American Rhetoric: Julius Genachowski - Address at the Brookings Institute on Improving Broadband and Mobile Communications | juliusgenachowskibrookingsinstutespeech
On Improving Broadband and Mobile Communications
关于改善宽带和移动通信
delivered 21 September 2009, Brookings Institute, Washington, D.C.
2009 年 9 月 21 日发表于华盛顿特区布鲁金斯学会
[AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio]
[真实性认证：以下文本版本直接从音频转录]
Thank you, Darrell .
谢谢你，达雷尔。
Thank you, Brookings , for hosting me and this discussion about the future of broadband and the Internet.
感谢布鲁金斯学会接待我并参加这次有关宽带和互联网未来的讨论。
We�ve just finished a summer of big-ticket commemorations, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Apollo landing and of Woodstock.
我们刚刚结束了一个夏天的大型纪念活动，庆祝阿波罗登月和伍德斯托克音乐节 40 周年。
1969 was also a good year to be a kid in New York -- with Joe Namath calling the Super Bowl, and the Knicks� season that ended up with the legendary Willis Reed in Game 7.
1969 年对于纽约的孩子来说也是美好的一年——乔·纳马斯 (Joe Namath) 宣布了超级碗比赛的举办，而尼克斯队的赛季最终以传奇人物威利斯·里德 (Willis Reed) 在第七场比赛中告终。
I grew up a long fly ball from Shea Stadium and soaked up every minute of the Miracle Mets� season .
我从小就在谢伊体育场打长飞球，并沉浸在奇迹大都会队赛季的每一分钟中。
Maybe that�s why I tend to believe in miracles.
也许这就是为什么我倾向于相信奇迹。
But perhaps the most momentous birthday from that famous summer of 1969 -- in its way, a miracle -- went by just a couple of weeks ago with little mention.
但也许 1969 年那个著名的夏天以来最重要的生日——就其本身而言，是一个奇迹——就在几周前刚刚过去，却鲜有人提及。
Just over 40 years ago, a handful of engineers in a UCLA lab connected two computers with a 15-foot gray cable and transferred little pieces of data back and forth.
就在 40 多年前，加州大学洛杉矶分校实验室的几名工程师用一根 15 英尺长的灰色电缆连接两台计算机，并来回传输小块数据。
It was the first successful test of the ARPANET , the U.S. government-funded project that became the Internet -- the most transformational communications breakthrough since the printing press.
这是阿帕网的首次成功测试，阿帕网是美国政府资助的项目，后来发展成为互联网——自印刷机诞生以来最具变革性的通信突破。
Today, we can�t imagine what our lives would be like without the Internet -- any more than we can imagine life without running water or the light bulb.
今天，我们无法想象没有互联网我们的生活会是什么样子——就像我们无法想象没有自来水或灯泡的生活一样。
Millions of us depend upon it every day -- at home, at work, in school, everywhere in between.
我们数百万人每天都依赖它——无论是在家里、在工作中、在学校，还是在任何地方。
The Internet has unleashed the creative genius of countless entrepreneurs and has enabled the creation of jobs and the launch of small businesses and the expansion of large ones all across America.
互联网释放了无数企业家的创造力，并在美国各地创造了就业机会、创办了小型企业以及扩大了大型企业的规模。
That�s why Congress and the President have charged the FCC with developing a National Broadband Plan to ensure that every American has access to open and robust broadband.
这就是为什么国会和总统要求 FCC 制定国家宽带计划，以确保每个美国人都能使用开放且强大的宽带。
The fact is that we face great challenges as a nation right now: health care, education, energy, public safety.
事实上，我们作为一个国家现在面临着巨大的挑战：医疗保健、教育、能源、公共安全。
While broadband Internet alone won't provide a complete solution to any of those problems, it can and must play a critical role in solving each one.
虽然宽带互联网本身无法为任何这些问题提供完整的解决方案，但它可以而且必须在解决每一个问题中发挥关键作用。
Why has the Internet proved to be such a powerful engine for creativity, innovation, and economic growth?
为什么互联网被证明是创造力、创新和经济增长的强大引擎？
A big part of the answer traces back to one key decision by the Internet�s original architects: to make the Internet an open system.
答案的很大一部分可以追溯到互联网最初架构师的一个关键决定：使互联网成为一个开放系统。
Historian John Naughton describes the Internet as an attempt to answer the following question: How do you design a network that is �future proof� -- that can support the applications that today�s inventors have not yet dreamed of?
历史学家约翰·诺顿将互联网描述为回答以下问题的尝试：如何设计一个“面向未来”的网络——能够支持当今发明家尚未梦想到的应用程序？
The solution was to devise a network of networks that would not be biased in favor of any particular application.
