On the Practice & Ethics of Trying Cases in the Media | richardbrodheaddukeapology

Delivered 29 September 2007 • Duke University School of Law, Durham, North Carolina

2007 年 9 月 29 日交付 • 北卡罗来纳州达勒姆杜克大学法学院

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QUOTATION MARKS — MANDATORY CHECK ON EVERY INTAKE: Proper Unicode curly quotes are required throughout the transcript in all views — standard, dark theme, and Roman Reader alike.

引号 — 强制检查每个内容：所有视图中的整个记录​​中都需要正确的 Unicode 弯引号 — 标准、深色主题和罗马阅读器等。

Raw ASCII straight quotes (" ') copied from plain-text sources are incorrect HTML typography in every rendering context and must be replaced manually at intake time.

从纯文本源复制的原始 ASCII 直引号 (" ') 在每个渲染上下文中都是不正确的 HTML 排版，必须在获取时手动替换。

Roman Reader exposes violations most visibly because IM Fell English makes malformed quotes conspicuous, but the error exists in all views regardless.

Roman Reader 最明显地暴露了违规行为，因为 IM Fell English 使格式错误的引号变得引人注目，但无论如何，该错误存在于所有视图中。

BEFORE PUBLISHING, scan the entire transcript and verify: " → “ (opening double) " → ” (closing double) ' → ‘ (opening single) ' → ’ (closing single) Pay particular attention to: — Inline quotations introduced by "I quote" or similar — Quoted oaths, slogans, or reported speech — Contractions (don't, I'm, it's) which need ’ — Final paragraphs, which are most commonly missed ELLIPSIS — AR HOUSE STYLE (Chicago spaced periods): Represent ellipsis as three spaced periods with a space before and after the cluster: word .

在发布之前，扫描整个文字记录并验证：“→”（开头双）“→”（结束双）'→'（开头单）'→'（结束单）特别注意： — 由“我引用”或类似内容引入的行内引文 — 引用的誓言、口号或报道的演讲 — 需要的缩写（don't、I'm、it's） ' — 最后段落，最常被遗漏 省略号 — AR HOUSE STYLE（芝加哥间隔句点）：将省略号表示为三个间隔句点，在簇之前和之后各有一个空格： word 。

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word Do NOT use the Unicode ellipsis glyph …

单词不要使用 Unicode 省略号字形...

(U+2026) — it renders inconsistently across fonts and browsers.

(U+2026) — 它在字体和浏览器之间呈现不一致。

Do NOT use three unspaced periods (...) — harder to read and indistinguishable from sentence-ending punctuation at a glance.

不要使用三个无间隔的句点 (...) — 难以阅读，并且乍一看与句子结尾标点符号无法区分。

Do NOT wrap individual periods in — periods do not have glyph rendering problems in IM Fell English.

不要将单个句号包裹起来 — 在 IM Fell English 中，句号不会出现字形渲染问题。

SPECIAL USE: an ellipsis may also represent a cluster of false starts so jumbled as to convey no discernible meaning.

特殊用途：省略号也可能代表一堆错误的开始，这些错误的开始非常混乱，无法传达可辨别的含义。

This prioritizes transfer of meaning over stenographic precision — a deliberate AR editorial choice.

这优先考虑了意义的传递而不是速记精度——这是 AR 编辑的深思熟虑的选择。

See house-rules document.

请参阅房屋规则文件。

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.q SPAN 包裹 — AR HOUSE 风格：在转录正文中，将所有逗号、撇号和定向引号字符包裹在 ...

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These characters have known glyph rendering problems in IM Fell English (Roman Reader).

这些字符在 IM Fell English (Roman Reader) 中存在已知的字形渲染问题。

The .q rule scales them to match the roman face x-height.

.q 规则缩放它们以匹配罗马面的 x 高度。

Apply to ALL commas — not only those adjacent to quotation marks.

适用于所有逗号——而不仅仅是那些与引号相邻的逗号。

NOTE: This rule may become moot if IM Fell English is replaced with a more cross-browser-uniform face during batch conversion.

注意：如果在批量转换期间将 IM Fell English 替换为更跨浏览器一致的字体，则此规则可能会变得毫无意义。

ENDNOTE SYSTEM — note-ref only (floating panel): All endnotes use the floating panel system.

尾注系统 — 仅注释参考（浮动面板）：所有尾注均使用浮动面板系统。

No inline tooltips.

没有内联工具提示。

In text: N Content: written ONCE in the End Notes info-group at the page bottom (stack-row with data-endnote="N").

文本中：N 内容：在页面底部的尾注信息组中写入一次（带有 data-endnote=“N”的堆栈行）。

The panel reads it from there live.

