Putting solar panels on land used for biofuels would produce enough electricity for all cars and trucks to go electric

Electric vehicles might be promoted as the key technological solution for low-carbon transport today, but they weren’t always the obvious option.

电动汽车可能会被宣传为当今低碳交通的关键技术解决方案，但它们并不总是显而易见的选择。

Back in the early 2000s, it was biofuels.

早在 2000 年代初，人们就使用生物燃料。

1 Rather than extracting and burning oil, we could grow crops like cereals and sugarcane, and turn them into viable fuels.

1 我们可以种植谷物和甘蔗等农作物，并将其转化为可行的燃料，而不是提取和燃烧石油。

While we might expect biofuels to be a solution of the past due to the cost-competitiveness and rise of electric cars , the world produces more biofuels than ever.

由于成本竞争力和电动汽车的兴起，我们可能期望生物燃料成为过去的解决方案，但世界生产的生物燃料比以往任何时候都多。

And this rise is expected to continue.

并且这种上涨预计将持续下去。

In this article, we give a sense of perspective on how much land is used to produce biofuels, and what the potential of that land could be if we used it for other forms of energy.

在本文中，我们将介绍有多少土地用于生产生物燃料，以及如果我们将其用于其他形式的能源，该土地的潜力可能有多大。

We’ll focus on what would happen if we used that land for solar panels, and then how many electric vehicles could be powered as a result.

我们将重点关注如果我们将这片土地用于太阳能电池板会发生什么，以及最终可以为多少辆电动汽车提供动力。

We’ll mostly focus on road transport, as that is where 99% of biofuels are currently used.

我们将主要关注公路运输，因为目前 99% 的生物燃料都用于公路运输。

The world generates small amounts of “biojet fuel” — used in aviation — but this accounts for only 1% of the total.

世界上生产少量用于航空的“生物喷气燃料”，但这仅占总量的 1%。

2 While aviation biofuels will increase in the coming years, in the near-to-medium-term, they’ll still be small compared to fuel for cars and trucks.

2 虽然航空生物燃料在未来几年将会增加，但在中短期内，与汽车和卡车燃料相比，它们的规模仍然很小。

By 2028, the IEA projects that aviation might consume around 2% of global biofuels.

IEA 预计，到 2028 年，航空业可能消耗全球约 2% 的生物燃料。

To be clear: we’re not proposing that we should replace all biofuel land with solar panels.

需要明确的是：我们并不是建议用太阳能电池板取代所有生物燃料土地。

There are many ways we could utilise this land, whether for food production, some biofuel production, or rewilding.

我们可以通过多种方式利用这片土地，无论是用于粮食生产、一些生物燃料生产，还是野化。

Maybe some combination of all of the above.

也许是以上所有内容的某种组合。

But to make informed decisions about how to use our land effectively, we need to get a perspective on the potential of each option.

但为了就如何有效利用我们的土地做出明智的决定，我们需要了解每种选择的潜力。

That’s what we aim to do here for solar power and electrified transport.

这就是我们在太阳能和电气化交通方面的目标。

For this analysis, we draw on a range of sources and, at times, produce our own estimates.

为了进行此分析，我们利用了一系列来源，有时还会得出我们自己的估计。

We’ve written a full methodological document that explains our assumptions and guides you through each calculation.

我们编写了一份完整的方法文件，解释了我们的假设并指导您完成每项计算。

Before we get into the calculations, it’s worth a quick overview of where biofuels are produced today, and what their impacts are.

在我们进行计算之前，有必要快速概述一下当今生物燃料的生产地点及其影响。

Some might imagine that biofuels have lost their relevance.

有些人可能会认为生物燃料已经失去了意义。

But historical policies supporting them are still in place.

但支持他们的历史政策仍然存在。

As shown in the chart below, the world produces more biofuels than ever, and this trend is expected to continue .

如下图所示，世界生产的生物燃料比以往任何时候都多，并且这种趋势预计将持续下去。

Global production is focused in a relatively small number of markets, with the United States, Brazil, and the European Union dominating.

全球生产集中在相对较少的市场，其中美国、巴西和欧盟占主导地位。

Since there are no signs of policies changing in these regions, we would not expect the rise of biofuels to end.

由于这些地区的政策没有变化的迹象，我们预计生物燃料的崛起不会结束。

Most of the world’s biofuels come from sugarcane (mostly grown in Brazil), cereal crops such as corn (mostly grown in the United States and the European Union), and oil crops such as soybean and palm oil (which are grown in the US, Brazil, and Indonesia).

