
And then the Democrats turn around and introduce amendments that directly contradict the ones they just voted yes to, tightening regulations and increasing fees.
然后民主党转身提出与他们刚刚投票赞成的修正案直接矛盾的修正案，收紧监管并增加费用。
Thank you, Mr. Speaker.
谢谢议长先生。
This amendment to increase fees for chronic violators of the Clean Water Act serves two important purposes.
这项增加长期违反《清洁水法》者费用的修正案有两个重要目的。
These fail, entirely along party lines.
这些都失败了，完全按照党派路线。
There's a highly choreographed feel to the whole thing.
整个事情有一种精心设计的感觉。
People don't cheer and high-five when their amendments pass.
当修正案通过时，人们不会欢呼并击掌。
And they don't slam their briefcases on their desks when they fail.
当他们失败时，他们不会把公文包摔在桌子上。
They're not trying to persuade each other or even to win.
他们并不是试图说服对方，甚至不是为了获胜。
Each vote, each amendment, each speech for the record is solely about targeting the other party's positions at election time.
每一次投票、每一次修正案、每一次记录的演讲都只是针对对方在选举时的立场。
The Republicans are trying to catch the Democrats raising taxes on the Boy Scouts.
共和党正试图阻止民主党提高对童子军的税收。
And the Democrats are trying to get the Republicans on record voting against clean drinking water.
民主党正试图让共和党正式投票反对清洁饮用水。
But not everything in the day goes according to script.
但并非一天中的一切都按剧本进行。
There is exactly one time in the entire debate when someone introduces an amendment as a matter of personal conviction, and not as a matter of party strategy.
在整个辩论中，只有一次有人提出修正案是出于个人信念，而不是政党策略问题。
The purpose of this-- Alex Blumberg A Republican representative, Jack Brandenburg, introduces an amendment that mandates surprise on-site inspections at companies that pollute.
这样做的目的——亚历克斯·布隆伯格（Alex Blumberg） 共和党代表杰克·勃兰登堡（Jack Brandenburg）提出了一项修正案，要求对污染企业进行突击现场检查。
In other words, that actually strengthens the environmental provisions of the bill.
换句话说，这实际上强化了该法案的环境条款。
And he does it for the simple reason that he's worried about all the bad stuff going into the water.
他这样做的原因很简单，他担心所有有害物质都会进入水中。
Currently, there are 600 toxins that if not discharged properly, are harmful to the health of human beings.
目前，有600多种毒素如果不妥善排出，对人类健康有害。
Some of the most commonly discharged toxins are the following-- Mercury, linked to immune disorders and brain damage.
一些最常排出的毒素如下：汞，与免疫紊乱和脑损伤有关。
Barium--
钡--
Brandenburg talks for a long time before Steve and the Democrats even realize it's not the usual offering from the other side of the aisle.
勃兰登堡会谈了很长时间，史蒂夫和民主党甚至意识到这不是另一方通常提出的建议。
Well, I'll vote for this.
好吧，我会投票支持这一点。
Alex Blumberg The Republicans are realizing the same thing.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格（Alex Blumberg）共和党人也意识到了同样的事情。
You can hear the murmuring increase as people try to figure out what's going on.
当人们试图弄清楚发生了什么事时，你可以听到窃窃私语的声音增加。
Copper is the most frequently discharged toxin into the Great Lakes, but we have not yet determined if this is in any way an effect on our health.
铜是最常排入五大湖的毒素，但我们尚未确定这是否会对我们的健康产生任何影响。
May I have a little respect here please.
请给我一点尊重。
Mr. Speaker?
议长先生？
All right.
好的。
Alex Blumberg Brandenburg finishes.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格·勃兰登堡完成比赛。
The Clerk opens the board.
书记员打开董事会。
And much more slowly than on any of the other votes, names begin to appear, one after another, many of them green.
比任何其他投票都要慢得多的名字开始一个接一个地出现，其中许多是绿色的。
Republicans voting for a fellow Republican.
共和党人投票给一位共和党同胞。
And the Clerk closes the board.
