Great Hackers
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</td > July 2004 (This essay is derived from a talk at Oscon 2004.) <!-- Some programmers are much better than others.
</td> 2004 年 7 月（本文摘自 Oscon 2004 上的一次演讲。） <!-- 有些程序员比其他程序员要好得多。
This variation is one of the most distinctive things about our field.
这种变化是我们这个领域最独特的事情之一。
But I think it's something more and more fields will see in time.
但我认为，随着时间的推移，越来越多的领域将会看到这一点。
So if we can understand this phenomenon, we may be learning about
因此，如果我们能够理解这种现象，我们可能会了解
more than programming.
不仅仅是编程。
We may be learning the pattern for the future.
我们可能正在学习未来的模式。
Edisons --> A few months ago I finished a new book , and in reviews I keep noticing words like "provocative'' and "controversial.'' To say nothing of "idiotic.'' I didn't mean to make the book controversial.
爱迪生 --> 几个月前，我完成了一本新书，在评论中我一直注意到诸如“挑衅性”和“有争议”之类的词。更不用说“白痴”了。我并不是想让这本书引起争议。
I was trying to make it efficient.
我试图提高效率。
I didn't want to waste people's time telling them things they already knew.
我不想浪费人们的时间告诉他们他们已经知道的事情。
It's more efficient just to give them
给他们更有效
the diffs.
差异。
But I suppose that's bound to yield an alarming book.
但我想这一定会产生一本令人震惊的书。
Edisons There's no controversy about which idea is most controversial: the suggestion that variation in wealth might not be as big a problem as we think.
爱迪生 哪个想法最具争议性是没有争议的：财富差异可能不像我们想象的那么大问题。
I didn't say in the book that variation in wealth was in itself a good thing.
我在书中并没有说财富的差异本身就是一件好事。
I said in some situations it might be a sign of good things.
我说过在某些情况下这可能是好事的征兆。
A throbbing headache is not a good thing, but it can be
剧烈的头痛并不是一件好事，但也可能是
a sign of a good thing-- for example, that you're recovering consciousness after being hit on the head.
这是一件好事的迹象——例如，你在头部被击中后正在恢复意识。
Variation in wealth can be a sign of variation in productivity.
财富的变化可能是生产力变化的标志。
(In a society of one, they're identical.) And that is almost certainly a good thing: if your society has no variation in productivity, it's probably not because everyone is Thomas Edison.
（在一个人的社会中，它们是相同的。）这几乎肯定是一件好事：如果你的社会在生产力上没有变化，那可能并不是因为每个人都是托马斯·爱迪生。
It's probably because you have no Thomas Edisons.
这可能是因为你没有托马斯·爱迪生。
In a low-tech society you don't see much variation in productivity.
在低技术社会中，你看不到生产力的太大变化。
If you have a tribe of nomads collecting sticks for a fire, how much more productive is the best stick gatherer going to be than the worst?
如果你有一个游牧部落，他们正在收集木棍生火，那么最好的木棍收集者比最差的木棍收集者的生产力高多少？
A factor of two?
2 的因数？
Whereas when you hand people a complex tool like a computer, the variation in what they can do with it is enormous.
然而，当你向人们提供像计算机这样的复杂工具时，他们可以用它做什么的变化是巨大的。
That's not a new idea.
这不是什么新想法。
Fred Brooks wrote about it in 1974, and
Fred Brooks 在 1974 年写过相关文章，并且
the study he quoted was published in 1968.
他引用的研究发表于 1968 年。
But I think he underestimated the variation between programmers.
但我认为他低估了程序员之间的差异。
He wrote about productivity in lines of code: the best programmers can solve a given problem in a tenth the time.
他以代码行数来描述生产力：最好的程序员可以用十分之一的时间解决给定的问题。
But what if the problem isn't given?
但如果问题没有给出怎么办？
In programming, as in many fields, the hard part isn't solving problems, but deciding what problems to solve.
在编程中，就像在许多领域一样，困难的部分不是解决问题，而是决定解决什么问题。
Imagination is hard to measure, but
想象力很难衡量，但
in practice it dominates the kind of productivity that's measured in lines of code.
实际上，它主导着以代码行数衡量的生产力。
Productivity varies in any field, but there are few in which it varies so much.
任何领域的生产率都存在差异，但很少有领域差异如此之大。
The variation between programmers is so great that it becomes a difference in kind.
程序员之间的差异如此之大，以至于成为种类上的差异。
I don't think this is something intrinsic to programming, though.
不过，我不认为这是编程固有的东西。
In every field, technology magnifies differences in productivity.
在每个领域，技术都会放大生产力的差异。
I think what's happening in programming is just that we have a lot of technological
我认为编程中发生的事情只是我们拥有很多技术
leverage.
杠杆。
But in every field the lever is getting longer, so the variation we see is something that more and more fields will see as time goes on.
但在每个领域，杠杆都在变得越来越长，所以随着时间的推移，我们看到的变化是越来越多的领域将会看到的。
And the success of companies, and countries, will depend increasingly on how they deal with it.
公司和国家的成功将越来越取决于他们如何应对这一问题。
If variation in productivity increases with technology, then the contribution of the most productive individuals will not only be disproportionately large, but will actually grow with time.
如果生产力的差异随着技术的发展而增加，那么生产力最高的个人的贡献不仅会不成比例地大，而且实际上会随着时间的推移而增长。
When
当
you reach the point where 90% of a group's output is created by 1% of its members, you lose big if something (whether Viking raids, or central planning) drags their productivity down to the average.
当一个群体 90% 的产出是由其 1% 的成员创造的时候，如果有什么事情（无论是维京袭击，还是中央计划）将他们的生产力拉低到平均水平，你就会损失惨重。
If we want to get the most out of them, we need to understand these especially productive people.
如果我们想充分利用他们，我们就需要了解这些特别富有成效的人。
What motivates them?
是什么激励他们？
What do they need to do their jobs?
他们需要什么来完成他们的工作？
How do you recognize them?
你怎么认出他们？
How do you get them to come and work for you?
你如何让他们来为你工作？
And then of course there's the
当然还有
question, how do you become one?
问题，你如何成为其中一员？
More than Money I know a handful of super-hackers, so I sat down and thought about what they have in common.
除了金钱之外，我还认识一些超级黑客，所以我坐下来思考他们的共同点。
Their defining quality is probably that they really love to program.
