Childhood stunting fell dramatically over the 20th century
One in four children in the world today suffers from stunting.
当今世界上四分之一的儿童患有发育迟缓。
That’s 150 million children under five years old.
那是 1.5 亿五岁以下儿童。
A child is considered stunted if they are too short for their age.
如果孩子对于其年龄而言太矮，则被视为发育迟缓。
It is a consequence of malnutrition.
这是营养不良的结果。
Here, we’re not simply talking about children who are slightly smaller than their peers, but those who are shorter than the medically acceptable range for healthy growth.
在这里，我们谈论的不仅仅是比同龄人略小的孩子，而是那些低于医学上可接受的健康成长范围的孩子。
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Stunting reflects poor nutrition and frequent exposure to disease or illness, which reduces their ability to retain nutrients and increases their requirements.
发育迟缓反映了营养不良和经常接触疾病或疾病，这降低了他们保留营养的能力并增加了他们的需求。
Stunting suggests that a child’s development has been hindered, and its impacts are not limited to childhood: it affects both physical and cognitive progress and can persist throughout a person’s life.
发育迟缓表明儿童的发育受到阻碍，其影响不仅限于童年：它会影响身体和认知的进步，并可能持续一生。
Looking at rates across the world today, we see huge differences: stunting has been almost eliminated in some countries, but there are still many in Asia and Africa where it affects more than a third of children.
纵观当今世界各地的比率，我们看到了巨大的差异：发育迟缓在一些国家几乎已经消除，但在亚洲和非洲仍有许多国家，其影响了超过三分之一的儿童。
This raises the question of when and how stunting was reduced in the places where it’s rare today.
这就提出了一个问题：在今天发育迟缓的地方，发育迟缓是何时以及如何减少的。
Until now, researchers had only high-quality data on stunting rates dating back to the 1990s.
到目前为止，研究人员仅掌握了 20 世纪 90 年代有关发育迟缓率的高质量数据。
But a major effort by Eric Schneider and colleagues filled this gap by carefully collecting records that allow us to see how things have changed over more than a century.
但埃里克·施奈德（Eric Schneider）及其同事的一项重大努力填补了这一空白，他们仔细收集了记录，使我们能够了解一个多世纪以来事物的变化。
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The data they published in their recent paper shows that childhood stunting fell dramatically across many countries over the 20th century.
他们在最近的论文中发表的数据显示，20 世纪许多国家的儿童发育迟缓率急剧下降。
You can explore this data via the chart below.
您可以通过下面的图表探索这些数据。
By the 1990s, when many high-income nations had reduced stunting rates to under 10%, it was still a huge problem in many low-to-middle-income countries.
到了 20 世纪 90 年代，许多高收入国家已将发育迟缓率降至 10% 以下，但这对许多中低收入国家来说仍然是一个大问题。
However, they have also made progress.
不过，他们也取得了进步。
In the chart below, you can see stunting rates for a selection of middle-income countries.
在下图中，您可以看到一些中等收入国家的发育迟缓率。
You can explore many more countries via the interactive chart.
您可以通过交互式图表探索更多国家。
This long-run data, in itself, shows that child health can improve dramatically, and that high rates of stunting are not inevitable.
这些长期数据本身表明，儿童健康状况可以显着改善，而且高发育迟缓率并非不可避免。
To understand how progress is possible, I want to zoom in on one country: Japan.
为了了解如何才能取得进展，我想重点关注一个国家：日本。
At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 70% of Japanese children were stunted.
20世纪初，超过70%的日本儿童发育迟缓。
Today, very few are.
如今，这样的人已经很少了。
The fact that we have this long-run data showing Japan’s path from widespread to low levels of stunting means we can contextualize and understand where many low- and middle-income countries now sit in this historical trajectory.
