War Department General Order 143: Creation of the U.S. Colored Troops (1863)

Citation: War Department General Order 143 Ordering the Creation of the U.S. Colored Troops; 5/22/1863; Orders and Circulars, 1797 - 1910; Records of the Adjutant General's Office, Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, DC.

引用：陆军部第 143 号一般命令，命令创建美国有色人种部队； 1863 年 5 月 22 日；命令和通函，1797 年至 1910 年；副官办公室记录，记录组 94；国家档案馆，华盛顿特区。

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The War Department issued General Order 143 on May 22, 1863, creating the United States Colored Troops.

1863 年 5 月 22 日，陆军部发布第 143 号通令，创建美国有色部队。

By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 Black men (10 percent of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army, and another 19,000 served in the Navy.

到内战结束时，大约有 179,000 名黑人（占联邦军队的 10%）在美国陆军服役，另有 19,000 名黑人在海军服役。

The issues of emancipation and military service were intertwined from the onset of the Civil War.

自内战爆发以来，解放和兵役问题就交织在一起。

News that the Confederacy had attacked the U.S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina – which began the Civil War in earnest – set off a rush by free Black men to enlist in U.S. military units.

南方联盟袭击了南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿萨姆特堡的美国驻军的消息——这正式引发了内战——引发了自由黑人加入美国军队的热潮。

They were turned away, however, because a 1792 federal law barred them from bearing arms for the U.S. Army.

然而，他们被拒绝了，因为 1792 年的联邦法律禁止他们为美国陆军携带武器。

In Boston, disappointed would-be volunteers met and passed a resolution requesting that the government modify its laws to permit their enlistment.

在波士顿，失望的潜在志愿者会面并通过了一项决议，要求政府修改法律以允许他们入伍。

President Lincoln's administration wrestled with the idea of authorizing the recruitment of Black troops, but was concerned that such a move would prompt the border states to secede.

林肯总统的政府曾考虑过授权招募黑人军队的想法，但担心此举会促使边境各州脱离联邦。

When General John C.

当约翰·C.

Frémont in Missouri and General David Hunter in South Carolina issued proclamations that emancipated enslaved people in their military regions and permitted them to enlist, their superiors sternly revoked their orders.

密苏里州的弗里蒙特和南卡罗来纳州的戴维·亨特将军发表公告，解放其军区内的奴隶并允许他们入伍，但他们的上级严厉撤销了他们的命令。

By mid-1862, however, the government was pushed into reconsidering the ban because of the escalating number of formerly enslaved people coming over Union lines (referred to in the military as "contrabands"), the declining number of white volunteers, and the pressing personnel needs of the Union Army.

然而，到 1862 年中期，由于越过联邦防线的前奴隶人数（在军队中称为“违禁品”）不断增加、白人志愿者人数不断减少以及联邦军队迫切的人员需求，政府被迫重新考虑该禁令。

As a result, on July 17, 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, freeing enslaved people whose enslavers were in the Confederate Army.

结果，1862 年 7 月 17 日，国会通过了《第二次没收和民兵法案》，释放了南方邦军中的奴隶。

Two days later, slavery was abolished in the territories of the United States; and on July 22, 1862, President Lincoln presented the preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet.

两天后，美国境内废除了奴隶制； 1862 年 7 月 22 日，林肯总统向内阁提交了《解放奴隶宣言》的初稿。

After the Union Army turned back Confederate General Robert E.

联邦军队击退南方联盟将军罗伯特·E.

Lee's first invasion of the North at Antietam, Maryland, and the Emancipation Proclamation was subsequently announced, Black recruitment was pursued in earnest.

李在马里兰州安提特姆首次入侵北方，随后宣布了《解放黑奴宣言》，并认真地招募黑人。

Volunteers from South Carolina, Tennessee, and Massachusetts filled the first authorized Black regiments.

来自南卡罗来纳州、田纳西州和马萨诸塞州的志愿者组成了第一批授权的黑人军团。

Recruitment was slow until Black leaders such as Frederick Douglass encouraged Black men to become soldiers to ensure eventual full citizenship.

招募工作进展缓慢，直到弗雷德里克·道格拉斯等黑人领导人鼓励黑人成为士兵以确保最终获得完整的公民身份。

(Two of Douglass's own sons contributed to the war effort.) Volunteers began to respond; and in May 1863, the government established the Bureau of Colored Troops to manage the burgeoning numbers of Black soldiers.