书记员关闭了董事会。
And it looks like the measure has actually passed.
看来这项措施实际上已经通过了。
But then, the Clerk doesn't tally the results.
但随后，书记员没有统计结果。
Sits quietly, watches the Republican floor leader, who's talking heatedly into the phone at his desk.
静静地坐着，看着共和党院内领袖，他正在办公桌前对着电话激烈地交谈。
Other Republican leaders circulate around their colleagues.
其他共和党领导人在他们的同事周围活动。
And gradually screen names start switching to red.
逐渐地，屏幕名称开始变成红色。
Representative Middaugh votes nay.
众议员米多投了反对票。
Representative Palsrok votes nay.
帕尔斯罗克代表投了反对票。
At one point, I witness a classic backroom political horse trade done right out in the open, in the most blatant way possible, in the middle of the chamber floor.
有一次，我亲眼目睹了一场经典的幕后政治讨价还价，以最明目张胆的方式在会议厅地板中央进行。
Virgil Smith, a Democrat from Detroit, sees which way the wind is blowing.
来自底特律的民主党人维吉尔·史密斯（Virgil Smith）看到了风向。
Sees that the Republican floor leader isn't going to close the board until he gets enough no votes from his own party to kill the amendment.
认为共和党院内领袖不会关闭委员会，除非他从自己的政党获得足够多的无票来废除修正案。
And so Representative Smith decides to help them and help himself.
因此，史密斯议员决定帮助他们，也帮助自己。
He gets up, walks across the floor with his arm held above his head, and his thumb pointed straight up in the air, as if he were raising his hand in school and giving the thumbs sign at the same time.
他站起来，走过地板，手臂举过头顶，拇指笔直指向空中，就好像他在学校举手的同时做出了拇指手势。
He walks right up to the Republican floor leader, Randy Richardville, who's huddled on the phone, surrounded by his advisers.
他径直走向共和党院内领袖兰迪·理查德维尔 (Randy Richardville)，后者正挤在电话旁，周围都是他的顾问。
And he stands there, with his thumb in the air.
他站在那里，拇指举在空中。
Richardville puts down the phone, looks up at him, they have a brief conversation.
理查德维尔放下电话，抬头看着他，他们进行了简短的交谈。
And then, Representative Smith walks back to his seat, still with his arm in the air, but this time with his thumb pointed down.
然后，史密斯代表走回座位，手臂仍然高举在空中，但这次拇指朝下。
Whatever happened, he's now voting nay.
不管发生了什么，他现在投了反对票。
He put nay.
他拒绝了。
What did you get for that, Virgil?
维吉尔，你为此得到了什么？
He got something.
他得到了一些东西。
Steve Tobocman He got something for that.
史蒂夫·托博克曼（Steve Tobocman）他为此得到了一些东西。
Because they didn't want this to pass.
因为他们不想让这件事过去。
And it doesn't pass.
但它没有通过。
After a brief digression from the day's script, Republican leaders continue turning green votes to red, until they have what they need.
在短暂偏离当天的剧本之后，共和党领导人继续将绿票变成红票，直到他们得到他们所需要的。
Mr. Speaker, on the question of adoption of the Brandenburg Amendment 2D, there are 51 aye votes and 52 nay votes.
议长先生，关于通过勃兰登堡修正案2D的问题，有51票赞成，52票反对。
A sufficient number of members having not voted in the affirmative, the Brandenburg Amendment 2D is not adopted.
由于没有足够数量的成员投赞成票，勃兰登堡修正案 2D 未获通过。
There are further amendments--
还有进一步的修改——
The weirdest maneuver of the day though, comes at the very end.
然而，今天最奇怪的动作出现在最后。
After spending all day adding amendment after amendment, the Republicans introduce one final amendment.
在花了一整天时间不断添加修正案后，共和党提出了最后一项修正案。
It comes at the very end.
它出现在最后。
And it's rushed through on a procedural maneuver, without a record vote.
而且它是在程序上仓促通过的，没有进行记录投票。
Steve and all the Democrats scramble around to try and figure out what it says.
