From Mach-20 Glider to Hummingbird Drone

In fact, I'd go so far as to say,

事实上，我什至想说，

if you don't already have a nerd in your life,

如果你的生活中还没有书呆子

Scientists and engineers

科学家和工程师

I'd like to tell you

我想告诉你

about a magical place called DARPA

关于一个叫做 DARPA 的神奇地方

where scientists and engineers

科学家和工程师的地方

and refuse to fear failure.

并拒绝害怕失败。

are connected more than you may realize,

之间的联系比你想象的要多，

because when you remove the fear of failure,

因为当你消除对失败的恐惧时

suddenly become possible.

突然变得可能。

If you want to know how,

如果你想知道如何，

ask yourself this question:

问自己这个问题：

What would you attempt to do

你会尝试做什么

if you knew you could not fail?

如果你知道你不会失败？

If you really ask yourself

如果你真的问自己

you can't help but feel uncomfortable.

你会情不自禁地感到不舒服。

I feel a little uncomfortable.

我感觉有点不舒服。

Because when you ask it,

因为当你问它的时候，

you begin to understand

你开始明白

how the fear of failure constrains you,

对失败的恐惧如何束缚你，

from attempting great things,

从尝试伟大的事情开始，

amazing things stop happening.

奇妙的事情不再发生。

Sure, good things happen,

当然，好事会发生，

Now I should be clear,

现在我应该清楚了，

I'm not encouraging failure,

我并不是鼓励失败，

Because it's not failure itself

因为失败本身并不是失败

The path to truly new,

真正的新之路，

never-been-done-before things

从未做过的事情

always has failure along the way.

一路上总会有失败。

And in part, that testing feels an appropriate part

在某种程度上，测试感觉是一个合适的部分

of achieving something great.

成就伟大的事情。

"Life gets interesting when we fail,

“当我们失败时，生活变得有趣，

that we've surpassed ourselves."

我们已经超越了自己。”

Lord Kelvin declared

开尔文勋爵宣布

that heavier-than-air flying machines

比空气重的飞行器

the prevailing opinion

主流意见

of expert aerodynamicists

空气动力学专家的

was that maybe in 10 million years

那也许是一千万年后

we could build an aircraft that would fly.

我们可以建造一架会飞的飞机。

And two months later on December 17th,

两个月后的12月17日，

Orville Wright powered the first airplane

奥维尔·莱特为第一架飞机提供动力

across a beach in North Carolina.

穿过北卡罗来纳州的海滩。

The flight lasted 12 seconds

飞行持续了12秒

and covered 120 feet.

覆盖120英尺。

the next declarations of impossibilities began.

接下来的不可能声明开始了。

Ferdinand Foch, a French army general

费迪南德·福煦，法国陆军将军

credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds

被誉为拥有最原始、最敏锐的头脑之一

said, "Airplanes are interesting toys,

说：“飞机是有趣的玩具，

but of no military value."

但没有军事价值。”

aero experts coined the term transonic.

航空专家创造了“跨音速”一词。

They debated, should it have one S or two?

他们争论，应该有一个S还是两个？

You see, they were having trouble in this flight regime,

你看，他们在这个飞行制度中遇到了麻烦，

and it wasn't at all clear

根本不清楚

that we could fly faster than the speed of sound.

我们可以飞得比音速更快。

there was no wind tunnel data

没有风洞数据

on Tuesday, October 14th, 1947,

1947 年 10 月 14 日星期二，

Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit

查克·耶格尔爬进驾驶舱

towards an unknown possibility,

走向未知的可能性，

he became the first pilot

他成为第一位飞行员

to fly faster than the speed of sound.

以比音速更快的速度飞行。

Six of eight Atlas rockets

八枚阿特拉斯火箭中的六枚

After 11 complete mission failures,

在11次完整的任务失败之后，

we got our first images from space.

我们从太空获得了第一张图像。

And on that first flight

在第一次飞行中

than in all U-2 missions combined.

比所有 U-2 任务的总和还要多。

It took a lot of failures

经历了很多次失败

Since we took to the sky,

自从我们飞上了天空，

we have wanted to fly

我们曾想飞翔

we've had to believe in impossible things.

