Anxiety is one of the world’s most common health issues. How have treatments evolved over the last 70 years?
Anxiety is the most common mental health condition globally.
焦虑是全球最常见的心理健康状况。
It’s estimated that 4% to 5% of people in the world have an anxiety disorder at any given time.
据估计，世界上有 4% 到 5% 的人在任何特定时间都患有焦虑症。
Long-term surveys in the United States suggest that around one-third of people experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.
美国的长期调查表明，大约三分之一的人在一生中的某个阶段经历过焦虑症。
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That means most of us will either struggle with anxiety ourselves or know someone close who has or will.
这意味着我们大多数人要么自己会与焦虑作斗争，要么认识亲近的人有或将会有焦虑。
This is also true for the two of us, and seeing how big an impact it can have on people’s everyday lives, we know that having effective treatments that alleviate or at least reduce symptoms can be life-changing.
对于我们两个人来说也是如此，看到它对人们的日常生活产生多大的影响，我们知道，采取有效的治疗方法来减轻或至少减少症状可以改变生活。
In this article, we examine the history of pharmacological treatments — specifically, drugs — used to treat anxiety since the 1950s.
在本文中，我们回顾了 20 世纪 50 年代以来用于治疗焦虑的药物治疗（特别是药物）的历史。
These have changed a lot in the five decades until the early 2000s, but there have been no new anxiety medications approved since 2004.
直到 2000 年代初的 5 年里，这些情况发生了很大变化，但自 2004 年以来，没有新的焦虑药物获得批准。
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While there has been a slowdown in the number of new drugs approved for anxiety (which is the focus of this article), the usage and number of prescriptions for anti-anxiety medications have likely continued to increase in recent decades.
虽然批准用于治疗焦虑的新药数量有所放缓（这是本文的重点），但近几十年来，抗焦虑药物的使用和处方数量可能持续增加。
It can be hard to get concrete and consistent data on this because, as we’ll see, many of the most recent drugs are primarily antidepressants; so even when prescription figures are available, it’s usually not clear whether they are being used to tackle depression or anxiety.
很难获得这方面具体且一致的数据，因为正如我们将看到的，许多最新的药物主要是抗抑郁药；因此，即使有处方数据，通常也不清楚它们是否用于治疗抑郁或焦虑。
In some cases, it can be both.
在某些情况下，两者都可以。
Even in just the last few years, there have been noticeable increases in the percentage of American adults receiving mental health treatment, which includes taking medications.
即使在过去的几年里，接受心理健康治疗（包括服用药物）的美国成年人的比例也显着增加。
Across the world, a range of treatments are used to alleviate anxiety.
在世界各地，有一系列的治疗方法被用来缓解焦虑。
Building a consistent timeline for all countries would be difficult, so here we focus on the timeline of medication approvals in the United States.
为所有国家建立一致的时间表是很困难的，因此这里我们重点关注美国药品批准的时间表。
At least 22 drugs have been officially approved for anxiety treatment there since 1955.
自 1955 年以来，至少有 22 种药物已被正式批准用于治疗焦虑症。
In the chart below, we’ve created a timeline.
在下图中，我们创建了一个时间表。
Each dot represents a single drug, with its official name and trade name (which you may have heard more about) labeled.
每个点代表一种药物，并标有其正式名称和商品名称（您可能听说过更多）。
Tuna Acisu and Saloni Dattani produced this dataset based on data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Tuna Acisu 和 Saloni Dattani 根据美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 的数据制作了该数据集。
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The date allocated to each drug is when the FDA first approved it.
分配给每种药物的日期是 FDA 首次批准该药物的日期。
This means the FDA found the molecule to be a safe and effective treatment for a particular condition.
这意味着 FDA 发现该分子是针对特定病症的安全有效的治疗方法。
Some of these drugs were first approved explicitly for anxiety, but others were used for other conditions and were only approved for anxiety later.
