Just ten species make up almost half the weight of all wild mammals on Earth
Wild mammals once dominated the mammal kingdom.
野生哺乳动物曾经统治着哺乳动物王国。
Not anymore.
不再。
Today, humans and our livestock account for 98% of the world’s land mammals by weight, while wild land mammals are just 2%.
如今，人类和牲畜占世界陆地哺乳动物重量的 98%，而野生陆地哺乳动物仅占 2%。
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But it’s not just the total number of wild mammals that matters.
但重要的不仅仅是野生哺乳动物的总数。
Having a broad range of different mammals that flourish does too.
种类繁多的不同哺乳动物的繁衍生息也是如此。
There are various reasons why we should care about biodiversity, having a variety of animal and plant life in the world.
我们应该关心生物多样性的原因有很多，世界上有各种各样的动植物。
Some of those are “functional” and focus on what species do biologically in terms of managing ecosystems and providing services.
其中一些是“功能性的”，重点关注物种在管理生态系统和提供服务方面的生物学作用。
Having a diverse range of mammal species is important for regulating diseases.
拥有多样化的哺乳动物物种对于调节疾病很重要。
2 It also helps to disperse seeds, control pests, cycle nutrients, and engineer ecosystems.
2 它还有助于传播种子、控制害虫、循环养分和改造生态系统。
Species such as beavers heavily influence their environments by felling trees and creating dams, which can reduce downstream flooding and create wetlands that store carbon.
海狸等物种通过砍伐树木和修建水坝来严重影响其环境，这可以减少下游洪水并创造储存碳的湿地。
Bats are effective in controlling crop and forest pests.
蝙蝠能有效控制农作物和森林害虫。
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But there are also intrinsic arguments for biodiversity based on the argument that species carry value in and of themselves: humans can value diversity simply for its wonder, awe, or beauty.
但生物多样性也有一些内在的论据，其基础是物种本身具有价值：人类可以仅仅因为多样性的奇迹、敬畏或美丽而重视多样性。
If biodiversity is valuable in itself, then morally we have a duty not to cause extinction and to maintain it.
如果生物多样性本身有价值，那么从道义上讲，我们有责任不造成灭绝并维持它。
If you care about any of the reasons above, having a diverse mammal kingdom matters.
如果您关心上述任何原因，那么拥有多样化的哺乳动物王国就很重要。
If we want to understand global biodiversity and how it’s changing, we can’t only look at quantity.
如果我们想了解全球生物多样性及其变化方式，我们不能只看数量。
We also need to look at the composition of the world’s wild mammals, which is the focus of this article.
我们还需要了解世界上野生哺乳动物的组成，这也是本文的重点。
For this article, we rely on a large study by Lior Greenspoon and colleagues, published in PNAS .
在本文中，我们参考了 Lior Greenspoon 及其同事发表在 PNAS 上的一项大型研究。
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In this study, the researchers quantified the distribution of wild mammals using several measures, including population size (the number of individual elephants, monkeys, or rats) and the total weight of different animals (their biomass).
在这项研究中，研究人员使用多种措施量化了野生哺乳动物的分布，包括种群规模（大象、猴子或老鼠的数量）和不同动物的总重量（生物量）。
Biomass takes into account the number and size of animals.
生物量考虑了动物的数量和体型。
The study confirms that the small mammals, like rats, squirrels, and bats, have the largest population sizes.
研究证实，老鼠、松鼠和蝙蝠等小型哺乳动物的种群规模最大。
In terms of numbers, rodents and bats make up over 90% of mammals.
从数量上看，啮齿动物和蝙蝠占哺乳动物的90%以上。
But the results in terms of biomass are quite surprising.
但生物量方面的结果却相当令人惊讶。
To arrive at a full picture of wild mammal distributions globally, the authors used a combination of expert assessments of well-studied species and models to infer the populations of less well-known ones.
为了全面了解全球野生哺乳动物的分布情况，作者结合专家对经过深入研究的物种和模型的评估来推断不太知名的物种的种群数量。
As a disclaimer, this analysis involves a significant amount of approximations and carries a reasonable level of uncertainty.
作为免责声明，该分析涉及大量近似值并具有合理程度的不确定性。
But we believe that it still provides a helpful perspective on the size of different groups and species.
但我们相信它仍然为了解不同群体和物种的规模提供了有用的视角。
At the end of this article, we lay out some of the paper’s assumptions in more detail.