解决方案是设计一个不偏向任何特定应用程序的网络网络。
The Internet�s creators didn�t want the network architecture, or any single entity, to pick winners and losers because it might pick the wrong ones.
互联网的创建者不希望网络架构或任何单一实体来选择赢家和输家，因为它可能会选择错误的人。
Instead, the Internet�s open architecture pushes decision-making and intelligence to the edge of the network -- to end users, to the cloud, to businesses of every size and in every sector of the economy, to creators and speakers across the country and across the globe.
相反，互联网的开放架构将决策和智能推向网络边缘——最终用户、云、各种规模、各个经济部门的企业、全国乃至全球的创作者和演讲者。
In the words of Tim Berners-Lee , the Internet is a �blank canvas� allowing anyone to contribute and to innovate without permission.
用蒂姆·伯纳斯·李的话来说，互联网是一块“空白画布”，任何人都可以在未经许可的情况下做出贡献和创新。
It's easy to look at today�s Internet giants -- and the tremendous benefits they have supplied to our economy and our culture -- and forget that many were small businesses just a few years ago, founded on little more than a good idea and a no-frills connection to the Internet.
人们很容易在审视当今的互联网巨头——以及它们为我们的经济和文化带来的巨大利益——而忘记了，就在几年前，它们中的许多都是小企业，仅仅建立在一个好主意和与互联网的简单连接之上。
Marc Andreessen was a graduate student when he created Mosaic, which led to Netscape, the first commercially successful Web browser.
马克·安德森 (Marc Andreessen) 在创建 Mosaic 时还是一名研究生，这导致了第一个商业上成功的网络浏览器 Netscape。
Mark Zuckerberg was a college student in 2004 when he started Facebook , which just announced the addition of its 300th millionth -- 300 millionth member.
马克·扎克伯格 (Mark Zuckerberg) 2004 年创办 Facebook 时还是一名大学生，该公司刚刚宣布增加第 300 名会员。
It's hard to say 'cause it's so big.
很难说，因为它太大了。
Pierre Omidyar originally launched eBay on his own personal website.
皮埃尔·奥米迪亚 (Pierre Omidyar) 最初在他自己的个人网站上推出了 eBay。
Today more than 600,000 Americans earn part of their living by operating small businesses on eBay�s auction platform, bringing jobs and opportunities to Danvers, Massachusetts, Durham, North Carolina, Lincoln, Nebraska, and many communities in both rural and urban America.
如今，超过 60 万美国人通过在 eBay 拍卖平台上经营小企业谋生，为马萨诸塞州丹弗斯、北卡罗来纳州达勒姆、内布拉斯加州林肯以及美国农村和城市的许多社区带来了就业和机会。
This is the power of the Internet: distributed innovation and ubiquitous entrepreneurship, the potential for jobs and opportunity everywhere there is broadband.
这就是互联网的力量：分布式创新和无处不在的创业精神，只要有宽带，就有就业潜力和机会。
And let us not forget that the open Internet enables much more than commerce.
我们不要忘记，开放的互联网不仅仅能够实现商业。
It is also an unprecedented platform for speech , democratic engagement, and a culture that prizes creative new ways of approaching old problems.
它也是一个前所未有的言论、民主参与平台，以及一种奖励解决老问题的创造性新方法的文化。
In 2000, Jimmy Wales started a project to create a free online encyclopedia.
2000 年，吉米·威尔士 (Jimmy Wales) 启动了一个创建免费在线百科全书的项目。
He originally commissioned experts to write the entries, but the project only succeeded after moving to volunteers to write them collaboratively.
他最初委托专家撰写条目，但该项目在转向志愿者合作撰写后才取得成功。
The result is, of course, Wikipedia , one of the top 10 most visited websites in the world today and one of the most comprehensive aggregations of human knowledge in our history.
当然，其结果就是维基百科，它是当今世界访问量最大的十大网站之一，也是我们历史上最全面的人类知识聚合体之一。
The potential of collaboration and social media continue to grow.
协作和社交媒体的潜力持续增长。
It is changing and accelerating innovation.
它正在改变并加速创新。
And we�ve seen new media tools like Twitter and YouTube used by democratic movements around the globe.
我们已经看到全球民主运动使用 Twitter 和 YouTube 等新媒体工具。
Even more, the Internet is beginning to transform health care, education, and energy usage for the better.
更重要的是，互联网正在开始改善医疗保健、教育和能源使用。
Health-related applications, distributed over a widely connected Internet, can help bring down health care costs and improve medical services.
分布在广泛连接的互联网上的健康相关应用程序可以帮助降低医疗保健成本并改善医疗服务。
Four out of five Americans who are online have accessed medical information over the Internet, and most of those say the information affected their decision-making.
五分之四的美国人通过互联网获取医疗信息，其中大多数人表示这些信息影响了他们的决策。
Nearly four million college students took at least one online course in 2007.