事实上，我们拥有的长期数据显示了日本从普遍发育迟缓到低水平发育迟缓的过程，这意味着我们可以了解并了解许多低收入和中等收入国家目前在这一历史轨迹中的位置。
The chart below shows Japan’s decline in stunting over the last hundred years alongside rates across a selection of countries in the 2010s.
下图显示了过去百年日本发育迟缓率的下降以及 2010 年代一些国家的发育迟缓率的下降。
Japan has such high-quality data that we can plot this as an annual series.
日本拥有如此高质量的数据，我们可以将其绘制为年度系列。
3 Note that the data is based on the birth year of each cohort of children, not the measurement year (which is why the gap during the Second World War appears earlier than expected).
3 请注意，数据是基于每组儿童的出生年份，而不是测量年份（这就是为什么第二次世界大战期间的差距出现得早于预期的原因）。
You can see, for example, that today Burundi and East Timor have rates comparable to Japan in the 1920s.
例如，您可以看到，如今布隆迪和东帝汶的汇率与 1920 年代的日本相当。
Malawi and India to Japan in the 1940s.
20 世纪 40 年代从马拉维和印度到日本。
Understanding the interventions and changes in Japan at each level of stunting could offer valuable lessons for countries at different stages of their own journey.
了解日本在各个发育迟缓水平上的干预措施和变化可以为处于不同发展阶段的国家提供宝贵的经验教训。
It’s useful to break Japan’s timeline into a few key periods: the early 1900s, before the Second World War, when stunting declined at a moderate pace; the war itself, when progress stalled; and then the post-war period, where stunting fell dramatically.
将日本的时间线分为几个关键时期是有用的：1900 年代初期，第二次世界大战之前，发育迟缓的情况以温和的速度下降；战争本身，当进展停滞时；然后是战后时期，发育迟缓率急剧下降。
In the early 1900s, stunting rates fell from around 70% to 40–45% by the early 1940s.
1900 年代初，发育迟缓率从 70% 左右下降到 1940 年代初的 40-45%。
Rates were falling at around 0.8 percentage points per year, on average.
利率平均每年下降 0.8 个百分点左右。
While improvements in nutrition played a crucial role in reducing stunting after the war, the research suggests that, in this pre-war period, tackling infectious disease was more important.
虽然营养的改善在减少战后发育迟缓方面发挥了至关重要的作用，但研究表明，在战前时期，应对传染病更为重要。
4 Over the first half of the 20th century, deaths from gastrointestinal diseases in Japan fell substantially.
4 20 世纪上半叶，日本因胃肠道疾病死亡的人数大幅下降。
Across the country, rates fell by roughly 40%, and in major cities they more than halved in just a decade.
全国范围内，房价下降了约 40%，主要城市的房价在短短十年内下降了一半以上。
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A big part of this progress came from the expansion of piped water.
这一进步的很大一部分来自于自来水的扩张。
6 In Tokyo, the share of households with access to a water supply increased from around 30% in 1920 to 80% in the mid-1930s.
6 在东京，能够获得供水的家庭比例从 1920 年的 30% 左右增加到 1930 年代中期的 80%。
Researchers have estimated that this clean water buildout accounted for 30% to 40% of the reduction in child mortality and infectious disease deaths over this period.
研究人员估计，这一时期儿童死亡率和传染病死亡人数下降的 30% 至 40% 归功于清洁水的建设。
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What does this mean for countries with pre-war-Japan levels of stunting today?
这对于当今日本战前发育迟缓水平的国家意味着什么？
If we look at some of the countries with very high stunting rates, we see that child deaths from diarrheal diseases are common.
如果我们观察一些发育迟缓率非常高的国家，就会发现儿童死于腹泻病的情况很常见。
Some of them are highlighted in the chart below, where several stand out as having higher death rates than other countries at similar incomes.
其中一些国家在下图中突出显示，其中一些国家的死亡率高于其他收入相似的国家。
Japan’s history suggests that these countries could reduce childhood stunting by focusing on controlling infectious diseases through the expansion of clean water, safe sanitation, and hygiene facilities.
