112: Ladies and Germs - This American Life
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00:00 00:00 Transcript Share This American Life Life Partners How to Listen Episodes Recommended About Overview Staff Announcements Fellowships Jobs Music Make Radio On The Road FAQ Submissions Merch Contact Us Our Other Shows Merch Follow Us Life Partners Subscribe to our newsletter Full episode Toggle Audio and Transcript Sync Transcript | Episode #112 | October 2, 1998 112: Ladies and Germs Note: This American Life is produced for the ear and designed to be heard.
00:00 00:00 文字记录 分享此 美国生活 生活伙伴 如何收听 剧集 推荐 关于 概述 员工公告 奖学金 工作 音乐 在路上制作电台 常见问题解答 提交 商品 联系我们 我们的其他节目 商品 关注我们 生活伙伴 订阅我们的时事通讯 整集 切换音频和文字记录同步 文字记录 | 内容第 112 集 | 1998 年 10 月 2 日 112：《女士与细菌》 注：《美国生活》是为耳朵而制作的，旨在让人们听到。
If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emotion and emphasis that's not on the page.
如果可以的话，我们强烈建议您收听音频，其中包括页面上没有的情感和重点。
Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors.
文字记录是使用语音识别软件和人工转录员结合生成的，可能包含错误。
Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print.
请在印刷版引用前检查相应的音频。
Prologue Ira Glass Consider please, this White House scandal from the year 1881.
序言 Ira Glass 请考虑一下 1881 年的白宫丑闻。
No treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors against the state, but the president still did not survive in office for four years.
没有叛国、受贿或其他针对国家的重罪和轻罪，但总统仍然没有在任四年。
Of course, he had a much bigger problem than any faced by our current president, specifically a bullet in the back.
当然，他面临的问题比我们现任总统面临的任何问题都要大得多，特别是背后中弹。
President James A.
总统詹姆斯·A.
Garfield was shot by an assassin in July of 1881.
1881 年 7 月，加菲猫被刺客射杀。
But here's the strange thing.
但奇怪的是。
Here's where the scandal begins.
这就是丑闻开始的地方。
As he lingered, sick in bed from his infected wound, rumors began, possibly leaks from within the White House.
当他因伤口感染而卧病在床时，谣言开始出现，可能是白宫内部泄露的消息。
So it's fairly clear from a modern perspective that the man was suffering from infection from the wound.
因此，从现代角度来看，很明显该男子患有伤口感染。
Nancy Tomes is a historian at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
南希·汤姆斯是纽约州立大学石溪分校的历史学家。
What's fascinating is that the wound itself was not sufficient to explain what was wrong with him.
令人着迷的是，伤口本身并不足以解释他的问题。
There was such a long history of popular belief that the White House was a very unhealthy place because of its bad plumbing.
长期以来，人们普遍认为白宫是一个非常不健康的地方，因为它的管道系统很糟糕。
The rumor began to circulate that what really was wrong with Garfield was the state of the White House toilets, that they weren't properly hooked up to the sewer system and that he was being poisoned by sewer gas.
有谣言开始流传，称加菲猫真正的问题是白宫厕所的状况，它们没有正确连接到下水道系统，而加菲猫被下水道气体中毒。
Sewer gas.
下水道气体。
In the 19th century, as indoor plumbing was becoming more and more widespread, it just sort of freaked people out that there was something inside their own houses, this pipe, that connected them to a huge public sewer.
在 19 世纪，随着室内管道系统变得越来越普遍，人们有点害怕自己的房子里有一个东西，就是这个管道，将他们连接到一个巨大的公共下水道。
It just seemed filthy.
它看起来很脏。
And they believed that gases rose from the decaying matter in the sewers, came back up the pipes, and made you sick.
他们相信，气体从下水道中腐烂的物质中升起，回到管道中，使人生病。
And because our nation is of course crazy when it comes to the presidency, because the White House is, among other things, a national movie screen onto which we project a whole array of fears and misplaced idealism, we projected our national fear of sewer gas onto the presidency.
因为我们的国家在总统职位上当然是疯狂的，因为白宫是一个全国性的电影屏幕，我们在上面投射出一系列的恐惧和错误的理想主义，所以我们把我们国家对下水道气体的恐惧投射到总统身上。
The fear was so profound that in June of 1882, the Senate actually voted $300,000 to build a second White House, a second one, a sanitary one, free of filth, right next door to the original White House.
这种恐惧如此深刻，以至于1882年6月，参议院实际上投票决定拨款30万美元建造第二座白宫，第二座，卫生的，没有污物的，就在原来的白宫隔壁。
And the idea was for his family to just move right in there.
我们的想法是让他的家人搬到那里。
A lot of this was the work of Chester Arthur, who succeeded Garfield, and who wouldn't live in the White House.
其中很多都是切斯特·阿瑟的作品，他接替了加菲猫，但他不会住在白宫。
He was so convinced that it was unhealthy that he lived in a soldier's home to avoid exposing himself and his family to this danger, the sewer gas.
他坚信下水道气体是不健康的，因此他住在士兵的家中，以避免自己和家人暴露在下水道气体的危险中。
One of the things that's really amazing reading about this is the way that you write about the press coverage, the equivalent to current tabloids.
阅读本文真正令人惊奇的事情之一是您撰写新闻报道的方式，相当于当前的小报。
Yes.
是的。
Ira Glass A paper company called the New York Herald, at one point they interview what they call a well-known plumber, and you just think-- a well-known plumber?
艾拉·格拉斯（Ira Glass） 一家名为《纽约先驱报》的报纸公司，有一次他们采访了一位他们所谓的著名水管工，你会想——一位著名的水管工？
An unnamed source who asserts about Garfield, quote, "The real trouble is sewer gas which is 10 times as bad and even more poisonous than foul air." And this same unnamed source claims there is not a perfect working sewer trap in the executive mansion.
一位不愿透露姓名的消息人士对加菲猫断言，“真正的问题是下水道气体，它的危害程度是污浊空气的十倍，甚至比污浊空气还要有毒。”这位不愿透露姓名的消息人士称，行政官邸内没有完美的下水道陷阱。
Indeed.
的确。
And the whole concept of a sewer trap, that was to prevent that sewer air from backing up into your home.
下水道存水弯的整个概念是为了防止下水道空气倒流到你的家中。
So an untrapped toilet was the portal of death.
因此，没有陷阱的厕所就是死亡之门。
Naturally, this being the United States government, an independent investigator had to be brought in, in this case a sanitary engineer named George Waring, who had made a reputation for himself years before as an expert in these sort of plumbing issues, and could be trusted to issue a nonpartisan, objective report.
自然，这是美国政府，必须聘请一名独立调查员，在本案中，一位名叫乔治·沃林的卫生工程师，他多年前就作为此类管道问题的专家而享有盛誉，并且可以相信他会发布一份无党派的客观报告。
He found that while there were problems in the White House plumbing system, they were nowhere near as bad as popular rumor had it.
他发现，虽然白宫的管道系统存在问题，但远没有流行的谣言那么严重。
He concluded that President Garfield probably did not die of sewer gas, probably the bullet was enough.
他的结论是，加菲尔德总统很可能不是死于下水道毒气，也许子弹就足够了。
The issue was of sufficient public importance that when his final report was issued, long excerpts were published verbatim, even in the New York Times .
这个问题具有足够的公众重要性，以至于当他的最终报告发布时，甚至在《纽约时报》上也逐字发表了长篇摘录。
And one interesting footnote to all this, one of the changes that Waring recommended at the White House in his report, was that they install these new kinds of toilets, toilets of his own design, in this style that was still very new, namely, they were white and they were made of porcelain.
所有这一切的一个有趣的脚注，即韦林在报告中向白宫建议的改变之一，是他们安装了这些新型厕所，他自己设计的厕所，其风格仍然很新，即它们是白色的，由瓷器制成。
And after this, toilets like this became a huge fad, eventually replacing wooden and metal toilets nearly everywhere in this country.
此后，像这样的厕所成为一种巨大的时尚，最终取代了这个国家几乎所有地方的木制和金属厕所。
Somehow this association between white and porcelain, it was sold by plumbing contractors, people like Waring who devised these kinds of toilets as safer, because the porcelain would be impervious.
不知何故，白色和瓷器之间的这种联系是由管道承包商出售的，像韦林这样的人设计了这种更安全的厕所，因为瓷器是不透水的。
Nothing could kind of get in there and fester.
没有任何东西可以进入那里并溃烂。
And also you could see that it was clean.
而且你还可以看到它很干净。
Now I bring all this up today, not to talk about the nature of the presidency, but to talk about hysteria and germs.
我今天提出这一切，不是为了谈论总统职位的性质，而是为了谈论歇斯底里和细菌。
All of this, everything in this story, occurred before the germ theory of disease had been proven.
所有这一切，这个故事中的一切，都发生在疾病的细菌理论被证明之前。
People did not know that germs were the way that disease is spread.
人们不知道细菌是疾病传播的方式。
That's why they were scared of things like sewer gas.
这就是为什么他们害怕下水道气体之类的东西。
And it would be nice to think that with more information, factual information that we have today about how disease actually spreads, we would all become more rational, take rational precautions to protect ourselves.
很高兴认为，有了更多信息，我们今天掌握的有关疾病实际传播方式的事实信息，我们都会变得更加理性，采取合理的预防措施来保护自己。
But the fact is, that is simply not happening.
但事实是，这根本没有发生。
At this very moment, we are experiencing a boom in antibacterial soaps and skin products, antibacterial children's toys and kitchen implements, pizza cutters, and underwear, all marketed to healthy, middle-class people who, if they use the products as intended, will be no healthier as a result of using the products-- most of them.
就在此时此刻，我们正在经历抗菌肥皂和皮肤产品、抗菌儿童玩具和厨房用具、披萨刀和内衣的热潮，所有这些产品的销售对象都是健康的中产阶级，如果他们按预期使用这些产品，他们中的大多数人不会因为使用这些产品而变得更健康。
We want to be rational creatures, but we are flawed.
我们想成为理性的生物，但我们有缺陷。
We are not rational.
我们不理性。
And one area we see that all the time is when it comes to germs.
我们一直看到的一个领域就是细菌。
Well, from WBEZ Chicago and Public Radio International, it's This American Life.
嗯，来自芝加哥 WBEZ 和国际公共广播电台，这就是《美国生活》。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Today on our program, germs and our struggle to stay calm in a universe filled with microscopic creatures that can kill us or make us sick.
今天在我们的节目中，细菌和我们在充满微生物的宇宙中保持冷静的努力，这些微生物可以杀死我们或让我们生病。
Act One of our program today, Biblical Thinking in a Digital World.
我们今天的节目第一幕，数字世界中的圣经思维。
Reporter Hannah Rosen did an investigation of the new antibacterial products.
记者汉娜·罗森对新型抗菌产品进行了调查。
In her investigation, in her report, she mocked them as ineffective.
在她的调查和报告中，她嘲笑他们无效。
She mocked the people who used them, until one day she went through her own transformation from rationality to irrationality.
她嘲笑那些使用它们的人，直到有一天她经历了自己从理性到非理性的转变。
Act Two, 20th Century Germ.
第二幕，二十世纪胚芽。
Germs were first understood at the turn of this century.