在本文的最后，我们更详细地阐述了本文的一些假设。
The treemap below summarises the main results.
下面的树形图总结了主要结果。
Each box represents 1% of global wild mammal biomass on land.
每个方框代表全球陆地野生哺乳动物生物量的 1%。
In terms of biomass, it is the “even-hoofed mammals” — mainly deer and boars — that dominate wild land mammals.
就生物量而言，“偶蹄类哺乳动物”——主要是鹿和野猪——在野生陆地哺乳动物中占主导地位。
They make up roughly half of the total.
他们大约占总数的一半。
As we’ll see in the next section, this is further dominated by a small number of species: white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer, European roe deer, and wild boars.
正如我们将在下一节中看到的，这进一步由少数物种主导：白尾鹿、长耳鹿、马鹿、欧洲狍子和野猪。
Rodents, which are individually tiny compared to most other mammals, still account for 16% because their population numbers are so large.
与大多数其他哺乳动物相比，啮齿类动物个体较小，但由于其种群数量如此庞大，因此仍占 16%。
Elephants, the largest land mammals, account for 8%, closely followed by marsupials — kangaroos, koalas, and wombats.
大象是最大的陆地哺乳动物，占 8%，紧随其后的是有袋动物——袋鼠、考拉和袋熊。
What surprised us were the bats.
让我们惊讶的是蝙蝠。
We wouldn’t have expected that the total weight of bats in the world is comparable to that of elephants, or more than double that of all the lions, tigers, bears, and other carnivores.
我们没有想到世界上蝙蝠的总重量与大象相当，或者是所有狮子、老虎、熊和其他食肉动物的两倍多。
There are approximately 6,500 land mammal species in the world today.
当今世界上大约有 6,500 种陆地哺乳动物。
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Just ten of those — 0.15% of species — account for around 40% of wild mammal biomass.
其中仅 10 种（占物种的 0.15%）就占野生哺乳动物生物量的 40% 左右。
The remaining 99.85% of species make up the other 60%.
剩下的99.85%的物种组成了另外60%。
As we might expect, this “top ten” list is dominated by species of deer, moose, and boars (all of which are even-hoofed mammals).
正如我们所料，这份“前十名”名单主要由鹿、驼鹿和野猪物种（所有这些都是偶蹄哺乳动物）组成。
Some species of kangaroos and elephants also make the list.
一些袋鼠和大象也榜上有名。
We send two regular newsletters so you can stay up to date on our work and receive curated highlights from across Our World in Data.
我们定期发送两份时事通讯，以便您及时了解我们的工作并接收来自“我们的数据世界”的精选亮点。
An interesting question is how humans have impacted this over our history.
一个有趣的问题是人类在历史上如何影响这一点。
We’ve caused populations to shrink , and some species to go extinct.
我们导致种群数量减少，一些物种灭绝。
7 But we’ve also impacted the types and dominance of animals that remain.
7 但我们也影响了现存动物的类型和优势。
We don’t have the counterfactual of what life would be like on a planet without us, but we can find a number of examples where our impact has been clear.
我们无法了解没有我们的星球上的生命会是什么样子，但我们可以找到许多例子，证明我们的影响是显而易见的。
It’s possible to imagine a world where the biggest mammals would be even more dominant.
可以想象一个最大的哺乳动物将占据主导地位的世界。
Look at the average size of mammals over the last 50,000 years of human history, and we see an obvious trend : they’ve gotten smaller.
看看人类过去五万年历史中哺乳动物的平均体型，我们看到一个明显的趋势：它们变得越来越小。
8 This is for several reasons, but humans have played a crucial role.
8 这有多种原因，但人类发挥了至关重要的作用。
Humans hunted many of the largest mammals, and overhunting has often either led to a stark decline in population numbers or, in some cases, extinction.
人类猎杀了许多最大的哺乳动物，过度捕猎往往导致种群数量急剧下降，甚至在某些情况下导致灭绝。
9 Humans also tend to compete with some of the largest mammals for habitat; we can co-exist with foxes, rabbits, and rats on farms and in cities, but we can’t live with wolves and lions in quite the same way.
9 人类还倾向于与一些最大的哺乳动物争夺栖息地；我们可以在农场和城市与狐狸、兔子和老鼠共存，但我们不能以同样的方式与狼和狮子共存。
In fact, in many countries — including our own, the UK — deer are often viewed as a pest and are culled periodically to try to “keep in check” their impacts on other wildlife and landscapes.
