232: The Real Story - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #232 | February 14, 2003 232: The Real Story Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 232 集 | 2003 年 2 月 14 日 232：真实故事 注：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life distributed by Public Radio International.
序言 Ira Glass 来自 WBEZ 芝加哥，由国际公共广播电台发行的《美国生活》。
My [UNINTELLIGIBLE] sergeant put me on a deployment roster to go to the Middle East.
我的[无法辨认]中士将我列入前往中东的部署名单。
And I was told to go to a pre-deployment brief.
我被告知要参加部署前简报。
This guy's a Lance Corporal from the Marines' Eight Communication Battalion at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
这个人是北卡罗来纳州勒琼营海军陆战队第八通讯营的一等兵。
At his pre-deployment briefing to go overseas for whatever is going to happen next in Iraq, there were maybe 300 Marines.
在他前往海外了解伊拉克接下来将发生的情况的部署前简报会上，大约有 300 名海军陆战队员。
You know, folding chairs.
你知道，折叠椅。
There was a projection screen being used to show us the plan of attack.
有一个投影屏幕正在向我们展示攻击计划。
OK, this is where we're going to be landing.
好的，这就是我们要降落的地方。
And then we're going to travel here.
然后我们要去这里旅行。
You'll be wearing this type of gear.
您将穿着这种类型的装备。
They also taught us about Saddam Hussein's military.
他们还向我们介绍了萨达姆·侯赛因的军队。
You know, how much he has.
你知道，他有多少。
And after that, this other speaker came out speaking about the Arab culture.
之后，另一位演讲者出来谈论阿拉伯文化。
He was a sergeant and how the Marine Corps works per se, this guy is not specializing in Arab culture.
他是一名中士，对于海军陆战队本身的运作方式，这家伙并不专门研究阿拉伯文化。
You know, he was probably asked to do a course on Arab culture two weeks prior to the situation.
你知道，在事发前两周，他可能被要求上一门关于阿拉伯文化的课程。
He did some research, per se, and gave the class.
他本身做了一些研究，并授课。
In the class, the sergeant explained what Arabs eat.
在课堂上，中士解释了阿拉伯人吃什么。
That it gets to 140 degrees in the desert.
沙漠里的温度高达 140 度。
The different ethnic groups.
不同的民族。
Then he said to us, when you go over there, make sure you do not shake an Arab with your left hand.
然后他对我们说，当你们去那里时，请确保不要用左手与阿拉伯人握手。
And we're all wondering, why?
我们都想知道为什么？
So he says and the reason is because over in Iraq, over in the Middle East, they wipe their asses with their left hand because they don't have any toilet paper.
所以他说，原因是因为在伊拉克，在中东，他们用左手擦屁股，因为他们没有卫生纸。
And so I'm standing there and I could see people's faces.
所以我站在那里，我可以看到人们的脸。
And they were like in disgust.
他们就像厌恶一样。
They're like, "Oh man.
他们就像，“哦，伙计。
Wow.
哇。
That's just nasty."
这太恶心了。”
This Marine told us that he thought the only reason the sergeant said that was to make the soldiers think that Arabs are disgusting, to make them hate.
这位海军陆战队员告诉我们，他认为中士这么说的唯一原因是让士兵们认为阿拉伯人很恶心，让他们仇恨。
Who knows?
谁知道？
Honestly, who knows?
老实说，谁知道呢？
We checked into it and it's true.
我们查了一下，确实如此。
Lots of people in Iraq and Pakistan, and lots of other countries near there, do not use toilet paper.
伊拉克和巴基斯坦以及附近许多其他国家的许多人不使用卫生纸。
People wash their hands.
人们洗手。
But that sergeant really might have been trying to teach them how to be sensitive to local customs, just didn't do the very best job of it.
但那位中士确实可能试图教他们如何对当地习俗保持敏感，只是没有做得最好。
Once there's a war going on, everyone is suspicious of the information they're getting.
一旦发生战争，每个人都会对他们获得的信息产生怀疑。
Nothing is trustworthy.
没有什么是值得信赖的。
And when a war is over, it's still hard to tell what the truth was.
当战争结束后，仍然很难说出真相是什么。
For instance, the number of Iraqi deaths in the Persian Gulf War back in 1991, do you know?
比如1991年海湾战争中伊拉克人的死亡人数，你知道吗？
No one knows.
没有人知道。
Just after the war, the US Defense Intelligence Agency made a very rough estimate of 100,000.
战后不久，美国国防情报局做出了非常粗略的估计：10万。
The British government says 30,000.
英国政府说是30,000。
The US House Armed Services Committee estimated 9,000.
美国众议院军事委员会估计有 9,000 人。
The PBS show Frontline estimated maybe 27,000.
PBS 节目《前线》估计有 27,000 人。
Well today on our program, we bring you three stories, each one from a different war.
今天在我们的节目中，我们为您带来三个故事，每个故事都来自一场不同的战争。
Each one trying to get you the real true story behind that war.
每个人都试图让您了解那场战争背后的真实故事。
Act One of our show, Jarheads.
我们的节目第一幕，《锅盖头》。
In that act, a marine reminds us just how scary it was to fight against Saddam Hussein the last time around if you weren't just watching on TV.
在那一幕中，一名海军陆战队员提醒我们，如果你不只是在电视上观看的话，上次与萨达姆·侯赛因的战斗是多么可怕。
Act Two, what's the truth good for anyway.
第二幕，真相有什么用呢？
An act which asked the question, if Israelis looked back at their war of independence and decided that maybe they shared some blame for Palestinians having their country, would it change anything?
这项法案提出了这样一个问题：如果以色列人回顾他们的独立战争，并决定也许他们对巴勒斯坦人拥有自己的国家负有一些责任，这会改变什么吗？
Act Three, Jar Jar Heads.
第三幕，罐罐头。
In that act, one brave and funny man doesn't simply try to rewrite the history of a war, he tries to rewrite the movie of the history of the war.
在那一幕中，一个勇敢而有趣的人不仅试图改写战争历史，他还试图改写战争历史的电影。
Stay with us.
留在我们身边。
Act One.
第一幕。
Anthony Swofford I'm Anthony Swofford and I served in the US Marine Corps from December of 1988 through December of 1992.
安东尼·斯沃福德（Anthony Swofford） 我是安东尼·斯沃福德（Anthony Swofford），我于 1988 年 12 月至 1992 年 12 月在美国海军陆战队服役。
And when I left the Marine Corps I was a corporal.
当我离开海军陆战队时，我是一名下士。
And Anthony Swofford is here because he agreed to read an excerpt from his memoir, Jarhead: A Marine's Chronicle of the Gulf War and Other Battles.
安东尼·斯沃福德来这里是因为他同意阅读他的回忆录《锅盖头：一名海军陆战队的海湾战争和其他战役的编年史》的摘录。
And Anthony, before we start, I want to do a quick rundown of some of the words that are going to appear here and there during the readings so nobody gets lost.
安东尼，在我们开始之前，我想快速概述一下阅读期间将出现的一些单词，这样就不会迷路了。
Give me just quick definitions to these.
请给我一些简单的定义。
Ruck.
鲁克。
Dope.
涂料。
Anthony Swofford Well, dope is any sort of information that helps you at all in the field, such as the distance you are from a target, or the wind speed.
安东尼·斯沃福德（Anthony Swofford）：嗯，兴奋剂是指在现场对您有帮助的任何信息，例如您与目标的距离或风速。
Or intelligence?
还是智力？
Anthony Swofford Or any kind of intelligence, yes.
安东尼·斯沃福德（Anthony Swofford）或者任何类型的情报，是的。
Freqs.
频率。
That's F-R-E-Q-S.
这就是 F-R-E-Q-S。
Anthony Swofford Those are the radio frequencies that are being used on the battlefield.
安东尼·斯沃福德 这些是战场上使用的无线电频率。
A grand.
盛大的。
Anthony Swofford A grand is one kilometer.
安东尼·斯沃福德 格兰特是一公里。
STA.
斯塔。
That's S-T-A.
那是S-T-A。
It appears all through this story.
它贯穿整个故事。
STA is the acronym for the platoon I served in.
STA 是我服役的排的缩写。
It stands for Surveillance and Target Acquisition.
它代表监视和目标捕获。
I hope this next one isn't too naive.
我希望下一个不会太天真。
Click.
点击。
This is one that I feel like I've seen in a million war movies and they always say, go three clicks over, or five clicks over.
这是我在上百万部战争电影中看到的场景，他们总是说，点击三下，或五下。
And I've always wondered, how far is a click?
我一直想知道，一次点击有多远？
Yeah, a click is one kilometer.
是的，点击一下就是一公里。
A thousand meters.
千米。
Well, with that preparation, here then is Anthony Swofford, reading from his memoir of the Persian Gulf War.
好了，做好准备后，安东尼·斯沃福德正在朗读他的波斯湾战争回忆录。
The oven heat of the Arabian Desert grips my throat.
阿拉伯沙漠的炎热灼烧着我的喉咙。
In the distance, the wind blows sand from the tops of dunes, beige waves that billow through the mirage.
远处，风从沙丘顶部吹起沙子，米色的波浪在海市蜃楼中翻腾。
Just beyond the tarmac, artillery batteries point their guns east and north.
就在停机坪之外，炮兵连将炮口指向东方和北方。
Fighter jets patrol the sky.
战斗机在天空中巡逻。
Our days consist of sand and water and sweat and piss.
我们的日子由沙子、水、汗水和尿液组成。
We look north toward what we're told is a menacing military, 400,000 or more of war torn and war savvy men.
我们向北望去，看到了一支充满威胁的军队，有 40 万或更多饱受战争蹂躏且精通战争的人。
Some of the Iraqi soldiers who fought during the eight year war with Iran got their first taste of combat when we were 10 years old.
一些在与伊朗进行了八年战争的伊拉克士兵在我们十岁时第一次尝到了战斗的滋味。
While fighting Iran, the Iraqis became experts at fortifying their border with mines and obstacles, such as the 30 kilometer long lake they created to defend the city of Basra.
在与伊朗作战的过程中，伊拉克人成为了利用地雷和障碍物加固边界的专家，例如他们为保卫巴士拉市而建造的 30 公里长的湖泊。
We're forced to wonder what the Iraqis are preparing for us at the Saudi-Kuwaiti border.
我们不得不想知道伊拉克人在沙特和科威特边境为我们准备了什么。
In 1983 and 1984, they use mustard and nerve gas against the Iranians.
1983年和1984年，他们对伊朗人使用芥子气和神经毒气。
And since then, they've dropped nerve gas on the Iraqi Kurds.
从那时起，他们就向伊拉克库尔德人投放神经毒气。
We believe they'll do the same to us.
我们相信他们也会对我们做同样的事情。
We wait for the Iraqi army.
我们等待伊拉克军队。
This is our labor, we wait.
这是我们的劳动，我们等待。
Knowing the reporters will arrive soon, we shave for the first time in a week.
知道记者很快就会到达，我们一周来第一次刮胡子。
Our chief scout sniper gathers the platoon in a school circle under the plastic infrared cover.
我们的首席侦察狙击手将整个排聚集在塑料红外线罩下的学校圆圈内。
He has already recited a list of unacceptable topics.
他已经背诵了一系列不可接受的话题。
He's ordered us to act like top Marines, patriots, the best of the battalion.
