Methodology
Data in this report comes from Wave 200 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults.
本报告中的数据来自美国趋势小组 (ATP) 第 200 波，该小组是皮尤研究中心随机选择的美国成年人的全国代表性小组。
The survey was conducted from Sept.
该调查从九月份开始进行。
28 to Oct.
28日至10月
4, 2026.
2026 年 4 月。
A total of 5,062 panelists responded out of 5,835 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 87%.
在 5,835 名样本中，共有 5,062 名小组成员做出了回应，调查水平的回应率为 87%。
The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%.
招聘调查未回复和人员流失的累积回复率为 3%。
The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%.
登录调查并至少完成一项的小组成员的中断率为 1%。
The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 5,062 respondents is plus or minus 1.6 percentage points.
5,062 名受访者的完整样本的抽样误差幅度为正负 1.6 个百分点。
The survey includes oversamples of Hispanic adults, non-Hispanic Asian adults and 18- to 29-year-olds in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups.
该调查对拉美裔成年人、非拉美裔亚裔成年人和 18 至 29 岁的人进行了过度抽样，以便对这些较小的人口亚群体的意见和经历进行更准确的估计。
These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.
这些过采样的群体被加权以反映它们在总体中的正确比例。
SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=4,874) and live telephone (n=188) interviewing.
SSRS 通过在线访谈（n=4,874）和现场电话访谈（n=188）为皮尤研究中心进行了调查。
Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.
采访以英语和西班牙语进行。
Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment.
自 2018 年以来，ATP 一直使用基于地址的抽样 (ABS) 进行招募。
A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service’s Computerized Delivery Sequence File.
研究求职信和预激励措施将邮寄给从美国邮政服务的计算机化投递序列文件中随机抽取的分层家庭样本。
This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.[1.
据估计，该邮政服务文件覆盖了 90% 至 98% 的人口。[1.
AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling.
AAPOR 基于地址的采样工作组。
2016.
2016年。
“ AAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling .”] Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate.
“AAPOR 报告：基于地址的抽样。”] 在每个抽样家庭中，选择下一个生日的成年人参与。
Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.[2.
ABS 招募协议的其他细节随着时间的推移而发生变化，但可根据要求提供。[2.
Email pewsurveys@pewresearch.org .] Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.
电子邮件 pewsurveys@pewresearch.org .] 2018 年之前，ATP 是通过以英语和西班牙语进行的固定电话和手机随机数字拨号调查来招募的。
A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014.
自 2014 年以来，ATP 大约每年都会招募一次全国性的美国成年人样本。
In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an “oversample”) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups.
在某些年份，招聘还包括额外的努力（称为“过度抽样”），以提高代表性不足群体的数据准确性。
For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
例如，西班牙裔成年人、黑人成年人和亚洲成年人分别在 2019 年、2022 年和 2023 年被过度抽样。
The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States.
本次调查的总体目标人群是居住在美国 18 岁及以上的非收容人员。
It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which the following groups were oversampled: Hispanic adults, non-Hispanic Asian adults and 18- to 29-year-olds.
它采用了来自 ATP 的分层随机样本，其中对以下群体进行了过度抽样：西班牙裔成年人、非西班牙裔亚洲成年人和 18 至 29 岁的人。
The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S. adult population to the greatest extent possible.
其余小组成员的抽样比例旨在确保每个阶层的受访者比例尽可能与其在美国成年人口中的比例成正比。
Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.
调整受访者权重以考虑选择的差异概率，如下面的“加权”部分所述。
The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS.
该调查问卷由皮尤研究中心与 SSRS 协商制定。
The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers.
SSRS 项目团队和皮尤研究中心的研究人员在 PC 和移动设备上对用于在线受访者的网络程序进行了严格测试。
The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.
SSRS 项目团队还填充了在 SPSS 中分析的测试数据，以确保在启动调查之前逻辑和随机化按预期工作。
All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation.
所有受访者都获得了参与后付费的奖励。
Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com.
受访者可以选择以支票或礼品代码的形式接收 Amazon.com、Target.com 或 Walmart.com 的后付费奖励。
Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach.
