Truman Doctrine (1947)
Citation: President Truman's Message to Congress; March 12, 1947; Document 171; 80th Congress, 1st Session; Records of the United States House of Representatives; Record Group 233; National Archives.
引文：杜鲁门总统向国会致辞； 1947 年 3 月 12 日； 171号文件；第八十届代表大会第一次会议；美国众议院记录；记录组233；国家档案馆。
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On March 12, 1947, President Harry S.
1947 年 3 月 12 日，哈里·S·总统 (Harry S.
Truman presented this address before a joint session of Congress.
杜鲁门在国会联席会议上发表了这一讲话。
His message, known as the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece.
他的信息被称为“杜鲁门主义”，要求国会为土耳其和希腊提供 4 亿美元的军事和经济援助。
On Friday, February 21, 1947, the British Embassy informed the U.S. State Department officials that Great Britain could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey.
1947 年 2 月 21 日星期五，英国大使馆通知美国国务院官员，英国无法再向希腊和土耳其政府提供财政援助。
American policymakers had been monitoring Greece's crumbling economic and political conditions, especially the rise of the Communist-led insurgency known as the National Liberation Front, or the EAM/ELAS.
美国政策制定者一直在关注希腊摇摇欲坠的经济和政治状况，尤其是共产党领导的民族解放阵线（EAM/ELAS）叛乱的崛起。
The United States had also been following events in Turkey, where a weak government faced Soviet pressure to share control of the strategic Dardanelle Straits.
美国也一直在关注土耳其发生的事件，土耳其软弱的政府面临苏联的压力，要求分享战略性的达达尼尔海峡的控制权。
When Britain announced that it would withdraw aid to Greece and Turkey, the responsibility was passed on to the United States.
当英国宣布撤回对希腊和土耳其的援助时，责任就转嫁到了美国身上。
In a meeting between Congressmen and State Department officials, Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson articulated what would later become known as the "domino theory." He stated that more was at stake than Greece and Turkey, for if those two key states should fall, communism would likely spread south to Iran and as far east as India.
在国会议员和国务院官员的一次会议上，副国务卿迪安·艾奇逊阐述了后来被称为“多米诺骨牌理论”的理论。他表示，比希腊和土耳其更岌岌可危，因为如果这两个关键国家垮台，共产主义可能会向南蔓延到伊朗，甚至远至印度。
Acheson concluded that not since the days of Rome and Carthage had such a polarization of power existed.
艾奇逊的结论是，自罗马和迦太基时代以来，还没有出现过如此严重的权力两极分化。
The stunned legislators agreed to endorse the program on the condition that President Truman stress the severity of the crisis in an address to Congress and in a radio broadcast to the American people.
震惊的立法者们同意支持该计划，条件是杜鲁门总统在国会讲话和向美国人民广播中强调危机的严重性。
Addressing a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, President Harry S.
1947 年 3 月 12 日，哈里·S·布什总统在国会联席会议上发表讲话。
Truman asked for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey and established a policy, aptly characterized as the Truman Doctrine.
杜鲁门要求向希腊和土耳其提供 4 亿美元的军事和经济援助，并制定了一项被恰当地称为“杜鲁门主义”的政策。
This doctrine and the related "domino theory" would guide U.S. foreign policy around the world for the next 40 years.
这一学说和相关的“多米诺骨牌理论”将指导美国未来 40 年的全球外交政策。
President Truman declared, "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." The sanction of aid to Greece and Turkey by a Republican Congress indicated the beginning of a long and enduring bipartisan Cold War foreign policy.
杜鲁门总统宣称：“美国的政策必须支持那些抵抗少数武装或外部压力企图征服的自由人民。”共和党国会批准对希腊和土耳其的援助标志着长期持久的两党冷战外交政策的开始。
Future presidential administrations would use similar reasoning to justify actions in Korea, Cuba, and Vietnam, among others.
未来的总统政府将使用类似的推理来证明在韩国、古巴和越南等国采取的行动的合理性。
This document is available on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.
该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。
Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .
查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。
Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress of the United States:
总统先生、议长先生、美国国会议员们：
The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint session of the Congress.