世界上大部分生物燃料来自甘蔗（主要种植在巴西）、玉米等谷类作物（主要种植在美国和欧盟）以及大豆和棕榈油等油料作物（主要种植在美国、巴西和印度尼西亚）。

In the map below, you can get a view of where the world’s biofuels are grown.

在下面的地图中，您可以了解世界生物燃料的种植地点。

Collectively, these biofuels produce around 4% of the world’s energy demand for transport.

总的来说，这些生物燃料约占全球交通运输能源需求的 4%。

While that does push some oil from the energy mix, the climate benefits of biofuels are not always as clear as people might assume.

虽然这确实将一些石油从能源结构中剔除，但生物燃料的气候效益并不总是像人们想象的那么明显。

Once we consider the climate impact of growing the food and manufacturing the fuel, the carbon savings relative to petrol can be small for some crops.

一旦我们考虑种植粮食和制造燃料对气候的影响，对于某些作物来说，相对于汽油节省的碳可能很小。

3 But more importantly, when the opportunity costs of the land used to grow those crops are taken into account, they might be worse for the climate.

3 但更重要的是，当考虑到用于种植这些作物的土地的机会成本时，它们对气候的影响可能会更糟。

4 That’s because agricultural land use is not “free”.

4 这是因为农业用地的使用并不是“免费”的。

If we chose not to use it for agriculture, then it could be rewilded and reforested, which would sequester carbon from the atmosphere.

如果我们选择不将其用于农业，那么它可能会被重新野化和重新造林，这将从大气中吸收碳。

From a climate perspective, freeing up that cropland from biofuels would be one alternative.

从气候角度来看，让农田不再使用生物燃料将是一种替代方案。

However, another option is to utilise it for another form of energy, which could offer a much greater climate benefit.

然而，另一种选择是将其用于另一种形式的能源，这可以提供更大的气候效益。

This should be easy to estimate.

这应该很容易估计。

If you know how much land in the United States (or any other country) is used for corn, and what fraction of corn is for biofuels, you can calculate the amount of land used for biofuels.

如果您知道美国（或任何其他国家）有多少土地用于种植玉米，以及玉米的哪一部分用于生物燃料，您就可以计算用于生物燃料的土地数量。

What makes things complicated is that biofuels often produce co-products that are allocated to other uses, such as animal feed.

让事情变得复杂的是，生物燃料通常会产生副产品，这些副产品被分配给其他用途，例如动物饲料。

Not all of the corn or soybeans turn into liquid that can be put in a car; some residues can then be fed to pigs and chickens.

并非所有的玉米或大豆都会变成可以放入汽车的液体；一些残留物可以喂猪和鸡。

How you adjust this land used for biofuels and their co-products can lead to quite different results.

如何调整用于生物燃料及其副产品的土地可能会导致截然不同的结果。

A recent analysis from researchers at Cerulogy estimated that biofuels are grown on 61 million hectares of land.

Cerulogy 研究人员最近的一项分析估计，生物燃料种植面积为 6100 万公顷。

5 But when they split this allocation between land for biofuels and land for animal feed, the land use for biofuels alone was 32 million hectares.

5 但当他们将这笔分配分配给生物燃料用地和动物饲料用地时，仅生物燃料用地就达 3200 万公顷。

The other 29 million hectares would be allocated for land use for animal feed.

其余 2900 万公顷土地将用于动物饲料。

There are much higher published figures.

公布的数字要高得多。

The Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants estimates that as much as 112 million hectares are “used to supply feedstock for biofuels”.

石油和蛋白质植物促进联盟估计，多达 1.12 亿公顷的土地“用于供应生物燃料的原料”。

6 By this definition, there is no adjustment for dual use of that land or the land use of co-products.

6 根据此定义，不会对该土地的双重用途或联产品的土地用途进行调整。

That’s one of the reasons why the figures are much higher.

这就是数字高得多的原因之一。

Even taking this into account, the numbers are still higher, and the honest answer is that we don’t know why.

即使考虑到这一点，这个数字仍然更高，诚实的答案是我们不知道为什么。

For this article, we’re going to assume a net land use of 32 million hectares .

在本文中，我们假设土地净利用面积为 3200 万公顷。

This is conservative , and that is deliberate.

这是保守的，这是故意的。

As we’ll soon see, the amount of solar power we could generate, or the number of electric vehicles we could power on this land, is extremely large.

正如我们很快就会看到的，我们可以产生的太阳能量，或者我们可以在这片土地上驱动的电动汽车的数量，是非常大的。

And that’s with us being fairly ungenerous about the amount of land available.