他们的定义品质可能是他们真的热爱编程。
Ordinary programmers write code to pay the bills.
普通程序员编写代码是为了支付账单。
Great hackers think of it as something they do for fun, and which they're delighted to find people will pay them for.
伟大的黑客认为这是他们为了好玩而做的事情，并且很高兴发现人们会为此付费。
Great programmers are sometimes said to be indifferent to money.
有时人们会说伟大的程序员对金钱漠不关心。
This isn't quite true.
这不完全正确。
It is true that all they really care about is doing interesting work.
确实，他们真正关心的是做有趣的工作。
But if you make enough money, you get to work on whatever you want, and for that reason hackers are attracted by the idea of making really large amounts of money.
但如果你赚了足够的钱，你就可以做任何你想做的事情，因此黑客会被赚大钱的想法所吸引。
But as long as they still have to show up for work every day, they care more about what they do there than how much they get paid for it.
但只要他们每天仍然必须去上班，他们就会更关心自己在那里做什么，而不是为此获得多少报酬。
Economically, this is a fact of the greatest importance, because
从经济角度来看，这是最重要的事实，因为
it means you don't have to pay great hackers anything like what they're worth.
这意味着您不必向优秀的黑客支付与他们应得的任何费用。
A great programmer might be ten or a hundred times as productive as an ordinary one, but he'll consider himself lucky to get paid three times as much.
一位伟大的程序员的工作效率可能是普通程序员的十倍或一百倍，但他会认为自己很幸运，能够获得三倍的报酬。
As I'll explain later, this is partly because great hackers don't know how good they are.
正如我稍后将解释的，部分原因是优秀的黑客不知道自己有多优秀。
But it's also because money is not the main thing they want.
但这也是因为金钱并不是他们想要的主要东西。
What do hackers want?
黑客想要什么？
Like all craftsmen, hackers like good tools.
和所有工匠一样，黑客也喜欢好的工具。
In fact, that's an understatement.
事实上，这是轻描淡写的说法。
Good hackers find it unbearable to use bad tools.
优秀的黑客无法忍受使用糟糕的工具。
They'll simply refuse to work on projects with the wrong infrastructure.
他们只会拒绝参与基础设施错误的项目。
At a startup I once worked for, one of the things pinned up on our bulletin board was an ad from IBM.
在我曾经工作过的一家初创公司中，我们的布告栏上张贴的内容之一是来自 IBM 的广告。
It was a picture of an AS400, and the headline read, I think, "hackers despise it.'' [1] When you decide what infrastructure to use for a project, you're
这是一张 AS400 的图片，我认为标题是“黑客鄙视它。”[1] 当您决定项目使用什么基础设施时，您
not just making a technical decision.
不仅仅是做出技术决策。
You're also making a social decision, and this may be the more important of the two.
您还要做出社会决定，这可能是两者中更重要的一个。
For example, if your company wants to write some software, it might seem a prudent choice to write it in Java.
例如，如果您的公司想要编写一些软件，那么用 Java 编写它似乎是一个明智的选择。
But when you choose a language, you're also choosing a community.
但当您选择一种语言时，您也就选择了一个社区。
The programmers you'll be able to hire to work on a Java project won't be as smart as the ones you could get to work on a project written in Python.
您可以雇用从事 Java 项目工作的程序员不会像从事 Python 项目工作的程序员那样聪明。
And the quality of your hackers probably matters more than the language you choose.
黑客的素质可能比您选择的语言更重要。
Though, frankly, the fact that good hackers prefer Python to Java should tell you something about the relative merits of those languages.
不过，坦率地说，优秀的黑客更喜欢 Python 而不是 Java 的事实应该告诉您这些语言的相对优点。
Business types prefer the most popular languages because they view languages as standards.
商业类型更喜欢最流行的语言，因为他们将语言视为标准。
They don't want to bet the company on Betamax.
他们不想把公司的赌注押在 Betamax 上。
The thing about languages, though, is that they're not
然而，关于语言的问题是它们不是
just standards.
只是标准。
If you have to move bits over a network, by all means use TCP/IP.
如果必须通过网络传输位，请务必使用 TCP/IP。
But a programming language isn't just a format.
但编程语言不仅仅是一种格式。
A programming language is a medium of expression.
编程语言是一种表达媒介。
I've read that Java has just overtaken Cobol as the most popular language.
我读到 Java 刚刚取代 Cobol 成为最流行的语言。
As a standard, you couldn't wish for more.
作为标准，您不能期望更多。
But as a medium of expression, you could do a lot better.
但作为一种表达媒介，你可以做得更好。
Of all the great programmers I can think of, I know of only one who would voluntarily
在我能想到的所有伟大的程序员中，我知道只有一位自愿
program in Java.
Java 程序。
And of all the great programmers I can think of who don't work for Sun, on Java, I know of zero.
在我能想到的所有伟大程序员中，除了 Sun 以外的 Java 程序员，我所知道的只有零个。
Great hackers also generally insist on using open source software.
伟大的黑客通常也坚持使用开源软件。
Not just because it's better, but because it gives them more control.
不仅因为它更好，还因为它给了他们更多的控制权。
Good hackers insist on control.
优秀的黑客坚持控制。
This is part of what makes them good hackers: when something's broken, they need to fix it.
这是他们成为优秀黑客的部分原因：当某些东西出现问题时，他们需要修复它。
You want them to feel this way about the software they're writing for
你希望他们对他们正在编写的软件有这样的感觉
you.
你。
You shouldn't be surprised when they feel the same way about the operating system.
当他们对操作系统有同样的感觉时，您不应该感到惊讶。
A couple years ago a venture capitalist friend told me about a new startup he was involved with.
几年前，一位风险投资家朋友告诉我他参与了一家新创业公司。
It sounded promising.
听起来很有希望。
But the next time I talked to him, he said they'd decided to build their software on Windows NT, and had just hired a very experienced NT developer to be their chief technical officer.
但下次我和他交谈时，他说他们决定在 Windows NT 上构建他们的软件，并且刚刚聘请了一位非常有经验的 NT 开发人员作为他们的首席技术官。
When I heard this, I thought,
当我听到这句话时，我想，
these guys are doomed.
这些人注定要失败。
One, the CTO couldn't be a first rate hacker, because to become an eminent NT developer he would have had to use NT voluntarily, multiple times, and I couldn't imagine a great hacker doing that; and two, even if he was good, he'd have a hard time hiring anyone good to work for him if the project had to be built on NT.