细菌在本世纪之交首次被了解。
And it turns out that the aesthetics of everyday life in this century, the way that we dress, the way that we groom ourselves, the way that we make our homes, are all the way they are partly in response to this new fangled idea of germs.
事实证明，本世纪日常生活的美学，我们的着装方式，我们打扮自己的方式，我们建造家园的方式，都部分是对这种新奇的细菌观念的回应。
We explain how.
我们解释如何做。
Act Three, Ladies and Germs.
第三幕，女士与病菌。
We bring you one woman's story.
我们为您带来一位女性的故事。
Act Four, You Gonna Eat That?
第四幕，你要吃那个吗？
Reporter, author, and farmer Frank Browning on how irrational fear means that you probably are not going to see decent apple cider in your local grocery store this fall.
记者、作家和农民弗兰克·布朗宁讲述了非理性的恐惧如何意味着今年秋天你可能不会在当地的杂货店看到像样的苹果酒。
Act Five, The Conqueror Germ.
第五幕，征服者细菌。
Sean Collins and the germs within us, the germs that can kill us, and the germs that do kill us.
肖恩·柯林斯和我们体内的细菌，可以杀死我们的细菌，以及确实杀死我们的细菌。
Stay right here.
就呆在这里。
Act One: Biblical Thinking In A Digital World Ira Glass Act One, Biblical Thinking.
第一幕：数字世界中的圣经思维 Ira Glass 第一幕，圣经思维。
Well our nation goes through waves of germ consciousness.
我们的国家正在经历细菌意识的浪潮。
Social reformers at the turn of the century tried to clean up the city slums, prevent the spread of tuberculosis and other diseases.
世纪之交的社会改革者试图清理城市贫民窟，防止结核病和其他疾病的传播。
Booker T.
布克·T.
Washington proselytized among former slaves about middle-class cleanliness and the gospel of the toothbrush.
华盛顿向前奴隶宣传中产阶级的清洁和牙刷的福音。
When reporter Hannah Rosen noticed the latest wave of American germ consciousness kick in, she wrote about it for The New Republic magazine.
当记者汉娜·罗森注意到美国细菌意识的最新浪潮开始兴起时，她为《新共和》杂志撰写了相关文章。
I was either in a store buying-- I'm now at the age where some of my friends are having kids or about to have kids-- and I was in the toy store.
我要么在商店里买东西——我现在正值我的一些朋友已经有了孩子或即将要孩子的年纪——而我则在玩具店里。
And I was trying to buy something for someone.
我想给某人买点东西。
And I just noticed that everything was antibacterial.
我刚刚注意到一切都是抗菌的。
And I thought, hmm, that sounds strange, because kids eat dirt.
我想，嗯，这听起来很奇怪，因为孩子们吃泥土。
So what good would it do to have sort of a little antibacterial chair.
那么拥有一把小小的抗菌椅子有什么好处呢？
But there it was.
但它就在那里。
I mean the fire trucks and the things that the kids chew on and the play pens, and everything was suddenly antibacterial.
我指的是消防车、孩子们咀嚼的东西和游戏围栏，所有东西突然都抗菌了。
And I just sort of looked into it.
我只是调查了一下。
And realized there was just an entire universe, a booming universe of antibacterial products which just-- you could buy anything.
并意识到存在着一个完整的宇宙，一个蓬勃发展的抗菌产品宇宙，你可以买到任何东西。
You could buy an antibacterial television.
你可以买一台抗菌电视。
In fact, a friend of mine in England had told me that there's an entire antibacterial supermarket.
事实上，我在英国的一个朋友告诉我，那里有一家抗菌超市。
I just started to ask people.
我刚开始问人。
And then I realized that it was everywhere.
然后我意识到它无处不在。
Let me just ask you to read-- there's a little section in your article where you're explaining the extent of this.
让我请您阅读一下——您的文章中有一小节您正在解释其范围。
And you explain that now antibacterial soaps are 50% of the $2.1 billion soap market.
您解释说，现在抗菌肥皂占 21 亿美元肥皂市场的 50%。
And then you have this little passage where you try to convey how far this has gone.
然后你有这个小段落，你试图表达这已经走了多远。
Sure.
当然。
"It is already possible to spend most of your day in germ-free comfort.
“人们已经可以在无菌舒适的环境中度过一天中的大部分时间。
You can get a good night's sleep on an antibacterial pillow, snuggled under an antibacterial blanket, brush your teeth with antibacterial toothpaste, take a shower with antibacterial soap, dry off with an antibacterial towel, pull on your antibacterial socks and underwear, eat breakfast on your antibacterial tray, say goodbye to Spot in his antibacterial dog bed, give little Susie her antibacterial toy, grab a cookie from the antibacterial jar, spray the bus seat and your office phone with antibacterial cleaner, then come home and chop up some celery with your antibacterial knife for dinner."
你可以在抗菌枕头上睡个好觉，依偎在抗菌毯子下，用抗菌牙膏刷牙，用抗菌肥皂洗澡，用抗菌毛巾擦干，穿上抗菌袜子和内衣，在抗菌托盘上吃早餐，告别抗菌狗床上的斑点，给小苏西她的抗菌玩具，从抗菌罐里拿一块饼干，喷洒公共汽车座椅和你的身体。用抗菌清洁剂清洁办公室电话，然后回家用抗菌刀切一些芹菜作为晚餐。”
And the substance of your article really, you spend a lot of time in the article I mean mocking these products and the people who use them.
你文章的实质内容确实是，你在文章中花了很多时间，我的意思是嘲笑这些产品和使用它们的人。
And you argue essentially that for most adults, these things really do nothing.
你本质上认为，对于大多数成年人来说，这些事情实际上没有任何作用。
Yeah.
是的。
It's probably that they just oversell themselves.
很可能他们只是过度推销自己。
I mean I imagine they don't have zero use.
我的意思是我想他们的使用率不是零。
But most scientists say that the major disease risks from ordinary contact with ordinary everyday services and substances, like a table or a scissor or the kinds of things these things are used to protect, are basically zero.
但大多数科学家表示，与普通的日常服务和物质（例如桌子、剪刀或这些东西用来保护的物品）的普通接触所带来的主要疾病风险基本上为零。
If you're a healthy adult, you don't have much risk from just touching things on your desk.
如果您是一个健康的成年人，那么仅仅触摸办公桌上的东西并不会带来太大的风险。
And so these products don't do that much good.
所以这些产品并没有多大作用。
Another thing you pointed out in your article is that when we get a cold or a flu, what we're getting is a virus--
您在文章中指出的另一件事是，当我们患感冒或流感时，我们感染的是病毒——
Right.
对。
Ira Glass --which is very different from bacteria, which is what these things are actually targeted at.
Ira Glass——这与细菌非常不同，而细菌才是这些东西真正的目标。
Right.
正确的。
And that's point two, is that in general a lot of diseases are caused by viruses, not germs.
第二点是，一般来说，许多疾病是由病毒而不是细菌引起的。
And so these don't help against viruses at all.
所以这些对对抗病毒根本没有帮助。
What about for people with kids?
对于有孩子的人来说呢？
Is there are some legitimate use for some of this stuff?
这些东西有合法用途吗？
I suppose.
我想。
But I think even in most cases what will happen is that the kid will get kind of sick.
但我认为即使在大多数情况下，孩子也会生病。
And kids get kind of sick.
孩子们会生病。
I mean I don't have kids, but I have friends who have kids.
我的意思是我没有孩子，但我有朋友有孩子。
And kids just are constantly getting sick.
孩子们总是生病。
I mean like I said, kids eat dirt.
我的意思是就像我说的，孩子们吃泥土。
They chew on each other.
他们互相咀嚼。
There's only so much you can do with a bit of Purell.
只需一点 Purell，您所能做的就是这么多。
Let me ask you to talk about Purell?
让我请您谈谈Purell 吧？
Explain what this product is and explain kind of what you say about it in the article?
解释一下这个产品是什么，并解释一下您在文章中所说的内容？
Purell seems to be incredibly popular these days.
Purell 如今似乎非常受欢迎。
I now see Purell everywhere.
我现在到处都能看到普雷尔。
It's in airports and just everywhere.
它在机场和任何地方都有。
So basically, it's an antibacterial hand soap, which is sort of a combination of the alcohol they use in the hospital plus some sort of aloe vera lotion, so it feels good.
所以基本上，它是一种抗菌洗手液，是医院使用的酒精加上某种芦荟乳液的组合，所以感觉很好。
And the company that started it was a company that actually made hospital products.
而创办它的公司是一家真正生产医院产品的公司。
And they suddenly realized that there was sort of a domestic use for this stuff.
他们突然意识到这种东西有某种家庭用途。
And it comes in a pump bottle.
它装在泵瓶中。
And you sort of pump it on your hands and rub it on.
然后你把它泵到手上然后揉搓。
And it feels like a lotion, but it's actually meant to kill the bacteria on your hand.
它感觉像乳液，但实际上是为了杀死手上的细菌。
So you now have sort of dead bacteria on your hand.
所以你现在手上有一些死去的细菌。
It's not sort of preventative.
这不是一种预防措施。
I mean if you touch something else later, you'll just sort of get that thing again.
我的意思是，如果你稍后再碰其他东西，你就会再次得到那个东西。
But my problem with Purell was that when they describe the product, they describe it as this sort of sunny, healthy thing.
但我对 Purell 的问题是，当他们描述产品时，他们将其描述为这种阳光、健康的东西。
When you talk to the company, they'll talk to you about good family living, and take your kids on a camping trip, or a mother with her diapers.
当您与公司交谈时，他们会与您谈论美好的家庭生活，带您的孩子去露营，或者带尿布的母亲。
And they'll just describe it as sort of just another part of a Norman Rockwell American life.
他们只是将其描述为诺曼·洛克威尔美国生活的另一部分。
But then if you look at the actual ads they run, they're clearly meant to appeal to the hassled yuppie in all of us.
但如果你看看他们投放的实际广告，他们显然是为了吸引我们所有人中麻烦的雅皮士。
I mean they show this sort of Petri dish with these office products and some just disgusting looking germs all over your phone and everything.
我的意思是，他们展示了这种带有办公用品的培养皿，以及一些看起来很恶心的细菌，遍布你的手机和所有东西。
So they're actually meant for people who don't even have time to wash their hands after they go to the bathroom, or who just have four seconds to eat their lunch at their desk and so they have to use Purell, because it takes too much time to go to sink and wash your hands.
因此，它们实际上适用于那些上完厕所后甚至没有时间洗手的人，或者只有四秒钟时间在办公桌上吃午饭的人，因此他们必须使用 Purell，因为去水槽洗手需要太多时间。
So their idea that they're not marketing to fear just isn't true.
因此，他们认为营销不是为了恐惧的想法是不正确的。
I mean you look at their ads and they're just terrifying.
我的意思是，你看看他们的广告，就会发现它们太可怕了。
Nobody wants to know that there's this gross stuff on their phone, even if there is.
没有人想知道他们的手机上有这些恶心的东西，即使有。
It doesn't do you any good to know that.
知道这一点对你没有任何好处。
And it might not actually do you any harm, really.
它实际上可能不会对你造成任何伤害，真的。
There's no proof that it does you any harm if you're a healthy adult.
如果您是健康的成年人，没有证据表明它会对您造成任何伤害。
Right.