当今世界面临的形势十分严峻，我必须出席国会联席会议。
The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved.
这涉及到这个国家的外交政策和国家安全。
One aspect of the present situation, which I wish to present to you at this time for your consideration and decision, concerns Greece and Turkey.
我现在想向你们介绍目前局势的一个方面，供你们考虑和决定，这一方面涉及希腊和土耳其。
The United States has received from the Greek Government an urgent appeal for financial and economic assistance.
美国已收到希腊政府发出的财政和经济援助的紧急呼吁。
Preliminary reports from the American Economic Mission now in Greece and reports from the American Ambassador in Greece corroborate the statement of the Greek Government that assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation.
美国驻希腊经济代表团的初步报告和美国驻希腊大使的报告证实了希腊政府的说法，即如果希腊要作为一个自由国家生存，援助势在必行。
I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek Government.
我不认为美国人民和国会愿意对希腊政府的呼吁充耳不闻。
Greece is not a rich country.
希腊不是一个富裕的国家。
Lack of sufficient natural resources has always forced the Greek people to work hard to make both ends meet.
缺乏足够的自然资源一直迫使希腊人民努力工作才能维持生计。
Since 1940, this industrious and peace loving country has suffered invasion, four years of cruel enemy occupation, and bitter internal strife.
自1940年以来，这个勤劳热爱和平的国家遭受了侵略、四年的残酷敌占和激烈的内乱。
When forces of liberation entered Greece they found that the retreating Germans had destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine.
当解放军进入希腊时，他们发现撤退的德国人几乎摧毁了所有铁路、公路、港口设施、通讯和商船。
More than a thousand villages had been burned.
一千多个村庄被烧毁。
Eighty-five per cent of the children were tubercular.
百分之八十五的儿童患有结核病。
Livestock, poultry, and draft animals had almost disappeared.
牲畜、家禽和役畜几乎消失。
Inflation had wiped out practically all savings.
通货膨胀几乎耗尽了所有储蓄。
As a result of these tragic conditions, a militant minority, exploiting human want and misery, was able to create political chaos which, until now, has made economic recovery impossible.
由于这些悲惨的情况，少数好战分子利用人类的匮乏和苦难制造了政治混乱，迄今为止，这使经济复苏变得不可能。
Greece is today without funds to finance the importation of those goods which are essential to bare subsistence.
如今，希腊没有资金来进口那些维持生存所必需的商品。
Under these circumstances the people of Greece cannot make progress in solving their problems of reconstruction.
在这种情况下，希腊人民在解决重建问题上无法取得进展。
Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds.
希腊迫切需要财政和经济援助，使其能够恢复购买食品、衣服、燃料和种子。
These are indispensable for the subsistence of its people and are obtainable only from abroad.
这些对于其人民的生存是必不可少的，并且只能从国外获得。
Greece must have help to import the goods necessary to restore internal order and security, so essential for economic and political recovery.
希腊必须获得帮助进口恢复内部秩序和安全所需的商品，这对于经济和政治复苏至关重要。
The Greek Government has also asked for the assistance of experienced American administrators, economists and technicians to insure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self-sustaining economy and in improving its public administration.
希腊政府还请求经验丰富的美国行政人员、经济学家和技术人员提供援助，以确保向希腊提供的财政和其他援助有效用于创建稳定和自给自足的经济以及改善其公共管理。
The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government's authority at a number of points, particularly along the northern boundaries.
今天，希腊国家的生存受到共产党领导的数千名武装人员恐怖活动的威胁，他们在许多地方，特别是在北部边界地区，藐视政府的权威。
A Commission appointed by the United Nations security Council is at present investigating disturbed conditions in northern Greece and alleged border violations along the frontier between Greece on the one hand and Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia on the other.
联合国安理会任命的一个委员会目前正在调查希腊北部的骚乱状况以及希腊与阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚和南斯拉夫之间边境地区涉嫌的侵犯边境行为。
Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation.
与此同时，希腊政府也无力应对这种情况。
The Greek army is small and poorly equipped.