日本的历史表明，这些国家可以通过扩大清洁水、安全卫生设施和卫生设施来重点控制传染病，从而减少儿童发育迟缓。
Before moving on to Japan’s steep decline in stunting after the Second World War, it’s worth noting that progress stalled and may even have reversed during the war’s latter stages.
在谈到二战后日本发育迟缓的急剧下降之前，值得注意的是，在战争后期，进展陷入停滞，甚至可能出现逆转。
The research suggests that there was a temporary, and quite severe, reversal in nutritional levels.
研究表明，营养水平出现了暂时的、相当严重的逆转。
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The average daily supply of calories dropped from around 2,100 kcal in 1941 to less than 1,800 kcal in 1945.
平均每日卡路里供应量从1941年的约2,100大卡下降到1945年的不足1,800大卡。
8 Surveys from Tokyo in the final stages of the war reported that the vast majority of children were eating one meal a day or less.
8 战争最后阶段东京的调查显示，绝大多数儿童每天只吃一顿饭或更少。
Data collection was much more limited during the war, which is why you see a gap in the earlier time series for Japan.
战争期间的数据收集更加有限，这就是为什么您会在日本的早期时间序列中看到差距。
But this chart also shows that stunting levels were higher after the war than before it.
但这张图表还显示，战后的发育迟缓程度高于战前。
What’s interesting about this cohort of stunted Japanese children is that they managed to catch up with their peers later in childhood.
这群发育不良的日本儿童的有趣之处在于，他们在童年后期就设法赶上了同龄人。
9 By adulthood, they were just as tall.
9 成年后，他们的身高也一样高。
This suggests that when conditions improve, children can recover from early nutritional shocks during later childhood, not just in the first few years of life.
这表明，当情况改善时，儿童可以在童年后期（而不仅仅是生命的最初几年）从早期营养冲击中恢复过来。
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This has important implications for policy: if catch-up growth is possible (which is what this Japanese data suggests), preventing deficiencies in the first place is cheaper and more beneficial, but improving nutrition throughout childhood still gives children the opportunity to close the gap.
这对政策具有重要意义：如果追赶性增长是可能的（日本数据表明这一点），那么首先预防营养缺陷的成本更低、更有益，但改善整个童年时期的营养仍然让儿童有机会缩小差距。
After the war, the decline in stunting accelerated, averaging around 2.2 percentage points per year.
战后，发育迟缓率加速下降，平均每年下降约 2.2 个百分点。
The pre-war period tackled disease; the post-war period tackled disease and diet at the same time, which is why progress was nearly three times faster.
战前时期主要是应对疾病；战后时期同时解决疾病和饮食问题，这就是为什么进展速度快了近三倍。
Japanese public health researchers later described Japan as “the paradise of parasites” during this period.
日本公共卫生研究人员后来将这一时期的日本描述为“寄生虫的天堂”。
11 As many as 7 in 10 people living in rural areas were infected with roundworm and hookworm , parasites that live in the intestine and prevent nutrients from being absorbed properly.
11 生活在农村地区的人口中，多达十分之七感染了蛔虫和钩虫，这些寄生虫生活在肠道中，阻碍营养物质的正常吸收。
12 Other infectious diseases were also rampant.
12 其他传染病也很猖獗。
But in the thirty years following the war, things changed.
但在战后的三十年里，情况发生了变化。
Japan effectively eliminated diseases such as hookworm , ascariasis , and malaria , and saw a significant drop in diarrheal disease.
日本有效消除了钩虫病、蛔虫病、疟疾等疾病，腹泻病大幅减少。
This was the result of significant investments in scaling up clean water supplies and sanitation, deworming programs in schools, and hygiene education.
这是在扩大清洁水供应和卫生设施、学校驱虫计划以及卫生教育方面进行了大量投资的结果。
Between 1950 and 1980, the share of people with clean piped water increased from less than 30% to over 80%.