2007 年，近 400 万大学生至少学习了一门在线课程。
The Internet can potentially connect kids anywhere to the best information and best teachers everywhere.
互联网有可能将世界各地的孩子连接到世界各地最好的信息和最好的老师。
And the Internet is helping enable smart grid technologies, which promise to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by hundreds of millions of metric tons.
互联网正在帮助实现智能电网技术，该技术有望减少数亿吨二氧化碳排放。
At the same time, we've also seen great strides in the center of the network.
与此同时，我们也看到了网络中心的巨大进步。
Most Americans� early exposure to the Internet was through analog modems, which allowed a trickle of data through the phone lines to support early electronic bulletin boards and basic email.
大多数美国人早期接触互联网是通过模拟调制解调器，它允许通过电话线传输少量数据来支持早期的电子公告板和基本电子邮件。
Over the last two decades, thanks to substantial investment and technological ingenuity, companies devised ways to retrofit networks initially designed for phones and one-way video to support two-way broadband data streams connecting homes and businesses across the country.
在过去的二十年中，由于大量投资和技术独创性，各公司想出了一些方法来改造最初为电话和单向视频设计的网络，以支持连接全国各地家庭和企业的双向宽带数据流。
And a revolution in wireless technologies -- using licensed and unlicensed spectrum -- and the creation of path-breaking devices like the Blackberry and the iPhone have enabled millions of us to carry the Internet in our pockets and our purses.
无线技术的革命（使用授权和非授权频谱）以及黑莓和 iPhone 等开创性设备的诞生，使我们数百万人能够将互联网装在口袋和钱包里。
The lesson of each of these stories and innumerable others like them is that we cannot know what tomorrow holds on the Internet, except that it will be unexpected; that the genius of American innovators is unlimited; and that the fewer obstacles those innovators face in bringing their work to the world, the greater our opportunity as citizens and as a nation.
这些故事以及无数其他类似故事的教训是，我们无法知道互联网的明天会发生什么，除非它会出乎意料。美国创新者的天才是无限的；这些创新者在将其成果推向世界时遇到的障碍越少，我们作为公民和国家的机会就越大。
Now, notwithstanding its unparalleled record of success, today the free and open Internet faces emerging and substantial challenges.
现在，尽管自由开放的互联网取得了无与伦比的成功，但它仍面临着新出现的重大挑战。
We�ve already seen some clear examples of deviations from the Internet�s historic openness.
我们已经看到了一些偏离互联网历史开放性的明显例子。
We've witnessed certain broadband providers unilaterally block access to VoIP applications (phone calls delivered over data networks) and implement technical measures that degrade the performance of peer-to-peer software distributing lawful content.
我们目睹某些宽带提供商单方面阻止对 VoIP 应用程序（通过数据网络传送的电话）的访问，并实施降低分发合法内容的点对点软件性能的技术措施。
We have even seen at least one service provider deny users access to political content.
我们甚至看到至少一家服务提供商拒绝用户访问政治内容。
And as many members of the Internet community and key Congressional leaders have noted, there are compelling reasons to be concerned about the future of openness.
正如许多互联网社区成员和国会主要领导人所指出的那样，我们有充分的理由担心开放的未来。
One reason has to do with limited competition among service providers.
原因之一与服务提供商之间的有限竞争有关。
As American consumers make the shift from dial-up to broadband, their choice of providers has narrowed substantially.
随着美国消费者从拨号上网转向宽带上网，他们对提供商的选择范围大幅缩小。
I don�t intend that remark as a policy conclusion or as a criticism.
我无意将此言论视为政策结论或批评。
It is simply a fact about today�s marketplace that we must acknowledge and incorporate into our policymaking.
这只是当今市场的一个事实，我们必须承认这一事实并将其纳入我们的政策制定中。
A second reason involves the economic incentives of broadband providers.
第二个原因涉及宽带提供商的经济激励。
The great majority of companies that operate our nation�s broadband pipes rely upon revenue from selling phone service, cable TV subscriptions, or both.
运营我国宽带管道的绝大多数公司依赖于销售电话服务、有线电视订阅或两者的收入。
These services increasingly compete with voice and video products provided over the Internet.
这些服务与通过互联网提供的语音和视频产品的竞争日益激烈。
The net result is that broadband providers� rational bottom-line interests may diverge from the broad interests of consumers in competition and choice.
最终结果是，宽带提供商的理性底线利益可能会在竞争和选择中偏离消费者的广泛利益。
The third reason involves the explosion of traffic on the Internet.
第三个原因涉及互联网流量的爆炸式增长。
While [With] the growing popularity of high-bandwidth applications, Internet traffic is roughly doubling every two years.
随着高带宽应用程序的日益普及，互联网流量大约每两年翻一番。
Technologies for managing broadband networks have become more sophisticated and widely deployed.