希腊军队规模小，装备简陋。
It needs supplies and equipment if it is to restore the authority of the government throughout Greek territory.
如果要在整个希腊领土上恢复政府的权威，就需要物资和设备。
Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy.
希腊如果要成为一个自给自足、自尊的民主国家，就必须获得援助。
The United States must supply that assistance.
美国必须提供这种援助。
We have already extended to Greece certain types of relief and economic aid but these are inadequate.
我们已经向希腊提供了某些类型的救济和经济援助，但这些还不够。
There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn.
民主希腊没有其他国家可以求助。
No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek government.
没有其他国家愿意并且能够为民主的希腊政府提供必要的支持。
The British Government, which has been helping Greece, can give no further financial or economic aid after March 31.
一直在帮助希腊的英国政府在3月31日之后无法再提供进一步的财政或经济援助。
Great Britain finds itself under the necessity of reducing or liquidating its commitments in several parts of the world, including Greece.
英国发现自己有必要减少或清算其在世界多个地区（包括希腊）的承诺。
We have considered how the United Nations might assist in this crisis.
我们考虑了联合国如何协助应对这场危机。
But the situation is an urgent one requiring immediate action and the United Nations and its related organizations are not in a position to extend help of the kind that is required.
但情况紧急，需要立即采取行动，而联合国及其相关组织无法提供所需的帮助。
It is important to note that the Greek Government has asked for our aid in utilizing effectively the financial and other assistance we may give to Greece, and in improving its public administration.
值得注意的是，希腊政府已请求我们提供援助，以有效利用我们可能向希腊提供的财政和其他援助，并改善其公共管理。
It is of the utmost importance that we supervise the use of any funds made available to Greece; in such a manner that each dollar spent will count toward making Greece self-supporting, and will help to build an economy in which a healthy democracy can flourish.
最重要的是，我们要监督向希腊提供的任何资金的使用情况；这样一来，每一美元的支出都将有助于希腊实现自给自足，并有助于建设一个健康民主能够蓬勃发展的经济。
No government is perfect.
没有一个政府是完美的。
One of the chief virtues of a democracy, however, is that its defects are always visible and under democratic processes can be pointed out and corrected.
然而，民主的主要优点之一是它的缺陷总是显而易见的，并且在民主进程下可以被指出和纠正。
The Government of Greece is not perfect.
希腊政府并不完美。
Nevertheless it represents eighty-five per cent of the members of the Greek Parliament who were chosen in an election last year.
尽管如此，它代表了去年选举中选出的希腊议会议员的百分之八十五。
Foreign observers, including 692 Americans, considered this election to be a fair expression of the views of the Greek people.
包括692名美国人在内的外国观察家认为这次选举公正地表达了希腊人民的观点。
The Greek Government has been operating in an atmosphere of chaos and extremism.
希腊政府一直在混乱和极端主义的气氛中运作。
It has made mistakes.
它犯了错误。
The extension of aid by this country does not mean that the United States condones everything that the Greek Government has done or will do.
该国延长援助并不意味着美国纵容希腊政府已经做过或将要做的一切。
We have condemned in the past, and we condemn now, extremist measures of the right or the left.
我们过去谴责过，现在也谴责过右翼或左翼的极端主义措施。
We have in the past advised tolerance, and we advise tolerance now.
过去我们主张宽容，现在我们主张宽容。
Greece's neighbor, Turkey, also deserves our attention.
希腊的邻国土耳其也值得我们关注。
The future of Turkey as an independent and economically sound state is clearly no less important to the freedom-loving peoples of the world than the future of Greece.
对于世界上热爱自由的人民来说，土耳其作为一个独立且经济健全的国家的未来显然不亚于希腊的未来。
The circumstances in which Turkey finds itself today are considerably different from those of Greece.
土耳其今天所处的环境与希腊有很大不同。
Turkey has been spared the disasters that have beset Greece.
土耳其没有遭受困扰希腊的灾难。
And during the war, the United States and Great Britain furnished Turkey with material aid.