这就是因为我们对可用土地的数量相当不慷慨。

Larger land use figures could also be credible; in that case, the potential would be even higher.

更大的土地使用数据也可能是可信的；那样的话，潜力会更大。

How large is 32 million hectares?

3200万公顷有多大？

Imagine an area like the one in the box below: 640 kilometers across, and 500 kilometers high.

想象一个像下面方框中那样的区域：宽 640 公里，高 500 公里。

For context, that’s about the size of Germany, Poland, the Philippines, Finland, or Italy.

就上下文而言，这大约相当于德国、波兰、菲律宾、芬兰或意大利的面积。

Could we use those 32 million hectares of land differently to produce even more energy than we currently get from biofuels?

我们能否以不同的方式利用这 3200 万公顷土地来生产比目前从生物燃料获得的更多的能源？

The answer is yes.

答案是肯定的。

If we put solar panels on that land, we could produce roughly 32,000 terawatt-hours of electricity each year.

如果我们在那片土地上安装太阳能电池板，我们每年可以生产大约 32,000 太瓦时的电力。

7 That’s 23 times more than the energy that is currently produced in the form of all liquid biofuels.

7 这比目前所有液体生物燃料产生的能量多 23 倍。

8 You can see this comparison in the chart.

8 您可以在图表中看到这种比较。

32,000 terawatt-hours is a big number.

32,000 太瓦时是一个很大的数字。

The world generated 31,000 TWh of electricity in 2024.

2024 年全球发电量为 31,000 太瓦时。

So, these new solar panels would produce enough to meet the world’s current electricity demand.

因此，这些新的太阳能电池板将产生足够的电力来满足世界当前的电力需求。

Again, our proposal isn’t that we should cover all of this land in solar panels, or that it could easily power the world on its own.

再说一次，我们的建议并不是说我们应该用太阳能电池板覆盖所有这片土地，或者它可以轻松地自行为世界供电。

We don’t account for the fact that we’d need energy storage and other options to make sure that power is available where and when it’s needed (not just when the sun is shining).

我们没有考虑到这样一个事实：我们需要储能和其他选项来确保在需要的地方和时间（不仅仅是在阳光明媚的时候）提供电力。

We’re just trying to get a sense of perspective for how much electricity could be produced by using that land in more efficient ways.

我们只是想了解通过更有效的方式利用这片土地可以产生多少电力。

These comparisons might seem surprising at first.

这些比较乍一看可能令人惊讶。

But they can be explained by the fact that growing crops is a very inefficient process.

但它们可以用这样一个事实来解释：种植农作物是一个非常低效的过程。

Plants convert less than 1% of sunlight into biomass through photosynthesis.

植物通过光合作用将不到 1% 的阳光转化为生物质。

9 Even more energy is then lost when we turn those plants into liquid fuels.

9 当我们将这些植物转化为液体燃料时，会损失更多的能量。

Crops such as sugarcane tend to perform better than others, like maize or soybeans, but even they are still inefficient.

甘蔗等作物往往比玉米或大豆等其他作物表现更好，但即便如此，它们的效率仍然很低。

By comparison, solar panels convert 15% to 20% of sunlight into electricity, with some recent designs achieving as much as 25%.

相比之下，太阳能电池板将 15% 至 20% 的阳光转化为电能，最近的一些设计甚至达到了 25%。

10 That means replacing crops with solar panels will generate a lot more energy.

10 这意味着用太阳能电池板代替农作物将产生更多的能源。

Now, you might think that we’re comparing very different things here: energy from liquid biofuels meant to decarbonize transport , and solar, which could decarbonize electricity .

现在，您可能会认为我们在这里比较的是非常不同的东西：来自液体生物燃料的能源意味着交通脱碳，而太阳能则可以使电力脱碳。

But with the rise of affordable and high-quality electric vehicles, solar power can be a way to decarbonize transport, too.

但随着价格实惠且优质的电动汽车的兴起，太阳能也可以成为交通脱碳的一种方式。

Run the numbers, and we find that you could power all of the world’s cars and trucks on this solar energy if transport were electrified.

计算一下数字，我们发现，如果交通实现电气化，你可以用太阳能为世界上所有的汽车和卡车提供动力。

Of course, these vehicles would need to be electrified in the first place.

当然，这些车辆首先需要实现电动化。

This is happening — electric car sales are rising , and electric trucks are now starting to get some attention — but it will take time for most vehicles on the road to be electric.