正确的。
That's my other thing.
这是我的另一件事。
I mean all these sort of subway pole ads.
我的意思是所有这些地铁杆广告。
I mean once you know that these germs are on your phone or on your desk, you'll never forget that.
我的意思是，一旦您知道这些细菌在您的手机或办公桌上，您将永远不会忘记这一点。
Every time you look at a subway pole, you'll just imagine it's sort of alive and crawling with maggots and worms.
每当你看到地铁杆时，你都会想象它是有生命的，爬满了蛆虫和蠕虫。
And you'll just have a hard time touching it.
而且你会很难触摸它。
So I wish I had never known about this stuff.
所以我希望我从来不知道这些东西。
Because now it's just sort of there in my head.
因为现在它就在我的脑海里。
But there's no reason why you ever have to know that your stapler on your desk might have germs on it.
但您没有理由必须知道办公桌上的订书机上可能有细菌。
It just sort of sounds yucky, even though it's meaningless.
虽然这听起来毫无意义，但听起来有点恶心。
Let me ask you to describe what happened.
让我请你描述一下发生的事情。
After your article was published, you found that you yourself went through a change.
你的文章发表后，你发现自己发生了变化。
Yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
是的。
That was really terrible.
那真是太可怕了。
It's like after I spent a month, or however long it was, just talking to people at various companies who did research about this, and I suddenly sort of went home and started to worry about what I was using on my cutting board.
就像我花了一个月的时间，或者不管多长时间，只是与不同公司的研究人员交谈，我突然回家并开始担心我在切菜板上使用的是什么。
And should I disinfect my cutting board somehow?
我应该以某种方式对切菜板进行消毒吗？
Or should we not have rare meat when I was at a restaurant.
或者我在餐馆的时候我们不应该吃稀有的肉吗？
And just because I knew about this stuff, it's just the image is so gross you feel like you have some knowledge into an underworld.
仅仅因为我知道这些东西，只是图像太恶心了，让你觉得你对黑社会有所了解。
And you just can't somehow banish it from your head.
你就是无法以某种方式将它从你的脑海中消除。
And I think I'm not the only one this happens to.
而且我想我并不是唯一一个遇到这种情况的人。
I mean I mean the germs have gotten a lot of popularity recently.
我的意思是，细菌最近很受欢迎。
I mean there was a front page story in the New York Times magazine.
我的意思是《纽约时报》杂志上有一篇头版报道。
There was a front page Time magazine story.
《时代》杂志头版刊登了一篇报道。
And it seems to go in waves where every once in awhile, there's sort of a germ phobic panic.
而且这种情况似乎一波又一波地发生，每隔一段时间，就会出现一种细菌恐惧症。
One of the things that you write about in these articles is you say, there's a paradox that as society gets cleaner, it searches for germs in even more remote places.
你在这些文章中写到的一件事是，你说，存在一个悖论，随着社会变得更清洁，它会在更偏远的地方寻找细菌。
Yeah.
是的。
That was very interesting.
这很有趣。
I mean that seems to be a sort of theme of American history.
我的意思是，这似乎是美国历史的一个主题。
It's moments when we're prosperous, when we're thinking about home life and domesticity.
这是我们富裕的时刻，是我们思考家庭生活和家庭生活的时刻。
And so we start to turn to the home and its cleanliness.
因此，我们开始关注房屋及其清洁度。
And you start to worry a lot about cleanliness.
你开始非常担心清洁问题。
I mean you'd have these 1950s, lots of home ads, in which you'd have sort of sparkling, clean, shiny products in the home.
我的意思是，你会看到 20 世纪 50 年代的大量家居广告，其中你的家里有一些闪闪发光、干净、闪亮的产品。
But one thing I pointed out is that, even in that, there's distinctions because the '50s ads they would be infused with this kind of sense of American progress.
但我指出的一件事是，即使如此，还是有区别的，因为 50 年代的广告中会注入这种美国进步的感觉。
Here we are moving forward.
在这里，我们正在前进。
This blender will save you X amount of time.
这款搅拌机将为您节省 X 时间。
This floor cleaner, well, boy, you don't have to bend down anymore.
这个地板清洁工，好吧，小伙子，你不用再弯腰了。
This is the new America.
这就是新美国。
But now with this new household microbiology, it seems to have the exact opposite kind of grim tone to it.
但现在有了这种新的家庭微生物学，它似乎有着与之完全相反的严峻基调。
We thought we cleaned everything.
我们以为我们已经清理了所有东西。
Well no, we're going backwards now.
好吧，不，我们现在要倒退了。
All these things you thought were clean, were dirty.
所有这些你以为干净的东西，其实都是脏的。
I think it's almost what happens to police officers who I've known, who start to think that there's danger everywhere, because they spend a lot of time around danger.
我想这几乎就是我所认识的警察身上发生的事情，他们开始认为到处都有危险，因为他们花了很多时间在危险周围。
So they think that world is the world.
所以他们认为世界就是世界。
So after you spent a fair amount of time with scientists who are saying how germs are everywhere and pointing them out, when you would go around, you would literally sort of see and imagine germs everywhere in your environment?
因此，当你花了相当多的时间与科学家交谈，他们说细菌如何无处不在并指出它们时，当你四处走动时，你真的会看到并想象你的环境中无处不在的细菌吗？
Yeah.
是的。
Like I would go to the gym in the morning and I suddenly thought, oh god, should I sit on this bench?
就像我早上去健身房时突然想，天哪，我应该坐在这张长凳上吗？
What's going to-- is there going to be bacteria growing between my toes if I take a shower in the gym?
如果我在健身房洗澡，脚趾间是否会滋生细菌？
And just everywhere, I would be sitting and reading on my couch at home, and just watch for dust balls and think, is there dust balls?
无论在哪里，我都会坐在家里的沙发上看书，只是观察灰尘球并思考，有灰尘球吗？
Or I cook dinner-- it's like every nice domestic activity was just suddenly ruined.
或者我做饭——就像所有美好的家庭活动都突然被毁了。
It's just kind of infiltrated by this just horrible underworld that was suddenly kind of crawling up from my floorboards.
它只是被这个可怕的地下世界渗透了，它突然从我的地板上爬了出来。
Yeah.
是的。
You wrote in a second article that you published after the first one, you wrote that you found that you were seized by a kind of dementia.
您在第一篇文章之后发表的第二篇文章中写道，您发现自己患有一种痴呆症。
And you wrote that an hour doesn't go by when your hand doesn't stray over to the bottle to squirt Purell on your perfectly clean hands.
你还写道，如果你的手没有走到瓶子前，将 Purell 喷到你完全干净的手上，那么一个小时就不算过去了。
And I hate that.
我讨厌那样。
I mean what ultimate revenge for Purell that that should happen to me.
我的意思是，这件事发生在我身上，是对普雷尔的终极报复。
I mean they'd send me all these products.
我的意思是他们会把所有这些产品寄给我。
I mean there was plenty of germ phobic people at my office at the time.
我的意思是，当时我的办公室里有很多细菌恐惧症的人。
So I gave most of them away.
所以我把大部分都送掉了。
But then I couldn't give all of them away.
但后来我无法把它们全部放弃。
So I just had this little bottle of Purell sitting on my desk.
所以我就把这一小瓶 Purell 放在我的桌子上。
And I would notice that if my hands felt sort of a tiny bit clammy or I was like picking up too much newspaper that day, I would just suddenly go over to the Purell and start squeezing it, and then thought, oh, did I have enough?
我会注意到，如果我的手感觉有点湿冷，或者那天我拿起了太多报纸，我会突然走到普雷尔并开始挤压它，然后想，哦，我有足够的吗？
But then knowing that it doesn't actually prevent anything, that maybe I should do it again.
但后来知道它实际上并不能阻止任何事情，也许我应该再做一次。
Because maybe in the three minutes since I did it last time, there's some bacteria that crawled on my hand.
因为也许距离我上次这样做的三分钟内，我的手上就爬满了一些细菌。
When you described it, it's almost like it's calling cue from across the room.
当你描述它时，它几乎就像是从房间的另一边呼叫提示。
Come to me.
到我这里来。
Maybe that's a good idea.
也许这是个好主意。
They should have talking Purell.
他们应该会说话的普雷尔。
Then it would be too powerful.
那就太强大了。
No one would be able to resist.
没有人能够抗拒。
Exactly.
确切地。
Ira Glass You know what is so disturbing about all of this is when you talk about the way that information works in this kind of situation, when it comes to germs, that is when you hear about the germs, then you become over-aware of them, and then you act irrationally.
艾拉·格拉斯（Ira Glass）：你知道，这一切最令人不安的是，当你谈论信息在这种情况下的运作方式时，当涉及到细菌时，也就是说，当你听到细菌时，你就会过度意识到它们，然后你就会做出非理性的行为。
Uh-huh.
嗯嗯。
Ira Glass It's almost like a pre-enlightenment view of what information does to a person.
艾拉·格拉斯（Ira Glass） 这几乎就像启蒙运动之前关于信息对人的影响的观点。
That is, that it won't lead to rational thinking.
也就是说，它不会导致理性思考。
It won't dispel fear and paranoia, but in fact will lead to fear and paranoia.
它不会消除恐惧和偏执，但实际上会导致恐惧和偏执。
In a certain way it's very biblical.
从某种意义上说，这是非常符合圣经的。
I mean its very Garden of Eden, that you will get this information.
我的意思是，这就是伊甸园，你会得到这些信息。
You will eat from the tree of knowledge.
你会吃知识树上的果子。
And then you will be expelled from paradise.
然后你就会被逐出天堂。
Right.
正确的。
No, it's true.
不，这是真的。
I mean one thing that writing this has done is transform my understanding of information.
我的意思是写这篇文章所做的一件事是改变了我对信息的理解。
I mean I'm a journalist, so the more information the better.
我的意思是我是一名记者，所以信息越多越好。
I'm not worried about the information at all.
我根本不担心这些信息。
But then reading this has made me sort of see information in another way.
但读到这篇文章让我以另一种方式看待信息。
So how's the battle for rational thinking going in your own life?
那么，在你的生活中，理性思考的斗争进展如何呢？
I mean how's it shaping up?
我的意思是情况怎么样？
I think it's just sort of fading.
我认为这只是一种褪色。
I think I've lost a little bit, although not all of my germ consciousness.
我想我已经失去了一点，尽管不是全部的细菌意识。
I mean now I think laziness has triumphed here.
我的意思是，现在我认为懒惰在这里取得了胜利。
The battle still happens, but I'm just too lazy to actually just disinfect my cutting board or wash my hands.
战斗仍然在发生，但我只是懒得去消毒我的切菜板或洗手。
Thank god for education.
感谢上帝的教育。
It's the only thing more powerful than fear.
这是唯一比恐惧更强大的东西。
Hannah Rosen is now a reporter for the Washington Post.
汉娜·罗森现在是《华盛顿邮报》的记者。
[MUSIC - "GERM FREE ADOLESCENTS" BY X-RAY SPEX]
[音乐 - X-RAY SPEX 的“无菌青少年”]
Act Two, 20th Century Germ.
第二幕，二十世纪胚芽。
Before people understood about germs, they knew some things about how disease spread, that you could get ill from contact with a very sick person or contact with human waste.