战争期间，美国和英国向土耳其提供了物质援助。
Nevertheless, Turkey now needs our support.
尽管如此，土耳其现在需要我们的支持。
Since the war Turkey has sought financial assistance from Great Britain and the United States for the purpose of effecting that modernization necessary for the maintenance of its national integrity.
自战争以来，土耳其一直向英国和美国寻求财政援助，以实现维护其国家完整所必需的现代化。
That integrity is essential to the preservation of order in the Middle East.
这种完整性对于维护中东秩序至关重要。
The British government has informed us that, owing to its own difficulties can no longer extend financial or economic aid to Turkey.
英国政府通知我们，由于自身困难，无法再向土耳其提供财政或经济援助。
As in the case of Greece, if Turkey is to have the assistance it needs, the United States must supply it.
与希腊的情况一样，如果土耳其想要获得所需的援助，美国就必须提供。
We are the only country able to provide that help.
我们是唯一能够提供这种帮助的国家。
I am fully aware of the broad implications involved if the United States extends assistance to Greece and Turkey, and I shall discuss these implications with you at this time.
我完全了解美国向希腊和土耳其提供援助所涉及的广泛影响，我将在此时与你们讨论这些影响。
One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion.
美国外交政策的主要目标之一是创造条件，使我们和其他国家能够制定出不受胁迫的生活方式。
This was a fundamental issue in the war with Germany and Japan.
这是与德国和日本的战争中的一个根本问题。
Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations.
我们的胜利是战胜那些试图将自己的意志和生活方式强加于其他国家的国家。
To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations, The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members.
为了确保各国在不受胁迫的情况下和平发展，美国带头建立了联合国。联合国的宗旨是使其所有会员国能够享有持久的自由和独立。
We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes.
然而，除非我们愿意帮助自由人民维护其自由制度和国家完整，反对试图将极权政权强加于他们的侵略运动，否则我们将无法实现我们的目标。
This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.
这只不过是坦率地承认，极权主义政权通过直接或间接的侵略强加给自由人民，破坏了国际和平的基础，从而破坏了美国的安全。
The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will.
世界上许多国家的人民最近被迫接受极权主义政权。
The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria.
美国政府经常对波兰、罗马尼亚和保加利亚违反雅尔塔协议的胁迫和恐吓行为提出抗议。
I must also state that in a number of other countries there have been similar developments.
我还必须指出，其他一些国家也出现了类似的事态发展。
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life.
在世界历史的当前时刻，几乎每个国家都必须在不同的生活方式之间做出选择。
The choice is too often not a free one.
这种选择往往不是一种自由的选择。
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
一种生活方式以多数人的意愿为基础，其特点是自由机构、代议制政府、自由选举、个人自由保障、言论和宗教自由以及免受政治压迫的自由。
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority.
第二种生活方式是以少数人的意志强加于多数人为基础的。
It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
它依赖于恐怖和压迫、受控制的媒体和广播；固定选举和压制个人自由。
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
我认为，美国的政策必须支持那些抵抗少数武装或外部压力企图征服的自由人民。
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
我相信，我们必须帮助自由人民以自己的方式决定自己的命运。
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.
我认为，我们的帮助应主要通过经济和财政援助，这对于经济稳定和有序的政治进程至关重要。
The world is not static, and the status quo is not sacred.
世界不是静止的，现状也不是神圣的。
But we cannot allow changes in the status quo in violation of the Charter of the United Nations by such methods as coercion, or by such subterfuges as political infiltration.
但我们不能允许通过胁迫等手段或政治渗透等手段来违反《联合国宪章》来改变现状。
In helping free and independent nations to maintain their freedom, the United States will be giving effect to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
在帮助自由和独立国家维护自由的过程中，美国将履行《联合国宪章》的原则。
It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation are of grave importance in a much wider situation.
只需看一眼地图就可以认识到希腊民族的生存和完整在更广泛的局势中至关重要。
If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be immediate and serious.
如果希腊落入少数武装分子的控制之下，对其邻国土耳其的影响将是直接而严重的。
Confusion and disorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East.