这种情况正在发生——电动汽车销量正在上升，电动卡车现在开始受到一些关注——但道路上的大多数车辆实现电动化还需要时间。

For now, we’ll imagine that they are.

现在，我们假设它们是。

We estimate that the total electricity needed to power all cars and trucks is around 7,000 TWh per year, comprising 3,500 TWh for cars and a similar amount for trucks.

我们估计，为所有汽车和卡车提供动力所需的总电力约为每年 7,000 太瓦时，其中汽车为 3,500 太瓦时，卡车的电力数量与之相当。

We’ve added this comparison to the chart.

我们已将此比较添加到图表中。

That’s less than one-quarter of the 32,000 TWh that solar panels could produce on biofuel land.

这还不到太阳能电池板在生物燃料土地上可产生的 32,000 太瓦时的四分之一。

Consider those options.

考虑这些选择。

The world could meet 3% or 4% of transport demand with biofuels.

世界可以通过生物燃料满足 3% 或 4% 的运输需求。

Or it could meet all road transport demand on just one-quarter of that land.

或者它可以仅用四分之一的土地满足所有道路运输需求。

The other three-quarters could be used for other things, such as food production, biofuels for aviation, or it could be left alone to rewild.

另外四分之三可以用于其他用途，例如粮食生产、航空生物燃料，或者可以单独留下来重新野化。

It’s worth noting that in this scenario — unlike using solar for bulk electricity needs — we would need much less additional energy storage solutions, because every car and truck is essentially a big battery in itself.

值得注意的是，在这种情况下，与使用太阳能满足大容量电力需求不同，我们需要的额外能源存储解决方案要少得多，因为每辆汽车和卡车本身本质上就是一个大电池。

The reason these comparisons are even more stark than biofuels versus solar is that most of the energy consumed in a petrol car is wasted; either as heat (if you put your hand over the bonnet, you will often notice that it’s extremely warm after driving) or from friction when braking.

这些比较比生物燃料与太阳能更明显的原因是汽油车消耗的大部分能源都被浪费了；要么是热量（如果您将手放在引擎盖上，您通常会注意到驾驶后非常热），要么是制动时的摩擦。

An electric car is much more efficient without a combustion engine, and thanks to regenerative braking (which uses braking energy to recharge the battery).

电动汽车在没有内燃机的情况下效率更高，这要归功于再生制动（利用制动能量为电池充电）。

That means that driving one mile in an electric car uses just one-third of the energy of driving one mile in a combustion engine car.

这意味着电动汽车行驶一英里所消耗的能量仅为内燃机汽车行驶一英里的三分之一。

Put these two efficiencies together, and we find that you could drive 70 times as many miles in a solar-powered electric car as you could in one running on biofuels from the same amount of land.

将这两种效率放在一起，我们发现在相同面积的土地上，使用太阳能电动汽车行驶的里程是使用生物燃料行驶的汽车的 70 倍。

We send two regular newsletters so you can stay up to date on our work and receive curated highlights from across Our World in Data.

我们定期发送两份时事通讯，以便您及时了解我们的工作并接收来自“我们的数据世界”的精选亮点。

Our point here is not that we should cover all of our biofuel land in solar panels.

我们的观点并不是说我们应该用太阳能电池板覆盖所有生物燃料土地。

There are reasons why the comparisons above are simpler than the real world, and why dedicating all of that land to solar power would not be ideal.

上述比较比现实世界更简单，以及为什么将所有土地用于太阳能发电并不理想，这是有原因的。

11

11

What we do want to challenge is how we think and talk about land use.

我们真正想要挑战的是我们如何思考和谈论土地利用。

People rightly question the impact of solar or wind farms on landscapes, but rarely consider the land use of existing biofuel crops, which do very little to decarbonize our energy supplies.

人们正确地质疑太阳能或风电场对景观的影响，但很少考虑现有生物燃料作物的土地使用，这对我们的能源供应脱碳作用甚微。

Whether we’ll run out of land for solar or wind is a common concern, but when we run the numbers, it’s clear that there is more than enough; we’re just using it for other things.

我们是否会耗尽太阳能或风能的土地是一个普遍的担忧，但当我们计算数字时，很明显，土地绰绰有余；我们只是用它来做其他事情。

Stacking up the comparative benefits of those other things allows us to make better choices, if they’re available.

如果有的话，将这些其他事物的相对优势叠加起来可以让我们做出更好的选择。

In this article, we wanted to run the numbers and get some perspective on how we could use that Germany- or Poland-sized area of land in the most efficient way.