其中一些药物首先被明确批准用于治疗焦虑症，但其他药物则用于其他病症，后来才被批准用于治疗焦虑症。
For example, “duloxetine” was approved for the treatment of depression in 2004, which is the date shown on the timeline.
例如，“度洛西汀”于2004年被批准用于治疗抑郁症，这是时间线上显示的日期。
It got licensed for anxiety three years later.
三年后，它获得了治疗焦虑症的许可。
Each drug is colored according to its therapeutic class, determined by its active ingredient and mechanism of action in treating anxiety.
每种药物根据其治疗类别进行着色，由其活性成分和治疗焦虑的作用机制决定。
The timeline can be split into three big parts: tranquilizers in the 1950s, the benzodiazepine era up to the mid-1980s, and the era of antidepressants in the following two decades.
时间线可以分为三大部分：20世纪50年代的镇静剂、20世纪80年代中期的苯二氮卓类药物时代以及接下来的20年的抗抑郁药物时代。
The first medication on our timeline is meprobamate, commonly known as Miltown.
我们时间表上的第一种药物是甲丙氨酯，通常称为 Miltown。
It’s a tranquilizer, which was the main treatment for anxiety in the 1950s.
它是一种镇静剂，是 20 世纪 50 年代治疗焦虑症的主要药物。
Miltown has often been framed as the first “blockbuster” psychiatric drug in the United States, due to its popularity and how it was promoted to “consumers”.
由于其受欢迎程度以及向“消费者”的推广方式，Miltown 常常被认为是美国第一个“重磅”精神科药物。
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Miltown was marketed as a “minor tranquilizer”: it was said to take the edge off anxiety symptoms without the full effects of sedation that previous tranquilizers caused.
米尔敦被宣传为“轻微镇静剂”：据说它可以减轻焦虑症状，但不会像以前的镇静剂那样产生全面的镇静作用。
It worked by slowing activity in the central nervous system, often reducing the acute symptoms of anxiety.
它的作用是减缓中枢神经系统的活动，通常可以减轻焦虑的急性症状。
While it was safer than previous drugs, it still carried significant risks of overdose and addiction and was later replaced by safer treatments.
虽然它比以前的药物更安全，但它仍然存在服用过量和成瘾的巨大风险，后来被更安全的治疗方法所取代。
In this era, anxiety was often treated as a short-term nervous reaction.
在这个时代，焦虑常常被视为一种短期的神经反应。
That’s why treatments like tranquillizers were used: they targeted the physical symptoms of the nervous system rather than the underlying causes.
这就是为什么使用镇静剂等治疗方法：它们针对的是神经系统的身体症状，而不是根本原因。
But as you can see in the timeline, antidepressants, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) started being used in the early 1960s.
但正如您在时间轴中看到的那样，单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOIs) 和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 等抗抑郁药于 20 世纪 60 年代初开始使用。
These can alter the patient’s mood and affect their anxiety by changing brain chemistry.
这些可以通过改变大脑化学物质来改变患者的情绪并影响他们的焦虑。
Their effectiveness suggested that anxiety had a neurological basis that could be changed in the long term through medications, rather than relying only on short-term treatments that targeted nervous symptoms.
他们的有效性表明，焦虑具有神经学基础，可以通过药物长期改变，而不是仅仅依赖针对神经症状的短期治疗。
This represented a clear change in the overall scientific understanding of anxiety disorders.
这代表了对焦虑症的整体科学理解的明显变化。
The major treatment revolution of the 1960s and ‘70s was in the development of benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代的主要治疗革命是苯二氮卓类抗焦虑药的开发。
5 In the timeline above, you can see them in the red box.
5 在上面的时间轴中，您可以在红色框中看到它们。
These became the go-to anxiety treatment for decades.
几十年来，这些成为焦虑症的首选治疗方法。
Valium and Xanax are two of the most well-known drugs in this class.
安定和 Xanax 是此类药物中最著名的两种。
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effect of GABA, the brain’s main calming neurotransmitter.