事实上，在许多国家——包括我们自己的英国——鹿经常被视为害虫，并定期被扑杀，以试图“控制”它们对其他野生动物和景观的影响。
So, it’s plausible that biomass would be even more dominated by the largest mammals in a world without humans.
因此，在没有人类的世界上，生物量可能会更加由最大的哺乳动物主导。
But there’s also an opposing case: that human impacts have made some larger mammals more dominant than they would be.
但也有一个相反的情况：人类的影响使一些较大的哺乳动物比它们应有的地位更加占主导地位。
The decline of key carnivores, such as wolves and lynxes, is a key reason why deer populations have increased in Europe and North America.
狼和山猫等主要食肉动物的减少是欧洲和北美鹿数量增加的一个关键原因。
With few predators, prey can flourish.
由于捕食者较少，猎物可以大量繁殖。
10 Just as humans played a role in the wolves’ demise, programs trying to reintroduce these species are changing the dynamics of these ecosystems yet again.
10 正如人类在狼的灭亡中扮演了重要角色一样，试图重新引入这些物种的计划正在再次改变这些生态系统的动态。
In the 1990s, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the United States.
20世纪90年代，狼被重新引入美国黄石国家公园。
This has generally been considered a conservation success story, as elk — who graze heavily on trees and vegetation — have become less dominant in the reserve and wolf populations have increased.
这通常被认为是一个保护成功的故事，因为大量以树木和植被为食的麋鹿在保护区中的主导地位已不再那么重要，而狼的数量却有所增加。
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There are countless other examples of how human behaviors and settlements have allowed some animals to flourish; pressures on others have caused some species to shrink or disappear directly, or our choice to introduce non-native species has pushed others out.
还有无数其他例子可以说明人类的行为和定居点如何让一些动物繁衍生息。对其他物种的压力导致某些物种直接萎缩或消失，或者我们选择引入非本地物种将其他物种驱逐出去。
That stretches from battles between large mammals like wolves and deer, all the way down to tiny rats and rodents.
从狼和鹿等大型哺乳动物之间的战斗，一直到小型老鼠和啮齿动物之间的战斗。
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If we zoom out again to look at the distribution of the world’s wild mammals today, there’s no answer to what the “correct” or “optimal” mix should be.
如果我们再次缩小范围来观察当今世界野生哺乳动物的分布，就会发现“正确”或“最佳”组合应该是什么，并没有答案。
But if humanity wants to protect and restore biodiversity that has been lost — whether that’s for the “functional” services they give us in terms of regulating diseases and maintaining ecosystems, or simply out of a moral duty of protection — it’s not just the total number or weight of wild animals that matters.
但如果人类想要保护和恢复已经丧失的生物多样性——无论是为了在调节疾病和维护生态系统方面为我们提供“功能性”服务，还是仅仅出于保护的道德义务——重要的不仅仅是野生动物的总数或重量。
Having elephants, deer, apes, wolves, and rats is important too.
拥有大象、鹿、猿、狼和老鼠也很重要。
Humans and livestock make up 95% of the world’s mammal biomass; wild mammals are just 5%.
人类和牲畜占世界哺乳动物生物量的 95%；野生哺乳动物仅占5%。
Humans hunted many of the world’s large mammals to extinction.
人类猎杀世界上许多大型哺乳动物直至灭绝。
This threat still exists today, but it doesn’t have to be that way.
这种威胁今天仍然存在，但不一定是这样。
Wild mammal biomass has declined by 85% since the rise of humans.
自人类崛起以来，野生哺乳动物的生物量已下降 85%。
But we can turn things around by reducing the amount of land we use for agriculture.
但我们可以通过减少农业用地来扭转局面。
The main data used in this article came from a large study by Lior Greenspoon and colleagues, published in PNAS .
本文使用的主要数据来自 Lior Greenspoon 及其同事发表在 PNAS 上的一项大型研究。
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The authors of the study collected population reports for 392 species, around 6% of mammal species in the analysis.
该研究的作者收集了 392 个物种的种群报告，约占分析中哺乳动物物种的 6%。
While this is a small share of the total number of species, the species they had population reports for make up 55% of the total mammal biomass.