管理宽带网络的技术变得更加复杂并且得到广泛部署。
But these technologies are just tools.
但这些技术只是工具。
They cannot by themselves determine the right answers to difficult policy questions -- and they raise their own set of new questions.
他们无法自己确定困难政策问题的正确答案，而且他们提出了自己的一系列新问题。
In acknowledging the existence of challenging competitive, economic, and technological realities for today�s Internet, I want to underscore that this debate, as I see it, isn�t about white hats or black hats among companies in and around the network.
在承认当今互联网存在具有挑战性的竞争、经济和技术现实的同时，我想强调，在我看来，这场辩论并不是关于网络内外公司之间的白帽或黑帽。
Rather, there are inevitable tensions built into our system -- important and difficult questions that we have an obligation to ask and to answer correctly for our country.
相反，我们的体系中存在着不可避免的紧张局势——我们有义务为我们的国家提出并正确回答重要而困难的问题。
When I worked in the private sector I was fortunate to work with some of the greatest innovators of our time.
当我在私营部门工作时，我很幸运能够与我们这个时代一些最伟大的创新者一起工作。
That taught me some lessons about the importance of innovation and investment.
这让我学到了一些关于创新和投资重要性的教训。
It also taught me the importance of developing clear goals and then being focused and practical in achieving them, making sure to have the best input and ideas from the broadest group possible.
它还教会了我制定明确目标的重要性，然后在实现这些目标时集中精力、务实行事，确保从尽可能广泛的群体中获得最好的意见和想法。
I am convinced that there are few goals more essential in the communications landscape than preserving and maintaining an open and robust Internet.
我相信，在通信领域，没有什么目标比维护和维护开放而强大的互联网更重要的了。
I also know that achieving this goal will take an approach that is smart about technology, smart about markets, smart about law and policy, smart about the experiences of ordinary consumers, and smart about the lessons of history.
我也知道，实现这一目标需要采取明智的技术、明智的市场、明智的法律和政策、明智的普通消费者体验以及明智的历史教训。
The rise of serious challenges to the free and open Internet puts us at a crossroads.
自由开放的互联网面临的严峻挑战将我们置于十字路口。
We could see the Internet�s doors shut to entrepreneurs, the spirit of innovation stifled, a full and free flow of information compromised.
我们可以看到互联网的大门向企业家关闭，创新精神受到抑制，信息的充分和自由流动受到损害。
Or we could take steps to preserve Internet openness, helping ensure a future of opportunity, innovation, and a vibrant marketplace of ideas.
或者，我们可以采取措施保持互联网的开放性，帮助确保未来充满机遇、创新和充满活力的思想市场。
I understand the Internet is a dynamic network and that technology continues to grow and evolve.
我了解互联网是一个动态网络，技术不断发展和发展。
I recognize that if we were to create unduly detailed rules that attempt to address every possible assault on openness, such rules would become outdated quickly.
我认识到，如果我们制定过于详细的规则来试图解决对开放性的每一种可能的攻击，那么这些规则很快就会过时。
But the fact that the Internet is evolving rapidly does not mean we can, or should, abandon the underlying values fostered by an open network, or the important goal of setting rules of the road to protect the free and open Internet.
但互联网快速发展的事实并不意味着我们可以、也不应该放弃开放网络所培育的基本价值观，也不意味着放弃制定保护自由开放互联网的道路规则的重要目标。
Saying nothing and doing nothing would impose its own form of unacceptable cost.
什么都不说、什么都不做就会带来不可接受的成本。
It would deprive innovators, investors, and the public of confidence that a free and open Internet we depend upon today will still be here tomorrow.
这将使创新者、投资者和公众失去信心，相信我们今天所依赖的自由开放的互联网明天仍然存在。
It would deny the benefits of predictable rules of the road to all players in the Internet ecosystem.
它将剥夺互联网生态系统中所有参与者可预测的道路规则的好处。
And it would be a dangerous retreat from the core principle of openness -- the freedom to innovate without permission -- that has been a hallmark of the Internet since its inception, and has made it so stunningly successful as a platform for innovation, opportunity, and prosperity.
这将是对开放核心原则的危险倒退——未经许可的创新自由——自诞生以来一直是互联网的标志，并使其成为创新、机遇和繁荣的平台，取得了如此惊人的成功。
In view of these challenges and opportunities, and because it is vital that the Internet continue to be an engine of innovation, economic growth, competition, and democratic engagement, I believe the Federal Communications Commission must be a smart cop on the beat preserving a free and open Internet.
鉴于这些挑战和机遇，并且由于互联网继续成为创新、经济增长、竞争和民主参与的引擎至关重要，我相信联邦通信委员会必须成为维护自由和开放互联网的聪明警察。
This is how I propose we move forward: To date, the FCC has addressed these issues by announcing four Internet principles that guide our case-by-case enforcement of the communications laws.