苯二氮卓类药物通过增强 GABA 的作用发挥作用，GABA 是大脑主要的镇静神经递质。
By amplifying this neurotransmitter, these drugs reduce brain activity, producing relaxation and relief from anxiety.
通过放大这种神经递质，这些药物可以减少大脑活动，从而产生放松和缓解焦虑的效果。
A crucial feature of benzodiazepines is that they can work very quickly, reducing symptoms within hours or even minutes.
苯二氮卓类药物的一个重要特点是它们可以非常迅速地起效，在几小时甚至几分钟内减轻症状。
That’s very different from many antidepressants, which can take weeks to have an effect.
这与许多抗抑郁药非常不同，后者可能需要数周时间才能发挥作用。
Many studies on benzodiazepines have found positive results in reducing symptoms compared to a placebo.
许多关于苯二氮卓类药物的研究发现，与安慰剂相比，苯二氮卓类药物在减轻症状方面具有积极的效果。
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Benzodiazepines are often effective in treating acute physical symptoms such as panic attacks, but do not necessarily provide a long-term solution.
苯二氮卓类药物通常可以有效治疗惊恐发作等急性身体症状，但不一定能提供长期解决方案。
The main concerns with these drugs are tolerability, abuse, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms.
这些药物的主要问题是耐受性、滥用、依赖性和戒断症状。
7 Growing concerns about these problems led to them falling out of favour among many clinicians, especially with the arrival of SSRI antidepressants.
7 对这些问题的日益担忧导致它们不再受到许多临床医生的青睐，特别是随着 SSRI 抗抑郁药的问世。
5 Their use for anxiety has declined in the late twentieth century, even though some argue that benzodiazepines can be just as effective and tolerable for many people as the drugs that followed.
5 尽管有些人认为苯二氮卓类药物对于许多人来说与随后的药物一样有效且耐受性良好，但在二十世纪末，它们用于治疗焦虑的情况有所下降。
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In the late 1980s, a new generation of anxiety treatments was born: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
20 世纪 80 年代末，新一代焦虑疗法诞生：选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI)。
You can see them in the green box in our timeline.
您可以在我们时间线的绿色框中看到它们。
SSRIs were initially introduced to treat depression, but were also effective across several anxiety disorders.
SSRIs 最初被引入用于治疗抑郁症，但对治疗多种焦虑症也有效。
They work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin — a “messenger” in the brain that plays a key role in mood regulation, anxiety, and sleep — so that more of it remains available.
它们的作用是阻止血清素的重吸收——大脑中的“信使”，在情绪调节、焦虑和睡眠中发挥着关键作用——从而保留更多的血清素。
When someone struggles with an anxiety disorder, the amygdala in the brain (their “fear alarm system”) tends to be overactive, while their prefrontal cortex (which helps to regulate that fear) is underactive.
当一个人患有焦虑症时，大脑中的杏仁核（他们的“恐惧警报系统”）往往会过度活跃，而他们的前额叶皮层（有助于调节恐惧）则不活跃。
When SSRIs increase serotonin availability, they reduce the noise from the amygdala and strengthen the prefrontal cortex to regulate emotions of fear.
当 SSRI 增加血清素的可用性时，它们会减少杏仁核的噪音，并强化前额皮质以调节恐惧情绪。
That can reduce anxiety symptoms and panic responses.
这可以减少焦虑症状和恐慌反应。
Many studies show that SSRI antidepressants are effective in treating anxiety disorders.
许多研究表明 SSRI 抗抑郁药可有效治疗焦虑症。
A Cochrane Review , which included 37 studies focused on “generalized anxiety disorder”, concluded that they “have high confidence that antidepressants are more effective than placebo at improving treatment response”.
Cochrane 综述包括 37 项针对“广泛性焦虑症”的研究，得出的结论是，他们“高度相信抗抑郁药在改善治疗反应方面比安慰剂更有效”。
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Other large meta-analyses have found similar results for the treatment of general anxiety disorder.