我们不得不相信不可能的事情。

And we've had to refuse

而我们不得不拒绝

That's still true today.

今天仍然如此。

Today, we don't talk about flying transonically,

今天我们不谈跨音速飞行，

or even supersonically,

甚至超音速，

we talk about flying hypersonically --

我们谈论高超音速飞行——

not Mach 2 or Mach 3, Mach 20.

不是 2 马赫或 3 马赫，而是 20 马赫。

we can fly from New York to Long Beach

我们可以从纽约飞往长滩

in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.

11分20秒后。

the surface of the airfoil

翼型表面

is the temperature of molten steel --

是钢水温度——

3,500 degrees Fahrenheit --

3,500 华氏度 --

like a blast furnace.

就像高炉一样。

We are essentially burning the airfoil

我们本质上是在燃烧机翼

And we are flying it,

我们正在飞行它，

DARPA's hypersonic test vehicle

DARPA 的高超音速测试飞行器

is the fastest maneuvering aircraft

是机动速度最快的飞机

It's boosted to near-space

它被提升到近太空

atop a Minotaur IV rocket.

位于 Minotaur IV 火箭顶部。

Now the Minotaur IV has too much impulse,

现在牛头怪IV冲动太多了，

so we have to bleed it off

所以我们必须把它放掉

by flying the rocket

通过飞行火箭

at an 89 degree angle of attack

攻角 89 度

for portions of the trajectory.

对于轨迹的部分。

That's an unnatural act

这是不自然的行为

The third stage has a camera.

第三阶段有一个相机。

We call it rocketcam.

我们称之为火箭摄像机。

at the hypersonic glider.

在高超音速滑翔机。

This is the actual rocketcam footage

这是真实的火箭摄像机镜头

Now to conceal the shape, we changed the aspect ratio a little bit.

现在为了隐藏形状，我们稍微改变了纵横比。

But this is what it looks like

但这就是它看起来的样子

from the third stage of the rocket

来自火箭第三级

looking at the unmanned glider

看着无人驾驶滑翔机

as it heads into the atmosphere

当它进入大气层时

In the first flight,

在第一次飞行中，

no aerodynamic control of the vehicle.

车辆没有空气动力学控制。

But we collected more hypersonic flight data

但我们收集了更多高超音速飞行数据

of ground-based testing combined.

地面测试相结合。

And in the second flight,

而在第二次飞行中，

three minutes of fully-controlled,

三分钟完全受控，

because amazing, never-been-done-before things

因为令人惊叹的、从未做过的事情

require that you fly.

要求你飞。

You can't learn to fly at Mach 20

你无法学习以 20 马赫的速度飞行

And while there's no substitute for speed,

虽然速度无可替代，

maneuverability is a very close second.

机动性紧随其后。

If a Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds

如果一架20马赫的滑翔机需要11分20秒

to get from New York to Long Beach,

从 纽约 到 长滩,

a hummingbird would take,

蜂鸟会采取，

You see, hummingbirds are not hypersonic,

你看，蜂鸟不是高超音速的，

but they are maneuverable.

但它们是可操作的。

In fact, the hummingbird is the only bird

事实上，蜂鸟是唯一的鸟类

that can fly backwards.

可以向后飞的。

It can fly up, down,

它可以飞上飞下，

forwards, backwards,

向前、向后、

And so if we wanted to fly in this room

所以如果我们想在这个房间里飞行

or places where humans can't go,

或是人类无法到达的地方，

we'd need an aircraft

我们需要一架飞机

small enough and maneuverable enough

足够小且足够机动

This is a hummingbird drone.

这是蜂鸟无人机。

It can fly in all directions,

它可以向各个方向飞行，

It can hover and rotate.

它可以悬停和旋转。

This prototype aircraft

这架原型机

is equipped with a video camera.

配备有摄像机。

It weighs less than one AA battery.

它的重量小于一节 AA 电池。

It does not eat nectar.