他命令我们表现得像顶级海军陆战队员、爱国者、营中最优秀的人。
We're prohibited from divulging to the press data concerning the capabilities of our sniper rifles or optics and the length and intensity of our training.
我们被禁止向媒体透露有关我们的狙击步枪或光学器件的能力以及我们的训练时间和强度的数据。
Basically, don't get specific, he says.
基本上，不要说得太具体，他说。
Say you can shoot from far away.
假设你可以从远处射击。
Say you're highly trained.
说你训练有素。
That there are no better shooters in the world than marine snipers.
世界上没有比海上狙击手更好的射手了。
Say you're excited to be here and you believe we'll annihilate the Iraqis.
假设你很高兴来到这里，并且相信我们会消灭伊拉克人。
Take off your shirts and show your muscles.
脱掉你的衬衫，展示你的肌肉。
The reporters arrive at 09, 9 o'clock.
记者于9日上午9点到达。
The man is from the New York Times and the woman is from the Boston Globe.
男的是《纽约时报》，女的是《波士顿环球报》。
They shake our hands and urge us to speak freely.
他们与我们握手并敦促我们畅所欲言。
Yes ma'am, we believe in our mission, we say.
是的，女士，我们相信我们的使命，我们说。
We will quickly win this war and send the enemy crawling home.
我们将很快赢得这场战争，让敌人爬回家。
We can shoot out someone's eyeball from a click away.
我们只需点击一下就能射出某人的眼球。
One reporter has brought a football.
一位记者带来了一个足球。
On seeing it, the press pool colonel instructs our staff sergeant that we should play football for the reporters, wearing our full MOPP gear with gas masks.
记者组上校看到后，指示我们的上士，我们应该穿着全套 MOPP 装备和防毒面具为记者踢足球。
The MOPP suit is supposed to protect us from skin contamination during a chemical attack.
MOPP 防护服旨在保护我们在化学攻击期间免受皮肤污染。
They weigh 10 pounds and after 6 weeks in our rucks, most of them aren't in their original packaging, but are bound together with duct tape and nylon ripcord.
它们重 10 磅，在我们的行李箱中放置 6 周后，大多数都不再是原来的包装，而是用胶带和尼龙拉绳绑在一起。
We're happy to use them for this game because now they'll really be useless.
我们很高兴在这款游戏中使用它们，因为现在它们真的毫无用处了。
We'll burn them in the straddle trench and it will take supply months to issue replacements.
我们将在跨沟中烧毁它们，并且需要几个月的时间才能提供替代品。
Doc John Duncan, our navy corpsman, reports the temperatures has reached 112 degrees.
我们的海军医护兵约翰·邓肯医生报告说，气温已达到 112 度。
We pull our masks on and tie the hoods.
我们戴上口罩并系上头巾。
Five gallon water jugs mark the goals.
五加仑的水罐标志着目标。
My team makes 10 yards.
我的球队跑了 10 码。
[?
[？
Coumbes ?] and Johnny Rotten get into a pushing match, and a few of us pull them apart.
库姆布斯？] 和约翰尼·罗顿展开了一场推搡比赛，我们中的几个人将他们拉开了。
The drama of the scene is catching.
场面的戏剧性扣人心弦。
The reporters are taking notes.
记者们正在做笔记。
The gas mask and hood cause your hearing to lengthen and stretch, so that words enter your brain in slow motion.
防毒面具和头罩会使您的听力拉长和伸展，因此单词会以慢动作进入您的大脑。
At some point, I hear the staff sergeant calling for halftime, telling the reporters that our gas masks are high tech pieces of equipment.
某个时候，我听到上士喊中场休息，告诉记者我们的防毒面具是高科技设备。
That outfitted in the MOPP suits, we are an unstoppable fighting force.
穿着 MOPP 套装，我们是一支不可阻挡的战斗力量。
That the only chance the Iraqis have is to drop an a-bomb on us.
伊拉克人唯一的机会就是向我们投下原子弹。
When the show game is over, [?
当表演游戏结束时，[?
Keen ?] douses the suits with fuel and strikes a match.
热衷吗？]给宇航服浇上燃料并划一根火柴。
He says, may God please save us because these MOPP suits won't.
他说，愿上帝拯救我们，因为这些 MOPP 套装不会。
One night on the headquarters roof, Johnny notices that we can see straight into the general's office.
一天晚上，在总部的屋顶上，约翰尼注意到我们可以直接看到将军的办公室。
And that if we use binoculars, we can read his wall map.
如果我们使用双筒望远镜，我们可以阅读他的墙上地图。
Every symbol that reflects troop strength and movement, both enemy and friendly.
每个符号都反映了敌方和友方部队的力量和行动。
And so we construct our own model of what will occur at the border.
因此，我们构建了自己的边界模型。
After three nights of transcribing the general's maps, we're sure that we'll soon be dead.
经过三个晚上抄写将军的地图后，我们确信我们很快就会死去。
Johnny does the math and he has us out-manned at the infantry level three to one.
约翰尼算了算，他让我们在步兵战力上以三比一领先。
The war begins.
战争开始了。
Within hours of the first US bombs being dropped on Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq, the Iraqi air force threat is demolished.
在美国向科威特和伊拉克境内的伊拉克军队投下第一枚炸弹后的几个小时内，伊拉克空军的威胁就被消除了。
On the eighth of February, we move to the berm, the obstacle made of sand, an unstable material that will make futile all endeavour.
二月八日，我们搬到了护堤，这是由沙子制成的障碍物，沙子是一种不稳定的材料，会让所有的努力都徒劳无功。
That follows roughly the Kuwaiti-Saudi border.
大致沿着科威特和沙特边境。
Shortly after arriving at the bivouac site, we receive incoming artillery rounds.
到达露营地后不久，我们就收到了来袭的炮弹。
Johnny is the first to yell, "Incoming." And we crouch in our half-dug hole.
约翰尼第一个喊道：“来了。”我们蹲在挖了一半的洞里。
The rounds explode beautifully and the desert opens like a flower of sand.
子弹爆炸得很漂亮，沙漠像沙花一样绽放。
As the rounds hit, they make a sound of exhalation, as though air is being forced out of the earth.
当子弹击中时，它们会发出呼气声，就好像空气被从地球上挤出一样。
Sand rains into our hole.
沙子雨落进我们的洞里。
More rounds land nearby and someone yells, "Gas.
更多子弹落在附近，有人大喊：“瓦斯。
Gas.
气体。
Gas." We don and clear our gas masks.
煤气。”我们戴上并清理防毒面具。
More rounds hit and these explosions too, look beautiful and beat the earth, seeming to force air out of it.
更多的子弹击中，这些爆炸也看起来很漂亮，撞击着地球，似乎将空气从地球中挤出。
And I cry inside my mask because I'm finally in combat.
我在面具下哭泣，因为我终于投入战斗了。
I piss my pants.
我尿裤子了。
My heart rate climbs.
我的心率加快。
My breathing becomes shallow in the mask.
我的呼吸在面罩中变得微弱。
I can't hear very well.
我听不太清楚。
Johnny and I look at each other and around our defensive position.
约翰尼和我互相看了看，又看了看我们的防守位置。
More shells explode near us.
更多炮弹在我们附近爆炸。
If the Iraqis have competent forward observers, they will adjust their fire 100 feet north and land rounds directly on the commanding officer and executive officer of the Second Battalion Seventh and Marines.
如果伊拉克人有称职的前方观察员，他们将把火力调整到北边100英尺处，直接向第七营和海军陆战队第二营的指挥官和执行官开火。
But this is unlikely.
但这不太可能。
They aren't competent.
他们没有能力。
The assault ends.
袭击结束。
We begin to look for an enemy observation post and the bastards who called in the rounds toward our command post.
我们开始寻找敌人的观察所和那些向我们的指挥所呼叫的混蛋。
We scoured the biblical range 2,000 yards to our east, our bellies flat to the sand.
我们在东边 2,000 码的圣经山脉中搜寻，我们的腹部平放在沙滩上。
Johnny is first to notice the enemy position.
约翰尼最先注意到敌人的位置。
With his direction, I also make out the physical structure of the observation post dug into the side of the range like a wound into the ribs of a martyr.
在他的指导下，我还辨认出了在靶场一侧挖的观察哨的物理结构，就像烈士肋骨上的伤口一样。
Those sons of bitches.
那些王八蛋。
Johnny dials the air freqs and I work the coordinates.
约翰尼拨打空气频率，我负责坐标。
We accomplish our map work like the experts we are, while all around us marines yell that they're OK, that they haven't been hit, and let's drop some [BLEEP] on those rag head mother [BLEEP].
我们像专家一样完成我们的地图工作，而我们周围的海军陆战队员都在大喊他们没事，他们没有被击中，让我们给那些破烂脑袋的母亲[BLEEP]一些[BLEEP]。
Johnny asks and I tell him that I think the best bomb cocktail would be a combination of smoke for obscuration and marking, and anti-bunker for killing.
约翰尼问，我告诉他，我认为最好的炸弹鸡尾酒是用于遮蔽和标记的烟雾与用于杀伤的反掩体的组合。
He gives me the handset and says, [BLEEP] them up, Swoff.
他把听筒递给我，然后说，[哔]把它们挂起来，Swoff。
A captain from S3 appears and pulls rank, insisting that he direct the fire mission.
一名来自 S3 的上尉出现并拉响军衔，坚持要求他指挥火力任务。
Not me, not STA, even though Johnny has located the enemy position, and I have acquired the coordinates.
不是我，不是STA，尽管约翰尼已经找到了敌人的位置，而且我已经获得了坐标。
The captain has even carried a field chair over.
船长甚至搬了一把野战椅过来。
He explains that he has bad knees from college football and that if he lies prone in the sand it will take about three STA Marines to peel him from the deck.
他解释说，他的膝盖因大学橄榄球而受伤，如果他趴在沙子上，大约需要三名 STA 海军陆战队员才能把他从甲板上拉下来。
Johnny takes the handset from me and gives it to the captain.
约翰尼从我手中接过听筒，交给了船长。
And we crawl backward a few feet and listen to the captain call in the planes.
我们向后爬了几英尺，听机长在飞机上呼叫。
A minute later, I watched the devastation through my spotter scope.
一分钟后，我通过观察镜观察到了这场破坏。
I saw thousands of bombs land on targets while I was in training, buildings constructed for the purpose of being bombed turning to dust, and the hulks of decommissioned vehicles becoming twisted piles of steel.
我在训练时看到数千枚炸弹落在目标上，为被轰炸而建造的建筑物变成了灰尘，退役车辆的残骸变成了扭曲的钢铁堆。
But I've never witnessed the extermination of human life.
但我从未亲眼目睹过人类生命的灭绝。
Through my scope the explosions look about the same size as the artillery explosions that just hit the sand directly in front of me.
通过我的瞄准镜，爆炸看起来与刚刚击中我正前方沙子的炮弹爆炸的大小相同。
The bombs make a quiet thud, like one of our small, folding shovels striking a skull.
炸弹发出安静的撞击声，就像我们的一把折叠小铲子敲击头骨一样。
Another jet bombs the enemy position and we return to digging our holes.
另一架喷气式飞机轰炸了敌人的阵地，我们返回挖洞。
We have just experienced a formal exchange of fire.