其他大型荟萃分析也发现了治疗广泛性焦虑症的类似结果。
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SSRIs have also been shown to help with more specific anxiety disorders, such as social anxiety, but with smaller benefits.
SSRIs 也被证明可以帮助治疗更具体的焦虑症，例如社交焦虑，但效果较小。
11 A different Cochrane Review found that they were effective in treating social anxiety relative to a placebo, but this was based on “very low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence.” 12 This gives us lower confidence than the Cochrane Review on treating generalized anxiety disorder, which was based on higher-quality evidence.
11 另一项 Cochrane 综述发现，与安慰剂相比，它们可以有效治疗社交焦虑，但这是基于“非常低到中等质量的证据”。 12 这使我们对治疗广泛性焦虑症的信心低于 Cochrane 综述，后者基于更高质量的证据。
Still, it does suggest SSRIs likely have some positive impact on social anxiety, too.
尽管如此，它确实表明 SSRIs 也可能对社交焦虑产生一些积极的影响。
One key reason why doctors are much more likely to prescribe SSRIs over benzodiazepines is that they don’t have the same potential for abuse and dependency.
与苯二氮卓类药物相比，医生更愿意开 SSRI 类药物的一个关键原因是，它们不存在滥用和依赖性的可能性。
Unlike previous treatments, which often had a more acute and immediate effect, SSRIs tend to act more slowly.
与以前的治疗通常具有更迅速和更直接的效果不同，SSRIs 的作用往往更慢。
It can frequently take a month or more for people to feel the positive impacts on their symptoms and mood.
人们通常需要一个月或更长时间才能感受到对其症状和情绪的积极影响。
However, they tend to be more sustainable, long-term solutions, meaning people can safely take them for longer, compared to previous drugs.
然而，它们往往是更可持续的长期解决方案，这意味着与以前的药物相比，人们可以安全地长期服用它们。
Some of the most commonly prescribed medications for anxiety today are SSRIs approved in the 1990s.
目前治疗焦虑症最常用的一些药物是 20 世纪 90 年代批准的 SSRIs。
We both know several people who have taken sertraline (Zoloft) to manage their symptoms, for example.
例如，我们都认识一些服用舍曲林（左洛复）来控制症状的人。
A similar drug type, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), also became available in the 1990s and early 2000s.
类似的药物类型，血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRI)，也在 20 世纪 90 年代和 2000 年代初上市。
They block the reabsorption of serotonin, but also block another neurotransmitter called norepinephrine.
它们阻止血清素的重吸收，但也阻止另一种称为去甲肾上腺素的神经递质。
This can improve the patient’s energy levels, motivation, and focus — key symptoms for someone struggling with anxiety.
这可以提高患者的能量水平、积极性和注意力——这是与焦虑作斗争的人的关键症状。
The last new anxiety medication that was approved in the US was duloxetine, an SNRI.
美国批准的最后一种新的抗焦虑药物是度洛西汀（SNRI）。
This was in 2004, more than two decades ago.
那是2004年，二十多年前的事了。
The timeline we’ve just walked through is specific to the US.
我们刚刚走过的时间表是针对美国的。
But we’d find similar patterns for other countries, such as the UK or others in Europe.
但我们会发现其他国家也有类似的模式，例如英国或欧洲其他国家。
There would, however, be some differences, especially in the specific dates of approval.
然而，会有一些差异，特别是在具体批准日期方面。
There are also some drugs approved in Europe — etifoxine is one example — which are not approved in the US, and vice versa.
还有一些在欧洲获得批准的药物（依替福辛就是一个例子）在美国没有获得批准，反之亦然。
Citalopram is another example; it’s approved for panic disorder treatment in the UK, but is only used “off-label” for anxiety disorders in the US.