这就是我建议我们前进的方式：迄今为止，联邦通信委员会已经通过宣布四项互联网原则来解决这些问题，这些原则指导我们逐案执行通信法。
These principles can be summarized as:
这些原则可以概括为：
Network operators cannot prevent users from accessing the lawful Internet content, applications, and services of their choice, nor can they prohibit users from attaching non-harmful devices to the network.
网络运营商不能阻止用户访问其选择的合法互联网内容、应用程序和服务，也不能禁止用户将无害的设备连接到网络。
These principles were initially articulated by Chairman Michael Powell in 2004 as the � Four Freedoms ,� based on work that was done under Chairman Reid Hundt in the late 1990s, and later endorsed in a unanimous 2005 policy statement issued by the Commission under Chairman Kevin Martin and with the forceful support of Commissioner Michael Copps , who of course remains on the Commission today.
这些原则最初由主席迈克尔·鲍威尔 (Michael Powell) 在 2004 年根据里德·洪特 (Reid Hundt) 主席在 1990 年代末所做的工作基础上阐述为“四大自由”，随后在主席凯文·马丁 (Kevin Martin) 领导下的委员会发布的 2005 年一致政策声明中得到认可，并得到了委员迈克尔·科普斯 (Michael Copps) 的大力支持，而迈克尔·科普斯至今仍留在委员会。
In the years since 2005, the Internet has continued to evolve and the FCC has issued a number of important decisions involving openness.
2005年以来，互联网不断发展，FCC发布了许多涉及开放性的重要决定。
Today, I propose that the FCC adopt the existing principles as Commission rules, along with two additional principles that reflect the evolution of the Internet and that are essential to ensuring its continued openness.
今天，我建议 FCC 采用现有原则作为委员会规则，以及反映互联网发展且对于确保其持续开放至关重要的两项附加原则。
The fifth principle is one of non-discrimination -- stating that broadband providers cannot discriminate against particular Internet content or applications.
第五个原则是非歧视原则——规定宽带提供商不能歧视特定的互联网内容或应用程序。
This means they cannot block or degrade lawful traffic over their networks, or pick winners by favoring some content or applications over others in the connection to subscribers� homes.
这意味着他们无法阻止或降低其网络上的合法流量，也无法通过在连接到用户家庭的过程中偏爱某些内容或应用程序来选择获胜者。
Nor can they disfavor an Internet service just because it competes with a similar service offered by that broadband provider.
他们也不能仅仅因为某项互联网服务与宽带提供商提供的类似服务存在竞争而对其不予青睐。
The Internet must continue to allow users to decide what content and what applications succeed.
互联网必须继续让用户决定哪些内容和哪些应用程序会成功。
This principle will not prevent broadband providers from reasonably managing their networks.
这一原则不会妨碍宽带提供商合理管理其网络。
During periods of network congestion, for example, it may be appropriate for providers to ensure that very heavy users do not crowd out everyone else.
例如，在网络拥塞期间，提供商可能需要确保大量用户不会排挤其他人。
And this principle will not constrain efforts to ensure a safe, secure, and spam-free Internet experience, or to enforce the law.
这一原则不会限制确保安全、可靠和无垃圾邮件的互联网体验或执法的努力。
It is vital that illegal -- that illegal conduct be curtailed on the Internet.
至关重要的是，限制互联网上的非法行为。
As I said in my Senate confirmation hearing, open Internet principles apply only to lawful content, services, and applications -- not to activities like unlawful distribution of copyrighted works, which has serious economic consequences.
正如我在参议院确认听证会上所说，开放互联网原则仅适用于合法内容、服务和应用程序，不适用于非法分发受版权保护的作品等活动，因为此类活动会造成严重的经济后果。
The enforcement of copyright and other laws and the obligations of network openness can and must co-exist.
版权和其他法律的执行与网络开放的义务可以而且必须共存。
I also recognize that there may be benefits to innovation and investment of broadband providers offering managed services in limited circumstances.
我还认识到，在有限的情况下提供托管服务的宽带提供商的创新和投资可能会带来好处。
These services are different from traditional broadband Internet access, and some have argued they should be analyzed under a different framework.
这些服务与传统的宽带互联网接入不同，一些人认为应该在不同的框架下对它们进行分析。
I believe such services can supplement, but must not supplant, free and open Internet access, and that we must ensure that ample bandwidth exists for all Internet users and innovators.
我相信此类服务可以补充但不能取代免费和开放的互联网接入，并且我们必须确保所有互联网用户和创新者都有充足的带宽。
In the rulemaking process I will discuss in a moment, we will carefully consider how to approach the question of -- of managed services in a way that maximizes the innovation and investment necessary for a robust and thriving Internet.