在本文中，我们想要计算数据并了解如何以最有效的方式使用德国或波兰大小的土地。

What’s clear is that we could produce a huge amount of electricity from solar on just a fraction of that land.

显而易见的是，我们可以在一小部分土地上利用太阳能产生大量电力。

We could power an entire global electric car and truck fleet on just one-quarter of it.

我们只需其中四分之一即可为整个全球电动汽车和卡车车队提供动力。

Land use comes at a cost: for the climate, ecosystems, and other species we share the planet with.

土地使用是有代价的：气候、生态系统和与我们共享地球的其他物种。

That means we should think carefully about how to use it well.

这意味着我们应该仔细思考如何用好它。

That might mean a mix of biofuels for aviation, and solar power for road transport and electricity grids.

这可能意味着航空生物燃料以及道路运输和电网太阳能的混合。

It might mean going all-in on solar.

这可能意味着全力使用太阳能。

Or it could mean using some of it for solar power, and leaving the rest alone.

或者这可能意味着将其中一些用于太阳能，而剩下的则不用管。

Sometimes, the most thoughtful option is not using land at all and letting it return to nature.

有时，最深思熟虑的选择是根本不使用土地，让它回归自然。

If you’re interested in digging deeper, we provide a methodological document where we go through our sources and calculations in detail.

如果您有兴趣深入挖掘，我们提供了一份方法文件，其中我们详细介绍了我们的来源和计算。

We would like to thank Max Roser and Edouard Mathieu for editorial feedback and comments on this article.

我们要感谢 Max Roser 和 Edouard Mathieu 对本文的编辑反馈和评论。

We also thank Marwa Boukarim for help and support with the visualizations.

我们还感谢 Marwa Boukarim 在可视化方面的帮助和支持。

To fuel all of the world’s aviation demand, global biofuels would need to more than triple and be exclusively used for air travel.

为了满足世界各地的航空需求，全球生物燃料需要增加两倍以上，并且专门用于航空旅行。

How much bioenergy does the world produce, and what is it used for?

世界生产了多少生物能源，其用途是什么？

We could reduce the amount of land used for grazing and croplands used to grow animal feed.

我们可以减少用于放牧的土地和用于种植动物饲料的农田的数量。

Other options didn’t rely on switching fuels, such as improving car efficiency and expanding public transport, but these only go so far.

其他选项并不依赖于转换燃料，例如提高汽车效率和扩大公共交通，但这些也只能到此为止。

Here’s a quote from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007: “Within the transport sector there are five mitigation options with a clear link between sustainable development, adaptation and mitigation.

以下是 2007 年政府间气候变化专门委员会的一段话：“在交通部门内，有五种缓解方案，在可持续发展、适应和缓解之间有着明确的联系。

These areas are biofuels, energy efficient, public transport, non-motorised transport and urban planning.”

这些领域包括生物燃料、节能、公共交通、非机动交通和城市规划。”

In 2024, the International Energy Agency estimates that 1.8 billion litres of liquid biofuel were for “biojet” fuel.

国际能源署估计，到 2024 年，将有 18 亿升液体生物燃料用于“生物喷气”燃料。

Total production was 118 billion litres.

总产量为1180亿升。

That means biojet fuel was only 1%.

这意味着生物喷气燃料仅为 1%。

Most of this biojet fuel comes from waste fats and oils, which also don’t have the same land use dilemmas as bioethanol and biodiesel used for road transport.

大部分生物喷气燃料来自废油脂，它们也不像用于道路运输的生物乙醇和生物柴油那样存在土地利用困境。

Carbon savings for sugarcane feedstocks tend to be much larger than they are for corn, wheat, and palm oil feedstocks.

甘蔗原料的碳节约量往往比玉米、小麦和棕榈油原料的碳节约量大得多。

This can vary a lot, depending on location, crop type, and production system.

这可能会有很大差异，具体取决于地点、作物类型和生产系统。

But this meta-analysis finds that some, such as sugarcane ethanol from Brazil, can achieve more than 60% savings (if no land use change is involved), but some crops produce almost no savings at all.

但这项荟萃分析发现，有些作物，例如巴西的甘蔗乙醇，可以实现 60% 以上的节约（如果不涉及土地利用变化），但有些作物几乎根本不产生节约。

Jeswani, H.

杰斯瓦尼，H.

K., Chilvers, A., & Azapagic, A.

K.、Chilvers, A. 和 Azapagic, A.

(2020).

（2020）。

Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review.