混乱和混乱很可能会蔓延到整个中东。
Moreover, the disappearance of Greece as an independent state would have a profound effect upon those countries in Europe whose peoples are struggling against great difficulties to maintain their freedoms and their independence while they repair the damages of war.
此外，希腊作为一个独立国家的消失，将对欧洲各国产生深远的影响，这些国家的人民正在克服巨大困难，在修复战争损害的同时维护自由和独立。
It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long against overwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much.
如果这些国家长期与压倒性的力量斗争，却失去了他们付出巨大牺牲的胜利，那将是一场难以形容的悲剧。
Collapse of free institutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world.
自由制度的崩溃和独立性的丧失不仅对他们而且对世界来说都是灾难性的。
Discouragement and possibly failure would quickly be the lot of neighboring peoples striving to maintain their freedom and independence.
努力维护自由和独立的邻国人民很快就会灰心丧气，甚至可能失败。
Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well as to the East.
如果我们在这个命运攸关的时刻未能援助希腊和土耳其，其影响将波及西方和东方。
We must take immediate and resolute action.
我们必须立即采取坚决行动。
I therefore ask the Congress to provide authority for assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400,000,000 for the period ending June 30, 1948.
因此，我请求国会授权在 1948 年 6 月 30 日结束期间向希腊和土耳其提供 4 亿美元的援助。
In requesting these funds, I have taken into consideration the maximum amount of relief assistance which would be furnished to Greece out of the $350,000,000 which I recently requested that the Congress authorize for the prevention of starvation and suffering in countries devastated by the war.
在请求这些资金时，我考虑了向希腊提供的最高救援金额，我最近请求国会授权提供3.5亿美元，用于防止受战争蹂躏的国家遭受饥饿和苦难。
In addition to funds, I ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to assist in the tasks of reconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material assistance as may be furnished.
除资金外，我请求国会应希腊和土耳其的请求，授权美国文职和军事人员前往希腊和土耳其，协助重建任务，并监督可能提供的财政和物质援助的使用。
I recommend that authority also be provided for the instruction and training of selected Greek and Turkish personnel.
我建议还授权对选定的希腊和土耳其人员进行指导和培训。
Finally, I ask that the Congress provide authority which will permit the speediest and most effective use, in terms of needed commodities, supplies, and equipment, of such funds as may be authorized.
最后，我要求国会提供授权，允许在所需商品、物资和设备方面最迅速、最有效地使用可能授权的资金。
If further funds, or further authority, should be needed for purposes indicated in this message, I shall not hesitate to bring the situation before the Congress.
如果为了本信息中指出的目的需要更多资金或进一步授权，我将毫不犹豫地将情况提交国会。
On this subject the Executive and Legislative branches of the Government must work together.
在这个问题上，政府行政部门和立法部门必须共同努力。
This is a serious course upon which we embark.
这是我们踏上的一条严肃的道路。
I would not recommend it except that the alternative is much more serious.
我不会推荐它，除非替代方案要严重得多。
The United States contributed $341,000,000,000 toward winning World War II.
美国为赢得第二次世界大战贡献了3410亿美元。
This is an investment in world freedom and world peace.
这是对世界自由与世界和平的投资。
The assistance that I am recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1 tenth of 1 per cent of this investment.
我建议向希腊和土耳其提供的援助仅略高于这一投资的百分之一的十分之一。
It is only common sense that we should safeguard this investment and make sure that it was not in vain.
这是常识，我们应该保护这项投资并确保它不会白费。
The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want.
极权主义政权的种子是在苦难和匮乏中孕育的。
They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife.
他们在贫穷和冲突的邪恶土壤中传播和生长。
They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died.
当人们对美好生活的希望破灭时，他们就完全成长了。
We must keep that hope alive.
我们必须保持这种希望。
The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.
世界上的自由人民期待我们支持维护他们的自由。
If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world -- and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation.
如果我们的领导能力动摇，我们可能会危及世界和平——而且我们也肯定会危及我们自己国家的福祉。
Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events.
事态的迅速发展赋予我们重大责任。
I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely.
我相信国会将正视这些责任。