小组从那里实时读取它。

Full HTML supported — links, em, strong all work.

支持完整的 HTML — 链接、em、强所有工作。

Superscript chars: use plain digits (1, 2, 3...) inside , as shown below — not Unicode superscript glyphs (¹, ², ³...).

上标字符：在 内使用纯数字 (1, 2, 3...)，如下所示 — 而不是 Unicode 上标字形 (1, 2, 3...)。

Those glyphs are pre-shrunk at the font level, so the .78em scaling on .note-ref sup shrinks them a second time and they render too small.

这些字形在字体级别预先缩小，因此 .note-ref su 上的 0.78em 缩放会再次缩小它们，并且它们渲染得太小。

============================================================ --> I thank you , David , 1 and I thank you , everyone who is here.

============================================================== --> 我谢谢你，大卫，1，我谢谢你，在座的每个人。

This conference is not just about the Duke lacrosse case.

这次会议不仅仅是关于杜克长曲棍球案。

It ’ s about a kind of event that has taken on a central place in modern American culture: the legal case that creates a national community of attention , the case the public consumes every “ fact ” of with endless appetite for more.

它讲述的是一种在现代美国文化中占据中心地位的事件：引起全国关注的法律案件，公众以无尽的胃口消费每一个“事实”的案件。

Cases like this typically combine elements of scandal , and celebrity , and other highly volatile social ingredients -- race and sex perhaps chief among them.

此类案件通常结合了丑闻、名人和其他高度不稳定的社会因素——种族和性别也许是其中最主要的因素。

And having become one of America ’ s principal forms of shared public life , these cases highlight crucial problems of our culture -- problems of achieving justice in a media-saturated society , problems of fundamental fairness to individuals , and problems in the way the American public is informed and misinformed about the world we live in together.

这些案例已经成为美国共享公共生活的主要形式之一，它们凸显了我们文化的关键问题——在媒体饱和的社会中实现正义的问题、个人基本公平的问题以及美国公众对我们共同生活的世界了解和误解的方式问题。

The Duke community lived through a classic example of such a case.

杜克大学社区就经历过此类案例的典型例子。

When a case like this is over , it ’ s tempting to think that the facts so clearly established at the end of the day must have been equally clear throughout the process.

当这样的案件结束时，人们很容易认为最终确定的事实在整个过程中也同样清楚。

But this is not the case.

但事实并非如此。

When the accusations were made , our students said emphatically that they were innocent.

当指控被提出时，我们的学生强调说他们是无辜的。

On the other hand , the District Attorney made a series of statements expressing absolute confidence that a crime had occurred and that the students were guilty of criminal charges.

另一方面，地方检察官发表了一系列声明，表示绝对相信发生了犯罪行为，并且学生们犯有刑事指控。

These starkly opposite versions of the truth created deep uncertainty about what in fact had happened.

这些截然相反的事实版本使人们对实际发生的事情产生了深深的不确定性。

Added to this , the local and national media began weeks of highly sensational coverage , creating an air of instant , uncritical certainty that fed on itself 2 in remarkable ways , with each day providing new “ revelations ” -- please make sure I said that in quotes -- that became known around the world instantly , confirming and reconfirming the public assurance that an outrage had occurred.

除此之外，地方和国家媒体开始了数周的高度耸人听闻的报道，营造出一种即时的、不加批判的确定性氛围，这种氛围以非凡的方式自我传播2，每天都会提供新的“启示”——请确保我在引用中提到了这一点——这些消息立即为全世界所知，证实并再次证实了公众对发生了愤怒的保证。

Given the uncertainty at the heart of this case and given the tides of passionate prejudgment that the DA ’ s comments and the media coverage touched off , I staked out a position on behalf of this university that rested on three principles.

考虑到本案核心的不确定性，以及检察官的评论和媒体报道引发的激烈预判浪潮，我代表这所大学基于三个原则表明了立场。

First , the type of crime that had been alleged had no place in our community.

首先，所指控的犯罪类型在我们的社区中没有立足之地。

Second , the presumption of innocence is fundamental to our legal system , and our students were entitled to that presumption.

其次，无罪推定是我们法律制度的基础，我们的学生有权享有这一推定。

And third , the whole matter had to be entrusted to the criminal justice system for its resolution.

第三，整个事件必须委托刑事司法系统解决。

As president , I had responsibility for the statements the university made and the actions the university took during this virtually unprecedented case , and I take responsibility for them now.

作为校长，我对大学在这一几乎史无前例的案件中所发表的声明和采取的行动负责，我现在也对它们负责。

But I did not come here to retell this story or to explain the logic of the university ’ s acts.