1950年至1980年间，拥有清洁自来水的人口比例从不足30%增加到80%以上。
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Another, unappreciated change was the transition from “nightsoil” to chemical fertilizers.
另一个未被重视的变化是从“粪土”向化肥的转变。
For much of the 20th century, Japanese agriculture relied heavily on human excrement (nightsoil) as a nutrient source.
在 20 世纪的大部分时间里，日本农业严重依赖人类排泄物（粪便）作为营养来源。
14 Before the Second World War, some of this was displaced by synthetic chemical fertilizers, but during the war, these supplies were almost completely cut off.
14 在第二次世界大战之前，其中一些被合成化肥取代，但在战争期间，这些供应几乎完全被切断。
This practice was a key source of parasitic infection, particularly hookworm, among rural populations.
这种做法是农村人口寄生虫感染（尤其是钩虫）的主要来源。
Parasite eggs from the excrement could survive in the soil for weeks; people then ingested them either through eating vegetables and other foods grown in the fields, or through larvae penetrating the skin of people working in the fields.
粪便中的寄生虫卵可以在土壤中存活数周；然后，人们通过食用田间种植的蔬菜和其他食物，或通过幼虫穿透在田间劳作的人的皮肤来摄入它们。
In the post-war decades, chemical fertilizers gradually replaced nightsoil again, breaking the transmission chain of these parasites through agriculture.
战后几十年，化肥再次逐渐取代粪便，打破了这些寄生虫通过农业的传播链。
Exposure to infectious diseases dropped significantly.
接触传染病的机会显着下降。
In most countries with stunting rates in the 5% to 40% range today, tackling infectious diseases through expanded access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene practices is crucial.
如今，在大多数发育迟缓率在 5% 至 40% 范围内的国家，通过扩大安全用水、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯来应对传染病至关重要。
Death rates attributable to a lack of these resources are still very high relative to where Japan is today.
与日本目前的情况相比，由于缺乏这些资源而导致的死亡率仍然非常高。
Diseases such as filariasis , caused by parasitic worms, are still common .
由寄生虫引起的丝虫病等疾病仍然很常见。
Japan achieved this by building out infrastructure and education programs on the importance of hygiene practices.
日本通过建设基础设施和宣传卫生习惯重要性的教育计划实现了这一目标。
This was a crucial part of the country’s strategy, particularly in schools.
这是国家战略的重要组成部分，特别是在学校方面。
Reductions in stunting were so fast, not just because disease burden declined and children could retain nutrients more easily, but also because nutritional intakes improved.
发育迟缓的减少如此之快，不仅是因为疾病负担减轻了，儿童可以更容易地保留营养，还因为营养摄入量得到了改善。
Over the second half of the 20th century, food consumption in Japan shifted from being heavily reliant on staples such as rice and cereals to one with more meat, seafood, and fruit.
20世纪下半叶，日本的食品消费从严重依赖大米和谷物等主食转变为更多地依赖肉类、海鲜和水果。
In the chart below, you can see this transition, measured as the average daily supply of different food groups since 1961 (the earliest year for which data is available).
在下图中，您可以看到这种转变，以 1961 年（有数据的最早年份）以来不同食物组的平均每日供应量来衡量。
Not only did total calorie intake increase after the war, but this diversification also increased consumption of crucial micronutrients and high-quality proteins, which had previously been missing from a monotonous, cereal-dominant diet.
战后不仅总卡路里摄入量增加，而且这种多样化还增加了关键微量营养素和优质蛋白质的消耗，而这些在以前以谷物为主的单调饮食中是缺失的。
The American occupation of Japan in the years after the war had a positive influence on these nutritional trends.
战后美国对日本的占领对这些营养趋势产生了积极影响。
From the late 1940s to the early 1950s, the United States provided large food aid programs.
