Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Citation: Act of July 2, 1890(Sherman Anti-Trust Act), July 2, 1890; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1992; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.
引用：1890 年 7 月 2 日法案（谢尔曼反托拉斯法），1890 年 7 月 2 日；国会登记法案和决议，1789-1992；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。
View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog
查看国家档案目录中的所有页面
Approved July 2, 1890, The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices.
《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》于 1890 年 7 月 2 日获得批准，是第一部取缔垄断商业行为的联邦法案。
The Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts.
1890 年的《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》是美国国会通过的第一个禁止信托的措施。
It was named for Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was a chairman of the Senate finance committee and the Secretary of the Treasury under President Hayes.
它以俄亥俄州参议员约翰·谢尔曼的名字命名，他曾担任参议院财政委员会主席和海斯总统领导下的财政部长。
Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses.
几个州已经通过了类似的法律，但仅限于州内企业。
The Sherman Antitrust Act was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
谢尔曼反托拉斯法基于国会监管州际商业的宪法权力。
(For more background, see previous milestone documents: the Constitution , Gibbons v.
（有关更多背景信息，请参阅之前的里程碑文件：《宪法》、《吉本斯诉美国宪法》。
Ogden , and the Interstate Commerce Act .)
奥格登和州际商业法。）
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed the Senate by a vote of 51–1 on April 8, 1890, and the House by a unanimous vote of 242–0 on June 20, 1890.
谢尔曼反托拉斯法于 1890 年 4 月 8 日在参议院以 51 比 1 的投票获得通过，并于 1890 年 6 月 20 日在众议院以 242 比 0 的一致投票获得通过。
President Benjamin Harrison signed the bill into law on July 2, 1890.
1890 年 7 月 2 日，本杰明·哈里森总统签署该法案成为法律。
A trust is an arrangement by which stockholders in several companies transfer their shares to a single set of trustees.
信托是多家公司的股东将其股份转让给一组受托人的安排。
In exchange, the stockholders receive a certificate entitling them to a specified share of the consolidated earnings of the jointly managed companies.
作为交换，股东将获得一份证书，使他们有权获得共同管理公司合并收益的特定份额。
Toward the end of the 19th century, trusts come to dominate a number of major industries, destroying competition.
到 19 世纪末，信托开始主导许多主要行业，破坏了竞争。
For example, on January 2, 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed.
例如，1882 年 1 月 2 日，标准石油信托基金成立。
Attorney Samuel Dodd of Standard Oil first had the idea of a trust.
标准石油公司的塞缪尔·多德律师首先提出了信托的想法。
A board of trustees was set up, and all the Standard properties were placed in its hands.
成立了董事会，所有标准财产都置于其手中。
Every stockholder received 20 trust certificates for each share of Standard Oil stock.
每位股东每股标准石油股票可获得 20 份信托证书。
All the profits of the component companies were sent to the nine trustees, who determined the dividends.
组成公司的所有利润都交给九名受托人，由他们决定股息。
The nine trustees elected the directors and officers of all the component companies.
九名受托人选举了所有组成公司的董事和高级管理人员。
This allowed Standard Oil to function as a monopoly since the nine trustees ran all the component companies.
这使得标准石油公司能够发挥垄断地位，因为九名受托人管理着所有的组成公司。
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them.
《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》授权联邦政府对信托提起诉讼以解散信托。
Any combination "in the form of trust or otherwise that was in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations" was declared illegal.
任何“以信任或其他形式限制几个州之间或与外国的贸易或商业”的联合都被宣布为非法。
Persons forming such combinations were subject to fines of $5,000 and a year in jail.
组成此类组合的人将被处以 5,000 美元的罚款和一年的监禁。
Individuals and companies suffering losses because of trusts were permitted to sue in federal court for triple damages.
因信托而遭受损失的个人和公司可以向联邦法院提起诉讼，要求三倍赔偿。
The act was designed to restore competition, but it was loosely worded and failed to define such critical terms as "trust," "combination," "conspiracy," and "monopoly." Five years later, the Supreme Court dismantled the act in United States v.
该法案旨在恢复竞争，但措辞宽松，未能定义“信任”、“联合”、“阴谋”和“垄断”等关键术语。五年后，最高法院在“美国诉美国”案中废除了该法案。
E.
E.
C.
C.
Knight Company (1895).
奈特公司（1895）。
The Court ruled that the American Sugar Refining Company, one of the defendants in the case, had not violated the law even though the company controlled about 98% of all sugar refining in the United States.
法院裁定，本案被告之一的美国糖精炼公司没有违法，尽管该公司控制着美国约98%的糖精炼业务。
The Supreme Court reasoned that the company’s control of manufacture did not constitute a control of trade.
最高法院认为，该公司对制造的控制并不构成对贸易的控制。
The E.
E。
C.
C.
Knight ruling seemed to end any government regulation of trusts.