它不吃花蜜。

it flew for a whopping 20 seconds,

它飞行了长达20秒，

a year later, two minutes,

一年后，两分钟，

Many prototypes crashed -- many.

许多原型机坠毁了——很多。

to learn to fly like a hummingbird

学习像蜂鸟一样飞行

It's beautiful, isn't it.

很漂亮，不是吗。

Matt is the first ever hummingbird pilot.

马特是第一位蜂鸟飞行员。

Failure is part of creating

失败是创造的一部分

new and amazing things.

新的和令人惊奇的事情。

We cannot both fear failure

我们不能都害怕失败

and make amazing new things --

并创造令人惊奇的新事物——

with the stability of a dog on rough terrain,

具有狗在崎岖地形上的稳定性，

a robot that can run like a cheetah,

一个能像猎豹一样奔跑的机器人，

or climb stairs like a human

或者像人一样爬楼梯

with the occasional clumsiness of a human.

伴随着人类偶尔的笨拙。

Or perhaps, Spider Man

或者也许，蜘蛛侠

will one day be Gecko Man.

有一天会成为壁虎人。

its entire body weight

它的整个体重

One square millimeter of a gecko's footpad

壁虎足垫的一平方毫米

has 14,000 hair-like structures

有 14,000 个毛发状结构

They are used to help it grip to surfaces

它们用于帮助其抓住表面

using intermolecular forces.

利用分子间力。

Today we can manufacture structures

今天我们可以制造结构

that mimic the hairs of a gecko's foot.

模仿壁虎脚部的毛发。

artificial nano-gecko adhesive.

人造纳米壁虎粘合剂。

can support a static load

可以支持静态负载

That's enough to stick

就够粘了

six 42-inch plasma TV's to your wall,

墙上有六台 42 英寸等离子电视，

So much for Velcro, right?

魔术贴就这么多了，对吧？

And it's not just passive structures,

这不仅仅是被动结构，

it's entire machines.

这是整个机器。

This is a spider mite.

这是蜘蛛螨。

It's one millimeter long,

一毫米长，

but it looks like Godzilla

但它看起来像哥斯拉

next to these micromachines.

在这些微型机器旁边。

In the world of Godzilla spider mites,

在哥斯拉蜘蛛螨的世界里，

we can make millions of mirrors,

我们可以制造数百万面镜子，

each one-fifth the diameter

每个直径的五分之一

moving at hundreds of thousands of times per second

每秒移动数十万次

to make large screen displays,

制作大屏幕显示器，

so that we can watch movies like "Godzilla"

这样我们就可以看像“哥斯拉”这样的电影

And if we can build machines

如果我们能制造机器

what about Eiffel Tower-like trusses

类似埃菲尔铁塔的桁架怎么样

Today we are making metals

今天我们正在制造金属

that are lighter than Styrofoam,

比聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料更轻，

they can sit atop a dandelion puff

他们可以坐在蒲公英泡芙上

with a wisp of air --

带着一丝空气——

that you can make a car that two people can lift,

你可以制造一辆两个人可以抬起的汽车，

that it has the crash-worthiness of an SUV.

它具有 SUV 的耐撞性。

From the smallest wisp of air

从最小的一缕空气

to the powerful forces of nature's storms.

大自然风暴的强大力量。

There are 44 lightning strikes per second

每秒有 44 次雷击

Each lightning bolt heats the air

每一道闪电都会加热空气

to 44,000 degrees Fahrenheit --

至 44,000 华氏度 --

hotter than the surface of the Sun.

比太阳表面更热。

What if we could use

如果我们可以使用怎么办

these electromagnetic pulses

这些电磁脉冲

beacons in a moving network

移动网络中的信标

of powerful transmitters?

强大的发射器？

that lightning could be the next GPS.

闪电可能是下一个 GPS。

Electrical pulses form the thoughts in our brains.

电脉冲形成我们大脑中的思想。

Using a grid the size of your thumb,

使用拇指大小的网格，

on the surface of his brain,

在他的大脑表面，

Tim uses his thoughts

蒂姆运用他的想法

to control an advanced prosthetic arm.

控制先进的假肢。

made him reach for Katie.