在我稍后将讨论的规则制定过程中，我们将仔细考虑如何以最大化创新和投资的方式处理托管服务问题，以实现强大和繁荣的互联网。
I will propose that the FCC evaluate alleged violations of the non-discrimination principle as they arise, on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that the Internet is an extraordinarily complex and dynamic system.
我将建议联邦通信委员会根据具体情况对涉嫌违反非歧视原则的行为进行评估，并认识到互联网是一个极其复杂和动态的系统。
This approach, within the framework I am proposing today, will allow the Commission to make reasoned, fact-based determinations based on the Internet before it, not based on the Internet of years past or guesses about how the Internet will evolve.
在我今天提议的框架内，这种方法将使委员会能够根据之前的互联网做出合理的、基于事实的决定，而不是基于过去几年的互联网或对互联网将如何发展的猜测。
The sixth principle is a transparency principle -- stating that providers of Internet access must be transparent about their network management practices.
第六个原则是透明度原则——规定互联网接入提供商必须对其网络管理实践保持透明。
Why does the FCC need to adopt this principle?
为什么FCC需要采用这个原则？
The Internet evolved through open standards.
互联网是通过开放标准发展起来的。
It was conceived as a tool whose user manual be -- would be free and available to all.
它被认为是一种工具，其用户手册将免费向所有人开放。
But new network management practices and technologies challenge this original understanding.
但新的网络管理实践和技术挑战了这种最初的理解。
Today, broadband providers have the technical ability to change how the Internet works for millions of users -- with profound consequences for those users and content, application, and service providers around the world.
如今，宽带提供商拥有改变互联网为数百万用户服务的方式的技术能力，这对世界各地的用户以及内容、应用程序和服务提供商产生了深远的影响。
To take one example, last year the FCC ruled on the blocking of peer-to-peer transmissions by a cable broadband provider.
举个例子，去年美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）裁定禁止一家有线宽带提供商进行点对点传输。
The blocking was initially implemented with no notice to subscribers or the public.
封锁最初是在没有通知订户或公众的情况下实施的。
It was discovered only after an engineer and hobbyist living in Oregon realized that his attempts to share public domain recordings of old barbershop quartet songs over a home Internet connection were being frustrated.
居住在俄勒冈州的一名工程师兼业余爱好者意识到，他试图通过家庭互联网连接共享理发店四重奏老歌的公共领域录音的尝试遭到挫败后，这一问题才被发现。
It was not until he brought the problem to the attention of the media and Internet community, which then brought it to the attention of the FCC, that the improper network management practice became known and was stopped.
直到他将这个问题提请媒体和互联网界注意，然后又提请联邦通信委员会注意，不当的网络管理做法才被曝光并被制止。
We cannot afford to rely on happenstance for consumers, businesses, and policymakers to learn about changes to the basic functioning of the Internet.
我们不能依靠消费者、企业和政策制定者的偶然事件来了解互联网基本功能的变化。
Greater transparency will give consumers the confidence of knowing that they�re getting the service they�ve paid for, enable innovators to make their offerings work effectively over the Internet, and allow policymakers to ensure that broadband providers are preserving the Internet as a level playing field.
更大的透明度将使消费者有信心知道他们正在获得他们所付费的服务，使创新者能够使他们的产品在互联网上有效运行，并使政策制定者能够确保宽带提供商将互联网作为一个公平的竞争环境。
It will also help facilitate discussion among all the participants in the Internet ecosystem, which can reduce the need for government involvement in network management disagreements.
它还将有助于促进互联网生态系统中所有参与者之间的讨论，从而减少政府参与网络管理分歧的需要。
To be clear, the transparency principle will not require broadband providers to disclose personal information about subscribers or information that might compromise the security of the network, and there will be a mechanism to protect competitively sensitive data.
需要明确的是，透明度原则不会要求宽带提供商披露用户的个人信息或可能危及网络安全的信息，并且将有一种机制来保护竞争敏感数据。
In considering the openness of the Internet, it is also important to recognize that our choice of technologies and devices for accessing the Internet continues to expand at a dizzying pace.
在考虑互联网的开放性时，认识到我们访问互联网的技术和设备的选择继续以令人眼花缭乱的速度扩展也很重要。
New mobile and satellite broadband networks are getting faster every day, and extraordinary devices like smartphones and wireless data cards are making it easier to stay connected while on the go.
新的移动和卫星宽带网络每天都在变得越来越快，智能手机和无线数据卡等非凡设备让您在旅途中更轻松地保持连接。
And I note the beginnings of a trend towards openness among several participants in the mobile marketplace.
我注意到移动市场的一些参与者开始出现开放趋势。
Even though each form of Internet access has unique technical characteristics, they are all are different roads to the same place.