第一，CTO 不可能是一流的黑客，因为要成为杰出的 NT 开发人员，他必须多次自愿使用 NT，而我无法想象一个伟大的黑客会这样做；第二，即使他很优秀，如果项目必须建立在 NT 上，他也很难雇用任何优秀的人为他工作。
[2] The Final Frontier After software, the most important tool to a hacker is probably
[2] 最后的前沿 除了软件之外，对于黑客来说最重要的工具可能是
his office.
他的办公室。
Big companies think the function of office space is to express rank.
大公司认为办公空间的功能是表达等级。
But hackers use their offices for more than that: they use their office as a place to think in.
但黑客使用办公室的目的不止于此：他们将办公室用作思考的地方。
And if you're a technology company, their thoughts are your product.
如果你是一家科技公司，他们的想法就是你的产品。
So making hackers work in a noisy, distracting environment is like having a paint factory where the air is full of soot.
因此，让黑客在嘈杂、分散注意力的环境中工作，就像拥有一个空气中充满煤烟的油漆工厂一样。
The cartoon strip Dilbert has a lot to say about cubicles, and with
漫画《呆伯特》对小隔间有很多话要说，
good reason.
很好的理由。
All the hackers I know despise them.
我认识的所有黑客都鄙视他们。
The mere prospect of being interrupted is enough to prevent hackers from working on hard problems.
仅仅被中断的可能性就足以阻止黑客解决难题。
If you want to get real work done in an office with cubicles, you have two options: work at home, or come in early or late or on a weekend, when no one else is there.
如果您想在有隔间的办公室里完成真正的工作，您有两种选择：在家工作，或者早点、晚点或在周末，当没有其他人在场的时候来。
Don't companies realize this is a sign that something is broken?
公司难道没有意识到这是某些东西出现问题的迹象吗？
An office environment is supposed to be something that helps
办公环境应该是有帮助的
you work, not something you work despite.
你工作，而不是你尽管工作的东西。
Companies like Cisco are proud that everyone there has a cubicle, even the CEO.
像思科这样的公司为每个人都有自己的小隔间而感到自豪，甚至包括首席执行官。
But they're not so advanced as they think; obviously they still view office space as a badge of rank.
但他们并不像他们想象的那么先进；显然，他们仍然将办公空间视为等级的徽章。
Note too that Cisco is famous for doing very little product development in house.
还要注意的是，思科以很少进行内部产品开发而闻名。
They get new technology by buying the startups that created it-- where presumably the hackers did have somewhere quiet to work.
他们通过收购创造新技术的初创公司来获得新技术——黑客们可能确实有一个安静的工作场所。
One big company that understands what hackers need is Microsoft.
微软是了解黑客需求的大公司之一。
I once saw a recruiting ad for Microsoft with a big picture of a door.
我曾经看到微软的招聘广告，上面有一张门的大图片。
Work for us, the premise was, and we'll give you a place to work where you can actually get work done.
为我们工作，前提是，我们将为您提供一个可以真正完成工作的工作场所。
And you know, Microsoft is remarkable among big companies in that they are able to develop software in house.
你知道，微软在大公司中是引人注目的，因为他们能够自行开发软件。
Not well, perhaps, but well enough.
也许不太好，但已经足够好了。
If companies want hackers to be productive, they should look at
如果公司希望黑客提高工作效率，他们应该考虑
what they do at home.
他们在家做什么。
At home, hackers can arrange things themselves so they can get the most done.
在家里，黑客可以自己安排事情，这样他们就可以最大限度地完成工作。
And when they work at home, hackers don't work in noisy, open spaces; they work in rooms with doors.
当黑客在家工作时，他们不会在嘈杂的开放空间中工作；而是在开放的环境中工作。他们在有门的房间里工作。
They work in cosy, neighborhoody places with people around and somewhere to walk when they need to mull something over, instead of in glass boxes set in acres of parking lots.
他们在舒适、邻里的地方工作，周围有人，当他们需要思考某件事时，可以在可以散步的地方工作，而不是在占地数英亩的停车场的玻璃盒子里工作。
They have a sofa they can take
他们有一张可以乘坐的沙发
a nap on when they feel tired, instead of sitting in a coma at their desk, pretending to work.
当他们感到累的时候就小睡一下，而不是坐在办公桌前假装工作。
There's no crew of people with vacuum cleaners that roars through every evening during the prime hacking hours.
每天晚上在黑客攻击的黄金时间里，没有一群拿着吸尘器的人呼啸而过。
There are no meetings or, God forbid, corporate retreats or team-building exercises.
没有会议，也没有公司务虚会或团队建设活动（但愿如此）。
And when you look at what they're doing on that computer, you'll find it reinforces what I said earlier about tools.
当您查看他们在计算机上所做的事情时，您会发现它强化了我之前所说的有关工具的内容。
They may have to use Java and Windows
他们可能必须使用 Java 和 Windows
at work, but at home, where they can choose for themselves, you're more likely to find them using Perl and Linux.
在工作中，但在家里，他们可以自己选择，你更有可能发现他们使用 Perl 和 Linux。
Indeed, these statistics about Cobol or Java being the most popular language can be misleading.
事实上，这些关于 Cobol 或 Java 是最流行语言的统计数据可能会产生误导。
What we ought to look at, if we want to know what tools are best, is what hackers choose when they can choose freely-- that is, in projects of their own.
如果我们想知道什么工具是最好的，我们应该关注的是黑客在可以自由选择的情况下（即在他们自己的项目中）选择什么工具。
When you ask that question, you find that open source operating systems already
当你问这个问题时，你会发现开源操作系统已经
have a dominant market share, and the number one language is probably Perl.
拥有主导的市场份额，排名第一的语言可能是 Perl。
Interesting Along with good tools, hackers want interesting projects.
有趣 除了好的工具之外，黑客还想要有趣的项目。
What makes a project interesting?
是什么让一个项目变得有趣？
Well, obviously overtly sexy applications like stealth planes or special effects software would be interesting to work on.
嗯，显然，像隐形飞机或特效软件这样明显性感的应用程序会很有趣。
But any application can be interesting if it poses novel technical challenges.
但如果任何应用程序提出新颖的技术挑战，它就会变得有趣。
So it's hard to predict
所以很难预测
which problems hackers will like, because some become interesting only when the people working on them discover a new kind of solution.