西酞普兰是另一个例子；它在英国被批准用于治疗恐慌症，但在美国仅用于“标签外”治疗焦虑症。
We send two regular newsletters so you can stay up to date on our work and receive curated highlights from across Our World in Data.
我们定期发送两份时事通讯，以便您及时了解我们的工作并接收来自“我们的数据世界”的精选亮点。
No new drugs have been approved for treating anxiety in almost twenty years.
近二十年来，还没有新药被批准用于治疗焦虑症。
But these two silent decades don’t mean there have been no developments in the treatment of anxiety.
但这两个沉寂的十年并不意味着焦虑症的治疗没有任何进展。
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First, there have been incremental changes in formulations and dosage regimes for existing medications.
首先，现有药物的配方和剂量方案发生了增量变化。
For example, the US FDA approved a delayed-release form of duloxetine — the last drug on the timeline — and an extended-release version of lorazepam, which was first approved in 1977.
例如，美国 FDA 批准了度洛西汀的延迟释放形式（时间表上的最后一种药物）和劳拉西泮的缓释版本，后者于 1977 年首次获得批准。
Europe provides another example, where the formulation Duloxetine Lilly was approved in 2014.
欧洲提供了另一个例子，礼来公司的度洛西汀配方于 2014 年获得批准。
However, these are adaptations of existing drugs rather than discoveries.
然而，这些都是对现有药物的改进，而不是发现。
Second, some newer antidepressant drugs are also prescribed “ off-label ” for anxiety.
其次，一些较新的抗抑郁药物也被“超适应症”开出治疗焦虑症的药物。
This means doctors decide, based on their judgment, that a particular drug could be useful for a patient with anxiety, despite it not being officially approved for that purpose.
这意味着医生根据他们的判断决定某种特定的药物可能对焦虑症患者有用，尽管该药物尚未被正式批准用于该目的。
There are a surprising number of these; we found at least twelve when working on this timeline.
其中的数量惊人；当我们研究这个时间线时，我们发现至少有十二个。
It’s worth noting that the lack of approval for anxiety specifically can have implications for their availability and affordability, as it can affect insurance coverage.
值得注意的是，缺乏对焦虑症的认可可能会对其可用性和负担能力产生影响，因为它会影响保险范围。
Third, several promising new drug innovations are at various stages of development and clinical trials.
第三，一些有前景的新药创新正处于不同的开发和临床试验阶段。
14 Some of these target the same pathways as SSRIs and SNRIs, but in improved ways.
14 其中一些药物的靶向途径与 SSRI 和 SNRI 相同，但方式有所改进。
Others take entirely novel approaches.
其他人则采取全新的方法。
Not all of these will succeed and become key treatments outside of the lab, but it seems likely that at least some will.
并非所有这些都会成功并成为实验室外的关键治疗方法，但似乎至少有一些会成功。
Finally, there have been developments in non-pharmaceutical treatments in recent decades.
最后，近几十年来非药物治疗也取得了进展。
This article focuses on drugs, but there is an increasing number of other approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy, non-invasive neurostimulation, and virtual reality exposure technologies.
本文重点讨论药物，但还有越来越多的其他方法，包括认知行为疗法、非侵入性神经刺激和虚拟现实暴露技术。
Despite these, it’s hard to dispute that progress in the last few decades has slowed relative to the previous 50 years.
尽管如此，无可否认的是，过去几十年的进步相对于过去 50 年已经放缓。
While existing treatments can be very effective for some people — in fact, life-changing for some — we still have some way to go to develop effective treatments for everyone who struggles with an anxiety disorder, and ensure these treatments are available to them.
虽然现有的治疗方法对某些人来说非常有效，事实上，可以改变一些人的生活，但我们仍然有很长的路要走，才能为每个患有焦虑症的人开发有效的治疗方法，并确保他们能够获得这些治疗方法。
Many thanks to Saloni Dattani for helping to prepare the dataset on which this timeline relies.
非常感谢 Saloni Dattani 帮助准备该时间线所依赖的数据集。
Thanks also to Max Roser and Edouard Mathieu for their feedback and comments on this article and its visualization.