虽然这只占物种总数的一小部分，但他们的种群报告中的物种却占哺乳动物总生物量的 55%。
This abundance data is hard to collect and tends to be more available for only the best studied species.
这种丰度数据很难收集，而且往往只有研究得最好的物种才更容易获得。
Most population reports (382 of 392) came from species extinction risk assessments made by experts through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List assessments.
大多数种群报告（392 份中的 382 份）来自专家通过国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 红色名录评估进行的物种灭绝风险评估。
The remaining 10 species were not available from the IUCN, but were expected to be among the species with the greatest biomass.
其余 10 个物种未从 IUCN 中获得，但预计属于生物量最大的物种之一。
Information on the abundance of these species was gathered from a range of sources.
有关这些物种丰度的信息是从各种来源收集的。
For example, the population reports on the eastern grey kangaroo and red kangaroo were both taken from reports by the Australian Government’s Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water .
例如，东部灰袋鼠和红袋鼠的数量报告均取自澳大利亚政府气候变化、能源、环境和水部的报告。
The last estimates for both these species are from 2011 and are restricted to commercial harvest areas.
对这两个物种的最新估计来自 2011 年，并且仅限于商业收获区。
It may be that the true national population levels of these species are higher, as the figures do not include non-surveyed areas.
这些物种的真实全国种群数量可能更高，因为这些数字不包括未调查的地区。
It’s important to note that all these figures are uncertain, but the authors provide them as the best estimate.
值得注意的是，所有这些数字都是不确定的，但作者提供的只是最佳估计。
The figures are not without dispute or controversy.
这些数字并非没有争议。
Luca Santini and colleagues, for example, wrote a response to the original paper, arguing that IUCN population reports are not suited for providing biomass estimates.
例如，卢卡·桑蒂尼（Luca Santini）及其同事对原始论文做出了回应，认为 IUCN 种群报告不适合提供生物量估计。
13 The original authors also responded to this critique, with a point-by-point response, and maintain that while their figures are uncertain, they continue to provide a best estimate based on available data and methods.
13 原作者也逐条回应了这一批评，并坚持认为，虽然他们的数字不确定，但他们继续根据现有数据和方法提供最佳估计。
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To estimate the biomass of the remaining 94% of mammals, the authors used data from these 392 population reports and additional ecological information, including range size, body mass, IUCN Red List category, taxonomic order, and trophic level, to build a Support Vector Regression model with which they could make these estimates.
为了估计其余 94% 哺乳动物的生物量，作者使用了这 392 份种群报告中的数据和其他生态信息，包括范围大小、体重、IUCN 红色名录类别、分类顺序和营养级，建立了支持向量回归模型，他们可以用该模型进行这些估计。
For smaller mammals (<1kg), they used a simpler model which excluded range size.
对于较小的哺乳动物（<1公斤），他们使用了一个更简单的模型，排除了范围大小。
To make some of these figures more transparent, in the table below, we’ve included the assumptions about the assumed number of individuals and biomass of the top 10 species (which we showed a chart of earlier).
为了使其中一些数字更加透明，在下表中，我们纳入了有关前 10 个物种的假定个体数量和生物量的假设（我们在前面显示了图表）。
Note that we use the latest data available from their GitHub repository .
请注意，我们使用其 GitHub 存储库中提供的最新数据。
This can slightly differ from the figures in the academic paper itself, because they round their numbers in the paper to not overstate uncertainty.
这可能与学术论文本身中的数字略有不同，因为它们对论文中的数字进行四舍五入以避免夸大不确定性。
When marine mammals are included, wild mammals make up around 5%.
如果算上海洋哺乳动物，野生哺乳动物约占5%。
Having many different potential hosts means that pathogens struggle to amplify, as they would in a single species.
拥有许多不同的潜在宿主意味着病原体很难扩增，就像它们在单一物种中一样。
That can stop the spread of diseases and reduce the risk of zoonotic spillovers to humans.
这可以阻止疾病传播并降低人畜共患病蔓延给人类的风险。
It’s estimated that insectivorous bats prevent $4 billion worth of agricultural losses each year, in North America alone.
据估计，仅在北美，食虫蝙蝠每年就能避免价值 40 亿美元的农业损失。
Justin G.
贾斯汀·G.
Boyles et al., Economic Importance of Bats in Agriculture.
Boyles 等人，蝙蝠在农业中的经济重要性。
Science 332 , 41-42 (2011).