黑客会喜欢哪些问题，因为只有当研究这些问题的人们发现一种新的解决方案时，有些问题才会变得有趣。
Before ITA (who wrote the software inside Orbitz), the people working on airline fare searches probably thought it was one of the most boring applications imaginable.
在 ITA（在 Orbitz 内部编写该软件）之前，从事机票搜索的人们可能认为这是可以想象到的最无聊的应用程序之一。
But ITA made it interesting by redefining the problem in a more ambitious way.
但 ITA 通过以更雄心勃勃的方式重新定义这个问题，让事情变得有趣。
I think the same thing happened at Google.
我认为谷歌也发生了同样的事情。
When Google was founded,
谷歌成立时，
the conventional wisdom among the so-called portals was that search was boring and unimportant.
所谓门户网站的传统观点是搜索是无聊且不重要的。
But the guys at Google didn't think search was boring, and that's why they do it so well.
但谷歌的人并不认为搜索很无聊，这就是为什么他们做得这么好。
This is an area where managers can make a difference.
这是管理者可以发挥作用的领域。
Like a parent saying to a child, I bet you can't clean up your whole room in ten minutes, a good manager can sometimes redefine a problem as a more interesting one.
就像父母对孩子说的那样，我打赌你不可能在十分钟内清理整个房间，一个好的经理有时可以将问题重新定义为更有趣的问题。
Steve Jobs seems to be particularly good at
史蒂夫·乔布斯似乎特别擅长
this, in part simply by having high standards.
这在一定程度上是因为有高标准。
There were a lot of small, inexpensive computers before the Mac.
在 Mac 出现之前，已经有很多小型、廉价的计算机。
He redefined the problem as: make one that's beautiful.
他将这个问题重新定义为：制作一个漂亮的东西。
And that probably drove the developers harder than any carrot or stick could.
这可能比任何胡萝卜加大棒都更加激励开发人员。
They certainly delivered.
他们确实做到了。
When the Mac first appeared, you didn't even have to turn it on to know it would be good; you could tell from the case.
当 Mac 第一次出现时，你甚至不需要打开它就知道它是好的。从案例中你就可以看出。
A few weeks ago I was walking along the street in
几周前，我在街上散步
Cambridge, and in someone's trash I saw what appeared to be a Mac carrying case.
在剑桥，我在某人的垃圾箱中看到了一个看起来像是 Mac 手提箱的东西。
I looked inside, and there was a Mac SE.
我往里面一看，里面有一台 Mac SE。
I carried it home and plugged it in, and it booted.
我把它带回家并插上电源，然后它就启动了。
The happy Macintosh face, and then the finder.
快乐的 Macintosh 脸，然后是取景器。
My God, it was so simple.
天哪，事情就是这么简单。
It was just like ...
这就像...
Google.
谷歌。
Hackers like to work for people with high standards.
黑客喜欢为高标准的人工作。
But it's not enough just to be exacting.
但仅仅严格要求还不够。
You have to insist on the right things.
你必须坚持正确的事情。
Which usually means that you have to be a hacker yourself.
这通常意味着您自己必须成为一名黑客。
I've seen occasional articles about how to manage programmers.
我偶尔看到一些关于如何管理程序员的文章。
Really there should be two articles: one about what to do if you are yourself a programmer, and one about what to do if you're not.
实际上应该有两篇文章：一篇是关于如果您自己是程序员该怎么做，另一篇是关于如果您不是程序员该怎么做。
And the second could probably be condensed into two words: give up.
第二个可能可以浓缩为两个字：放弃。
The problem is not so much the day to day management.
问题不在于日常管理。
Really good hackers are practically self-managing.
真正优秀的黑客实际上都是自我管理的。
The problem is, if you're
问题是，如果你是
not a hacker, you can't tell who the good hackers are.
不是黑客，你分不清谁是好黑客。
A similar problem explains why American cars are so ugly.
类似的问题解释了为什么美国汽车如此丑陋。
I call it the design paradox.
我称之为设计悖论。
You might think that you could make your products beautiful just by hiring a great designer to design them.
您可能认为只要聘请一位出色的设计师来设计您的产品就可以让您的产品变得漂亮。
But if you yourself don't have good taste , how are you going to recognize a good designer?
但如果你自己没有很好的品味，你怎么去认识一个好的设计师呢？
By definition you can't tell from his portfolio.
根据定义，你无法从他的投资组合中看出。
And you can't go by the awards he's won or the jobs he's had,
你不能只看他获得的奖项或他从事的工作，
because in design, as in most fields, those tend to be driven by fashion and schmoozing, with actual ability a distant third.
因为在设计领域，就像在大多数领域一样，这些往往受到时尚和闲聊的驱动，而实际能力则远远落后于第三位。
There's no way around it: you can't manage a process intended to produce beautiful things without knowing what beautiful is.
没有办法解决这个问题：如果不知道什么是美，就无法管理旨在生产美丽事物的流程。
American cars are ugly because American car companies are run by people with bad taste.
美国汽车丑陋是因为美国汽车公司是由品味低劣的人经营的。
Many people in this country think of taste as something elusive,
这个国家的许多人认为味道是难以捉摸的东西，
or even frivolous.
甚至是轻浮的。
It is neither.
两者都不是。
To drive design, a manager must be the most demanding user of a company's products.
为了推动设计，经理必须是公司产品最苛刻的用户。
And if you have really good taste, you can, as Steve Jobs does, make satisfying you the kind of problem that good people like to work on.
如果你真的有很好的品味，你就可以像史蒂夫·乔布斯那样，把让你满意的问题变成优秀的人喜欢解决的问题。
Nasty Little Problems It's pretty easy to say what kinds of problems are not interesting: those where instead of solving a few big, clear, problems, you have
令人讨厌的小问题很容易说哪些类型的问题不有趣：那些问题不是解决一些大的、明确的问题，而是
to solve a lot of nasty little ones.
解决了很多讨厌的小问题。
One of the worst kinds of projects is writing an interface to a piece of software that's full of bugs.
最糟糕的项目之一是为充满错误的软件编写接口。
Another is when you have to customize something for an individual client's complex and ill-defined needs.
另一种情况是，您必须针对个别客户复杂且不明确的需求进行定制。
To hackers these kinds of projects are the death of a thousand cuts.
对于黑客来说，此类项目就是千刀万剐。
The distinguishing feature of nasty little problems is that you don't learn anything from them.