在人们了解细菌之前，他们就知道一些关于疾病如何传播的事情，知道你可能会因为接触重病患者或接触人类排泄物而生病。
But people were not exactly sure how you got ill.
但人们并不确定你是如何生病的。
They thought that some diseases might just travel through the air, they thought that other diseases might be inherited.
他们认为有些疾病可能只是通过空气传播，而其他疾病可能是遗传的。
There was the whole sewer gas thing.
整个下水道里都有煤气。
Then came the germ theory, the notion that there are these tiny living microorganisms that can get on your hands or your clothes and then you can transmit these tiny little living creatures to somebody else by touching them or touching their food or by sneezing or by coughing.
然后出现了细菌理论，即这些微小的活微生物可以沾染到你的手或衣服上，然后你可以通过触摸它们或接触他们的食物或通过打喷嚏或咳嗽将这些微小的活生物传播给其他人。
All of this was only discovered just before the turn of the 20th century.
所有这些都是在 20 世纪初才被发现的。
Historian Nancy Tomes has written a book called The Gospel of Germs about how the germ theory spread in America, across America.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯写了一本名为《细菌福音》的书，讲述细菌理论如何在美国传播。
It turns out that one of the characteristics of the 20th century is that it's the first time in human history that people understood how disease was transmitted and an entire aesthetics emerges, an entire way of living, based on the fact that people now wanted to avoid spreading germs to each other.
事实证明，20世纪的特征之一是，人们在人类历史上第一次了解疾病是如何传播的，并且基于人们现在希望避免相互传播细菌的事实，出现了完整的美学、完整的生活方式。
Yes, you can see dramatic changes in interior decorations, in home design, in the revolt against a Victorian aesthetic, the plush, the ornate, the dust catching, because dust was one of the vehicles that the new bacteriology pointed to for germs.
是的，你可以看到室内装饰、家居设计、对维多利亚时代审美的反抗、豪华、华丽、灰尘的巨大变化，因为灰尘是新细菌学指出的细菌传播媒介之一。
So what is the aesthetic?
那么什么是审美呢？
What is the emerging aesthetic?
什么是新兴审美？
It's stripped down.
它被剥离了。
It's a preference for less, rather than more.
这是一种对更少的偏好，而不是更多的偏好。
It's the use of hard surfaces, light colored surfaces, paint as opposed to wallpaper.
它是使用硬质表面、浅色表面、油漆而不是壁纸。
Wallpaper was thought to hold germs and to breed germs.
人们认为壁纸可以容纳细菌并滋生细菌。
And in the bathroom itself, you describe how in Victorian homes, in homes in the last century, the bathroom would basically look like any other room.
在浴室本身中，您描述了在维多利亚时代的房屋中，在上世纪的房屋中，浴室基本上看起来就像任何其他房间一样。
There'd be rugs, there'd be drapes, there'd be wood everywhere.
到处都是地毯、窗帘、木头。
The bathroom looked like a little parlor.
浴室看起来就像一个小客厅。
But when the health reformers get a hold of that, I mean they see all of those rugs and trappings as dangerous vehicles that trap the sewer gas, that silk particles get embedded in there.
但是，当健康改革者掌握了这一点时，我的意思是他们将所有这些地毯和装饰品视为危险的工具，它们会捕获下水道气体，丝颗粒会嵌入其中。
So you end up with a bathroom that looks much more like our modern conception of a bathroom with porcelain on the floor, porcelain sinks, porcelain toilet fixtures, something that could be easily cleaned with strong soap.
所以你最终会得到一个看起来更像我们现代概念的浴室，地板上有瓷器、瓷器水槽、瓷器马桶装置，这些东西可以用强力肥皂轻松清洁。
I mean essentially you arrive at a bathroom which is like an operating room in a hospital.
我的意思是，基本上你到达的浴室就像医院的手术室。
I mean I remember the first time I ever saw an operating room.
我的意思是我记得我第一次看到手术室的情景。
The thought you have is well, it's exactly like a bathroom, except there's a table.
你的想法很好，它就像一个浴室，只是有一张桌子。
Yes, and the stripping down didn't apply just to the home, it also applied to the body and to the clothing.
是的，脱衣不仅适用于家居，还适用于身体和服装。
So with women, one of the changes that you see is a shortening of skirts, because long skirts swept along the street, picked up the dust, the dirt, that carried the germs.
因此，对于女性来说，你看到的变化之一就是裙子的缩短，因为长裙子沿着街道扫过，沾染上携带细菌的灰尘、污垢。
And there's a big push, starting in the late 19th century, to get a men to shave.
从 19 世纪末开始，人们大力提倡男性剃须。
The idea of male authority in the 19th century was a long flowing beard and the mutton chops.
19世纪男性权威的观念是长长的胡须和羊排。
And the anti-tuberculosis reformers say to American men, if you love your wife, if you love your child, shave that beard off.
反结核病改革者对美国男人说，如果你爱你的妻子，如果你爱你的孩子，就把胡子剃掉。
Don't give them these germ-laden kisses.
不要给他们这些充满细菌的吻。
And of course Gillette jumps on this, because they think, wait, I'm going to sell them razors.
当然，吉列也抓住了这个机会，因为他们认为，等等，我要卖给他们剃须刀。
Right.
正确的。
Because none of these innovations ever happens without some sort of product tie-in.
因为如果没有某种产品搭配，这些创新就不会发生。
Exactly.
确切地。
Ira Glass Other innovations from the beginning of the age of germs, Kleenex and cellophane, Listerine, named after surgeon Joseph Lister.
Ira Glass 细菌时代初期的其他创新、面巾纸和玻璃纸、李施德林 (Listerine)，以外科医生约瑟夫·李斯特 (Joseph Lister) 的名字命名。
Also because of anti-tuberculosis activists, you get your own fresh bar of soap in a hotel room and you get clean sheets.
另外，由于抗结核活动人士的努力，你可以在酒店房间里得到自己的新鲜肥皂，并得到干净的床单。
And they fold the sheet back over the blanket, so you don't touch the germs on the blanket.
他们将床单折回到毯子上，这样你就不会接触到毯子上的细菌。
Nancy Tomes' history of all this is called The Gospel of Germs .
南希·汤姆斯（Nancy Tomes）将这一切的历史称为《细菌的福音》。
Act Three, Ladies and Germs.
第三幕，女士与病菌。
It didn't take very long after the existence and characteristics of germs were proven before public health educators began to talk about the man problem.
细菌的存在和特性被证明后没多久，公共卫生教育者就开始谈论人类问题。
Men were not being vigilant about preventing the spreading of germs.
男人们没有警惕防止细菌传播。
A study in the 1920s in Muncie, Indiana, noted that men still refused to stop spitting, despite the widespread tuberculosis education campaigns that told them not to spit.
20 世纪 20 年代印第安纳州曼西的一项研究指出，尽管广泛开展的结核病教育活动告诉男性不要吐痰，但男性仍然拒绝停止吐痰。
And most of the responsibility for preventing the spread of germs fell on women, when they cleaned their homes, when they prepared food.
防止细菌传播的大部分责任落在了女性身上，她们打扫房屋、准备食物。
It is no surprise then that psychological studies today indicate that women are more likely than men to develop obsessions over cleaning and over germs.
毫不奇怪，今天的心理学研究表明，女性比男性更有可能对清洁和细菌产生痴迷。
And it can go pretty far.
它可以走得很远。
Emily Colas is the author of this amazing and funny, and disturbingly honest account of her own obsession, called Just Checking.
艾米丽·科拉斯 (Emily Colas) 撰写了这本书，名为《Just Checking》，令人惊奇、有趣，而且诚实得令人不安，讲述了她自己的痴迷。
We asked her to read a brief excerpt here, as a case study on just how far things can go.
我们请她阅读此处的简短摘录，作为案例研究，了解事情可以走多远。
The TV was on and I wasn't paying attention as I went to turn up the sound, so I was shocked to notice what was on the screen while my hand was still on the volume button.
电视开着，我没有注意调高声音，所以当我的手仍在音量按钮上时，我震惊地注意到屏幕上的内容。
A guy who'd obviously been in a fight, was kneeling down, spitting blood into the snow.
一个显然刚刚打过架的家伙跪了下来，往雪地里吐着血。
I froze in fear for a second, and then became obsessed with the idea that I had somehow contracted a disease from this television encounter.
我在恐惧中僵住了一秒钟，然后开始沉迷于这样的想法：我不知何故因为这次电视遭遇而感染了一种疾病。
So much so that I was unable to keep it to myself.
以至于我无法把它留给自己。
My husband had always been able to rationalize my fears as either an unusual personality quirk or some hormonal pregnancy problem.
我的丈夫总是能够将我的恐惧合理化为一种不寻常的性格怪癖或某种荷尔蒙怀孕问题。
But at this moment, he was no longer able to differentiate me from any other crazy person.
但此刻，他已经分不清我和其他疯子了。
That night he paced around the house in disbelief, biting his nails and shaking his head from side to side, saying "You don't really believe that, do you?
那天晚上，他难以置信地在房子里踱步，咬着指甲，左右摇头，说：“你并不真的相信这一点，是吗？
The show was taped months ago.
该节目是几个月前录制的。
There's no way any disease could live that long in the air.
任何疾病都不可能在空气中存活那么久。
Besides, there's a screen between you and the blood."
而且，你和血液之间还有一道屏障。”
My husband and I generally kept a pile of about 20 garbage bags in one corner of our apartment.
我和丈夫通常在公寓的一个角落放一堆大约 20 个垃圾袋。
Which may seem out of character, for me to let them stay, but it was our trash and I knew nothing bad was in there.
让他们留下来，这似乎不符合我的性格，但那是我们的垃圾，我知道里面没有什么不好的东西。
It was the communal trash that made me shake.
让我颤抖的是公共垃圾。
So when it was time to take the bags out to the dumpster, my husband had to follow a whole hygienic procedure, to keep the neighbors' germs out of our place.
因此，当需要将袋子扔到垃圾箱时，我丈夫必须遵循整个卫生程序，以防止邻居的细菌进入我们的地方。
First the water had to be turned on and left that way, because if you touched the garbage and then the spigot, the spigot would get contaminated.
首先必须打开水并保持这种状态，因为如果你接触垃圾然后接触龙头，龙头就会被污染。
Next he'd take one bag in his right hand and open the door with his left.
接下来，他右手拿着一个袋子，用左手打开门。
Then he'd shut the door behind him and lock it, so that no one could get into the house.
然后他把门关上，锁上，这样就没有人能进屋了。
I guess I could have monitored, but he wanted me upstairs so I couldn't critique him.
我想我可以监视，但他要我上楼，这样我就不能批评他。
He'd take the bag down, stand a few feet from the dumpster to be sure not to touch it, and throw the bag in.
他会把袋子拿下来，站在距离垃圾箱几英尺的地方，确保不要碰它，然后把袋子扔进去。
Then he'd unlock the door, open it, slip his shoes off, come inside, and wash his hands.
然后他会锁门，打开门，脱掉鞋子，走进去，洗手。
He used a pump soap so that he could use his clean wrist to pump some in the palm of his hand and not contaminate the dispenser.
他使用泵式肥皂，这样他就可以用干净的手腕将一些肥皂泵到手掌上，而不会污染分配器。
The water would stay on, and he'd move on to the next bag.