尽管每种形式的互联网接入都有独特的技术特点，但它们都是通往同一个地方的不同道路。
It is essential that the Internet itself remain open, however users reach it.
无论用户如何访问互联网，互联网本身都必须保持开放。
The principles I�ve been speaking about apply to the Internet however accessed, and I will ask my fellow Commissioners at the FCC to join me in confirming this.
我一直在谈论的原则适用于以任何方式访问的互联网，我将请 FCC 的委员们与我一起确认这一点。
Of course, how the principles apply may differ depending on the access platform or technology.
当然，这些原则的应用方式可能会因接入平台或技术的不同而有所不同。
The rulemaking process will enable the Commission to analyze fully the implications of the principles for our mobile network architectures and practices -- and how, as a practical matter, they can be fairly and appropriately implemented.
规则制定过程将使委员会能够充分分析这些原则对我们的移动网络架构和实践的影响，以及作为实际问题如何公平和适当地实施这些原则。
As we tackle these complex questions involving different technologies used for Internet access, let me be clear that we -- we will be focused on formulating policies that will maximize innovation and investment, consumer choice, and greater competition.
当我们解决这些涉及互联网接入所使用的不同技术的复杂问题时，请允许我明确表示，我们将专注于制定政策，以最大限度地提高创新和投资、消费者选择和更大程度的竞争。
I�ve talked about what we need to do.
我已经讨论过我们需要做什么。
Now I�d like to talk about how we should do it.
现在我想谈谈我们应该如何做。
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I will soon circulate to my fellow Commissioners proposed rules prepared by Commission staff embodying the principles I�ve discussed, and I will ask for their support in issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking.
我很快将向我的委员们散发由委员会工作人员准备的体现我所讨论原则的拟议规则，并且我将请求他们支持发布拟议规则制定通知。
This notice will provide the public with a detailed explanation of what we propose to do and why.
本通知将向公众详细解释我们建议采取的行动及其原因。
Equally importantly, the notice will ask for input and feedback on the proposed rules and their application, such as how to determine whether network management practices are reasonable, and what information broadband providers should disclose about their network management practices and in what form.
同样重要的是，该通知将要求就拟议规则及其应用提供意见和反馈，例如如何确定网络管理实践是否合理，以及宽带提供商应披露有关其网络管理实践的哪些信息以及以何种形式。
And, as I indicated earlier, it will pose a series of detailed questions on how the Internet openness principles should apply to mobile broadband.
而且，正如我之前指出的，它将提出一系列关于互联网开放原则应如何应用于移动宽带的详细问题。
While my goals are clear -- to ensure the Internet remain a free and open platform that promotes innovation, investment, competition, and user interests -- our path to implementing them is not pre-determined.
虽然我的目标很明确——确保互联网仍然是一个自由和开放的平台，促进创新、投资、竞争和用户利益——但我们实现这些目标的路径并不是预先确定的。
I will ensure that the rulemaking process will be fair, transparent, fact-based, data-driven.
我将确保规则制定过程公平、透明、基于事实、数据驱动。
Anyone will be able to participate in this process, and I hope everyone will.
任何人都可以参与这个过程，我希望每个人都能参与。
We will hold a number of public workshops and, of course, use the Internet and other new media tools to facilitate participation.
我们会举办一些公共研讨会，当然也会利用互联网和其他新媒体工具来促进参与。
Today we�ve launched a new website, www.openinternet.gov, to kick off discussion of the issues I�ve been talking about.
今天，我们推出了一个新网站 www.openinternet.gov，以开始对我一直在谈论的问题的讨论。
We encourage everyone to visit the site and contribute to the process.
我们鼓励每个人访问该网站并为这一过程做出贡献。
Some have argued that the FCC should not take affirmative steps to protect the Internet�s openness.
一些人认为联邦通信委员会不应该采取积极措施来保护互联网的开放性。
Let me be clear about what this is about, and what it isn�t.
让我澄清一下这是什么，不是什么。
The fundamental goal of what I�ve outlined today is preserving the openness and freedom of the Internet.
我今天概述的基本目标是维护互联网的开放性和自由。
We have an obligation to ensure that the Internet is an enduring engine for U.S. economic growth, and a foundation for democracy in the 21st century.
我们有义务确保互联网成为美国经济增长的持久引擎和 21 世纪民主的基础。
We have an obligation to ensure that the Internet remains a vast landscape of innovation and opportunity.
我们有义务确保互联网仍然是一个充满创新和机遇的广阔领域。
This is not about government regulation of the Internet.
这与政府对互联网的监管无关。
It�s about fair rules of the road for companies that control access to the Internet.
这是关于控制互联网访问的公司的公平规则。
We will do as much as we need to do, and no more, to ensure that the Internet remains an unfettered platform for competition, creativity, and entrepreneurial activity.