令人讨厌的小问题的显着特征是你无法从中学到任何东西。
Writing a compiler is interesting
写一个编译器很有趣
because it teaches you what a compiler is.
因为它告诉你什么是编译器。
But writing an interface to a buggy piece of software doesn't teach you anything, because the bugs are random.
但是为有缺陷的软件编写接口并不能教会你任何东西，因为缺陷是随机的。
[3] So it's not just fastidiousness that makes good hackers avoid nasty little problems.
[3] 因此，优秀的黑客不仅仅需要一丝不苟地避免令人讨厌的小问题。
It's more a question of self-preservation.
这更多的是一个自我保护的问题。
Working on nasty little problems makes you stupid.
解决讨厌的小问题会让你变得愚蠢。
Good hackers avoid it for the same reason models avoid cheeseburgers.
优秀的黑客会避免它，就像模型避免吃芝士汉堡一样。
Of course some problems inherently have this character.
当然，有些问题本身就具有这种性质。
And because of supply and demand, they pay especially well.
由于供需关系，他们的报酬特别优厚。
So a company that found a way to get great hackers to work on tedious problems would be very successful.
因此，一家找到一种方法让优秀的黑客解决乏味问题的公司将会非常成功。
How would you do it?
你会怎么做？
One place this happens is in startups.
这种情况发生的地方之一就是初创公司。
At our startup we had Robert Morris working as a system administrator.
在我们的初创公司，罗伯特·莫里斯担任系统管理员。
That's like having the Rolling Stones play at a bar mitzvah.
这就像滚石乐队在成人礼上演奏一样。
You can't hire that kind of
你不能雇用那种人
talent.
人才。
But people will do any amount of drudgery for companies of which they're the founders.
但人们会为自己创办的公司做任何苦差事。
[4] Bigger companies solve the problem by partitioning the company.
[4] 大公司通过分割公司来解决问题。
They get smart people to work for them by establishing a separate R&D department where employees don't have to work directly on customers' nasty little problems.
他们通过建立一个独立的研发部门来让聪明的人为他们工作，员工不必直接解决客户讨厌的小问题。
[5] In this model, the research department functions like a mine.
[5] 在这个模型中，研究部门的职能就像一个矿井。
They produce new ideas; maybe
他们产生新的想法；也许
the rest of the company will be able to use them.
公司的其他人将能够使用它们。
You may not have to go to this extreme.
您可能不必走得这么极端。
Bottom-up programming suggests another way to partition the company: have the smart people work as toolmakers.
自下而上的编程提出了另一种划分公司的方法：让聪明的人充当工具制造者。
If your company makes software to do x, have one group that builds tools for writing software of that type, and another that uses these tools to write the applications.
如果您的公司开发软件来执行某项任务，则请一组人员负责构建用于编写该类型软件的工具，另一组负责使用这些工具来编写应用程序。
This way you might be able to get smart people to write 99% of your code,
这样你就可以让聪明人来编写你 99% 的代码，
but still keep them almost as insulated from users as they would be in a traditional research department.
但仍然保持他们与用户的隔离，就像在传统研究部门一样。
The toolmakers would have users, but they'd only be the company's own developers.
工具制造商会有用户，但他们只是公司自己的开发人员。
[6] If Microsoft used this approach, their software wouldn't be so full of security holes, because the less smart people writing the actual applications wouldn't be doing low-level stuff like allocating memory.
[6] 如果微软使用这种方法，他们的软件就不会充满安全漏洞，因为编写实际应用程序的不太聪明的人不会做诸如分配内存之类的低级工作。
Instead of writing Word directly in C, they'd be plugging
他们不是直接用 C 语言编写 Word，而是插入
together big Lego blocks of Word-language.
将Word语言的大乐高积木组合在一起。
(Duplo, I believe, is the technical term.) Clumping Along with interesting problems, what good hackers like is other good hackers.
（我认为 Duplo 是一个技术术语。） 聚集 除了有趣的问题之外，优秀的黑客还喜欢其他优秀的黑客。
Great hackers tend to clump together-- sometimes spectacularly so, as at Xerox Parc.
伟大的黑客往往会聚集在一起——有时甚至非常惊人，就像施乐帕克研究中心那样。
So you won't attract good hackers in linear proportion to how good an environment you create for them.
因此，你所吸引的优秀黑客并不与你为他们创造的良好环境成线性比例。
The tendency to clump means it's more like the square
聚集的趋势意味着它更像是正方形
of the environment.
环境的。
So it's winner take all.
所以这是赢家通吃。
At any given time, there are only about ten or twenty places where hackers most want to work, and if you aren't one of them, you won't just have fewer great hackers, you'll have zero.
在任何特定时间，黑客最想工作的地方大约只有十到二十个，如果你不是其中之一，那么你的优秀黑客不仅会减少，而且会为零。
Having great hackers is not, by itself, enough to make a company successful.
拥有优秀的黑客本身并不足以使公司取得成功。
It works well for Google and ITA, which are two of the hot spots right now, but it didn't help Thinking Machines or
它对 Google 和 ITA 来说效果很好，这两个是现在的热点，但它对 Thinking Machines 或 Thinking Machines 没有帮助。
Xerox.
施乐。
Sun had a good run for a while, but their business model is a down elevator.
Sun曾经有一段时间表现不错，但他们的商业模式是下降的电梯。
In that situation, even the best hackers can't save you.
在这种情况下，即使是最好的黑客也无法拯救你。
I think, though, that all other things being equal, a company that can attract great hackers will have a huge advantage.
不过，我认为，在其他条件相同的情况下，一家能够吸引优秀黑客的公司将拥有巨大的优势。
There are people who would disagree with this.
有些人不同意这一点。
When we were making the rounds of venture capital firms in the 1990s, several told us that software
20 世纪 90 年代，当我们拜访风险投资公司时，有几位告诉我们，软件
companies didn't win by writing great software, but through brand, and dominating channels, and doing the right deals.
公司的胜利并不是通过编写出色的软件，而是通过品牌、主导渠道以及做正确的交易。
They really seemed to believe this, and I think I know why.
他们似乎真的相信这一点，我想我知道为什么。
I think what a lot of VCs are looking for, at least unconsciously, is the next Microsoft.
我认为很多风险投资人正在寻找的，至少是无意识的，是下一个微软。
And of course if Microsoft is your model, you shouldn't be looking for companies that hope to win by writing great software.