水会继续存在，他会继续处理下一个袋子。
He went through this procedure 20 times, once for each bag, until they were gone.
他重复了这个程序 20 次，每个袋子都重复一次，直到它们消失为止。
If contamination occurred at any point during the process, say some brown liquid was on the outside of one of the bags and it got on his shirt, and I saw it, I would not be happy.
如果在此过程中的任何时候发生污染，比如其中一个袋子的外面有一些棕色液体，并且沾到了他的衬衫上，而我看到了，我会不高兴。
I would have to go over the scene again and again in my head until I could find a way to convince myself that I wasn't really in danger of getting a disease.
我必须在脑海中一遍又一遍地回顾这个场景，直到我找到一种方法来说服自己，我并没有真正处于患病的危险之中。
I'd inspect myself for cuts that the brown liquid might have gone into, go over the list of things we'd thrown out in the past weeks that could have been brown, or try to remember if anyone had come into our house who might have thrown something away, like a bloody tissue, that could have gotten on me.
我会检查自己是否有棕色液体可能进入的伤口，检查过去几周我们扔掉的可能是棕色的东西的清单，或者试着记住是否有人进入我们家，扔掉了一些可能会沾到我身上的东西，比如带血的纸巾。
If I couldn't shake the fear, I'd ask my husband to go through the discarded trash to find the contaminated bag and try to identify the liquid.
如果我无法摆脱恐惧，我会让我的丈夫翻遍废弃的垃圾，找到被污染的袋子，并尝试识别液体。
He was usually pretty against this, so I had to beg.
他通常很反对，所以我不得不乞求。
It was all I'd talk about for hours, and I guess in an effort to just shut me up, he'd relent.
这就是我几个小时谈论的话题，我猜他是为了让我闭嘴，才让步了。
Of course, this trip was considered highly unsanitary and called for special protective measures.
当然，这次旅行被认为是非常不卫生的，需要采取特殊的保护措施。
He had to put on clothes that he'd be willing to get rid of and carry paper towels so his hands wouldn't touch the bag directly.
他必须穿上他愿意脱掉的衣服，并携带纸巾，这样他的手就不会直接接触袋子。
When he was finished with his inspection, he had to take off his clothes outside our front door, leave them to be thrown away, come in and do a double hand wash.
当他完成检查后，他必须在我们的前门外脱下衣服，将它们扔掉，然后进来洗手。
Then I'd turn the shower on and he'd finish cleaning off.
然后我打开淋浴，他完成清洁工作。
I'd sit on the edge of the bed and wait for him to finish, so he could deliver his report.
我会坐在床边等他说完，这样他就可以提交报告。
On this day, he identified the liquid as hamburger juice.
这一天，他辨认出这种液体是汉堡汁。
A particularly insidious liquid that is close to the color and texture of human blood.
一种特别阴险的液体，接近人类血液的颜色和质地。
My husband said that he smelled and tasted it and was sure that it was indeed from a cow.
我丈夫说他闻了闻，尝了尝，确信那确实是牛的。
Looking back, I'm a little surprised that it was four more years before we separated.
回想起来，我有点惊讶我们又过了四年才分开。
Emily Colas.
艾米丽·科拉斯。
Her book is called Just Checking.
她的书名叫《Just Checking》。
Coming up, if a germ does kill you, what does the germ get out of it?
接下来，如果细菌确实杀死了你，那么细菌会从中得到什么？
Also impure food, impure thoughts.
还有不净的食物、不净的思想。
That's in a minute from Public Radio International, when our program continues.
一分钟后，国际公共广播电台将继续我们的节目。
It's This American Life.
这就是美国生活。
I'm Ira Glass.
我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Welcome there, ladies and germs.
欢迎来到这里，女士们和细菌。
So that's the great thing about today's theme is I get to say ladies and germs as many times as I want.
所以今天的主题最棒的地方就是我可以随心所欲地多次提及“女士和细菌”。
A privilege you don't get very often in public radio.
这是您在公共广播电台中很少能获得的特权。
Each week on our program of course, which choose a theme, Ladies and Germs, bring you a variety of different kinds of stories on that theme.
当然，我们的节目每周都会选择一个主题“女士与细菌”，为您带来有关该主题的各种不同类型的故事。
Today's program, germs and why they make us leave the world of rationality for irrationality.
今天的节目，细菌以及它们为何让我们离开理性世界走向非理性。
We have arrived at Act Four of our program, Act Four, You Gonna Eat That?
我们已经到了节目的第四幕，第四幕，你要吃那个吗？
One of the places that we fear germ contamination, is of course in our food, but of course this fear is not always justified.
我们担心细菌污染的地方之一当然是我们的食物，但当然这种担心并不总是有道理的。
For example this fall, this very fall, chances are you will not be able to find fresh apple cider in your local grocery store.
例如，今年秋天，就在今年秋天，您很可能无法在当地的杂货店找到新鲜的苹果酒。
Now I'm talking about the stuff that comes straight from the farm, unpasteurized, dark brown.
现在我说的是直接来自农场的东西，未经高温消毒，深棕色。
Usually it's this very careful blend of four or five different kinds of apples based on some farm family's old recipe.
通常是根据一些农场家庭的旧配方，将四到五种不同种类的苹果非常仔细地混合在一起。
Unpasteurized cider like this only makes up 3% to 5% of the nation's cider, but it is becoming harder and harder to find.
像这样未经高温消毒的苹果酒只占全国苹果酒的 3% 到 5%，但它变得越来越难找到。
And the reason-- Frank Browning is a reporter who often covers public health stories.
原因是弗兰克·布朗宁是一位经常报道公共卫生故事的记者。
He answers the question.
他回答了问题。
First, truth in labeling.
首先，标签的真实性。
I'm not just an objective journalist.
我不仅仅是一个客观的记者。
I have a farmer's bias.
我有农民的偏见。
My brother and I grow apples on a hilltop in eastern Kentucky.
我和我的兄弟在肯塔基州东部的山顶上种植苹果。
And we make cider.
我们制作苹果酒。
This year, as last year and the year before that, we've been hauling our cider down to the Kentucky State Fair in Louisville.
今年，与去年和前年一样，我们将苹果酒运往路易斯维尔的肯塔基州博览会。
Here I am at the ag-produce tent, talking cider slushies.
我在农产品帐篷里，谈论苹果泥。
Apple cider slushies.
苹果汁泥。
Come get a free taste.
快来免费品尝吧。
Can't go wrong free.
不可能免费出错。
It's nothing but pure apple juice.
它只不过是纯苹果汁。
People love them once they taste it.
人们一尝就会爱上它们。
When you drink one of our slushies, or for that matter when you draw a plain cup of fresh cider to your lips, we want to steal away all those awful memories you've accumulated of insipid canned apple juice.
当您喝下我们的果汁时，或者当您将一杯普通的新鲜苹果酒放到唇边时，我们想偷走您因平淡的罐装苹果汁而积累的所有可怕记忆。
Tasting fresh cider should be like a eating a handful of autumn, honeyed and tart, nutty, spicy, playfully fragrant.
品尝新鲜的苹果酒应该像吃一把秋天一样，甜甜的、酸的、坚果的、辛辣的、俏皮的芳香。
It should play mischief with memory as it trickles across your tongue, washes over the palate, and makes you giggle silently at how exquisite of a treasure of the ordinary earth.
当它流过你的舌头，冲刷上颚，让你默默地咯咯笑，因为这平凡的地球上的宝藏是多么精致，它应该对记忆进行恶作剧。
But as I say, I'm biased.
但正如我所说，我有偏见。
Then came E.
然后E来了。
coli O157:H7.
大肠杆菌 O157:H7。
You've read about it in the papers, or heard about it on the nightly TV terror news.
您在报纸上读到过，或者在晚间电视恐怖新闻中听说过。
The great cider contamination scare.
苹果酒污染恐慌。
Like most apple growers, we saw the same stories.
像大多数苹果种植者一样，我们看到了同样的故事。
And we wondered, had cider fallen victim to that front line of bacterial armageddon that threatens all our collective fate?
我们想知道，苹果酒是否成为威胁我们所有人集体命运的细菌末日前线的受害者？
So I called up Joe O'Leary, the food safety scientist at our state Farm Extension Service at the University of Kentucky, and told him we were worried and confused about cider's health risks.
因此，我打电话给肯塔基大学州立农场推广服务中心的食品安全科学家乔·奥利里（Joe O'Leary），告诉他我们对苹果酒的健康风险感到担忧和困惑。
Well, you and a lot of other people.
好吧，你和其他很多人。
But the number of instances has really been extremely low.
但实例数量确实非常少。
When you look at the number of small operators, and the number that have been a problem, it's only about three or four in this country in a 20-year period, and then there were one or two in Canada as well.
如果你看看小型运营商的数量以及出现问题的数量，就会发现在 20 年间，这个国家大约只有三到四家，而加拿大也只有一两家。
And it may be a risk, but it's a fairly slight risk.
这可能是一个风险，但风险相当小。
But again, we've got to be concerned about these little children that could drink this.
但同样，我们必须担心这些可能喝这个的小孩子。
The problem is Odwalla.
问题是奥德瓦拉。
Isn't that a splendid name?
这不是一个美妙的名字吗？
Liquid beacon to the organo-yuppies of the health food movement, all natural, all organic juices, until somebody dumped a load or two of rotting fruit, presumably organic, into the mill and forgot to follow the company's own sanitizing procedures.
健康食品运动中有机雅皮士的液体灯塔，全天然，全有机果汁，直到有人将一两堆腐烂的水果（大概是有机的）倒入工厂，并忘记遵循公司自己的消毒程序。
And a little girl in Colorado drank that organic health food juice and died from E.
科罗拉多州的一个小女孩喝了这种有机保健食品果汁，死于大肠杆菌病。
coli poisoning.
大肠杆菌中毒。
A million and a half bucks Odwalla paid to settle the matter.
奥德瓦拉支付了 150 万美元来解决此事。
There had been four other E.
还有另外四个E。
coli cases on small farms, all of them were traced to using apples we call drops, that have fallen on the ground and haven't been washed.
在小农场的大肠杆菌病例中，所有这些病例都被追踪到使用了我们称之为“滴”的苹果，这些苹果掉落在地上并且没有被清洗。
Then you put that together with bad hamburgers, dirty sprouts, lettuce, contaminated berries from Guatemala-- never mind how great the actual risk is in epidemiological terms-- and we Americans brewed up a full-fledged food panic.
然后，你把这些与来自危地马拉的劣质汉堡、脏豆芽、生菜、受污染浆果放在一起——不管从流行病学角度来看，实际风险有多大——我们美国人就酿成了一场全面的食物恐慌。
In all the media coverage, there's something probably nobody told you.
在所有媒体报道中，有些事情可能没人告诉过你。
Cider can be produced safely and without pasteurization.
苹果酒可以安全生产，无需巴氏灭菌。
Now here's what family farms like ours do.
现在这就是像我们这样的家庭农场所做的事情。
We never use drops.
我们从不使用滴剂。
We wash all our equipment down in high acid, dairy grade detergent, followed with a chlorine rinse.
我们用高酸、乳制品级清洁剂清洗所有设备，然后用氯冲洗。
Then we run the apples themselves through a chlorine wash, just before grinding and pressing.