还要感谢 Max Roser 和 Edouard Mathieu 对本文及其可视化的反馈和评论。
Scientists have developed effective and safer antipsychotic medications, but much improvement is still needed.
科学家们已经开发出有效且更安全的抗精神病药物，但仍需要大量改进。
Global data on mental health is essential to understand the scale and patterns of these illnesses, and how to reduce them.
全球心理健康数据对于了解这些疾病的规模和模式以及如何减少这些疾病至关重要。
How do researchers collect this data, and how reliable is it?
研究人员如何收集这些数据，其可靠性如何？
Mental illnesses are a range of conditions that significantly affect people’s lives.
精神疾病是一系列严重影响人们生活的疾病。
What are their symptoms?
他们的症状是什么？
This is based on the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) , which is widely referenced in the scientific literature.
这是基于美国国家合并症调查 (NCS)，该调查在科学文献中被广泛引用。
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Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options.
焦虑症的药物治疗：当前和新兴的治疗选择。
Frontiers in psychiatry.
精神病学前沿。
While no new drugs have been approved since 2004, some other new antidepressants are used "off-label" for anxiety.
虽然自 2004 年以来没有新药获得批准，但其他一些新的抗抑郁药被“标签外”用于治疗焦虑症。
"Off-label" means a doctor decides that a particular drug could be useful for a patient, despite it not being officially approved for anxiety treatment.
“标签外”意味着医生认为某种特定药物可能对患者有用，尽管该药物尚未被正式批准用于治疗焦虑症。
A database of medications approved in the US can be found in the FDA’s Orange Book , and Drugs@FDA .
美国批准的药物数据库可以在 FDA 的橙皮书和 Drugs@FDA 中找到。
Kocsis, J.
科奇斯，J.
H.
H.
(2009).
（2009）。
Happy pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac.
美国的快乐药丸：从米尔敦到百忧解。
The Journal of Clinical Investigation.
临床研究杂志。
López-Muñoz, F., Álamo, C., & García-García, P.
洛佩斯-穆尼奥斯，F.，阿拉莫，C.，和加西亚-加西亚，P.
(2011).
（2011）。
The discovery of chlordiazepoxide and the clinical introduction of benzodiazepines: half a century of anxiolytic drugs.
利眠宁的发现和苯二氮卓类药物的临床应用：半个世纪的抗焦虑药物。
Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
焦虑症杂志。
Slee, A., Nazareth, I., Bondaronek, P., Liu, Y., Cheng, Z., & Freemantle, N.
Slee, A.、Nazareth, I.、Bondaronek, P.、Liu, Y.、Cheng, Z. 和 Freemantle, N.
(2019).
（2019）。
Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
广泛性焦虑症的药物治疗：系统评价和网络荟萃分析。
The Lancet.
柳叶刀。
Fernandes, H., Novais, C., Sousa-Pinto, B., Soares-da-Silva, P., & Azevedo, L.
Fernandes, H.、Novais, C.、Sousa-Pinto, B.、Soares-da-Silva, P. 和 Azevedo, L.
F.
F。
(2025).
（2025）。
Comparative efficacy and safety of benzodiazepines in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
苯二氮卓类药物治疗广泛性焦虑症患者的疗效和安全性比较：系统评价和网络荟萃分析。
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.
心理治疗和心身学。
Balon, R., & Starcevic, V.
Balon，R. 和 Starcevic，V.
(2020).
（2020）。
Role of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders.
苯二氮卓类药物在焦虑症中的作用。
Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries.
焦虑症：重新思考和理解最近的发现。
This Cochrane Review does find evidence that it’s effective relative to a placebo in treating panic disorder, but with lower-quality evidence:
这篇 Cochrane 综述确实发现了证据表明它相对于安慰剂在治疗恐慌症方面更有效，但证据质量较低：
Breilmann, J., Girlanda, F., Guaiana, G., Barbui, C., Cipriani, A., Castellazzi, M., ...