当然，如果微软是你的榜样，你就不应该寻找那些希望通过编写出色的软件来获胜的公司。
But VCs are mistaken to look for the next Microsoft,
但风投们错误地寻找下一个微软，
because no startup can be the next Microsoft unless some other company is prepared to bend over at just the right moment and be the next IBM.
因为除非有其他公司准备在适当的时候屈服并成为下一个 IBM，否则任何初创公司都无法成为下一个 Microsoft。
It's a mistake to use Microsoft as a model, because their whole culture derives from that one lucky break.
以微软为榜样是错误的，因为他们的整个文化都源于那一次幸运的突破。
Microsoft is a bad data point.
微软是一个糟糕的数据点。
If you throw them out, you find that good products do tend to win in the market.
如果你把它们扔掉，你会发现好的产品确实往往会赢得市场。
What VCs should be looking for is the next
风险投资家应该寻找的是下一个
Apple, or the next Google.
苹果，或者下一个谷歌。
I think Bill Gates knows this.
我想比尔·盖茨知道这一点。
What worries him about Google is not the power of their brand, but the fact that they have better hackers.
让他担心谷歌的不是他们品牌的力量，而是他们拥有更好的黑客这一事实。
[7] Recognition So who are the great hackers?
[7] 认可 那么谁是伟大的黑客呢？
How do you know when you meet one?
你怎么知道你何时遇到一个人？
That turns out to be very hard.
事实证明这非常困难。
Even hackers can't tell.
就连黑客也无法分辨。
I'm pretty sure now that my friend Trevor Blackwell is a great hacker.
我现在非常确定我的朋友特雷弗·布莱克威尔是一位出色的黑客。
You may have read on Slashdot how he made his
您可能在 Slashdot 上读到过他是如何创造自己的
own Segway .
拥有赛格威。
The remarkable thing about this project was that he wrote all the software in one day (in Python, incidentally).
这个项目的非凡之处在于他在一天之内编写了所有软件（顺便说一句，是用 Python 编写的）。
For Trevor, that's par for the course.
对于特雷弗来说，这是理所当然的。
But when I first met him, I thought he was a complete idiot.
但当我第一次见到他时，我认为他是个十足的白痴。
He was standing in Robert Morris's office babbling at him about something or other, and I remember standing behind him making frantic gestures at Robert to shoo this nut out of his
他站在罗伯特·莫里斯的办公室里对他胡言乱语，我记得站在他身后，对罗伯特做出疯狂的手势，把这个坚果从他的手里赶出去。
office so we could go to lunch.
办公室，这样我们就可以去吃午饭了。
Robert says he misjudged Trevor at first too.
罗伯特说他一开始也误判了特雷弗。
Apparently when Robert first met him, Trevor had just begun a new scheme that involved writing down everything about every aspect of his life on a stack of index cards, which he carried with him everywhere.
显然，当罗伯特第一次见到他时，特雷弗刚刚开始一项新计划，将他生活的各个方面的一切写在他随身携带的一叠索引卡上。
He'd also just arrived from Canada, and had a strong Canadian accent and a mullet.
他也刚从加拿大来，有着浓重的加拿大口音和鲻鱼口音。
The problem is compounded by the fact that hackers, despite their
问题变得更加复杂，因为黑客尽管他们
reputation for social obliviousness, sometimes put a good deal of effort into seeming smart.
因社交健忘而闻名，有时会花很大的努力来显得聪明。
When I was in grad school I used to hang around the MIT AI Lab occasionally.
当我在读研究生时，我偶尔会去麻省理工学院的人工智能实验室闲逛。
It was kind of intimidating at first.
一开始有点吓人。
Everyone there spoke so fast.
那里的每个人都说得很快。
But after a while I learned the trick of speaking fast.
但过了一段时间，我学会了说话快的技巧。
You don't have to think any faster; just use twice as many words to say everything.
你不必思考得更快；只需用两倍的字数来表达所有内容即可。
<!-- At the time I used to consult on the side, and when I was talking to
<!-- 以前我在旁边咨询的时候，和我聊天的时候
clients I would sometimes put on this MIT manner deliberately to overawe them, especially during demos of software I'd supposedly been working on for weeks but had in fact written the night before.
有时，我会故意以麻省理工学院的方式对待客户，以吓倒他们，特别是在演示软件时，我本应该已经工作了数周，但实际上是在前一天晚上编写的。
--> With this amount of noise in the signal, it's hard to tell good hackers when you meet them.
--> 由于信号中存在如此多的噪音，当您遇到优秀的黑客时，很难辨别他们。
I can't tell, even now.
即使现在我也说不出来。
You also can't tell from their resumes.
从他们的简历中你也看不出来。
It seems like the only way to judge a hacker is to work with him on something.
似乎判断一个黑客的唯一方法就是与他一起做某事。
And this is the reason that high-tech areas only happen around universities.
这就是高科技领域只出现在大学周围的原因。
The active ingredient here is not so much the professors as the students.
这里的活性成分与其说是教授，不如说是学生。
Startups grow up around universities because universities bring together promising young people and make them work on the same projects.
初创公司在大学周围成长，因为大学将有前途的年轻人聚集在一起，让他们从事相同的项目。
The smart ones learn who the other smart ones are, and together they cook up new projects of their own.
聪明的人知道其他聪明的人是谁，然后他们一起制定自己的新项目。
Because you can't tell a great hacker except by working with him,
因为除非与他一起工作，否则你无法辨别一个伟大的黑客，
hackers themselves can't tell how good they are.
黑客自己也无法判断自己有多优秀。
This is true to a degree in most fields.
在大多数领域，这在一定程度上都是如此。
I've found that people who are great at something are not so much convinced of their own greatness as mystified at why everyone else seems so incompetent.
我发现，擅长某件事的人并不那么相信自己的伟大，而是对为什么其他人看起来如此无能感到困惑。
<!-- The people I've met who do great work rarely think that they're doing great work.
<!-- 我遇到的那些工作出色的人很少认为他们正在做出色的工作。
They generally feel that they're stupid and lazy, that their brain only works properly one day out of ten, and
他们普遍认为自己又蠢又懒，大脑十有八九只能正常工作，而且
that it's only a matter of time until they're found out.
他们被发现只是时间问题。
--> But it's particularly hard for hackers to know how good they are, because it's hard to compare their work.
--> 但对于黑客来说，要知道自己有多优秀尤其困难，因为很难比较他们的工作。
This is easier in most other fields.