史蒂夫和所有民主党人都争先恐后地试图弄清楚它说的是什么。
What did they do here?
他们在这里做了什么？
Man 4 What did they just do?
男人4 他们刚刚做了什么？
Even the press guy for the Republican party is caught off guard, has to head out to the floor to find out what it does.
就连共和党的新闻记者也措手不及，不得不前往会场看看它在做什么。
He comes back and tells us with a sheepish smile, basically it takes us back in time three hours.
他回来后带着羞涩的微笑告诉我们，基本上这让我们回到了三个小时的时间。
It returns Senate Bill 560 to its original language, stripping off every amendment the Republicans had added, undoing everything Republicans had spent the past three hours doing.
它将参议院第 560 号法案恢复到原来的语言，删除了共和党人添加的每一项修正案，撤销了共和党人在过去三个小时里所做的一切。
Then the Republicans bring this new bill, which is now the same as the old bill, to a vote and it fails.
然后共和党将这项与旧法案相同的新法案付诸表决，但失败了。
And then the Republican majority leader, Rick Johnson, holds a press conference in which he blames the Democrats, the minority party, and the only ones who actually voted for the bill, for its failure.
然后，共和党多数党领袖里克·约翰逊（Rick Johnson）召开了一次新闻发布会，他在会上将法案的失败归咎于民主党、少数党以及唯一真正投票支持该法案的人。
In the process, they made Steve Tobacman waste half his day on a huge turkey shoot that helped no one in his district.
在这个过程中，他们让史蒂夫·托巴克曼（Steve Tobacman）浪费了半天时间去拍摄一场巨大的火鸡射击，但这对他所在地区的任何人都没有帮助。
On the car ride home, we discussed the day.
在回家的车上，我们讨论了这一天。
It wasn't all bad.
这并不全是坏事。
He did manage to get some minor amendment, something to do with fraudulent notary publics, through a committee earlier in the day.
当天早些时候，他确实设法通过一个委员会获得了一些与欺诈性公证人有关的小修正案。
He tells me that so far the best moment of his political career was the first, election night.
他告诉我，到目前为止，他政治生涯中最好的时刻是第一个选举之夜。
It was early in the evening and returns were still coming in.
此时已是傍晚时分，回来的人还在。
He was standing in front of all supporters.
他站在所有支持者面前。
And for the first time, he thought to himself it doesn't matter whether I win or lose.
他第一次对自己说，我输赢并不重要。
I ran a great campaign.
我开展了一场伟大的竞选活动。
I took no money.
我没拿钱。
I spoke about issues that I believed in.
我谈到了我所相信的问题。
I did everything exactly according to my beliefs.
我完全按照我的信念做了一切。
Driving home tonight after a long confusing day at his new job, as the rain poured symbolically down from the sky, that night feels very far away.
在新工作中度过了漫长而混乱的一天后，今晚，当雨象征性地从天空倾盆而下时，那个夜晚感觉非常遥远。
Do you find it like, yesterday we drive around your district.
你有没有觉得，就像昨天我们在你所在的地区开车一样。
And then we go to this like redlining meeting where it's very local.
然后我们就去参加红线会议，这是非常本地化的。
And then I come into that chamber, and then there's this like elaborate political game that's going on.
然后我走进那个房间，然后就发生了一场精心设计的政治游戏。
It's hard to see the connection sometimes.
有时很难看出其中的联系。
It was hard for me.
这对我来说很难。
Is it sometimes hard for you?
有时对你来说很难吗？
Oh, absolutely.
哦，绝对是。
I mean today's activity was a bunch of pageantry.
我的意思是今天的活动是一场盛大的活动。
And it really does not in my mind impact the quality of life too greatly.
在我看来，它确实不会对生活质量产生太大影响。
And that I ask myself all the time.
我一直问自己。
And I continually to ask myself.
我不断地问自己。
You might go out there and you find yourself advocating for the Todman bill or for pollution discharge permits fees.
您可能会发现自己在倡导托德曼法案或污染排放许可证费用。
Or you can't really produce the results to end insurance redlining that you want to produce.