然后我们对苹果本身进行氯洗，然后进行研磨和压榨。
All of that makes unpasteurized apple cider thoroughly safe.
所有这些使得未经高温消毒的苹果酒完全安全。
Unfortunately, in the hour of hysteria, that isn't enough.
不幸的是，在歇斯底里的时刻，这还不够。
Here's how far it's gone.
这是它已经走了多远。
Ohio apple growers found themselves drowning in the full scale cider panic last year, organized by the State Agriculture Department.
去年，俄亥俄州苹果种植者发现自己陷入了由州农业部组织的全面苹果酒恐慌之中。
My friend Mitch Lynd, Ohio's biggest apple grower, told me the story.
我的朋友米奇·林德（Mitch Lynd），俄亥俄州最大的苹果种植者，告诉了我这个故事。
Well, the doggone-- as a result of this E.
好吧，狗屎——作为这个E的结果。
coli thing out of Colorado, this one incident, why the decision was made that maybe they ought to impose pasteurization on all these cider makers.
科罗拉多州发生了大肠杆菌事件，就这一事件，为什么他们做出决定，也许他们应该对所有这些苹果酒制造商进行巴氏灭菌。
Next thing we knew, we're called into this meeting and in effect we were told now, you fellas don't have to pasteurize.
接下来我们知道，我们被召集参加这次会议，实际上我们现在被告知，你们不必进行巴氏灭菌。
But we're going to advise the schools, saying now, don't let your children drink the cider from any of these farms or orchards if it hasn't been pasteurized.
但我们现在要建议学校，不要让你的孩子喝来自这些农场或果园的苹果酒，如果它没有经过巴氏消毒。
Ohio officials admitted the cider was safe.
俄亥俄州官员承认苹果酒是安全的。
But said they were going to go ahead and scare people anyway.
但表示无论如何他们都会继续吓唬人们。
And their attitude was that if they're going to be wrong, they want to err on the side of safety.
他们的态度是，如果他们会犯错，他们宁愿在安全方面犯错误。
Well, it's like saying which is more safe, to drink two drops of beer before you drive down the road or one drop of beer before you drive down the road?
好吧，这就像说哪个更安全，开车上路前喝两滴啤酒还是开车上路前喝一滴啤酒？
One's twice as safe as the other, but neither one's very hazardous, you see.
你看，一个的安全性是另一个的两倍，但都不是很危险。
Time to call that state official, the one who read the riot act to all the growers.
是时候给那位州官员打电话了，他是向所有种植者宣读防暴法案的人。
That would be Sam Waltz of the Ohio Department of Agriculture, a very nice man, who confirms that well, yes, there's never been a case of food poisoning from cider in his state.
那就是俄亥俄州农业部的萨姆·沃尔兹（Sam Waltz），他是一个非常好的人，他证实，是的，他所在的州从未发生过苹果酒食物中毒的案例。
Yes.
是的。
We've never had, that we're aware of, a case of food poisoning from any bacteria that was attributed to cider.
据我们所知，我们从未发生过因苹果酒引起的任何细菌引起的食物中毒案例。
And we had a situation here in Columbus that was kind of unique.
我们在哥伦布的情况有点独特。
There was about 10 cases of human E.
大约有10例人类大肠杆菌病例。
coli O157:H7 food poisoning reported in Columbus.
哥伦布报告了大肠杆菌 O157:H7 食物中毒事件。
Well, early on one of the common foods that many of the 10 or so infected people had consumed was fresh cider.
嗯，早期，大约 10 名感染者中的许多人食用的常见食物之一是新鲜苹果酒。
And there was a leak to the press-- don't know really where it came from-- that was covering this quite heavily at the time, a leak to the local press saying that cider was suspected.
有消息向媒体泄露——不知道消息到底是从哪里来的——当时对此事进行了相当大的报道，向当地媒体泄露的消息称，怀疑是苹果酒。
Of course, the investigation was not complete.
当然，调查尚未完成。
And later on it was shown that cider was not the likely culprit, that more than likely it was some lettuce.
后来证明苹果酒并不是罪魁祸首，很可能是某种生菜。
But the fact that it leaked into the press that cider was a suspect food, fresh cider sales in the city of Columbus, which is a large market in our state, dropped by about 2/3 overnight.
但事实是，苹果酒是可疑食品的消息被媒体泄露，哥伦布市（我们州的一个大市场）的新鲜苹果酒销量一夜之间下降了约 2/3。
And just didn't recover for the rest of that season.
并且在那个赛季剩下的时间里都没有恢复。
And so then you contacted the media and urged them to press this issue?
然后你就联系了媒体，敦促他们去报道这个问题？
It really went well.
真的很顺利。
And the media was good to pick up on this.
媒体很高兴地注意到了这一点。
And it showed up in a lot of newsprint.
它出现在很多新闻纸上。
And what did it say?
它说了什么？
Sam Waltz Basically positive that E.
Sam Waltz 基本上肯定 E.
coli may be a hazard in cider, very rare.
大肠杆菌可能对苹果酒有害，但这种情况非常罕见。
But that the cider industry here in Ohio is being proactive to do whatever they can to learn and employ techniques that will produce safe cider.
但俄亥俄州的苹果酒行业正在积极主动地尽一切努力学习和采用生产安全苹果酒的技术。
But that included pretty much urging people not to drink unpasteurized cider, didn't it?
但这几乎包括敦促人们不要喝未经高温消毒的苹果酒，不是吗？
Ahh yes, and-- well, we took the position that if it's produced properly with proper sanitation, that unpasteurized cider is not a problem.
啊，是的，而且——好吧，我们的立场是，如果生产得当并有适当的卫生条件，那么未经高温消毒的苹果酒就不是问题。
Not a problem.
不是问题。
Well, except that the main point of the press campaign was to convince parents that serving unpasteurized cider might kill their kids.
好吧，除了新闻活动的主要目的是让父母相信，提供未经高温消毒的苹果酒可能会杀死他们的孩子。
None of it made any sense.
这些都没有任何意义。
And then I remembered something else Joe O'Leary, the food scientist from UK, said to me.
然后我想起了英国食品科学家乔·奥利里对我说过的话。
Well, another consideration is that these commercial juice processors, the really big outfits, they see the small farm cider operations as a threat in this.
好吧，另一个考虑因素是这些商业果汁加工商，真正的大公司，他们将小型农场苹果酒业务视为威胁。
They're bringing bad publicity on the industry.
他们给这个行业带来了不好的宣传。
And so that's one of the reasons why they are in favor of all these changes, in my opinion.
在我看来，这就是他们支持所有这些变革的原因之一。
So you think the big operators basically want to squeeze the little guys out?
所以你认为大运营商基本上是想把小运营商挤出去？
Hmm, I said to myself.
嗯，我对自己说。
I've spent my life writing and reporting about the politics of money, the politics of health, even politics and agriculture.
我一生都在撰写和报道金钱政治、健康政治，甚至政治和农业。
But somehow, my farmer self hadn't imagined that politics had crawled inside the rustic cider jug.
但不知何故，我的农民身份并没有想象到政治已经爬进了质朴的苹果酒壶里。
What small growers have always supposed is that we're such a minuscule part of the juice biz that big processing companies and their Washington lobbyists never thought about us at all.
小种植者一直认为我们在果汁行业中只是微不足道的一部分，以至于大型加工公司及其华盛顿游说者根本没有考虑过我们。
The heavy hitters in the American apple kingdom are in Washington state, Michigan, and New York.
美国苹果王国的重磅人物是华盛顿州、密歇根州和纽约州。
And they have a club, the US Apple Association.
他们有一个俱乐部，美国苹果协会。
I call it Big Apple.
我称它为“大苹果”。
It includes national packers and processors, and of course fields a clutch of lobbyists in Washington.
它包括国家包装商和加工商，当然还有华盛顿的一批游说者。
And where do you suppose Big Apple stood on the pro-pasteurization cider crackdown?
您认为纽约市在支持巴氏杀菌的苹果酒镇压行动中有何立场？
They lobbied against the FDA's decision this year to permit small growers to sell untreated juice, even if it is produced under sanitary conditions and labeled as unpasteurized.
他们游说反对 FDA 今年允许小种植者销售未经处理的果汁的决定，即使它是在卫生条件下生产的并且贴有未经高温消毒的标签。
Who else has been driving the pasteurization campaign?
还有谁一直在推动巴氏灭菌运动？
Another Washington lobbying group, the National Food Processors Association, which modestly represents many of the world's largest multinational food conglomerates.
华盛顿的另一个游说团体是国家食品加工协会，该协会谦虚地代表了许多世界上最大的跨国食品集团。
Tom Willard, the Processors' spokesman, was off at a conference when he called me back.
处理器发言人汤姆·威拉德给我回电话时，他正在参加一个会议。
He only wanted to talk safety.
他只是想谈谈安全。
Well, food safety really affects everyone.
嗯，食品安全确实影响到每个人。
If a consumer were to be made ill by a particular product, they could lose track of the fact whether it was pasteurized or not.
如果消费者因某种特定产品而生病，他们可能会忘记该产品是否经过巴氏灭菌。
That has a tendency to damage the reputation of all people in that sector.
这有可能损害该行业所有人的声誉。
It's why we feel it's important that all juices be pasteurized.
这就是为什么我们认为对所有果汁进行巴氏灭菌很重要。
The food industry spends many, many millions of dollars a year to ensure that what they do to their products renders them as safe as possible.
食品行业每年花费数百万美元来确保他们对产品的处理尽可能保证产品的安全。
We think that if there is a safe and effective technology out there that can further ensure US food safety, it should be applied.
我们认为，如果有一种安全有效的技术可以进一步确保美国食品安全，就应该应用。
Now I've spoken to a number of public health people, and they basically have said to me, you have a maximum of four E.
现在我和一些公共卫生人员谈过，他们基本上对我说，你最多有四个 E。
coli cases ever in the history of the country, out of millions, probably billions, of gallons of cider that's been sold.
在已售出的数百万甚至数十亿加仑的苹果酒中，出现了该国历史上的大肠杆菌病例。
And that this is another one of those cases of nutty American food panics.
这是美国坚果食品恐慌的又一案例。
Well, I think that if you turn the situation around and say, here was a product that only caused three or four cases of illness anywhere.
好吧，我认为如果你把情况反过来说，这个产品在任何地方只引起三到四例疾病。
The question is not is that relatively few, but is there something effective that you know you can do that would render this completely free of that-- that that would not be an issue anymore.
问题不在于相对较少，而是是否有一些你知道可以做的有效的事情可以使这完全摆脱这种情况——这将不再是一个问题。
If there is an existing technology that is there that can be applied and is widely being applied, we don't really see why you wouldn't go ahead and require it.
如果有一种现有技术可以应用并且正在广泛应用，我们真的不明白为什么您不继续并需要它。
Meaning, in plain talk, the producers who invented and control global brand identity prefer to eliminate everybody who does not have the capital or the market share to compete.
简单来说，这意味着发明和控制全球品牌标识的生产商更愿意淘汰那些没有资本或市场份额来竞争的人。
Forcing independent apple growers to spend $25,000 or $30,000 on pasteurization equipment would drive about 3/4 of today's cider makers out of business.