科学 332, 41-42 (2011)。
DOI:10.1126/science.1201366.
DOI：10.1126/science.1201366。
Greenspoon, L., Krieger, E., Sender, R., Rosenberg, Y., Bar-On, Y.
Greenspoon, L.、Krieger, E.、Sender, R.、Rosenberg, Y.、Bar-On, Y.
M., Moran, U., ...
M.，莫兰，U.，...
& Milo, R.
& 米洛，R.
(2023).
（2023）。
The global biomass of wild mammals.
野生哺乳动物的全球生物量。
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(10), e2204892120.
美国国家科学院院刊，120(10)，e2204892120。
The latest update of the Mammal Diversity Database has 6,759 mammal species recorded.
哺乳动物多样性数据库最新更新记录了 6,759 种哺乳动物。
However, 113 of those are extinct, leaving 6,646 alive today.
然而，其中 113 种已经灭绝，目前仅剩下 6,646 种。
This includes both land and marine mammals, but is dominated by the former.
这包括陆地和海洋哺乳动物，但以前者为主。
It’s estimated that there are around 137 marine mammal species.
据估计，海洋哺乳动物约有 137 种。
For simplicity, let’s say there are around 150.
为简单起见，假设大约有 150 个。
That would mean there are around 6,500 land mammal species.
这意味着大约有 6,500 种陆地哺乳动物。
Again, we’ve rounded this for simplicity.
再次，为了简单起见，我们对此进行了四舍五入。
Burgin, C.
布尔金，C.
J., Zijlstra, J.
J.，齐尔斯特拉，J.
S., Becker, M.
S.、贝克尔、M.
A., Handika, H., Alston, J.
A.、汉迪卡，H.、阿尔斯顿，J.
M., Widness, J., ...
M.、威德尼斯、J.、...
& Upham, N.
& 厄珀姆，N.
S.
S。
(2025).
（2025）。
How many mammal species are there now?
现在有多少种哺乳动物？
Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge.
分类学、命名法和地理知识的更新和趋势。
Journal of Mammology .
乳腺学杂志。
Mychajliw, A.
米查吉利夫，A.
M., & Thomas, A.
M.，＆托马斯，A.
J.
J。
(2023).
（2023）。
Marine Mammals: Exploited for Millennia, but Still Holding On.
海洋哺乳动物：被剥削了数千年，但仍然存在。
The Living Planet: The State of the World’s Wildlife; Maclean, N., Ed, 87.
生命星球：世界野生动物状况；麦克林，N.，埃德，87。
This also uses updated biomass figures for these ten species in a later paper by the same authors.
这还使用了同一作者后来发表的论文中这十个物种的更新生物量数据。
Greenspoon et al.
格林斯彭等人。
(2025).
（2025）。
The global biomass of mammals since 1850.
1850 年以来全球哺乳动物生物量。
Nature Communications .
自然通讯。
In a 2018 paper by Bar-On et al., the authors estimate that the biomass of wild land mammals declined sevenfold in the last 50,000 years.
在 Bar-On 等人 2018 年发表的一篇论文中，作者估计野生陆地哺乳动物的生物量在过去 5 万年中下降了七倍。
Some of this may have been the result of natural forcings, but humans likely played a significant role.
其中一些可能是自然强迫的结果，但人类可能发挥了重要作用。
Bar-On, Y.
巴昂，Y.
M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R.
M.、菲利普斯，R. 和米洛，R.
(2018).
（2018）。
The biomass distribution on Earth.
地球上的生物量分布。
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25), 6506-6511.
美国国家科学院院刊，115(25), 6506-6511。
Barnosky, A.
巴诺斯基，A.
D.
D .
(2008).
（2008）。
Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions.
巨型动物生物量权衡是第四纪和未来灭绝的驱动因素。
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(Supplement 1), 11543-11548.
美国国家科学院院刊，105（增刊 1），11543-11548。
Smith, F.
史密斯，F.
A., Elliott Smith, R.
A.、埃利奥特·史密斯、R.
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K., & Payne, J.
K.，＆佩恩，J.
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（2018）。
Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary.
第四纪晚期哺乳动物体型缩小。
Science, 360(6386), 310-313.
科学，360(6386), 310-313。
Lyons, S.
莱昂斯，S.
K., Smith, F.
K.、史密斯、F.