但我来这里并不是为了重述这个故事，也不是为了解释大学行为的逻辑。

We ’ re now in the aftermath of this extraordinary case , and the aftermath , we have to hope , is a time of learning.

我们现在正处于这起非同寻常的案件的余波之中，我们希望，余波之后是一个学习的时期。

Having spent my entire life in the cause of teaching and learning , I am the last person who should be unwilling to learn lessons wherever they can be found.

我一生致力于教书育人的事业，我是最不应该不愿意在任何地方吸取教训的人。

I am happy of [sic] this chance to share some of the lessons I have learned.

我很高兴[原文如此]有机会分享我学到的一些经验教训。

First and foremost , I regret our failure to reach out to the lacrosse players and their families in a time of extraordinary peril.

首先，我很遗憾我们未能在异常危险的时刻联系长曲棍球运动员及其家人。

Given the complexities of this case , getting the communication right would never have been easy.

鉴于此案的复杂性，正确沟通绝非易事。

But the fact is that we did not get it right , causing the families to feel abandoned when they were most in need of support.

但事实是我们做得不对，导致这些家庭在最需要支持的时候感到被遗弃。

This was a mistake.

这是一个错误。

I take responsibility for it , and I apologize for it.

我对此承担责任，并为此道歉。

Second , some of those who were quick to speak as if the charges were true were on this campus , and some faculty made statements that I believe were ill-judged and divisive.

其次，一些很快就说这些指控是真的的人就在这个校园里，而一些教师发表了我认为判断失误和分裂的言论。

They had the right to express their views.

他们有权表达自己的观点。

But the public as well as the accused students and their families could have thought that these were expressions of the university and its faculty as a whole.

但公众以及被指控的学生及其家人可能会认为这些是大学及其全体教师的表达。

They were not , and we could have done more to underscore that fact.

但事实并非如此，我们本可以采取更多措施来强调这一事实。

Third , I understand that by deferring to the criminal justice system to the extent that we did and not repeating the need for the presumption of innocence equally vigorously at all key moments , we may have helped create the impression that the university did not care about its students.

第三，我理解，通过在一定程度上尊重刑事司法系统，并且不在所有关键时刻同样大力重复无罪推定的必要性，我们可能会造成大学不关心学生的印象。

This was not true , and I regret it as well.

这不是真的，我也很遗憾。

Fourth , this episode has taught me a hard lesson about the criminal justice system and what it means to rely on it.

第四，这一事件给了我关于刑事司法系统以及依赖它意味着什么的惨痛教训。

Given the media circus and the public reactions that it touched off , I thought it essential to insist that this matter be resolved within the legal system , and not in the court of public opinion.

考虑到媒体的炒作和公众的反应，我认为有必要坚持让这个问题在法律体系内解决，而不是在舆论法庭上解决。

As far as it went , I still believe that was completely right.

就目前而言，我仍然相信那是完全正确的。

But what this case reminds us is that our justice system , perhaps the best in the world , is only as good as the men and women who administer it.

但这个案例提醒我们，我们的司法系统也许是世界上最好的，但其好坏取决于管理该系统的男男女女。

In this case , it was an officer of this system itself who presented false accusations as true , who suppressed contrary evidence , and who subverted the process he was sworn to uphold.

在本案中，正是这个系统本身的一名官员将虚假指控当真，压制了相反的证据，并颠覆了他宣誓维护的程序。

Relying on the criminal justice system in this case therefore proved to have serious limits.

因此，在本案中依靠刑事司法系统被证明具有严重的局限性。

But for the university to strive to set the system to rights -- for instance , by attacking the District Attorney -- presented problems as well.

但对于大学来说，努力使该系统恢复正常——例如，通过攻击地方检察官——也带来了问题。

For one thing , none of us can lightly speak as if the system itself is tainted because some of our own have been accused of crimes.

一方面，我们谁都不能轻率地说，因为我们自己的一些人被指控犯罪，就好像系统本身受到了污染。

I was also concerned that if Duke spoke out in an overly aggressive fashion , it would be perceived that a well-connected institution was improperly attempting to influence the judicial process , which could have caused the case to miscarry in a great variety of ways.

我还担心，如果杜克以过于激进的方式发声，人们会认为一个人脉广泛的机构试图不正当地影响司法程序，这可能会以多种方式导致案件流产。

Finally , there was in fact no legal recourse against the District Attorney , for me , or for anyone else.

最后，事实上，对于我或其他任何人来说，都没有针对地方检察官的法律追索权。

As you know , under North Carolina law , no one has the authority to take an active case from a DA absent the DA ’ s own request , as finally happened in January of this year.