或者您无法真正产生结果来结束您想要产生的保险红线。
And you feel, wow, I'm a total fraud up here.
你会觉得，哇，我在这里完全是个骗子。
Here I am talking about something I truly, honestly believe in.
在这里，我正在谈论一些我真正、诚实地相信的事情。
And I'm doing everything I can.
我正在尽我所能。
But at the end of the day, what kind of impact am I having?
但归根结底，我会产生什么样的影响？
And is there a different thing I should be doing that my life?
还有什么是我一生中应该做的不同的事情吗？
And is all of this worth that kind of trouble?
这一切值得这么麻烦吗？
In Steve's freezer at home in Detroit, there's two foot long pork loin.
史蒂夫底特律家里的冰箱里有两英尺长的猪里脊肉。
It's been there for 10 months.
它已经在那里呆了 10 个月了。
It was a Christmas present sent to him by some lobbying group, right after he got elected.
这是他当选后某个游说团体送给他的圣诞礼物。
Steve's not sure who sent it to him or what it's supposed to get him to do, let alone why anyone thought sending a huge piece of non-kosher meat to a Jew before Christmas would help with anything.
史蒂夫不确定是谁寄给他的，也不知道这应该让他做什么，更不用说为什么有人认为在圣诞节前寄一大块非犹太洁食的肉给犹太人会有帮助。
Or for that matter, why they ignored the obvious negative symbolism of sending pork to a politician.
或者就此而言，为什么他们忽视了向政客送猪肉的明显负面象征意义。
In the end, so much of politics is about hope.
最后，政治的大部分内容都是关于希望的。
Somewhere there's a guy at some pork council putting mailing labels on boxes of meat, thinking maybe this will help.
在某个猪肉委员会的某个地方，有一个人在肉盒上贴上邮寄标签，认为这也许会有所帮助。
And for Steve, making any connection between what he does on a daily basis and what he actually wants to do requires a similar leap of faith.
对于史蒂夫来说，将他每天所做的事情和他真正想做的事情联系起来需要类似的信念飞跃。
But the compromises he makes now will reward him later.
但他现在做出的妥协会在以后得到回报。
And that somewhere down the line, performances like the one today in Lansing will do some good for someone back in Detroit.
在未来的某个地方，像今天在兰辛的表演将为底特律的人们带来一些好处。
Alex Blumberg.
亚历克斯·布隆伯格。
Act Three: Zero Divided By Zero Is Still Zero Ira Glass Act 3, Zero Divided by Zero Is Still Zero.
第三幕：零除以零仍然是零 Ira Glass 第三幕，零除以零仍然是零。
This is a story of somebody trying out a new theory on how to run her life.
这是一个关于某人尝试如何经营自己生活的新理论的故事。
Specifically, how to handle money.
具体来说就是如何处理金钱。
It's an excerpt from the book Random Family, in which a reporter named Adrian Nicole LeBlanc spent over 10 years following some people who were living in the Bronx.
这是《兰登家庭》一书的摘录，书中一位名叫阿德里安·尼科尔·勒布朗的记者花了十多年的时间跟踪一些住在布朗克斯的人。
One of the people is Coco, who is in her early 20s at this point in the story, in this excerpt.
其中一个人就是 Coco，在故事的这个节选中，她此时只有 20 岁出头。
She has kids.
她有孩子。
She's on welfare.
她靠福利。
And at this point in Coco's story, she's living in a church-run residence called Thorpe House, trying to get her life together with the help of the nuns.
在可可的故事中，此时她住在教堂经营的索普之家住宅中，试图在修女们的帮助下过上正常的生活。
Actress Liza Colon-Zayas reads the excerpt.
女演员丽莎·科隆-扎亚斯朗读摘录。
Coco was eager to devise a plan for her future.
可可渴望为她的未来制定一个计划。
Coco responded most enthusiastically to the workshops on money and budgeting.
Coco 对有关资金和预算的研讨会反应最为热烈。
Every two weeks, she received $125 from welfare, by which time she was often $110 in debt.