生物燃料的环境可持续性：综述。

Proceedings of the Royal Society A.

英国皇家学会会刊 A.

These results can be very sensitive to the methodology and life-cycle assessment tools.

这些结果可能对方法和生命周期评估工具非常敏感。

Pereira, L.

佩雷拉，L.

G., Cavalett, O., Bonomi, A., Zhang, Y., Warner, E., & Chum, H.

G.、Cavalett, O.、Bonomi, A.、Zhang, Y.、Warner, E. 和 Chum, H.

L.

L。

(2019).

（2019）。

Comparison of biofuel life-cycle GHG emissions assessment tools: The case studies of ethanol produced from sugarcane, corn, and wheat.

生物燃料生命周期温室气体排放评估工具的比较：甘蔗、玉米和小麦生产的乙醇的案例研究。

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

可再生和可持续能源评论。

Searchinger, T.

搜索者，T.

D., Wirsenius, S., Beringer, T., & Dumas, P.

D.、Wirsenius, S.、Beringer, T. 和 Dumas, P.

(2018).

（2018）。

Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change.

评估土地利用变化对减缓气候变化的效率。

Nature, 564(7735), 249-253.

自然，564（7735），249-253。

Fehrenbach, H., & Bürck, S.

费伦巴赫 (Fehrenbach)，H. 和布尔克 (Bürck)，S.

(2022).

（2022）。

Carbon opportunity costs of biofuels in Germany—An extended perspective on the greenhouse gas balance including foregone carbon storage.

德国生物燃料的碳机会成本——对温室气体平衡（包括放弃碳储存）的扩展视角。

Frontiers in Climate.

气候前沿。

Sandford et al.

桑福德等人。

(2024).

（2024）。

Diverted harvest: Environmental Risk from Growth in International Biofuel Demand.

转移收获：国际生物燃料需求增长带来的环境风险。

Cerulogy.

血清学。

They estimate that 8% of global croplands supply feedstock for biofuel production.

他们估计全球 8% 的农田为生物燃料生产提供原料。

Using their estimate of 1.4 billion hectares of total cropland, this would be 112 million hectares.

根据他们对 14 亿公顷农田总面积的估计，这将是 1.12 亿公顷。

This is based on the power density of modern solar panels — how much energy can be produced for a given area.

这是基于现代太阳能电池板的功率密度——给定区域可以产生多少能量。

For more details on these calculations, see our full methodological document .

有关这些计算的更多详细信息，请参阅我们的完整方法文件。

This 1424 TWh is based on data from the Energy Institute .

这 1424 TWh 是基于能源研究所的数据。

We converted this from petajoules (EJ) to TWh using a conversion factor of 0.27778.

我们使用转换系数 0.27778 将其从拍焦耳 (EJ) 转换为太瓦时。

Croce, R., Carmo-Silva, E., Cho, Y.

克罗齐 (Croce)，R.、卡莫-席尔瓦 (Carmo-Silva)，E.、Cho，Y.

B., Ermakova, M., Harbinson, J., Lawson, T., ...

B.、Ermakova, M.、Harbinson, J.、Lawson, T.、...

& Zhu, X.

& 朱X.

G.

G。

(2024).

（2024）。

Perspectives on improving photosynthesis to increase crop yield.

改善光合作用以提高作物产量的观点。

The Plant Cell.

植物细胞。

Oni, A.

奥尼，A.

M., Mohsin, A.

M.、莫辛、A.

S., Rahman, M.

S.、拉赫曼、M.

M., & Bhuian, M.

M.，＆Bhuian，M.

B.

B.

H.

H.

(2024).

（2024）。

A comprehensive evaluation of solar cell technologies, associated loss mechanisms, and efficiency enhancement strategies for photovoltaic cells.

对太阳能电池技术、相关损耗机制以及光伏电池效率提升策略的综合评估。

Energy Reports.

能源报告。

For example, global biofuel land is not located precisely where solar electricity or electric vehicle demand is expected to be.

例如，全球生物燃料用地并不恰好位于太阳能发电或电动汽车需求预计的地方。

Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations.

我们的文章和数据可视化依赖于许多不同的人和组织的工作。

When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources.

引用本文时，请同时注明底层数据来源。

This article can be cited as:

这篇文章可以引用为：

We are a live site and we keep our work maintained.

我们是一个活跃的网站，我们会保持我们的工作。

So our articles are often changed, including the data.

所以我们的文章经常改，包括数据。

You can browse previous versions of this work here.

您可以在此处浏览此作品的先前版本。