这在大多数其他领域更容易。
In the hundred meters, you know in 10 seconds who's fastest.
在百米比赛中，10秒之内你就知道谁跑得最快。
Even in math there seems to be a general consensus about which problems are hard to solve, and what constitutes a good solution.
即使在数学领域，对于哪些问题难以解决以及什么是好的解决方案似乎也存在普遍共识。
But hacking is like writing.
但黑客就像写作一样。
Who can say which of two
谁能说出两者中的哪一个
novels is better?
小说比较好？
Certainly not the authors.
当然不是作者。
With hackers, at least, other hackers can tell.
至少对于黑客来说，其他黑客可以看出来。
That's because, unlike novelists, hackers collaborate on projects.
这是因为，与小说家不同，黑客在项目上进行合作。
When you get to hit a few difficult problems over the net at someone, you learn pretty quickly how hard they hit them back.
当你通过网络向某人提出一些难题时，你很快就会知道他们的反击有多么严厉。
But hackers can't watch themselves at work.
但黑客无法在工作中监视自己。
So if you ask a great hacker how good he is, he's almost certain to reply, I don't know.
所以如果你问一个伟大的黑客他有多优秀，他几乎肯定会回答，我不知道。
He's not just
他不只是
being modest.
谦虚。
He really doesn't know.
他真的不知道。
And none of us know, except about people we've actually worked with.
除了与我们实际共事过的人之外，我们谁也不知道。
Which puts us in a weird situation: we don't know who our heroes should be.
这让我们陷入了一个奇怪的境地：我们不知道我们的英雄应该是谁。
The hackers who become famous tend to become famous by random accidents of PR.
成名的黑客往往是通过公关的偶然事件而成名的。
Occasionally I need to give an example of a great hacker, and I never know who to use.
有时候我需要举一个伟大黑客的例子，但我永远不知道该用谁。
The first names that come to mind always tend to be people I know personally,
我脑海中第一个出现的名字总是我认识的人，
but it seems lame to use them.
但使用它们似乎很蹩脚。
So, I think, maybe I should say Richard Stallman, or Linus Torvalds, or Alan Kay, or someone famous like that.
所以，我想，也许我应该说理查德·斯托曼、莱纳斯·托瓦兹、艾伦·凯，或者类似的名人。
But I have no idea if these guys are great hackers.
但我不知道这些人是否是伟大的黑客。
I've never worked with them on anything.
我从未与他们合作过任何事情。
If there is a Michael Jordan of hacking, no one knows, including him.
没有人知道是否存在黑客界的迈克尔·乔丹，包括他自己。
Cultivation Finally, the question the hackers have all been wondering about: how do you become a great hacker?
修炼 最后，黑客们都想知道的问题：如何成为一名出色的黑客？
I don't know if it's possible
我不知道是否可能
to make yourself into one.
使自己成为一体。
But it's certainly possible to do things that make you stupid, and if you can make yourself stupid, you can probably make yourself smart too.
但做一些让你变得愚蠢的事情当然是有可能的，如果你能让自己变得愚蠢，你也可能会让自己变得聪明。
The key to being a good hacker may be to work on what you like.
成为一名优秀黑客的关键可能是做你喜欢的事情。
When I think about the great hackers I know, one thing they have in common is the extreme difficulty of making them work on anything they don't want to.
当我想到我所认识的伟大黑客时，他们有一个共同点，那就是让他们做任何他们不想做的事情都极其困难。
I don't know if this is cause or effect; it may be
我不知道这是因还是果；可能是
both.
两者都有。
To do something well you have to love it.
要把一件事做好，你必须热爱它。
So to the extent you can preserve hacking as something you love, you're likely to do it well.
因此，只要你能够将黑客行为保留为你所热爱的事情，你就可能做得很好。
Try to keep the sense of wonder you had about programming at age 14.
尝试保持 14 岁时对编程的好奇心。
If you're worried that your current job is rotting your brain, it probably is.
如果您担心当前的工作正在腐蚀您的大脑，那么可能确实如此。
The best hackers tend to be smart, of course, but that's true in a lot of fields.
当然，最好的黑客往往很聪明，但在很多领域都是如此。
Is there some quality that's unique to hackers?
黑客有什么独特的品质吗？
I asked some friends, and the number one thing they mentioned was curiosity.
我问了一些朋友，他们提到的第一件事就是好奇心。
I'd always supposed that all smart people were curious-- that curiosity was simply the first derivative of knowledge.
我一直认为所有聪明人都有好奇心——好奇心只是知识的一阶导数。
But apparently hackers are particularly curious, especially about how things work.
但显然黑客特别好奇，尤其是对事物的运作方式。
That makes sense, because programs are in effect giant descriptions of how things work.
这是有道理的，因为程序实际上是对事物如何工作的巨大描述。
Several friends mentioned hackers' ability to concentrate-- their
几个朋友提到了黑客的集中注意力的能力——他们的
ability, as one put it, to "tune out everything outside their own heads.'' I've certainly noticed this.
正如有人所说，他们有能力“排除自己头脑之外的一切。”我当然注意到了这一点。
And I've heard several hackers say that after drinking even half a beer they can't program at all.
我听几个黑客说，喝了半杯啤酒后，他们就根本不会编程了。
So maybe hacking does require some special ability to focus.
所以也许黑客确实需要一些特殊的专注能力。
Perhaps great hackers can load a large amount of context into their head, so that when they look at a line of code, they see not just that line but the whole program around it.
也许伟大的黑客可以将大量上下文加载到他们的头脑中，这样当他们查看一行代码时，他们不仅看到该行，还看到它周围的整个程序。
John McPhee
约翰·麦克菲
wrote that Bill Bradley's success as a basketball player was due partly to his extraordinary peripheral vision.
写道，比尔·布拉德利作为一名篮球运动员的成功部分归功于他非凡的周边视力。
"Perfect'' eyesight means about 47 degrees of vertical peripheral vision.
“完美”视力是指垂直余光约为 47 度。
Bill Bradley had 70; he could see the basket when he was looking at the floor.
比尔·布拉德利 (Bill Bradley) 得了 70 分；当他看着地板时，他可以看到篮子。
Maybe great hackers have some similar inborn ability.
也许伟大的黑客也有一些类似的天生能力。
(I cheat by using a very dense language, which shrinks the court.) This could explain the disconnect over cubicles.