每两周，她就会从福利金中收到 125 美元，而此时她经常负债 110 美元。
The Thorpe House covered utilities and rent.
索普之家支付水电费和租金。
Coca hoped the budgeting workshops would teach her how to stop having to struggle-- a problem for which she blamed herself.
科卡希望预算研讨会能够教会她如何不再为这个问题而苦苦挣扎——她为此自责。
The day checks arrived was pickup day.
支票到达的那天是取货日。
After she picked up, Coco immediately accounted for one top priority-- People I Owe Money To.
接起电话后，可可立刻就想到了一个重中之重——我欠钱的人。
She always owed someone something-- $8 to Thorpe for change for washing, $6 to a neighbor for food, $15 to Dayland, a drug dealer from around her mother's way, who had lent her $200 the previous Christmas when she had no money for gifts.
她总是欠别人一些东西——欠索普8美元换衣服的零钱，欠邻居6美元买食物的钱，欠戴兰15美元，戴兰是她母亲附近的一个毒贩，去年圣诞节她没钱买礼物时，戴兰借给了她200美元。
Coco earmarked the cash by writing the names, "Dayland's" "Sheila's"-- on the actual bills.
可可在实际账单上写下了“戴兰的”“希拉的”等名字，以指定现金用途。
She also deducted for subway tokens to get to appointments and put money aside for a cab in case of emergency.
她还扣除了去预约的地铁代币，并存了钱以备紧急情况下打车。
It wasn't unusual for her to have $5 left, which she then had to stretch for the next two weeks.
对她来说，只剩下 5 美元并不罕见，但她不得不在接下来的两周内延长这笔钱。
She usually owed someone food stamps.
她通常欠别人食品券。
Luckily, Coco's girls were under five and still qualified for WIC-- Women, Infants, and Children-- a supplemental food program for specified items-- eggs, cereal, and most preciously, milk.
幸运的是，可可的女儿们还不到五岁，仍然有资格参加 WIC（妇女、婴儿和儿童），这是一项针对特定物品（鸡蛋、麦片，还有最珍贵的牛奶）的补充食品计划。
What remained of the money went to clothes for the girls and necessary toiletries.
剩下的钱用来给女孩们买衣服和必要的洗漱用品。
Children's looks reflected the quality of mothering.
孩子的容貌反映了母爱的品质。
Sloppiness and dirt were physical evidence of failure, of poverty winning its battle against you.
马虎和肮脏是失败的物理证据，是贫穷战胜你的证据。
Coco would keep the girls indoors rather than let them look busted-up outside.
可可会让女孩们待在室内，而不是让她们在外面看起来一团糟。
She spent hours on their hair, twisting and tugging, braiding and curling, liberally applying Vaseline.
她花了几个小时在他们的头发上，扭动、拉扯、编辫子、卷发，还大量涂抹凡士林。
When she was done, she'd briskly rub her palms together and wipe down each daughter's face.
完成后，她会轻快地揉搓手掌，擦拭每个女儿的脸。
Vaseline also kept their skin from getting patchy.
凡士林还可以防止他们的皮肤变得斑驳。
"I want them to perfect.
“我希望他们变得完美。
They are so beautiful," Coco said.
它们太漂亮了，”可可说。
Weeks ahead of time, Coco estimated the price of clothes she wanted for her girls, including the tax.
提前几周，可可估算了她想要给女儿们穿的衣服的价格，包括税费。
As soon as she possibly could, she'd make a deposit and put them on layaway.
只要有可能，她就会存入定金并将它们放在预付款上。
But budgeting didn't mitigate one of Coco's greatest problems-- everyone around her also needed, and Coco didn't know how to refuse.
但预算并没有缓解可可最大的问题之一——她周围的每个人都需要，可可不知道如何拒绝。
Sometimes Coco would spend down her money just so she could be the one to use it, allowing her to maintain her integrity.
有时可可会花掉她的钱，只是为了让她能够使用它，让她保持自己的正直。
That way if someone asked her for money, she could honestly tell them no, she didn't have it.