如您所知，根据北卡罗来纳州法律，如果没有地方检察官本人的请求，任何人都无权从地方检察官那里受理正在审理的案件，正如今年一月最终发生的那样。

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Even with all that , Duke needed to be clear that it demanded fair treatment for its students.

尽管如此，杜克大学仍需要明确表示，它要求学生受到公平对待。

I took that completely for granted.

我认为这完全是理所当然的。

If any doubted it , then I should have been more explicit , especially as the evidence mounted that the prosecutor was not acting in accordance with the standards of his profession.

如果有人对此表示怀疑，那么我应该更明确地表达出来，特别是当越来越多的证据表明检察官没有按照其职业标准行事时。

The larger problem for society at large -- it ’ s what you ’ ve been discussing for several days -- is how to create and maintain the optimal balance between the independence of the legal system and the protection of individuals from false prosecutions.

整个社会面临的更大问题——这就是你们几天来一直在讨论的问题——是如何在法律体系的独立性和保护个人免受虚假起诉之间建立和维持最佳平衡。

If this state should ever again have a rogue prosecutor on the loose with no more remedies than were available last time , the failure to learn the lesson of the Duke lacrosse case will be intolerable.

如果这个州再次出现一名流氓检察官逍遥法外，而且没有比上次更多的补救措施，那么未能吸取杜克长曲棍球案的教训将是无法容忍的。

I do not want to create some quickie legislative “ solution ” that in fact opens the doors to new injustices tomorrow.

我不想制定一些快速的立法“解决方案”，这实际上为明天新的不公正现象打开了大门。

I recognize it is not easy to get the checks and balances right when two such important issues are at stake.

我认识到，当两个如此重要的问题处于危险之中时，要实现正确的制衡并不容易。

But it is essential for all the relevant parties to work to create these mechanisms , and I hope the current conference will have contributed to that cause.

但有关各方必须共同努力建立这些机制，我希望本次会议能够为此做出贡献。

Closer to home , this case highlights challenges that universities face when their students are tied to serious criminal charges.

言归正传，此案突显了大学在学生受到严重刑事指控时面临的挑战。

These challenges have many aspects that involve questions like: How does a university advise students in such circumstances?

这些挑战有很多方面，涉及诸如以下问题：大学在这种情况下如何为学生提供建议？

How does the university regulate the presence on campus of students who have been charged with serious crimes?

大学如何规范被指控犯有严重罪行的学生在校园内的情况？

How does the university interact with parents?

大学如何与家长互动？

And many more.

还有更多。

My colleagues and I in the Duke administration will be going over all of our procedures to see what we can learn from our recent experience.

我和杜克大学政府的同事将仔细检查我们的所有程序，看看我们可以从最近的经验中学到什么。

But these are complex questions , and they ’ re ones Duke neither can nor should hope to resolve all by itself.

但这些都是复杂的问题，杜克大学既不能也不应该希望独自解决这些问题。

To work through these difficulties and to see that their lessons are learned not just here but throughout the country , we will be hosting a national conference of educators , lawyers , and student affairs leaders to discuss best practices in this important and difficult field.

为了解决这些困难，并确保不仅在这里，而且在全国范围内吸取教训，我们将主办一次由教育工作者、律师和学生事务领导者组成的全国会议，讨论这一重要而困难领域的最佳实践。

Finally , I will end with the deepest lesson this case taught me.

最后，我将以这个案例给我带来的最深刻的教训来结束我的演讲。

When I look back through the whole complex history of this case , the scariest thing to me is that actual human lives were at the mercy of so much instant moral certainty , when the facts were not yet at all established.

当我回顾这起案件的整个复杂历史时，对我来说最可怕的是，当事实还没有完全确定时，实际的人类生活就受到如此多的即时道德确定性的摆布。

If there ’ s one lesson the world should take from the Duke lacrosse case , it ’ s the lesson of the danger of prejudgment and our need to defend against it at every turn.

如果说世界应该从杜克大学长曲棍球案中吸取一个教训的话，那就是预先判断的危险以及我们需要在每一个转折点上防范它的教训。

Given the power of this impulse and given the forces that play to it in our culture , achieving this goal will never be easy -- all the more reason why it ’ s a -- a fight in which all of us need to do our part.

考虑到这种冲动的力量以及我们文化中发挥作用的力量，实现这一目标绝非易事，更何况这是一场我们所有人都需要尽自己一份力量的斗争。

Much of me hopes that the Duke lacrosse case will someday be forgotten.

我很多人都希望杜克曲棍球案有一天会被遗忘。

But if it is remembered , let ’ s hope that it is remembered in the right way: as a call to caution in a world where certainty and justice come much too fast.

但如果它被记住，我们希望它能以正确的方式被记住：在一个确定性和正义来得太快的世界中提醒人们保持谨慎。