A., & Brown, J.
A.，＆布朗，J.
H.
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(2004).
（2004）。
Of mice, mastodons and men: human-mediated extinctions on four continents.
老鼠、乳齿象和人类：人类介导的四大洲灭绝。
Evolutionary Ecology Research, 6(3), 339-358.
进化生态学研究，6(3), 339-358。
Cardillo, M., Mace, G.
卡迪罗，M.，梅斯，G.
M., Jones, K.
M.、琼斯、K.
E., Bielby, J., Bininda-Emonds, O.
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R., Sechrest, W., ...
R.、塞赫雷斯特、W.、...
& Purvis, A.
＆珀维斯，A.
(2005).
（2005）。
Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species.
大型哺乳动物物种高灭绝风险的多种原因。
Science, 309(5738), 1239-1241.
科学，309（5738），1239-1241。
Dembitzer, J., Barkai, R., Ben-Dor, M., & Meiri, S.
Dembitzer, J.、Barkai, R.、Ben-Dor, M. 和 Meiri, S.
(2022).
（2022）。
Levantine overkill: 1.5 million years of hunting down the body size distribution.
黎凡特的过度杀戮：150万年来对身体尺寸分布的追捕。
Quaternary Science Reviews, 276, 107316.
第四纪科学评论，276, 107316。
Ripple, W.
瑞波，W.
J., Estes, J.
J.，埃斯蒂斯，J.
A., Beschta, R.
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C., Ritchie, E.
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G.、赫布尔怀特、M.、...
& Wirsing, A.
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(2014).
（2014）。
Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores.
世界上最大的食肉动物的现状和生态影响。
Science, 343(6167), 1241484.
科学，343（6167），1241484。
Ripple, W.
瑞波，W.
J., Beschta, R.
J.、贝施塔、R.
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E., & Wirsing, A.
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J.
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（2025）。
The strength of the Yellowstone trophic cascade after wolf reintroduction.
狼重新引入后黄石营养级联的强度。
Global Ecology and Conservation, 58, e03428.
全球生态与保护，58，e03428。
There’s debate about how big a role wolves played in the recovery of these ecosystems, but their introduction likely had some impact.
关于狼在这些生态系统的恢复中发挥多大作用存在争议，但它们的引入可能会产生一些影响。
Hobbs, N.
霍布斯，N.
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T.、约翰斯顿、D.
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B.、马歇尔、K.
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（2024）。
Does restoring apex predators to food webs restore ecosystems?
将顶级捕食者恢复到食物网中会恢复生态系统吗？
Large carnivores in Yellowstone as a model system.
以黄石公园的大型食肉动物为模型系统。
Ecological Monographs, 94(2), e1598.
生态专着，94(2)，e1598。
Loveridge, R., Wearn, O.
洛夫里奇，R.，韦恩，O.
R., Vieira, M., Bernard, H., & Ewers, R.
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（2016）。
Movement behavior of native and invasive small mammals shows logging may facilitate invasion in a tropical rainforest.
本地和入侵小型哺乳动物的运动行为表明，伐木可能会促进热带雨林的入侵。
Biotropica, 48(3), 373-380.
生物热带，48(3), 373-380。
Santini, L., Berzaghi, F., & Benítez-López, A.
Santini, L.、Berzaghi, F. 和 Benítez-López, A.
(2024).
（2024）。
Total population reports are ill-suited for global biomass estimation of wild animals.
总种群报告不适合野生动物的全球生物量估算。
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(4), e2308958121.
美国国家科学院院刊，121(4)，e2308958121。
Greenspoon, L., Rosenberg, Y., Meiri, S., Roll, U., Noor, E., & Milo, R.
Greenspoon, L.、Rosenberg, Y.、Meiri, S.、Roll, U.、Noor, E. 和 Milo, R.
(2024).
（2024）。
Reply to Santini et al.: Total population reports are necessary for global biomass estimation of wild mammals.
回复 Santini 等人：总种群报告对于野生哺乳动物的全球生物量估算是必要的。
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(4), e2316314121.
美国国家科学院院刊，121(4)，e2316314121。
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我们的文章和数据可视化依赖于许多不同的人和组织的工作。
When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources.
引用本文时，请同时注明底层数据来源。
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我们是一个活跃的网站，我们会保持我们的工作。
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所以我们的文章经常改，包括数据。
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