这样，如果有人向她要钱，她可以诚实地告诉他们不，她没有。
The cash had to stretch further with Coco's boyfriend Cesar jailed.
随着可可的男友塞萨尔入狱，现金不得不进一步增加。
He needed winter boots, a coat, socks, towels, and sheets, and commissary money for his hygiene and stamps.
他需要冬靴、外套、袜子、毛巾和床单，以及用于卫生和邮票的小卖部钱。
Then he'd ask for extra things like a door-size reproduction of his favorite photograph of their daughter Mercedes with her hair in Shirley Temple curls.
然后他会要求额外的东西，比如一张他最喜欢的照片的门大小的复制品，照片上是他们的女儿梅赛德斯，她的头发是秀兰·邓波儿的卷发。
Coco didn't know how to tell him no. "The welfare money, that's the girls'.
可可不知道如何告诉他不。 “福利金，那是女孩们的。
It belongs to the girls, not him," she would say, but only to herself.
它属于女孩们，而不是他，”她会说，但只属于她自己。
Coco's sister, Iris, however, knew how to take care of business.
然而可可的妹妹艾丽丝却很懂得如何打理生意。
Her method was a stern personality.
她的方法就是性格严厉。
She could ward off potential borrowers with one stony look.
她可以用冷漠的眼神避开潜在的借款人。
Coco couldn't live like that.
可可不能这样生活。
Coco was too open.
可可太开放了。
Even if she avoided being a bank for near strangers, she ended up as the neighborhood grocery store.
即使她避免成为陌生人的银行，她最终还是成为了附近的杂货店。
People would be knocking at all hours of the day and night, "Coco, you got this?
人们会不分昼夜地敲门，“可可，你明白了吗？
Coco, you got that?'"
可可，你明白了吗？”
Coco's Thorpe House case worker, Sister Christine, worried about Coco's generosity.
可可的索普之家案件工作者克里斯汀修女对可可的慷慨感到担忧。
You either made your way by hardening up, like Iris, or you stayed stuck.
你要么像艾丽丝一样通过坚强来找到自己的出路，要么就陷入困境。
Coco didn't see a choice.
可可没有看到选择。
Coco couldn't ignore the people she cared for, which is why everyone turned to her first for help.
可可无法忽视她所关心的人，这就是为什么每个人都首先向她寻求帮助。
The word that came to Sister Christine's mind whenever she thought of Coco was enmeshed.
每当克里斯汀修女想到可可时，她脑海中就会浮现出这个词：“纠缠不清”。
Coco would have said she had heart.
可可会说她有心。
One day, Coco and Iris went shopping.
有一天，可可和艾里斯去购物。
Although Coco had figured out her budget, she deferred to Iris, who she considered a financial whiz.
尽管可可已经计算出了自己的预算，但她还是听从了艾里斯的意见，因为她认为艾里斯是一位财务奇才。
Iris was the only person Coco knew who actually survived on her welfare benefits.
艾丽丝是可可认识的唯一一个靠福利金生存下来的人。
"I'm going to give you my list of people I owe and you have to divide it up," Coco told her.
“我要把我欠的人名单给你，你必须把它分开，”可可告诉她。
At Youngland, Iris exchanged the $12.99 jeans Coco had put on layaway for a similar style Iris found for half the price.
在 Youngland，Iris 将 Coco 预购的 12.99 美元牛仔裤换成了 Iris 以一半价格找到的类似款式。
Coco would have never had the defiance to ignore the clerk's snooty look.
可可绝不会无视店员傲慢的表情。
Iris brought her to Big R Food Warehouse and suggested Coco buy the enormous packs of chicken and pork chops.
艾里斯带她去了大R食品仓库，并建议可可购买大包的鸡肉和猪排。
Iris divided them into smaller portions and froze them separately.
艾里斯将它们分成较小的部分并分别冷冻。
Coco often forgot to defrost meat in enough time for dinner.
可可经常忘记在晚餐时及时解冻肉。
Iris had her children's school clothes pressed and laid on a chair the night before.
前一天晚上，艾丽丝把孩子们的校服熨平并放在椅子上。
Coco was constantly rummaging around for a hair brush or a matching sock.