我们刚刚经历了一次正式的交火。
The reports will be forwarded to regimental and division S1.
报告将转发给团和S1师。
We've earned our combat action ribbons.
我们已经赢得了战斗行动绶带。
At battalion, we learned that the final final deadlines for complete withdrawal from Kuwait are being issued to Saddam Hussein.
在营里，我们了解到完全从科威特撤军的最后最后期限正在向萨达姆·侯赛因发出。
And that the real battle, the mother of the mother's, is about to begin, within hours or the day.
真正的战斗，母亲的母亲，即将开始，几小时或一天之内。
My battalion is one of four marine task forces from the First Marine Division crossing into Kuwait today.
我的营是今天进入科威特的第一海军陆战师的四个海军特遣队之一。
Our staff sergeant advises us to remove any foreign matter from our rucks.
我们的上士建议我们清除行李箱中的任何异物。
By foreign matter, he means letters from women other than our wives or girlfriends, and also pornography or other profane materials that wives and girlfriends and mothers might not like to receive after our deaths when our personal effects will be shipped to the states.
他所说的外国事物是指我们的妻子或女朋友以外的其他女性的来信，以及色情或其他亵渎的材料，这些材料是我们死后当我们的个人物品被运往美国时，妻子、女朋友和母亲可能不喜欢收到的。
Johnny tells us to dig shallow shelters.
约翰尼告诉我们挖浅的避难所。
[?
[？
Keen ?] complains about the heat.
热衷吗？]抱怨天气太热。
Doc John quizzes us on inserting breathing tubes, treating sucking chest wounds, and administering IVs.
约翰医生向我们询问有关插入呼吸管、治疗吸吮胸部伤口和静脉注射的知识。
The Boot says something about missing his Harley-Davidson.
靴子讲述了一些关于怀念他的哈雷戴维森的事情。
And only feet above our heads, the sky splits open as a round passes over.
就在我们头顶上方几英尺的地方，当一颗子弹飞过时，天空裂开了。
The sound is like a thousand bolts of lightning striking at once.
声音如同千道闪电同时劈下。
[?
[？
Keen ?] yells, what the [BLEEP] was that?
热衷吗？] 喊道，那是什么[BLEEP]？
Stay down, Johnny yells.
趴下，约翰尼喊道。
[?
[？
Swoffe, ?] get me visual.
Swoffe，？] 让我看到。
Rounds pass directly over our heads while I get my scope.
当我拿起瞄准镜时，子弹直接从我们头顶飞过。
As they pass over, it's as though all sound and time and space is sucked into the rounds.
当他们经过时，仿佛所有的声音、时间和空间都被吸进了轮回中。
A five ton truck blows 100 yards behind us.
一辆五吨重的卡车在我们身后 100 码处疾驰。
Its water buffalo also blows into a large bloom of 500 gallons of water.
它的水牛也会吹进500加仑的水里。
Another five ton takes a hit.
另有五吨重物受到撞击。
I gain visual.
我获得了视觉。
The tank shooting at us are M60A1s.
向我们射击的坦克是M60A1。
I yell to Johnny, it's our own tanks.
我对约翰尼大喊，这是我们自己的坦克。
He gets belly down on the deck and looks through my scope and says, it's friendlies.
他趴在甲板上，透过我的瞄准镜说，这是友谊赛。
The tank battalion is northeast of our position and even with their naked eyeballs, two grand out, they should have known we were friendly.
坦克营在我们阵地的东北方，即使用他们的肉眼，两个大的眼睛，他们也应该知道我们是友好的。
Unlike the minor enemy assaults with artillery and rockets we've experienced, we know that our own guys will not stop until the entire convoy and all nearby personnel are annihilated because that is the way of the marine corps.
与我们经历过的敌人用大炮和火箭弹进行的小型袭击不同，我们知道我们自己的人不会停止，直到整个车队和所有附近的人员被歼灭，因为这就是海军陆战队的方式。
We are fighting ourselves, but we can't shoot back.
我们正在与自己战斗，但我们无法还击。
More rounds pass over.
更多回合过去了。
Johnny dials the battalion's executive officer and asks, who the [BLEEP] do your tanks think they're shooting at to their southwest?
约翰尼拨通了该营的执行官的电话，问道，你们的坦克认为他们正在向西南方向的谁开火？
It's [BLEEP] friendlies.
这是[BLEEP]友谊赛。
It's me.
这就是我。
It's my team you're shooting at.
你射击的是我的队伍。
And our battalion, and the god damn supply convoy, you lousy [BLEEP].
还有我们的营，还有该死的补给车队，你这个糟糕的[哔]。
Johnny continues to scream and I hear in his voice astonishment and rage.
约翰尼继续尖叫，我从他的声音中听到了惊讶和愤怒。
Because of all the things that Johnny believes in, first he believes in the marine corps, and that the marine corps takes care of its own.
因为约翰尼所相信的一切，首先他相信海军陆战队，并且相信海军陆战队会照顾好自己的部队。
As in doesn't kill its own.
就像不杀死自己一样。
Word is that only two men died and six were injured at the hands of the trigger happy and blind tankers.
据消息称，在快乐和盲目的坦克手手中，只有两人死亡，六人受伤。
I don't believe this because the damage is extreme.
我不相信这一点，因为损害是极大的。
Three five tons and a humvee are burning.
三辆五吨重的车和一辆悍马车正在燃烧。
Lieutenants and sergeants are yelling up and down the ranks for us to start moving forward.
中尉和中士在队伍中上下喊叫，要求我们开始前进。
The carnage is 100 yards behind me, but now my job is to forget it.
屠杀就在我身后 100 码之外，但现在我的任务就是忘记它。
There's still the god damn war here that we need to win.
这里还有一场该死的战争，我们需要赢得胜利。
Johnny and I are attached to Fox company in order to take part in the Third Battalion and Seventh Marines assault on Ahmed Al Jaber Airfield.
约翰尼和我隶属于福克斯连，以便参加第三营和第七海军陆战队对艾哈迈德贾比尔机场的攻击。
The air control tower's our main target of interest.
空中控制塔是我们感兴趣的主要目标。
I read it at 800 yards and Johnny agrees.
我在 800 码处读到了这句话，约翰尼也同意。
Enemy soldiers are moving inside the air control tower.
敌方士兵正在空中控制塔内移动。
An argument is occurring between two commanders.
两名指挥官之间正在发生争执。
They point at each other's faces and gesture toward the enemy troops-- us.
他们互相指着对方的脸，并向敌军——我们——做出手势。
And I'm sure one man wants to fight and die and the other man wants to not fight and not die.
我确信一个人想要战斗而死，而另一个人则想要不战斗而不死。
The men scuffle and their troops pull them apart.
男人们扭打起来，他们的军队把他们拉开。
I request permission to take shots.
我请求允许拍摄。
The men in the tower are perfect targets.
塔里的人是完美的目标。
The windows are blown out of the tower and the men are standing.
塔楼的窗户被炸飞，人们都站着。
And I know that I can make a head shot.
我知道我可以爆头。
Johnny has already called the dope for the shot.
约翰尼已经决定开枪了。
He thinks I could take two people out in succession, the commander who wants to fight and one of his lieutenants.
他认为我可以连续带两个人出去，一个是想要战斗的指挥官，另一个是他的副官。
He thinks that the remaining men in the tower will surrender, plus however many soldiers are under that command.
他认为塔里剩下的人都会投降，无论指挥下有多少士兵。
Perhaps the entire defensive posture at the airfield.
也许是机场的整个防御态势。
The Fox company commander tells me over their freq, negative sierra tango one.
福克斯连长告诉我他们的频率，负面的塞拉探戈。
Break.
休息。
Negative on permission to shoot.
拒绝拍摄许可。
Break.
休息。
If their buddies next to them.
如果他们的哥们就在他们旁边。
Break.
休息。
Start taking rounds in the head.
开始在头脑中巡视。
Break.
休息。
They won't surrender.
他们不会投降。
Copy.
复制。
I want to say, screw you, sir.
我想说，去你的吧，先生。
Copy.
复制。
But I reply, roger, roger.
但我回答说，罗杰，罗杰。
I can't help but assume that certain commanders at the company level don't want to use us because they know that two snipers with two of the finest rifles in the world and a few hundred rounds between them, will in a short time devastate the enemy, causing the entire airfield to surrender.
我不禁猜测，某些连级指挥官不想使用我们，因为他们知道，两名狙击手拿着世界上最好的两支步枪和几百发子弹，将在短时间内摧毁敌人，导致整个机场投降。
The captains want war as badly as we do and they must know that the possibilities are dwindling.
船长们和我们一样渴望战争，他们必须知道可能性正在减少。
Also, the same as us, the captains want no war.
而且，和我们一样，船长们也不希望发生战争。
But here it is.
但它就在这里。
And when you're a captain with a company to command and two snipers want to take a dozen easy shots and try to call it a day, of course you tell them no. Because you are a captain and you have a company of infantry and what you need is some war ink spilled on your service record book.
当你是一名上尉，指挥一个连队，两名狙击手想要轻松射击并尝试到此为止时，你当然会告诉他们不。因为你是一名上尉，你有一个步兵连，你需要的是一些战争墨水洒在你的服役记录簿上。
The combat engineers blow two breaches in the eastern fence line.
战斗工兵炸毁了东部围栏线的两个缺口。
And as the dark oil fire smoke gets darker, and the sky blackens like midnight even though it's only 1700, the infantry assault companies enter the airfield and we watch.
随着黑色油火烟雾变得越来越暗，尽管只有 1700 点，天空却像午夜一样漆黑，步兵突击连进入了机场，我们看着。
We watched the grunts moving like mules.
我们看着咕噜声像骡子一样移动。
We watch the smoke.
我们看着烟雾。
And we hear the resulting confusion over the freq.
我们听到了由此产生的频率混乱。
At the fence line nearest us, a platoon of Iraqis appears waving white towels and smiling.
在离我们最近的栅栏线上，一排伊拉克人挥舞着白毛巾，微笑着出现。
There's no one there to accept them and the men push themselves against the fence, as writers might at a soccer match.
那里没有人接受他们，人们把自己推到栅栏上，就像作家在一场足球比赛中所做的那样。
They then sit and stretch out in the sand, as though the war is over.
然后他们坐在沙滩上，四肢伸展，仿佛战争已经结束。
No one has called Johnny and me for hours.
几个小时以来都没有人给约翰尼和我打电话。
The airfield assault continues and the fence line platoon of surrendering Iraqis remains.
机场袭击仍在继续，投降的伊拉克人的栅栏排仍然存在。
Some of the men smoking casually and eating canned rations.
一些男人随意抽烟，吃罐头食品。
Because I'm angry and frustrated over being ignored, I tell Johnny I want to shoot one of the Iraqis and I spend half an hour hopping from head to head with my cross hairs yelling, bang, bang.
因为我对被忽视感到愤怒和沮丧，所以我告诉约翰尼我想射杀一名伊拉克人，然后我花了半个小时从一个头跳到另一个头，用我的十字线大喊，砰，砰。
You're a dead [BLEEP] Iraqi.
你是一个死[哔]伊拉克人。
We hear medevac requests over the freq and mortars are called in to support the grunts.
我们听到医疗后送请求的频率，迫击炮被召唤来支援步兵。
And in a few hours, the assault is over and I've remained a spectator.