我们将尽我们所能，确保互联网仍然是一个不受约束的竞争、创造力和创业活动的平台。
This is not about protecting the Internet against imaginary dangers.
这并不是为了保护互联网免受想象中的危险。
We�re seeing the breaks and cracks emerge, and they threaten to change the Internet�s fundamental architecture of openness.
我们看到断裂和裂缝出现，它们有可能改变互联网开放的基本架构。
This would shrink opportunities for innovators, content creators, and small businesses around the country, and limit the full and free expression the Internet promises.
这将减少全国各地创新者、内容创作者和小企业的机会，并限制互联网所承诺的充分和自由的表达。
This is about preserving and maintaining something profoundly successful and ensuring that it�s not distorted or undermined.
这是关于保存和维护一些非常成功的东西，并确保它不被扭曲或破坏。
If we wait too long to preserve a free and open Internet, it will be too late.
如果我们等待太久才维护自由开放的互联网，那就太晚了。
Some will seek to invoke innovation and investment as reasons not to adopt open Internet rules.
有些人会寻求以创新和投资作为不采用开放互联网规则的理由。
But history�s lesson is clear: Ensuring a robust and open Internet is the best thing we can do to promote innovation and investment.
但历史的教训是明确的：确保一个强大和开放的互联网是我们为促进创新和投资所能做的最好的事情。
And while there are some who see every policy decision as either pro-business or pro-consumer, I reject that approach.
尽管有些人认为每项政策决定要么有利于企业，要么有利于消费者，但我拒绝这种做法。
It�s not the right way to see technology�s role in America.
这不是看待技术在美国的作用的正确方式。
An open Internet will benefit both consumers and businesses.
开放的互联网将使消费者和企业都受益。
The principles that will protect the open Internet are an essential step to maximizing investment and innovation in the network -- on the edge of it, in the cloud -- by establishing rules of the road that incentivize competition, empower entrepreneurs, and grow the economic pie to the benefit of all.
保护开放互联网的原则是通过制定激励竞争、赋予企业家权力并扩大经济蛋糕以造福所有人的道路规则，最大限度地在网络边缘、云端进行投资和创新的重要一步。
I believe we share a common purpose: We want the Internet to continue flourishing as a platform for innovation and communication, with continued investment and increasing deployment of broadband to all Americans.
我相信我们有一个共同的目标：我们希望互联网作为创新和交流的平台继续蓬勃发展，并持续投资和增加向所有美国人部署宽带。
I believe my fellow Commissioners share this purpose, and I look forward to working collaboratively with them in this endeavor.
我相信我的委员们也有同样的目标，我期待着与他们在这一努力中合作。
In closing, we are here because 40 years ago a bunch of researchers in a lab changed the way computers interact and, as a result, changed the world.
最后，我们来到这里是因为 40 年前，实验室里的一群研究人员改变了计算机交互的方式，从而改变了世界。
We are here because those Internet pioneers had unique insights about the power of open networks to transform lives for the better, and they did something about it.
我们之所以聚集在这里，是因为这些互联网先驱对开放网络使生活变得更美好的力量有着独特的见解，并且他们为此做了一些事情。
Our work now is to preserve the brilliance of what they contributed to our country and the world.
我们现在的工作是保存他们为我们国家和世界做出的贡献的辉煌。
It�s to make sure that, in the 21st century, the garage, the basement, and the dorm room remain places where innovators can not only dream but bring their dreams to life.
这是为了确保在 21 世纪，车库、地下室和宿舍仍然是创新者不仅可以梦想的地方，而且可以将他们的梦想变为现实。
And that's something none of us can be neutral about.
我们谁都不能对此保持中立。
1 A nice example of a two-part transitional statement -- a brief, abstract summary of content just covered followed by an equally brief and abstract preview of content immediately forthcoming -- and exhibiting commendable semantic (number of words) and syntactic (arrangement of the parts of speech) balance.
1 一个由两部分组成的过渡性陈述的一个很好的例子——对刚刚涵盖的内容进行简短、抽象的总结，然后对即将出现的内容进行同样简短和抽象的预览——并表现出值得称赞的语义（字数）和句法（词性的排列）平衡。
Text and Audio Source : OpenInternet.gov Audio Note : AR-XE = American Rhetoric Extreme Enhancement Page Updated : 9/14/26 U.S. Copyright Status : Text = Public domain.
文本和音频来源：OpenInternet.gov 音频注释：AR-XE = 美国修辞极端增强页面更新：26 年 9 月 14 日美国版权状态：文本 = 公共领域。
Audio = Fair Use.
音频=合理使用。
� Copyright 2001-Present.
� 版权所有 2001 年至今。
American Rhetoric.
美国修辞学。