让他伸手去够凯蒂。

This is the first time

这是第一次

a human has controlled a robot

人类已经控制了机器人

And it is the first time

而且还是第一次

that Tim has held Katie's hand

蒂姆握着凯蒂的手

That moment mattered

那一刻很重要

may someday matter to you.

也许有一天对你很重要。

is perhaps the vaccine that could save your life.

也许是可以挽救您生命的疫苗。

It was made in tobacco plants.

它是由烟草植物制成的。

can make millions of doses of vaccine

可以生产数百万剂疫苗

in weeks instead of months,

几周而不是几个月，

and it might just be

这可能只是

the first healthy use of tobacco ever.

有史以来第一次健康地使用烟草。

And if it seems far-fetched

如果这看起来有些牵强

that tobacco plants could make people healthy,

烟草植物可以使人健康，

what about gamers that could solve problems

那些能够解决问题的玩家呢

that experts can't solve?

专家都解决不了？

the gamers of Foldit

Foldit 的玩家

solved the three-dimensional structure

解决了三维结构

of the retroviral protease

逆转录病毒蛋白酶

that contributes to AIDS in rhesus monkeys.

这会导致恒河猴感染艾滋病。

Now understanding this structure

现在了解这个结构

is very important for developing treatments.

对于开发治疗方法非常重要。

in the scientific community.

在科学界。

The gamers of Foldit

Foldit 的玩家

solved it in 15 days.

15天内解决了。

Now they were able to do so

现在他们能够这样做了

by working together.

通过共同努力。

They were able to work together

他们能够一起工作

because they're connected by the Internet.

因为它们是通过互联网连接的。

And others, also connected to the Internet,

还有其他人也连接到互联网，

used it as an instrument of democracy.

将其用作民主的工具。

they changed the fate of their nation.

他们改变了国家的命运。

The Internet is home to two billion people,

互联网是二十亿人的家园，

or 30 percent of the world's population.

或世界人口的 30%。

It allows us to contribute

它使我们能够做出贡献

It allows us to amplify

它使我们能够放大

our voices and our power

我们的声音和我们的力量

But it too had humble beginnings.

但它的起步也很卑微。

In 1969, the internet was but a dream,

1969年，互联网还只是一个梦想，

a few sketches on a piece of paper.

一张纸上的一些草图。

And then on October 29th,

然后10月29日，

the first packet-switched message was sent

第一条数据包交换消息已发送

The first two letters of the word "Login,"

“登录”一词的前两个字母

that's all that made it through --

这就是所经历的一切——

and then a buffer overflow crashed the system.

然后缓冲区溢出导致系统崩溃。

now a worldwide force.

现在是一支世界性的力量。

So who are these scientists and engineers

那么这些科学家和工程师是谁

at a magical place called DARPA?

在一个叫做 DARPA 的神奇地方？

and they are heroes among us.

他们是我们当中的英雄。

They challenge existing perspectives

他们挑战现有的观点

at the edges of science

在科学的边缘

and under the most demanding of conditions.

并且在最苛刻的条件下。

that we can change the world

我们可以改变世界

if we defy the impossible

如果我们挑战不可能

and we refuse to fear failure.

我们拒绝害怕失败。

that we all have nerd power.

我们都有书呆子的力量。

Sometimes we just forget.

有时我们只是忘记了。

You see, there was a time

你看，曾经有一段时间

when you weren't afraid of failure,

当你不再害怕失败的时候

when you were a great artist or a great dancer

当你是一位伟大的艺术家或伟大的舞者时

and you could sing, you were good at math,

你会唱歌，你数学很好，

you could build things, you were an astronaut,

你可以建造东西，你是一名宇航员，

an adventurer, Jacques Cousteau,

冒险家雅克·库斯托，

you could jump higher, run faster,

你可以跳得更高，跑得更快，

kick harder than anyone.

踢得比谁都狠。

You believed in impossible things

你相信不可能的事情

and you were fearless.

而你无所畏惧。

You were totally and completely in touch

你们完全彻底地接触过

with your inner superhero.

与你内心的超级英雄。

Scientists and engineers

科学家和工程师

can indeed change the world.