奈特的裁决似乎结束了政府对信托的监管。
In spite of this, during President Theodore Roosevelt’s "trust busting" campaigns at the turn of the century, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was used with considerable success.
尽管如此，在世纪之交西奥多·罗斯福总统的“破坏信任”运动中，《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的运用取得了相当大的成功。
In 1904, the Supreme Court upheld the government’s suit to dissolve the Northern Securities Company in Northern Securities Co. v.
1904年，最高法院在北方证券公司诉北方证券公司案中支持了政府解散北方证券公司的诉讼。
United States .
美国。
By 1911, President Taft had used the act against the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company.
到 1911 年，塔夫脱总统已使用该法案来对付标准石油公司和美国烟草公司。
In the late 1990s, in another effort to ensure a competitive free market system, the federal government used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, then over 100 years old, against the giant Microsoft computer software company.
20 世纪 90 年代末，为了确保竞争性的自由市场体系，联邦政府使用了当时已有 100 多年历史的谢尔曼反托拉斯法来对抗微软计算机软件巨头。
This document is available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.
该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。
Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .
查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。
Fifty-first Congress of the United States of America, At the First Session,
美利坚合众国第五十一届国会第一届会议，
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the second day of December, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine.
于 12 月 2 日星期一，一千八百八十九号在华盛顿市开始并举行。
An act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies.
保护贸易和商业免受非法限制和垄断的法案。
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , Sec.
由美利坚合众国参议院和众议院在国会召集的第 2 节中颁布。
1.
1.
Every contract, combination in the form of trust or other- wise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.
特此宣布，限制几个州之间或与外国之间的贸易或商业的每一项以信托或其他形式存在的合同、联合体或共谋都是非法的。
Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, at the discretion of the court.
凡签订任何此类合同或参与任何此类联合或共谋的人，均应被视为犯有轻罪，一经定罪，应处以不超过五千美元的罚款，或不超过一年的监禁，或两者并罚，由法院酌情决定。
Sec.
秒。
2.
2.
Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof; shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
任何人垄断、或试图垄断、或与任何其他人联合或共谋垄断几个州之间或与外国的贸易或商业的任何部分，均应被视为犯有轻罪，一经定罪；法院可酌情处以不超过五千美元的罚款，或不超过一年的监禁，或两者并罚。
Sec.
秒。
3.
3.
Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign nations, is hereby declared illegal.
特此宣布，在美国任何领土或哥伦比亚特区限制贸易或商业，或限制任何此类领土与其他领土之间，或任何此类领土与任何州或哥伦比亚特区之间，或与外国之间，或哥伦比亚特区与任何州或国家或外国之间的贸易或商业的每份合同、信托或其他形式的联合体或共谋，均为非法。
Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
凡签订任何此类合同或参与任何此类联合或共谋的人，均应被视为犯有轻罪，一经定罪，应由法院酌情处以不超过五千美元的罚款，或不超过一年的监禁，或两者并罚。
Sec.
秒。
4.
4.
The several circuit courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this act; and it shall be the duty of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney-General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations.
美国的几个巡回法院特此被赋予管辖权，以防止和限制违反本法的行为；美国各地区检察官有责任在总检察长的指导下，在各自的地区提起公平诉讼，以防止和限制此类违法行为。
Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited.
此类程序可以通过请愿书的方式提出，并请求禁止或以其他方式禁止此类违法行为。
When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises.
当被投诉方收到此类请愿书的正式通知后，法院应尽快进行案件的听证和裁决；在等待此类请愿期间以及在做出最终法令之前，法院可随时在该场所下达被视为公正的临时限制令或禁止令。
Sec.
秒。
5.
5.
Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under section four of this act may be pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof.
每当法院认为本法第四节下的任何诉讼可能悬而未决时，正义的目的要求将其他当事人带到法院，法院可以传唤他们，无论他们是否居住在法院所在地；为此目的的传票可由任何地区的元帅送达。
Sec.
秒。
6.
6.
Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in section one of this act, and being in the course of transportation from one State to another, or to a foreign country, shall be- forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure, and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law.
根据任何合同或任何组合，或根据本法第一节中提到的任何共谋（及其主题）拥有的任何财产，如果在从一个州运输到另一个州或到外国的过程中，应被没收到美国，并可以通过与法律规定的对违反法律进口到美国的财产的没收、扣押和谴责类似的程序来扣押和谴责。
Sec.
秒。
7.
7.
Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this act, may sue therefor in any circuit court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without.
任何人因本法禁止或宣布为非法的任何行为而使其业务或财产受到任何其他人或公司的损害，可以在被告居住或被发现的地区的美国任何巡回法院提起诉讼。
respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover three fold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.
就争议金额而言，应赔偿其所遭受损失的三倍，以及诉讼费用，包括合理的律师费。
Sec.
秒。
8.
8.
That the word "person," or " persons," wherever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.
本法中无论使用什么“人”一词，均应被视为包括根据美国法律、任何领土法律、任何州法律或任何外国法律存在或授权的公司和协会。