迫使独立苹果种植者花费 25,000 或 30,000 美元购买巴氏灭菌设备将使当今约 3/4 的苹果酒制造商破产。
But then as I have said, I'm biased.
但正如我所说，我有偏见。
Now presumably, from Big Apple's point of view, it's better that way.
现在想必，从大苹果公司的角度来看，这样更好。
Then consumers have nothing to judge Mott's and Tree Top and Red Chief against.
那么消费者就没有什么可以评判 Mott's、Tree Top 和 Red Chief 的依据了。
When Americans panic over microbial contamination, it isn't market neutral.
当美国人对微生物污染感到恐慌时，市场并不是中立的。
It boosts big business.
它促进了大生意。
The campaign of fear is working.
恐惧运动正在发挥作用。
I called up the one city market where we sell our apples and cider, Pipkin's produce in Cincinnati and talked to Ben Pipkin.
我打电话给我们在辛辛那提出售苹果和苹果酒（皮普金的农产品）的同城市场，并与本·皮普金进行了交谈。
So Ben, what's been happening to cider sales this year?
那么本，今年苹果酒的销售情况如何？
Cider sales this year, well, we're just getting ready to start on cider this year.
今年的苹果酒销售，嗯，我们刚刚准备好今年开始销售苹果酒。
Last year, sales were probably about, on the unpasteurized cider, about half of what they were last year.
去年，未经高温消毒的苹果酒销量可能约为去年的一半。
Yeah.
是的。
We made our first delivery of the season to Ben the day of my phone call.
在我打电话的那天，我们把本季的第一次交付给了本。
And he told us that customers were lining up at the loading dock to buy the new fresh cider.
他告诉我们，顾客正在装货码头排队购买新的新鲜苹果酒。
Then over the weekend, the local press ran its by now annual panic stories.
然后在周末，当地媒体报道了迄今为止每年一次的恐慌报道。
Ben's customers started wrinkling their brows with concern.
本的顾客开始担忧地皱起眉头。
Well, why not?
嗯，为什么不呢？
If I knew nothing about growing applies, if I hadn't seen our sanitation system, and if every time I picked up the paper to read about cider, I was told about a little girl who died Colorado, I'd panic about drinking cider too.
如果我对种植一无所知，如果我没有看到我们的卫生系统，如果每次我拿起报纸阅读有关苹果酒的信息时，我都会被告知科罗拉多州有一个小女孩去世的消息，我也会对喝苹果酒感到恐慌。
Panics, whether about food, sex, or politics, require two essential conditions.
恐慌，无论是关于食物、性还是政治，都需要两个基本条件。
First, the trigger must be something that hits us very close to home.
首先，触发因素必须是一些离我们很近的事情。
Second, the object of the panic must be something we really don't understand.
其次，恐慌的对象一定是我们真正不理解的东西。
With fewer than 3% of the American population actively farming, few of us have any idea what it takes to lure plants out of the ground, or how it is that they find their way to the local supermarket's produce shelf.
由于只有不到 3% 的美国人从事农业活动，我们很少有人知道如何将植物从地里引出来，或者它们是如何找到当地超市农产品货架的。
And so we make myths, in this case of unseen microorganisms threatening our families.
因此，我们编造了一些神话，认为看不见的微生物威胁着我们的家人。
And we live by those myths, afraid of what we don't know.
我们生活在这些神话之中，害怕我们不知道的事情。
And it turns out for all too many people, the world of unseen, unexplained phenomena includes apple cider.
事实证明，对于太多人来说，看不见、无法解释的现象中就包括苹果酒。
Frank Browning's latest book is called Apples.
弗兰克·勃朗宁的最新著作名为《苹果》。
His family orchard is in Kentucky.
他的家庭果园位于肯塔基州。
[MUSIC - "COMFORT ME WITH APPLES" BY INDIA ADAMS]
[音乐 - 印度·亚当斯的《用苹果安慰我》]
More often than not, we use the language of war when we talk about disease.
当我们谈论疾病时，我们常常使用战争语言。
Someone is said to battle cancer or to fight an infection.
据说有人可以对抗癌症或对抗感染。
The truth is, the metaphor is an apt one.
事实是，这个比喻很贴切。
In the case of my friend Christopher, the germ won.
就我的朋友克里斯托弗而言，细菌获胜了。
It took some 15 years to happen, but it won.
虽然花了大约 15 年的时间才发生，但它最终取得了胜利。
It didn't win each battle, but it won the war.
它没有赢得每场战斗，但它赢得了整个战争。
Now this story of the germs within us, and what we fear most from germs, namely that they'll kill us.
现在这个关于我们体内细菌的故事，以及我们最害怕细菌的地方，即它们会杀死我们。
Sean Collins has this account of the battle that his friend Christopher Rose went through with a bug.
肖恩·柯林斯 (Sean Collins) 讲述了他的朋友克里斯托弗·罗斯 (Christopher Rose) 与虫子的斗争。
Christopher grew up in a tiny farming community in central Illinois, but had more of a Noel Coward, kind of personality.
克里斯托弗在伊利诺伊州中部的一个小农业社区长大，但他的性格更像诺埃尔·科沃德。
A professional musician, he took a turn for the worse, after years, not too long ago.
作为一名职业音乐家，几年后，不久前，他的情况每况愈下。
There is a fact of medicine late in the 20th century that seems absolutely absurd on its face.
20 世纪末的医学界有一个事实，表面上看起来绝对荒谬。
And it's this, just about the worst place you can be when you're really sick is in the hospital.
就是这样，当你真的病了的时候，最糟糕的地方就是医院。
5% to 10% of all patients admitted to an American hospital, acquire an infection while they're there.
美国医院收治的所有患者中有 5% 到 10% 在医院期间受到感染。
The rate of these so-called nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections is much higher in patients admitted to intensive care units.
在重症监护病房收治的患者中，这些所谓的院内或医院获得性感染的发生率要高得多。
In fact, a measurable percentage of patients in ICUs die, not of the condition that landed them in the intensive care unit, but from one of these bugs they picked up while they were in the hospital.
事实上，重症监护病房中有相当比例的患者死亡，并不是因为他们被送进重症监护室的原因，而是因为他们在医院期间感染的其中一种细菌。
These germs, more often than not a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, are resistant to most, if not all, antibiotics.
这些细菌通常是金黄色葡萄球菌菌株，对大多数（如果不是全部）抗生素具有耐药性。
And they live there in the hospital.
他们住在医院里。
And they got Christopher.
他们得到了克里斯托弗。
If you lie in one position long enough, perhaps in as few as a few days, you're at risk for developing what are called pressure sores, which happen because your weight rests on just a few parts of your body, your butt, your tail bone, the backs of your elbows.
如果你以一种姿势躺的时间足够长，也许只有几天，你就有患上压疮的风险，这是因为你的体重只落在身体的几个部位上，比如你的屁股、你的尾骨、你的肘部背面。
What happens is the weight of your body pushes the blood out of the capillaries and your skin in those places.
发生的情况是你身体的重量将血液从毛细血管和这些地方的皮肤中推出。
This happens especially if your blood pressure is low, which means the circulatory system doesn't bring as much oxygen to the tissue and it begins to die.
这种情况尤其发生在您的血压较低的情况下，这意味着循环系统无法为组织带来足够的氧气，组织就会开始死亡。
The skin literally breaks down.
皮肤确实破裂了。
The bugs that live in the hospital love this.
住在医院里的虫子喜欢这个。
These pressure sores are huge gateways to the circulatory system.
这些压疮是通往循环系统的巨大门户。
You might as well put up signs, this way in, this way to the rest of the body.
你不妨在身体的其他部位这样、这样地贴上标志。
Germs allowed direct access to the bloodstream kind of go wild, eventually growing on things like heart valves and eating away at them.
细菌可以直接进入血液，从而变得疯狂，最终在心脏瓣膜等物体上生长并吞噬它们。
It can cause death literally in a matter of hours.
它实际上可以在几个小时内导致死亡。
So for patients in ICUs, especially immobile ones, skin care is really important.
所以对于ICU的病人，尤其是不能活动的病人来说，皮肤护理真的很重要。
Of course, skin care was always important to Christopher.
当然，皮肤护理对克里斯托弗来说始终很重要。
In college, when he didn't have rent money, he had a supply of Clinique products.
大学时，当他没有房租的时候，他就有了倩碧的产品。
And now the doctors really didn't want him to lose the defense his skin could provide.
现在医生真的不想让他失去皮肤所能提供的防御能力。
In the end and on his own, Christopher did develop a nasty bed sore.
最终，克里斯托弗独自患上了严重的褥疮。
A sample got sent to the lab to be cultured.
样本被送往实验室进行培养。
And it came back positive for an antibiotic resistant bacteria, a strain of staph.
结果显示，一种抗生素耐药细菌（一种葡萄球菌菌株）呈阳性。
As soon as that happened, signs went up on the door in big letters, CONTACT PRECAUTION.
事情一发生，门上就贴上了大字的标语：“联系预防措施”。
It told us to wash our hands upon entering the room and leaving.
它告诉我们进入房间和离开时要洗手。
And to be gloved and gowned if any direct contact with the patient was expected.
如果预计与患者有任何直接接触，请戴上手套并穿着长袍。
This was to keep the bug in the room.
这是为了让虫子留在房间里。
And to keep it from making forays into other rooms on the unit.
并防止它侵入该单元的其他房间。
And they would routinely draw his blood to see if it made it past his skin, past that last, best defense, and into his bloodstream.
他们会定期抽他的血，看看血是否能穿过他的皮肤，穿过最后、最好的防御，进入他的血液。
Suddenly, all you can think about is every hospital show you've ever seen on television.
突然间，你所能想到的就是你在电视上看过的每一个医院节目。
Just how are you supposed to wash your hands in this situation?
在这种情况下该怎么洗手呢？
I found myself wondering if I should turn the water off with my elbows, or at least use the paper towel when touching the faucet.
我发现自己在想是否应该用肘部关掉水，或者至少在接触水龙头时使用纸巾。
In the end, you take your cue from the nurses, and you see that soap and water seem to do the trick with a little friction under running water.
最后，你听从护士的提示，你发现肥皂和水似乎只要在流水下轻轻摩擦就能起到作用。
Nothing too elaborate, really quite quick.
没什么太复杂的，真的很快。
But it's amazing how important that one act is in controlling hospital acquired infections.
但令人惊讶的是，这一举措对于控制医院获得性感染的重要性。
The International Society of Infectious Diseases came out with a little book this year on controlling infectious outbreaks in hospitals.
国际传染病学会今年出版了一本关于控制医院传染病爆发的小书。
A friend of mine worked on that book, which chronicles ways to control infection in the operating rooms and ICUs and the morgue, basically everywhere in the hospital.
我的一个朋友写了那本书，其中记录了手术室、重症监护室和太平间（基本上医院各处）控制感染的方法。
My friend said that during its production, the working title for the book was Wash Your Hands, Stupid.
我的朋友说，在制作过程中，这本书的暂定名称是《洗手吧，笨蛋》。
That was rejected in favor of the more sober, Handbook of Infection Control in the Hospital.
但这一建议被拒绝了，取而代之的是更为冷静的《医院感染控制手册》。
Christopher had made it clear that he wanted to be treated aggressively, as long as there existed a real possibility that that treatment would lead somewhere-- his words.