奖励金额从 5 美元到 20 美元不等，具体取决于受访者是否属于较难或较容易接触到的人群。
Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.
设计差别奖励金额的目的是提高传统上调查响应倾向较低的群体的小组调查参与度。
The data collection field period for this survey was Sept.
本次调查的数据采集现场时间为9月份。
28 to Oct.
28日至10月
4, 2026.
2026 年 4 月。
Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing.
调查通过自我管理的网络调查或现场电话访谈进行。
For panelists who take surveys online: [3.
对于在线调查的小组成员：[3.
The ATP does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys.] Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset on Sept.
ATP 不在其在线数据收集协议的任何部分使用路由器或链，也不使用它们来引导受访者进行其他调查。] 明信片通知已于 9 月 11 日邮寄给子集。
28.[4.
28.[4.
Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.] Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch.
网络小组成员的明信片通知将发送给 1) 过去两年内招募的小组成员和 2) 过去两年之前招募的选择继续接收明信片通知的小组成员。] 调查邀请分两次单独发送：软启动和全面启动。
Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Sept.
此次软启动包括 60 名小组成员，该软启动从 9 月 10 日发出的初始邀请开始。
28.
28.
All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Sept.
所有剩余的英语和西班牙语样本在线小组成员都包含在完整的发布中，并于 9 月 27 日收到了邀请。
29.
29.
Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey.
在线参与的小组成员将收到一封电子邮件邀请，如果他们没有回复调查，则会收到最多两封电子邮件提醒。
ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.
同意接收短信的 ATP 小组成员将收到一条短信邀请，其中包含调查链接和最多两条短信提醒。
For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer: Prenotification postcards were mailed on Sept.
对于通过电话与现场采访者进行调查的小组成员：预先通知明信片已于 9 月 11 日寄出。
25.
25.
Soft launch took place on Sept.
九月进行了软启动。
28 and involved dialing until a total of three interviews had been completed.
28 号，并进行拨号，直到完成总共 3 次访谈。
All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists’ numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period.
在剩余的现场期间，拨打了所有剩余的英语和西班牙语样本电话小组成员的号码。
Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.
通过电话进行调查的小组成员最多可以接到经过培训的 SSRS 采访员打来的六个电话。
To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing.
为了确保高质量的数据，中心研究人员进行了数据质量检查，以确定任何表现出满意模式的受访者。
This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented.
这包括检查受访者是否以非常高的比例将问题留空，或者总是选择第一个或最后一个答案。
As a result of this checking, eight ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.
检查结果是，在加权和分析之前，八名 ATP 受访者已从调查数据集中删除。
Survey responses to some open-ended questions were initially coded using AI-assisted text classification.
对一些开放式问题的调查答复最初是使用人工智能辅助文本分类进行编码的。
Human researchers reviewed, validated, and, where necessary, corrected AI-generated codes prior to analysis.
人类研究人员在分析之前审查、验证并在必要时纠正人工智能生成的代码。
The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process.
ATP 数据在一个过程中进行加权，该过程考虑了小组调查过程中不同点发生的多个抽样阶段和无答复情况。
First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel.
首先，每个小组成员都从一个基本权重开始，该权重反映了他们被招募到小组的可能性。
These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition.
然后对这些权重进行校准，使其与附表中的人口基准保持一致，以纠正对招聘调查的不答复和小组流失。
If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.
如果仅邀请小组成员的子样本参与该波，则调整该权重以考虑任何不同的选择概率。
Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights.
然后，在完成调查的小组成员中，再次校准该权重，以与随附表格中确定的人口基准保持一致，并在第 1 个和第 99 个百分位数处进行修剪，以减少因权重差异而造成的精度损失。
Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.
抽样误差和统计显着性检验考虑了加权的影响。
The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.
下表显示了未加权样本量以及调查中不同群体在 95% 置信水平下预期的抽样误差。
Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request.
其他子组的样本量和抽样误差可根据要求提供。
In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.
除了抽样误差之外，人们还应该记住，问题的措辞和进行调查的实际困难可能会给民意调查的结果带来错误或偏见。