从 20 世纪 40 年代末到 50 年代初，美国提供了大规模的粮食援助计划。
These programs increased total consumption but also made foods such as bread and milk staples in the Japanese diet, where they hadn’t been before.
这些计划增加了总消费量，但也使面包和牛奶等主食成为日本饮食中以前从未出现过的食物。
The Japanese government made childhood nutrition a priority.
日本政府将儿童营养作为优先事项。
The post-war period marked a huge scale-up in school lunches.
战后时期，学校午餐大幅增加。
15 You can see this rollout in the chart below.
15 您可以在下图中看到此推出。
In 1948, half of school children were receiving partial lunches; that is, meals with milk and side dishes.
1948 年，一半的学童只吃部分午餐；也就是加牛奶和配菜的饭菜。
By the 1960s, almost all children were receiving complete lunches, which were even more substantial.
到了 20 世纪 60 年代，几乎所有的孩子都能吃到完整的午餐，而且更加丰盛。
Children’s nutrition dramatically improved, and so did their mothers’.
儿童的营养状况显着改善，他们的母亲也是如此。
One reason why Japanese stunting rates were previously so high was because of maternal malnutrition.
此前日本发育迟缓率如此之高的原因之一是母亲营养不良。
A malnourished mother greatly increases the risk of a baby being born underweight.
营养不良的母亲会大大增加婴儿出生时体重不足的风险。
Between 1900 and 1970, average birth weight in Japan increased by 250 grams.
1900年至1970年间，日本的平均出生体重增加了250克。
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In a number of low-to-middle-income countries today, many babies are born with low birthweights .
如今，在许多中低收入国家，许多婴儿出生时体重较低。
In countries such as India, it’s more than one-quarter.
在印度等国家，这一比例超过四分之一。
Improving maternal health is therefore essential to make sure that children are not at a disadvantage before they’re even born.
因此，改善孕产妇健康对于确保儿童在出生前不处于不利地位至关重要。
We send two regular newsletters so you can stay up to date on our work and receive curated highlights from across Our World in Data.
我们定期发送两份时事通讯，以便您及时了解我们的工作并接收来自“我们的数据世界”的精选亮点。
Japan’s progress on stunting was impressive.
日本在发育迟缓方面取得的进展令人印象深刻。
But it is not unique.
但这并不是独一无二的。
Some countries in recent decades have achieved declines as steep as Japan’s post-war transformation.
近几十年来，一些国家的经济衰退程度堪比日本的战后转型。
In the chart below, you can see data for Ethiopia, Nepal, and Peru over the past few decades.
在下图中，您可以看到埃塞俄比亚、尼泊尔和秘鲁过去几十年的数据。
These are often held up as modern exemplars of countries making rapid progress.
这些国家常常被视为取得快速进步的现代国家的典范。
What’s notable is that they span South America, Africa, and Asia.
值得注意的是，它们横跨南美洲、非洲和亚洲。
While this new long-run dataset on stunting rates over the 20th century helps us understand that it is not inevitable, we should also be honest about the challenges in ending stunting everywhere.
虽然这个关于 20 世纪发育迟缓率的新长期数据集帮助我们理解这并非不可避免，但我们也应该诚实地面对消除各地发育迟缓所面临的挑战。
Countries like Burundi and India are where Japan was decades ago.
布隆迪和印度等国家的情况与日本几十年前的情况相同。
Japan's experience shows that transformation is possible, but it requires simultaneous action on disease, diet, and infrastructure sustained over a generation.
日本的经验表明，转型是可能的，但需要在一代人的时间里同时针对疾病、饮食和基础设施采取行动。
Nonetheless, that seems like an investment worth making.
尽管如此，这似乎是一项值得进行的投资。
The future of hundreds of millions of children depends on it.
数亿儿童的未来取决于此。
Many thanks to Eric Schneider and Juliana Jaramillo Echeverri for the provision of data and feedback on this article.