克里斯托弗明确表示，他希望受到积极的对待，只要这种治疗确实有可能带来某种结果——他的话。
So he was aggressively treated.
所以他受到了严厉的对待。
The condition that landed him in the hospital was something called a necrotizing vasculitis, which manifested itself as a sort of creeping paralysis, that began in his feet and worked its way up his legs, to his hips, to his chest, and then from his fingertips, to his hands, to his arms.
导致他入院的病症是一种叫做坏死性血管炎的疾病，表现为一种爬行性瘫痪，从他的脚开始，向上蔓延到腿部、臀部、胸部，然后从指尖、双手、手臂。
Day by day, the loss of feeling would progress.
日复一日，感觉的丧失越来越严重。
Inch by inch, the movement of his extremities first became awkward, then impossible.
一寸一寸地，他的四肢动作先是变得笨拙，然后变得不可能。
The metaphor of battle became obvious as his body became a sort of war map.
当他的身体变成了某种战争地图时，战斗的隐喻变得显而易见。
Reports of troop movements were filed by the members of the house staff on the rheumatology service, especially a dreamy, dark-eyed resident Christopher especially liked.
部队调动的报告是由风湿病科的院内工作人员提交的，尤其是克里斯托弗特别喜欢的一位梦幻般的黑眼睛住院医师。
Armed with mallets and pins, this otherwise good natured dreamboat would poke and prod and pinch and whack at my friend, all the while maintaining the guise of friendly conversation-- can you feel this, can you move your toes, how about grasping my hand.
配备了木槌和别针，这艘原本善良的梦想之船会戳、戳、捏、敲我的朋友，同时保持友好交谈的伪装——你能感觉到这一点吗？你能移动你的脚趾吗？抓住我的手怎么样？
Good.
好的。
Christopher wanted to comply with the instructions, but couldn't.
克里斯托弗想遵守指示，但不能。
The terrain of battle was becoming unfamiliar to him, the fog of war was obscuring the landscape.
战斗的地形对他来说越来越陌生，战争的迷雾笼罩着眼前的景色。
He was losing ground.
他正在节节败退。
They tried something called plasmapheresis, where his blood was removed and cleaned.
他们尝试了一种称为血浆置换术的方法，将他的血液取出并清洁。
He said it was to remove the bad humors.
他说这是为了消除坏脾气。
All this further weakened his defenses, and the germs took advantage of the cracks in the ramparts.
这一切进一步削弱了他的防御力，病菌趁机利用了城墙的裂缝。
Now about this war metaphor-- the US military has in place at this moment a plan to fight two wars at once, or to fight one big war in two major theaters of action at the same time.
现在关于这个战争隐喻——美军此时已经制定了同时打两场战争的计划，或者说同时在两个主要战区打一场大战。
Asking the US military to fight three wars at once, would be asking too much.
要求美军同时打三场战争，要求太高了。
They've said as much.
他们都这么说了。
So it was with my friend.
我的朋友也是如此。
Besides the creeping paralysis and the bug on his butt, Christopher acquired a pneumonia, a relatively rare type of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus.
除了蠕动性瘫痪和屁股上的虫子之外，克里斯托弗还患上了肺炎，这是一种由巨细胞病毒引起的相对罕见的肺炎。
Here's the odd thing about CMV, most of us live with it in our bodies all the time.
CMV 的奇怪之处在于，我们大多数人的体内一直伴随着它。
Hour by hour, we successfully fight it off.
一小时又一小时，我们成功地战胜了它。
Most of us are winning that little battle right now.
我们大多数人现在正在赢得这场小小的战斗。
But people like Christopher, people with immune systems damaged by HIV, they end up dying of a bug they've lived with all their lives.
但像克里斯托弗这样的人，他们的免疫系统受到艾滋病毒的破坏，他们最终会死于一种与他们一生相伴的病毒。
His pneumonia got progressively worse, his lungs so filled with fluid that they could barely exchange any gases.
他的肺炎逐渐恶化，肺部充满液体，几乎无法交换任何气体。
It was because his pulmonary function was so poor that the decision was made to withdraw treatment and to allow him to die.
正是因为他的肺功能太差，才决定停止治疗，让他死去。
That was his wish, that if there was no real hope for meaningful recovery, that extraordinary treatment be discontinued.
这是他的愿望，如果没有真正希望得到有意义的康复，就停止特殊治疗。
So on a spring evening at the end of March, some three months after he first went into the hospital, his parents, whom he loved so much, and about 20 of his friends, stood around his bed in the ICU, as a technician turned a knob on the ventilator and allowed him to breathe room air instead of a mixture artificially rich in oxygen.
因此，在三月底的一个春天的夜晚，也就是他第一次入院大约三个月后，他深爱的父母和大约 20 个朋友站在 ICU 病床周围，技术人员转动呼吸机的旋钮，让他呼吸室内空气，而不是人工富含氧气的混合物。
He stopped taking breaths on his own a few minutes later, even though the ventilator was pushing air in and out of his lungs.
几分钟后，他停止了自己的呼吸，尽管呼吸机正在将空气吸入和排出他的肺部。
Minutes later his heart rate slowed.
几分钟后，他的心率减慢了。
And then the monitor above his bed tolled an alarm and spat out a strip of paper.
然后他床头的监视器响起了警报，并吐出了一张纸条。
Two minutes later, another alarm and another strip of paper.
两分钟后，又响起警报，又出现一张纸条。
A minute later, one last strip spilled out of the machine and curled to the ground, like a receipt.
一分钟后，最后一条纸条从机器中溢出，卷曲到地上，就像一张收据。
Someone wondered out loud if it was the hospital bill.
有人大声怀疑这是不是医院的账单。
I took it home.
我把它带回家了。
It says Christopher Rose, 26 March 1998, 19 hours, 53 minutes, asystole.
上面写着 Christopher Rose，1998 年 3 月 26 日，19 小时 53 分钟，心搏停止。
And below that, there's a flat line drawn across the width of the graph paper.
在其下方，有一条横跨方格纸宽度的平线。
We all just sat there for a while.
我们都坐在那里一会儿。
There is an unmistakable look a dead body has.
尸体的外观毫无疑问是一具。
Within just a couple of minutes, the color of the body changes, the skin turns ashen, a luminescent gray.
仅仅几分钟之内，身体的颜色就发生了变化，皮肤变成灰白色，发出冷光的灰色。
You can see why people have always believed that something has left the body-- spirit, breath, ruha, pneuma, soul.
你会明白为什么人们总是相信有某种东西离开了身体——精神、呼吸、鲁哈、气、灵魂。
It is no accident we say that someone has expired.
我们说某人已经过期绝非偶然。
Some people walked out of the room.
一些人走出了房间。
Others stayed.
其他人留下来了。
I stayed for a while.
我呆了一会儿。
And I found myself wondering how long will it survive?
我发现自己想知道它还能存活多久？
How long will the HIV, the virus that caused all this, how long will it stay alive under that dead man's skin?
造成这一切的艾滋病毒，它还能在那个死人的皮肤下存活多久？
I had the distinct and odd feeling that death is a gradual thing, a process.
我有一种独特而奇怪的感觉，死亡是一个渐进的事情，一个过程。
The person is said to have died, but then death begins in earnest at the cellular level.
据说这个人已经死了，但随后死亡在细胞水平上真正开始了。
Once the circulation of blood stops, the cells are deprived of oxygen and they begin to die.
一旦血液循环停止，细胞就会缺氧并开始死亡。
But how long would the HIV continue to live after it had killed its host?
但艾滋病病毒杀死宿主后还能存活多久？
I did some research.
我做了一些研究。
And it turns out the best guess is that the human immunodeficiency virus can survive for many days post-mortem, in tissues preserved under laboratory conditions-- that according to the International Society of Infectious Diseases.
事实证明，根据国际传染病学会的说法，最好的猜测是，人类免疫缺陷病毒可以在死后在实验室条件下保存的组织中存活很多天。
The truth is we don't know precisely how long the virus survives in a cadaver.
事实是，我们并不确切知道病毒在尸体中能存活多久。
It might die in the blood rather quickly, but live in a pocket in the spleen for instance, for a little while longer.
它可能会很快在血液中死亡，但例如在脾脏的口袋中存活一段时间。
We know that it outlives the host for a little while, but not that long, perhaps less than a week.
我们知道它比宿主寿命短一些，但不会那么长，也许不到一周。
Which brings me to this question, is it worth it?
这让我想到了这个问题，值得吗？
That extra week in a dead man's blood, is it worth all the bother?
在死人的血液中多度过一周，值得所有的麻烦吗？
Is it worth it hitching a ride for the better part of my friend's life, being the source of endless anxiety and pain, only to outlive him by a week at the most, maybe only for a day or so.
搭便车度过我朋友生命中的美好时光，成为无尽焦虑和痛苦的根源，却最多比他多活一周，也许只有一天左右，值得吗？
It hardly seems worth it to me.
对我来说这似乎不值得。
Christopher lived his entire adult life with this hanging over his head, waiting for this to happen, and the bug won, and then death claimed them all.
克里斯托弗的整个成年生活都悬在他的头上，等待着这一切的发生，虫子赢了，然后死亡夺走了他们所有人。
Sean Collins is the Senior Producer of NPR's All Things Considered.
肖恩·柯林斯 (Sean Collins) 是 NPR 节目《All Things Thought》的高级制作人。
Our program was produced today by Nancy Updike and myself, with Alix Spiegel and July Snyder.
今天我们的节目由南希·厄普代克和我本人、阿利克斯·斯皮格尔和朱莉·斯奈德共同制作。
Contributing editors Jack Hitt, Paul Tough, Margy Rochlin, and consigliere Sarah Vowell.
特约编辑 Jack Hitt、Paul Tough、Margy Rochlin 和顾问 Sarah Vowell。
Production help from Laura Doggett, Sylvia Lemus, and [?
Laura Doggett、Sylvia Lemus 和 [?
Sahini ?] Davenport.
萨希尼？]达文波特。
Music help today from Mr. John Connors.
今天约翰·康纳斯先生提供音乐帮助。
Special thanks today to penicillin.
今天特别感谢青霉素。
To buy a cassette copy of this or any of our programs, call us here at WBEZ in Chicago, (312) 832-3380, (312) 832-3380.
要购买本节目或我们任何节目的盒带副本，请致电芝加哥 WBEZ，电话 (312) 832-3380、(312) 832-3380。
Our email address, [email protected] .
我们的电子邮件地址，[电子邮件受保护]。
Well, you can listen to most of our programs for free on the internet at our website at www.thislife.org.
您可以在我们的网站 www.thislife.org 上免费收听我们的大部分节目。
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International.
《美国生活》由国际公共广播电台发行。
[FUNDING CREDITS] WBEZ management oversight by Torey Malatia, who of course refers to the door of the This American Life studio as--
[资金来源] WBEZ 管理监督由 Torey Malatia 负责，他当然将 This American Life 工作室的大门称为——
The portal of death.
死亡之门。
Ira Glass I'm Ira Glass.
艾拉·格拉斯 我是艾拉·格拉斯。
Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
下周我们将带来更多《美国生活》的故事。
This American Life is produced in collaboration with WBEZ Chicago and delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange.
《This American Life》与 WBEZ Chicago 合作制作，并由 PRX 公共广播电台传送到各电台。