几个小时后，袭击结束了，我仍然是一个旁观者。
After a few days, the war ends.
几天后，战争结束。
The cleanup mission is a freelance operation.
清理任务是一项自由职业。
We gear up in our three humvees and head out each morning from the battalion bivouac.
我们驾驶着三辆悍马，每天早上从营露营地出发。
We run with glee through the enemy positions, noting the hundreds of different ways a man might die when 500 pound bombs are dropped on his badly fortified position.
我们兴高采烈地跑过敌人的阵地，注意到当 500 磅的炸弹落在一个戒备森严的阵地上时，一个人可能会以数百种不同的方式死去。
Some of the corpses in the bunkers are hunched over, hands covering their ears, as though they had been waiting in dread.
掩体中的一些尸体弓着背，双手捂住耳朵，仿佛他们一直在恐惧地等待着。
Many seemed to have died not from shrapnel, but concussion.
许多人似乎不是死于弹片，而是死于脑震荡。
And dried, discolored blood gathers around their eyes and ears and noses and mouths.
干燥、变色的血液聚集在他们的眼睛、耳朵、鼻子和嘴巴周围。
No obvious trauma to their bodies.
他们的身体没有明显的外伤。
A few weeks into the air campaign, the United States rolled out the daisy cutter bomb.
空袭几周后，美国发射了雏菊切炸弹。
The daisy cutter spread a mixture of ammonium nitrate and aluminum over the target area, and then ignited the cloud.
雏菊切割机将硝酸铵和铝的混合物撒在目标区域上，然后点燃云。
If you were within two acres and exposed above ground, or even in a barricaded bunker, you were sure to die.
如果你在两英亩以内并且暴露在地面上，甚至是在一个有路障的掩体中，你肯定会死。
The infantry positions looked like daisy cutter test areas.
步兵阵地看起来就像雏菊切割机测试区。
The mouths of the dead men remain open in agony.
死者的嘴因痛苦而张开。
After our battalion gets its turn at a victory lap around Kuwait City, the captain from S3 suggests STA get together with him and the few enlisted marines from his shop and that we all fire the weapons that STA has gathered from the enemy positions.
当我们的营在科威特城周围胜利一圈后，S3的上尉建议STA与他和他店里的几名海军陆战队员会合，我们都使用STA从敌方阵地收集的武器。
Our cache is 400 to 500 AKs and 3 dozen RPGs.
我们的缓存有 400 到 500 个 AK 和 3 打 RPG。
The Iraqi soldiers took poor care of their rifles.
伊拉克士兵对步枪的保养很差。
We've pried some of the weapons from the hands of dead men, and the pitiful state of the weapons, the rust, the filthy barrels, and the sand filled trigger mechanisms, now leads us to curse the men and their sloppy soldiering.
我们从死者手中撬走了一些武器，这些武器的可怜状况、生锈的、肮脏的枪管和装满沙子的扳机机构，现在让我们诅咒这些人和他们草率的士兵。
We stand in a firing line and shoot the AKs.
我们站在火线前，用 AK 射击。
I feel like a traitor holding the enemy's weapon.
我感觉自己就像一个拿着敌人武器的叛徒。
Now firing the enemy's weapon, the snap, snap, snap of the firing pin piercing the shell.
现在用敌人的武器开火，撞针刺穿炮弹的声音。
The projectiles screaming down range.
炮弹尖叫着射向射程。
I don't care what I hit: desert, tanks, bunkers, troop carriers.
我不在乎我撞到了什么：沙漠、坦克、掩体、运兵车。
And still in some of the carriers: corpses.
仍然在一些航母中：尸体。
Next to me, my platoon mates also fire from the hip with no precision, as though we're famous and immortal, and we burn through the magazines.
在我旁边，我的排伙伴们也从臀部开火，但并不精确，就好像我们是名人和不朽的，我们烧毁了杂志。
It's a factory of firepower.
这是一个火力工厂。
The fierce scream of metal down range and discharged cartridges and sand flying everywhere.
金属发出剧烈的尖叫声，射出的子弹和沙子飞得到处都是。
Now all of us shooting in the air, shooting straight up and dancing in circles, with the mad idea that the rounds will not descend.
现在我们所有人都在空中射击，笔直射击并绕圈跳舞，疯狂地认为子弹不会下降。
Screaming.
尖叫。
Screaming at ourselves and one another and the dead Iraqis surrounding us.
对我们自己、彼此以及我们周围死去的伊拉克人尖叫。
Screaming at ourselves, the corpses surrounding us, and the dead world.
对我们自己、我们周围的尸体和死亡的世界尖叫。
Anthony Swofford reading from his memoir about the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
安东尼·斯沃福德 (Anthony Swofford) 朗读他有关 1991 年海湾战争的回忆录。
It's called Jarhead.
它的名字叫锅盖头。
It comes out in March.
它于三月上市。
Coming up, John Hodgman solves a problem that's been bothering millions-- millions-- including maybe, I think, maybe just you.
接下来，约翰·霍奇曼解决了一个困扰数百万人的问题，我想，也许只有你。
That's in a minute.
就在一分钟之内。
From Chicago Public Radio and Public Radio International, when our program continues.
当我们的节目继续进行时，来自芝加哥公共广播电台和国际公共广播电台。
It's This American Life , I'm Ira Glass.
这就是美国生活，我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Each week on our program of course, we choose some theme, bring you a variety of different kinds of stories on that theme.
当然，我们每周的节目都会选择一些主题，为您带来有关该主题的各种不同类型的故事。
Today's program, The Real Story.
今天的节目，真实的故事。
In war of course, the first casualty is truth.
当然，在战争中，第一个受害者就是真相。
We bring you four stories of what really happened in four different wars.
我们为您带来四场不同战争中真实发生的四个故事。
We've arrived at act two of our program.
我们已经进入了计划的第二幕。
Act two, What's the Truth Got to Do With It?
第二幕，真相有什么关系？
This is one of those stories that people who closely follow this kind of thing have known for years.
这是密切关注此类事情的人们多年来都知道的故事之一。
If you're a regular public radio listener you may have heard of this.
如果您是经常收听公共广播的人，您可能听说过这个。
But if you're like me, your sense of it has always been kind of vague.
但如果你像我一样，你对它的感觉总是有点模糊。
I turned a corner on this story a couple months ago when I met this Israeli named BZ Goldberg.
几个月前，当我遇到以色列人 BZ Goldberg 时，我对这个故事有了转机。
And he started telling me about how, not too long back, he read one of these new histories about the state of Israel.
他开始告诉我，不久前，他如何读到一本关于以色列国的新历史。
There are these books written by Israelis that go back and take a look at what the Jews did in the early days of their country.
以色列人写的这些书回顾了犹太人在建国初期的所作所为。
It was like reading a suspense novel because I would read through it and on one page he would say something and I would say, no. No, that's not-- no, no, no. And I would go to the next page and say, no, that didn't-- no. No, that's not what I learned in grade school.
这就像读一本悬疑小说，因为我会通读它，在一页上他会说些什么，我会说，不。不，那不是——不，不，不。我会翻到下一页并说，不，那没有——不。不，这不是我在小学学到的东西。
One story that struck him hard reading these books, there was proof that back in the '40s, Israeli soldiers sometimes forced Arabs off their land and out of the country, keeping the land for Jews.
阅读这些书中的一个故事让他印象深刻，有证据表明，早在 40 年代，以色列士兵有时会迫使阿拉伯人离开他们的土地并离开这个国家，为犹太人保留土地。
That is pretty much exactly the opposite of the story that BZ heard back in school.
这与 BZ 在学校听到的故事几乎完全相反。
I remember this teacher I had in junior high school who told us how the Israeli forces went from Arab village to Arab village trying to convince the local Arabs to stay.
我记得我初中时的一位老师告诉我们，以色列军队如何从一个阿拉伯村庄走到另一个阿拉伯村庄，试图说服当地的阿拉伯人留下来。
And the idea was they said, please, we want to be your neighbors.
他们的想法是，拜托，我们想成为你的邻居。
Don't leave.
不要离开。
And we begged them.
我们恳求他们。
We asked them.
我们问他们。
We pleaded.
我们恳求道。
And that was something I believed until I was in my 20s, or maybe 30s even.
在我 20 多岁，甚至 30 多岁之前，我一直相信这一点。
Just a few weeks after I met BZ, I traveled to Israel to do some stories for our radio show.
就在我认识 BZ 几周后，我前往以色列为我们的广播节目做一些故事。
And one of the things I looked into was these historians.
我研究的对象之一就是这些历史学家。
I picked up their books.
我拿起他们的书。
I talked to some people.
我和一些人交谈过。
I wanted to finally understand once and for all, what happened between the Israelis and the Arabs back when Israel became a state?
我想最终彻底了解，当以色列建国时，以色列人和阿拉伯人之间发生了什么？
Roughly 700,000 out of 800,000 Arabs left their homes, abandoned their country in less than a year.
不到一年的时间里，80 万阿拉伯人中大约有 70 万离开了家园，抛弃了自己的国家。
Why?
为什么？
It was like the back story to today's politics between Israelis and Palestinians that nobody ever really bothers to explain.
这就像当今以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间政治的背景故事，没有人真正费心去解释。
We did not have history, we had indoctrination.
我们没有历史，我们有灌输。
We had mythology.
我们有神话。
Tom Segev is the man who wrote the first of these new histories, or as they're better known in Israel, revisionist histories.
汤姆·塞格夫（Tom Segev）是第一部新历史的作者，或者在以色列更为人所知的是修正主义历史。
He says it wasn't possible to write a real history of Israel until the early 1980s when under Israeli law, the state archives released most of the government documents from Israel's early years.
他说，直到 20 世纪 80 年代初，以色列的真实历史才得以书写，当时根据以色列法律，国家档案馆公布了以色列早年的大部分政府文件。
Among the findings there for historians, the diaries of David Ben-Gurion, the man who founded the modern state of Israel.
在为历史学家提供的发现中，有现代以色列国创始人大卫·本·古里安的日记。
The diary of Ben-Gurion is an incredible document.
本古里安的日记是一份令人难以置信的文件。
In that Ben-Gurion wrote every day.
本·古里安每天都在其中写作。
In fact, every hour.
事实上，每个小时。
He wrote his diary during meetings, even with people.
他在会议期间写日记，甚至是在与人交谈时。
He wrote down everything he heard and everything he thought.
他写下了他所听到的一切和他所想到的一切。
It's an incredible diary.
这是一本令人难以置信的日记。
He did that since the age of 14 or 15, I think, to the very end of his life.
我想，他从 14 或 15 岁起就一直这样做，直到生命的最后一刻。
And in little notebooks.
还有小笔记本。
And at the end of each notebook, he would prepare an index for that particular notebook.
在每个笔记本的末尾，他都会为该特定笔记本准备一个索引。
Some of the things that Segev and the other historians found was surprising.
塞格夫和其他历史学家发现的一些事情令人惊讶。
Not only because they had happened, but because somebody had actually put them down on paper.
不仅因为它们已经发生了，而且因为有人实际上把它们写在了纸上。
I remember that I was shocked and I also know that one of the chapters that actually shocked people was a detailed account of how Israelis looted Arab property.
