Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis among older adults.
骨关节炎是老年人中最常见的关节炎形式。
It is also one of the most common causes of physical disability among adults.
它也是成年人身体残疾的最常见原因之一。
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that happens when the tissues that cushion the ends of the bones within the joints break down over time.
骨关节炎是一种退行性关节疾病，当关节内缓冲骨头末端的组织随着时间的推移而分解时，就会发生骨关节炎。
These changes usually develop slowly and worsen gradually, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling.
这些变化通常发展缓慢并逐渐恶化，导致疼痛、僵硬和肿胀。
In some cases, people living with this disease are no longer able to work or perform daily tasks.
在某些情况下，患有这种疾病的人不再能够工作或执行日常任务。
There is no way to reverse osteoarthritis, but the symptoms of osteoarthritis can usually be managed with lifestyle changes and medications.
骨关节炎无法逆转，但骨关节炎的症状通常可以通过改变生活方式和药物来控制。
Anyone can get osteoarthritis, but it is more common as people age.
任何人都可能患有骨关节炎，但随着年龄的增长，骨关节炎更加常见。
Women are more likely than men to have osteoarthritis, especially after age 50.
女性比男性更容易患骨关节炎，尤其是 50 岁以后。
Other factors that may make it more likely to develop osteoarthritis include:
其他可能使其更容易患骨关节炎的因素包括：
Each of these risk factors can cause tissues within the joints to break down and lead to osteoarthritis.
这些危险因素中的每一个都可能导致关节内的组织分解并导致骨关节炎。
You can decrease your chances of developing osteoarthritis by changing the risk factors you can control.
您可以通过改变您可以控制的风险因素来降低患骨关节炎的机会。
Osteoarthritis symptoms range from stiffness and mild pain to persistent, severe joint pain.
骨关节炎的症状从僵硬和轻微疼痛到持续、严重的关节疼痛。
Common signs include swelling and tenderness, stiffness after getting out of bed, and a crunching feeling or sound of bone rubbing on bone.
常见症状包括肿胀、压痛、起床后僵硬、嘎吱嘎吱的感觉或骨头摩擦的声音。
However, not everyone with osteoarthritis feels pain.
然而，并非所有患有骨关节炎的人都会感到疼痛。
Osteoarthritis most commonly affects the hands, lower back, neck, and weight-bearing joints such as knees, hips, and feet.
骨关节炎最常影响手、下背部、颈部和承重关节，例如膝盖、臀部和脚。
Osteoarthritis in any of these joints can lead to physical disability.
这些关节中的任何一个发生骨关节炎都可能导致身体残疾。
Hands.
手。
Osteoarthritis of the hands seems to run in families.
手部骨关节炎似乎有家族遗传性。
If you have family members who have had osteoarthritis in their hands, you’re at greater-than-average risk of having it, too.
如果您的家庭成员手部患有骨关节炎，那么您患骨关节炎的风险也高于平均水平。
Women are more likely than men to have osteoarthritis in the hands.
女性比男性更容易患手部骨关节炎。
For most women, it develops after menopause .
对于大多数女性来说，它是在绝经后发生的。
When osteoarthritis involves the hands, small, bony knobs may appear on the end and middle joints (those closest to the nails) of the fingers.
当骨关节炎累及手部时，手指的末端和中间关节（最靠近指甲的关节）可能会出现小的骨质旋钮。
Fingers can become enlarged and gnarled, and they may ache or be stiff and numb.
手指可能会变大、粗糙，并且可能会疼痛或僵硬、麻木。
The base of the thumb joint also is commonly affected by osteoarthritis.
拇指关节的基部也经常受到骨关节炎的影响。
Knees.
膝盖。
The knees are among the joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis.
膝盖是最常受骨关节炎影响的关节之一。
Symptoms of knee osteoarthritis include stiffness, swelling, and pain, which make it hard to walk, climb, and get in and out of chairs and bathtubs.
膝骨关节炎的症状包括僵硬、肿胀和疼痛，导致行走、攀爬、上下椅子和浴缸变得困难。
You may hear a grinding or scraping noise when walking or moving.
行走或移动时，您可能会听到磨擦或刮擦的噪音。
Over time, the knee may start to buckle.
随着时间的推移，膝盖可能会开始弯曲。
Hips.
臀部。
The hips are also a common site for osteoarthritis.
臀部也是骨关节炎的常见部位。
As with knee osteoarthritis, symptoms of hip osteoarthritis include pain and stiffness of the joint.
与膝骨关节炎一样，髋骨关节炎的症状包括关节疼痛和僵硬。
But sometimes pain is felt in the groin, inner thigh, buttocks, or knees.
但有时腹股沟、大腿内侧、臀部或膝盖会感到疼痛。
Osteoarthritis of the hip may limit the ability to move and bend, making daily activities such as dressing and putting on shoes a challenge.
髋部骨关节炎可能会限制移动和弯曲的能力，使穿衣和穿鞋等日常活动成为挑战。
Spine.
脊柱。
Osteoarthritis of the spine may show up as stiffness and pain in the neck or lower back.
脊柱骨关节炎可能表现为颈部或下背部僵硬和疼痛。
In some cases, arthritis-related changes in the spine can cause pressure on the nerves where they exit the spinal column, resulting in weakness, tingling, or numbness of the arms and legs.