非常感谢 Eric Schneider 和 Juliana Jaramillo Echeverri 为本文提供数据和反馈。
We’d also like to thank Max Roser and Edouard Mathieu for comments and editorial feedback.
我们还要感谢 Max Roser 和 Edouard Mathieu 的评论和编辑反馈。
Stunting is an important marker of childhood malnutrition.
发育迟缓是儿童营养不良的一个重要标志。
But what is it, and how is it measured?
但它是什么，又是如何衡量的呢？
Improving the nutrition of mothers and children could save many lives at a relatively low cost.
改善母亲和儿童的营养可以以相对较低的成本挽救许多生命。
A healthy, nutritious diet is much more expensive than a calorie sufficient one.
健康、营养的饮食比热量充足的饮食贵得多。
The World Health Organization (WHO) publishes growth standards showing the expected height trajectory for healthy children.
世界卫生组织 (WHO) 发布了显示健康儿童预期身高轨迹的生长标准。
A child is considered stunted if their height-for-age falls more than two standard deviations below the median — roughly the bottom 2.5% of the reference distribution.
如果儿童的年龄别身高比中位数（大约是参考分布的底部 2.5%）低两个标准差以上，则被视为发育迟缓。
So, a child is stunted if their height is more than two standard deviations below the median for their age.
因此，如果孩子的身高比其年龄中位数低两个标准差以上，则孩子就会发育迟缓。
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（2026）。
The decline of child stunting in 122 countries: a systematic review of child growth studies since the 19th century.
122 个国家儿童发育迟缓的下降：19 世纪以来儿童生长研究的系统回顾。
BMJ Global Health, 11(2), e018607.
《BMJ 全球健康》，11(2)，e018607。
This annual series was provided through personal communication with the lead author of the paper, Eric Schneider.
这个年度系列是通过与该论文的主要作者 Eric Schneider 的个人交流提供的。
Schneider, E.
施奈德，E.
B., & Ogasawara, K.
B.，＆小笠原，K.
(2018).
（2018）。
Disease and child growth in industrialising Japan: Critical windows and the growth pattern, 1917–39.
工业化日本的疾病和儿童成长：关键窗口和增长模式，1917-39。
Explorations in Economic History.
经济史探索。
Ogasawara, K., Shirota, S., & Kobayashi, G.
小笠原 K.、城田 S. 和小林 G.
(2018).
（2018）。
Public health improvements and mortality in interwar Tokyo: a Bayesian disease mapping approach.
两次世界大战期间东京的公共卫生改善和死亡率：贝叶斯疾病绘图方法。
Cliometrica.
气候计量学。
Ogasawara, K., & Matsushita, Y.
小笠原 K. 和松下 Y.
(2018).
（2018）。
Public health and multiple-phase mortality decline: Evidence from industrializing Japan.
公共卫生和多阶段死亡率下降：来自工业化日本的证据。
Economics & Human Biology.
经济学与人类生物学。
Schneider, E.
施奈德，E.
(2022).
（2022）。
Can stunted children recover after the first 1,000 days?
发育迟缓的儿童在出生后 1000 天后可以康复吗？
LSE Blogs .
伦敦经济学院博客。
Schneider, E.
施奈德，E.
B., Ogasawara, K., & Colec, T.
B.、小笠原 K. 和科莱克 T.
J.
J。
(2021).
（2021）。
Health Shocks, Recovery and the First Thousand Days: The Effect of the Second World War on the Growth Pattern of Height in Japanese Children.
健康冲击、恢复和第一个一千天：第二次世界大战对日本儿童身高增长模式的影响。
Schneider, E.
施奈德，E.
B., Ogasawara, K., & Cole, T.
B.、小笠原 K. 和科尔 T.
J.
J。
(2021).
（2021）。
Health shocks, recovery, and the first thousand days: The effect of the second world war on height growth in Japanese children.
健康冲击、恢复和第一个一千天：第二次世界大战对日本儿童身高增长的影响。
Population and Development Review.