我记得我很震惊，我也知道真正令人震惊的章节之一是详细描述了以色列人如何掠夺阿拉伯财产。
I mean, in some way, this makes it more concrete than just talking about 700,000 people left their houses.
我的意思是，在某种程度上，这比仅仅谈论 70 万人离开家园更加具体。
When you ask, so what happened to the carpets?
当你问，地毯怎么了？
What happened to the radio sets?
收音机怎么了？
What happened to the chairs and where did all this go?
椅子怎么了？这些东西都去哪儿了？
And I found documents about that as well.
我也找到了相关的文件。
I mean, very, very critical reports written by government officials at the time.
我的意思是，当时政府官员写的非常非常批评的报告。
Some quick background might be useful before we go any further into this.
在我们进一步讨论之前，一些快速的背景知识可能会很有用。
All the events that led to the Arabs evacuating Israel happened in just a few months.
所有导致阿拉伯人撤离以色列的事件都发生在短短几个月内。
At the beginning of the war, the Israelis call the War of Independence and the Arabs call the Disaster of the Catastrophe.
战争开始时，以色列人称之为独立战争，阿拉伯人称之为灾难中的灾难。
Before the war, Jews had been steadily emigrating to the country for decades, living side by side with the Arabs.
战前几十年来，犹太人一直稳步移民到该国，与阿拉伯人毗邻共存。
Though, sometimes not too peacefully.
虽然，有时不太平静。
In 1947, the UN proposed a way that everybody could get along.
1947年，联合国提出了一种人人都能相处的方式。
Divide the territory into two separate countries, one Jewish, one Arab.
将领土分为两个独立的国家，一个是犹太国家，一个是阿拉伯国家。
The Jews said sure.
犹太人说当然可以。
They were lucky to get this much.
他们很幸运能得到这么多。
The Arabs said never, thinking that it was on its face outrageous that these newcomers should get anything.
阿拉伯人说决不，认为这些新来者应该得到任何东西，这从表面上看是令人无法容忍的。
And then the Arabs launched a war against the Jews.
然后阿拉伯人对犹太人发动了战争。
If you want the big picture on why most of the Arab population of the country left Israel during that war, the best book is probably by Benny Morris, a book with a very dry sounding title The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949.
如果你想了解为什么该国的大多数阿拉伯人口在那场战争期间离开以色列，最好的书可能是本尼·莫里斯（Benny Morris）写的，这本书的书名听起来很枯燥，《1947-1949 年巴勒斯坦难民问题的诞生》。
It is kind of an amazing book, starting with the maps right at the front, where Morris annotates what happened to the Arabs in 369 different villages that he's researched one by one.
这是一本令人惊奇的书，从前面的地图开始，莫里斯在其中逐一研究了 369 个不同村庄中阿拉伯人的遭遇。
What happened he said is complicated.
他说发生的事情很复杂。
And he says it changes over time.
他说它会随着时间的推移而改变。
Sometimes Arabs ran away on their own, sometimes Arabs were forcibly expelled.
有时阿拉伯人自行逃跑，有时阿拉伯人被强行驱逐。
Sometimes Arabs were encouraged to run away by the Israelis.
有时，以色列人鼓励阿拉伯人逃跑。
But at the beginning of the war-- Benny Morris is quite clear on this.
但在战争初期——本尼·莫里斯对此非常清楚。
At the beginning of the war, there was no grand Jewish plan to expel Arabs from their homes.
战争开始时，犹太人并没有制定将阿拉伯人驱逐出家园的宏伟计划。
There wasn't a general plan.
没有一个总体计划。
There wasn't a master plan.
没有总体规划。
And there wasn't even in the course of '48, a policy to expel Arabs.
甚至在 48 年期间也没有驱逐阿拉伯人的政策。
Though Arab propagandists and historians, or so-called historians, still tout this same Arab version.
尽管阿拉伯宣传家和历史学家，或者所谓的历史学家，仍然宣扬同样的阿拉伯版本。
Official Zionist policy, and this was also the policy carried out in the field by the Jewish troops, was to leave the Arab population in place.
犹太复国主义的官方政策，也是犹太军队在战场上执行的政策，是让阿拉伯人口留在原地。
And that was true until the Israelis started losing the war in March of 1948.
情况一直如此，直到 1948 年 3 月以色列开始输掉战争。
Things were looking bad for them and they knew that they were going to get a lot worse.
事情对他们来说看起来很糟糕，而且他们知道情况会变得更糟。
That Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan and Iraq were all about to invade with their armies.
叙利亚、埃及、黎巴嫩、外约旦和伊拉克都即将出兵入侵。
So the Israelis went on the offense, attacking Arab villages, Arab towns, Arab neighborhoods.
于是以色列人继续进攻，攻击阿拉伯村庄、阿拉伯城镇、阿拉伯社区。
In one operation called Plan D, the idea was simply to clear away Arabs who were sniping at roads and at supply routes that the Jews were using in the growing war.
在一项名为“D 计划”的行动中，其想法只是清除那些对犹太人在日益激烈的战争中使用的道路和补给路线进行狙击的阿拉伯人。
But Jewish troops discovered, and records showed that they were truly surprised at this.
但犹太军队发现了，记录显示他们对此确实感到惊讶。
That whenever they would move into an area, the Arabs would just flee en masse.
每当阿拉伯人进入一个地区时，他们就会集体逃离。
And most of the populations in fact, fled as battle approached, and as the Jews began to attack.
事实上，当战争临近、犹太人开始进攻时，大多数人都逃离了。
Most Arabs fled so there wasn't even a need to expel them in the sense of a unit moving into a village and ordering the population out.
大多数阿拉伯人都逃离了，因此甚至没有必要将他们驱逐，就像一个单位搬进一个村庄并命令人们离开一样。
The population fled before the unit entered the village.
在部队进入村庄之前，人们就逃离了。
I was talking to an Israeli who told me that he remembers being taught in school as a kid.
我正在和一位以色列人交谈，他告诉我他记得小时候在学校受过教育。
The teacher said, the Israeli army went from village to village and begged the Arabs to stay.
老师说，以色列军队挨家挨户地恳求阿拉伯人留下来。
Please stay.
请留下来。
Please be our neighbors.
请成为我们的邻居。
Did that happen in places?
有地方发生过这种情况吗？
It did happen, but what happens in collective memory and in official memory, is that things are telescoped.
它确实发生了，但在集体记忆和官方记忆中发生的是，事情是被压缩的。
In other words, what happened in one or two villages at certain points in time, and actually also in city of Haifa on the 22 of April, where Jewish officials asked neighboring Arabs to stay, it's telescoped and expanded to cover the whole range of the war and all various different places.
换句话说，在某个时间点发生在一两个村庄的事情，以及实际上4月22日在海法市发生的事情，那里的犹太官员要求邻近的阿拉伯人留下来，它被缩小和扩大到覆盖整个战争范围和所有不同的地方。
But it only happened in specific places and specific times at the beginning of the war.
但这只发生在战争初期的特定地点和特定时间。
By the end of April, basically, there was a consensus on the Jewish side, it's best that the Arabs leave.
到了四月底，犹太人方面基本上已经达成共识，阿拉伯人最好离开。
And nobody asked Arabs to stay after the end of April.
四月底之后就没有人要求阿拉伯人留下来了。
Anywhere.
任何地方。
In fact, by the end of April, once they saw how quickly the Arabs had fled, and how much easier things were for the Jews with them gone, the Jews started to realize that they could end up with something that they had never dared to dream of when the war began.
事实上，到了四月底，当他们看到阿拉伯人逃走得有多快，以及犹太人离开后事情变得多么容易时，犹太人开始意识到，他们最终可能会遇到战争开始时他们从未敢梦想的事情。
A new state that was nearly entirely Jewish, with very few Arabs in it.
一个几乎完全是犹太人的新国家，其中阿拉伯人很少。
And they started to lay the groundwork for that to happen.
他们开始为实现这一目标奠定基础。
When Arabs started asking if they could return to their homes-- and they started asking just weeks after they left.
当阿拉伯人开始询问他们是否可以返回家园时，他们在离开几周后就开始询问。
The war was still going on.
战争仍在继续。
Arab farmers wanted to get to their fields and orchards.
阿拉伯农民想要进入他们的田地和果园。
People wanted to get to their houses now that they knew that the shooting had stopped in some areas.
人们知道某些地区的枪击事件已经停止，所以想回家。
The Zionist leaders told them no, you can't come back.
犹太复国主义领导人告诉他们不，你不能回来。
And the thinking was really very simple.
这个想法真的非常简单。
Militarily, it was understood that these Arabs would launch the war against Israel and we're supporting the Arab states in their invasion of Palestine, which was aimed basically at stopping the emergence of a Jewish state.
在军事上，据了解，这些阿拉伯人将发动针对以色列的战争，而我们支持阿拉伯国家入侵巴勒斯坦，其目的基本上是阻止犹太国家的出现。
These Arabs were a fifth column.
这些阿拉伯人是第五纵队。
If they were allowed back, they would be a fifth column, undermining, subverting, and perhaps, attacking the state from within.
如果他们被允许返回，他们将成为第五纵队，破坏、颠覆，或许还会从内部攻击国家。
This was clear to everybody.
这一点大家都很清楚。
Once the Arabs had fled, they said, well, that's it.
阿拉伯人逃走后，他们说，好吧，就这样了。
They attacked us.
他们袭击了我们。
They fled.
他们逃跑了。
This is justice.
这就是正义。
Had the Arabs not launched a war there would have been no refugee problem.
如果阿拉伯人没有发动战争，就不会有难民问题。
We will not let them back.
我们不会让他们回来。
Letting them back in would be putting a time bomb in our midst.
让他们回来就等于在我们中间安放了一颗定时炸弹。
That's how they saw it.
他们就是这么看的。
And all that made sense while Israel was still openly at war.
当以色列仍处于公开战争状态时，这一切都是有道理的。
It was at the end of the war that the Jews made what Benny Morris calls, "A morally questionable decision" to never let the Arabs come back.
正是在战争结束时，犹太人做出了本尼·莫里斯所说的“一个在道德上有问题的决定”，不再让阿拉伯人回来。
They leveled Arab towns, took Arab fields, took Arab houses because they wanted all that for the new Jewish state.
他们夷平了阿拉伯城镇，占领了阿拉伯土地，占领了阿拉伯房屋，因为他们想要新的犹太国家拥有这一切。
This would allow settlements to expand.
这将使定居点得以扩大。
They would make more room for immigrants.
他们将为移民腾出更多空间。
And it would mean that Jews would be a solid majority in the Jewish state.
这意味着犹太人将在犹太国家中占绝对多数。
One person who saw all this happen was Ahmun Hadari.
阿赫蒙·哈达里（Ahmun Hadari）目睹了这一切的发生。
There's a very nice village on the shore, an Arab village, a large one called Achziv.
岸边有一个非常漂亮的村庄，一个阿拉伯村庄，一个很大的村庄，名叫阿赫兹夫（Achziv）。
We found it empty.
我们发现它是空的。
Everybody had run away.
每个人都逃跑了。
All the Palestinians had run away.
所有的巴勒斯坦人都逃跑了。
At the age of 19 in 1948, Ahmun fought in Israel's War of Independence.