确实可以改变世界。

what would you attempt to do

你会尝试做什么

if you knew you could not fail?

如果你知道你不会失败？

It's hard to hold onto this feeling,

这种感觉很难坚持

I guess in some way,

我想在某种程度上，

I sort of believe it's supposed to be hard.

我有点相信这应该很难。

Doubt and fear always creep in.

怀疑和恐惧总是悄然而至。

We think someone else, someone smarter than us,

我们认为其他人，比我们更聪明的人，

someone more capable,

更有能力的人，

someone with more resources will solve that problem.

拥有更多资源的人会解决这个问题。

But there isn't anyone else;

但没有其他人了；

someone steps into that doubt and fear,

有人陷入怀疑和恐惧，

takes a hand and says,

握住一只手说：

"Let me help you believe."

“让我来帮助你相信。”

Jason Harley did that for me.

杰森·哈利为我做到了这一点。

Jason started at DARPA

Jason 开始在 DARPA 工作

on March 18th, 2010.

2010 年 3 月 18 日。

He was with our transportation team.

他和我们的运输队在一起。

I saw Jason nearly every day,

我几乎每天都见到杰森

sometimes twice a day.

有时一天两次。

And more so than most,

比大多数人更重要的是，

he saw the highs and the lows,

他看到了高潮和低谷，

the celebrations and the disappointments.

庆祝和失望。

And on one particularly dark day for me,

在对我来说特别黑暗的一天，

and he wrote an email.

他写了一封电子邮件。

And when he hit send,

当他点击发送时，

he probably didn't realize what a difference it would make.

他可能没有意识到这会产生多大的影响。

when I need to reconnect

当我需要重新连接时

I remember his words,

我记住了他的话，

they were so powerful.

他们是如此强大。

Text: "There is only time enough to iron your cape

文字：“时间只够熨烫你的斗篷

and back to the skies for you."

并为你返回天空。”

♫ Superhero, superhero.

♫ 超级英雄，超级英雄。

♫

♫

♫ Superhero, superhero.

♫ 超级英雄，超级英雄。

♫

♫

♫ Superhero, superhero.

♫ 超级英雄，超级英雄。

♫

♫

♫ Superhero, superhero.

♫ 超级英雄，超级英雄。

♫

♫

♫ Superhero, superhero.

♫ 超级英雄，超级英雄。

♫

♫

Voice: Because that's what being a superhero is all about.

声音：因为这就是成为超级英雄的意义所在。

and back to the skies for you."

并为你返回天空。”

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Chris Anderson: Regina, thank you.

克里斯·安德森：雷吉娜，谢谢你。

I have a couple of questions.

我有几个问题。

So that glider of yours,

所以你的滑翔机，

the first one, no control, it ended up in the Pacific I think somewhere.

第一个，没有控制，我想它最终在太平洋的某个地方。

Yeah, it also went into the Pacific.

是的，它也进入了太平洋。

(CA: But this time under control?)

（CA：但这一次得到控制了？）

We didn't fly it into the Pacific.

我们没有把它飞进太平洋。

No, there are multiple portions of the trajectory

不，轨迹有多个部分

in terms of really flying at that speed.

就真正以那个速度飞行而言。

And so in the second flight,

所以在第二次飞行中，

we were able to get three minutes

我们得到了三分钟的时间

of fully aerodynamic control of the vehicle before we lost it.

在我们失去车辆之前对车辆进行完全空气动力学控制。

from New York to Long Beach anytime soon.

很快就会从纽约飞往长滩。

is to develop the technology for this.

就是为此开发技术。

How it's ultimately used

最终如何使用

will be determined by the military.

将由军方决定。

Now the purpose of the vehicle though,

现在车辆的用途是，

the purpose of the technology,

该技术的目的，

is to be able to reach anywhere in the world

是能够到达世界任何地方

in less than 60 minutes.

不到 60 分钟。

of more than a few pounds?

超过几磅？

(RD: Yeah.)

（路德：是的。）

Like what's the payload it could carry?

比如它可以承载多少有效载荷？

We've got to fly it first.