Breilmann, J.、Giranda, F.、Guaiana, G.、Barbui, C.、Cipriani, A.、Castellazzi, M....
& Koesters, M.
＆科斯特斯，M.
(2019).
（2019）。
Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults.
苯二氮卓类药物与安慰剂治疗成人惊恐障碍的比较。
Cochrane database of systematic reviews.
Cochrane 系统评价数据库。
Studies suggest that the number of overdoses involving Benzodiazepines has continued to increase over the last few decades.
研究表明，过去几十年来，苯二氮卓类药物过量的数量持续增加。
Bachhuber, M.
巴赫胡贝尔，M.
A., Hennessy, S., Cunningham, C.
A.、轩尼诗，S.、坎宁安，C.
O., & Starrels, J.
O.，＆斯塔雷尔斯，J.
L.
L。
(2016).
（2016）。
Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996–2013.
1996 年至 2013 年，美国苯二氮卓类药物处方量和用药过量死亡率不断增加。
American journal of public health, 106(4), 686-688.
美国公共卫生杂志，106(4), 686-688。
In 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration updated its warning labels on benzodiazepine drugs to communicate these risks more clearly:
2020年，美国食品和药物管理局更新了苯二氮卓类药物的警告标签，以更清楚地传达这些风险：
“To address the serious risks of abuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions, on September 23, 2020 FDA required the Boxed Warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines.
“为了解决滥用、成瘾、身体依赖和戒断反应的严重风险，FDA 于 2020 年 9 月 23 日要求更新所有苯二氮卓类药物的黑框警告。
Benzodiazepines are widely used to treat many conditions, including anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.
苯二氮卓类药物广泛用于治疗多种疾病，包括焦虑、失眠和癫痫发作。
Benzodiazepines can be an important treatment option for treating disorders for which these drugs are indicated.
苯二氮卓类药物可能是治疗这些药物适用的疾病的重要治疗选择。
However, even when taken at recommended dosages, their use can lead to misuse, abuse, and addiction.
然而，即使按照推荐剂量服用，它们的使用也可能导致误用、滥用和成瘾。
Abuse and misuse can result in overdose or death, especially when benzodiazepines are combined with other medicines, such as opioid pain relievers, alcohol, or illicit drugs.
滥用和误用可能导致用药过量或死亡，特别是当苯二氮卓类药物与其他药物（例如阿片类止痛药、酒精或非法药物）合用时。
Physical dependence can occur when benzodiazepines are taken steadily for several days to weeks, even as prescribed.
即使按照处方连续服用苯二氮卓类药物数天至数周，也会出现身体依赖性。
Stopping them abruptly or reducing the dosage too quickly can result in withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening.”
突然停止服用或过快减少剂量可能会导致戒断反应，包括癫痫发作，这可能危及生命。”
Balon, R., & Starcevic, V.
Balon，R. 和 Starcevic，V.
(2020).
（2020）。
Role of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders.
苯二氮卓类药物在焦虑症中的作用。
Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries.
焦虑症：重新思考和理解最近的发现。
Kopcalic, K., Arcaro, J., Pinto, A., Ali, S., Barbui, C., Curatoli, C., ...
Kopcalic, K.、Arcaro, J.、Pinto, A.、Ali, S.、Barbui, C.、Curatoli, C....
& Guaiana, G.
＆瓜亚纳，G.
(2025).
（2025）。
Antidepressants versus placebo for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).
抗抑郁药与安慰剂治疗广泛性焦虑症（GAD）的比较。
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Cochrane 系统评价数据库。
Slee, A., Nazareth, I., Bondaronek, P., Liu, Y., Cheng, Z., & Freemantle, N.
Slee, A.、Nazareth, I.、Bondaronek, P.、Liu, Y.、Cheng, Z. 和 Freemantle, N.
(2019).