1948年，19岁的阿蒙参加了以色列独立战争。
And that same year, he was also one of the founders of a Jewish settlement called Gesher Haziv, up near the Lebanese border, by this abandoned town of Achziv.
同年，他也是一个名为 Gesher Haziv 的犹太定居点的创始人之一，该定居点位于黎巴嫩边境附近，靠近废弃的阿奇夫镇。
Achziv, he tells me, is mentioned in the Bible as one of the towns that the ancient Israelites were never able to capture from the local population.
他告诉我，《圣经》中提到阿奇夫是古代以色列人从未从当地居民手中夺取的城镇之一。
Now there's a Club Med there, by the way.
顺便说一句，现在那里有一家 Club Med。
Ahmun pulls out a snapshot of himself from 1948, lean and young, standing in the sun.
阿蒙拿出一张 1948 年的照片，瘦削而年轻，站在阳光下。
Now, not where I'm standing, but a little in my background there, it was an Arab village.
现在，不是我现在站的地方，而是在我的背景中，那是一个阿拉伯村庄。
You don't see the village, but these were its fields.
你看不到村庄，但这是村庄的田地。
What we got when we settled there was a piece of very fertile ground that had already been worked for quite-- I don't know how many years.
当我们定居在那里时，我们得到的是一块非常肥沃的土地，它已经耕种了相当——我不知道多少年了。
Probably hundreds.
大概有数百个。
At the time, we did not feel that there was anything really drastically wrong with that.
当时，我们并没有觉得这有什么大错。
About a year after we settled, some old and decrepit and sick Palestinians-- they didn't call themselves Palestinians in those days-- had come back and were now living at the outskirts of town.
我们定居大约一年后，一些年老体弱多病的巴勒斯坦人——当时他们不称自己为巴勒斯坦人——回来了，现在住在城郊。
And there was a call up by the local military commander, one of the members of the kibbutz, taking 12 or 15 young men with rifles down there to chase them away.
当地军事指挥官（基布兹成员之一）接到号召，带着 12 或 15 名拿着步枪的年轻人到那里将他们赶走。
They chased them away and the next night they were back again.
他们把他们赶走了，第二天晚上他们又回来了。
So the night after that, we brought a truck.
所以那天晚上，我们带来了一辆卡车。
Or they brought a truck, I wasn't there.
或者他们带来了一辆卡车，我不在场。
They put them on the truck and they took them all the way up to the Lebanese border.
他们把它们装上卡车，一路带到黎巴嫩边境。
And told them, OK, find a way of infiltrating back into Lebanon.
并告诉他们，好吧，想办法渗透回黎巴嫩。
That was that.
就是这样。
So how is it that living on that kibbutz with the village always standing there by the beach where you were going to swim, how was it that you didn't think about it all the time, oh, we took this from other people?
那么，住在那个基布兹上，村庄总是站在你要游泳的海滩边，你怎么会一直没有想到这一点，哦，我们从其他人那里得到了这个？
Let me sound like a demagogue for just one minute.
让我听起来像个煽动者一分钟。
You're from Chicago?
你来自芝加哥？
You know of Fort Dearborn?
你知道迪尔伯恩堡吗？
When you go to Fort Dearborn, do you see Indians being slaughtered by white people from Europe with muskets?
当你去迪尔伯恩堡时，你是否看到印第安人被来自欧洲的白人用步枪屠杀？
It just doesn't enter into the equation.
它只是不进入等式。
In every war, there are winners and losers.
每场战争都有赢家和输家。
The winners, in order to feel like they're winners, try not to think too much about the losers.
胜利者为了感觉自己是胜利者，尽量不要过多地考虑失败者。
Lots of Israelis, especially the religious half of the population, still believe that God gave this land to the Jews just like it says in the Bible and the events 50 years ago really don't change anything for them.
许多以色列人，尤其是有宗教信仰的一半人口，仍然相信上帝将这片土地赐给了犹太人，就像圣经中所说的那样，50年前的事件对他们来说确实没有任何改变。
Polls show that 40% of Israeli Jews think they have a right, even to the occupied territories.
民意调查显示，40% 的以色列犹太人认为他们拥有权利，甚至拥有被占领土。
Still, these revisionist histories have been around since the late '80s.
尽管如此，这些修正主义历史自 80 年代末以来就一直存在。
There have been TV reports and specials.
有电视报道和特别节目。
The findings have trickled into high school textbooks.
研究结果已被写入高中教科书。
How much has it penetrated into the way that Israelis think about their country?
它在多大程度上渗透到以色列人对自己国家的看法中？
Do many Israelis ever think about it?
许多以色列人有没有想过这个问题？
Take one of the most disturbing and best known incidents that happened during the war in '48.
以 48 年战争期间发生的最令人不安和最著名的事件之一为例。
At two towns, right near the airport when you fly into Israel, Lod and Ramle, the largest mass eviction of Arabs came from there.
当你飞往以色列时，在机场附近的两个城镇，罗德和拉姆勒，最大规模的阿拉伯人驱逐事件就来自那里。
And we know about it partly because Yitzhak Rabin, the architect of the Oslo Peace Accords, one of Israel's prime ministers, wrote about it in his autobiography.
我们知道这一点的部分原因是奥斯陆和平协议的缔造者、以色列总理之一伊扎克·拉宾在他的自传中写到了这一点。
Again, historian Tom Segev.
再次，历史学家汤姆·塞格夫。
He tells a story of how he really didn't know what to do when he headed the forces who occupied these two towns.
他讲述了当他率领军队占领这两个城镇时，他真的不知道该怎么办的故事。
He really didn't know what to do with the population, and so we went to David Ben-Gurion himself and asked him, what do we do with these people?
他真的不知道如何对待这些人，所以我们去找大卫·本·古里安本人，问他，我们该如何对待这些人？
And Ben-Gurion made some gesture with his hand.
本-古里安用手做了一个手势。
A gesture in midair, like somebody briskly sweeping away some crumbs.
半空中的一个动作，就像有人轻快地扫掉面包屑一样。
Which Rabin interpreted as meaning, get rid of them.
拉宾将其解释为“除掉他们”的意思。
Expel them.
驱逐他们。
And this is exactly what happened.
而这正是发生的事情。
It looks like an old house, or just this stone, very long stone wall with arches inside and windows, but it's completely overgrown with weeds.
它看起来像一座老房子，或者只是这块石头，很长的石墙，里面有拱门和窗户，但它完全长满了杂草。
While I was in Israel, I visited Lod and Ramle with Adam Davidson.
当我在以色列时，我和亚当·戴维森一起拜访了罗德和拉姆勒。
If you heard our show from Israel, you probably recognize Adam, a regular contributor to our program.
如果您听过我们来自以色列的节目，您可能会认出亚当，他是我们节目的定期撰稿人。
He's half Israeli and half American, fluent in Hebrew.
他有一半以色列血统和一半美国人血统，希伯来语流利。
We asked a taxi to drive us around.
我们叫了一辆出租车带我们四处转转。
Arabs still live here, some of them descendants of the few hundred Arabs left behind in 1948.
阿拉伯人仍然居住在这里，其中一些是 1948 年留下的数百名阿拉伯人的后裔。
As we drive, Adam asks our cab driver if he's heard the story about the expulsion.
当我们开车时，亚当问我们的出租车司机是否听说过有关驱逐的故事。
The cab driver who's Jewish says that that story is impossible.
出租车司机是犹太人，他说这个故事不可能。
[SPEAKING HEBREW] Adam Davidson He said that it's always been Jews here.
[说希伯来语] Adam Davidson 他说这里一直都是犹太人。
It's always been Jew.
一直都是犹太人。
And how is that possible that people would be kicked out?
而且人怎么可能会被赶出去呢？
It doesn't make sense.
这没有道理。
But Rabin wrote it himself in his biography.
但这是拉宾自己在传记中写的。
[SPEAKING HEBREW] Cab Driver [SPEAKING HEBREW]
[希伯来语] 出租车司机 [希伯来语]
He says it didn't happen.
他说这没有发生。
He doesn't believe it could happen because they were part of us.
他不相信这会发生，因为他们是我们的一部分。
We lived here together.
我们一起住在这里。
We were all unified.
我们都很团结。
The cab driver goes on like this, incredulous.
出租车司机继续这样说道，难以置信。
He thinks Adam and I are just terribly misinformed.
他认为亚当和我被严重误导了。
We keep driving, looking for a shopping mall where we can interview people about the town's history.
我们继续开车，寻找一家购物中心，在那里我们可以采访人们有关该镇的历史。
Our cab driver knows about one, but he cannot find it.
我们的出租车司机知道其中一个，但他找不到。
And he keeps pulling over asking for directions from people on the street.
他不断地把车停在路边向街上的人问路。
Every time he does this, the same thing happens.
每次他这样做时，都会发生同样的事情。
First, he rolls down his window and he asks about the mall.
首先，他摇下车窗，询问商场的情况。
[SPEAKNIG HEBREW] Ira Glass Then, after he gets directions, he asks them, have you heard this story about 1948 and Rabin?
[说希伯来语] Ira Glass 然后，在他得到指示后，他问他们，你们听说过这个关于 1948 年和拉宾的故事吗？
[SPEAKING HEBREW] Ira Glass A Jewish woman scolds us.
[希伯来语] Ira Glass 一位犹太妇女责骂我们。
Keep going, get out of here.
继续走，离开这里。
A man shakes his head.
一个男人摇摇头。
He said, leave me alone in quiet.
他说，让我一个人静静吧。
Leave me in quiet, my brother.
让我安静点吧，我的兄弟。
When we get to the mall and out on the street afterwards, we talk with Arabs and Jews.
当我们到达购物中心并随后走到街上时，我们与阿拉伯人和犹太人交谈。
Every Arab we meet in Lod and Ramle had heard the story of how Arabs were expelled in 1948.
我们在罗德和拉姆勒遇到的每一个阿拉伯人都听说过 1948 年阿拉伯人如何被驱逐的故事。
Nearly none of the Jews knew this story.
几乎没有一个犹太人知道这个故事。
This Jewish man used to teach high school history.
这位犹太男子曾经教高中历史。
[SPEAKING HEBREW] Adam Davidson He says he's taught a lot of course and given a lot of lectures about war and he's never heard this in his life.
[说希伯来语] 亚当·戴维森（Adam Davidson） 他说他教过很多课程，也做过很多关于战争的讲座，但他一生中从未听说过这些。
Maybe he has and he forgot, but he doesn't think he has.
也许他有过，但他忘记了，但他不认为他有过。
We kind of live this double life.
我们过着这种双重生活。
On the one hand we know all this and at the other hand, we ignore it, or we don't want to know it.
一方面我们知道这一切，但另一方面，我们却忽略它，或者我们不想知道它。
Here's BZ Goldberg, the Israeli who got me into all this in the first place.
这是 BZ Goldberg，他是以色列人，他首先让我了解了这一切。
He says those stories that he heard back in school were really nice stories.
他说他在学校听到的那些故事非常好。
Because I was, I guess, young when I heard this, there's still something in me that wants to believe that actually, that that really happened, that story that I heard.
因为我想，当我听到这个消息时，我还很年轻，所以我内心仍然有一些东西想要相信，那真的发生了，我听到的那个故事。
That we did beg them to stay.
我们确实恳求他们留下来。
That's funny, like there's a part of you that kind of believes the storybook version.