（道格拉斯自己的两个儿子为战争做出了贡献。）志愿者开始做出回应；他们开始响应。 1863 年 5 月，政府成立了有色人种部队局来管理数量迅速增加的黑人士兵。

Nearly 40,000 Black soldiers died over the course of the war—30,000 of infection or disease.

战争期间，近 40,000 名黑人士兵死亡，其中 30,000 人死于感染或疾病。

Black soldiers served in artillery and infantry and performed all non-combat support functions that sustain an army as well.

黑人士兵在炮兵和步兵中服役，并履行维持军队的所有非战斗支援职能。

Black carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters also contributed to the war cause.

黑人木匠、牧师、厨师、警卫、劳工、护士、侦察兵、间谍、汽船驾驶员、外科医生和卡车司机也为战争事业做出了贡献。

There were nearly 80 Black commissioned officers.

有近80名黑人军官。

Black women, who could not formally join the Army, nonetheless served as nurses, spies, and scouts, the most famous being Harriet Tubman, who scouted for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers.

黑人女性虽然无法正式参军，但仍担任护士、间谍和侦察兵，其中最著名的是哈丽特·塔布曼，她为第二南卡罗来纳州志愿军担任侦察兵。

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该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。

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GENERAL ORDERS, No. 143 WAR DEPARTMENT, ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, Washington, May 22, 1863.

将军令，第 143 号战争部，副将办公室，华盛顿，1863 年 5 月 22 日。

I -- A Bureau is established in the Adjutant General's Office for the record of all matters relating to the organization of Colored Troops, An officer ,will be assigned to the charge of the Bureau, with such number of clerks as may be designated by the Adjutant General.

I——副官办公室设立一个局，负责记录与有色部队组织有关的所有事项，将指派一名军官负责该局，其职员人数由副官指定。

II -- Three or more field officers will be detailed as Inspectors to supervise the organization of colored troops at such points as may be indicated by the War Department in the Northern and Western States.

II——三名或更多的战地军官将被指定为检查员，负责在北部和西部各州陆军部指定的地点监督有色人种部队的组织。

III -- Boards will be convened at such posts as may be decided upon by the War Department to examine applicants for commissions to command colored troops, who, on Application to the Adjutant General, may receive authority to present themselves to the board for examination.

III - 委员会将在陆军部决定的职位上召开，以审查指挥黑人部队的委员会的申请人，这些人在向副官提出申请后，可能会有权向委员会提出申请以接受审查。

IV -- No persons shall be allowed to recruit for colored troops except specially authorized by the War Department; and no such authority will be given to persons who have not been examined and passed by a board; nor will such authority be given any one person to raise more than one regiment.

IV——未经陆军部特别授权，任何人不得招募有色人种军队；未经董事会审查通过的人员不得授予此类权力；也不会授予任何人征召多个军团的权力。

V -- The reports of Boards will specify the grade of commission for which each candidate is fit, and authority to recruit will be given in accordance.

V——董事会的报告将具体说明每个候选人适合的佣金级别，并据此授予招聘权限。

Commissions will be issued from the Adjutant General's Office when the prescribed number of men is ready for muster into service.

当规定数量的人员准备好服役时，副官办公室将颁发佣金。

VI -- Colored troops may be accepted by companies, to be afterward consolidated in battalions and regiments by the Adjutant General.

六、有色人种部队可以被连队接纳，然后由副官将其编入营和团。

The regiments will be numbered seriatim, in the order in which they are raised, the numbers to be determined by the Adjutant General.

各团将按照组建顺序依次编号，编号由副官决定。

They will be designated: "——Regiment of U.

他们将被指定为：“——美国军团。

S.

S。

Colored Troops."

有色人种部队。”

VII -- Recruiting stations and depots will be established by the Adjutant General as circumstances shall require, and officers will be detailed to muster and inspect the troops.

七、征兵站、兵站，由副将视情况设立，并派军官召集、检阅部队。

VIII -- The non-commissioned officers of colored troops may be selected and appointed from the best men of their number in the usual mode of appointing non-commissioned officers.

八、有色人种部队的士官，可以按照士官的通常任命方式，从本部队中最优秀的人员中选拔任命。

Meritorious commissioned officers will be entitled to promotion to higher rank if they prove themselves equal to it.

功绩卓著的军官，如果证明自己有资格，将有权晋升更高的军衔。

IX -- All personal applications for appointments in colored regiments, or for information concerning them, must be made to the Chief of the Bureau; all written communications should be addressed to the Chief of the Bureau, to the care of the Adjutant General,

九——所有对有色军团任命的个人申请或有关该军团的信息，必须向局局长提出；所有书面通讯均应送交局局长，并由副官负责，