可可不断地四处寻找梳子或配套的袜子。
Coco knew she couldn't replicate Iris's strict adherence to order, but she longed for her girls to sleep in rooms like Iris's rooms.
可可知道她无法复制艾丽丝那样严格遵守秩序，但她渴望她的女儿们睡在像艾丽丝房间一样的房间里。
"They for beautiful people," Coco said.
“他们是为了美丽的人，”可可说。
In her niece's bedroom, everything matched-- curtains, and bedspreads, and sheets.
在她侄女的卧室里，一切都很相配——窗帘、床罩和床单。
But Coco's pride in her sister's way was mixed with concern.
但可可对她姐姐的做法感到自豪，但也夹杂着担忧。
The rigidity of Iris's approach to her predicament generated its own problems.
艾丽丝对自己困境的僵化态度也产生了自己的问题。
Iris lived in a housing project, where it was dangerous to take the elevators too early in the morning, or late at night, alone.
艾里斯住在一个住宅区，早上或深夜独自乘电梯很危险。
She rarely ventured anywhere without her husband, Armando-- even to visit family.
没有丈夫阿曼多的陪伴，她很少去任何地方——甚至是探望家人。
And the toll of their vigilance could be seen in Armando's anxious eyes or the grim set of Iris's jaw.
从阿曼多焦急的眼神或艾丽丝严峻的下巴中可以看出他们的警惕性所付出的代价。
Mainly, though, it was Iris's unhappiness that upset Coco.
不过，主要是艾丽丝的不开心让可可心烦意乱。
The family anxiety projected an unspoken, unappealing truth-- that even living right, which was what Coco called it, was just another precarious hold.
家庭的焦虑投射出一个不言而喻的、不吸引人的事实——即使是可可所说的正确生活，也只是另一种不稳定的支撑。
Poverty pulled everybody down.
贫穷把每个人都拖垮了。
Coco loosened her body to minimize the impact of the fall.
可可松开了身体，将摔倒的影响降到最低。
Iris and Armando froze, and the chill stiffened their kids, as well.
艾里斯和阿曼多僵住了，寒冷也让他们的孩子僵硬了。
Even indoors, when Armando planted himself in his favorite chair, he gripped the arms.
即使在室内，当阿曼多坐在他最喜欢的椅子上时，他也会紧紧抓住扶手。
Liza Colon-Zayas, reading from Adrian Nicole LeBlanc's amazing book, Random Family.
丽莎·科隆-扎亚斯 (Liza Colon-Zayas) 正在阅读阿德里安·尼科尔·勒布朗 (Adrian Nicole LeBlanc) 的精彩著作《兰登家庭》(Random Family)。
Our program was produced today by Starlee Kine and myself, with Alex Blumberg, Diane Cook, and Wendy Dorr.
今天我们的节目由 Starlee Kine 和我本人以及 Alex Blumberg、Diane Cook 和 Wendy Dorr 共同制作。
Our senior producer is Julie Snyder.
我们的高级制片人是朱莉·斯奈德。
Production help from Todd Bachmann and Stacey Tiderington.
托德·巴赫曼 (Todd Bachmann) 和史黛西·蒂德林顿 (Stacey Tiderington) 为制作提供帮助。
This is our last show with our intern Stacey Tiderington.
这是我们实习生 Stacey Tiderington 的最后一场演出。
She has faced down some very fierce deadlines with us.
她和我们一起面对了一些非常紧迫的最后期限。
We wish her the best.
我们祝她一切顺利。
[ACKNOWLEDGMENTS] This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
[致谢]《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
[FUNDING CREDITS] WBEZ management oversight by Torey Malatia, who proves that he is a true Chicagoan every November when he calls us in and declares,
[资金来源] WBEZ 管理由 Torey Malatia 负责监督，他每年 11 月都会打电话给我们并宣称，他是一个真正的芝加哥人，
So let's rig an election.
那么，让我们来操纵选举吧。
Ira Glass I'm Ira Glass.
艾拉·格拉斯 我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。