这很有趣，就像你的一部分相信故事书版本一样。
There's a part of me that desperately wants to believe the storybook version.
我内心有一部分非常想相信故事书的版本。
We desperately want to believe that we're good.
我们非常想相信我们是好的。
We want to do the right thing and we want to believe that we have been doing the right thing.
我们想要做正确的事情，我们想要相信我们一直在做正确的事情。
There's a political side to this too.
这也有政治方面的原因。
Officially, the Israeli government denies that it was responsible for Arabs leaving the country in 1948.
以色列政府官方否认对 1948 年阿拉伯人离开该国负有责任。
Because if it admitted any responsibility, the Arabs who left, and their kids and grandkids, basically all the people who today we know as the Palestinians, they would try to use that to make Israel let them back in.
因为如果它承认任何责任，离开的阿拉伯人，以及他们的子孙，基本上就是今天我们所知的巴勒斯坦人，他们就会试图利用这一点让以色列让他们回来。
Barely any Israelis want to see that.
几乎没有以色列人愿意看到这一点。
Even historian Benny Morris, who believes the Israelis do bear some responsibility for the existence of the refugees, who literally wrote the book on it, even he does not want to let the Palestinians back in.
即使是历史学家本尼·莫里斯（Benny Morris）也不想让巴勒斯坦人重新进入，他认为以色列人确实对难民的存在负有一些责任，他确实写了这本书。
If they are allowed back into the country, if Israel admits, agrees to the right of return, which the Palestinians demand, this will mean that Israel will be inundated, flooded by Palestinian refugees, and instantly become a country with a Jewish minority.
如果他们被允许返回该国，如果以色列承认并同意巴勒斯坦人要求的返回权，这将意味着以色列将被巴勒斯坦难民淹没，并立即成为一个犹太人占少数的国家。
It will cease being a Jewish state.
它将不再是一个犹太国家。
It means in fact, self destruction.
这实际上意味着自我毁灭。
It means suicide.
这意味着自杀。
So I think Israel must refuse to accept responsibility and the right of return.
所以我认为以色列必须拒绝接受责任和返回的权利。
It seems that you're put into the position though, where as a historian, in a way, you're endorsing the government officially denying part of the truth of its own history?
看来你被置于这样的境地，作为一名历史学家，在某种程度上，你支持政府正式否认其自身历史的部分真相？
No, I don't do that.
不，我不这样做。
I've always professed and that's what drove me and still drives me in my historical writing that people should know the truth about their past.
我一直宣称，人们应该了解他们过去的真相，这也是我在历史写作中的动力，现在仍然是我的动力。
But it's not necessary to translate truth into policy.
但没有必要将真理转化为政策。
There's no one to one connection between truth and policy.
真相与政策之间不存在一对一的联系。
When I first started talking to Israelis about this, I expected these histories might have led at least some of them to acknowledge that the Palestinians today have some kind of moral right to be in Israel.
当我第一次开始与以色列人谈论这个问题时，我预计这些历史可能至少会让他们中的一些人承认今天的巴勒斯坦人在以色列拥有某种道德权利。
None of them saw it this way.
他们都没有这样看。
Sure, they thought the Palestinians should be treated fairly.
当然，他们认为巴勒斯坦人应该受到公平对待。
That the Palestinians should have their own state.
巴勒斯坦人应该拥有自己的国家。
Some thought that there could be reparations.
有些人认为可以进行赔偿。
Money.
钱。
But it didn't lead anybody to question the Israeli's right to keep what they had taken.
但这并没有导致任何人质疑以色列人保留他们所夺取的东西的权利。
What else can we do?
我们还能做什么？
Benny Morris asked me.
本尼·莫里斯问我。
If you're suggesting Israelis get on a plane and move back to Poland, that's not really an option.
如果你建议以色列人乘飞机返回波兰，那实际上并不是一个选择。
[MUSIC- "IN THE REAL WORLD" BY ROY ORBISON]
[音乐-罗伊·奥比森的《现实世界》]
Act Three.
第三幕。
Well, there's a military cliche that says something like, generals always re-fight the last war over and over.
嗯，有一句军事陈词滥调，比如将军们总是一遍又一遍地重新打上一场战争。
This next story is an illustration of that principle, even though it is a very different kind of war than the ones you've heard about so far on today's show.
下一个故事就是这一原则的例证，尽管这是一场与您在今天的节目中听到的战争截然不同的战争。
Jon Hodgman tells the sorry tale.
乔恩·霍奇曼讲述了这个悲伤的故事。
Here is something I'm not quick to admit even to close friends, never mind on the radio.
这是我即使对亲密的朋友也不会很快承认的事情，更不用说在广播中了。
Every day for the past several years, I have been working on a screenplay.
在过去的几年里，我每天都在写剧本。
This of course, is shameful on its face.
这当然从表面上看是可耻的。
But it gets worse, believe me.
但情况会变得更糟，相信我。
Working on my screenplay has been very hard because the story I'm telling is long and complex and important.
创作剧本非常困难，因为我要讲述的故事又长又复杂又重要。
It's also difficult because I'm not actually writing anything down.
这也很困难，因为我实际上并没有写下任何东西。
Until recently, I would only think about it, night after night, lying in bed, rewriting my screenplay in my head.
直到最近，我只会夜复一夜地躺在床上，在脑子里重写剧本。
And as this process tends to make me sleepy, I've actually not gotten very far.
由于这个过程往往会让我昏昏欲睡，所以我实际上还没有走多远。
I began my screenplay on May 19, 1999, a date that may resonate with some of you who may already guess at the other main challenge of my project, the one that lends it the extra measure of sad delusion and ultimate futility that accompanies the writing of any screenplay.
我于 1999 年 5 月 19 日开始创作剧本，这一天可能会引起你们中一些人的共鸣，他们可能已经猜到了我的项目的另一个主要挑战，这个挑战给我的项目带来了额外的悲伤幻觉和最终的徒劳，伴随着任何剧本的写作。
And that is that my screenplay has already been written by someone else and it is called Star Wars : Episode I- The Phantom Menace.
那就是我的剧本已经被别人写好了，它的名字叫《星球大战：第一集：幽灵的威胁》。
You will recognize this music, of course.
当然，您会认出这种音乐。
For many people, the opening fanfare embodies just about the sum total of what the Phantom Menace got right.
对于很多人来说，开场的大张旗鼓几乎体现了《幽灵的威胁》正确的全部内容。
Next, the familiar text crawls up and out into the galaxy.
接下来，熟悉的文字爬升并进入银河系。
The taxation of outlying trade routes is in dispute we're told.
据我们所知，边远贸易路线的税收存在争议。
And with this particularly rousing line of exposition, the bewilderment and shock and sadness begins.
随着这段特别激动人心的阐述，困惑、震惊和悲伤开始了。
We know this now.
我们现在知道了。
But think back to the peculiar exciting year that was 1999.
但回想一下 1999 年那特别激动人心的一年。
Slightly crazed by the end of the Millennium, we impeached a president for the first time in 131 years.
到了千禧年末，我们有点疯狂，131 年来首次弹劾总统。
We started paying English majors huge sums of money to create something called content.
我们开始向英语专业的学生支付巨额资金来创建所谓的内容。
And in a still disturbing bout of mass hysteria, every American man grew at least one kind of goatee, and we waited for the Phantom Menace.
在一场仍然令人不安的集体歇斯底里中，每个美国男人都至少留了一种山羊胡，我们等待着幽灵的威胁。
This was when the internet was at its peak.
那是互联网的鼎盛时期。
Still, largely ruled by passion more than commerce.
尽管如此，很大程度上还是由激情而非商业主导。
And in many ways, it had found its perfect expression in sites like theforce.net and Starkiller- The Jedi Bendu Script Site, anarchic collaborative communities of information obsessives building a model of what this new Star Wars movie would look like only from rumors, stolen photographs, and leaked script passages.
在很多方面，它在 theforce.net 和 Starkiller- The Jedi Bendu Script Site 等网站上找到了完美的表达，这些信息痴迷者的无政府主义协作社区仅根据谣言、被盗照片和泄露的剧本段落构建了这部新星球大战电影的模型。
And it somehow felt important that I spend at least an hour a day looking at them.
不知何故，我每天至少花一个小时观察它们，这感觉很重要。
And not just insane.
而且不仅仅是疯狂。
Well, this wasn't always a good thing.
嗯，这并不总是一件好事。
When I first downloaded an unofficial audio clip of Jar Jar Binks's quasi-Caribbean Stepin Fetchit whining, I spent a long moment staring doubtfully out the window before quietly deleting the file.
当我第一次下载 Jar Jar Binks 的准加勒比海 Stepin Fetchit 哀嚎的非官方音频片段时，我疑惑地盯着窗外看了很长一段时间，然后悄悄删除了该文件。
But still I had hope.
但我仍然抱有希望。
Jump to early May 1999.
跳转到 1999 年 5 月上旬。
I saw the Phantom Menace first at a private press screening thanks to a journalist friend of mine who either sympathized with my obsession, or feared what would happen if he did not indulge it.
我第一次看到《幽灵的威胁》是在一次私人媒体放映中，这要归功于我的一位记者朋友，他要么同情我的痴迷，要么担心如果他不沉迷于它会发生什么。
It was probably the first time in history one could go to a new movie, as I did, knowing every scene, every line front to back.
这可能是历史上第一次有人可以像我一样去看一部新电影，了解每一个场景，每一个台词从头到尾。
As the lights went down, there was a feeling of joy and imminence in the room.
随着灯光暗下来，房间里充满了喜悦和迫在眉睫的感觉。
The nation was prosperous and relatively peaceful.
国家繁荣昌盛，相对和平。
I was sitting next to the movie star, Jon Favreau, and Star Wars was coming to fulfill a promise it had made 22 years ago to a generation now coming into its own.
我坐在电影明星乔恩·费儒 (Jon Favreau) 旁边，《星球大战》即将兑现它 22 年前向现在即将进入自己时代的一代人做出的承诺。
When the lights came up though, something had changed.
然而，当灯光亮起时，事情发生了变化。
Something had broken and I couldn't put my finger on what it was.
有什么东西坏了，我无法确定那是什么。
The ideas were good, I kept saying as we left the theater and drank, for hours, afterward.
这些想法很好，当我们离开剧院并喝了几个小时后，我一直这么说。
There was so much promise there.
那里有太多的希望。
How could it have all gone so wrong so quickly?
一切怎么会这么快就变得如此糟糕？
I started revising that night.
那天晚上我就开始复习。
First of all, I thought, Anakin Skywalker would have to at least be a teenager.
首先，我认为阿纳金·天行者至少必须是青少年。
What made George Lucas think we would be OK with the idea of an elderly man taking a nine year old boy away from his mother, Jedi master or no. And that's just creepy.
是什么让乔治·卢卡斯认为我们可以接受一位老人将一个九岁男孩从他母亲身边带走，无论他是否是绝地大师。这真是令人毛骨悚然。
And one of the great pleasures of any Star Wars movie was always the one planet, one climate concept.
任何一部《星球大战》电影的最大乐趣之一始终是“一个星球、一个气候”的概念。
You had your desert planet, your ice planet, your swamp planet, your cloud planet.
你有你的沙漠星球，你的冰星球，你的沼泽星球，你的云星球。
Yes, the Phantom Menace had a city planet, but that had already been done with the death star, don't you think?