（我通过使用非常密集的语言来作弊，这缩小了法庭的范围。）这可以解释隔间之间的脱节。
Maybe the people
也许人们
in charge of facilities, not having any concentration to shatter, have no idea that working in a cubicle feels to a hacker like having one's brain in a blender.
负责设施，没有任何集中精力，不知道在小隔间里工作对黑客来说就像把大脑放在搅拌机里一样。
(Whereas Bill, if the rumors of autism are true, knows all too well.) One difference I've noticed between great hackers and smart people in general is that hackers are more politically incorrect .
（而比尔，如果关于自闭症的传言属实，他对此了如指掌。）我注意到伟大的黑客和一般聪明人之间的一个区别是，黑客在政治上更加不正确。
To the extent there is a secret handshake among good hackers, it's when they
在某种程度上，优秀的黑客之间存在秘密握手，那就是当他们
know one another well enough to express opinions that would get them stoned to death by the general public.
彼此之间足够了解，以至于表达出的观点可能会让他们被公众用石头砸死。
And I can see why political incorrectness would be a useful quality in programming.
我明白为什么政治不正确在编程中是一种有用的品质。
Programs are very complex and, at least in the hands of good programmers, very fluid.
程序非常复杂，并且至少在优秀程序员手中非常流畅。
In such situations it's helpful to have a habit of questioning assumptions.
在这种情况下，养成质疑假设的习惯会很有帮助。
Can you cultivate these qualities?
你能培养这些品质吗？
I don't know.
我不知道。
But you can at
但你可以在
least not repress them.
至少不要压制他们。
So here is my best shot at a recipe.
所以这是我最好的食谱。
If it is possible to make yourself into a great hacker, the way to do it may be to make the following deal with yourself: you never have to work on boring projects (unless your family will starve otherwise), and in return, you'll never allow yourself to do a half-assed job.
如果有可能使自己成为一名出色的黑客，那么实现这一目标的方法可能就是对自己做出以下安排：你永远不必从事无聊的项目（除非否则你的家人会挨饿），作为回报，你永远不会允许自己做半途而废的工作。
All the great hackers I know seem to have made that deal, though
不过，我认识的所有伟大的黑客似乎都达成了这一协议
perhaps none of them had any choice in the matter.
也许他们在这件事上没有任何选择。
Notes <!--[h] The most productive individuals at different stages of technology are not necessarily the same people.
注释 <!--[h] 在不同技术阶段最具生产力的个人不一定是同一个人。
Energy and determination are always important, but physical strength, for example, decreases in importance as technology increases.
精力和决心始终很重要，但体力等随着技术的进步而变得不那么重要。
In early modern Europe, the most important quality may have been organization.
在近代早期的欧洲，最重要的品质可能是组织。
The kind of brilliance that distinguished Isaac
艾萨克的杰出才华
Newton had little practical effect.
牛顿的实际作用不大。
It would have more now.--> [1] In fairness, I have to say that IBM makes decent hardware.
现在会有更多。--> [1] 公平地说，我不得不说 IBM 制造了不错的硬件。
I wrote this on an IBM laptop.
我在 IBM 笔记本电脑上写了这篇文章。
[2] They did turn out to be doomed.
[2] 事实证明，他们确实是注定失败的。
They shut down a few months later.
几个月后他们就关门了。
[3] I think this is what people mean when they talk about the "meaning of life." On the face of it, this seems an odd idea.
[3] 我想这就是人们谈论“生命的意义”时的意思。从表面上看，这似乎是一个奇怪的想法。
Life isn't an expression; how could it have meaning?
生命不是一种表达；而是一种表达。它怎么可能有意义呢？
But it can have a quality that feels a lot like meaning.
但它可以具有一种感觉很像意义的品质。
In a project like a compiler, you have to solve a lot of problems, but the problems all fall into a pattern, as in a signal.
在像编译器这样的项目中，您必须解决很多问题，但这些问题都归入一种模式，就像信号一样。
Whereas when the problems you have to solve are random, they seem like noise.
然而，当你必须解决的问题是随机的时，它们看起来就像噪音。
[4] Einstein at one point worked designing refrigerators.
[4] 爱因斯坦曾一度致力于设计冰箱。
(He had equity.) [5] It's hard to say exactly what constitutes research in the computer world, but as a first approximation, it's software that
（他有股权。） [5] 很难确切地说计算机世界的研究是什么，但作为第一个近似，它是软件
doesn't have users.
没有用户。
I don't think it's publication that makes the best hackers want to work in research departments.
我不认为是出版物让最优秀的黑客愿意在研究部门工作。
I think it's mainly not having to have a three hour meeting with a product manager about problems integrating the Korean version of Word 13.27 with the talking paperclip.
我认为主要是不必与产品经理召开三个小时的会议来讨论将韩语版 Word 13.27 与会说话的回形针集成的问题。
[6] Something similar has been happening for a long time in the construction industry.
[6] 类似的事情在建筑行业已经发生了很长时间。
When you had a house built a couple hundred
当你盖了几百块房子的时候
years ago, the local builders built everything in it.
几年前，当地建筑商在里面建造了一切。
But increasingly what builders do is assemble components designed and manufactured by someone else.
但建筑商越来越多地组装由其他人设计和制造的组件。
This has, like the arrival of desktop publishing, given people the freedom to experiment in disastrous ways, but it is certainly more efficient.
就像桌面出版的到来一样，这给了人们以灾难性的方式进行实验的自由，但它肯定更有效。
[7] Google is much more dangerous to Microsoft than Netscape was.
[7] 谷歌对微软来说比网景要危险得多。
Probably more dangerous than any other company has ever been.
可能比任何其他公司都更危险。
Not
不
least because they're determined to fight.
至少因为他们决心战斗。
On their job listing page, they say that one of their "core values'' is "Don't be evil.'' From a company selling soybean oil or mining equipment, such a statement would merely be eccentric.
在他们的职位列表页面上，他们说他们的“核心价值观”之一是“不作恶”。对于一家销售豆油或采矿设备的公司来说，这样的说法简直是古怪的。
But I think all of us in the computer world recognize who that is a declaration of war on.
但我认为计算机世界中的所有人都知道这是在向谁宣战。
Thanks to Jessica Livingston, Robert Morris, and Sarah Harlin for reading earlier versions of this talk.
感谢 Jessica Livingston、Robert Morris 和 Sarah Harlin 阅读本演讲的早期版本。