（2019）。
Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
广泛性焦虑症的药物治疗：系统评价和网络荟萃分析。
The Lancet.
柳叶刀。
Baldwin, D., Woods, R., Lawson, R., & Taylor, D.
鲍德温，D.、伍兹，R.、劳森，R. 和泰勒，D.
(2011).
（2011）。
Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.
药物治疗广泛性焦虑症的疗效：系统评价和荟萃分析。
Bmj, 342.
英国医学杂志，342。
Williams, T., McCaul, M., Schwarzer, G., Cipriani, A., Stein, D.
威廉姆斯，T.，麦考尔，M.，施瓦泽，G.，西普里亚尼，A.，斯坦，D.
J., & Ipser, J.
J.，& 伊普瑟，J.
(2020).
（2020）。
Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
成人社交焦虑症的药物治疗：系统评价和网络荟萃分析。
Acta Neuropsychiatrica.
神经精神病学学报。
Williams, T., Hattingh, C.
威廉姆斯，T.，哈廷，C.
J., Kariuki, C.
J.、卡里乌基、C.
M., Tromp, S.
M.、特罗普、S.
A., van Balkom, A.
A.，范巴尔科姆，A.
J., Ipser, J.
J.，伊普瑟，J.
C., & Stein, D.
C.、斯坦因、D.
J.
J。
(2017).
（2017）。
Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD).
社交焦虑症（SAnD）的药物治疗。
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Cochrane 系统评价数据库。
Tadros, E., Keerthana, S., Padder, S., Totlani, J., Hirsch, D., Kaidbay, D.
Tadros, E.、Keerthana, S.、Padder, S.、Totlani, J.、Hirsch, D.、Kaidbay, D.
N., ...
尼，...
& IsHak, W.
& 伊斯哈克，W.
W.
W.
(2025).
（2025）。
Anxiety disorders, PTSD and OCD: systematic review of approved psychiatric medications (2008–2024) and pipeline phase III medications.
焦虑症、创伤后应激障碍和强迫症：对已批准的精神科药物（2008-2024）和管道 III 期药物的系统评价。
Drugs in Context.
背景下的药物。
IsHak, W.
伊斯哈克，W.
W., Meyer, A., Freire, L., Totlani, J., Murphy, N., Renteria, S., ...
W.、迈耶，A.、弗莱雷，L.、托特兰尼，J.、墨菲，N.、伦特里亚，S.，...
& Danovitch, I.
& 丹诺维奇，I.
(2024).
（2024）。
Overview of psychiatric medications in the pipeline in phase III trials as of June 1, 2024: a systematic review.
截至 2024 年 6 月 1 日，正在进行 III 期试验的精神科药物概述：系统评价。
Innovations in clinical neuroscience.
临床神经科学的创新。
Tadros, E., Keerthana, S., Padder, S., Totlani, J., Hirsch, D., Kaidbay, D.
Tadros, E.、Keerthana, S.、Padder, S.、Totlani, J.、Hirsch, D.、Kaidbay, D.
N., ...
尼，...
& IsHak, W.
& 伊斯哈克，W.
W.
W.
(2025).
（2025）。
Anxiety disorders, PTSD and OCD: systematic review of approved psychiatric medications (2008–2024) and pipeline phase III medications.
焦虑症、创伤后应激障碍和强迫症：对已批准的精神科药物（2008-2024）和管道 III 期药物的系统评价。
Drugs in Context, 14, 2024-11.
背景下的毒品，14，2024-11。
Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations.
我们的文章和数据可视化依赖于许多不同的人和组织的工作。
When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources.
引用本文时，请同时注明底层数据来源。
This article can be cited as:
这篇文章可以引用为：
We are a live site and we keep our work maintained.
我们是一个活跃的网站，我们会保持我们的工作。
So our articles are often changed, including the data.
所以我们的文章经常改，包括数据。
You can browse previous versions of this work here.
您可以在此处浏览此作品的先前版本。