在某些情况下，与关节炎相关的脊柱变化会对离开脊柱的神经造成压力，导致手臂和腿部无力、刺痛或麻木。
In severe cases, these changes can even affect bladder and bowel function.
在严重的情况下，这些变化甚至会影响膀胱和肠道功能。
Regardless of how osteoarthritis affects an individual, over time, their daily activities may become difficult, such as going up stairs, getting on or off the toilet or in and out of a chair, gripping a pen, or walking across a parking lot.
无论骨关节炎如何影响个体，随着时间的推移，他们的日常活动可能会变得困难，例如上楼梯、上下厕所、进出椅子、握笔或穿过停车场。
Pain and other symptoms of osteoarthritis may lead a person to feel depressed, get tired easily, or have trouble sleeping.
骨关节炎的疼痛和其他症状可能会导致人感到沮丧、容易疲劳或睡眠困难。
Fortunately, there are treatments to help manage the symptoms.
幸运的是，有一些治疗方法可以帮助控制症状。
To make a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, most health care providers use a combination of methods and tests.
为了诊断骨关节炎，大多数医疗保健提供者会结合使用方法和测试。
Your doctor may:
您的医生可能：
If you have questions about your diagnosis, talk to your doctor.
如果您对诊断有疑问，请咨询您的医生。
Your primary care provider may refer you to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in arthritis and other related conditions.
您的初级保健提供者可能会将您转介给风湿病专家，即专门治疗关节炎和其他相关疾病的医生。
There is no cure for osteoarthritis, therefore, doctors focus on treatments to ease your pain, help you move better, and stop the disease from getting worse.
骨关节炎无法治愈，因此，医生专注于缓解疼痛、帮助您更好地活动并阻止疾病恶化的治疗。
Treatment plans often include:
治疗计划通常包括：
Exercise.
锻炼身体。
A safe, well-rounded exercise program can reduce joint pain and stiffness and increase flexibility, muscle strength, and endurance .
安全、全面的锻炼计划可以减轻关节疼痛和僵硬，并提高灵活性、肌肉力量和耐力。
Try stretching and balance exercises as well as low-impact activities such as walking, cycling, swimming, or tai chi.
尝试伸展运动和平衡运动以及低冲击力的活动，例如步行、骑自行车、游泳或太极拳。
Always talk with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
在开始新的锻炼计划之前，请务必先咨询您的医生。
Remember to start slowly and take the time to adjust to a new level of activity.
请记住慢慢开始并花时间适应新的活动水平。
Weight control.
体重控制。
If you are affected by overweight or obesity, managing your weight can reduce stress on the joints, which may reduce pain, prevent more injury, and increase mobility.
如果您超重或肥胖，控制体重可以减轻关节的压力，从而减轻疼痛、防止更多伤害并增加活动能力。
Medication.
药物。
Over-the-counter medications , including oral pain relievers and arthritis creams, can be helpful.
非处方药，包括口服止痛药和关节炎药膏，可能会有帮助。
Your doctor may also give you a prescription for a pill or inject a medication directly into the joint to reduce inflammation and pain.
您的医生也可能会给您开药处方或直接向关节注射药物以减轻炎症和疼痛。
Surgery.
外科手术。
If other treatments are not helping and the joint damage is extensive, your doctor may suggest surgery.
如果其他治疗没有帮助并且关节损伤很严重，医生可能会建议手术。
Surgeries that help treat osteoarthritis include osteotomy, which removes a small piece of bone to relieve pressure on the affected joint, and joint-replacement surgery, which removes a part or all of the damaged joint and replaces it with a plastic, metal, or ceramic joint.
帮助治疗骨关节炎的手术包括截骨术和关节置换手术，前者切除一小块骨头以减轻受影响关节的压力，后者切除部分或全部受损关节，并用塑料、金属或陶瓷关节替换。
Complementary therapy.
补充疗法。
Some research shows that complementary approaches , such as massage and acupuncture, may help relieve osteoarthritis pain .
一些研究表明，按摩和针灸等补充方法可能有助于缓解骨关节炎疼痛。
Before using other therapies, talk with your doctor about the best options for your treatment.
在使用其他疗法之前，请与您的医生讨论最适合您的治疗选择。
Take steps to help manage your pain and work toward a better quality of life:
采取措施帮助控制您的疼痛并努力提高生活质量：
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 877-226-4267 niamsinfo@mail.nih.gov www.niams.nih.gov
国家关节炎、肌肉骨骼和皮肤疾病研究所 877-226-4267 niamsinfo@mail.nih.gov www.niams.nih.gov
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 888-644-6226 info@nccih.nih.gov www.nccih.nih.gov
国家补充和综合健康中心 888-644-6226 info@nccih.nih.gov www.nccih.nih.gov
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 888-463-6332 druginfo@fda.hhs.gov www.fda.gov
美国食品和药物管理局 888-463-6332 druginfo@fda.hhs.gov www.fda.gov
This content is provided by the NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA).
本内容由 NIH 国家老龄化研究所 (NIA) 提供。
NIA scientists and other experts review this content to ensure it is accurate and up to date.
NIA 科学家和其他专家审查此内容以确保其准确且最新。