我们必须先让它飞起来。

with a plane kind of trying to flap its wings

一架飞机试图扇动翅膀

and failing horribly,

并惨遭失败，

and there haven't been that many planes built since

从那以后就没有制造那么多飞机了

Why did we think that this was the time to go biomimicry

为什么我们认为现在是仿生学的时候了

and copy a hummingbird?

并复制蜂鸟？

Isn't that a very expensive solution

这不是一个非常昂贵的解决方案吗

for a small maneuverable flying object?

对于小型可操纵飞行物体？

we wondered if it was possible to do it.

我们想知道是否有可能做到这一点。

And you have to revisit these questions

你必须重新审视这些问题

The folks at AeroVironment

AeroVironment 的人们

tried 300 or more different wing designs,

尝试了300种或更多不同的机翼设计，

12 different forms of the avionics.

12 种不同形式的航空电子设备。

It took them 10 full prototypes

他们花了 10 个完整的原型

to get something that would actually fly.

得到真正会飞的东西。

But there's something really interesting

但有件事真的很有趣

about a flying machine

关于飞行器

that looks like something you'd recognize.

这看起来像是你认识的东西。

So we often talk about stealth

所以我们经常谈论隐身

as a means for avoiding any type of sensing,

作为避免任何类型传感的手段，

but when things looks just natural,

但当事情看起来很自然时

you also don't see them.

你也看不到它们。

It's partly the look.

部分是外观。

(RD: Sure.)

（路德：当然。）

It's actually, "Look at that cute hummingbird

事实上，“看看那只可爱的蜂鸟

flying into my headquarters."

飞进我的总部。”

Because I think, as well as the awe of looking at that,

因为我认为，除了看到它的敬畏之外，

I'm sure some people here are thinking,

我相信这里有些人在想，

technology catches up so quick,

技术追赶得这么快，

before some crazed geek with a little remote control

在一些带着小遥控器的疯狂极客面前

flies one through a window of the White House?

一架飞机穿过白宫的窗户？

I mean, do you worry about the Pandora's box issue here?

我的意思是，你担心这里的潘多拉魔盒问题吗？

is the creation and prevention of strategic surprise.

是创造和预防战略奇袭。

It would be inconceivable

这将是不可想象的

for us to do that work

让我们来做这项工作

if we didn't make people excited and uncomfortable with the things that we do

如果我们所做的事情没有让人们感到兴奋和不舒服

It's just the nature of what we do.

这就是我们所做事情的本质。

Now our responsibility

现在我们的责任

is to push that edge.

就是要推动这一优势。

And we have to be, of course, mindful and responsible

当然，我们必须保持警惕和负责任

of how the technology is developed

该技术是如何开发的

and ultimately used,

并最终使用，

but we can't simply close our eyes

但我们不能简单地闭上眼睛

and pretend that it isn't advancing; it's advancing.

并假装它没有前进；它正在进步。

And you persuade people

并且你说服了人们

to go to these great feats of invention,

去实现这些伟大的发明壮举，

but at a personal level,

但在个人层面上，

in a way I can't imagine doing your job.

在某种程度上我无法想象做你的工作。

Do you wake up in the night sometimes,

你有时会在半夜醒来吗

just asking questions

只是问问题

about the possibly unintended consequences

关于可能出现的意想不到的后果

of your team's brilliance?

你的团队有多出色？

I think you couldn't be human

我认为你不可能是人类

if you didn't ask those questions.

如果你没有问这些问题。

I think that we learn

我认为我们学习

My job is one of the most exhilarating jobs you could have.

我的工作是你能拥有的最令人兴奋的工作之一。

I work with some of the most amazing people.

我和一些最了不起的人一起工作。

And with that exhilaration,

带着那种兴奋，

comes a really deep sense

来了一个非常深刻的感觉

And so you have on the one hand

所以你一方面

this tremendous lift

这巨大的升力

and this tremendous seriousness

以及这种巨大的严肃性

Thank you so much for coming to TED.

非常感谢您来到 TED。

(RD: Thank you.)

（路德：谢谢。）