人口与发展评论。
This challenges the strong version of the “first 1,000 days” hypothesis, which holds that nutritional deficits in the first years of life are largely irreversible.
这挑战了“前 1000 天”假说的强版本，该假说认为生命最初几年的营养缺乏在很大程度上是不可逆转的。
Kojima, S., & Takeuchi, T.
小岛 S. 和竹内 T.
(2006).
（2006）。
Global parasite control initiative of Japan (Hashimoto Initiative).
日本全球寄生虫控制倡议（桥本倡议）。
Parasitology International.
国际寄生虫学。
Bay, A.
湾，A.
R.
R。
(2022).
（2022）。
Total prevention: a history of schistosomiasis in Japan.
全面预防：日本血吸虫病史。
Medical History.
病史。
Kasai, T., Nakatani, H., Takeuchi, T., & Crump, A.
Kasai, T.、Nakatani, H.、Takeuchi, T. 和 Crump, A.
(2007).
（2007）。
Research and control of parasitic diseases in Japan: current position and future perspectives.
日本寄生虫病的研究和控制：现状和未来展望。
Trends in parasitology.
寄生虫学的趋势。
Noriko, Y.
纪子，Y.
129 Between Nature and Human: History of the Use of “Night Soil” in Japan.
129 在自然与人类之间：日本使用“粪便”的历史。
In Handbook of Environmental History in Japan (pp.
载于《日本环境史手册》（第 124 页）。
129-141).
129-141）。
Routledge.
劳特利奇。
Tanaka, N., & Miyoshi, M.
田中，N.，＆三好，M.
(2012).
（2012）。
School lunch program for health promotion among children in Japan.
日本儿童健康促进学校午餐计划。
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.
亚太临床营养杂志。
Weights in 1900 come from this paper: Misawa, T.
1900 年的重量来自这篇论文：Misawa, T.
(1909).
（1909）。
A few statistical facts from Japan.
来自日本的一些统计事实。
The Pedagogical Seminary, 16(1), 104-112.
教育学院，16(1), 104-112。
And weights in 1970 come from here: Kato, N., Sauvaget, C., Yoshida, H., Yokoyama, T., & Yoshiike, N.
1970 年的权重来自这里：Kato, N.、Sauvaget, C.、Yoshida, H.、Yokoyama, T. 和 Yoshiike, N.。
(2021).
（2021）。
Factors associated with birthweight decline in Japan (1980–2004).
日本出生体重下降的相关因素（1980-2004 年）。
BMC pregnancy and childbirth.
BMC 怀孕和分娩。
It’s worth noting that the birthweight of babies in Japan has fallen from its peak in recent decades, which may partly reflect the fact that many young women in Japan are considered underweight by body mass index measures.
值得注意的是，日本婴儿的出生体重已从近几十年来的峰值下降，这可能部分反映了日本许多年轻女性的体重指数被认为体重不足的事实。
The average BMI has actually fallen slightly in recent decades.
近几十年来，平均体重指数实际上略有下降。
Takemoto, Y., Ota, E., Yoneoka, D., Mori, R., & Takeda, S.
竹本 Y.、太田 E.、米冈 D.、森 R. 和武田 S.
(2016).
（2016）。
Japanese secular trends in birthweight and the prevalence of low birthweight infants during the last three decades: a population-based study.
过去三十年日本出生体重的长期趋势和低出生体重婴儿的患病率：一项基于人口的研究。
Scientific reports.
科学报告。
Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations.
我们的文章和数据可视化依赖于许多不同的人和组织的工作。
When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources.
引用本文时，请同时注明底层数据来源。
This article can be cited as:
这篇文章可以引用为：
We are a live site and we keep our work maintained.
我们是一个活跃的网站，我们会保持我们的工作。
So our articles are often changed, including the data.
所以我们的文章经常改，包括数据。
You can browse previous versions of this work here.
您可以在此处浏览此作品的先前版本。