是的，幽灵威胁有一个城市星球，但死星已经完成了，你不觉得吗？
So what is it?
那么它是什么？
What comes after cloud planet?
云星球之后会发生什么？
Occasionally, I would sneak away from my desk and call my friends.
有时，我会偷偷离开办公桌，打电话给我的朋友。
I found a solution to the Jar Jar problem, I would say.
我想说，我找到了 Jar Jar 问题的解决方案。
But mainly, I would lie awake at night, alone, and ponder the big questions.
但主要的是，我会在夜里独自躺在床上，思考重大问题。
What does Darth Sidious want with Naboo in the first place?
达斯·西迪厄斯最初想要纳布做什么？
What were those glowing purple balls of energy the Gungans were always tossing around?
冈根人总是抛出的那些发光的紫色能量球是什么？
And of course, Obi-Wan Kenobi knows R2-D2 from the Phantom Menace , why doesn't he recognize him in Star Wars?
当然，欧比旺·克诺比认识《幽灵威胁》中的 R2-D2，为什么他在《星球大战》中不认识他呢？
At this point, you will want to know, what is the solution to the Jar Jar problem?
此时，你会想知道，Jar Jar问题的解决办法是什么？
I understand, everyone hates Jar Jar.
我明白，每个人都讨厌加加。
In fact, everything in my screenplay flows from this very simple fix.
事实上，我剧本中的所有内容都源于这个非常简单的修复。
And that is, replace him with Sebulba.
那就是，用塞布巴取代他。
OK, Sebulba.
好的，塞布巴。
You remember the villain in the pod race, the cranky, Joe Camel looking thing in the World War I goggles who walked around on his hands and almost beat Anakin?
你还记得吊舱比赛中的恶棍吗？那个脾气暴躁、戴着第一次世界大战护目镜、看上去像乔·骆驼的家伙，用手走路，几乎击败了阿纳金？
Switch that guy, Sebulba, with Jar Jar, and what you get is an angrier, more interesting character, who accidentally gets his life saved by Obi-Wan Kenobi during the invasion of Naboo.
将塞布巴（Sebulba）与加·加（Jar Jar）互换，你会得到一个更愤怒、更有趣的角色，他在纳布入侵期间意外地被欧比旺·克诺比救了命。
Then this hybrid character, let's call him Jarbulba, he now has to follow Obi-Wan around until he has a chance to save Obi-Wan's life.
那么这个混合角色，我们就叫他贾布巴吧，他现在必须跟随欧比旺，直到他有机会拯救欧比旺的生命。
It could take years, Jarbulba would explain, to their mutual dismay.
贾布尔巴解释说，这可能需要数年时间，这让他们都感到沮丧。
But for now, they're stuck with each other.
但现在，他们互相困住了。
Obi-Wan, the snobby, young Jedi from the big city, and Jarbulba, the bitter malcontent with the heart of gold.
欧比旺（Obi-Wan），势利的，来自大城市的年轻绝地武士，以及贾布巴（Jarbulba），有着金子般的心的苦涩不满。
Like Sidney Poitier and Tony Curtis in The Defiant Ones.
就像《反抗者》中的西德尼·波蒂埃和托尼·柯蒂斯一样。
This is a good change for three reasons.
这是一个很好的改变，原因有三个。
One, Jarbulba becomes the cynical Han Solo figure the film so desperately needs.
第一，贾布巴成为电影迫切需要的愤世嫉俗的汉·索罗人物。
Two, he actually has a reason to go on the rest of the adventure.
第二，他实际上有理由继续剩下的冒险。
And three, creatures walking on their hands are cool.
第三，用手行走的生物很酷。
But this is only the beginning.
但这仅仅是开始。
In the actual Phantom Menace , the Gungans, Jar Jar's people, have no real purpose in the story.
在实际的《幽灵的威胁》中，冈根人，加加的人民，在故事中没有真正的目的。
In my screenplay, they do.
在我的剧本中，他们做到了。
In my screenplay, it turns out that they're preternaturally sensitive to the Force.
在我的剧本中，事实证明他们对原力异常敏感。
And Darth Sidious, the bad guy, needs them like bloodhounds to track down this powerful new concentration in the Force he's been sensing somewhere on the edge of the galaxy.
坏人达斯·西迪厄斯需要他们像猎犬一样追踪他在银河系边缘某处感知到的强大原力新浓度。
But Jarbulba is a Gungan and he leads our heroes to this concentration first, which turns out to be a teenager on Tatooine, Anakin Skywalker, who uses the Force to win the pod race and is then accused of cheating.
但贾布尔巴是一名冈根人，他首先带领我们的英雄们到达了这个集中地，而这个集中地原来是塔图因上的少年阿纳金·天行者，他利用原力赢得了吊舱比赛，然后被指控作弊。
Thus having to flee with our heroes who need his skills as a pilot.
因此不得不与我们的英雄一起逃离，他们需要他作为飞行员的技能。
And so, as act one concludes, Obi-Wan is captain of a crew he can't stand, bound by fate to a strange hand-walking freak, and forced to watch as the dashing and not nine year old, Anakin, captures the heart of the queen that Obi-Wan secretly pines for himself.
因此，正如第一幕的结尾，欧比旺是一个他无法忍受的船员的船长，被命运与一个奇怪的手走怪人绑在一起，被迫看着英俊的、不到九岁的阿纳金俘获了欧比旺暗自渴望的女王的心。
I will stop talking now.
我现在就不说话了。
This is the moment in discussing my screenplay that I begin to feel more and more like someone standing on a cold corner mumbling to himself.
在讨论我的剧本的那一刻，我开始感觉自己越来越像一个站在寒冷的角落里自言自语的人。
And also, this is as far as I've gotten.
而且，这是我所了解到的。
It's been 31 months.
已经31个月了。
Some 960 days of work and I've only made it to the end of act one.
大约 960 天的工作，我只完成了第一幕。
Long after Episode II has come and gone, I'm still trying to get Episode I down.
在第二集已经过去很久之后，我仍然在努力把第一集写下来。
Even though I know I never will.
尽管我知道我永远不会。
Because even in the midst of my mania, I know I'm trying to repair something more than a script.
因为即使在我的狂热之中，我知道我正在尝试修复的不仅仅是剧本。
The Phantom Menace was the beginning of the end.
幻影威胁是终结的开始。
Think about it.
想一想。
It came out in May 1999.
它于 1999 年 5 月问世。
Was it a coincidence that the economy then collapsed?
经济崩溃是巧合吗？
That all the promise and light of that time went with it?
那时的所有承诺和光明都随之消失了吗？
That my mother became suddenly sick and soon died?
我母亲突然病了，很快就死了？
That our country was attacked?
我们的国家遭到袭击？
That we went to war?
我们去打仗了吗？
Well, probably it was a coincidence.
好吧，这可能是一个巧合。
But there's a reason I would work on my screenplay while falling asleep.
但我会在睡觉时写剧本是有原因的。
At night, dozing in the hospital while my mother was dying, or when I was awake in bed in October 2001, listening for planes over New York City, when all daylight and distractions were exhausted.
晚上，当我母亲弥留之际，我在医院里打瞌睡，或者当我在 2001 年 10 月在床上醒来，听着纽约市上空的飞机起飞时，当时所有的日光和干扰都已耗尽。
Instead of feeling angry or panicked or sad, I could ask myself, what if?
我不会感到愤怒、惊慌或悲伤，而是可以问自己，如果怎么办？
What if Jar Jar and Sebulba switched places?
如果加加和塞布巴交换位置怎么办？
What if Naboo were a sunken planet, where all that was left of a once great world, a shining civilization, were the tips of mountains, the tallest spires of the cities just poking up above the water's dark surface?
如果纳布是一颗沉没的星球，那里曾经伟大的世界、辉煌的文明只剩下山尖、城市最高的尖塔刚刚从黑暗的水面上露出来，那会怎样呢？
Is that what comes after a cloud planet?
这就是云星球之后的样子吗？
It's an odd compulsion to tell a story correctly.
正确讲述故事是一种奇怪的冲动。
We feel it every time we tell a joke or interrupt our spouse in the middle of the one about the time we drunkenly broke into the London Zoo.
每当我们讲笑话或打断配偶讲我们醉酒闯入伦敦动物园的笑话时，我们都会有这种感觉。
Wait, go back, you say.
等等，你说回去吧。
Wait, go back and start over.
等等，回去重新开始吧。
And maybe this is not really borne of a desire to get the beginning right, but to avoid ever having to come to the end.
也许这并不是真正想要得到正确的开始，而是为了避免走到最后。
I know it's futile to go on with my screenplay.
我知道继续我的剧本是徒劳的。
And to tell the truth, it isn't offering me the same kind of comfort that it used to.
说实话，它并没有给我带来以前那样的安慰。
The story will end the way it ends.
故事就这样结束了。
All I really needed was to get this far.
我真正需要的只是走到这一步。
As Obi-Wan and Jarbulba, Anakin and the queen fly off in the desert planet, the point where the adventure is just starting, with everything still promised and unknown.
欧比旺和贾布巴、阿纳金和女王在沙漠星球上飞翔，冒险才刚刚开始，一切都充满希望和未知。
Because beginnings are really the only happy endings.
因为开始确实是唯一的幸福结局。
Well, our program was produced today by Diane Cook and myself, with Alex Blumberg, Wendy Dorr, Dave Kestenbaum, and Starlee Kine.
好吧，我们今天的节目是由黛安·库克和我本人以及亚历克斯·布隆伯格、温迪·多尔、戴夫·凯斯滕鲍姆和斯塔莉·凯恩共同制作的。
Elizabeth Meister runs our website.
伊丽莎白·梅斯特 (Elizabeth Meister) 负责运营我们的网站。
Production help from Todd Bachmann, Jane Golombisky, and Mr. Jorge Just in a special cameo.
Todd Bachmann、Jane Golombisky 和 Jorge Just 先生在特别客串中为制作提供了帮助。
[ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS] BZ Goldberg who you heard in our Israel story is one of the creators of a great film about Israeli and Palestinian kids.
[致谢] BZ Goldberg，您在我们的以色列故事中听到过，他是一部关于以色列和巴勒斯坦儿童的伟大电影的创作者之一。
If you want to know more about that visit promisesproject.org.
如果您想了解更多信息，请访问 PromiseProject.org。
If you'd like to buy a cassette of this or any of our programs, call us here at WBEZ in Chicago or visit our web site, www.thisamericanlife.org.
如果您想购买本节目或我们任何节目的磁带，请致电芝加哥 WBEZ 或访问我们的网站 www.thisamericanlife.org。
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
[FUNDING CREDITS] WBEZ management oversight by Torey Malatia, who says it is not easy wearing a Darth Vader costume everywhere.
[资金来源] WBEZ 管理由托里·马拉蒂亚 (Torey Malatia) 负责监督，他说到处穿着达斯·维达 (Darth Vader) 服装并不容易。
I piss my pants.
我尿裤子了。
My heart rate climbs.
我的心率加快。
My breathing becomes shallow in the mask.
我的呼吸在面罩中变得微弱。
I'm Ira Glass, back next week with more stories of this American life.
我是艾拉·格拉斯，下周回来，带来更多关于美国生活的故事。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。